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Other MMOCCGs might exist ("Neopets" has some CCG elements) but are not as well known.
Alternate reality games (ARGs) can be massively multiplayer, allowing thousands of players worldwide to co-operate in puzzle trails and mystery solving.
ARGs take place in a unique mixture of online and real-world play that usually does not involve a persistent world, and are not necessarily multiplayer, making them different from MMOGs.
Massively multiplayer online music/rhythm games (MMORGs), sometimes called massively multiplayer online dance games (MMODGs), are MMOGs that are also music video games.
This idea was influenced by "Dance Dance Revolution".
"Audition Online" is another casual massively multiplayer online game and it is produced by T3 Entertainment.
Just Dance 2014 has a game mode called World Dance Floor, which also structures like a MMORPG.
Massively multiplayer online social games focus on socialization instead of objective-based gameplay.
There is a great deal of overlap in terminology with "online communities" and "virtual worlds".
One example that has garnered widespread media attention is Linden Lab's "Second Life", emphasizing socializing, world-building and an in-world virtual economy that depends on the sale and purchase of user-created content.
It is technically an MMOSG or Casual Multiplayer Online (CMO) by definition, though its stated goal was to realize the concept of the Metaverse from Neal Stephenson's novel "Snow Crash".
Instead of being based around combat, one could say that it was based around the creation of virtual objects, including models and scripts.
In practice, it has more in common with "Club Caribe" than "EverQuest".
It was the first MMO of its kind to achieve widespread success (including attention from mainstream media); however, it was not the first (as "Club Caribe" was released in 1988).
Competitors in this subgenre (non-combat-based MMORPG) include "Active Worlds", "There", "SmallWorlds", "Furcadia", "Whirled" and "IMVU".
Many browser based Casual MMOs have begun to spring up.
This has been made easier because of maturing of "Adobe Flash" and the popularity of "Club Penguin", "Growtopia", and "The Sims Online".
Massively multiplayer online combat games are realtime objective, strategy and capture the flag style modes.
Infantry Online is an example multiplayer combat video game with sprite animation graphics, using complex soldier, ground vehicle and space-ship models on typically complex terrains developed by Sony online entertainment.
Some recent attempts to build peer-to-peer (P2P) MMOGs have been made.
"Outback Online" may be the first commercial one, however, so far most of the efforts have been academic studies.
A P2P MMOG may potentially be more scalable and cheaper to build, but notable issues with P2P MMOGs include security and consistency control, which can be difficult to address given that clients are easily hacked.
Some MMOGs such as Vindictus use P2P networking and client-server networking together.
In April 2004, the United States Army announced that it was developing a massively multiplayer training simulation called "AWE" (asymmetric warfare environment).
The purpose of "AWE" is to train soldiers for urban warfare and there are no plans for a public commercial release.
Forterra Systems is developing it for the Army based on the "There" engine.
In 2010, Bonnie Nardi published an ethnographic study on World of Warcraft examined with Lev Vygotsky's activity theory.
As the field of MMOs grows larger each year, research has also begun to investigate the socio-informatic bind the games create for their users.
In 2006, researchers Constance A. Steinkuehler and Dmitri Williams initiated research on such topics.
The topic most intriguing to the pair was to further understand the gameplay, as well as the virtual world serving as a social meeting place, of popular MMOs.
To further explore the effects of social capital and social relationships on MMOs, Steinkuehler and Williams combined conclusions from two different MMO research projects: sociocultural perspective on culture and cognition, and the other on media effects of MMOs.
The conclusions of the two studies explained how MMOs function as a new form of a "third place" for informal social interactions much like coffee shops, pubs, and other typical hangouts.
Many scholars, however, such as Oldenburg (1999), refute the idea of a MMOs serving as a "third place" due to inadequate bridging social capital.
His argument is challenged by Putnam (2000) who concluded that MMOs are well suited for the formation of bridging social capital, tentative relationships that lack in depth, because it is inclusive and serves as a sociological lubricant that is shown across the data collected in both of the research studies.
MMOs can also move past the "lubricant" stage and into the "superglue" stage known as bonding social capital, a closer relationship that is characterized by stronger connections and emotional support.
The study concludes that MMOs function best as a bridging mechanism rather than a bonding one, similar to a "third place".
Therefore, MMOs have the capacity and the ability to serve as a community that effectively socializes users just like a coffee shop or pub, but conveniently in the comfort of their own home.
British online gamers are outspending their German and French counterparts according to a recently released study commissioned by Gamesindustry.com and TNS.
The UK MMO-market is now worth £195 million in 2009 compared to the £165 million and £145 million spent by German and French online gamers.
The US gamers spend more, however, spending about $3.8 billion overall on MMO games.
$1.8 billion of that money is spent on monthly subscription fees.
The money spent averages out to $15.10 between both subscription and free-to-play MMO gamers.
The study also found that 46% of 46 million players in the US pay real money to play MMO games.
"Today’s Gamers MMO Focus Report", published in March 2010, was commissioned by TNS and gamesindustry.com.
A similar study for the UK market-only ("UK National Gamers Survey Report") was released in February 2010 by the same groups.
Environment Agency
The Environment Agency (EA) is a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England (and until 2013 also Wales).
The Environment Agency's stated purpose is, "to protect or enhance the environment, taken as a whole"" so as to promote "the objective of achieving sustainable development" (taken from the Environment Act 1995, section 4).
Protection of the environment relates to threats such as flood and pollution.
The vision of the Agency is of "a rich, healthy and diverse environment for present and future generations".
