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The institution frequently changed its name during the 19th century.
At various times it was known as Castleton Academy, Castleton Academy and Female Seminary, Vermont Classical High School, and Castleton Seminary.
In 1823, instruction in "the solid branches of female education" began for "young Ladies and Misses".
By the time of the Civil War, the majority of the students attending Castleton were young women.
In 1829, a three-story brick building costing US$30,000 was constructed on a small hill south of the village.
Principal Solomon Foot (1826–1829), who would go on to be President "pro tempore" of the U.S. Senate during the Civil War, was the driving force in this expansion of the school.
The Seminary Building (eventually known as the Old Seminary Building) was the most impressive structure in the village, but expensive to maintain and often too large for the school's struggling enrollment.
Castleton Medical College (1818–1862) was also located in the village.
It graduated 1400 students, more than any other medical school in New England at the time.
Although Castleton Medical College and Castleton Seminary were separate institutions, they often shared faculty.
Today the former medical college building, known as the Old Chapel, is the oldest building on the campus.
The first female principal was Harriet Newell Haskell (1862–1867).
She had attended the Seminary as a child, took classes at Middlebury College without being permitted to matriculate, and then attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which was not yet a college but offered a college-level curriculum for women.
Although Haskell was in her 20s when she served as principal, the school flourished under her administration.
With her departure to be principal of Monticello Ladies Seminary in Godfrey, Illinois, Castleton Seminary went into decline.
The school began its transition to a college in 1867, when the State Normal School at Castleton was founded as one of three state normal schools chartered by Vermont.
Normal schools educated students for teaching careers.
For 30 years the Normal School property and grounds were privately owned by Abel E. Leavenworth and his son Philip.
In 1912, the State of Vermont purchased the property.
In the 1920s and 1930s, under the direction of Caroline Woodruff, the College experienced dramatic growth in students and its stature.
Woodruff modernized the school's curriculum, incorporating the theories of Vermont educator-philosopher John Dewey, especially his precepts of "learning by doing" and "learning by teaching".
She hired staff with advanced degrees, and broadened her students' exposure to the world by bringing people such as Helen Keller, Robert Frost, and Norman Rockwell to Castleton.
Woodruff was the first and only Vermonter to become president of the National Education Association.
In 1947, the Normal School became Castleton Teachers College.
With increased enrollment from men, intercollegiate athletics began in the 1950s.
In 1962, the institution became Castleton State College when it joined other state-supported colleges in becoming a part of the Vermont State Colleges, a consortium of colleges governed by a common board of trustees, chancellor, and Council of Presidents, each college having its own president and deans.
In 1979, the Board of Trustees proposed a name change to Southern Vermont State College.
The proposal was never acted on.
On July 23, 2015, the Vermont State Colleges Board of Trustees voted unanimously to change the name of the institution to Castleton University.
Nearby Rutland plays host to the Castleton Polling Institute, as well as a professional development center for educators and entrepreneurs.
In September 2016, the university opened Foley Hall, a two-floor residence, in collaboration with Green Mountain Power and Efficiency Vermont that provides housing for students.
In 2012, Castleton began the Castleton Polling Institute with an initial investment of $100,000.
The first poll was conducted from February 11 to February 22, 2012 and polled Vermont voters about the 2012 Presidential Primaries.
Since the first poll, the Polling Institute has conducted over 30 public opinion and public policy polls for state agencies, non-profits, and media organizations.
The Institute's founding director, Rich Clark, is a professor of political science and had been working in academia and polling for 15 years before coming to Castleton in 2011 from the University of Georgia.
The Castleton State Spartans compete in 20 NCAA Division III Varsity sports in the Little East Conference and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC).
Castleton was also the 1963 NAIA Division III Men's soccer National Champions.
From 1983-1986, Stan Van Gundy (later head coach of the Orlando Magic and the Detroit Pistons) coached Men's Basketball at Castleton.
Castleton started a football team for the 2009 season as a member of the newly formed Eastern Collegiate Football Conference.
Castleton's men's soccer team were declared 1963 NAIA co-champions (along with Earlham College of Indiana) after the championship and consolation games at Frostburg State University, Maryland were cancelled due to snow.
The men's and women's Castleton Spartans hockey teams compete at the Spartan Arena in the Diamond Run Mall in Rutland.
The Castleton Spartans football team represents the school in NCAA Division III college football.
The team has been coached by Tony Volpone since 2014.
Volpone replaced Marc Klatt, who resigned in December 2013.
It has been part of the Eastern Collegiate Football Conference since its inaugural season in 2009.
Progressive Canadian Party
The Progressive Canadian Party (PC Party) () was a minor centre-right federal political party in Canada.
It was registered with Elections Canada, the government's election agency, on March 29, 2004.
Under provisions of the Canada Elections Act that took effect on May 14, 2004, parties were only required to nominate one candidate in order to qualify for official party status in the June 28, 2004 federal election.
This meant that Progressive Canadian Party candidates were listed on the ballot alongside the party's name, rather than being designated as independents.
The party will be deregistered by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on November 30, 2019 for failing to comply with Canada Elections Act requirements set out in subsection 415(1).
