princeton-nlp/datasets-for-simcse · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 1 2.56k
A renal corpuscle is also known as a "Malpighian corpuscle", named after Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), an Italian physician and biologist.
This name is no longer widely used, probably to avoid confusion with a Malpighian corpuscle in the spleen.
2004 in France
Events from the year 2004 in France.
Karl Fischer titration
Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method in chemical analysis that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample.
It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer.
Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator.
The main compartment of the titration cell contains the anode solution plus the analyte.
The anode solution consists of an alcohol (ROH), a base (B), SO and I.
A typical alcohol that may be used is ethanol or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and a common base is imidazole.
The titration cell also consists of a smaller compartment with a cathode immersed in the anode solution of the main compartment.
The two compartments are separated by an ion-permeable membrane.
The Pt anode generates I when current is provided through the electric circuit.
The net reaction as shown below is oxidation of SO by I.
One mole of I is consumed for each mole of HO.
In other words, 2 moles of electrons are consumed per mole of water.
The end point is detected most commonly by a bipotentiometric titration method.
A second pair of Pt electrodes are immersed in the anode solution.
The detector circuit maintains a constant current between the two detector electrodes during titration.
Prior to the equivalence point, the solution contains I but little I.
At the equivalence point, excess I appears and an abrupt voltage drop marks the end point.
The amount of charge needed to generate I and reach the end point can then be used to calculate the amount of water in the original sample.
The volumetric titration is based on the same principles as the coulometric titration except that the anode solution above now is used as the titrant solution.
The titrant consists of an alcohol (ROH), base (B), SO and a known concentration of I. Pyridine has been used as the base in this case.
One mole of I is consumed for each mole of HO.
The titration reaction proceeds as above, and the end point may be detected by a bipotentiometric method as described above.
The popularity of the Karl Fischer titration (henceforth referred to as KF) is due in large part to several practical advantages that it holds over other methods of moisture determination, such as accuracy, speed and selectivity.
KF is selective for water, because the titration reaction itself consumes water.
In contrast, measurement of mass loss on drying will detect the loss of "any" volatile substance.
However, the strong redox chemistry (SO/I) means that redox-active sample constituents may react with the reagents.
For this reason, KF is unsuitable for solutions containing e.g.
dimethyl sulfoxide.
KF has a high accuracy and precision, typically within 1% of available water, e.g.
3.00% appears as 2.97 - 3.03%.
Although KF is a destructive analysis, the sample quantity is small and is typically limited by the accuracy of weighing.
For example, in order to obtain an accuracy of 1% using a scale with the typical accuracy of 0.2 mg, the sample must contain 20 mg water, which is e.g.
200 mg for a sample with 10% water.
For coulometers, the measuring range is from 1-5 ppm to ca.
5%.
Volumetric KF readily measures samples up to 100%, but requires impractically large amounts of sample for analytes with less than 0.05% water.
The KF response is linear.
Therefore, single-point calibration using a calibrated 1% water standard is sufficient and no calibration curves are necessary.
Little sample preparation is needed: a liquid sample can usually be directly injected using a syringe.
The analysis is typically complete within a minute.
However, KF suffers from an error called "drift", which is an apparent water input that can confuse the measurement.
The glass walls of the vessel adsorb water, and if any water leaks into the cell, the slow release of water into the titration solution can continue for a long time.
Therefore, before measurement, it is necessary to carefully dry the vessel and run a 10-30 minute "dry run" in order to calculate the rate of drift.
The drift is then subtracted from the result.
KF is suitable for measuring liquids and with special equipment, gases.
The major disadvantage with solids is that the water has to be accessible and easily brought into methanol solution.
Many common substances, especially foods such as chocolate, release water slowly and with difficulty, and require additional efforts to reliably bring the total water content into contact with the Karl Fischer reagents.
For example, a high-shear mixer may be installed to the cell in order to break the sample.
KF has problems with compounds with strong binding to water, as in water of hydration, for example with lithium chloride, so KF is unsuitable for the special solvent LiCl/DMAc.
KF is suitable for automation.
Generally, KF is conducted using a separate KF titrator or for volumetric titration, a KF titration cell installed into a general-purpose titrator.
Using volumetric titration with visual detection of a titration endpoint is also possible with coloured samples by UV/VIS spectrophotometric detection.