The Environment Agency's remit covers almost the whole of England, about 13 million hectares of land, of river and of coastline seawards to the three-mile limit which includes 2 million hectares of coastal waters.
In a sharing arrangement with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), it also exercises some of its functions over parts of the catchments of the River Tweed and the Border Esk which are, for the most part, in Scotland.
Similarly, in an arrangement with NRW, political and operational areas are not coterminus.
NRW staff exercise responsibility for parts of the River Dee (Wales) in England and EA staff exercise operational responsibility for those parts of the River Severn catchment in Wales.
The Environment Agency employs around 11,200 staff.
It is organised into eight directorates that report to the chief executive.
There are two "policy and process" directorates.
One deals with Flood and Coastal Risk Management and the other with Environment and Business.
These are backed up by the Evidence directorate.
The fourth directorate is a single Operations "delivery" unit, responsible for national services, and line management of all the Regional and Area staff.
The remaining directorates are central shared service groups for Finance, Legal Services, Resources and Communications.
In support of its aims, the Agency acts as an operating authority, a regulatory authority and a licence authority.
The agency is funded in part from the UK government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).
Additional money is raised from the issuing of licences and permits such as abstraction licences, waste handler registrations, navigation rights and rod (fishing) licences and from licensing data for which the Agency is owner.
Funding for asset management and improvement and acquisition of flood risk management assets has traditionally come from local authorities via Flood Defence Committees.
This was then effectively repaid by central Government in later years as part of the Formula Spending Share.
In 2005 this was simplified by making a direct transfer from Treasury to the Environment Agency in the form of Flood Defence Grant in Aid.
The Environment Agency's total funding in 2007–08 was £1,025 million, an increase of £23 million on 2006–07.
Of that total, £629 million (61 per cent) was provided in the form of 'flood defence grant-in-aid' from government (£578 million for England and £50 million for Wales).
In addition, £347 million (34 per cent) was raised through statutory charging schemes and flood defence levies; and a further £50 million (5 per cent) came from other miscellaneous sources.
In 2007–08 had an operational budget of £1.025 billion, of which £628m was grant from the Agency's sponsoring Government Departments.
Approximately half the Agency's expenditure is on flood risk management, and a third is spent on environment protection (pollution control).
Of the remainder, 12% goes to water resources, and 6% to other water functions including navigation and wildlife.
The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has the lead sponsorship responsibility for the Environment Agency as a whole and is responsible for the appointment of the chairman and the Environment Agency Board.
In addition the Secretary of State is responsible for overall policy on the environment and sustainable development within which the Agency undertakes its work; the setting of objectives for the Agency's functions and its contribution to sustainable development; the approval of its budget and payment of Government grant to the Agency for its activities in England and approval of its regulatory and charging regimes.
Its chief executive is Sir James Bevan.
Sir Philip Dilley resigned as chairman on 11 January 2016, with Emma Howard Boyd becoming acting chair.
Emma Howard Boyd took up the post of Chair formally on 19 September 2016.
The Environment Agency was created by the Environment Act 1995, and came into existence on 1 April 1996.
It had responsibility for the whole of England and Wales but with specifically designated border arrangements with Scotland covering the catchment of the River Tweed.
It took over the roles and responsibilities of the National Rivers Authority (NRA), Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) and the waste regulation authorities in England and Wales including the London Waste Regulation Authority (LWRA).
All of the predecessor bodies were disbanded and the local authorities relinquished their waste regulatory role.
At the same time, the Agency took responsibility for issuing flood warnings to the public, a role previously held by the police.
In 2010 a new national headquarters for the agency was opened at Horizon House in Deanery Road, Bristol.
The building, which was designed by Alec French Architects, won the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment (BREEAM) Award for its environmentally friendly construction and operation which includes the use of sustainable materials, natural ventilation and cooling, photoelectric panels and rainwater harvesting.
On 24 April 2013, Horizon House suffered a fire leading to its closure for several weeks.
An investigation into the fire found it was that result of workmen accidentally igniting the environmentally friendly cavity wall insulation on the ground floor and due to the design of the upward airflow the fire spread quickly in the inside of the wall leading to substantial smoke damage throughout.
The building was quickly evacuated and the fire under control in under and hour.
The resulting internal document proposed additional standards for the handling of materials that offer environmental advantages but may be considered more susceptible to ignition.
On 1 April 2013, that part of the Environment Agency covering Wales was merged into Natural Resources Wales, a separate body managing the Welsh environment and natural resources.
The Environment Agency is the principal flood risk management operating authority.
It has the power (but not the legal obligation) to manage flood risk from designated main rivers and the sea.
These functions in relation to other rivers (defined as ordinary watercourses) in England are undertaken by Local Authorities or internal drainage boards.
The Environment Agency is also responsible for increasing public awareness of flood risk, flood forecasting and warning and has a general supervisory duty for flood risk management.
the Environment Agency also has a strategic overview role for all flood and coastal erosion risk management.
The term "Flood Risk Management" in place of "Flood Defence" recognises that managed flooding is essential to meet the requirements of a sustainable flood strategy.
It is often not economically feasible or even desirable to prevent all forms of flooding in all locations, and so the Environment Agency uses its powers to reduce either the likelihood or consequences of flooding.
The Environment Agency is responsible for operating, maintaining and replacing an estimated £20 billion worth of flood risk management (FRM) installations.
According to a report by consultants in 2001, these are estimated to prevent annual average damage costs of approximately £3.5 billion.
The Agency also invests in improving or providing new installations in areas where there remains a high risk of flooding, particularly where, because of the possible consequences, the damage risk is the highest.