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The MFA in Music program at Bennington allows students to do advanced work in composition or voice, working closely with Bennington's music faculty to design an individualized and largely self-directed program.
Like the MFA in Dance, the program lasts four semesters.
The groundbreaking ceremony for Bennington College took place on August 16, 1931, and construction of the original Bennington College campus was completed by 1936.
The Boston architectural firm, J.W.
Ames and E.S.
Dodge designed Commons, the 12 original student houses, as well as the reconfiguration of the Barn from a working farm building into classrooms and administrative offices.
The original student houses were named for the people integral to the founding of the College.
The campus was built by more than 100 local craftsmen, many of whom had been out of work since the stock market crash of 1929.
The campus stretches 440 acres with main campus centered on 10 acres.
There are 300 wooded acres, 15 acres of wetland, and 5 acres of tilled farmland.
94% of students live on campus.
There are 21 student houses and all dorms are co-educational.
Each dorm hosts a weekly "Coffee Hour" on Sunday evenings where students discuss campus and house issues together.
There are also 15 staff/faculty houses.
Bennington College has a total undergraduate enrollment of 668, with a gender distribution of 32.9 percent male students and 67.1 percent female students.
94.0 percent of the students live in college-owned, -operated, or -affiliated housing and 6.0 percent of students live off campus.
Bennington has annual events.
"The Silo" is a student-run and produced journal of arts and letters at Bennington College.
It has been published since 1943.
"The Bennington Free Press" is the student-run and produced newspaper of Bennington College.
It has been published since 2003.
"Footnotes" is an academic journal created by the Student Educational Policies Committee, beginning in Spring 2016.
Drama
Literature
Music
Visual arts
Dance
Medicine
Other
Faculty has included Wharton and James biographer R. W. B. Lewis, essayist Edward Hoagland, literary critics Camille Paglia and Stanley Hyman (whose wife Shirley Jackson referenced Bennington College in her writing, particularly "Hangsaman"), rhetorician Kenneth Burke, former United Artists' senior vice-president Steven Bach, novelists Arturo Vivante, Bernard Malamud and John Gardner, trumpeter/composer Bill Dixon, composers Allen Shawn, Henry Brant, and Vivian Fine, painters Kenneth Noland, Mary Lum and Jules Olitski, politicians Mansour Farhang and Mac Maharaj, poets Léonie Adams and Howard Nemerov, sculptor Anthony Caro, dancer/choreographer Martha Graham, drummer Milford Graves, author William Butler (author of "The Butterfly Revolution"), economist Karl Polanyi and a number of Pulitzer Prize-winning and acclaimed poets including W. H. Auden, Stanley Kunitz, Mary Oliver, Theodore Roethke, Donald Hall, and Anne Waldman, and educator Joseph S. Murphy, the future Chancellor of the City University of New York.
In 2017, Bennington College acquired the Robert Frost Stone House Museum through a gift from the Friends of Robert Frost.
Robert Frost lived in the colonial era home in Shaftsbury, VT from 1920 to 1929, during which time he wrote many of his well known works including the poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening."
Frost was involved in the founding of Bennington during the 1930s, suggesting the use of narrative evaluations which became a core aspect of the college's academic process.
After acquiring the museum, the college intends to create educational opportunities for students with relevant areas of study to engage with the museum's resources.
TOPS-10
TOPS-10 System (Timesharing / Total Operating System-10) is a discontinued operating system from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for the PDP-10 (or DECsystem-10) mainframe computer family.
Launched in 1967, TOPS-10 evolved from the earlier "Monitor" software for the PDP-6 and PDP-10 computers; this was renamed to TOPS-10 in 1970.
TOPS-10 supported shared memory and allowed the development of one of the first true multiplayer computer games.
The game, called DECWAR, was a text-oriented "Star Trek" type game.
Users at terminals typed in commands and fought each other in real time.
TOPS-10 was also the home of the original Multi User Dungeon, MUD, the fore runner to today's MMORPGs.
Another groundbreaking application was called "FORUM".
This application was perhaps the first so-called "CB Simulator" that allowed users to converse with one another in what is now known as a chat room.
This application showed the potential of multi-user communication and led to the development of CompuServe's chat application.
TOPS-10 had a very robust application programming interface (API) that used a mechanism called a UUO or "Unimplemented User Operation".
UUOs implemented operating system calls in a way that made them look like machine instructions.
The Monitor Call API was very much ahead of its time, like most of the operating system, and made system programming on DECsystem-10s simple and powerful.
The TOPS-10 scheduler supported prioritized run queues, and appended a process onto a queue depending on its priority.
The system also included User file and Device independence.
The following list of commands are supported by TOPS-10.
