Datasets:

---

PrimeQA

/

clapnq

like 4

Follow

PrimeQA 20

[ { "title": "History of the United States Constitution", "text": "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John", "sentences": [ "This section needs additional citations for verification .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( October 2015 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "John" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Admission to the bar in the United States", "text": "Pass a bar examination , usually administered by the state bar association or under the authority of the supreme court of the particular state . As of June 2015 , 16 jurisdictions have adopted the Uniform Bar Examination ( UBE ) . Missouri and North Dakota were the first two states to administer the UBE , doing so in February 2011 . Since then , Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming have adopted and administered the UBE . According to the National Conference of Bar Examiners ( NCBE ) , which prepares the UBE , it is intended to `` test knowledge and skills that every lawyer should be able to demonstrate prior to becoming licensed to practice law '' , and `` is uniformly administered , graded , and scored by user jurisdictions and results in a portable score . '' UBE jurisdictions are allowed to additionally test candidates ' knowledge of state - specific law , through either a test or course . The UBE consists of three parts : The Multistate Bar Examination ( MBE ) , a standardized test consisting of 200 multiple - choice questions covering seven ( 7 ) key areas of law : Constitutional law , Contracts , Criminal law and Procedure , Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , Federal Rules of Evidence , Real Property and Torts . Examinees have three ( 3 ) hours to answer 100 questions in a morning session and the same for an afternoon session . The MBE is administered on the last Wednesday in February and July . The Multistate Essay Examination ( MEE ) , a uniform though not standardized test that examines a candidate 's ability to analyze legal issues and communicate them effectively in writing . The NCBE provides nine possible MEE questions for each bar exam administration ; the UBE uses six of these . This exam is administered on the last Tuesday of each February and July . Topics range from the seven MBE topics above , and include Business law ( Agency , Corporations , LLC and Partnerships ) , Commercial law ( Commercial paper , Secured Transactions and the Uniformed Commercial Code ( UCC ) ) , Conflicts of law , Estates and Probate ( Trusts and Wills ) , and Family Law . The Multistate Performance Test ( MPT ) , a `` closed - universe '' test in which each candidate is required to perform a standard lawyering task , such as a memo or brief . The candidate is provided with a case file and a `` library '' which contains all of the substantive law required to perform the task ( plus some non-relevant material ) . The MPT is administered on the last Tuesday in each February and July . The NCBE provides two MPT questions for each administration ; the UBE uses both . In states that do not use the UBE , the examination usually follows a similar format : The MBE is currently required in all jurisdictions except Louisiana and Puerto Rico . The most recent state to adopt the MBE was Washington , which began using the MBE when it adopted the UBE in July 2013 . In jurisdictions that do not use the MPRE , candidates must pass a professional responsibility ( `` ethics '' ) exam included as part of the main bar exam . Some states , such as Michigan , employ the MPRE and include ethics questions in their main exam . State - specific content is usually included in the examination , such as essays in Washington , Minnesota and Massachusetts . Some states , such as Florida , include both essays and multiple - choice questions in their state - specific sections ; Virginia uses full essays and short - answer questions in its state - specific section .", "sentences": [ "Pass a bar examination , usually administered by the state bar association or under the authority of the supreme court of the particular state .", "As of June 2015 , 16 jurisdictions have adopted the Uniform Bar Examination ( UBE ) .", "Missouri and North Dakota were the first two states to administer the UBE , doing so in February 2011 .", "Since then , Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming have adopted and administered the UBE .", "According to the National Conference of Bar Examiners ( NCBE ) , which prepares the UBE , it is intended to `` test knowledge and skills that every lawyer should be able to demonstrate prior to becoming licensed to practice law '' , and `` is uniformly administered , graded , and scored by user jurisdictions and results in a portable score . ''", "UBE jurisdictions are allowed to additionally test candidates ' knowledge of state - specific law , through either a test or course .", "The UBE consists of three parts : The Multistate Bar Examination ( MBE ) , a standardized test consisting of 200 multiple - choice questions covering seven ( 7 ) key areas of law : Constitutional law , Contracts , Criminal law and Procedure , Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , Federal Rules of Evidence , Real Property and Torts .", "Examinees have three ( 3 ) hours to answer 100 questions in a morning session and the same for an afternoon session .", "The MBE is administered on the last Wednesday in February and July .", "The Multistate Essay Examination ( MEE ) , a uniform though not standardized test that examines a candidate 's ability to analyze legal issues and communicate them effectively in writing .", "The NCBE provides nine possible MEE questions for each bar exam administration ; the UBE uses six of these .", "This exam is administered on the last Tuesday of each February and July .", "Topics range from the seven MBE topics above , and include Business law ( Agency , Corporations , LLC and Partnerships ) , Commercial law ( Commercial paper , Secured Transactions and the Uniformed Commercial Code ( UCC ) ) , Conflicts of law , Estates and Probate ( Trusts and Wills ) , and Family Law .", "The Multistate Performance Test ( MPT ) , a `` closed - universe '' test in which each candidate is required to perform a standard lawyering task , such as a memo or brief .", "The candidate is provided with a case file and a `` library '' which contains all of the substantive law required to perform the task ( plus some non-relevant material ) .", "The MPT is administered on the last Tuesday in each February and July .", "The NCBE provides two MPT questions for each administration ; the UBE uses both .", "In states that do not use the UBE , the examination usually follows a similar format : The MBE is currently required in all jurisdictions except Louisiana and Puerto Rico .", "The most recent state to adopt the MBE was Washington , which began using the MBE when it adopted the UBE in July 2013 .", "In jurisdictions that do not use the MPRE , candidates must pass a professional responsibility ( `` ethics '' )", "exam included as part of the main bar exam .", "Some states , such as Michigan , employ the MPRE and include ethics questions in their main exam .", "State - specific content is usually included in the examination , such as essays in Washington , Minnesota and Massachusetts .", "Some states , such as Florida , include both essays and multiple - choice questions in their state - specific sections ; Virginia uses full essays and short - answer questions in its state - specific section ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Russian Orthodox Church", "text": "There occurred strident conflicts with the Ecumenical Patriarchate , most notably over the Orthodox Church in Estonia in the mid-1990s , which resulted in unilateral suspension of eucharistic relationship between the churches by the ROC . The tension lingered on and could be observed at the meeting in Ravenna in early October 2007 of participants in the Orthodox -- Catholic Dialogue : the representative of the Moscow Patriarchate , Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev , walked out of the meeting due to the presence of representatives from the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church which is in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate . At the meeting , prior to the departure of the Russian delegation , there were also substantive disagreements about the wording of a proposed joint statement among the Orthodox representatives . After the departure of the Russian delegation , the remaining Orthodox delegates approved the form which had been advocated by the representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate . The Ecumenical See 's representative in Ravenna said that Hilarion 's position `` should be seen as an expression of authoritarianism whose goal is to exhibit the influence of the Moscow Church . But like last year in Belgrade , all Moscow achieved was to isolate itself once more since no other Orthodox Church followed its lead , remaining instead faithful to Constantinople . '' A", "sentences": [ "There occurred strident conflicts with the Ecumenical Patriarchate , most notably over the Orthodox Church in Estonia in the mid-1990s , which resulted in unilateral suspension of eucharistic relationship between the churches by the ROC .", "The tension lingered on and could be observed at the meeting in Ravenna in early October 2007 of participants in the Orthodox -- Catholic Dialogue : the representative of the Moscow Patriarchate , Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev , walked out of the meeting due to the presence of representatives from the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church which is in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate .", "At the meeting , prior to the departure of the Russian delegation , there were also substantive disagreements about the wording of a proposed joint statement among the Orthodox representatives .", "After the departure of the Russian delegation , the remaining Orthodox delegates approved the form which had been advocated by the representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate .", "The Ecumenical See 's representative in Ravenna said that Hilarion 's position `` should be seen as an expression of authoritarianism whose goal is to exhibit the influence of the Moscow Church .", "But like last year in Belgrade , all Moscow achieved was to isolate itself once more since no other Orthodox Church followed its lead , remaining instead faithful to Constantinople . ''", "A" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Gerardus Mercator", "text": "In 1542 , the thirty year old must have been feeling confident about his future prospects when he suffered two major interruptions to his life . First , Leuven was besieged by the troops of the Duke of Cleves , a Lutheran sympathiser who , with French support , was set on exploiting unrest in the Low Countries to his own ends . This was the same Duke to whom Mercator turned ten years later . The siege was lifted but the financial losses to the town and its traders , including Mercator , were great . The second interruption was potentially deadly : the Inquisition called . Back", "sentences": [ "In 1542 , the thirty year old must have been feeling confident about his future prospects when he suffered two major interruptions to his life .", "First , Leuven was besieged by the troops of the Duke of Cleves , a Lutheran sympathiser who , with French support , was set on exploiting unrest in the Low Countries to his own ends .", "This was the same Duke to whom Mercator turned ten years later .", "The siege was lifted but the financial losses to the town and its traders , including Mercator , were great .", "The second interruption was potentially deadly : the Inquisition called .", "Back" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands", "text": "Virgin Islands Transit ( VITRAN ) public buses run between the main towns and areas of local interest ( not tourist destinations ) . Bus fare is $1 or less . Privately owned `` dollar ride '' or `` dollar run '' taxi buses stop at or near many bus stops . They follow a predefined route , but do not follow a regular schedule . It is often possible to get off anywhere along their route . These buses charge a flat rate for the trip , either $1 or $2 .", "sentences": [ "Virgin Islands Transit ( VITRAN ) public buses run between the main towns and areas of local interest ( not tourist destinations ) .", "Bus fare is $1 or less .", "Privately owned `` dollar ride '' or `` dollar run '' taxi buses stop at or near many bus stops .", "They follow a predefined route , but do not follow a regular schedule .", "It is often possible to get off anywhere along their route .", "These buses charge a flat rate for the trip , either $1 or $2 ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Port of San Diego", "text": "Several cruise lines home port in San Diego , such as Holland America , Celebrity Cruises , Disney Cruise Line , and Royal Caribbean . Other cruise lines may also use San Diego as a port of call . Holland America uses San Diego as a home port during the winter season . Royal Caribbean used to regularly operate Mexico cruises from San Diego , but now only operates on the months of April and November operating cruises to Panama Canal . Disney Cruise Line has seasonal Mexican cruises in the spring and fall , as well as a Panama Canal cruise at the end of the visit . Carnival Cruise Lines used to operate from San Diego , but no longer does so after April 2012 . Carnival Elation was the only cruise ship that operated from San Diego on a year - round basis from 2007 to 2010 . Carnival Spirit seasonally operated from the port during fall and winter seasons . It continued like that until Carnival ceased their cruise operations from San Diego . On May 2013 , Celebrity Cruises ' Solstice became longest cruise ship to dock in San Diego , during a Wine Country Coastal Cruise . The Port of San Diego experienced a 44 - percent growth in cruise calls between 2002 and 2006 , growing from 122 to 219 calls . Passenger numbers more than doubled in that time , from 276,000 in 2002 to 619,000 in 2006 . Cruise ship business peaked in 2008 , when the Port hosted 252 ship calls and more than 800,000 passengers . By 2011 , the number of ship calls had fallen to 103 , a decline blamed on the slumping economy as well as fear of travel to Mexico due to well - publicized violence there .", "sentences": [ "Several cruise lines home port in San Diego , such as Holland America , Celebrity Cruises , Disney Cruise Line , and Royal Caribbean .", "Other cruise lines may also use San Diego as a port of call .", "Holland America uses San Diego as a home port during the winter season .", "Royal Caribbean used to regularly operate Mexico cruises from San Diego , but now only operates on the months of April and November operating cruises to Panama Canal .", "Disney Cruise Line has seasonal Mexican cruises in the spring and fall , as well as a Panama Canal cruise at the end of the visit .", "Carnival Cruise Lines used to operate from San Diego , but no longer does so after April 2012 .", "Carnival Elation was the only cruise ship that operated from San Diego on a year - round basis from 2007 to 2010 .", "Carnival Spirit seasonally operated from the port during fall and winter seasons .", "It continued like that until Carnival ceased their cruise operations from San Diego .", "On May 2013 , Celebrity Cruises ' Solstice became longest cruise ship to dock in San Diego , during a Wine Country Coastal Cruise .", "The Port of San Diego experienced a 44 - percent growth in cruise calls between 2002 and 2006 , growing from 122 to 219 calls .", "Passenger numbers more than doubled in that time , from 276,000 in 2002 to 619,000 in 2006 .", "Cruise ship business peaked in 2008 , when the Port hosted 252 ship calls and more than 800,000 passengers .", "By 2011 , the number of ship calls had fallen to 103 , a decline blamed on the slumping economy as well as fear of travel to Mexico due to well - publicized violence there ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Post-transcriptional modification", "text": "Regulatory sequence Regulatory sequence Enhancer / silencer Promoter 5'UTR Open reading frame 3'UTR Enhancer / silencer Proximal Core Start Stop Terminator Transcription DNA Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron Post-transcriptional modification Pre - mRNA Protein coding region 5'cap Poly - A tail Translation Mature mRNA Protein The structure of a eukaryotic protein - coding gene . Regulatory sequence controls when and where expression occurs for the protein coding region ( red ) . Promoter and enhancer regions ( yellow ) regulate the transcription of the gene into a pre-mRNA which is modified to remove introns ( light grey ) and add a 5 ' cap and poly - A tail ( dark grey ) . The mRNA 5 ' and 3 ' untranslated regions ( blue ) regulate translation into the final protein product .", "sentences": [ "Regulatory sequence Regulatory sequence Enhancer / silencer Promoter 5'UTR Open reading frame 3'UTR Enhancer / silencer Proximal Core Start Stop Terminator Transcription DNA Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron Post-transcriptional modification", "Pre - mRNA", "Protein coding region 5'cap Poly - A tail Translation Mature mRNA", "Protein The structure of a eukaryotic protein - coding gene .", "Regulatory sequence controls when and where expression occurs for the protein coding region ( red ) .", "Promoter and enhancer regions ( yellow ) regulate the transcription of the gene into a pre-mRNA which is modified to remove introns ( light grey ) and add a 5 ' cap and poly - A tail ( dark grey ) .", "The mRNA 5 ' and 3 ' untranslated regions ( blue ) regulate translation into the final protein product ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War", "text": "The economic warfare between Great Britain and the colonists began well before the colonies declared their independence in 1776 . Regulations from the crown were met with fierce opposition from the colonists . After lobbies and petitions proved ineffective , the colonists turned to boycotting imported English goods . Boycotting proved to be successful in crippling British trade . After the first colonial boycott in 1765 , Parliament overturned the Sugar and Stamp Acts , and after a second boycott in 1768 Parliament overturned all of the Townshend duties except for the tax on tea . The colonists persisted , and the American boycott on tea ultimately culminated in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Despite the Revolution 's widespread association with the colonists ' aversion to higher taxes , it has been claimed that the colonists actually paid far less tax compared to their British counterparts .", "sentences": [ "The economic warfare between Great Britain and the colonists began well before the colonies declared their independence in 1776 .", "Regulations from the crown were met with fierce opposition from the colonists .", "After lobbies and petitions proved ineffective , the colonists turned to boycotting imported English goods .", "Boycotting proved to be successful in crippling British trade .", "After the first colonial boycott in 1765 , Parliament overturned the Sugar and Stamp Acts , and after a second boycott in 1768 Parliament overturned all of the Townshend duties except for the tax on tea .", "The colonists persisted , and the American boycott on tea ultimately culminated in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 .", "Despite the Revolution 's widespread association with the colonists ' aversion to higher taxes , it has been claimed that the colonists actually paid far less tax compared to their British counterparts ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "History of Wells Fargo", "text": "The financial performance of Wells Fargo , as well as its stock price , suffered from this botched merger , leaving the bank vulnerable to being taken over itself as banking consolidation continued unabated . This time , Wells Fargo entered into a friendly merger agreement with Norwest Corporation of Minneapolis , which was announced in June 1998 . The deal was completed in November of that year and was valued at $31.7 billion . Although Norwest was the nominal survivor , the merged company retained the Wells Fargo name because of the latter 's greater public recognition and the former 's regional connotations . The merged company remained based in San Francisco based on the bank 's $54 billion in deposits in California versus $13 billion in Minnesota . The head of Wells Fargo , Paul Hazen , was named chairman of the new company , while the head of Norwest , Richard Kovacevich , became president and CEO . However , Wells Fargo retains Norwest 's pre-1998 stock price history , and all SEC filings before 1998 are listed under Norwest , not Wells Fargo .", "sentences": [ "The financial performance of Wells Fargo , as well as its stock price , suffered from this botched merger , leaving the bank vulnerable to being taken over itself as banking consolidation continued unabated .", "This time , Wells Fargo entered into a friendly merger agreement with Norwest Corporation of Minneapolis , which was announced in June 1998 .", "The deal was completed in November of that year and was valued at $31.7 billion .", "Although Norwest was the nominal survivor , the merged company retained the Wells Fargo name because of the latter 's greater public recognition and the former 's regional connotations .", "The merged company remained based in San Francisco based on the bank 's $54 billion in deposits in California versus $13 billion in Minnesota .", "The head of Wells Fargo , Paul Hazen , was named chairman of the new company , while the head of Norwest , Richard Kovacevich , became president and CEO .", "However , Wells Fargo retains Norwest 's pre-1998 stock price history , and all SEC filings before 1998 are listed under Norwest , not Wells Fargo ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Western Front (World War I)", "text": "The same month , the French Commander - in - Chief , General Robert Nivelle , ordered a new offensive against the German trenches , promising that it would end the war within 48 hours . The 16 April attack , dubbed the Nivelle Offensive ( also known as the Second Battle of the Aisne , after the area where the offensive took place ) , would be 1.2 million men strong , preceded by a week - long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks . The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops , with the help of two Russian brigades , had to negotiate rough , upward - sloping terrain in extremely bad weather . Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line . Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority , making reconnaissance difficult and in places , the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops . Within a week 120,000 French soldiers were casualties . Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough , Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May .", "sentences": [ "The same month , the French Commander - in - Chief , General Robert Nivelle , ordered a new offensive against the German trenches , promising that it would end the war within 48 hours .", "The 16 April attack , dubbed the Nivelle Offensive ( also known as the Second Battle of the Aisne , after the area where the offensive took place ) , would be 1.2 million men strong , preceded by a week - long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks .", "The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops , with the help of two Russian brigades , had to negotiate rough , upward - sloping terrain in extremely bad weather .", "Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line .", "Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority , making reconnaissance difficult and in places , the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops .", "Within a week 120,000 French soldiers were casualties .", "Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough , Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Confederate States of America", "text": "# City 1860 population 1860 U.S. rank Return to U.S. control 1 . New Orleans , Louisiana 168,675 6 1862 2 . Charleston , South Carolina 40,522 22 1865 3 . Richmond , Virginia 37,910 25 1865 4 . Mobile , Alabama 29,258 27 1865 5 . Memphis , Tennessee 22,623 38 1862 6 . Savannah , Georgia 22,619 41 1864 7 . Petersburg , Virginia 18,266 50 1865 8 . Nashville , Tennessee 16,988 54 1862 9 . Norfolk , Virginia 14,620 61 1862 10 . Augusta , Georgia 12,493 77 1865 11 . Columbus , Georgia 9,621 97 1865 12 . Atlanta , Georgia 9,554 99 1864 13 . Wilmington , North Carolina 9,553 100 1865", "sentences": [ "# City 1860 population 1860 U.S. rank Return to U.S. control 1 .", "New Orleans , Louisiana 168,675 6 1862 2 .", "Charleston , South Carolina 40,522 22 1865 3 .", "Richmond , Virginia 37,910 25 1865 4 .", "Mobile , Alabama 29,258 27 1865 5 .", "Memphis , Tennessee 22,623 38 1862 6 .", "Savannah , Georgia 22,619 41 1864 7 .", "Petersburg , Virginia 18,266 50 1865 8 .", "Nashville , Tennessee 16,988 54 1862 9 .", "Norfolk , Virginia 14,620 61 1862 10 .", "Augusta , Georgia 12,493 77 1865 11 .", "Columbus , Georgia 9,621 97 1865 12 .", "Atlanta , Georgia 9,554 99 1864 13 .", "Wilmington , North Carolina 9,553 100 1865" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Joseph McCarthy", "text": "From the start of his notoriety , McCarthy served as a favorite subject for political cartoonists . He was traditionally depicted in a negative light , normally pertaining to McCarthyism and his accusations . Herblock 's cartoon that coined the term McCarthyism appeared less than two months after the senator 's now famous February 1950 speech in Wheeling , West Virginia . In 1953 , the popular daily comic strip Pogo introduced the character Simple J. Malarkey , a pugnacious and conniving wildcat with an unmistakable physical resemblance to McCarthy . After a worried Rhode Island newspaper editor protested to the syndicate that provided the strip , creator Walt Kelly began depicting the Malarkey character with a bag over his head , concealing his features . The explanation was that Malarkey was hiding from a Rhode Island Red hen , a clear reference to the controversy over the Malarkey character .", "sentences": [ "From the start of his notoriety , McCarthy served as a favorite subject for political cartoonists .", "He was traditionally depicted in a negative light , normally pertaining to McCarthyism and his accusations .", "Herblock 's cartoon that coined the term McCarthyism appeared less than two months after the senator 's now famous February 1950 speech in Wheeling , West Virginia .", "In 1953 , the popular daily comic strip Pogo introduced the character Simple J. Malarkey , a pugnacious and conniving wildcat with an unmistakable physical resemblance to McCarthy .", "After a worried Rhode Island newspaper editor protested to the syndicate that provided the strip , creator Walt Kelly began depicting the Malarkey character with a bag over his head , concealing his features .", "The explanation was that Malarkey was hiding from a Rhode Island Red hen , a clear reference to the controversy over the Malarkey character ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Republic (Plato)", "text": "Socrates suggests that they look for justice in a city rather than in an individual man . After attributing the origin of society to the individual not being self - sufficient and having many needs which he can not supply himself , they go on to describe the development of the city . Socrates first describes the `` healthy state '' , but Glaucon asks him to describe `` a city of pigs '' , as he finds little difference between the two . He then goes on to describe the luxurious city , which he calls `` a fevered state '' . This requires a guardian class to defend and attack on its account . This begins a discussion concerning the type of education that ought to be given to these guardians in their early years , including the topic of what kind of stories are appropriate . They conclude that stories that ascribe evil to the gods are untrue and should not be taught . Book", "sentences": [ "Socrates suggests that they look for justice in a city rather than in an individual man .", "After attributing the origin of society to the individual not being self - sufficient and having many needs which he can not supply himself , they go on to describe the development of the city .", "Socrates first describes the `` healthy state '' , but Glaucon asks him to describe `` a city of pigs '' , as he finds little difference between the two .", "He then goes on to describe the luxurious city , which he calls `` a fevered state '' .", "This requires a guardian class to defend and attack on its account .", "This begins a discussion concerning the type of education that ought to be given to these guardians in their early years , including the topic of what kind of stories are appropriate .", "They conclude that stories that ascribe evil to the gods are untrue and should not be taught .", "Book" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Rocky Mountains", "text": "The Rocky Mountains contain several sedimentary basins that are rich in coalbed methane . Coalbed methane is natural gas that arises from coal , either through bacterial action , or through exposure to high temperature . Coalbed methane supplies 7 percent of the natural gas used in the United States . The largest coalbed methane sources in the Rocky Mountains are in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and Colorado and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming . These two basins are estimated to contain 38 trillion cubic feet of gas . Coalbed methane can be recovered by dewatering the coal bed , and separating the gas from the water ; or injecting water to fracture the coal to release the gas ( so - called hydraulic fracturing ) .", "sentences": [ "The Rocky Mountains contain several sedimentary basins that are rich in coalbed methane .", "Coalbed methane is natural gas that arises from coal , either through bacterial action , or through exposure to high temperature .", "Coalbed methane supplies 7 percent of the natural gas used in the United States .", "The largest coalbed methane sources in the Rocky Mountains are in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and Colorado and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming .", "These two basins are estimated to contain 38 trillion cubic feet of gas .", "Coalbed methane can be recovered by dewatering the coal bed , and separating the gas from the water ; or injecting water to fracture the coal to release the gas ( so - called hydraulic fracturing ) ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Parent material", "text": "Parent material transported by streams is called alluvium of which there are three main types . Floodplains are the parts of river valleys that are covered with water during floods . Due to their seasonal nature , floods create stratified layers in which larger particles tend to settle nearer the channel and smaller particles settle nearer the edges of the flooding area . Alluvial fans are sedimentary areas formed by narrow valley streams that suddenly drop to lowlands and widen dramatically . Sedimentary in these types of deposits tend to be larger closer to the uplands and finer near the edges of the fan . Delta deposits , the third of type of alluvium , are finer sediments that are discharged from streams into lakes and eventually settle near the mouth of the river .", "sentences": [ "Parent material transported by streams is called alluvium of which there are three main types .", "Floodplains are the parts of river valleys that are covered with water during floods .", "Due to their seasonal nature , floods create stratified layers in which larger particles tend to settle nearer the channel and smaller particles settle nearer the edges of the flooding area .", "Alluvial fans are sedimentary areas formed by narrow valley streams that suddenly drop to lowlands and widen dramatically .", "Sedimentary in these types of deposits tend to be larger closer to the uplands and finer near the edges of the fan .", "Delta deposits , the third of type of alluvium , are finer sediments that are discharged from streams into lakes and eventually settle near the mouth of the river ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Lana Del Rey", "text": "Del Rey would later respond to this in a 2017 interview , stating : `` I did n't edit myself ( on Born to Die ) when I could have , because a lot of its just the way it was . I mean , because I 've changed a lot and a lot of those songs , it 's not that I do n't relate but ... A lot of it too is I was just kinda nervous . I came off sort of nervously , and there was just a lot of dualities , a lot of juxtapositions going on that maybe just felt like something was a little off . Maybe the thing that was off was that I needed a little more time or something , and also my path was just so windy just to get to having a first record . I feel like I had to figure it out all by myself . Every move was just guesswork . ''", "sentences": [ "Del Rey would later respond to this in a 2017 interview , stating : `` I did n't edit myself ( on Born to Die ) when I could have , because a lot of its just the way it was .", "I mean , because I 've changed a lot and a lot of those songs , it 's not that I do n't relate but ...", "A lot of it too is I was just kinda nervous .", "I came off sort of nervously , and there was just a lot of dualities , a lot of juxtapositions going on that maybe just felt like something was a little off .", "Maybe the thing that was off was that I needed a little more time or something , and also my path was just so windy just to get to having a first record .", "I feel like I had to figure it out all by myself .", "Every move was just guesswork . ''" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Osage Nation", "text": "By the late 18th century , the Osage did extensive business with the French Creole fur trader René Auguste Chouteau , who was based in St. Louis ; the city was part of territory under nominal Spanish control after the Seven Years ' War but was dominated by French colonists . They were the de facto European power in St. Louis and other settlements along the Mississippi , building their wealth on the fur trade . In return for the Chouteau brothers ' building a fort in the village of the Great Osage 350 miles ( 560 km ) southwest of St. Louis , the Spanish regional government gave the Chouteaus a six - year monopoly on trade ( 1794 -- 1802 ) . The Chouteaus named the post Fort Carondelet after the Spanish governor . The Osage were pleased to have a fur trading post nearby , as it gave them access to manufactured goods and increased their prestige among the tribes . Osage", "sentences": [ "By the late 18th century , the Osage did extensive business with the French Creole fur trader René Auguste Chouteau , who was based in St. Louis ; the city was part of territory under nominal Spanish control after the Seven Years ' War but was dominated by French colonists .", "They were the de facto European power in St. Louis and other settlements along the Mississippi , building their wealth on the fur trade .", "In return for the Chouteau brothers ' building a fort in the village of the Great Osage 350 miles ( 560 km ) southwest of St. Louis , the Spanish regional government gave the Chouteaus a six - year monopoly on trade ( 1794 -- 1802 ) .", "The Chouteaus named the post Fort Carondelet after the Spanish governor .", "The Osage were pleased to have a fur trading post nearby , as it gave them access to manufactured goods and increased their prestige among the tribes .", "Osage" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Electric bicycle laws", "text": "A driver 's license or permit is not required . Unlike a non-powered bicycle , the minimum operator age is 15 years old . Minn . Stat . § 169.222 , subd . 6a .", "sentences": [ "A driver 's license or permit is not required .", "Unlike a non-powered bicycle , the minimum operator age is 15 years old .", "Minn .", "Stat .", "§ 169.222 , subd .", "6a ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Supply (economics)", "text": "The supply function is the mathematical expression of the relationship between supply and those factors that affect the willingness and ability of a supplier to offer goods for sale . An example would be the curve implied by Q s = f ( P ; P rg ) ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( \\ text ( s ) ) = f ( P ; P_ ( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) ) where P ( \\ displaystyle P ) is the price of the good and P rg ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) is the price of a related good . The semicolon means that the variables to the right are held constant when quantity supplied is plotted against the good 's own price . The supply equation is the explicit mathematical expression of the functional relationship . A linear example is Q s = 325 + P − 30 P rg ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( \\ text ( s ) ) = 325 + P - 30P_ ( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) . Here 325 ( \\ displaystyle 325 ) is the repository of all non-specified factors that affect supply for the product . The coefficient of P ( \\ displaystyle P ) is positive following the general rule that price and quantity supplied are directly related . P rg ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) is the price of a related good . Typically its coefficient is negative because the related good is an input or a source of inputs .", "sentences": [ "The supply function is the mathematical expression of the relationship between supply and those factors that affect the willingness and ability of a supplier to offer goods for sale .", "An example would be the curve implied by Q s = f ( P ; P rg )", "( \\ displaystyle Q_", "( \\ text ( s ) )", "= f ( P ; P_", "( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) ) where P ( \\ displaystyle P ) is the price of the good and P rg ( \\ displaystyle P_", "( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) is the price of a related good .", "The semicolon means that the variables to the right are held constant when quantity supplied is plotted against the good 's own price .", "The supply equation is the explicit mathematical expression of the functional relationship .", "A linear example is Q s", "= 325 + P − 30 P rg ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( \\ text ( s ) )", "= 325 + P - 30P_", "( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) .", "Here 325 ( \\ displaystyle 325 ) is the repository of all non-specified factors that affect supply for the product .", "The coefficient of P ( \\ displaystyle P ) is positive following the general rule that price and quantity supplied are directly related .", "P rg ( \\ displaystyle P_", "( \\ text ( rg ) ) ) is the price of a related good .", "Typically its coefficient is negative because the related good is an input or a source of inputs ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "From the Screen to Your Stereo Part II", "text": "Max Bemis -- Vocals ( `` Crazy for You '' ) Adam Lazzara -- Vocals ( `` Lovefool '' ) Lisa Loeb -- Vocals ( `` Stay '' ) Chris Carrabba -- Vocals ( `` The Promise '' ) Patrick Stump -- Vocals ( `` The King of Wishful Thinking '' ) Will Pugh -- Vocals ( `` Iris '' ) Sherri Dupree -- Vocals ( `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' ) Stacy Dupree - Vocals ( `` Lovefool '' )", "sentences": [ "Max Bemis -- Vocals ( `` Crazy for You '' )", "Adam Lazzara -- Vocals ( `` Lovefool '' )", "Lisa Loeb -- Vocals ( `` Stay '' )", "Chris Carrabba -- Vocals ( `` The Promise '' )", "Patrick Stump -- Vocals ( `` The King of Wishful Thinking '' )", "Will Pugh -- Vocals ( `` Iris '' )", "Sherri Dupree -- Vocals ( `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' )", "Stacy Dupree - Vocals ( `` Lovefool '' )" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "1960 Valdivia earthquake", "text": "There is evidence that a similar earthquake and landslide occurred in 1575 in Valdivia . This earthquake was of similar strength and also caused a Riñihuazo . According to the chronicle of Mariño de Lobera , corregidor of Valdivia in 1575 , a landslide blocked the outflow of the lagoon of Renigua . Several months later in April , it caused a flood . He said that the Spanish settlers had evacuated and waited on high ground until after the dam burst , but many aboriginals died in the flood waters . While the 1575 earthquake is considered the most similar one to the 1960 one it differ in not having caused any tsunami in Japan .", "sentences": [ "There is evidence that a similar earthquake and landslide occurred in 1575 in Valdivia .", "This earthquake was of similar strength and also caused a Riñihuazo .", "According to the chronicle of Mariño de Lobera , corregidor of Valdivia in 1575 , a landslide blocked the outflow of the lagoon of Renigua .", "Several months later in April , it caused a flood .", "He said that the Spanish settlers had evacuated and waited on high ground until after the dam burst , but many aboriginals died in the flood waters .", "While the 1575 earthquake is considered the most similar one to the 1960 one it differ in not having caused any tsunami in Japan ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Disk buffer", "text": "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On", "sentences": [ "This article needs additional citations for verification .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( August 2012 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "On" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)", "text": "From 1780 on , however , a new conjuncture of internal and external conditions and forces conspired to bring the economy and the political structure of the Republic to a crisis that they could not survive . The Fourth Anglo - Dutch War ended the cloak of neutrality which had protected Dutch shipping for most of the century , in that period obviating the need for naval protection that was now lacking due to many years of neglect of the navy . Trade came temporarily to a standstill , because the British blockade could not be broken , despite the relative success of the Dutch navy in the Battle of Dogger Bank ( 1781 ) . The trade of the VOC was devastated , even apart from the loss of some of its colonies . It experienced a liquidity crisis which exposed its inherent insolvency . The company was too important to let it fail ( also because of the importance of its outstanding debt in the Dutch financial system ) , so that it was kept afloat for more than a decade by emergency aid from the States of Holland , before it was finally nationalized in 1796 . The", "sentences": [ "From 1780 on , however , a new conjuncture of internal and external conditions and forces conspired to bring the economy and the political structure of the Republic to a crisis that they could not survive .", "The Fourth Anglo - Dutch War ended the cloak of neutrality which had protected Dutch shipping for most of the century , in that period obviating the need for naval protection that was now lacking due to many years of neglect of the navy .", "Trade came temporarily to a standstill , because the British blockade could not be broken , despite the relative success of the Dutch navy in the Battle of Dogger Bank ( 1781 ) .", "The trade of the VOC was devastated , even apart from the loss of some of its colonies .", "It experienced a liquidity crisis which exposed its inherent insolvency .", "The company was too important to let it fail ( also because of the importance of its outstanding debt in the Dutch financial system ) , so that it was kept afloat for more than a decade by emergency aid from the States of Holland , before it was finally nationalized in 1796 .", "The" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Usual beginning", "text": "O come , let us worship God our King . ( Bow . ) O come , let us worship and fall down before Christ our King and our God . ( Bow . ) O come , let us worship and fall down before Christ Himself , our King and our God . ( Bow . )", "sentences": [ "O come , let us worship God our King .", "( Bow . )", "O come , let us worship and fall down before Christ our King and our God .", "( Bow . )", "O come , let us worship and fall down before Christ Himself , our King and our God .", "( Bow . )" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "BIOS", "text": "Operating systems and executive software that are designed to supersede this basic firmware functionality provide replacement software interfaces to application software . Applications can also provide these services to themselves . This began even in the 1980s under MS - DOS , when programmers observed that using the BIOS video services for graphics display was very slow . To increase the speed of screen output , many programs bypassed the BIOS and programmed the video display hardware directly . Other graphics programmers , particularly but not exclusively in the demoscene , observed that there were technical capabilities of the PC display adapters that were not supported by the IBM BIOS and could not be taken advantage of without circumventing it . Since the AT - compatible BIOS ran in Intel real mode , operating systems that ran in protected mode on 286 and later processors required hardware device drivers compatible with protected mode operation to replace BIOS services .", "sentences": [ "Operating systems and executive software that are designed to supersede this basic firmware functionality provide replacement software interfaces to application software .", "Applications can also provide these services to themselves .", "This began even in the 1980s under MS - DOS , when programmers observed that using the BIOS video services for graphics display was very slow .", "To increase the speed of screen output , many programs bypassed the BIOS and programmed the video display hardware directly .", "Other graphics programmers , particularly but not exclusively in the demoscene , observed that there were technical capabilities of the PC display adapters that were not supported by the IBM BIOS and could not be taken advantage of without circumventing it .", "Since the AT - compatible BIOS ran in Intel real mode , operating systems that ran in protected mode on 286 and later processors required hardware device drivers compatible with protected mode operation to replace BIOS services ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "The Lodge (TV series)", "text": "< Skye works hard to create the concert that will save the lodge . Ben asks Skye to chose between him and Sean . Josh shows up . After Noah tries to kiss Kaylee , Oz and the band leave . Sean tries to rebuild his friendship with Ben . When Danielle 's mother finds out about the concert she tries to shut it down but , Sean convinces Danielle to change her mothers mind . The concert goes ahead and Skye and her friends perform ' Bringing Better Back ' . After the concert Skye sends a text to Sean and Ben telling them who she chose . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Laila Rouass as Olivia", "sentences": [ "< Skye works hard to create the concert that will save the lodge .", "Ben asks Skye to chose between him and Sean .", "Josh shows up .", "After Noah tries to kiss Kaylee , Oz and the band leave .", "Sean tries to rebuild his friendship with Ben .", "When Danielle 's mother finds out about the concert she tries to shut it down but , Sean convinces Danielle to change her mothers mind .", "The concert goes ahead and Skye and her friends perform ' Bringing Better Back ' .", "After the concert Skye sends a text to Sean and Ben telling them who she chose .", "Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Laila Rouass as Olivia" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "text": "I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere .", "sentences": [ "I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects .", "They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity .", "They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . ''", "This they said , and this they meant .", "They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them .", "In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon .", "They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit .", "They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Angel Batista", "text": "In season three , Batista is promoted to Sergeant and made the department 's new lead case investigator to replace the now - deceased Doakes . However it appears as his life as a divorced father is beginning to take its toll ; he risks his career to get a hooker who turns out to be an undercover cop . After persistent but gentlemanly advances , Batista begins a relationship with the officer , Barbara Gianna . He so fears losing her that he begins acting irrationally , leaving her a long - winded message begging forgiveness for having to cancel dinner because of work . However , Barbara finds this funny , brings him a take - out dinner , and their relationship appears strong . After she is assaulted , Batista gets in a violent altercation with the man who hurt her , but Dexter intervenes and calms him down . He attends Dexter 's wedding with Barbara as his date .", "sentences": [ "In season three , Batista is promoted to Sergeant and made the department 's new lead case investigator to replace the now - deceased Doakes .", "However it appears as his life as a divorced father is beginning to take its toll ; he risks his career to get a hooker who turns out to be an undercover cop .", "After persistent but gentlemanly advances , Batista begins a relationship with the officer , Barbara Gianna .", "He so fears losing her that he begins acting irrationally , leaving her a long - winded message begging forgiveness for having to cancel dinner because of work .", "However , Barbara finds this funny , brings him a take - out dinner , and their relationship appears strong .", "After she is assaulted , Batista gets in a violent altercation with the man who hurt her , but Dexter intervenes and calms him down .", "He attends Dexter 's wedding with Barbara as his date ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe", "text": "Stone tools : The most frequent find are the stone hammers , normally made of hard rocks accessible to the mine , beach or river pebbles ( Jovanovic 1980 , Craddock 1995 ) . There is no standardization of these mauls but is common a system of hafting , usually a groove carved in the middle for where a rope was tied to the handle , like the twisted hazel recovered in Copa Hill ( Timberlake 2003 ; 32 - 33 ) . Antler and bone tools : Picks and scrapes made of bone and antlers have been found in the majority of the mines ( Craddock 1995 ) . Wood : Evidence of wooden tools are more infrequent . Nevertheless in places like Ai Bunar or Mount Gabriel were recovered shovels and wedges . A rudimentary system of stairs or scaffoldings can be supposed ( Mohen 1992 ) . Metal : The use of any metallic tool is rather strange and extraordinary . It seems that the copper was not used for the miners ' tools . However copper chisels and discarded axes could be utilized as wedges . ( Craddock 1995 ; 97 ) Other evidence : The presence of coal and charcoal , crucial for the firing ( fire - setting ) and furnace ( fuel ) , is habitual . Leather sacks ( at Ai Bunar ) and shoulder baskets ( at Copa Hill ) were used to transport the crushed mineral .", "sentences": [ "Stone tools : The most frequent find are the stone hammers , normally made of hard rocks accessible to the mine , beach or river pebbles ( Jovanovic 1980 , Craddock 1995 ) .", "There is no standardization of these mauls but is common a system of hafting , usually a groove carved in the middle for where a rope was tied to the handle , like the twisted hazel recovered in Copa Hill ( Timberlake 2003 ; 32 - 33 ) .", "Antler and bone tools : Picks and scrapes made of bone and antlers have been found in the majority of the mines ( Craddock 1995 ) .", "Wood : Evidence of wooden tools are more infrequent .", "Nevertheless in places like Ai Bunar or Mount Gabriel were recovered shovels and wedges .", "A rudimentary system of stairs or scaffoldings can be supposed ( Mohen 1992 ) .", "Metal :", "The use of any metallic tool is rather strange and extraordinary .", "It seems that the copper was not used for the miners ' tools .", "However copper chisels and discarded axes could be utilized as wedges .", "( Craddock 1995 ; 97 )", "Other evidence : The presence of coal and charcoal , crucial for the firing ( fire - setting ) and furnace ( fuel ) , is habitual .", "Leather sacks ( at Ai Bunar ) and shoulder baskets ( at Copa Hill ) were used to transport the crushed mineral ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Norman conquest of England", "text": "Although William 's main rivals were gone , he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072 . The lands of the resisting English elite were confiscated ; some of the elite fled into exile . To control his new kingdom , William granted lands to his followers and built castles commanding military strongpoints throughout the land . Other effects of the conquest included the court and government , the introduction of the Norman language as the language of the elites , and changes in the composition of the upper classes , as William enfeoffed lands to be held directly from the king . More gradual changes affected the agricultural classes and village life : the main change appears to have been the formal elimination of slavery , which may or may not have been linked to the invasion . There was little alteration in the structure of government , as the new Norman administrators took over many of the forms of Anglo - Saxon government .", "sentences": [ "Although William 's main rivals were gone , he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072 .", "The lands of the resisting English elite were confiscated ; some of the elite fled into exile .", "To control his new kingdom , William granted lands to his followers and built castles commanding military strongpoints throughout the land .", "Other effects of the conquest included the court and government , the introduction of the Norman language as the language of the elites , and changes in the composition of the upper classes , as William enfeoffed lands to be held directly from the king .", "More gradual changes affected the agricultural classes and village life : the main change appears to have been the formal elimination of slavery , which may or may not have been linked to the invasion .", "There was little alteration in the structure of government , as the new Norman administrators took over many of the forms of Anglo - Saxon government ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story", "text": "In June 1995 , Versace ignores Donatella 's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview . In November 1995 , U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego . Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt , Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan . Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military , during which he `` makes the decision '' to leave the Navy . Two years later , Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis . Both men , however , try to avoid him , with Trail staying at his sister 's house and Madson stating he has moved on . Abandoned and angry , Cunanan resolves to murder Trail .", "sentences": [ "In June 1995 , Versace ignores Donatella 's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview .", "In November 1995 , U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego .", "Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt , Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan .", "Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military , during which he `` makes the decision '' to leave the Navy .", "Two years later , Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis .", "Both men , however , try to avoid him , with Trail staying at his sister 's house and Madson stating he has moved on .", "Abandoned and angry , Cunanan resolves to murder Trail ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Eastern Himalaya", "text": "In the Mesozoic era the whole of the worn - down plateau was under sea . In this expansive shallow sea , which covered most of Assam ( India ) and Bhutan , chalk deposits formed from seawater tides oscillating between land and sea levels . During subsequent periods , tertiary rocks were laid down . The Paro metamorphic belt may be found overlying Chasilakha - Soraya gneiss in some places . Silurian metamorphics in other places suggest long denudation of the surface . This was the time of Alpine mountain formation , and much of the movement in the palaeozoic region was probably connected with it . The Chomolhari tourmaline granites of Bhutan , stretching westwards from the Paro chu and ats much depth below the present surface , were formed during this period of uplift , fracture and subsidence .", "sentences": [ "In the Mesozoic era the whole of the worn - down plateau was under sea .", "In this expansive shallow sea , which covered most of Assam ( India ) and Bhutan , chalk deposits formed from seawater tides oscillating between land and sea levels .", "During subsequent periods , tertiary rocks were laid down .", "The Paro metamorphic belt may be found overlying Chasilakha - Soraya gneiss in some places .", "Silurian metamorphics in other places suggest long denudation of the surface .", "This was the time of Alpine mountain formation , and much of the movement in the palaeozoic region was probably connected with it .", "The Chomolhari tourmaline granites of Bhutan , stretching westwards from the Paro chu and ats much depth below the present surface , were formed during this period of uplift , fracture and subsidence ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Star Wars: The Last Jedi", "text": "The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 15 , 2017 . It has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the 7th - highest - ever grossing film in North America and the 9th - highest - grossing film of all time . It is also the second - highest - grossing film of the Star Wars franchise , and turned a net profit of over $417 million . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised its ensemble cast , visual effects , musical score , action sequences and emotional weight ; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back . The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , including Best Original Score and Best Visual Effects , as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . A sequel , provisionally titled Star Wars : Episode IX , is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 .", "sentences": [ "The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 15 , 2017 .", "It has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the 7th - highest - ever grossing film in North America and the 9th - highest - grossing film of all time .", "It is also the second - highest - grossing film of the Star Wars franchise , and turned a net profit of over $417 million .", "It received positive reviews from critics , who praised its ensemble cast , visual effects , musical score , action sequences and emotional weight ; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back .", "The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , including Best Original Score and Best Visual Effects , as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards .", "A sequel , provisionally titled Star Wars : Episode IX , is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Tao", "text": "dào 道 N. ( noun ) road ; path M. ( nominal measure word ) 1 ( for rivers / topics / etc . ) 2 ( for a course ( of food ) ; a streak ( of light ) ; etc . ) V. ( verb ) 1 say ; speak ; talk ( introducing direct quote , novel style ) ... 2 think ; suppose B.F. ( bound form , bound morpheme ) 1 channel 2 way ; reason ; principle 3 doctrine 4 Daoism 5 line 6 〈 hist. 〉 ( history ) 7 district ; circuit canal ; passage ; tube 8 say ( polite words ) ... See also dǎo , dāo", "sentences": [ "dào 道 N. ( noun ) road ; path M. ( nominal measure word ) 1 ( for rivers / topics / etc .", ")", "2 ( for a course ( of food ) ; a streak ( of light ) ; etc . )", "V. ( verb ) 1 say ; speak ; talk ( introducing direct quote , novel style ) ...", "2 think ; suppose B.F. ( bound form , bound morpheme ) 1 channel 2 way ; reason ; principle 3 doctrine 4 Daoism 5 line 6 〈 hist.", "〉 ( history ) 7 district ; circuit canal ; passage ; tube 8 say ( polite words ) ...", "See also dǎo , dāo" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Vietnam War", "text": "Estimates of the number of casualties vary , with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002 . Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report , Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 52,000 to 182,000 . The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975 . The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974 . Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent . In addition , Guenter Lewy assumes that one - third of the reported `` enemy '' killed may have been civilians , concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000 . It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part - time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms . A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000 -- 1,141,000 war - related deaths for all of Vietnam . According to figures released by the Vietnamese government in 1995 , there were 1,100,000 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military personnel deaths during the Vietnam War ( including the missing ) . The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975 . According to the Vietnamese , Communist battle deaths totaled 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese totaled 2.0 million . These estimates probably include battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia , but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead .", "sentences": [ "Estimates of the number of casualties vary , with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002 .", "Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war .", "Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report , Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war .", "Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 52,000 to 182,000 .", "The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and", "additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975 .", "The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974 .", "Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent .", "In addition , Guenter Lewy assumes that one - third of the reported `` enemy '' killed may have been civilians , concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000 .", "It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part - time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms .", "A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000 -- 1,141,000 war - related deaths for all of Vietnam .", "According to figures released by the Vietnamese government in 1995 , there were 1,100,000 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military personnel deaths during the Vietnam War ( including the missing ) .", "The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975 .", "According to the Vietnamese , Communist battle deaths totaled 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese totaled 2.0 million .", "These estimates probably include battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia , but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Endomembrane system", "text": "Liver cells are another example of specialized cells that contain an abundance of smooth ER . These cells provide an example of the role of smooth ER in carbohydrate metabolism . Liver cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen . The breakdown of glycogen eventually leads to the release of glucose from the liver cells , which is important in the regulation of sugar concentration in the blood . However , the primary product of glycogen breakdown is glucose - 1 - phosphate . This is converted to glucose - 6 - phosphate and then an enzyme of the liver cell 's smooth ER removes the phosphate from the glucose , so that it can then leave the cell .", "sentences": [ "Liver cells are another example of specialized cells that contain an abundance of smooth ER .", "These cells provide an example of the role of smooth ER in carbohydrate metabolism .", "Liver cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen .", "The breakdown of glycogen eventually leads to the release of glucose from the liver cells , which is important in the regulation of sugar concentration in the blood .", "However , the primary product of glycogen breakdown is glucose - 1 - phosphate .", "This is converted to glucose - 6 - phosphate and then an enzyme of the liver cell 's smooth ER removes the phosphate from the glucose , so that it can then leave the cell ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Swadeshi movement", "text": "The proposal of partition of Bengal became publicly known in 1905 , followed by immediate and spontaneous protests all over Bengal . Lord Curzon asked Queen Victoria to separate Bengal . Because they were scared if the Muslims and Hindus got together they could start a war . 500 meetings were held in East Bengal alone . 50,000 copies of pamphlets with a detailed critique of partition were distributed . This phase is marked by moderate techniques of protest such as petitions , public meetings , press campaign , etc. to turn public opinion in India as well as in Britain against partition .", "sentences": [ "The proposal of partition of Bengal became publicly known in 1905 , followed by immediate and spontaneous protests all over Bengal .", "Lord Curzon asked Queen Victoria to separate Bengal .", "Because they were scared if the Muslims and Hindus got together they could start a war .", "500 meetings were held in East Bengal alone .", "50,000 copies of pamphlets with a detailed critique of partition were distributed .", "This phase is marked by moderate techniques of protest such as petitions , public meetings , press campaign , etc. to turn public opinion in India as well as in Britain against partition ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Izzie Stevens", "text": "Izzie makes a treatment error that endangers the life of a patient , and is fired from the hospital 's surgical program . Believing Alex is partially to blame , she writes him a Dear John letter and leaves . Izzie later learns that Alex was not responsible for her lost job , and returns to make amends with him , but Meredith informs her that Alex is moving on . Izzie informs Alex that she no longer has cancer . Although he is pleased , Alex officially breaks up with Izzie , telling her that he loves her but deserves better . She leaves Seattle to start fresh . Several episodes later , Alex informs Meredith that Izzie sent divorce papers , which he signs in the episode `` How Insensitive '' . In the sixth - season finale , Alex is shot and asks for Izzie . Imagining that Meredith 's half - sister Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Izzie , he apologizes and asks her never to leave him again .", "sentences": [ "Izzie makes a treatment error that endangers the life of a patient , and is fired from the hospital 's surgical program .", "Believing Alex is partially to blame , she writes him a Dear John letter and leaves .", "Izzie later learns that Alex was not responsible for her lost job , and returns to make amends with him , but Meredith informs her that Alex is moving on .", "Izzie informs", "Alex", "that she no longer has cancer .", "Although he is pleased , Alex officially breaks up with Izzie , telling her that he loves her but deserves better .", "She leaves Seattle to start fresh .", "Several episodes later , Alex informs Meredith that Izzie sent divorce papers , which he signs in the episode `` How Insensitive '' .", "In the sixth - season finale , Alex is shot and asks for Izzie .", "Imagining that Meredith 's half - sister Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Izzie , he apologizes and asks her never to leave him again ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "First Nations", "text": "The Squamish history is a series of past events , both passed on through oral tradition and recent history , of the Squamish indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast . Prior to colonization , they recorded their history through oral tradition as a way to transmit stories , law , and knowledge across generations . This was common among all the peoples . The writing system established in the 1970s used the Latin alphabet as a base . Knowledgeable elders had the responsibility to pass historical knowledge to the next generation . People lived and prospered for thousands of years until the Great Flood . In another story , after the Flood , they would repopulate from the villages of Schenks and Chekwelp , located at Gibsons . When the water lines receded , the first Squamish came to be . The first man , named Tseḵánchten , built his longhouse in the village , and later on another man named Xelálten , appeared on his longhouse roof and sent by the Creator , or in the Squamish language keke7nex siyam . He called this man his brother . It was from these two men that the population began to rise and the Squamish spread back through their territory . A", "sentences": [ "The Squamish history is a series of past events , both passed on through oral tradition and recent history , of the Squamish indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast .", "Prior to colonization , they recorded their history through oral tradition as a way to transmit stories , law , and knowledge across generations .", "This was common among all the peoples .", "The writing system established in the 1970s used the Latin alphabet as a base .", "Knowledgeable elders had the responsibility to pass historical knowledge to the next generation .", "People lived and prospered for thousands of years until the Great Flood .", "In another story , after the Flood , they would repopulate from the villages of Schenks and Chekwelp , located at Gibsons .", "When the water lines receded , the first Squamish came to be .", "The first man , named Tseḵánchten , built his longhouse in the village , and later on another man named Xelálten , appeared on his longhouse roof and sent by the Creator , or in the Squamish language keke7nex siyam .", "He called this man his brother .", "It was from these two men that the population began to rise and the Squamish spread back through their territory .", "A" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Yahoo! Answers", "text": "During beta testing of Yahoo ! Answers in 2005 , the Director of Product Management would use a Gemmy Kung Fu Hamster to summon employees to meetings . The toy was a battery - operated , dancing , musical plush hamster clothed in a karate uniform . A Yahoo ! Answers employee selected a photo of the toy as the staff avatar . A user then questioned the potential trademark / copyright infringement of using such an avatar . At that time , the photo was replaced with the Yahoo ! Answers green smiley face . At the beginning of 2006 , the green smiley face was replaced by the cartoon Yamster clad in a karate uniform . As of November 2009 , the history of Yamster , complete with photos of the toy , was available on the Yahoo ! Answers Team Vietnam blog .", "sentences": [ "During beta testing of Yahoo !", "Answers in 2005 , the Director of Product Management would use a Gemmy Kung Fu Hamster to summon employees to meetings .", "The toy was a battery - operated , dancing , musical plush hamster clothed in a karate uniform .", "A Yahoo !", "Answers employee selected a photo of the toy as the staff avatar .", "A user then questioned the potential trademark / copyright infringement of using such an avatar .", "At that time , the photo was replaced with the Yahoo !", "Answers green smiley face .", "At the beginning of 2006 , the green smiley face was replaced by the cartoon Yamster clad in a karate uniform .", "As of November 2009 , the history of Yamster , complete with photos of the toy , was available on the Yahoo !", "Answers Team Vietnam blog ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Cold War", "text": "By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state .", "sentences": [ "By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power .", "Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases .", "In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections .", "In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders .", "The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising .", "Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed .", "The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe .", "The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Taryn Manning", "text": "In 2001 , Manning auditioned for the musical reality television show popstar on the WB . In 2003 , Manning and her brother Kellin formed the band Boomkat . The band first signed a major label deal with American Idol producer Randy Jackson , but the deal fell through . Robbie Robertson then signed them to DreamWorks Records , which was Boomkat 's label from 2002 to 2004 . In 2002 , she sang a rendition of `` I 'll Take You There '' with Tweet in several Gap commercials directed by Peter Lindbergh . Their debut album , Boomkatalog. One , was released on March 18 , 2003 . Boomkat released two singles `` The Wreckoning '' and `` What U Do 2 Me '' . The first single , `` The Wreckoning '' , hit No. 1 on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . The band closed out 2003 as the No. 5 Hot Dance Club Play Artist for the year in Billboard Magazine . Music from Boomkatalog. One has also appeared in movies , including Mean Girls , Crossroads , The Hot Chick , 8 Mile and The Italian Job .", "sentences": [ "In 2001 , Manning auditioned for the musical reality television show popstar on the WB .", "In 2003 , Manning and her brother Kellin formed the band Boomkat .", "The band first signed a major label deal with American Idol producer Randy Jackson , but the deal fell through .", "Robbie Robertson then signed them to DreamWorks Records , which was Boomkat 's label from 2002 to 2004 .", "In 2002 , she sang a rendition of `` I 'll Take You There '' with Tweet in several Gap commercials directed by Peter Lindbergh .", "Their debut album , Boomkatalog.", "One , was released on March 18 , 2003 .", "Boomkat released two singles `` The Wreckoning '' and `` What U Do 2 Me '' .", "The first single , `` The Wreckoning '' , hit No. 1 on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart .", "The band closed out 2003 as the No. 5 Hot Dance Club Play Artist for the year in Billboard Magazine .", "Music from Boomkatalog.", "One has also appeared in movies , including Mean Girls , Crossroads , The Hot Chick , 8 Mile and The Italian Job ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Ideal gas", "text": "c ^ V = 1 n R T ( ∂ S ∂ T ) V = 1 n R ( ∂ U ∂ T ) V ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ hat ( c ) ) _ ( V ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( nR ) ) T \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial T ) ) \\ right ) _ ( V ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( nR ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial T ) ) \\ right ) _ ( V ) )", "sentences": [ "c ^", "V = 1 n R T ( ∂ S ∂ T )", "V = 1 n R ( ∂ U ∂ T ) V ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ hat ( c ) )", "_", "( V ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( nR ) )", "T \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial S ) ( \\ partial T ) )", "\\ right ) _", "( V ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( nR ) )", "\\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial T ) )", "\\ right ) _", "( V ) )" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Abomination (Bible)", "text": "In Daniel 's prophecies in Daniel 11 : 31 ( cf. 12 : 11 ) , it is generally interpreted as referring to the fearful calamities that were to fall on the Jews in the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes , saying `` And they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate . '' Jerome , and most of the Christian fathers , suppose that the reference is to Antiochus as the type of Antichrist , and that the description passes from the type to the antitype . Idolatry is presented as the chief sin in the Bible , and shiqquts is often used to describe such . In his campaign of Hellenization , Antiochus caused an altar to be erected on the altar for burnt - offerings of the Second Temple , on which pig sacrifices were offered to Zeus Olympios . ( Comp. 1 Maccabees 1 : 54 ) . Following the wording of Daniel 9 : 27 , this may have been the abomination of desolation of Jerusalem . sinful sacrifices ( Isaiah 66 : 3 ) idolatry ( Deuteronomy 29 : 17 , Ezekiel 20 : 7 , 8 , 1Kings 11 : 5 - 7 , Jeremiah 13 : 27 ) witchcraft ( 2 Kings 23 : 24 )", "sentences": [ "In Daniel 's prophecies in Daniel 11 : 31 ( cf. 12 : 11 ) , it is generally interpreted as referring to the fearful calamities that were to fall on the Jews in the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes , saying `` And they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate . ''", "Jerome , and most of the Christian fathers , suppose that the reference is to Antiochus as the type of Antichrist , and that the description passes from the type to the antitype .", "Idolatry is presented as the chief sin in the Bible , and shiqquts is often used to describe such .", "In his campaign of Hellenization , Antiochus caused an altar to be erected on the altar for burnt - offerings of the Second Temple , on which pig sacrifices were offered to Zeus Olympios .", "( Comp. 1 Maccabees 1 : 54 ) .", "Following the wording of Daniel 9 : 27 , this may have been the abomination of desolation of Jerusalem .", "sinful sacrifices ( Isaiah 66 : 3 ) idolatry ( Deuteronomy 29 : 17 , Ezekiel 20 : 7 , 8 , 1Kings 11 : 5 - 7 , Jeremiah 13 : 27 ) witchcraft ( 2 Kings 23 : 24 )" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Logan (film)", "text": "Males comprised a bulk of the audience demographic during its opening weekend , with 63 % , while females comprised 37 % , with 83 % of the audience being between 18 and 44 years of age . Critics noted that the R rating -- the second ever for the X-Men franchise -- could be a hindering factor in the film 's mass appeal . However , by the time of its release , the film was acclaimed by critics and raved by audiences . Good reviews , anticipation from fans , as well as lack of competition were highlighted behind the film 's robust opening . According to a poll conducted by Fandango during its opening weekend , 71 % of moviegoers said that more superhero films should be rated R , while 86 % were interested in seeing a more violent , adult X-Men film that weekend . Furthermore , 96 % said they were excited to see Hugh Jackman , 94 % were intrigued to see Patrick Stewart reprising his role as Professor X , and 76 % were interested in watching newcomer Dafne Keen . In its second weekend , the film dropped 56.9 % , grossing $38.1 million and finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Kong : Skull Island ( $61 million ) . In its third weekend it made $17.8 million , finishing in third behind Beauty and the Beast ( $174.8 million ) and Kong : Skull Island ( $27.8 million ) . In its fourth weekend it made $10.1 million , dropping 43.1 % from the previous week and finishing 5th at the box office . Outside", "sentences": [ "Males comprised a bulk of the audience demographic during its opening weekend , with 63 % , while females comprised 37 % , with 83 % of the audience being between 18 and 44 years of age .", "Critics noted that the R rating -- the second ever for the X-Men franchise -- could be a hindering factor in the film 's mass appeal .", "However , by the time of its release , the film was acclaimed by critics and raved by audiences .", "Good reviews , anticipation from fans , as well as lack of competition were highlighted behind the film 's robust opening .", "According to a poll conducted by Fandango during its opening weekend , 71 % of moviegoers said that more superhero films should be rated R , while 86 % were interested in seeing a more violent , adult X-Men film that weekend .", "Furthermore , 96 % said they were excited to see Hugh Jackman , 94 % were intrigued to see Patrick Stewart reprising his role as Professor X , and 76 % were interested in watching newcomer Dafne Keen .", "In its second weekend , the film dropped 56.9 % , grossing $38.1 million and finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Kong : Skull Island ( $61 million ) .", "In its third weekend it made $17.8 million , finishing in third behind Beauty and the Beast ( $174.8 million ) and Kong : Skull Island ( $27.8 million ) .", "In its fourth weekend it made $10.1 million , dropping 43.1 % from the previous week and finishing 5th at the box office .", "Outside" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "SS Great Britain", "text": "The shareholders of the company again provided further funding to try and solve the problems . The six - bladed propeller was dispensed with and replaced with the original four - bladed , cast iron design . The third mast was removed , and the iron rigging , which had proven unsatisfactory , was replaced with conventional rigging . In a major alteration , two 110 - foot - long ( 34 m ) bilge keels were added to each side in an effort to lessen her tendency to roll . These repairs and alterations delayed her return to service until the following year . Stranded", "sentences": [ "The shareholders of the company again provided further funding to try and solve the problems .", "The six - bladed propeller was dispensed with and replaced with the original four - bladed , cast iron design .", "The third mast was removed , and the iron rigging , which had proven unsatisfactory , was replaced with conventional rigging .", "In a major alteration , two 110 - foot - long ( 34 m ) bilge keels were added to each side in an effort to lessen her tendency to roll .", "These repairs and alterations delayed her return to service until the following year .", "Stranded" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "The Left Hand of Darkness", "text": "These conflicts are demonstrated by the varying loyalties of the main characters . Genly Ai tells Argaven after Estraven 's death that Estraven served mankind as a whole , just as Ai did . During the border dispute with Orgoreyn , Estraven tries to end the dispute by moving Karhidish farmers out of the disputed territory . Estraven believes that by preventing war he was saving Karhidish lives and being loyal to his country , while King Argaven sees it as a betrayal . At the end of the novel Ai calls his ship down to formalize Gethen 's joining the Ekumen , and feels conflicted while doing so because he had promised Estraven that he would clear Estraven 's name before calling his ship down . His decision is an example of Le Guin 's portrayal of loyalty and betrayal as complementary rather than contradictory , because in joining Gethen with the Ekumen Ai was fulfilling the larger purpose that he shared with Estraven . Donna White wrote that many of Le Guin 's novels depict a struggle between personal loyalties and public duties , best exemplified in The Left Hand of Darkness , where Ai is bound by a personal bond to Estraven , but must subordinate that to his mission for the Ekumen and humanity .", "sentences": [ "These conflicts are demonstrated by the varying loyalties of the main characters .", "Genly Ai tells Argaven after Estraven 's death that Estraven served mankind as a whole , just as Ai did .", "During the border dispute with Orgoreyn , Estraven tries to end the dispute by moving Karhidish farmers out of the disputed territory .", "Estraven believes that by preventing war he was saving Karhidish lives and being loyal to his country , while King Argaven sees it as a betrayal .", "At the end of the novel Ai calls his ship down to formalize Gethen 's joining the Ekumen , and feels conflicted while doing so because he had promised Estraven that he would clear Estraven 's name before calling his ship down .", "His decision is an example of Le Guin 's portrayal of loyalty and betrayal as complementary rather than contradictory , because in joining Gethen with the Ekumen Ai was fulfilling the larger purpose that he shared with Estraven .", "Donna White wrote that many of Le Guin 's novels depict a struggle between personal loyalties and public duties , best exemplified in The Left Hand of Darkness , where Ai is bound by a personal bond to Estraven , but must subordinate that to his mission for the Ekumen and humanity ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Texas annexation", "text": "The Missouri crisis of 1819 -- 1821 sharpened commitments to expansionism among the country 's slaveholding interests , when the so - called Thomas proviso established the 36 ° 30 ' parallel , imposing free - soil and slave - soil futures in the Louisiana Purchase lands . While a majority of southern congressmen acquiesced to the exclusion of slavery from the bulk of the Louisiana Purchase , a significant minority objected . Virginian editor Thomas Ritchie of the Richmond Enquirer predicted that with the proviso restrictions , the South would ultimately require Texas : `` If we are cooped up on the north , we must have elbow room to the west . '' Representative John Floyd of Virginia in 1824 accused Secretary of State Adams of conceding Texas to Spain in 1819 in the interests of Northern anti-slavery advocates , and so depriving the South of additional slave states . Then - Representative John Tyler of Virginia invoked the Jeffersonian precepts of territorial and commercial growth as a national goal to counter the rise of sectional differences over slavery . His `` diffusion '' theory declared that with Missouri open to slavery , the new state would encourage the transfer of underutilized slaves westward , emptying the eastern states of bondsmen and making emancipation feasible in the old South . This doctrine would be revived during the Texas annexation controversy .", "sentences": [ "The Missouri crisis of 1819 -- 1821 sharpened commitments to expansionism among the country 's slaveholding interests , when the so - called Thomas proviso established the 36 ° 30 ' parallel , imposing free - soil and slave - soil futures in the Louisiana Purchase lands .", "While a majority of southern congressmen acquiesced to the exclusion of slavery from the bulk of the Louisiana Purchase , a significant minority objected .", "Virginian editor Thomas Ritchie of the Richmond Enquirer predicted that with the proviso restrictions , the South would ultimately require Texas : `` If we are cooped up on the north , we must have elbow room to the west . ''", "Representative John Floyd of Virginia in 1824 accused Secretary of State Adams of conceding Texas to Spain in 1819 in the interests of Northern anti-slavery advocates , and so depriving the South of additional slave states .", "Then - Representative John Tyler of Virginia invoked the Jeffersonian precepts of territorial and commercial growth as a national goal to counter the rise of sectional differences over slavery .", "His `` diffusion '' theory declared that with Missouri open to slavery , the new state would encourage the transfer of underutilized slaves westward , emptying the eastern states of bondsmen and making emancipation feasible in the old South .", "This doctrine would be revived during the Texas annexation controversy ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Osmosis", "text": "Osmosis is a vital process in biological systems , as biological membranes are semipermeable . In general , these membranes are impermeable to large and polar molecules , such as ions , proteins , and polysaccharides , while being permeable to non-polar or hydrophobic molecules like lipids as well as to small molecules like oxygen , carbon dioxide , nitrogen , and nitric oxide . Permeability depends on solubility , charge , or chemistry , as well as solute size . Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane , tonoplast membrane ( vacuole ) or protoplast by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer via aquaporins ( small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible for facilitated diffusion and ion channels ) . Osmosis provides the primary means by which water is transported into and out of cells . The turgor pressure of a cell is largely maintained by osmosis across the cell membrane between the cell interior and its relatively hypotonic environment .", "sentences": [ "Osmosis is a vital process in biological systems , as biological membranes are semipermeable .", "In general , these membranes are impermeable to large and polar molecules , such as ions , proteins , and polysaccharides , while being permeable to non-polar or hydrophobic molecules like lipids as well as to small molecules like oxygen , carbon dioxide , nitrogen , and nitric oxide .", "Permeability depends on solubility , charge , or chemistry , as well as solute size .", "Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane , tonoplast membrane ( vacuole ) or protoplast by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer via aquaporins ( small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible for facilitated diffusion and ion channels ) .", "Osmosis provides the primary means by which water is transported into and out of cells .", "The turgor pressure of a cell is largely maintained by osmosis across the cell membrane between the cell interior and its relatively hypotonic environment ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Quadratic equation", "text": "− b 2 a + i − Δ 2 a and − b 2 a − i − Δ 2 a , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( - b ) ( 2a ) ) + i ( \\ frac ( \\ sqrt ( - \\ Delta ) ) ( 2a ) ) \\ quad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ quad ( \\ frac ( - b ) ( 2a ) ) - i ( \\ frac ( \\ sqrt ( - \\ Delta ) ) ( 2a ) ) , )", "sentences": [ "− b 2 a", "+", "i − Δ 2 a and − b 2 a −", "i − Δ 2 a , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( - b ) ( 2a ) )", "+", "i ( \\ frac ( \\ sqrt ( - \\ Delta ) )", "( 2a ) )", "\\ quad ( \\ text ( and ) )", "\\ quad ( \\ frac ( - b ) ( 2a ) )", "- i ( \\ frac ( \\ sqrt ( - \\ Delta ) )", "( 2a ) ) , )" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Don't Stand So Close to Me", "text": "The track uses a guitar synthesizer in the middle of the song , which was used by guitarist Andy Summers . Summers said , `` After Sting had put the vocals on ' Do n't Stand So Close To Me ' we looked for something to lift the middle of the song . I came up with a guitar synthesiser . It was the first time we 'd used it . I felt it worked really well . '' The verses and choruses do not feature this effect .", "sentences": [ "The track uses a guitar synthesizer in the middle of the song , which was used by guitarist Andy Summers .", "Summers said , `` After Sting had put the vocals on ' Do n't Stand So Close To Me ' we looked for something to lift the middle of the song .", "I came up with a guitar synthesiser .", "It was the first time we 'd used it .", "I felt it worked really well . ''", "The verses and choruses do not feature this effect ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Xenon", "text": "Xenon , Xe A xenon - filled discharge tube glowing light blue General properties Pronunciation / ˈzɛnɒn / ​ ( ZEN - on ) , or / ˈziːnɒn / ​ ( ZEE - non ) Appearance colorless gas , exhibiting a blue glow when placed in an electric field Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7002131293000000000 ♠ 131.293 ( 6 ) Xenon in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Kr ↑ Xe ↓ Rn iodine ← xenon → caesium Atomic number ( Z ) 54 Group , period group 18 ( noble gases ) , period 5 Block p - block Element category noble gas Electron configuration ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 8 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) gas Melting point 161.40 K ​ ( − 111.75 ° C , ​ − 169.15 ° F ) Boiling point 165.051 K ​ ( − 108.099 ° C , ​ − 162.578 ° F ) Density ( at STP ) 5.894 g / L when liquid ( at b.p. ) 2.942 g / cm Triple point 161.405 K , ​ 81.77 kPa Critical point 289.733 K , 5.842 MPa Heat of fusion 2.27 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 12.64 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 21.01 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 83 92 103 117 137 165 Atomic properties Oxidation states 0 , + 1 , + 2 , + 4 , + 6 , + 8 ​ ( rarely more than 0 ; a weakly acidic oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 2.6 Ionization energies 1st : 1170.4 kJ / mol 2nd : 2046.4 kJ / mol 3rd : 3099.4 kJ / mol Covalent radius 140 ± 9 pm Van der Waals radius 216 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ face - centered cubic ( fcc ) Speed of sound gas : 178 m s liquid : 1090 m / s Thermal conductivity 5.65 × 10 W / ( m K ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 43.9 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) CAS Number 7440 - 63 - 3 History Discovery and first isolation William Ramsay and Morris Travers ( 1898 ) Main isotopes of xenon Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Xe 0.095 % stable Xe syn 16.9 h ε Xe 0.089 % stable Xe syn 36.345 d ε Xe 1.910 % stable Xe 26.401 % stable Xe 4.071 % stable Xe 21.232 % stable Xe 26.909 % stable Xe syn 5.247 d β Cs Xe 10.436 % stable Xe syn 9.14 h β Cs Xe 8.857 % 2.165 × 10 y β β Ba view talk references in Wikidata", "sentences": [ "Xenon , Xe", "A xenon - filled discharge tube glowing light blue General properties Pronunciation / ˈzɛnɒn / ​ ( ZEN - on ) , or / ˈziːnɒn / ​ ( ZEE - non ) Appearance colorless gas , exhibiting a blue glow when placed in an electric field Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7002131293000000000", "♠ 131.293 ( 6 ) Xenon in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium", "Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element )", "Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Kr ↑ Xe ↓", "Rn iodine ← xenon → caesium Atomic number ( Z ) 54 Group , period group 18 ( noble gases ) , period 5 Block p - block Element category noble gas Electron configuration", "( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 8 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) gas Melting point 161.40 K ​ ( − 111.75 ° C , ​ − 169.15 ° F ) Boiling point 165.051 K ​ ( − 108.099 ° C , ​ − 162.578 ° F ) Density ( at STP )", "5.894 g / L when liquid ( at b.p. )", "2.942 g / cm Triple point 161.405 K , ​ 81.77 kPa Critical point 289.733 K , 5.842 MPa Heat of fusion 2.27 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 12.64 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 21.01 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 83 92 103 117 137 165 Atomic properties Oxidation states 0 ,", "+ 1 , + 2 , + 4 , + 6 , + 8 ​ ( rarely more than 0 ; a weakly acidic oxide )", "Electronegativity Pauling scale : 2.6 Ionization energies 1st : 1170.4 kJ / mol 2nd : 2046.4 kJ / mol 3rd : 3099.4 kJ / mol Covalent radius 140 ± 9 pm Van der Waals radius 216 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ face - centered cubic ( fcc ) Speed of sound gas : 178 m s liquid : 1090 m / s", "Thermal conductivity 5.65 × 10 W / ( m K )", "Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 43.9 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) CAS Number 7440 - 63 - 3 History Discovery and first isolation William Ramsay and Morris Travers ( 1898 )", "Main isotopes of xenon Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Xe", "0.095 % stable Xe syn 16.9 h ε Xe 0.089 % stable Xe syn 36.345 d ε Xe", "1.910 % stable Xe 26.401 % stable Xe 4.071 % stable Xe 21.232 % stable Xe 26.909 % stable Xe syn 5.247 d β Cs Xe 10.436 % stable", "Xe syn 9.14 h β", "Cs Xe 8.857 % 2.165 × 10 y β β", "Ba view talk references in Wikidata" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Phase (waves)", "text": "Time is sometimes used ( instead of angle ) to express position within the cycle of an oscillation . A phase difference is analogous to two athletes running around a race track at the same speed and direction but starting at different positions on the track . They pass a point at different instants in time . But the time difference ( phase difference ) between them is a constant - same for every pass since they are at the same speed and in the same direction . If they were at different speeds ( different frequencies ) , the phase difference is undefined and would only reflect different starting positions . Technically , phase difference between two entities at various frequencies is undefined and does not exist .", "sentences": [ "Time is sometimes used ( instead of angle ) to express position within the cycle of an oscillation .", "A phase difference is analogous to two athletes running around a race track at the same speed and direction but starting at different positions on the track .", "They pass a point at different instants in time .", "But the time difference ( phase difference ) between them is a constant - same for every pass since they are at the same speed and in the same direction .", "If they were at different speeds ( different frequencies ) , the phase difference is undefined and would only reflect different starting positions .", "Technically , phase difference between two entities at various frequencies is undefined and does not exist ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Captain America: The First Avenger", "text": "Principal photography began on June 28 , 2010 , with the working title FrostBite . On the same day , Marvel confirmed that Tommy Lee Jones had been cast to play US Army Colonel Chester Phillips . The next day Marvel confirmed that Dominic Cooper would portray the younger version of Howard Stark , the character played by John Slattery in Iron Man 2 . It was announced that the film would shoot in London in late July and was expected to include scenes featuring key London landmarks . War scenes were filmed in September at the former Royal Navy Propellant Factory in the Welsh village of Caerwent . Filming was scheduled to take place that month in the Northern Quarter of Manchester , where parts of the 2004 film Alfie and the 2009 Sherlock Holmes had been shot , followed by the Stanley Dock area of Liverpool , both doubling for the period 's Lower East Side of Manhattan . Further scenes were scheduled to be shot in Liverpool 's Albert Dock . Johnston included a scene of a technology fair that includes in passing a display case containing the 1940s android superhero known as the original Human Torch , another character , like Captain America , in comics published by Marvel Comics ' predecessor , Timely Comics .", "sentences": [ "Principal photography began on June 28 , 2010 , with the working title FrostBite .", "On the same day , Marvel confirmed that Tommy Lee Jones had been cast to play US Army Colonel Chester Phillips .", "The next day Marvel confirmed that Dominic Cooper would portray the younger version of Howard Stark , the character played by John Slattery in Iron Man 2 .", "It was announced that the film would shoot in London in late July and was expected to include scenes featuring key London landmarks .", "War scenes were filmed in September at the former Royal Navy Propellant Factory in the Welsh village of Caerwent .", "Filming was scheduled to take place that month in the Northern Quarter of Manchester , where parts of the 2004 film Alfie and the 2009 Sherlock Holmes had been shot , followed by the Stanley Dock area of Liverpool , both doubling for the period 's Lower East Side of Manhattan .", "Further scenes were scheduled to be shot in Liverpool 's Albert Dock .", "Johnston included a scene of a technology fair that includes in passing a display case containing the 1940s android superhero known as the original Human Torch , another character , like Captain America , in comics published by Marvel Comics ' predecessor , Timely Comics ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Statue of Freedom", "text": "The Statue of Freedom is a colossal bronze standing figure 19 ⁄ feet ( 5.9 m ) tall and weighing approximately 15,000 pounds ( 6,800 kg ) . Her crest peaks at 288 feet ( 88 m ) above the east front plaza of the U.S. Capitol . She is a female , allegorical figure whose right hand holds the hilt of a sheathed sword , while a laurel wreath of victory and the Shield of the United States are clasped in her left hand . Her chiton is secured by a brooch inscribed `` U.S. '' and is partially covered by a heavy , Native American -- style fringed blanket thrown over her left shoulder . She faces east towards the main entrance of the building and the rising Sun . She wears a military helmet adorned with stars and an eagle 's head which is itself crowned by an umbrella - like crest of feathers . Although not actually called `` Columbia '' , she shares many of her iconic characteristics . Freedom stands atop a cast - iron globe encircled with one of the national mottoes , E pluribus unum . The lower part of the base is decorated with fasces and wreaths . Ten bronze points tipped with platinum are attached to her headdress , shoulders , and shield for protection from lightning .", "sentences": [ "The Statue of Freedom is a colossal bronze standing figure 19 ⁄ feet ( 5.9 m ) tall and weighing approximately 15,000 pounds ( 6,800 kg ) .", "Her crest peaks at 288 feet ( 88 m ) above the east front plaza of the U.S. Capitol .", "She is a female , allegorical figure whose right hand holds the hilt of a sheathed sword , while a laurel wreath of victory and the Shield of the United States are clasped in her left hand .", "Her chiton is secured by a brooch inscribed `` U.S. '' and is partially covered by a heavy , Native American -- style fringed blanket thrown over her left shoulder .", "She faces east towards the main entrance of the building and the rising Sun .", "She wears a military helmet adorned with stars and an eagle 's head which is itself crowned by an umbrella - like crest of feathers .", "Although not actually called `` Columbia '' , she shares many of her iconic characteristics .", "Freedom stands atop a cast - iron globe encircled with one of the national mottoes , E pluribus unum .", "The lower part of the base is decorated with fasces and wreaths .", "Ten bronze points tipped with platinum are attached to her headdress , shoulders , and shield for protection from lightning ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Asexual reproduction", "text": "Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent . Each fragment develops into a mature , fully grown individual . Fragmentation is seen in many organisms . Animals that reproduce asexually include planarians , many annelid worms including polychaetes and some oligochaetes , turbellarians and sea stars . Many fungi and plants reproduce asexually . Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation , such as gemma in liverworts . Most lichens , which are a symbiotic union of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria , reproduce through fragmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbiont . These fragments can take the form of soredia , dust - like particles consisting of fungal hyphen wrapped around photobiont cells .", "sentences": [ "Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent .", "Each fragment develops into a mature , fully grown individual .", "Fragmentation is seen in many organisms .", "Animals that reproduce asexually include planarians , many annelid worms including polychaetes and some oligochaetes , turbellarians and sea stars .", "Many fungi and plants reproduce asexually .", "Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation , such as gemma in liverworts .", "Most lichens , which are a symbiotic union of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria , reproduce through fragmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbiont .", "These fragments can take the form of soredia , dust - like particles consisting of fungal hyphen wrapped around photobiont cells ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", "text": "The Church in England was a major landowner throughout the medieval period and played an important part in the development of agriculture and rural trade in the first two centuries of Norman rule . The Cistercian order first arrived in England in 1128 , establishing around 80 new monastic houses over the next few years ; the wealthy Augustinians also established themselves and expanded to occupy around 150 houses , all supported by agricultural estates , many of them in the north of England . By the 13th century these and other orders were acquiring new lands and had become major economic players both as landowners and as middlemen in the expanding wool trade . In particular , the Cistercians led the development of the grange system . Granges were separate manors in which the fields were all cultivated by the monastic officials , rather than being divided up between demesne and rented fields , and became known for trialling new agricultural techniques during the period . Elsewhere , many monasteries had significant economic impact on the landscape , such as the monks of Glastonbury , responsible for the draining of the Somerset Levels to create new pasture land .", "sentences": [ "The Church in England was a major landowner throughout the medieval period and played an important part in the development of agriculture and rural trade in the first two centuries of Norman rule .", "The Cistercian order first arrived in England in 1128 , establishing around 80 new monastic houses over the next few years ; the wealthy Augustinians also established themselves and expanded to occupy around 150 houses , all supported by agricultural estates , many of them in the north of England .", "By the 13th century these and other orders were acquiring new lands and had become major economic players both as landowners and as middlemen in the expanding wool trade .", "In particular , the Cistercians led the development of the grange system .", "Granges were separate manors in which the fields were all cultivated by the monastic officials , rather than being divided up between demesne and rented fields , and became known for trialling new agricultural techniques during the period .", "Elsewhere , many monasteries had significant economic impact on the landscape , such as the monks of Glastonbury , responsible for the draining of the Somerset Levels to create new pasture land ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Movable type", "text": "In 1298 , Wang Zhen ( 王 祯 / 王 禎 ) , a Yuan dynasty governmental official of Jingde County , Anhui Province , China , re-invented a method of making movable wooden types . He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of Records of Jingde County ( 《 旌 德 縣志 》 ) , a book of more than 60,000 Chinese characters . Soon afterwards , he summarized his invention in his book A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books . Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling , repeated printing wore the character faces down , and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces . This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper , bronze , iron or tin . This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing . Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page , movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text . Furthermore , these new , more compact type fonts could be reused and stored . The set of wafer - like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages , inked , and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper . In 1322 , a Fenghua county officer Ma Chengde ( 馬 称 德 ) in Zhejiang , made 100,000 wooded movable types and printed the 43 - volume Daxue Yanyi ( 《 大學 衍 義 》 ) . Wooden movable types were used continually in China . Even as late as 1733 , a 2300 - volume Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition ( 《 武英 殿 聚珍 版 叢書 》 ) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable types on order of the Yongzheng Emperor , and completed in one year .", "sentences": [ "In 1298 , Wang Zhen ( 王 祯 / 王 禎 ) , a Yuan dynasty governmental official of Jingde County , Anhui Province , China , re-invented a method of making movable wooden types .", "He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of Records of Jingde County ( 《 旌 德 縣志 》 ) , a book of more than 60,000 Chinese characters .", "Soon afterwards , he summarized his invention in his book A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books .", "Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling , repeated printing wore the character faces down , and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces .", "This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper , bronze , iron or tin .", "This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing .", "Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page , movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text .", "Furthermore , these new , more compact type fonts could be reused and stored .", "The set of wafer - like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages , inked , and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper .", "In 1322 , a Fenghua county officer Ma Chengde ( 馬 称 德 ) in Zhejiang , made 100,000 wooded movable types and printed the 43 - volume Daxue Yanyi ( 《 大學 衍 義 》 ) .", "Wooden movable types were used continually in China .", "Even as late as 1733 , a 2300 - volume Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition ( 《 武英 殿", "聚珍 版 叢書 》 ) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable types on order of the Yongzheng Emperor , and completed in one year ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Digestive enzyme", "text": "Erepsin : converts peptones and polypeptides into amino acids . Maltase : converts maltose into glucose . Lactase : This is a significant enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose . A majority of Middle - Eastern and Asian populations lack this enzyme . This enzyme also decreases with age . As such lactose intolerance is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middle - Eastern , Asian , and older populations , manifesting with bloating , abdominal pain , and osmotic diarrhea . Sucrase : converts sucrose into glucose and fructose . Other disaccharidases", "sentences": [ "Erepsin : converts peptones and polypeptides into amino acids .", "Maltase : converts maltose into glucose .", "Lactase :", "This is a significant enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose .", "A majority of Middle - Eastern and Asian populations lack this enzyme .", "This enzyme also decreases with age .", "As such lactose intolerance is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middle - Eastern , Asian , and older populations , manifesting with bloating , abdominal pain , and osmotic diarrhea .", "Sucrase : converts sucrose into glucose and fructose .", "Other disaccharidases" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "The Man in the High Castle", "text": "Characters from the book that do appear are in most cases far more fleshed out with deeper and sometimes rather different backstories than their novel originals . For instance Wegener is a Standartenführer in the SS rather than a naval captain ( and oddly there are no German military or naval -- as opposed to SS -- personnel depicted anywhere in the first season ) . Rather than being a member of an organized internal resistance ( and despite his relatively low rank ) Wegener is a close personal confidante of Hitler himself and his disillusionment with the regime appears to be largely personal . Juliana and Frank are unmarried but living together rather than divorced and separated . Frank has a sister , nephew and niece , although they are killed early in the series , and this propels him into a more active role in relation to the resistance . Juliana also has a sister whose murder by the Kempeitai early in the season instigates her search for the mysterious Man in the High Castle , as well as her having a mother and stepfather who are significant supporting characters . Joe Cinnadella is renamed Joe Blake and as he becomes closer to Juliana appears to have growing doubts about his role as a Nazi agent . Robert Childan is however a more minor character ( at least in Season 1 ) than the original , while Ed McCarthy has a rather more prominent and active role .", "sentences": [ "Characters from the book that do appear are in most cases far more fleshed out with deeper and sometimes rather different backstories than their novel originals .", "For instance Wegener is a Standartenführer in the SS rather than a naval captain ( and oddly there are no German military or naval -- as opposed to SS -- personnel depicted anywhere in the first season ) .", "Rather than being a member of an organized internal resistance ( and despite his relatively low rank )", "Wegener is a close personal confidante of Hitler himself and his disillusionment with the regime appears to be largely personal .", "Juliana and Frank are unmarried but living together rather than divorced and separated .", "Frank has a sister , nephew and niece , although they are killed early in the series , and this propels him into a more active role in relation to the resistance .", "Juliana also has a sister whose murder by the Kempeitai early in the season instigates her search for the mysterious Man in the High Castle , as well as her having a mother and stepfather who are significant supporting characters .", "Joe Cinnadella is renamed Joe Blake and as he becomes closer to Juliana appears to have growing doubts about his role as a Nazi agent .", "Robert Childan is however a more minor character ( at least in Season 1 ) than the original , while Ed McCarthy has a rather more prominent and active role ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Climate of India", "text": "In South India , particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra , parts of Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh , somewhat cooler weather prevails . Minimum temperatures in western Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh hover around 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) ; in the southern Deccan Plateau , they reach 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) . Coastal areas -- especially those near the Coromandel Coast and adjacent low - elevation interior tracts -- are warm , with daily high temperatures of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) and lows of around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . The Western Ghats , including the Nilgiri Range , are exceptional ; lows there can fall below freezing . This compares with a range of 12 -- 14 ° C ( 54 -- 57 ° F ) on the Malabar Coast ; there , as is the case for other coastal areas , the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather . The region averages 800 millimetres ( 31 in ) per year , most of which falls between October and December . The topography of the Bay of Bengal and the staggered weather pattern prevalent during the season favours the northeast monsoon , which has a tendency to cause cyclones and hurricanes rather than steady precipitation . As a result , the coast is hit by what can mildly be termed as inclement weather almost every year between October and January .", "sentences": [ "In South India , particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra , parts of Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh , somewhat cooler weather prevails .", "Minimum temperatures in western Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh hover around 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) ; in the southern Deccan Plateau , they reach 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) .", "Coastal areas -- especially those near the Coromandel Coast and adjacent low - elevation interior tracts -- are warm , with daily high temperatures of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) and lows of around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) .", "The Western Ghats , including the Nilgiri Range , are exceptional ; lows there can fall below freezing .", "This compares with a range of 12 -- 14 ° C ( 54 -- 57 ° F ) on the Malabar Coast ; there , as is the case for other coastal areas , the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather .", "The region averages 800 millimetres ( 31 in ) per year , most of which falls between October and December .", "The topography of the Bay of Bengal and the staggered weather pattern prevalent during the season favours the northeast monsoon , which has a tendency to cause cyclones and hurricanes rather than steady precipitation .", "As a result , the coast is hit by what can mildly be termed as inclement weather almost every year between October and January ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Caribbean Sea", "text": "The Caribbean is the setting for countless literary efforts often related to piracy acts and swashbuckling . One memorable work of pulp fiction has in its title a geographic feature unique in its way to the islands : Fear Cay , the eleventh Doc Savage adventure by Lester Dent . Many James Bond adventures were set there . It is also well known as the location of the Pirates of the Caribbean films , featuring Port Royal . Peter Matthiessen 's Far Tortuga ( 1975 ) chronicles the adventures of a turtling crew in the late 1960s . Saint", "sentences": [ "The Caribbean is the setting for countless literary efforts often related to piracy acts and swashbuckling .", "One memorable work of pulp fiction has in its title a geographic feature unique in its way to the islands : Fear Cay , the eleventh Doc Savage adventure by Lester Dent .", "Many James Bond adventures were set there .", "It is also well known as the location of the Pirates of the Caribbean films , featuring Port Royal .", "Peter Matthiessen 's Far Tortuga ( 1975 ) chronicles the adventures of a turtling crew in the late 1960s .", "Saint" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "text": "European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516 . Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River . Buenos Aires , a permanent colony , was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay . Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away , and in 1541 the site was abandoned . A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ) . He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires . '' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata .", "sentences": [ "European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516 .", "Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River .", "Buenos Aires , a permanent colony , was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay .", "Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away , and in 1541 the site was abandoned .", "A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ) .", "He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires . ''", "The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Las Meninas", "text": "In 17th - century Spain , painters rarely enjoyed high social status . Painting was regarded as a craft , not an art such as poetry or music . Nonetheless , Velázquez worked his way up through the ranks of the court of Philip IV , and in February 1651 was appointed palace chamberlain ( aposentador mayor del palacio ) . The post brought him status and material reward , but its duties made heavy demands on his time . During the remaining eight years of his life , he painted only a few works , mostly portraits of the royal family . When he painted Las Meninas , he had been with the royal household for 33 years .", "sentences": [ "In 17th - century Spain , painters rarely enjoyed high social status .", "Painting was regarded as a craft , not an art such as poetry or music .", "Nonetheless , Velázquez worked his way up through the ranks of the court of Philip IV , and in February 1651 was appointed palace chamberlain ( aposentador mayor del palacio ) .", "The post brought him status and material reward , but its duties made heavy demands on his time .", "During the remaining eight years of his life , he painted only a few works , mostly portraits of the royal family .", "When he painted Las Meninas , he had been with the royal household for 33 years ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Tangerine (novel)", "text": "On Senior Awards Night , Tino and Victor attack Erik and Arthur as revenge for killing Luis . The football coach restrains Tino , but Paul distracts him by jumping on his back , so that Tino and Victor can escape . Paul runs back to his house , where a confrontation with a furious Arthur and Erik causes Paul to finally fully recall the memory he had been repressing -- after spray - painting a wall and wrongfully assuming that Paul had turned them in , Erik restrained Paul while Vincent Castor ( his lackey at the time , mirroring Erik 's relationship with Arthur ) sprayed paint into Paul 's eyes as punishment . Paul confronts his parents about their concealment of the event . His mother cries and they admit to lying about the eclipse , stating that they were only trying to ensure that Paul never hated Erik . Paul 's father finally breaks down as well when Paul questions whether they thought that would be better than Paul hating himself instead .", "sentences": [ "On Senior Awards Night , Tino and Victor attack Erik and Arthur as revenge for killing Luis .", "The football coach restrains Tino , but Paul distracts him by jumping on his back , so that Tino and Victor can escape .", "Paul runs back to his house , where a confrontation with a furious Arthur and Erik causes Paul to finally fully recall the memory he had been repressing -- after spray - painting a wall and wrongfully assuming that Paul had turned them in , Erik restrained Paul while Vincent Castor ( his lackey at the time , mirroring Erik 's relationship with Arthur ) sprayed paint into Paul 's eyes as punishment .", "Paul confronts his parents about their concealment of the event .", "His mother cries and they admit to lying about the eclipse , stating that they were only trying to ensure that Paul never hated Erik .", "Paul 's father finally breaks down as well when Paul questions whether they thought that would be better than Paul hating himself instead ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)", "text": "The new LMDs are aware of their nature , and plan to carry out Ivanov 's goal of destroying all Inhumans . Simmons discovers that Mace , Mack , and Fitz are the other new LMDs , and overpowers Fitz . Johnson also discovers them , and plans with Simmons to hack into the Framework remotely to find the others from the inside . Aida kills Radcliffe 's body , but lets his consciousness live in the Framework . Johnson overpowers the Mace , Mack , and Coulson LMDs , but they find the May LMD waiting for them at the base entrance , tasked with detonating a large explosive to prevent their escape . The May LMD instead lets them leave , and destroys the base with the LMDs inside . In the Framework , the agents find an altered reality : Johnson is in a relationship with an alive Grant Ward ; Coulson is teaching about Inhumans ; Hope is alive with Mack ; Fitz is rich ; Simmons is dead ; and May works for Hydra , which has replaced S.H.I.E.L.D. In the real world , Aida is able to sever Ivanov 's living head from his crippled body and builds android bodies for his mind to control .", "sentences": [ "The new LMDs are aware of their nature , and plan to carry out Ivanov 's goal of destroying all Inhumans .", "Simmons discovers that Mace , Mack , and Fitz are the other new LMDs , and overpowers Fitz .", "Johnson also discovers them , and plans with Simmons to hack into the Framework remotely to find the others from the inside .", "Aida kills Radcliffe 's body , but lets his consciousness live in the Framework .", "Johnson overpowers the Mace , Mack , and Coulson LMDs , but they find the May LMD waiting for them at the base entrance , tasked with detonating a large explosive to prevent their escape .", "The May LMD instead lets them leave , and destroys the base with the LMDs inside .", "In the Framework , the agents find an altered reality : Johnson is in a relationship with an alive Grant Ward ; Coulson is teaching about Inhumans ; Hope is alive with Mack ; Fitz is rich ; Simmons is dead ; and May works for Hydra , which has replaced S.H.I.E.L.D.", "In the real world , Aida is able to sever Ivanov 's living head from his crippled body and builds android bodies for his mind to control ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "White matter", "text": "A 2009 paper by Jan Scholz and colleagues used diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI ) to demonstrate changes in white matter volume as a result of learning a new motor task ( e.g. juggling ) . The study is important as the first paper to correlate motor learning with white matter changes . Previously , many researchers had considered this type of learning to be exclusively mediated by dendrites , which are not present in white matter . The authors suggest that electrical activity in axons may regulate myelination in axons . Or , gross changes in the diameter or packing density of the axon might cause the change . A more recent DTI study by Sampaio - Baptista and colleagues reported changes in white matter with motor learning along with increases in myelination .", "sentences": [ "A 2009 paper by Jan Scholz and colleagues used diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI ) to demonstrate changes in white matter volume as a result of learning a new motor task ( e.g. juggling ) .", "The study is important as the first paper to correlate motor learning with white matter changes .", "Previously , many researchers had considered this type of learning to be exclusively mediated by dendrites , which are not present in white matter .", "The authors suggest that electrical activity in axons may regulate myelination in axons .", "Or , gross changes in the diameter or packing density of the axon might cause the change .", "A more recent DTI study by Sampaio - Baptista and colleagues reported changes in white matter with motor learning along with increases in myelination ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Four continents", "text": "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The", "sentences": [ "This article needs additional citations for verification .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( February 2016 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Alcohol laws of Australia", "text": "Before 1970 , the drinking age in Western Australia was 21 . Today , it is illegal for any person under the age of 18 years to purchase , supply , or drink alcohol on licensed or regulated premises , even if they are with their parents or guardian . The maximum penalty for a minor to consume alcohol on licensed premises is a A $2,000 fine . The law does allow a minor to consume alcohol for religious purposes for example Holy Communion . It is an offence in Western Australia for persons of any age to drink in public , such as on the street , park , or beach without first having obtained a permit from the appropriate local government authority . Such permits are at the discretion of the local council - some public events have a total ban on alcohol consumption and no permits will be issued .", "sentences": [ "Before 1970 , the drinking age in Western Australia was 21 .", "Today , it is illegal for any person under the age of 18 years to purchase , supply , or drink alcohol on licensed or regulated premises , even if they are with their parents or guardian .", "The maximum penalty for a minor to consume alcohol on licensed premises is a A $2,000 fine .", "The law does allow a minor to consume alcohol for religious purposes for example Holy Communion .", "It is an offence in Western Australia for persons of any age to drink in public , such as on the street , park , or beach without first having obtained a permit from the appropriate local government authority .", "Such permits are at the discretion of the local council - some public events have a total ban on alcohol consumption and no permits will be issued ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Drink can", "text": "Modern cans are generally produced through a mechanical cold forming process that starts with punching a flat blank from very stiff cold - rolled sheet . This sheet is typically alloy 3104 - H19 or 3004 - H19 , which is aluminium with about 1 % manganese and 1 % magnesium to give it strength and formability . The flat blank is first formed into a cup about three inches in diameter . This cup is then pushed through a different forming process called `` ironing '' which forms the can . The bottom of the can is also shaped at this time . The malleable metal deforms into the shape of an open - top can . With the sophisticated technology of the dies and the forming machines , the side of the can is significantly thinner than either the top and bottom areas , where stiffness is required .", "sentences": [ "Modern cans are generally produced through a mechanical cold forming process that starts with punching a flat blank from very stiff cold - rolled sheet .", "This sheet is typically alloy 3104 - H19 or 3004 - H19 , which is aluminium with about 1 % manganese and 1 % magnesium to give it strength and formability .", "The flat blank is first formed into a cup about three inches in diameter .", "This cup is then pushed through a different forming process called `` ironing '' which forms the can .", "The bottom of the can is also shaped at this time .", "The malleable metal deforms into the shape of an open - top can .", "With the sophisticated technology of the dies and the forming machines , the side of the can is significantly thinner than either the top and bottom areas , where stiffness is required ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "New England Confederation", "text": "The United Colonies of New England , commonly known as the New England Confederation , was a short - lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay , Plymouth , Connecticut , and New Haven . Formed in May 1643 , its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies in support of the church , and for defense against the Native Americans and the Dutch colony of New Netherland . It was the first notable milestone on the long rocky road towards colonial unity . It was established as a direct result of a war that started between the Mohegan and Narragansetts . Its charter provided for the return of fugitive criminals and indentured servants , and served as a forum for resolving inter-colonial disputes . In practice , none of the goals were accomplished .", "sentences": [ "The United Colonies of New England , commonly known as the New England Confederation , was a short - lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay , Plymouth , Connecticut , and New Haven .", "Formed in May 1643 , its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies in support of the church , and for defense against the Native Americans and the Dutch colony of New Netherland .", "It was the first notable milestone on the long rocky road towards colonial unity .", "It was established as a direct result of a war that started between the Mohegan and Narragansetts .", "Its charter provided for the return of fugitive criminals and indentured servants , and served as a forum for resolving inter-colonial disputes .", "In practice , none of the goals were accomplished ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Hungary in World War I", "text": "On November 11 , 1918 , World War I ended for Austria - Hungary with a complete military loss , even if at the time of the collapse , all forces were standing outside the borders of 1914 . With the collapse of the army , Austria - Hungary also collapsed . The ethnic groups of Kingdom of Hungary called for independent nation - states . In the Treaty of Trianon signed on June 4 , 1920 , Hungary lost two - thirds of its territory , more than half of its population , more territory than any other country at that time ( excluding colonies ) . Eight million Hungarians left in Hungary and more than 3 million Hungarians were stranded outside of the newly established borders . New nations , such as Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes were established and some already existing countries have extended their territories ( Italy and Romania ) . The southern part of Hungary was given to Yugoslavia and renamed Vojvodina . Bosnia - Herzegovina was also incorporated in Yugoslavia and Croatia became part of Yugoslavia also , after a 900 years federation with Hungary . More than 104.000 square km -- the whole of Eastern Hungary and Transylvania -- were awarded by the Entente to Romania , more than what was left for Hungary itself 93.030 sq.km . The northern part of Hungary was annexed by the newly created Czechoslovakia .", "sentences": [ "On November 11 , 1918 , World War I ended for Austria - Hungary with a complete military loss , even if at the time of the collapse , all forces were standing outside the borders of 1914 .", "With the collapse of the army , Austria - Hungary also collapsed .", "The ethnic groups of Kingdom of Hungary called for independent nation - states .", "In the Treaty of Trianon signed on June 4 , 1920 , Hungary lost two - thirds of its territory , more than half of its population , more territory than any other country at that time ( excluding colonies ) .", "Eight million Hungarians left in Hungary and more than 3 million Hungarians were stranded outside of the newly established borders .", "New nations , such as Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes were established and some already existing countries have extended their territories ( Italy and Romania ) .", "The southern part of Hungary was given to Yugoslavia and renamed Vojvodina .", "Bosnia - Herzegovina was also incorporated in Yugoslavia and Croatia became part of Yugoslavia also , after a 900 years federation with Hungary .", "More than 104.000 square km -- the whole of Eastern Hungary and Transylvania -- were awarded by the Entente to Romania , more than what was left for Hungary itself 93.030 sq.km .", "The northern part of Hungary was annexed by the newly created Czechoslovakia ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Lobes of the brain", "text": "Cerebral lobes Lateral surface of cerebrum. 4 lobes are shown . Medial surface of cerebrum. 5 lobes are shown . Identifiers NeuroNames 1210 NeuroLex ID birnlex_922 TA A14. 1.09. 005 FMA 61823 77800 , 61823 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata )", "sentences": [ "Cerebral lobes Lateral surface of cerebrum.", "4 lobes are shown .", "Medial surface of cerebrum.", "5 lobes are shown .", "Identifiers NeuroNames 1210 NeuroLex ID birnlex_922 TA A14.", "1.09.", "005 FMA 61823 77800 , 61823 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata )" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Casper (film)", "text": "Casper received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 44 % , based on 36 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` A meandering , mindless family movie that frequently resorts to special effects and transparent sappiness . '' Time Out London described it as `` an intimate and likeable film '' . Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars , calling it a `` technical achievement , it 's impressive , and entertaining . And there is even a little winsome philosophy . '' Robert Firsching of allmovie gave the film his average star rating while praising the film for its visual effects .", "sentences": [ "Casper received mixed reviews from critics .", "On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 44 % , based on 36 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` A meandering , mindless family movie that frequently resorts to special effects and transparent sappiness . ''", "Time Out", "London described it as `` an intimate and likeable film '' .", "Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars , calling it a `` technical achievement , it 's impressive , and entertaining .", "And there is even a little winsome philosophy . ''", "Robert Firsching of allmovie gave the film his average star rating while praising the film for its visual effects ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)", "text": "# Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) -- Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows 6 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) Unknown ( under 3.34 ) Julie Walters 7 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) 5.23 Walters traces her Irish great - grandfather , Anthony Clarke . Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) 5.31 Blessed traces his great - great - great - grandfather , Barnabus Blessed , a bookbinder , and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth , his four children were left orphans . Blessed 's great - great - grandfather , Jabez Blessed , became a `` real life Oliver Twist '' . Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 4.94 Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 6.06 5 Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 4.74 6 Mary Berry 11 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 4.75 7 Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 5.39 8 Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 4.18 9 Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 5.74 10 Twiggy 9 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 5.33", "sentences": [ "# Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) -- Who Do They Think They Are ?", ": 10 Years , 100 Shows 6 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 )", "Unknown ( under 3.34 )", "Julie Walters 7 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) 5.23 Walters traces her Irish great - grandfather , Anthony Clarke .", "Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) 5.31", "Blessed traces his great - great - great - grandfather , Barnabus Blessed , a bookbinder , and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth , his four children were left orphans .", "Blessed 's great - great - grandfather , Jabez Blessed , became a `` real life Oliver Twist '' .", "Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 4.94 Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 6.06 5 Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 4.74 6 Mary Berry 11 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 4.75 7", "Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 5.39 8 Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 4.18 9 Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 5.74 10 Twiggy 9 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 5.33" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Spanish language", "text": "Spanish was removed from official status in 1973 under the administration of Ferdinand Marcos , but regained its status as an official language two months later under Presidential Decree No. 155 , dated 15 March 1973 . It remained an official language until 1987 , with the ratification of the present constitution , in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language . In 2010 , President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo encouraged the reintroduction of Spanish - language teaching in the Philippine education system . But by 2012 , the number of secondary schools at which the language was either a compulsory subject or an elective had become very limited . Today , despite government promotions of Spanish , less than 0.5 % of the population report being able to speak the language proficiently . Aside from standard Spanish , a Spanish - based creole language -- Chavacano -- developed in the southern Philippines . The number of Chavacano - speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996 . However , it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish . Speakers of the Zamboangueño variety of Chavacano were numbered about 360,000 in the 2000 census . The local languages of the Philippines also retain some Spanish influence , with many words being derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the control of the islands by Spain through Mexico City until 1821 , and then directly from Madrid until 1898 .", "sentences": [ "Spanish was removed from official status in 1973 under the administration of Ferdinand Marcos , but regained its status as an official language two months later under Presidential Decree No. 155 , dated 15 March 1973 .", "It remained an official language until 1987 , with the ratification of the present constitution , in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language .", "In 2010 , President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo encouraged the reintroduction of Spanish - language teaching in the Philippine education system .", "But by 2012 , the number of secondary schools at which the language was either a compulsory subject or an elective had become very limited .", "Today , despite government promotions of Spanish , less than 0.5 % of the population report being able to speak the language proficiently .", "Aside from standard Spanish , a Spanish - based creole language -- Chavacano -- developed in the southern Philippines .", "The number of Chavacano - speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996 .", "However , it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish .", "Speakers of the Zamboangueño variety of Chavacano were numbered about 360,000 in the 2000 census .", "The local languages of the Philippines also retain some Spanish influence , with many words being derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the control of the islands by Spain through Mexico City until 1821 , and then directly from Madrid until 1898 ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Briard", "text": "This breed is also commonly screened for congenital stationary night blindness ( SNB ) with a DNA test . SNB is inherited through recessive genes . Progressive retinal atrophy PRA , is a disease that causes nerve cells at the back of the eye to degenerate . The condition usually begins in older pets and can lead to blindness . Progressive retinal degeneration or atrophy ( PRD / PRA ) represents a group of inherited eye diseases characterized by abnormal development or premature degeneration of the retina . There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina and these are the light - sensitive rods and cones . They are responsible for detecting light and converting it into an electrical signal that travels to the brain . When the photoreceptor cells deteriorate , vision is lost because the animal has no way to generate an image from the light reaching the retina . Puppies are usually blind before one year of age . For the first time ever , animals ( Briards ) that were born blind gained the ability to see after undergoing gene therapy , according to research from the University of Florida , Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania . UF researchers had established that the apparently harmless adeno - associated virus can carry healthy copies of a gene into the cells of the retina , which is composed of layers of light - sensitive nerve cells . The healthy gene 's mission : to produce a protein critical to translating light waves into nerve impulses that can be interpreted as images by the brain . The study was successful and the puppies could see in the eye that was treated . Officials from the Foundation Fighting Blindness , which supported the study with grant funds , said the success in reversing blindness in dogs is an important advance .", "sentences": [ "This breed is also commonly screened for congenital stationary night blindness ( SNB ) with a DNA test .", "SNB is inherited through recessive genes .", "Progressive retinal atrophy PRA , is a disease that causes nerve cells at the back of the eye to degenerate .", "The condition usually begins in older pets and can lead to blindness .", "Progressive retinal degeneration or atrophy ( PRD / PRA ) represents a group of inherited eye diseases characterized by abnormal development or premature degeneration of the retina .", "There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina and these are the light - sensitive rods and cones .", "They are responsible for detecting light and converting it into an electrical signal that travels to the brain .", "When the photoreceptor cells deteriorate , vision is lost because the animal has no way to generate an image from the light reaching the retina .", "Puppies are usually blind before one year of age .", "For the first time ever , animals ( Briards ) that were born blind gained the ability to see after undergoing gene therapy , according to research from the University of Florida , Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania .", "UF researchers had established that the apparently harmless adeno - associated virus can carry healthy copies of a gene into the cells of the retina , which is composed of layers of light - sensitive nerve cells .", "The healthy gene 's mission : to produce a protein critical to translating light waves into nerve impulses that can be interpreted as images by the brain .", "The study was successful and the puppies could see in the eye that was treated .", "Officials from the Foundation Fighting Blindness , which supported the study with grant funds , said the success in reversing blindness in dogs is an important advance ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Trojan Horse", "text": "While questioning Sinon , the Trojan priest Laocoön guesses the plot and warns the Trojans , in Virgil 's famous line Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes ( `` I fear Greeks , even those bearing gifts '' ) , Danai ( acc Danaos ) or Danaans ( Homer 's name for the Greeks ) being the ones who had built the Trojan Horse . However , the god Poseidon sends two sea serpents to strangle him and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus before any Trojan heeds his warning . According to Apollodorus the two serpents were sent by Apollo , whom Laocoon had insulted by sleeping with his wife in front of the `` divine image '' . In the Odyssey , Homer says that Helen of Troy also guesses the plot and tries to trick and uncover the Greek soldiers inside the horse by imitating the voices of their wives , and Anticlus attempts to answer , but Odysseus shuts his mouth with his hand . King Priam 's daughter Cassandra , the soothsayer of Troy , insists that the horse will be the downfall of the city and its royal family . She too is ignored , hence their doom and loss of the war .", "sentences": [ "While questioning Sinon , the Trojan priest Laocoön guesses the plot and warns the Trojans , in Virgil 's famous line Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes ( `` I fear Greeks , even those bearing gifts '' ) , Danai ( acc Danaos ) or Danaans ( Homer 's name for the Greeks ) being the ones who had built the Trojan Horse .", "However , the god Poseidon sends two sea serpents to strangle him and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus before any Trojan heeds his warning .", "According to Apollodorus the two serpents were sent by Apollo , whom Laocoon had insulted by sleeping with his wife in front of the `` divine image '' .", "In the Odyssey , Homer says that Helen of Troy also guesses the plot and tries to trick and uncover the Greek soldiers inside the horse by imitating the voices of their wives , and Anticlus attempts to answer , but Odysseus shuts his mouth with his hand .", "King Priam 's daughter Cassandra , the soothsayer of Troy , insists that the horse will be the downfall of the city and its royal family .", "She too is ignored , hence their doom and loss of the war ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Dejection: An Ode", "text": "Coleridge wrote in his notebook about Hutchinson and possible poems : `` Can see nothing extraordinary in her -- a Poem nothing all the virtues of the mild & retired kind ( ... ) Poem on this night on Helvellin / William & Dorothy & Mary / -- Sara & I -- ( ... ) Poem on the length of our acquaintance / all the hours that I have been thinking of her &c . '' During this time in 1802 , Coleridge was separated from his family and he eventually returned home during March . The relationship between him and his wife was restarted and they had a daughter in December 1802 . However , of the poems he intended to write about Hutchinson , he managed to complete one and an early draft was sent to her in a letter on 4 April 1802 .", "sentences": [ "Coleridge wrote in his notebook about Hutchinson and possible poems : `` Can see nothing extraordinary in her -- a Poem nothing all the virtues of the mild & retired kind ( ... )", "Poem on this night on Helvellin / William & Dorothy & Mary / -- Sara & I -- ( ... )", "Poem on the length of our acquaintance / all the hours that I have been thinking of her &c . ''", "During this time in 1802 , Coleridge was separated from his family and he eventually returned home during March .", "The relationship between him and his wife was restarted and they had a daughter in December 1802 .", "However , of the poems he intended to write about Hutchinson , he managed to complete one and an early draft was sent to her in a letter on 4 April 1802 ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Golden Horde", "text": "One of the Jochid princes who joined Hulagu 's army was accused of witchcraft and sorcery against Hulagu . After receiving permission from Berke , Hulagu executed him . After that two more Jochid princes died suspiciously . According to some Muslim sources , Hulagu refused to share his war booty with Berke in accordance with Genghis Khan 's wish . Berke was a devoted Muslim who had had a close relationship with the Abbasid Caliph Al - Musta'sim , who had been killed by Hulagu in 1258 . The Jochids believed that Hulagu 's state eliminated their presence in the Transcaucasus . Those events increased the anger of Berke and the war between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate soon broke out in 1262 .", "sentences": [ "One of the Jochid princes who joined Hulagu 's army was accused of witchcraft and sorcery against Hulagu .", "After receiving permission from Berke , Hulagu executed him .", "After that two more Jochid princes died suspiciously .", "According to some Muslim sources , Hulagu refused to share his war booty with Berke in accordance with Genghis Khan 's wish .", "Berke was a devoted Muslim who had had a close relationship with the Abbasid Caliph Al - Musta'sim , who had been killed by Hulagu in 1258 .", "The Jochids believed that Hulagu 's state eliminated their presence in the Transcaucasus .", "Those events increased the anger of Berke and the war between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate soon broke out in 1262 ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Craft", "text": "Handicraft is the `` traditional '' main sector of the crafts , it is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools . Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods . The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion , such items often have cultural and / or religious significance . Items made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods . Handicraft goods are made with craft production processes . Mexican", "sentences": [ "Handicraft is the `` traditional '' main sector of the crafts , it is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools .", "Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods .", "The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion , such items often have cultural and / or religious significance .", "Items made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods .", "Handicraft goods are made with craft production processes .", "Mexican" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Blue Nile", "text": "Although a number of European explorers contemplated tracing the course of the Blue Nile from its confluence with the White Nile to Lake Tana , its gorge , which begins a few kilometres inside the Ethiopian border , has discouraged all attempts since Frédéric Cailliaud 's attempt in 1821 . The first serious attempt by a non-local to explore this reach of the river was undertaken by the American W.W. Macmillan in 1902 , assisted by the Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen ; Jenssen would proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sailed downstream from Lake Tana . However , Jenssen 's boats were blocked by the rapids at Famaka short of the Sudan - Ethiopian border , and Macmillan 's boats were wrecked shortly after they had been launched . Macmillan encouraged Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again in 1905 , but he was forced to stop 500 kilometres ( 300 mi ) short of Lake Tana . R.E. Cheesman , who records his surprise on arriving in Ethiopia at finding that the upper waters of `` one of the most famous of the rivers of the world , and one whose name was well known to the ancients '' was in his lifetime `` marked on the map by dotted lines '' , managed to map the upper course of the Blue Nile between 1925 -- 1933 . He did this not by following the river along its banks and through its impassable canyon , but following it from the highlands above , travelling some 8,000 km ( 5,000 mi ) by mule in the adjacent country . New", "sentences": [ "Although a number of European explorers contemplated tracing the course of the Blue Nile from its confluence with the White Nile to Lake Tana , its gorge , which begins a few kilometres inside the Ethiopian border , has discouraged all attempts since Frédéric Cailliaud 's attempt in 1821 .", "The first serious attempt by a non-local to explore this reach of the river was undertaken by the American W.W. Macmillan in 1902 , assisted by the Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen ; Jenssen would proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sailed downstream from Lake Tana .", "However , Jenssen 's boats were blocked by the rapids at Famaka short of the Sudan - Ethiopian border , and Macmillan 's boats were wrecked shortly after they had been launched .", "Macmillan encouraged Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again in 1905 , but he was forced to stop 500 kilometres ( 300 mi ) short of Lake Tana .", "R.E. Cheesman , who records his surprise on arriving in Ethiopia at finding that the upper waters of `` one of the most famous of the rivers of the world , and one whose name was well known to the ancients '' was in his lifetime `` marked on the map by dotted lines '' , managed to map the upper course of the Blue Nile between 1925 -- 1933 .", "He did this not by following the river along its banks and through its impassable canyon , but following it from the highlands above , travelling some 8,000 km ( 5,000 mi ) by mule in the adjacent country .", "New" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Loser (Beck song)", "text": "Described as an alternative rock and abstract hip hop song , `` Loser '' is influenced by blues , hip hop , and folk . Beck acknowledged the impact of folk on the song , saying `` I 'd realized that a lot of what folk music is about taking a tradition and reflecting your own time . I knew my folk music would take off , if I put hip - hop beats behind it . '' He had also perceived similarities between Delta blues and hip hop , which helped to inspire the song . `` Loser '' revolves around several recurring musical elements : a slide guitar riff , Stephenson 's sitar , the bassline , and a tremolo guitar part . The song 's drum track is sampled from a Johnny Jenkins cover of Dr. John 's `` I Walk on Gilded Splinters '' from the 1970 album Ton - Ton Macoute ! . During the song 's break , there is a sample of a line of dialogue from the 1994 Steve Hanft - directed film Kill the Moonlight , which goes `` I 'm a driver / I 'm a winner / Things are gon na change , I can feel it '' . Hanft and Beck were friends , and Hanft would go on to direct several music videos for Beck , including the video for `` Loser '' .", "sentences": [ "Described as an alternative rock and abstract hip hop song , `` Loser '' is influenced by blues , hip hop , and folk .", "Beck acknowledged the impact of folk on the song , saying `` I 'd realized that a lot of what folk music is about taking a tradition and reflecting your own time .", "I knew my folk music would take off , if I put hip - hop beats behind it . ''", "He had also perceived similarities between Delta blues and hip hop , which helped to inspire the song .", "`` Loser '' revolves around several recurring musical elements : a slide guitar riff , Stephenson 's sitar , the bassline , and a tremolo guitar part .", "The song 's drum track is sampled from a Johnny Jenkins cover of Dr. John 's `` I Walk on Gilded Splinters '' from the 1970 album Ton - Ton Macoute ! .", "During the song 's break , there is a sample of a line of dialogue from the 1994 Steve Hanft - directed film Kill the Moonlight , which goes `` I 'm a driver / I 'm a winner / Things are gon na change , I can feel it '' .", "Hanft and Beck were friends , and Hanft would go on to direct several music videos for Beck , including the video for `` Loser '' ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Sydney Royal Easter Show", "text": "The first purpose of the show is specifically to encourage agriculture . Although other aspects of the show have developed including competitions , entertainment and commerce , the display of the products of rural industry remain of major importance , the RAS claiming 30,000 rural exhibits in 2007 . One of the most popular sights at the show is the `` District Exhibits '' competition . These displays are set up by four districts of NSW and South East Queensland . A theme is selected and created pictorially on a large scale , to strict rules and using only the produce of the particular district which typically includes wool , wheat , apples , pumpkins , sugar cane , citrus fruit , vegetables and brightly coloured bottles of preserves . Also displayed are other primary products such as fleeces , carcases of beef , wine , honey , cheese and sausages . There is also a flower show at which are judged both horticultural specimens and floral displays . Livestock", "sentences": [ "The first purpose of the show is specifically to encourage agriculture .", "Although other aspects of the show have developed including competitions , entertainment and commerce , the display of the products of rural industry remain of major importance , the RAS claiming 30,000 rural exhibits in 2007 .", "One of the most popular sights at the show is the `` District Exhibits '' competition .", "These displays are set up by four districts of NSW and South East Queensland .", "A theme is selected and created pictorially on a large scale , to strict rules and using only the produce of the particular district which typically includes wool , wheat , apples , pumpkins , sugar cane , citrus fruit , vegetables and brightly coloured bottles of preserves .", "Also displayed are other primary products such as fleeces , carcases of beef , wine , honey , cheese and sausages .", "There is also a flower show at which are judged both horticultural specimens and floral displays .", "Livestock" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "G20", "text": "As previously stated , the Spanish government 's policy is to not request official membership . Despite being hit hard by the economic crisis after 2008 , Spain is still the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP ( the 5th in the European Union ) and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity , clearly exceeding the numbers of several current members of the G20 such as Argentina or South Africa . In addition , since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status , often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America , where Spain is the second biggest foreign investor after the United States and keeps an important influence . These facts have reinforced the idea that Spain should seek permanent membership of the G20 . On the other hand , Spain , which is a European country , is not a representation of Latin America , therefore some observers think another country from South America should be included as well as Argentina . Polish", "sentences": [ "As previously stated , the Spanish government 's policy is to not request official membership .", "Despite being hit hard by the economic crisis after 2008 , Spain is still the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP ( the 5th in the European Union ) and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity , clearly exceeding the numbers of several current members of the G20 such as Argentina or South Africa .", "In addition , since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status , often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America , where Spain is the second biggest foreign investor after the United States and keeps an important influence .", "These facts have reinforced the idea that Spain should seek permanent membership of the G20 .", "On the other hand , Spain , which is a European country , is not a representation of Latin America , therefore some observers think another country from South America should be included as well as Argentina .", "Polish" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Geography and wealth", "text": "In `` Climate and Scale in Economic Growth , '' William A. Masters and Margaret S. McMillan of Purdue University and Tufts University hypothesize that the disparity is partially due to the effects of frost in increasing soil fertility . Hernando Zuleta , of the Universidad del Rosario , has proposed that where output fluctuations are more profound , i.e. areas that experience winter , saving is more pronounced , which leads to the adoption or creation of capital - intensive technologies . Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson of MIT argued in 2001 that in places where Europeans faced high mortality rates , they could not settle and were more likely to set up exploitative institutions . These institutions offered no protection for private property or checks and balances against government expropriation . They assert that after controlling for the effect of institutions , countries in Africa or those closer to the equator do not have lower incomes . This work has been disputed by David Albouy , who argues that European mortality rates in the study were badly mismeasured , falsely supporting its conclusion . The authors of `` Brain size , cranial morphology , climate , and time machines '' assert that colder climates increase brain size , resulting in an intelligence differential .", "sentences": [ "In `` Climate and Scale in Economic Growth , '' William A. Masters and Margaret S. McMillan of Purdue University and Tufts University hypothesize that the disparity is partially due to the effects of frost in increasing soil fertility .", "Hernando Zuleta , of the Universidad del Rosario , has proposed that where output fluctuations are more profound , i.e. areas that experience winter , saving is more pronounced , which leads to the adoption or creation of capital - intensive technologies .", "Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson of MIT argued in 2001 that in places where Europeans faced high mortality rates , they could not settle and were more likely to set up exploitative institutions .", "These institutions offered no protection for private property or checks and balances against government expropriation .", "They assert that after controlling for the effect of institutions , countries in Africa or those closer to the equator do not have lower incomes .", "This work has been disputed by David Albouy , who argues that European mortality rates in the study were badly mismeasured , falsely supporting its conclusion .", "The authors of `` Brain size , cranial morphology , climate , and time machines '' assert that colder climates increase brain size , resulting in an intelligence differential ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)", "text": "The serial expands on Austen 's metaphorical use of landscapes , reinforcing beauty and authenticity . Elizabeth takes every opportunity to enjoy nature and to escape exposure to Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine . The most symbolic use of nature in the novel is Elizabeth and the Gardiners ' visit to Pemberley in Derbyshire , where Elizabeth becomes conscious of her love for Darcy . The story makes nature integral in the form of Old England . Elizabeth 's appreciation of the beauties of Derbyshire elevates Darcy in her and her relatives ' opinion . Darcy 's gaze through the window works as a movie screen , projecting Elizabeth 's actions for him and the viewer . His participation in the English landscape is his redemption .", "sentences": [ "The serial expands on Austen 's metaphorical use of landscapes , reinforcing beauty and authenticity .", "Elizabeth takes every opportunity to enjoy nature and to escape exposure to Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine .", "The most symbolic use of nature in the novel is Elizabeth and the Gardiners ' visit to Pemberley in Derbyshire , where Elizabeth becomes conscious of her love for Darcy .", "The story makes nature integral in the form of Old England .", "Elizabeth 's appreciation of the beauties of Derbyshire elevates Darcy in her and her relatives ' opinion .", "Darcy 's gaze through the window works as a movie screen , projecting Elizabeth 's actions for him and the viewer .", "His participation in the English landscape is his redemption ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Sensory memory", "text": "Iconic memory . The mental representation of the visual stimuli are referred to as icons ( fleeting images . ) Iconic memory was the first sensory store to be investigated with experiments dating back as far as 1740 . One of the earliest investigations into this phenomenon was by Ján Andrej Segner , a German physicist and mathematician . In his experiment , Segner attached a glowing coal to a cart wheel and rotated the wheel at increasing speed until an unbroken circle of light was perceived by the observer . He calculated that the glowing coal needed to make a complete circle in under 100ms to achieve this effect , which he determined was the duration of this visual memory store . In 1960 , George Sperling conducted a study where participants were shown a set of letters for a brief amount of time and were asked to recall the letters they were shown afterwards . Participants were less likely to recall more letters when asked about the whole group of letters , but recalled more when asked about specific subgroups of the whole . These findings suggest that iconic memory in humans has a large capacity , but decays very rapidly . In a 2001 experiment , Vogel et al. presented a display of between 3 and 12 objects . After 900ms , a second display was presented that was either the same or had one object changed . The result was that the participants ability to decide if the two displays were identical was almost perfect with four objects , but steadily declined as the number of items in the display increased above four . This determined the capacity to be around four items . Another study set out to test the idea that visual sensory memory consists of coarse - grained and fine - grained memory traces using a mathematical model to quantify each . The study suggested that the dual - trace model of visual memory out performed single - trace models .", "sentences": [ "Iconic memory .", "The mental representation of the visual stimuli are referred to as icons ( fleeting images . )", "Iconic memory was the first sensory store to be investigated with experiments dating back as far as 1740 .", "One of the earliest investigations into this phenomenon was by Ján Andrej Segner , a German physicist and mathematician .", "In his experiment , Segner attached a glowing coal to a cart wheel and rotated the wheel at increasing speed until an unbroken circle of light was perceived by the observer .", "He calculated that the glowing coal needed to make a complete circle in under 100ms to achieve this effect , which he determined was the duration of this visual memory store .", "In 1960 , George Sperling conducted a study where participants were shown a set of letters for a brief amount of time and were asked to recall the letters they were shown afterwards .", "Participants were less likely to recall more letters when asked about the whole group of letters , but recalled more when asked about specific subgroups of the whole .", "These findings suggest that iconic memory in humans has a large capacity , but decays very rapidly .", "In a 2001 experiment , Vogel et al. presented a display of between 3 and 12 objects .", "After 900ms , a second display was presented that was either the same or had one object changed .", "The result was that the participants ability to decide if the two displays were identical was almost perfect with four objects , but steadily declined as the number of items in the display increased above four .", "This determined the capacity to be around four items .", "Another study set out to test the idea that visual sensory memory consists of coarse - grained and fine - grained memory traces using a mathematical model to quantify each .", "The study suggested that the dual - trace model of visual memory out performed single - trace models ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "List of military special forces units", "text": "Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command 1st Special Forces Brigade ( Eagle ) 3rd Special Forces Brigade ( Flying Tiger ) Oversea Deployment Group ( Whole World ) ( Formerly 5th Special Mission Group ' Black Dragon ' ) 7th Special Forces Brigade ( Pegasus ) 9th Special Forces Brigade ( Ghost ) 11th Special Forces Brigade ( Golden Bat ) 13th Special Mission Brigade ' Black Panther ' - reorganized as the `` decapitation unit '' as of 2017 707th Special Mission Battalion ( White Tiger )", "sentences": [ "Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command 1st Special Forces Brigade ( Eagle )", "3rd Special Forces Brigade ( Flying Tiger )", "Oversea Deployment Group ( Whole World ) ( Formerly 5th Special Mission Group ' Black Dragon ' )", "7th Special Forces Brigade ( Pegasus )", "9th", "Special Forces Brigade ( Ghost ) 11th Special Forces Brigade ( Golden Bat ) 13th", "Special Mission Brigade ' Black Panther ' - reorganized as the `` decapitation unit '' as of 2017 707th Special Mission Battalion ( White Tiger )" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Wedding cake", "text": "In some areas , particularly the American South , two cakes are presented at weddings . The more traditional tiered cake is the bride 's cake , and a second flavor choice is called the `` groom 's cake '' . This tradition was brought over from England by early American colonists , who considered the white - iced `` Bride 's Cake '' too light for masculinity . The groom 's cake was usually a dark , liquor - soaked fruitcake , particularly in Virginia . Today groom 's cakes are usually chocolate , although the groom often choose another of his favorite flavors . The groom 's cake is usually decorated or shaped as something significant to him , such as a hobby item , sports team or symbol of his occupation . The movie Steel Magnolias features a red velvet groom 's cake in the shape of a giant armadillo . The groom 's cake is served at the reception as a second flavor choice for the guests , although in some regions it is served at the rehearsal dinner .", "sentences": [ "In some areas , particularly the American South , two cakes are presented at weddings .", "The more traditional tiered cake is the bride 's cake , and a second flavor choice is called the `` groom 's cake '' .", "This tradition was brought over from England by early American colonists , who considered the white - iced `` Bride 's Cake '' too light for masculinity .", "The groom 's cake was usually a dark , liquor - soaked fruitcake , particularly in Virginia .", "Today groom 's cakes are usually chocolate , although the groom often choose another of his favorite flavors .", "The groom 's cake is usually decorated or shaped as something significant to him , such as a hobby item , sports team or symbol of his occupation .", "The movie Steel Magnolias features a red velvet groom 's cake in the shape of a giant armadillo .", "The groom 's cake is served at the reception as a second flavor choice for the guests , although in some regions it is served at the rehearsal dinner ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Van de Graaff generator", "text": "A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate electric charge on a hollow metal globe on the top of an insulated column , creating very high electric potentials . It produces very high voltage direct current ( DC ) electricity at low current levels . It was invented by American physicist Robert J. Van de Graaff during 1929 . The potential difference achieved by modern Van de Graaff generators can be as much as 5 megavolts . A tabletop version can produce on the order of 100,000 volts and can store enough energy to produce a visible spark . Small Van de Graaff machines are produced for entertainment , and for physics education to teach electrostatics ; larger ones are displayed in some science museums .", "sentences": [ "A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate electric charge on a hollow metal globe on the top of an insulated column , creating very high electric potentials .", "It produces very high voltage direct current ( DC ) electricity at low current levels .", "It was invented by American physicist Robert J. Van de Graaff during 1929 .", "The potential difference achieved by modern Van de Graaff generators can be as much as 5 megavolts .", "A tabletop version can produce on the order of 100,000 volts and can store enough energy to produce a visible spark .", "Small Van de Graaff machines are produced for entertainment , and for physics education to teach electrostatics ; larger ones are displayed in some science museums ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Scroll lock", "text": "In conjunction with the alternative DOS keyboard and console drivers FreeKEYB and K3PLUS , Scroll Lock also served as part of a copy & paste facility between applications . Compared to the standard keyboard driver KEYB these drivers offered a number of extensions including an extended keystroke buffer with key stacking facility , macro recorder and a second cursor called CopyCursor , which could be invoked on demand ( by default on pressing Ctrl + Alt + F11 or the middle mouse button ) and freely moved on the screen using the cursor keys or the mouse , even outside the area reachable by the standard cursor in the running application . Once invoked , pressing F11 ( or the left mouse button ) the characters under the CopyCursor could be stuffed , one after another , into the keyboard buffer , from where they would be read by the running application as emulated key ( or Alt Numpad ) input , thereby typically showing up at the location of the standard cursor . The CopyCursor would move to the next screen position after each F11 ( or backwards with each ⇧ Shift + F11 ) . Normal keyboard input was still possible while the CopyCursor was enabled , and the user could switch between the two cursors by toggling the Ctrl + Alt + F11 hotkey again . Pressing Esc or ↵ Enter would exit the CopyCursor , so that , on its next invocation , it would show up at the position of the standard cursor again rather than at its previous location . If the screen contents was scrolled , the position of the CopyCursor would move accordingly until reaching the display limits . With Scroll Lock activated , keypresses would still reach the normal keystroke buffer , while CopyCursor input would be stacked up internally for later use in a second queue , dynamically maintained within the extended keystroke buffer . Thereby , it was possible to `` collect '' selected screen output from different programs and spool out the data much later while within yet another application by toggling Scroll Lock off again . It was also possible to use this as input into the macro recorder for later use as scrap macro . Since this was an integral part of these keyboard drivers , it was fully transparent to running software and therefore worked with virtually any DOS programs , including at the command prompt , temporary shelled programs and task switchers .", "sentences": [ "In conjunction with the alternative DOS keyboard and console drivers FreeKEYB and K3PLUS , Scroll Lock also served as part of a copy & paste facility between applications .", "Compared to the standard keyboard driver KEYB these drivers offered a number of extensions including an extended keystroke buffer with key stacking facility , macro recorder and a second cursor called CopyCursor , which could be invoked on demand ( by default on pressing Ctrl + Alt + F11 or the middle mouse button ) and freely moved on the screen using the cursor keys or the mouse , even outside the area reachable by the standard cursor in the running application .", "Once invoked , pressing F11 ( or the left mouse button ) the characters under the CopyCursor could be stuffed , one after another , into the keyboard buffer , from where they would be read by the running application as emulated key ( or Alt Numpad ) input , thereby typically showing up at the location of the standard cursor .", "The CopyCursor would move to the next screen position after each F11 ( or backwards with each ⇧ Shift + F11 ) .", "Normal keyboard input was still possible while the CopyCursor was enabled , and the user could switch between the two cursors by toggling the Ctrl + Alt + F11 hotkey again .", "Pressing Esc or ↵ Enter would exit the CopyCursor , so that , on its next invocation , it would show up at the position of the standard cursor again rather than at its previous location .", "If the screen contents was scrolled , the position of the CopyCursor would move accordingly until reaching the display limits .", "With Scroll Lock activated , keypresses would still reach the normal keystroke buffer , while CopyCursor input would be stacked up internally for later use in a second queue , dynamically maintained within the extended keystroke buffer .", "Thereby , it was possible to `` collect '' selected screen output from different programs and spool out the data much later while within yet another application by toggling Scroll Lock off again .", "It was also possible to use this as input into the macro recorder for later use as scrap macro .", "Since this was an integral part of these keyboard drivers , it was fully transparent to running software and therefore worked with virtually any DOS programs , including at the command prompt , temporary shelled programs and task switchers ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Octopussy", "text": "Bond and Octopussy return separately to India . Bond arrives at Khan 's palace just as Octopussy and her troops have launched an assault on the grounds . Octopussy attempts to kill Khan , but is captured by Gobinda . While Octopussy 's team , led by Magda , overpower Khan 's guards , Khan and Gobinda abandon the palace , taking Octopussy as a hostage . Bond pursues them as they attempt to escape in their plane , clinging to the fuselage and disabling the tailplanes . In a struggle with Bond , Gobinda takes a deadly plummet off the roof of the plane and Bond rescues Octopussy from Khan , the pair jumping onto a nearby cliff only seconds before the plane crashes into a mountain , killing Khan . While M and General Gogol discuss the transport of the jewelery , Bond recuperates with Octopussy aboard her private boat in India .", "sentences": [ "Bond and Octopussy return separately to India .", "Bond arrives at Khan 's palace just as Octopussy and her troops have launched an assault on the grounds .", "Octopussy attempts to kill Khan , but is captured by Gobinda .", "While Octopussy 's team , led by Magda , overpower Khan 's guards , Khan and Gobinda abandon the palace , taking Octopussy as a hostage .", "Bond pursues them as they attempt to escape in their plane , clinging to the fuselage and disabling the tailplanes .", "In a struggle with Bond , Gobinda takes a deadly plummet off the roof of the plane and Bond rescues Octopussy from Khan , the pair jumping onto a nearby cliff only seconds before the plane crashes into a mountain , killing Khan .", "While M and General Gogol discuss the transport of the jewelery , Bond recuperates with Octopussy aboard her private boat in India ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Stanley Kubrick's unrealized projects", "text": "In 2016 , long - time assistant of Kubrick 's , Emilio D'Alessandro addressed that prior to his death , Kubrick was considering making a movie of Pinocchio . D'Alessandro said that Kubrick sent him to buy Italian books about Pinocchio . `` He wanted to make it in his own because so many Pinocchios have been made . He wanted to do something really big ... He said ; ' It would ( be ) very nice if I could make children laugh and feel happy making this Pinocchio . ' '' ( Kubrick eventually used the project based on Brian Aldiss short story as his `` Pinocchio film . '' ) D'Alessandro also stated that Kubrick 's life - long fascination in World War II led to an interest in The Battle of Monte Cassino . D'Alessandro said , `` Stanley said that would be an interesting film to make . He asked me to get hold of things ... like newspaper cuttings and find out the distance from the airport , train stations . He had a friend who actually bombarded Monte Cassino during the war ... It is horrible to remember those days . Everything was completely destroyed . ''", "sentences": [ "In 2016 , long - time assistant of Kubrick 's , Emilio D'Alessandro addressed that prior to his death , Kubrick was considering making a movie of Pinocchio .", "D'Alessandro said that Kubrick sent him to buy Italian books about Pinocchio .", "`` He wanted to make it in his own because so many Pinocchios have been made .", "He wanted to do something really big ...", "He said ; ' It would ( be ) very nice if I could make children laugh and feel happy making this Pinocchio . ' ''", "( Kubrick eventually used the project based on Brian Aldiss short story as his `` Pinocchio film . '' )", "D'Alessandro also stated that Kubrick 's life - long fascination in World War II led to an interest in The Battle of Monte Cassino .", "D'Alessandro said , `` Stanley said that would be an interesting film to make .", "He asked me to get hold of things ... like newspaper cuttings and find out the distance from the airport , train stations .", "He had a friend who actually bombarded Monte Cassino during the war ...", "It is horrible to remember those days .", "Everything was completely destroyed . ''" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "List of The Next Step characters", "text": "Noah ( portrayed by Myles Erlick ) A contemporary dancer who was in J - Troupe in season two with Richelle but moved up to A-Troupe in season three with Richelle ( until she lost to Max in the battle . ) He was in a band with James in season two . In season three , he develops a crush on Elite dancer Abi , and when she transfers to The Next Step , he starts to talk to her more , but is unable to explain his feelings , or even talk to her properly . However at the surprise party of Amanda coming back to The Next Step , he gets to know Abi more and they kiss whilst dancing together . In Season 4 , he makes it onto A-Troupe again . However , he has a severe back injury which meant that The Next Step lost the first qualifier for Regionals . He dates Amanda during this season , however , during the Off Season , they break up . In Season 5 , he falls in love with Jacquie after meeting her at a dance workshop led by Daniel . However , Jacquie is Henry 's ex-girlfriend and Henry is Noah 's best friend . After realising Michelle 's troupe is the better of the two , Noah decides to leave TNS East and join TNS West .", "sentences": [ "Noah ( portrayed by Myles Erlick )", "A contemporary dancer who was in J - Troupe in season two with Richelle but moved up to A-Troupe in season three with Richelle ( until she lost to Max in the battle . )", "He was in a band with James in season two .", "In season three , he develops a crush on Elite dancer Abi , and when she transfers to The Next Step , he starts to talk to her more , but is unable to explain his feelings , or even talk to her properly .", "However at the surprise party of Amanda coming back to The Next Step , he gets to know Abi more and they kiss whilst dancing together .", "In Season 4 , he makes it onto A-Troupe again .", "However , he has a severe back injury which meant that The Next Step lost the first qualifier for Regionals .", "He dates Amanda during this season , however , during the Off Season , they break up .", "In Season 5 , he falls in love with Jacquie after meeting her at a dance workshop led by Daniel .", "However , Jacquie is Henry 's ex-girlfriend and Henry is Noah 's best friend .", "After realising Michelle 's troupe is the better of the two , Noah decides to leave TNS East and join TNS West ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)", "text": "In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics .", "sentences": [ "In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio .", "Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale .", "Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' .", "Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in .", "Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge .", "As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Blood plasma", "text": "In contrast to whole blood donation , plasma donation may be done much more often ( 2 times per week in some jurisdictions , compared to once per 8 weeks for whole blood donation ) , because the whole blood cells are returned to the body during the donation process . Most plasma is naturally replaced by the body within 48 hours . There are medical for - profit companies which financially compensate individuals who give their plasma ( $10 -- $100 per week for 3 -- 7 hours of time , normally ) . It is usually defined as a compensation for time and trouble . Plasma purchased in this way can not be transfused as the FDA requires transfusions to come from volunteer donors . Plasma that is purchased can only be used for research and manufacturing purposes .", "sentences": [ "In contrast to whole blood donation , plasma donation may be done much more often ( 2 times per week in some jurisdictions , compared to once per 8 weeks for whole blood donation ) , because the whole blood cells are returned to the body during the donation process .", "Most plasma is naturally replaced by the body within 48 hours .", "There are medical for - profit companies which financially compensate individuals who give their plasma ( $10 -- $100 per week for 3 -- 7 hours of time , normally ) .", "It is usually defined as a compensation for time and trouble .", "Plasma purchased in this way can not be transfused as the FDA requires transfusions to come from volunteer donors .", "Plasma that is purchased can only be used for research and manufacturing purposes ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "War of 1812", "text": "The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy , although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1,344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize .", "sentences": [ "The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy .", "They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore .", "American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy , although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 .", "The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1,344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British .", "However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers .", "Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America .", "Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Horses in warfare", "text": "During the European Middle Ages , there were three primary types of war horses : The destrier , the courser , and the rouncey , which differed in size and usage . A generic word used to describe medieval war horses was charger , which appears interchangeable with the other terms . The medieval war horse was of moderate size , rarely exceeding 15.2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) . Heavy horses were logistically difficult to maintain and less adaptable to varied terrains . The destrier of the early Middle Ages was moderately larger than the courser or rouncey , in part to accommodate heavier armoured knights . However , destriers were not as large as draught horses , averaging between 14.2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) and 15 hands ( 60 inches , 152 cm ) . On the European continent , the need to carry more armour against mounted enemies such as the Lombards and Frisians led to the Franks developing heavier , bigger horses . As the amount of armour and equipment increased in the later Middle Ages , the height of the horses increased ; some late medieval horse skeletons were of horses over 15 hands .", "sentences": [ "During the European Middle Ages , there were three primary types of war horses : The destrier , the courser , and the rouncey , which differed in size and usage .", "A generic word used to describe medieval war horses was charger , which appears interchangeable with the other terms .", "The medieval war horse was of moderate size , rarely exceeding 15.2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) .", "Heavy horses were logistically difficult to maintain and less adaptable to varied terrains .", "The destrier of the early Middle Ages was moderately larger than the courser or rouncey , in part to accommodate heavier armoured knights .", "However , destriers were not as large as draught horses , averaging between 14.2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) and 15 hands ( 60 inches , 152 cm ) .", "On the European continent , the need to carry more armour against mounted enemies such as the Lombards and Frisians led to the Franks developing heavier , bigger horses .", "As the amount of armour and equipment increased in the later Middle Ages , the height of the horses increased ; some late medieval horse skeletons were of horses over 15 hands ." ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]

[ { "title": "Let It Be (song)", "text": "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 39 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 96 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "sentences": [ "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 )", "Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 )", "Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 )", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20", "Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 39 Chart ( 2013 )", "Peak position France ( SNEP ) 96 Chart ( 2016 )", "Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 )", "Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI )", "Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone" ] } ]

[ { "answer": "", "selected_sentences": [], "meta": { "annotator": [], "has_minimal_answer": false, "non_consecutive": false, "round": 0, "skip": false } } ]