Following the dissolution of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and its merger with the Canadian Alliance into the new Conservative Party of Canada, the Progressive Canadian Party was formed by "Red Tories" who opposed the merger.
One of the organizers, Joe Hueglin, is a former Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) from Niagara Falls, Ontario.
In announcing the new party, Hueglin stated that the party had about a dozen potential candidates and a mailing list of 330 names.
The party nominated 16 candidates for the 2004 general election, mostly in southern Ontario and Nova Scotia.
The party held a national convention in 2005 to select a leader and to develop policies.
It has also established the "Macdonald-Cartier PC Fund" to raise money for the party, under the direction of the Hon.
Sinclair Stevens, who was a cabinet minister in the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney before he was forced to resign on allegations of conflict of interest, for which he was subsequently cleared.
On November 17, 2005, the Federal Court of Appeal rejected Stevens' lawsuit to force Chief Electoral Officer Jean-Pierre Kingsley to rescind recognition of the merger of the Progressive Conservative Party with the Canadian Alliance.
The court did rule, however, that Kingsley erred in not waiting 30 days to register the merger.
Stevens appealed the ruling to the Supreme Court of Canada, but that court announced on April 27, 2006, that it would not hear the appeal by Sinclair Stevens.
The court gave no reason for its decision.
Founding party leader Ernie Schreiber resigned in 2005 because of a heart condition.
The party appointed Tracy Parsons as his successor.
The party nominated 25 candidates for the 2006 federal election.
Former Progressive Conservative cabinet minister and leadership candidate Heward Grafftey stood as a candidate for the party during that election.
"(See also: Progressive Canadian Party candidates, 2006 Canadian federal election.)"
In the 2015 election, the party ran eight candidates, none of whom were elected with five getting the fewest votes in their riding.
The new PC Party aims to be the successor to the former Progressive Conservative Party.
A few prominent figures are associated with this new party (Stevens and Heward Grafftey).
David Orchard, a fervent opponent of the merger of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and the Canadian Alliance, made no official statement about the new party.
During the 2006 election, Orchard endorsed and later joined the Liberal Party.
The party adopted the last policy platform of the Progressive Conservative party, but has begun to create new policies for Canada to meet new situations and challenges.
These platforms include (but are not limited to), support of the Canadian Wheat Board, support for small business, belief in a single tier health-care system, the promise of eliminating student debt, and a foreign policy that emphasizes Canada's dual role of peace-keepers and diplomats.
The new party's official logo and initials are an homage to the Progressive Conservative Party, from where the party claims to draw its history, policy, and constitution.
According to the party's website, the Progressive Canadian Party has "seven pillars for bringing prosperity to Canada".
These seven pillars are:
Esrange
Esrange Space Center (short form Esrange) is a rocket range and research centre located about 40 kilometers east of the town of Kiruna in northern Sweden.
It is a base for scientific research with high-altitude balloons, investigation of the aurora borealis, sounding rocket launches, and satellite tracking, among other things.
Located 200 km north of the Arctic Circle and surrounded by a vast wilderness, its geographic location is ideal for many of these purposes.
Esrange was built in 1964 by ESRO, the "European Space Research Organisation", which later became European Space Agency by merging with ELDO, the European Launcher Development Organisation.
The first rocket launch from Esrange occurred on 19 November 1966.
In 1972, ownership was transferred to the newly started Swedish Space Corporation.
In the 1960s Esrange was established as an ESRO sounding rocket launching range located in Kiruna (Sweden).
This location was chosen because it was generally agreed that it was important to carry out a sounding rocket programme in the auroral zone, and for this reason it was essential that ESRO equip itself with a suitable range in the northern latitudes.
Access to Kiruna was good by air, road and rail, and the launching range was relatively close to the town of Kiruna.
Finally and perhaps decisively, Esrange could be located near Kiruna Geophysical Observatory (subsequently renamed to Swedish Institute of Space Physics).
In 1972 ownership and operations of the range was transferred to the Swedish Space Corporation.
The name of the facility was originally ESRANGE, which was an abbreviation for ESRO Sounding Rocket Launching Range.
When Swedish Space Corporation took over the range, its name became Esrange (with capital 'E' only).
Esrange Space Center is the name that is currently used for the facility.
There had been Swedish rocket activities previously, mainly at Kronogård (18 launches in the period 1961–1964).
However, the rocket activity in Sweden did not gain thrust until after ESRO established Esrange in 1964.
During the period 1966–1972 ESRO launched more than 150 rockets from Esrange.
Most of these were Centaure, Nike Apache, and Skua rockets reaching 100–220 km altitude.
They supported many branches of European research, but the emphasis was on atmospheric and ionospheric research.
In 1972 the management of Esrange was transferred to the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC).
Gradually the smaller rockets were complemented by larger rockets reaching higher altitudes, achieving weightlessness for a few minutes when the rocket is above the parts of the atmosphere giving an appreciable friction.
Three main programmes, Texus, Maser, and Maxus currently dominate the rocket activities at Esrange and support microgravity research for ESA and DLR: