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phospholipid | Biology | 1 | A type of lipid molecule that forms the structural foundation of cell membranes. |
krebs cycle | Biology | 1 | A series of chemical reactions that generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and high-energy electron carriers. |
gene expression regulation | Biology | 1 | The mechanisms that control the timing, location, and amount of gene expression in a cell. |
phytoplankton | Biology | 1 | Microscopic plants that float in water and form the base of the aquatic food chain. |
zooplankton | Biology | 1 | Microscopic animals that feed on phytoplankton and are a key part of marine food webs. |
coral reef | Biology | 1 | A diverse underwater ecosystem formed by colonies of corals, which provide habitat for many marine species. |
marine mammal | Biology | 1 | A group of mammals that have adapted to life in the ocean, such as whales, dolphins, and seals. |
benthic zone | Biology | 1 | The lowest ecological zone in a body of water, including the seafloor and organisms living there. |
ocean currents | Biology | 1 | Large-scale movements of water within the world's oceans, driven by factors like wind, temperature, and the Earth's rotation. |
estuary | Biology | 1 | A coastal area where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. |
upwelling | Biology | 1 | The rising of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep ocean layers to the surface, often supporting high productivity of marine life. |
salinity | Biology | 1 | The concentration of dissolved salts in water, which influences the types of organisms that can live in a given environment. |
marine food chain | Biology | 1 | A series of organisms, starting with producers like phytoplankton, that transfer energy through consumption. |
amino acid | Biology | 1 | The building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain. |
b cell | Biology | 1 | A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infections. |
t cell | Biology | 1 | A type of white blood cell involved in cellular immunity, recognizing and responding to infected cells. |
immune response | Biology | 1 | The body's defense mechanism against harmful invaders, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. |
vaccination | Biology | 1 | The process of administering a vaccine to stimulate an immune response and provide immunity against disease. |
inflammation | Biology | 1 | A localized immune response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain. |
phagocytosis | Biology | 1 | The process by which certain cells, such as macrophages, engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens. |
monoclonal antibodies | Biology | 1 | Antibodies that are identical and produced from a single clone of cells, used for therapeutic purposes. |
immunoglobulin | Biology | 1 | Another term for antibody, a protein produced by the immune system to neutralize foreign invaders. |
commensalism | Biology | 1 | A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. |
mutualism | Biology | 1 | A type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit from the relationship. |
parasitism | Biology | 1 | A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another, often causing harm. |
probiotics | Biology | 1 | Live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, provide health benefits to the host. |
bioreactor | Biology | 1 | A vessel or container in which biological reactions take place, often used for fermentation or cell culture. |
gene cloning | Biology | 1 | The process of creating identical copies of a specific gene, often for research or therapeutic purposes. |
biopharmaceuticals | Biology | 1 | Pharmaceutical products derived from biological sources, such as proteins, vaccines, or gene therapies. |
enzyme engineering | Biology | 1 | The modification or design of enzymes to enhance their properties or create new ones for industrial applications. |
biomarker | Biology | 1 | A biological molecule found in blood, tissues, or other body fluids that can indicate a disease or condition. |
transgenic organisms | Biology | 1 | Organisms whose genetic material has been altered by the insertion of foreign DNA. |
dna replication | Biology | 1 | The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division. |
telomere | Biology | 1 | The protective cap at the end of chromosomes that prevents degradation and fusion with other chromosomes. |
rna interference | Biology | 1 | A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. |
rnai | Biology | 1 | The process when a double-stranded RNA molecule prevents a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule from being translated into a protein. Also called RNA silencing or RNA inactivation. |
chaperone protein | Biology | 1 | A protein that assists in the folding or unfolding of other proteins. |
intron | Biology | 1 | A non-coding region of a gene that is removed during RNA splicing. |
actin | Biology | 1 | A type of protein that makes up the thick filaments in a myofibril. |
activator | Biology | 1 | A molecule that increases the activity of a protein that increases the production of a gene product in DNA transcription. |
adult stem cell | Biology | 1 | A stem cell in adult tissue, normally found in the brain, liver and bone marrow. |
aerobic capacity | Biology | 1 | Ability to use oxygen to provide energy. |
aerobic respiration | Biology | 1 | The process through which cells obtain energy; the reactions require oxygen. |
albumen | Biology | 1 | Egg white, the clear liquid inside an egg. |
algae | Biology | 1 | A large, diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Algae have no stems or leaves and grow in water or on damp surfaces. |
algal bloom | Biology | 1 | A rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in an aquatic system. |
allele | Biology | 1 | An alternative form of the same gene that occupies the same location on a chromosome. |
allele frequency | Biology | 1 | The percentage of a particular allele in a population. |
alpine habitats | Biology | 1 | High in the mountains, beyond where trees grow. |
alternation of generations | Biology | 1 | A life cycle in which there are two stages – typically a spore-producing sporophyte generation and a gamete-producing gametophyte generation. |
ammonite | Biology | 1 | An extinct marine mollusc with a coiled shell, related to squid, which became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago. |