Masaharu Morimoto
Morimoto received practical training in sushi and traditional Kaiseki cuisine in Hiroshima, and opened his own restaurant in that city in 1980.
Influenced by Western cooking styles, he decided to sell his restaurant in 1985 to travel around the United States.
His travels further influenced his fusion style of cuisine.
He established himself in New York City and worked in some of Manhattan's prestigious restaurants, including the dining area for Sony Corporation's executive staff and visiting VIPs, the Sony Club, where he was executive chef, and at the exclusive Japanese restaurant "Nobu", where he was head chef.
While at Nobu he got his start on the "Iron Chef" television show.
Several months after the weekly run of "Iron Chef" ended in 1999, he left Nobu to collaborate with Starr Restaurants and opening his own "Morimoto" restaurant in Philadelphia in 2001.
His first expansion was a Morimoto restaurant in Chelsea in New York City.
Architecturally, this New York City restaurant has exposed concrete, a signature element of architect Tadao Ando, who designed the restaurant in collaboration with Goto Design Group and structural engineers Leslie E. Robertson Associates.
Mr. Morimoto has restaurants in Mumbai and New Delhi called "Wasabi" and has opened multiple locations of "Morimoto" around the world.
In July 2010, he opened a Napa Valley location of his flagship "Morimoto" restaurant, followed in October 2010 by a Waikiki, Hawaii location, and a Maui location in October 2013.
Morimoto Waikiki closed in December 2016.
In 2018 the chef announced two new ventures for the neighborhood, branches of his "Morimoto Asia" and "Momosan" chains.
In November 2012, Morimoto opened "Tribeca Canvas" in New York's Tribeca neighborhood, featuring Asian-inflected takes on American comfort food.
After a string of bad reviews and flagging business, he closed the restaurant for a revamp in August 2013, and that October opened the restaurant "Bisutoro", with his interpretations of classic bistro fare, in the same space.
"Bisutoro" suffered the same fate as its predecessor and closed in January 2014.
Morimoto also owns "Morimoto XEX" in Tokyo, a spin on his Morimoto concept with separate Teppanyaki and sushi floors.
Morimoto XEX received a Michelin star in the 2008 Tokyo Michelin Guide.
Morimoto appeared as an Iron Chef in "Iron Chef America", a spinoff from the original Japanese "Iron Chef" series, and in its spinoffs "The Next Iron Chef" and "Iron Chef Gauntlet".
Chef Morimoto has also developed a line of specialty beers in collaboration with Rogue Ales of Newport, Oregon, consisting of the Imperial Pilsner, Soba Ale, and Black Obi Soba Ale.
In 2005, he partnered with businessmen Paul Ardaji, a credited Film Producer (ALI) starring Will Smith, and Paul Ardaji, Jr., through Ardaji Restaurant Ventures, LLC in an aborted Asian bistro venture which was to be called PauliMotos Asian Bistro.
The relationship between the Ardajis and the Iron Chef broke down when the Ardajis could not raise the $20.0 million necessary capital to open 11 locations throughout the United States.<ref>
Category of medial magmas
In mathematics, the medial category Med, that is, the category of medial magmas has as objects sets with a medial binary operation, and morphisms given by homomorphisms of operations (in the universal algebra sense).
The category Med has direct products, so the concept of a medial magma object (internal binary operation) makes sense.
As a result, Med has all its objects as "medial objects", and this characterizes it.
There is an inclusion functor from Set to Med as trivial magmas, with operations being the "right" projections
An injective endomorphism can be extended to an automorphism of a magma extension—the colimit of the constant sequence of the endomorphism.
St. John's River (California)
The St. John's River is a distributary of the Kaweah River in the San Joaquin Valley of California in the United States.
The river begins at a diversion dam at McKay's Point, about a mile west of Lemon Cove.
The distributary flows west along the north side of the city of Visalia, where it joins Elbow Creek, continuing west to Cross Creek.
Water from this distributary historically flowed into Tulare Lake, as did water continuing down the main channel of the Kaweah.
Tulare lake was the terminal sink of an endorheic basin in southern San Joaquin Valley which was also watered by the Kern, Tule, and by some distributaries of the Kings River.
Presently water from these rivers is typically used up for irrigation.
Water from the St. John's irrigates many thousands of acres of farmland in Tulare County.
At a point about north of Farmersville, the St. John's enters Elbow Creek.
It flows then westerly to Cross Creek at a point north of Goshen and back into Elbow Creek at the confluence of Elbow and Cross creeks.
This water in time of flood finds its way into the Tulare Lake Basin through Elbow Creek.
The St. John's River was named after Loomis St. John and was a product of the 1862 flood.
In 1889, the Tulare Irrigation District was organized, and that body constructed a series of canals which diverted water from the river.
From one-half to one-third of the water was lost as it coursed through the unlined canals.
In 1906, the St. John's River levee broke, and water poured into Visalia from the north, which helped cause the floods of 1906.

