id
stringlengths 16
23
| text
stringlengths 31
17k
| title
stringlengths 1
79
|
|---|---|---|
834333747_7759-7865 | According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 8.3 km ( 3.2 mi ) , all land . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_7893-8152 | Places adjacent to Florida City , Florida Unincorporated Miami - Dade County Homestead Homestead Unincorporated Miami - Dade County Florida City Homestead Unincorporated Miami - Dade County Unincorporated Miami - Dade County Unincorporated Miami - Dade County | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_8175-8425 | Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1920 355 -- 1930 452 27.3 % 1940 752 66.4 % 1950 1,547 105.7 % 1960 4,114 165.9 % 1970 5,133 24.8 % 1980 6,174 20.3 % 5,806 − 6.0 % 2000 7,843 35.1 % 11,245 43.4 % Est. 2016 12,078 7.4 % U.S. Decennial Census | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_8426-9123 | Florida City Demographics 2010 Census Florida City Miami - Dade County Florida Total population 11,245 2,496,435 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 + 43.4 % + 10.8 % + 17.6 % Population density 1,888.7 / sq mi 1,315.5 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 5.6 % ? % ? % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 5.6 % 15.4 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 52.4 % 18.9 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 42.4 % 65.0 % 22.5 % Asian 0.3 % 1.5 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 2.6 % 2.4 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 5.4 % 3.2 % 3.6 % | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_9124-9599 | As of 2010 , there were 3,792 households out of which 12.3 % were vacant . In 2000 , 46.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 35.6 % were married couples living together , 34.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 23.1 % were non-families. 18.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 3.48 and the average family size was 3.95 . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_9600-9933 | In 2000 , the city population was spread out with 39.7 % under the age of 18 , 11.0 % from 18 to 24 , 26.3 % from 25 to 44 , 15.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 7.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 24 years . For every 100 females there were 94.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 89.7 males . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_9934-10349 | In 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was $14,923 , and the median income for a family was $18,777 . Males had a median income of $23,622 versus $20,060 for females . The per capita income for the city was $8,270. 43.3 % of the population and 41.7 % of families were below the poverty line . 57.1 % of those under the age of 18 and 25.6 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_10350-10547 | As of 2000 , English was spoken as a first language by 65.64 % of the population , while Spanish speakers made up 28.33 % of all residents , and French Creole was spoken by 6.03 % of the populace . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_10548-10844 | As of 2000 , Florida City had the sixty - sixth highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US , with 5.06 % of the populace , while it had the twenty - seventh highest percentage of Haitian residents in the US , at 6.70 % of all the population ( tied with North Lauderdale and Wilton Manors . ) | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_10845-11145 | Based on 2010 data , the ancestries of only the Hispanic and Latino population from highest to lowest were as follows : Mexicans made up the 42.52 % , Cubans were at 19.13 % , Central Americans accounted for 13.37 % , Puerto Ricans totaled 12.87 % , and South Americans were 3.74 % of all residents . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_11185-11551 | The Florida Department of Corrections operates the Dade Correctional Institution and the Homestead Correctional Institution in an unincorporated area near Florida City . The Dade CI was originally the Dade Correctional Institution Annex , and the Homestead CI was originally the Dade Correctional Institution ; the two received their current names on July 1 , 2003 . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_11644-11717 | Florida City is a part of the Miami - Dade County Public Schools system . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_11745-11866 | Florida City Elementary School ( Florida City ) Homestead Middle School ( Homestead ) Homestead High School ( Homestead ) | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_12092-12197 | The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is `` Aw '' . ( Tropical Savanna Climate ) . | Florida City, Florida |
834333747_12198-12812 | ( hide ) Climate data for Florida City Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 78 ( 26 ) 80 ( 27 ) 82 ( 28 ) 85 ( 29 ) 88 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 91 ( 33 ) 92 ( 33 ) 90 ( 32 ) 87 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 79 ( 26 ) 85 ( 29 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 54 ( 12 ) 56 ( 13 ) 58 ( 14 ) 61 ( 16 ) 66 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 73 ( 23 ) 73 ( 23 ) 73 ( 23 ) 69 ( 21 ) 63 ( 17 ) 57 ( 14 ) 65 ( 18 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.6 ( 41 ) 1.8 ( 46 ) ( 50 ) 2.7 ( 69 ) 5.9 ( 150 ) 9.1 ( 231 ) 7 ( 180 ) 8.1 ( 206 ) 8.7 ( 221 ) 5.5 ( 140 ) 2.3 ( 58 ) 1.4 ( 36 ) 56.1 ( 1,425 ) Source : Weatherbase | Florida City, Florida |
833431312_78-386 | This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some | The Great Courses |
833431312_524-707 | The Great Courses ( TGC ) is a series of college - level audio and video courses produced and distributed by The Teaching Company , an American company based in Chantilly , Virginia . | The Great Courses |
833431312_830-1982 | The company was founded in 1990 by Thomas M. Rollins , former Chief Counsel of the United States Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources . Rollins had been inspired by a 10 - hour videotaped lecture series he watched while at Harvard Law School , and began recruiting professors and experts to record lectures . Rollins invested all his money in the company , at one point using up all his credit cards , selling almost all his suits from his Washington days , and living in an attic . Because his company was for - profit , Rollins adapted course offerings to please customers ; he threw out one course because the professor constantly insulted the viewers during lectures and he asked some other professors to re-record segments that had unsupported political commentary . By 2000 the company was well established , with about $20 M in annual revenue . In October 2006 , the company was acquired by Brentwood Associates , a private equity investment firm . In 2011 , the firm had 200 employees . In 2016 , the company offered a streaming service , charging $20 per month , and getting access via computer to about 280 courses in their catalog . | The Great Courses |
833431312_2104-2901 | Chief executive Paul Suijk described The Great Courses as the `` Netflix of learning . '' Courses are offered on disks which are either DVDs or CD - audio , and the courses are geared to `` lifelong learners . '' Customers tend to be older professionals and retirees who have had successful careers . Courses cost from $35 to over $500 . As of 2018 , there are over 600 different courses in their catalog . A benefit of the courses is that the person can learn without having to worry about finishing assignments or slogging through a final exam . A fan of the series is Bill Gates , who said the courses have `` incredible professors '' who cover `` every topic that you can think of '' . Gates takes DVD courses with him on such topics as oceanography , the surveillance state , and physiology . | The Great Courses |
833431312_2902-3198 | The firm earns $150 million annually in terms of revenue , in 2016 . In 2018 , the firm has competitors in terms of MOOCs such as Coursera and Khan Academy . The production quality of the courses is `` a cut above '' free courses offered on YouTube , according to a report in The New York Times . | The Great Courses |