amniotic fluid | Biology | 1 | Liquid that surrounds a developing foetus. |
amoeba | Biology | 1 | A primitive singled-celled animal. |
amphibian | Biology | 1 | A class of animals that includes frogs, toads, salamanders and newts. |
amphipod | Biology | 1 | A type of very small crustacean with no carapace and generally with a laterally compressed body. |
anaerobic bacteria | Biology | 1 | Bacteria which grow in the absence of oxygen. |
anaerobic respiration | Biology | 1 | Oxygen is absent. |
anatomy | Biology | 1 | Structure of biological tissue. |
angiogenesis | Biology | 1 | The growth of new blood vessels. |
angiosperm | Biology | 1 | A flowering plant whose seeds are enclosed within an ovary (for example, an apple or a rose). |
anther | Biology | 1 | Contains the pollen sacs of a plant and is the region where pollen is produced. |
antheridia | Biology | 1 | (Singular: antheridium) Multicellular structures in plants where male gametes form. |
antibiosis | Biology | 1 | An association between organisms that is injurious or harmful to one of them. |
apoptosis | Biology | 1 | A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area. |
aposematic colouration | Biology | 1 | The recognisable markings of an animal that serve to warn off potential predators. |
aquatic | Biology | 1 | Growing or living in or near water (either freshwater or marine). |
aragonite | Biology | 1 | A mineral form of crystalline calcium carbonate similar to calcite. It is found in the shells of marine invertebrates such as pāua and in living coral reefs. |
archaea | Biology | 1 | Single-celled microorganisms that often live in extreme environments. They look like bacteria but biochemically and genetically are very unlike bacteria. |
archegonia | Biology | 1 | (Singular: archegonium) Multicellular structures in plants where female gametes form. |
arsenic | Biology | 1 | A naturally occurring element that is highly toxic to most organisms. |
arteries | Biology | 1 | Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart. |
arthropod | Biology | 1 | Phylum containing many animal species including spiders, crabs and all insects. This Greek word means jointed foot or leg, a characteristic feature of all insects, along with segmented bodies and hard exoskeleton. |
asexual | Biology | 1 | Reproduction without cell division. |
asexual propagation | Biology | 1 | Reproduction without combining gametes and can result in the production of many plants that are genetically identical. |
astrobiologist | Biology | 1 | A scientist who considers what life on other worlds might be like and looks for environments that could support life on planets, other than Earth, in and beyond the Solar System. |
atrophy | Biology | 1 | Wasting away of a tissue or organ. |
autosome | Biology | 1 | Any chromosome that is not directly involved in determining the sex of the organism. For example humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females, XY in males). |
axon | Biology | 1 | A long extensionfrom a neuron that transmits signals to other cells. |
b cells | Biology | 1 | The cells of the immune system that make antibodies against invading pathogens. |
backcrossing | Biology | 1 | A breeding method for introgressing a desirable trait into an elite breeding population. In traditionalbackcrossing, successive generations of apples with the trait of interest are crossed with the same high-quality parent. In modifiedbackcrossing, a different high-quality parent is used at each generation. |
bacterial artificial chromosome | Biology | 1 | A bacterial vector for cloning DNA. BACs can accommodatelonger stretches of DNA than plasmid vectors. |
bacs | Biology | 1 | A bacterial vector for cloning DNA. BACs can accommodatelonger stretches of DNA than plasmid vectors. |
bacteriology | Biology | 1 | The study of bacteria. |
phage | Biology | 1 | A virus that infects bacteria. |
bacteriovore | Biology | 1 | A free-living microscopic organism that ingests bacteria either as a food source or as a source of energy. |
bacteroidetes | Biology | 1 | A phylum of bacteria. A large percentage of the species of bacteria found in the large intestine belong to this phylum. |
basal cells | Biology | 1 | Small, round cells found in the lower part – the base– of the epidermis. |
base | Biology | 1 | In genetics: DNA is made up of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). In RNA, thebaseuracil (U) replaces thymine. In chemistry: A molecule that takes up or accepts protons. A compound that reacts with an acid to form a salt. |
bathymetry | Biology | 1 | The study and measurement of the underwater depth of freshwater or ocean floors. A bathymetric map is an underwater equivalent of an above-water topographic map. |
bcg vaccine | Biology | 1 | Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine against tuberculosis. It is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (weakened) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially cultured for years in an artificial medium. |
benthic | Biology | 1 | Bottom-dwelling; describing the flora and fauna found on the bottom of a sea or lake. |
bentonite | Biology | 1 | A type of clay that is rich in the mineral montmorillonite, generally formed from the weathering of volcanic ash. |
biconvex | Biology | 1 | A lens in which both surfaces curve outwards. |
bio-derive | Biology | 1 | A material that is obtained from living or once-living organisms. |
bioaccumulation | Biology | 1 | This is the accumulation of substances such as heavy metals, pesticides or other toxic chemicals in an organism. These substances can accumulate through the food web. |
bioactive | Biology | 1 | A compound that has an effect on living organisms, tissues or cells. |
bioassay | Biology | 1 | A method used to determine the concentration or properties of a substance in a living cell or organism. |
bioavailability | Biology | 1 | The amount of a chemical that is able to be absorbed by a living organism. |
biocatalyst | Biology | 1 | Biocatalystssuch as enzymes are proteins that make chemical reactions happen a lot faster than is possible spontaneously in living organisms. |
bioceramic | Biology | 1 | One group of advanced ceramics often used to replace hard material in the body like bone. |
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