A renal corpuscle is also known as a "Malpighian corpuscle", named after Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), an Italian physician and biologist.

This name is no longer widely used, probably to avoid confusion with a Malpighian corpuscle in the spleen.

2004 in France

Events from the year 2004 in France.

Karl Fischer titration

Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method in chemical analysis that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample.

It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer.

Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator.

The main compartment of the titration cell contains the anode solution plus the analyte.

The anode solution consists of an alcohol (ROH), a base (B), SO and I.

A typical alcohol that may be used is ethanol or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and a common base is imidazole.

The titration cell also consists of a smaller compartment with a cathode immersed in the anode solution of the main compartment.

The two compartments are separated by an ion-permeable membrane.

The Pt anode generates I when current is provided through the electric circuit.

The net reaction as shown below is oxidation of SO by I.

One mole of I is consumed for each mole of HO.

In other words, 2 moles of electrons are consumed per mole of water.

The end point is detected most commonly by a bipotentiometric titration method.

A second pair of Pt electrodes are immersed in the anode solution.

The detector circuit maintains a constant current between the two detector electrodes during titration.

Prior to the equivalence point, the solution contains I but little I.

At the equivalence point, excess I appears and an abrupt voltage drop marks the end point.

The amount of charge needed to generate I and reach the end point can then be used to calculate the amount of water in the original sample.

The volumetric titration is based on the same principles as the coulometric titration except that the anode solution above now is used as the titrant solution.

The titrant consists of an alcohol (ROH), base (B), SO and a known concentration of I. Pyridine has been used as the base in this case.

One mole of I is consumed for each mole of HO.

The titration reaction proceeds as above, and the end point may be detected by a bipotentiometric method as described above.

The popularity of the Karl Fischer titration (henceforth referred to as KF) is due in large part to several practical advantages that it holds over other methods of moisture determination, such as accuracy, speed and selectivity.

KF is selective for water, because the titration reaction itself consumes water.

In contrast, measurement of mass loss on drying will detect the loss of "any" volatile substance.

However, the strong redox chemistry (SO/I) means that redox-active sample constituents may react with the reagents.

For this reason, KF is unsuitable for solutions containing e.g.

dimethyl sulfoxide.

KF has a high accuracy and precision, typically within 1% of available water, e.g.

3.00% appears as 2.97 - 3.03%.

Although KF is a destructive analysis, the sample quantity is small and is typically limited by the accuracy of weighing.

For example, in order to obtain an accuracy of 1% using a scale with the typical accuracy of 0.2 mg, the sample must contain 20 mg water, which is e.g.

200 mg for a sample with 10% water.

For coulometers, the measuring range is from 1-5 ppm to ca.

5%.

Volumetric KF readily measures samples up to 100%, but requires impractically large amounts of sample for analytes with less than 0.05% water.

The KF response is linear.

Therefore, single-point calibration using a calibrated 1% water standard is sufficient and no calibration curves are necessary.

Little sample preparation is needed: a liquid sample can usually be directly injected using a syringe.

The analysis is typically complete within a minute.

However, KF suffers from an error called "drift", which is an apparent water input that can confuse the measurement.

The glass walls of the vessel adsorb water, and if any water leaks into the cell, the slow release of water into the titration solution can continue for a long time.

Therefore, before measurement, it is necessary to carefully dry the vessel and run a 10-30 minute "dry run" in order to calculate the rate of drift.

The drift is then subtracted from the result.

KF is suitable for measuring liquids and with special equipment, gases.

The major disadvantage with solids is that the water has to be accessible and easily brought into methanol solution.

Many common substances, especially foods such as chocolate, release water slowly and with difficulty, and require additional efforts to reliably bring the total water content into contact with the Karl Fischer reagents.

For example, a high-shear mixer may be installed to the cell in order to break the sample.

KF has problems with compounds with strong binding to water, as in water of hydration, for example with lithium chloride, so KF is unsuitable for the special solvent LiCl/DMAc.

KF is suitable for automation.

Generally, KF is conducted using a separate KF titrator or for volumetric titration, a KF titration cell installed into a general-purpose titrator.

Using volumetric titration with visual detection of a titration endpoint is also possible with coloured samples by UV/VIS spectrophotometric detection.

Masaharu Morimoto

Morimoto received practical training in sushi and traditional Kaiseki cuisine in Hiroshima, and opened his own restaurant in that city in 1980.

Influenced by Western cooking styles, he decided to sell his restaurant in 1985 to travel around the United States.

His travels further influenced his fusion style of cuisine.