833431312_3199-3699 | The firm sometimes sends recruiters to sit in on the lectures of college professors identified as being good teachers , to assess whether they might be suitable for course development ; the best prospects would do a lecture for the Teaching Company , and if enough customers liked what they saw , the company would develop the course . Professors submit detailed outlines for each course , and company personnel would work with them to make sure that each 30 minute lecture was coherent and logical . | The Great Courses |
833431312_3719-4961 | Analyst Heather Mac Donald , writing in the conservative publication City Journal , described the courses offered by The Teaching Company as more mainstream than what is offered at traditional American liberal arts colleges . She described the course selection as being driven by market forces , with the firm 's founder , Tom Rollins , querying customers as to what subjects they wanted to learn about , and using market research techniques to figure out what courses to offer , and even what lectures to include , to satisfy an intensely loyal customer base . As a result , there is less emphasis in the catalog on issues such as sexism and racism and more of a focus on `` everything the civilization has figured out so far and to discover new things '' , according to Rollins . Courses cover thinkers such as Plato , Aristotle , Cicero , Paul , Erasmus , Galileo , Bacon , Descartes , Hobbes , Spinoza , Dante , Chaucer , Spenser , Shakespeare , Cervantes , Milton , Molière , Pope , Swift , and Goethe . She writes that the survey format predominates , with few in - depth courses on specific thinkers or philosophical schools , and more emphasis on covering the fundamentals of a subject , as if it was an introductory college course . | The Great Courses |
833431312_4962-5100 | If the Great Courses were a college , its students would graduate with a panoramic view of human accomplishment and the natural world . -- | The Great Courses |
814238533_86-1340 | An open market operation ( OMO ) is an activity by a central bank to give ( or take ) liquidity in its currency to ( or from ) a bank or a group of banks . The central bank can either buy or sell government bonds in the open market ( this is where the name was historically derived from ) or , in what is now mostly the preferred solution , enter into a repo or secured lending transaction with a commercial bank : the central bank gives the money as a deposit for a defined period and synchronously takes an eligible asset as collateral . A central bank uses OMO as the primary means of implementing monetary policy . The usual aim of open market operations is -- aside from supplying commercial banks with liquidity and sometimes taking surplus liquidity from commercial banks -- to manipulate the short - term interest rate and the supply of base money in an economy , and thus indirectly control the total money supply , in effect expanding money or contracting the money supply . This involves meeting the demand of base money at the target interest rate by buying and selling government securities , or other financial instruments . Monetary targets , such as inflation , interest rates , or exchange rates , are used to guide this implementation . | Open market operation |
814238533_1643-2439 | The central bank maintains loro accounts for a group of commercial banks , the so - called direct payment banks . A balance on such a loro account ( it is a nostro account in the view of the commercial bank ) represents central bank money in the regarded currency . Since central bank money currently exists mainly in the form of electronic records ( electronic money ) rather than in the form of paper or coins ( physical money ) , open market operations can be conducted by simply increasing or decreasing ( crediting or debiting ) the amount of electronic money that a bank has in its reserve account at the central bank . This does not require the creation of new physical currency , unless a direct payment bank demands to exchange a part of its electronic money against banknotes or coins . | Open market operation |
814238533_2440-2816 | In most developed countries , central banks are not allowed to give loans without requiring suitable assets as collateral . Therefore , most central banks describe which assets are eligible for open market transactions . Technically , the central bank makes the loan and synchronously takes an equivalent amount of an eligible asset supplied by the borrowing commercial bank . | Open market operation |
814238533_2869-3640 | Classical economic theory postulates a distinctive relationship between the supply of central bank money and short - term interest rates : like for a commodity , a higher demand for central bank money would increase its price , the interest rate . When there is an increased demand for base money , the central bank must act if it wishes to maintain the short - term interest rate . It does this by increasing the supply of base money : it goes to the open market to buy a financial asset , such as government bonds . To pay for these assets , new central bank money is generated in the seller 's loro account , increasing the total amount of base money in the economy . Conversely , if the central bank sells these assets in the open market , the base money is reduced . | Open market operation |
814238533_3641-4033 | Technically , the process works because the central bank has the authority to bring money in and out of existence . It is the only point in the whole system with the unlimited ability to produce money . Another organization may be able to influence the open market for a period of time , but the central bank will always be able to overpower their influence with an infinite supply of money . | Open market operation |
814238533_4034-4684 | Side note : Countries that have a free floating currency not pegged to any commodity or other currency have a similar capacity to produce an unlimited amount of net financial assets ( bonds ) , understandably , governments would like to utilize this capacity to meet other political ends like unemployment rate targeting , or relative size of various public services ( military , education , health etc . ) , rather than any specific interest rate . Mostly , however the central bank is prevented by law or convention from giving way to such demands , being required to only generate central bank money in exchange for eligible assets ( see above ) . | Open market operation |
814238533_4711-6352 | Under inflation targeting , open market operations target a specific short - term interest rate in the debt markets . This target is changed periodically to achieve and maintain an inflation rate within a target range . However , other variants of monetary policy also often target interest rates : the US Federal Reserve , the Bank of England and the European Central Bank use variations on interest rate targets to guide open market operations . Besides interest rate targeting there are other possible targets of open markets operations . A second possible target is the contraction of the money supply , as was the case in the U.S. in the late 1970s through the early 1980s under Fed Chairman Paul Volcker . Under a currency board open market operations would be used to achieve and maintain a fixed exchange rate with relation to some foreign currency . Under a gold standard , notes would be convertible to gold , and so open market operations could be used to keep the value of a fiat currency constant relative to gold . A central bank can also use a mixture of policy settings that change depending on circumstances . A central bank may peg its exchange rate ( like a currency board ) with different levels or forms of commitment . The looser the exchange rate peg , the more latitude the central bank has to target other variables ( such as interest rates ) . It may instead target a basket of foreign currencies rather than a single currency . In some instances it is empowered to use additional means other than open market operations , such as changes in reserve requirements or capital controls , to achieve monetary outcomes . | Open market operation |
814238533_6485-7075 | In the United States , as of 2006 , the Federal Reserve sets an interest rate target for the Federal funds ( overnight bank reserves ) market . When the actual Federal funds rate is higher than the target , the New York Reserve Bank will usually increase the money supply via a repo ( effectively borrowing from the dealers ' perspective ; lending for the Reserve Bank ) . When the actual Federal funds rate is less than the target , the Bank will usually decrease the money supply via a reverse repo ( effectively lending from the dealers ' perspective ; borrowing for the Reserve Bank ) . | Open market operation |
814238533_7076-8022 | In the U.S. , the Federal Reserve most commonly uses overnight repurchase agreements ( repos ) to temporarily create money , or reverse repos to temporarily destroy money , which offset temporary changes in the level of bank reserves . The Federal Reserve also makes outright purchases and sales of securities through the System Open Market Account ( SOMA ) with its manager over the Trading Desk at the New York Reserve Bank . The trade of securities in the SOMA changes the balance of bank reserves , which also affects short - term interest rates . The SOMA manager is responsible for trades that result in a short - term interest rate near the target rate set by the Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) , or create money by the outright purchase of securities . More rarely will it permanently destroy money by the outright sale of securities . These trades are made with a group of about 22 banks and bond dealers called primary dealers . | Open market operation |
814238533_8023-8610 | Money is created or destroyed by changing the reserve account of the bank with the Federal Reserve . The Federal Reserve has conducted open market operations in this manner since the 1920s , through the Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee . The open market operation is also a means through which inflation can be controlled because when treasury bills are sold to commercial banks these banks can no longer give out loans to the public for the period and therefore money is being reduced from circulation . | Open market operation |
814238533_8629-8991 | The European Central Bank has similar mechanisms for their operations ; it describes its methods as a four - tiered approach with different goals : beside its main goal of steering and smoothing Eurozone interest rates while managing the liquidity situation in the market the ECB also has the aim of signalling the stance of monetary policy with its operations . | Open market operation |
814238533_8992-9343 | Broadly speaking , the ECB controls liquidity in the banking system via Refinancing Operations , which are basically repurchase agreements , i.e. banks put up acceptable collateral with the ECB and receive a cash loan in return . These are the following main categories of refinancing operations that can be employed depending on the desired outcome : | Open market operation |
814238533_9344-9914 | The regular weekly main refinancing operations ( MRO ) with maturity of one week and , The monthly longer - term refinancing operations ( LTRO ) provide liquidity to the financial sector , while ad hoc `` Fine - tuning operations '' ( in the form of reverse or outright transactions , foreign exchange swaps and the collection of fixed - term deposits ) aim to smooth interest rates caused by liquidity fluctuations in the market and `` Structural operations '' are used to adjust the central banks ' longer - term structural positions vis - a-vis the financial sector . | Open market operation |
814238533_9915-10421 | Refinancing operations are conducted via an auction mechanism . The ECB specifies the amount of liquidity it wishes to auction ( called the allotted amount ) and asks banks for expressions of interest . In a fixed rate tender the ECB also specifies the interest rate at which it is willing to lend money ; alternatively , in a variable rate tender the interest rate is not specified and banks bid against each other ( subject to a minimum bid rate specified by the ECB ) to access the available liquidity . | Open market operation |
814238533_10422-10792 | MRO auctions are held on Mondays , with settlement ( i.e. disbursal of the funds ) occurring the following Wednesday . For example , at its auction on 6 October 2008 , the ECB made available 250 million in EUR on 8 October at a minimum rate of 4.25 % . It received 271 million in bids , and the allotted amount ( 250 ) was awarded at an average weighted rate of 4.99 % . | Open market operation |
814238533_10793-11259 | Since mid-October 2008 , however , the ECB has been following a different procedure on a temporary basis , the fixed rate MRO with full allottment . In this case the ECB specifies the rate but not the amount of credit made available , and banks can request as much as they wish ( subject as always to being able to provide sufficient collateral ) . This procedure was made necessary by the financial crisis of 2008 and is expected to end at some time in the future . | Open market operation |
814238533_11260-11584 | Though the ECB 's main refinancing operations ( MRO ) are from repo auctions with a ( bi ) weekly maturity and monthly maturation , Longer - Term Refinancing Operations ( LTROs ) are also issued , which traditionally mature after three months ; since 2008 , tenders are now offered for six months , 12 months and 36 months . | Open market operation |
814238533_11606-11871 | The Swiss National Bank currently targets the 3 - month Swiss franc LIBOR rate . The primary way the SNB influences the 3 - month Swiss franc LIBOR rate is through open market operations , with the most important monetary policy instrument being repo transactions . | Open market operation |
814238533_11887-12551 | India 's Open Market Operation is much influenced by the fact that it is a developing country and that the capital flows are very different from those in developed countries . Thus Reserve Bank of India ( India 's central bank ) has to make policies and use instruments accordingly . Prior to the 1991 financial reforms , RBI 's major source of funding and control over credit and interest rates was the CRR ( Cash reserve ratio ) and the SLR ( Statutory Liquidity Ratio ) . But after the reforms , the use of CRR as an effective tool was de-emphasized and the use of open market operations increased . OMO 's are more effective in adjusting ( market liquidity ) . | Open market operation |
814238533_12601-12782 | Outright purchase ( PEMO ) : Is outright buying or selling of government securities . ( Permanent ) . Repurchase agreement ( REPO ) : Is short term , and are subject to repurchase . | Open market operation |
814238533_12783-13559 | However , even after sidelining CRR as an instrument , there was still less liquidity and skewedness in the market . And thus , on the recommendations of the Narsimham Committee Report ( 1998 ) , The RBI brought together a Liquidity Adjustment Facility ( LAF ) . It commenced in June , 2000 , and it was set up to oversee liquidity on a daily basis and to monitor market interest rates . For the LAF , two rates are set by the RBI : repo rate and reverse repo rate . The repo rate is applicable while selling securities to RBI ( daily injection of liquidity ) , while the reverse repo rate is applicable when banks buy back those securities ( daily absorption of liquidity ) . Also , these interest rates fixed by the RBI also help in determining other market interest rates . | Open market operation |
814238533_13560-14112 | India experiences large capital inflows every day , and even though the OMO and the LAF policies were able to withhold the inflows , another instrument was needed to keep the liquidity intact . Thus , on the recommendations of the Working Group of RBI on instruments of Sterilization ( December , 2003 ) , a new scheme known as the Market stabilization scheme ( MSS ) was set up . The LAF and the OMO 's were dealing with day - to - day liquidity management , whereas the MSS was set up to sterilize the liquidity absorption and make it more enduring . | Open market operation |
814238533_14113-14519 | According to this scheme , the RBI issues additional T - bills and securities to absorb the liquidity . And the money goes into the Market Stabilization scheme Account ( MSSA ) . The RBI can not use this account for paying any interest or discounts and can not credit any premiums to this account . The Government , in collaboration with the RBI , fixes a ceiling amount on the issue of these instruments . | Open market operation |
805956411_191-711 | The Beatles were an English rock band , formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With members John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential act of the rock era . In the early 1960s , their enormous popularity first emerged as `` Beatlemania '' , but as the group 's music grew in sophistication , led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , they came to be perceived as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the counterculture of the 1960s . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_712-1881 | Their continued commercial and critical success assisted many cultural movements -- including a shift from American artists ' global dominance of rock and roll to British acts ( British Invasion ) , the proliferation of young musicians in the 1960s who formed new bands , the album as the dominant form of record consumption over singles , the term `` Beatlesque '' used to describe similar - sounding artists , and several fashion trends . At the height of their popularity , Lennon controversially remarked that the group had become `` more popular than Jesus '' . The Beatles were still challenged for record sales and artistic prestige , mainly by the Beach Boys , Bob Dylan , and the Rolling Stones . Many of the Beatles ' music experiments were also not without precedent . However , no other acts provoked as many changes in the pop mainstream than the Beatles or Dylan , having opened new spaces for creative advancement and exploiting them to an exceeding degree . The Beatles ' innovations notably contributed to the new psychedelic and progressive music , and some of the band 's unusual production techniques later became part of normal recording practice . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_1882-2863 | As of 2009 , the Beatles are the best - selling band in history , with estimated claimed sales of over 600 million records worldwide . They have had more number - one albums on the British charts , fifteen , and sold more singles in the UK , 21.9 million , than any other act . They ranked number one on Billboard magazine 's list of the all - time most successful Hot 100 artists , released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart 's 50th anniversary . As of 2016 , they hold the record for most number - one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , with twenty . They 've also had myriad cover versions from a variety of artists , while `` Yesterday '' is one of the most covered songs in the history of recorded music . In 1999 , the Beatles were collectively included in Time magazine 's compilation of the twentieth century 's 100 most influential people . In 2017 , a study of AllMusic 's catalog indicated the Beatles as the most frequently cited artist influence in its database . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_3403-4128 | Regarding the ever - changing landscapes of popular music , musicologist Allan Moore notes ; `` Sometimes , audiences gravitate towards a centre . The most prominent period when this happened was in the early to mid 1960s when it seems that almost everyone , irrespective of age , class or cultural background , listened to the Beatles . '' Writing for AllMusic , music critic Richie Unterberger recognises the Beatles as both `` the greatest and most influential act of the rock era '' and a group that `` introduced more innovations into popular music than any other rock band of the 20th century '' . In Rolling Stone magazine 's Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll ( 2001 ) , the editors define the band 's influence as follows : | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_4129-4710 | The impact of the Beatles -- not only on rock & roll but on all of Western culture -- is simply incalculable ... ( A ) s personalities , they defined and incarnated ' 60s style : smart , idealistic , playful , irreverent , eclectic . Although many of their sales and attendance records have since been surpassed , no group has so radically transformed the sound and significance of rock & roll ... ( they ) proved that rock & roll could embrace a limitless variety of harmonies , structures , and sounds ; virtually every rock experiment has some precedent on Beatles record . With | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_4739-6298 | On 9 February 1964 , the Beatles gave their first live US television performance on The Ed Sullivan Show , watched by approximately 73 million viewers in over 23 million households , or 34 per cent of the American population . Biographer Jonathan Gould writes that , according to the Nielsen rating service , it was `` the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television program '' . They subsequently sparked the British Invasion of the US and became a globally influential phenomenon . During the previous four decades , the United States had dominated popular entertainment culture throughout much of the world , via Hollywood movies , jazz , the music of Broadway and Tin Pan Alley and , later , the rock and roll that first emerged in Memphis , Tennessee . On 4 April 1964 , the Beatles occupied the top five US chart positions , as well as 11 other positions in the Top 100 . As of 2013 , they remain the only act to have done so , having also broken 11 other chart records in the Billboard Top 100 and Billboard 200 . Author Luis Sanchez surmises : `` to grasp the mania that persists in our collective imagination is to follow the proselytizing drift of a question like ' Who is your favorite Beatle ? ' '' ... ( by ) August 1965 , the Beatles had transformed into an abstraction of their own success , a phenomenon to be devoured rather than heard . The pressure of that phenomenon led to one of the most mythologized of pop career reversals ... quietly resigning from the drudge of touring to get serious about their art . '' | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_6299-7565 | The Beatles reinvented and expanded the terms of commercial and artistic achievement , treading new ground for their willingness to experiment and take risks . One criticism of the group 's work is that none of it was truly unprecedented . Author Bill Martin objects to this notion : `` There has always been experimentation in rock music ... Rock music is synthesis and transmutation ... ( but ) what was original about the Beatles is that they synthesized and transmuted more or less everything , they did this in a way that reflected their time , they reflected their time in a way that spoke to a great part of humanity , and they did all of this really , really well . '' Unterberger adds : `` they were among the few artists of any discipline that were simultaneously the best at what they did and the most popular at what they did . Relentlessly imaginative and experimental , the Beatles grabbed hold of the international mass consciousness in 1964 and never let go for the next six years , always staying ahead of the pack in terms of creativity but never losing their ability to communicate their increasingly sophisticated ideas to a mass audience . Their supremacy as rock icons remains unchallenged to this day , decades after their breakup in 1970 . '' | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_7916-9348 | The Beatles maintained their most significant competition with Bob Dylan , the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys . Dylan and the Stones were symbolic of the nascent youth revolt against institutional authority , something that was not immediately recognisable within the Beatles until after 1966 . The Beatles ' initial clean - cut personas contrasted with the Rolling Stones ' `` bad boy '' image , and so the music press forged a rivalry between the two , but as author Barry Miles says , `` ( it was ) to give themselves something to write about , ( and ) there was actually no contest between the two groups in anything other than chart positions . '' The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame states that , with regard to 