The PDP-6 Monitor software was first released in 1964.
Support for the PDP-10's KA10 processor was added to the Monitor in release 2.18 in 1967.
The TOPS-10 name was first used in 1970 for release 5.01.
Release 6.01 (May 1974) was the first TOPS-10 to implement virtual memory (demand paging), enabling programs larger than physical memory to be run.
From release 7.00 onwards, symmetrical multiprocessing was available (as opposed to the master/slave arrangement used before).
The final release of TOPS-10 was 7.04 in 1988.
Hobbyists are now entitled to set up and use TOPS-10 under a Hobbyist's License.
The easiest way for the hobbyist to run TOPS-10 is to acquire a suitable emulator and an operating system image.
TOPS-10 may also be generated from archived original distribution "tapes".
Paul Allen maintained several publicly accessible historic computer systems, including a DECsystem-2065 running TOPS-10.
Request an account from and try running TOPS-10 on the original equipment.
The TOPS-10 assembler, MACRO-10, was bundled with the TOPS-10 distribution.
The following programming languages were implemented on TOPS-10 as layered products:
The following programming languages were implemented on TOPS-10 as contributions from DECUS members:
The following major user utilities were implemented on TOPS-10:
MS-DOS was heavily influenced by TOPS-10.
Identical elements include three character long file extensions, several standard extensions (for eg.
EXE, TXT), the asterisk (*) as a wildcard, the usage of the slash character as a switch separator and more.
Chemical specificity
Chemical specificity is the ability of a protein's binding site to bind specific ligands.
The fewer ligands a protein can bind, the greater its specificity.
Specificity describes the strength of binding between a given protein and ligand.
This relationship can be described by a dissociation constant, which characterizes the balance between bound and unbound states for the protein-ligand system.
In the context of a single enzyme and a pair of binding molecules, the two ligands can be compared as stronger or weaker ligands (for the enzyme) on the basis of their dissociation constants.
(A lower value corresponds to a stronger binding.)
Specificity for a set of ligands is unrelated to the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a given reaction, with the ligand as a substrate
If a given enzyme has a high chemical specificity, this means that the set of ligands to which it binds is limited, such that neither binding events nor catalysis can occur at an appreciable rate with additional molecules.
An example of a protein-ligand pair whose binding activity can be described as highly specific is the antibody-antigen system.
Conversely, an example of a protein-ligand system that can bind substrates and catalyze multiple reactions effectively is the Cytochrome P450 system, which can be considered a promiscuous enzyme due to its broad specificity for multiple ligands.
The interactions between the protein and ligand substantially affect the specificity between the two entities.
Electrostatic interactions and Hydrophobic interactions are known to be the most influential in regards to where specificity between two molecules is derived from.
The strength of these interactions between the protein and ligand positively correlate with their specificity for one another.
Enzyme specificity refers to the interactions between any particular enzyme and its corresponding substrate.
In addition to the specificity in binding its substrates, correct proximity and orientation as well as binding thee transition state provide an additional layer of enzyme specificity.
Enzymes vary in the specificity of the substrates that they bind to, in order to carry out specific physiological functions.
Some enzymes may need to be less specific and therefore may bind to numerous substrates to catalyze a reaction.
On the other hand, certain physiological functions require extreme specificity of the enzyme for a single specific substrate in order for a proper reaction and physiological phenotype to occur.
The different types of categorizations differ based on their specificity for substrates.
Most generally, they are divided into four groups: absolute, group, linkage, and stereochemical specificity.
Absolute specificity can be thought of as being exclusive, in which an enzyme acts upon one specific substrate.
Absolute specific enzymes will only catalyze one reaction with its specific substrate.
For example, lactase is an enzyme specific for the degradation of lactose into two sugar monosaccharides, glucose and galactose.
Another example is Glucokinase, which is an enzyme involved in the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
It is primarily active in the liver and is the main isozyme of Hexokinase.
Its absolute specificity refers to glucose being the only hexose that is able to be its substrate, as opposed to hexokinase, which accommodates many hexoses as its substrate.
Group specificity occurs when an enzyme will only react with molecules that have specific functional groups, such as aromatic structures, phosphate groups, and methyls.
One example is Pepsin, an enzyme that is crucial in digestion of foods ingested in our diet, that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in between hydrophobic amino acids, with recognition for aromatic side chains such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine.
Another example is hexokinase, an enzyme involved in glycolysis that phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate.
This enzyme exhibits group specificity by allowing multiple hexoses (6 carbon sugars) as its substrate.
Glucose is one of the most important substrates in metabolic pathways involving hexokinase due to its role in glycolysis, but is not the only substrate that hexokinase can catalyze a reaction with.