He established himself in New York City and worked in some of Manhattan's prestigious restaurants, including the dining area for Sony Corporation's executive staff and visiting VIPs, the Sony Club, where he was executive chef, and at the exclusive Japanese restaurant "Nobu", where he was head chef.

While at Nobu he got his start on the "Iron Chef" television show.

Several months after the weekly run of "Iron Chef" ended in 1999, he left Nobu to collaborate with Starr Restaurants and opening his own "Morimoto" restaurant in Philadelphia in 2001.

His first expansion was a Morimoto restaurant in Chelsea in New York City.

Architecturally, this New York City restaurant has exposed concrete, a signature element of architect Tadao Ando, who designed the restaurant in collaboration with Goto Design Group and structural engineers Leslie E. Robertson Associates.

Mr. Morimoto has restaurants in Mumbai and New Delhi called "Wasabi" and has opened multiple locations of "Morimoto" around the world.

In July 2010, he opened a Napa Valley location of his flagship "Morimoto" restaurant, followed in October 2010 by a Waikiki, Hawaii location, and a Maui location in October 2013.

Morimoto Waikiki closed in December 2016.

In 2018 the chef announced two new ventures for the neighborhood, branches of his "Morimoto Asia" and "Momosan" chains.

In November 2012, Morimoto opened "Tribeca Canvas" in New York's Tribeca neighborhood, featuring Asian-inflected takes on American comfort food.

After a string of bad reviews and flagging business, he closed the restaurant for a revamp in August 2013, and that October opened the restaurant "Bisutoro", with his interpretations of classic bistro fare, in the same space.

"Bisutoro" suffered the same fate as its predecessor and closed in January 2014.

Morimoto also owns "Morimoto XEX" in Tokyo, a spin on his Morimoto concept with separate Teppanyaki and sushi floors.

Morimoto XEX received a Michelin star in the 2008 Tokyo Michelin Guide.

Morimoto appeared as an Iron Chef in "Iron Chef America", a spinoff from the original Japanese "Iron Chef" series, and in its spinoffs "The Next Iron Chef" and "Iron Chef Gauntlet".

Chef Morimoto has also developed a line of specialty beers in collaboration with Rogue Ales of Newport, Oregon, consisting of the Imperial Pilsner, Soba Ale, and Black Obi Soba Ale.

In 2005, he partnered with businessmen Paul Ardaji, a credited Film Producer (ALI) starring Will Smith, and Paul Ardaji, Jr., through Ardaji Restaurant Ventures, LLC in an aborted Asian bistro venture which was to be called PauliMotos Asian Bistro.

The relationship between the Ardajis and the Iron Chef broke down when the Ardajis could not raise the $20.0 million necessary capital to open 11 locations throughout the United States.<ref>

Category of medial magmas

In mathematics, the medial category Med, that is, the category of medial magmas has as objects sets with a medial binary operation, and morphisms given by homomorphisms of operations (in the universal algebra sense).

The category Med has direct products, so the concept of a medial magma object (internal binary operation) makes sense.

As a result, Med has all its objects as "medial objects", and this characterizes it.

There is an inclusion functor from Set to Med as trivial magmas, with operations being the "right" projections

An injective endomorphism can be extended to an automorphism of a magma extension—the colimit of the constant sequence of the endomorphism.

St. John's River (California)

The St. John's River is a distributary of the Kaweah River in the San Joaquin Valley of California in the United States.

The river begins at a diversion dam at McKay's Point, about a mile west of Lemon Cove.

The distributary flows west along the north side of the city of Visalia, where it joins Elbow Creek, continuing west to Cross Creek.

Water from this distributary historically flowed into Tulare Lake, as did water continuing down the main channel of the Kaweah.

Tulare lake was the terminal sink of an endorheic basin in southern San Joaquin Valley which was also watered by the Kern, Tule, and by some distributaries of the Kings River.

Presently water from these rivers is typically used up for irrigation.

Water from the St. John's irrigates many thousands of acres of farmland in Tulare County.

At a point about north of Farmersville, the St. John's enters Elbow Creek.

It flows then westerly to Cross Creek at a point north of Goshen and back into Elbow Creek at the confluence of Elbow and Cross creeks.

This water in time of flood finds its way into the Tulare Lake Basin through Elbow Creek.

The St. John's River was named after Loomis St. John and was a product of the 1862 flood.

In 1889, the Tulare Irrigation District was organized, and that body constructed a series of canals which diverted water from the river.

From one-half to one-third of the water was lost as it coursed through the unlined canals.

In 1906, the St. John's River levee broke, and water poured into Visalia from the north, which helped cause the floods of 1906.