1960s rock bands , the Beach Boys `` place second only to the Beatles in terms of their overall impact on the ( US ) top 40 '' and were the Beatles ' `` most serious competitors on a creative level , too '' . Following the widespread changes brought about by the Beatles ' arrival in the United States , author Mitchell K. Hall writes , `` for a time the Beach Boys provided the Beatles with their most consistent American artistic and commercial competition . '' Another group , the Byrds , were widely celebrated as the American answer to the Beatles , and while their long - term influence has proven to be comparable to the Beatles and the Beach Boys , the Byrds ' record sales failed to match those groups . Bob | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_9394-10993 | Dylan is described by Ian MacDonald as `` the only figure to have matched The Beatles ' influence on popular culture since 1945 '' and by Charles Kaiser as `` their most important rival ... For the next six years ( after 1964 ) , the contest between Dylan and the Beatles would be one of the most productive of all modern musical rivalries . The Beatles made it clear that they regarded Bob Dylan as the musical force to be reckoned with , and Dylan reciprocated these feelings . '' In August 1964 , the Beatles met Dylan in person , and he proceeded to introduce them to cannabis . Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting , before which the musicians ' respective fanbases were `` perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds '' : Dylan 's audience of `` college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings , a dawning political and social idealism , and a mildly bohemian style '' contrasted with their fans , `` veritable ' teenyboppers ' -- kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialised popular culture of television , radio , pop records , fan magazines , and teen fashion . They were seen as idolaters , not idealists . '' Within a year , `` the distinctions between the folk and rock audiences would have nearly evaporated ( and the group 's ) audience ... ( was ) showing signs of growing up . '' In this period , no other acts provoked as many changes in the pop mainstream than the Beatles or Dylan , having opened new spaces for creative advancement and exploiting them to an exceeding degree . The | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_11103-12655 | According to Simon Philo , the Dylan -- Beatles rivalry was `` put on hold '' after Dylan was left to convalesce from his July 1966 motorcycle accident . Consequently , the Beatles `` publicly anointed a new favorite and rival in chief , the Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson '' . Previously in July 1964 , the Beach Boys had achieved their first number one single with `` I Get Around '' , which represented the start of an unofficial rivalry between the Beatles and Wilson , principally for McCartney . The Beatles and the Beach Boys inspired each other with their artistry and recording techniques , pushing them further out in the studio . According to Sanchez , in 1965 , `` Dylan was rewriting the rules for pop success '' with his music and image , and it was at this juncture that Wilson `` led The Beach Boys into a transitional phase in an effort to win the pop terrain that had been thrown up for grabs . '' Wilson then produced the 1966 works Pet Sounds and `` Good Vibrations '' . For the annual best - band poll conducted by NME between 1963 and 1969 , 1966 was the only year that the Beatles did not win , losing to the Beach Boys . According to author Carys Wyn Jones , the interplay between these two groups during the Pet Sounds era remains one of the most noteworthy episodes in rock history . In 2003 , when Rolling Stone magazine created its list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' , the publication placed Pet Sounds second to honour its influence on the highest ranked album , Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_12981-14041 | The Lennon -- McCartney songwriting partnership , along with the partnership between Rolling Stones ' Mick Jagger and Keith Richards , as well as other British Invasion songwriters , inspired changes to the music industry because they were bands that wrote and performed their own music . This trend threatened the professional songwriters that dominated the American music industry . Ellie Greenwich , a Brill Building songwriter , said , `` When the Beatles and the entire British Invasion came in , we were all ready to say , ' Look , it 's been nice , there 's no more room for us ... It 's now the self - contained group - males , certain type of material . What do we do ? '' Rolling Stone editors elaborated : `` One of the first rock groups to write most of its own material , they inaugurated the era of self - contained bands and forever centralized pop ... Their music , from the not - so - simple love songs they started with to their later perfectionist studio extravaganzas , set new standards for both commercial and artistic success in pop . '' | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_14042-15447 | In response to the Beatles ' 1964 breakthrough , music writers started including pop and rock music in serious discussion . The dominance of the single as the primary medium of music sales changed with the release of several iconic concept albums in the 1960s , such as Sgt . Pepper 's , Pet Sounds , A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector ( 1963 ) , and the Mothers of Invention 's Freak Out ! ( 1966 ) . In January 1966 , Billboard magazine cited the initial US sales of the Beatles ' 1965 album Rubber Soul ( 1.2 million copies over nine days ) as evidence of teenage record - buyers increasingly moving towards the LP format . According to author David N. Howard , the standard of the all - original compositions on Rubber Soul was also responsible for a shift in focus from singles to creating albums without the usual filler tracks . Rolling Stone 's Andy Greene credits Sgt . Pepper 's with marking the beginning of the Album era . The musicologist Oliver Julien credits Sgt . Pepper with contributing towards the evolution of long - playing albums from a `` distribution format '' to a `` creation format '' . In musicologist Allen Moore 's view , the album assisted `` the cultural legitimization of popular music '' while providing an important musical representation of its generation . It is regarded by journalists as having influenced the development of the counterculture of the 1960s . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_15568-16307 | The Beatles ' impact on the US was particularly strong , where a garage rock phenomenon had already begun , with hits such as `` Louie Louie '' by the Kingsmen . The movement received a major lift following the group 's historic appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show watched by a record - breaking viewing audience of a nation mourning the recent death of President John F. Kennedy . Bill Dean writes : `` It 's impossible to say just how many of America 's young people began playing guitars and forming bands in the wake of The Beatles ' appearance on the Sullivan show . But the anecdotal evidence suggests thousands -- if not hundreds of thousands or even more -- young musicians across the country formed bands and proceeded to play . '' | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_16308-17186 | Tom Petty , who played in two garage bands in Gainesville , Florida during the 1960s , is quoted mentioning the Beatles ' appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show and how it influenced him to be in a band . According to him : `` Within weeks of that , you could drive through literally any neighborhood in Gainesville and you would hear the strains of garage bands playing ... I mean everywhere . And I 'd say by a year from that time , Gainesville probably had 50 bands . '' For many , particularly young baby boomers , the Beatles ' visit reignited the sense of excitement and possibility that had been momentarily taken by Kennedy 's assassination . Much of this new excitement would be expressed in music , sometimes much to the chagrin of parents and elders , as kids raced to start bands by thousands , and this proliferation of new groups was not limited to the United States . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_17187-18323 | While the Beatles are often credited for sparking a musical revolution , research conducted by the Queen Mary University of London and Imperial College London suggests that the changes sparked by the band were already developing long before they entered the US . The study , which looks at shifts in chord progressions , beats , lyrics and vocals , shows that American music in the beginning of the 1960s was already moving away from mellow sounds like doo - wop and into more energetic rock styles . Professor Armand Lero argues that the Beatles ' innovations have been overstated by music historians : `` They did n't make a revolution or spark a revolution , they joined one . The trend is already emerging and they rode that wave , which accounts for their incredible success . '' Beatles biographer Mark Lewisohn disagreed with the research by Queen Mary University , saying it `` ( does n't ) stack up ... Speak to anyone who was a young person in the US when The Beatles arrived and they will tell you how much of a revolution it was . They were there and they will tell you that the Beatles revolutionised everything . '' Jangle | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_18469-18996 | George Harrison was the first person to own a Rickenbacker 360 / 12 , a guitar with twelve strings , the low eight of which are tuned in pairs , one octave apart ; the higher four being pairs tuned in unison . The Rickenbacker is unique among twelve - string guitars in having the lower octave string of each of the first four pairs placed above the higher tuned string . This , and the naturally rich harmonics produced by a twelve - string guitar provided the distinctive overtones found on many of the Beatles ' recordings . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_18997-19693 | His use of this guitar during the recording of A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) helped to popularise the model , and the jangly sound became so prominent that Melody Maker termed it the Beatles ' `` secret weapon '' . Roger McGuinn liked the effect so much that it became his signature guitar sound with the Byrds . While the Everly Brothers and the Searchers laid the foundations for jangle pop in the late 1950s to mid 1960s , the Beatles and the Byrds are commonly credited with launching the popularity of the `` jangly '' sound that defined the genre . In addition to the Byrds and Dylan , the Beatles were a huge influence on the folk rock explosion that would follow in the next year . British | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_19746-20258 | With the rise of the Beatles in 1963 , the terms Mersey sound and Merseybeat were applied to bands and singers from Liverpool , and this was the first time in British pop music that a sound and a location were linked together . The origins of power pop date back to the early to mid 1960s with what AllMusic calls : `` a cross between the crunching hard rock of the Who and the sweet melodicism of the Beatles and the Beach Boys , with the ringing guitars of the Byrds thrown in for good measure '' . Psychedelia | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_20493-21419 | Progressive rock ( or art rock ) grew out of the classically - minded strains of British psychedelia . In 1966 , the level of social and artistic correspondence among British and American rock musicians dramatically accelerated for bands like the Beatles , the Beach Boys and the Byrds who fused elements of cultivated music with the vernacular traditions of rock . According to Everett , the Beatles ' `` experimental timbres , rhythms , tonal structures , and poetic texts '' on their albums Rubber Soul and Revolver `` encouraged a legion of young bands that were to create progressive rock in the early 1970s '' . Academics Paul Hegarty and Martin Halliwell identify the Beatles `` not merely as precursors of prog but as essential developments of progressiveness in its early days '' . After the release of Rubber Soul , many `` baroque - rock '' works would soon appear , particularly due to its track `` In My Life '' . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_21420-22537 | Citing a quantitative study of tempos in music from the era , musicologist Walter Everett identifies Rubber Soul as a work that was `` made more to be thought about than danced to '' , and an album that `` began a far - reaching trend '' in its slowing - down of the tempos typically used in pop and rock music . Although the Kinks , the Yardbirds and the Beatles themselves ( with `` Ticket To Ride '' ) had incorporated droning guitars to mimic the qualities of the sitar , Rubber Soul 's `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' is generally credited as sparking a musical craze for the sound of the instrument in the mid-1960s -- a trend which would later be associated with the growth of raga rock , Indian rock , and the essence of psychedelic rock . In terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens , the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the most pivotal . Revolver ensured that psychedelic pop emerged from its underground roots and into the mainstream . By the end of 1966 , the Beatles , along with the Beach Boys , were the only acts to have high - charting psychedelic rock songs . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_22538-23501 | Author Carys Wyn Jones locates Sgt . Pepper 's , along with Pet Sounds , to the beginning of art rock . Both albums are largely viewed as beginnings in the progressive rock genre due to their lyrical unity , extended structure , complexity , eclecticism , experimentalism and influences derived from classical music forms . For several years following Sgt . Pepper 's release , straightforward rock and roll was supplanted by a growing interest in extended form . Several of the English psychedelic bands who followed in the wake of the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's developed characteristics of the Beatles ' music ( specifically their classical influence ) further than either the Beatles or contemporaneous West Coast psychedelic bands . AllMusic states that the first wave of art rock musicians were inspired by Sgt . Pepper 's and believed that for rock music to grow artistically , they should incorporate elements of European and classical music to the genre . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_23525-23780 | This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_23781-24324 | The Beatles were the first entertainment act to stage a large stadium concert . At Shea Stadium in New York City on Sunday , 15 August 1965 , the group opened their 1965 North American tour to a record audience of 55,600 . The event sold out in 17 minutes . It was the first concert to be held at a major outdoor stadium and set records for attendance and revenue generation , demonstrating that outdoor concerts on a large scale could be successful and profitable . The Beatles returned to Shea for a highly successful encore in August 1966 . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_24373-24632 | This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_24664-25471 | The Beatle haircut , also known as the `` mop - top '' ( or moptop ) , because of its resemblance to a mop , or `` Arthur '' among fans , is a mid-length hairstyle named after and popularised by the Beatles , and widely mocked by many adults . It is a straight cut -- collar - length at the back and over the ears at the sides , with a straight fringe ( bangs ) . Because of the immense popularity of the Beatles , the haircut was widely imitated worldwide between 1964 and 1966 . Their hair - style led toy manufacturers to begin producing real - hair and plastic `` Beatle Wigs '' . Lowell Toy Manufacturing Corp. of New York was licensed to make `` the only AUTHENTIC Beatle Wig '' . There have been many attempts at counterfeiting , but in its original packaging this wig has become highly collectible . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_25472-25745 | Mikhail Safonov wrote in 2003 that in the Brezhnev - dominated Soviet Union , mimicking the Beatles ' hairstyle was seen as highly rebellious . Young people were called `` hairies '' by their elders , and were arrested and forced to have their hair cut in police stations . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_25828-26255 | Beatle boots are tight - fitting , Cuban - heeled , ankle - length boots with a pointed toe . They originated in 1963 when Brian Epstein discovered Chelsea boots while browsing in the London footwear company Anello & Davide . He consequently commissioned four pairs ( with the addition of Cuban heels ) for the Beatles to complement their new suit image upon their return from Hamburg , who wore them under drainpipe trousers . | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
805956411_26470-26757 | In May 1966 , John Lennon said of people covering their songs , `` Lack of feeling in an emotional sense is responsible for the way some singers do our songs . They do n't understand and are too old to grasp the feeling . Beatles are really the only people who can play Beatle music . '' | Cultural impact of the Beatles |
807326841_112-403 | Nuchal lines Occipital bone . Outer surface . Side view of head , showing surface relations of bones . ( Superior and median lines visible at bottom right . ) Details Identifiers Latin Linea nuchae TA A02. 1.04. 024 A02. 1.04. 025 A02. 1.04. 026 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) | Nuchal lines |
807326841_404-490 | The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone : | Nuchal lines |
807326841_491-1243 | The upper , often faintly marked , is named the highest nuchal line , but is sometimes referred to as the Mempin line , and to it the epicranial aponeurosis and the occipitalis is attached . Below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line . To it is attached , the splenius capitis muscle , the trapezius muscle , and the sternocleidomastoid muscle . From the external occipital protuberance a ridge or crest , the median nuchal line , often faintly marked , descends to the foramen magnum , and affords attachment to the nuchal ligament . Running from the middle of this line is the inferior nuchal line . Attached are the obliquus capitis superior muscle , rectus capitis posterior major muscle , and rectus capitis posterior minor muscle . | Nuchal lines |
807326841_1271-1394 | Posterior view of superior nuchal line ( labeled in red ) and muscles connecting to it . Base of skull . Inferior surface . | Nuchal lines |
853989298_120-829 | ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_885-1226 | The Vampire Diaries is an American fantasy - drama television series which was first broadcast on The CW from 2009 to 2017 , airing 171 episodes over 8 seasons . Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec adapted the TV series from L.J. Smith 's novel series of the same name . Some of the characters appeared in the spin - off series , The Originals . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_1227-1504 | The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , Virginia . The focal points of the show are a love triangle -- involving Elena Gilbert and vampire brothers Stefan and Damon Salvatore -- and the town 's supernatural history , involving Elena 's friends and relatives . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_2304-2484 | The following is a list of series regulars who appear in one or more of the series ' eight seasons . The characters are listed in the order they were first credited in the series . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_2485-2687 | Key = Main cast ( actor receives `` Starring '' credit that season ) = Recurring cast ( actor appears in two or more episodes that season ) = Guest cast ( actor appears in only one episode that season ) | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_2688-3336 | Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 Elena Gilbert Nina Dobrev Main Voice only Guest Katherine Pierce Recurring Main Recurring Main Stefan Salvatore Paul Wesley Main Damon Salvatore Ian Somerhalder Main Jeremy Gilbert Steven R. McQueen Main Guest Jenna Sommers Sara Canning Main Guest Guest Guest Bonnie Bennett Kat Graham Main Caroline Forbes Candice King Main Matt Donovan Zach Roerig Main Vicki Donovan Kayla Ewell Main Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Tyler Lockwood Michael Trevino Main Guest Alaric Saltzman Matt Davis Main Guest Main Klaus Mikaelson Joseph Morgan Recurring Main Guest Guest Voice only Enzo St. John Michael Malarkey Recurring Main | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_3337-4339 | Jump up ^ Nina Dobrev appears as Amara in three episodes of season five . Jump up ^ Uncredited . Jump up ^ Paul Wesley appears as Silas in one episode of season four and eight episodes of season five and as Tom Avery in two episodes of season five . Jump up ^ Steven R. McQueen is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 01 to 6 × 21 . In episode 6 × 22 , he is credited as a special guest star . Jump up ^ Kat Graham is credited as Katerina Graham from episode 1 × 01 to 2 × 16 . Jump up ^ Candice King is credited as Candice Accola from episode 1 × 01 to 6 × 22 . Jump up ^ Kayla Ewell is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 01 to 1 × 08 . From episode 1 × 09 to 1 × 22 , she is not credited and does not appear . Jump up ^ Matt Davis is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 14 to 1 × 22 . From episode 1 × 01 to 1 × 08 , he is not credited and does not appear . From episode 1 × 09 to 1 × 13 , he is credited as a special guest star . Jump up ^ Uncredited . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_4392-4470 | Played by Nina Dobrev Starring seasons : 1 -- 6 Guest starring season : 8 Nina | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_4478-5049 | Elena Gilbert ( based on Elena Gilbert from the novels ) is the central character and the female lead of the series for the first six seasons . She is the biological daughter of John Gilbert and Isobel Flemming , and adopted daughter of Grayson and Miranda Gilbert . She has a younger adoptive brother named Jeremy Gilbert , who is later revealed to be her biological cousin . She has an adoptive aunt named Jenna Sommers who serves as her and Jeremy 's legal guardian in the first two seasons of the series . She is the descendant and doppelgänger of Katherine Pierce . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_5050-5898 | In season one , surviving a car accident which killed her parents , Elena reluctantly returns to school for her junior year and begins dating a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Stefan 's brother , Damon , also begins falling for Elena . After Stefan and Elena sleep together , she finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that this woman caused the brothers to feud 145 years ago , and turned them into vampires . He says that she was adopted and is actually a descendant of Katherine , and that he saved her the night of her parents ' deaths . At the end of season one , Elena meets her birth mother , Isobel , who is now a vampire , and discovers that her uncle John , who she grew up hating , is her natural father . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_5899-6662 | In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , exactly resembling Katherine Pierce , which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later takes place , but Elena is saved because John sacrificed himself for her after Bonnie magically enchants him . However , her Aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying from a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him . Damon is cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . However , in order to convince Klaus to give his blood to Damon , Stefan had to turn into his `` Ripper '' self and accompany Klaus . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_6663-7341 | In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan regain his humanity , which he switched off to satisfy , and tolerate , Klaus . She grows closer to Damon while working together to save Stefan and try to defeat Klaus , eventually sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well , but that she never stopped loving Stefan . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parents ' death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system ; she then awakens as a vampire in transition . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_7342-8216 | In season four , Elena must decide whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . After realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , Elena completes her transition . She claims that choosing Stefan was the best choice she 'd ever made . However , their relationship ends due to her heightened feelings for Damon . Damon later realizes there is a sire bond between them , complicating the truth behind their relationship . Damon makes Elena turn off her humanity to avoid her grief when Jeremy is killed searching for a cure for vampirism . Elena becomes ruthless without her emotions . When she turns on her emotions again , her sire bond to Damon has been broken , though she remains in love with him . During a confrontation with Katherine , Elena shoves the cure down Katherine 's throat , forcing her to become human again . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_8217-9749 | In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College after spending the summer with Damon . She is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and learns that her father experimented on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of the past 500 years catching up with her , Katherine uses a spell to possess Elena . Elena 's friends trap Katherine when they realize this . Stefan stabbed her with the Traveler dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper - werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting her . Elena 's friends are eventually able to find an antidote . She loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but soon get back together . Once Markos and his Traveler army begin to take over Mystic Falls , Elena and company come up with a plan to neutralize the Travelers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering Bonnie -- who is now the anchor to the Other Side -- and creating a possible way out of the collapsing dimension . Elena and Damon cause an explosion at the Mystic Grill , killing themselves and most of the Travelers . She wakes up as a ghost and passes to the Other Side ; Elena and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards , but the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and Bonnie is stuck as the anchor , leaving those alive mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_9750-10869 | In season six , Elena begins medical school , unable to step foot in her hometown . She is unable to recover from Damon 's death and lurks at the edges of Mystic Falls -- preying on people , drinking their blood , and compelling them to forget . As spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , and he eventually succeeds . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but does n't want to go back to being unhappy again , and starts dating classmate Liam . After Damon comes back to life , Elena eventually decides to have the compulsion undone , but Alaric crosses into Mystic Falls and becomes human again . Elena is then left to face Damon and see if her feelings will return . Bonnie returns from the prison world with the cure to immortality which Elena takes , hoping to have family with Damon . However , in the season finale , Kai links Bonnie 's life to Elena 's , putting her in a magical sleep until Bonnie 's dies . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_10870-11600 | In season eight , Elena appears in the final episode , appearing to Bonnie when her heart stops . However , Bonnie is brought back to life and Elena 's body is then taken over by Katherine and trapped in the boiler room to die with the Hellfire . Stefan sacrifices his life to save Elena . They are briefly reunited so he can say goodbye . Bonnie eventually breaks Kai 's spell on Elena and reunites her with Damon and her friends . Elena goes to medical school and marries Damon while continuing to write in her diary , thanking Stefan for saving her life in the pilot . She and Damon live long and happy human lives together before they die . In the afterlife , Elena finds peace by reuniting with Jenna , John and her parents . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_11659-11771 | Played by Nina Dobrev Starring seasons : 2 and 5 Recurring seasons : 1 and 3 -- 4 Guest starring season : 8 Nina | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_12736-13623 | During season two , she tells Damon that she has always been in love with Stefan and never truly cared for Damon . It is later discovered that her real reason for returning is to appease Klaus by giving him the new doppelgänger , the moonstone , and a vampire , witch , and werewolf . Stefan and Damon lock her in the tomb when they realize her plan , and even when the spell trapping vampires in the tomb is broken , she is compelled by Elijah to stay in . Elijah temporarily dies and Katherine is freed , but chooses to help Stefan and Damon . When Klaus comes to Mystic Falls , he kidnaps her and tortures her in Alaric 's apartment . He eventually releases her , but she keeps track of Klaus and Stefan 's whereabouts . When she learns that a vampire hunter named Mikael is the key to killing Klaus , she finds and awakens him , but goes back into hiding when Mikael 's plan fails . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_13624-14152 | Katherine returns in season four , allowing Jeremy to be killed by Silas so she can steal the cure . It is revealed that during her time away from Mystic Falls , she had begun a relationship with Elijah Mikaelson , having real feelings for him . She decides to give him the cure to prove that her love is real , though he eventually leaves her to be with his family in New Orleans . During a physical confrontation with Elena , Katherine is forced by Elena to drink the cure , leaving her human for the first time in 500 years . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_14153-15092 | During season five Katherine struggles with being human again . She learns that her long - lost daughter , Nadia , is a vampire in Mystic Falls . Silas drains Katherine of all of her blood , to get the cure , and Katherine returns to life . However , she rapidly descends into old age from the 500 years of her existence . She uses her Traveler heritage to transfer her consciousness into Elena 's body as hers dies , eventually taking control of Elena 's body and masquerading as Elena to win Stefan 's affection . Stefan and Caroline learn her identity and Stefan stabs her with the Traveler 's Knife , releasing Katherine 's soul from Elena 's body . However , Katherine had injected Elena 's body with Dr. Wes Maxfield 's experimental `` Ripper Serum '' , to turn Elena into a vampire who feeds from other vampires along with werewolf venom . An unknown force denies Katherine access to the Other Side and she was left in a dark void . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_15093-16099 | It is later revealed that Katherine was sucked into Hell , where she became a feared presence over six years . Katherine made a bet with Kai Parker , that whoever won would replace Cade as the ruler of Hell . Katherine 's manipulation resulted in Kai 's imprisonment in a Spirit Rule and her ascension as the queen of Hell . She then escaped Hell and proceeded to taunt Stefan and Caroline on their wedding day . She manipulates Kelly and Vicki Donovan into doing her bidding , resulting in Kelly nearly killing Caroline 's twins and Vicki ringing the bell . While everyone is distracted , Katherine steals Elena 's body and traps it in the boiler room to ensure Elena dies in the Hellfire . Katherine then impersonates Elena to torture the brothers . They attempt to kill her , but she continues returning from Hell . Stefan then stays with Katherine to ensure that they both finally die in the Hellfire , destroying Hell and giving Katherine what she wanted -- to spend the rest of her life with Stefan . | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
853989298_16158-16291 | Played by Paul Wesley and Sawyer Bell ( young Stefan ) Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 3 Paul | List of The Vampire Diaries characters |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.