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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "It simply expresses the degree. When 以下 is used with a number, it always is\ninclusive and means \"X or less\". When 以下 is used like in your example, it\nalways means less than and is exclusive. In other words 簡素以下 means that the 部屋\nis not even 簡素. The writer just wants to say that room was extremely plain (to\nthe extent that it is less than 簡素).\n\nFor example, a more common example might be 人並み以下, like in なにをやっても人並み以下, which\ndefinitely is not a good thing.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-16T22:46:17.840", "id": "12156", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-16T22:46:17.840", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "12144", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You could have guessed it, but そっくり can be used as na-adjective (形容動詞). E.g.\n\n> お父さんにそっくりな顔でびっくりしました。 \n> His face was so much like his dad's I was shocked.\n>\n> 昌吉にそっくりな性格だね。 \n> He's so much like Shoukichi.\n>\n> 自分(に/と)そっくりなキャラクターを作りました。 \n> I created a character that looked just like me.\n>\n> _More examples[at Space\n> ALC](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%9D%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8A%E3%81%AA&ref=sa)_.\n\nThis does happen often with words you've always thought of as pure nouns...", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-15T13:18:15.587", "id": "12150", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-15T15:21:04.133", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12146", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Normally a typical young Japanese netizen might tell you `ggrks` and I did\nthat for you... but it showed no result, as I have expected.\n\nWell, as its a popular Japanese Sim-like game, you can't really say that\nthere's an etymology for this probably. If you still believe so, how would you\nexplain all those spells in Dragon Quest like リレミト? :)\n\nAnd for your information, there is a Japanese word for 'pig' which is 豚, more\ncommonly written as ブタ, and if you insist to use an English-derived version,\nthen it's ピッグ (the infamous Zombie Pigman was written as ゾンビピッグマン in the\nJapanese Minecraft Wiki) , not ピグ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-16T10:53:00.450", "id": "12153", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-16T10:53:00.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3110", "parent_id": "12147", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "From [Goo\nthesaurus](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/3156/m0u/%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B/):\n\n> 【２】「意見」は、十分に考え尽くされた結果である場合も、一時的な思いつきである場合もある。 \n> 【３】「見解」は、十分考慮し判断した結果まとめあげられたものをいい、政府など公式の機関の考えなどに用いられることが多い。\n\nLoose translation:\n\n> 意見 can be well thought out, or it can just be something that popped into\n> your head. \n> 見解 refers to the result of sufficient consideration and judgement, and is\n> often used with the thoughts of official institutions such as the\n> government.\n\nThis fits with my own experience of the words. I see 見解 more in political news\nand academic papers, whereas I see 意見 everywhere from daily conversation to\nexpert \"opinions\" in news articles etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-15T12:00:17.220", "id": "12149", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-15T12:17:26.700", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12148", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The easiest way to think about this is to first take the sentence without the\nは\n\n私たちに息子が二人います。\n\nNo problems here--it just means \"we have two sons\". But somehow this sounds\ndry and out of context, as if someone were answering a question that had not\nbeen asked, proffering information that seems too direct and unmodulated.\n\nWe can use は in a way very similar to how it's used as the so-called \"subject\"\nparticle, but since we are applying it to the 私たち in this sentence the\ngrammatical role of which here is indicated by a に, it becomes には. Like its\nuse elsewhere, the は softens and contextualizes around the 私たち. To exaggerate\na bit, the nuance becomes \"Oh, you want to know who many kids WE have, well,\nin our case, it's two boys.\"\n\nOnce you get this down, you should be able to figure out similar patterns such\nas へは or とは, and even the somewhat archaic をば which derives from をは.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-22T17:37:44.023", "id": "12209", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-22T17:37:44.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12151", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "This is a topicalization of the に-marked (a.k.a., dative) subject 私たち. 息子 is a\nが-marked (a.k.a, nominative) object.\n\nBasically, what you are missing (judging by your comment on @torazaburo's\nanswer) is that に can be used as a subject marker given certain predicates. I\ntalk about this in detail in this answer: [What is the difference between \"に\"\nand \"には\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1096/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-%E3%81%AB-and-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF/11021#11021)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-24T00:56:25.397", "id": "12222", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-24T00:56:25.397", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "12151", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As summea says, the term you're looking for is ご祝儀貧乏{しゅうぎびんぼう}. This is the\nstate of poverty that results from having to attend too many weddings in too\nshort a period of time. For those reading this that may be unaware, it is\ncustomary in Japan to give several _man_ in yen (a few hundred dollars) at\nweddings and when babies are born, this on top of travel costs and whatever\nelse it may cost to participate in a wedding. When many of these obligations\npile up in a short period of time it can create a rough financial situation\nfor those who would like to attend and also honor the traditions of giving\nmoney. The internet is rife with people troubled about this:\n\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1227793932>\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1045614140>\n\nAmong others!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-17T02:57:19.047", "id": "12158", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-17T02:57:19.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12157", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "You guessed it. 大辞林 has\n\n>\n> **[商店](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/109443/m0u/%E5%95%86%E5%BA%97/)** \n> 商品を売る店。\n\ni.e. a shop selling _consumer goods_. E.g. a clothes shop:\n\n\n\n>\n> **[売店](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/174056/m0u/%E5%A3%B2%E5%BA%97/)** \n> 物を売る店。特に、病院・劇場・遊園地などの施設内の小さな店。\n\ni.e. a stand selling things. In particular, a small stand/shop in hospitals,\ntheatres, amusement parks or other facilities. E.g. a 売店 in a train station:\n\n\n\nIn other words, a 商店's main business comes from their goods; a 売店's business\ncomes from their location within some facility.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-17T14:27:53.117", "id": "12160", "last_activity_date": "2015-04-17T16:01:00.197", "last_edit_date": "2015-04-17T16:01:00.197", "last_editor_user_id": "3275", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12159", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "I agree that this is very difficult. One way I've found that usually works is\nto use context to determine the correct reading. Often one of the readings\nwill have specific nuances that the others don't, so the context of the\nsentence can help you out.\n\nOne example that I personally encounter all the time is `汚れる`. It can be read\nas both `よごれる` and `けがれる`. They both mean \"become/get dirty\". However, the\nlatter carries the additional nuance of a moral/ethical\n\"dirtiness\"/impurity/uncleanliness/corruption/defiling. So in my Christian\nBible, in places where it speaks of spiritual uncleanliness or impurity, it is\nalmost always read as `けがれる`.\n\n> * **汚【けが】れた** 霊 → Impure/unclean/\"evil\" spirit\n> * どのような人の死体であれ、それに触れた者は七日の間 **汚【けが】れる** 。民数記19章11節 → Anyone who touches\n> any type of dead body will be unclean for 7 days.\n> * 女性を **汚【けが】す** → Rape/Defile a woman\n>\n\nDoing a _really_ quick research of `堪える`, `たえる` and `こたえる` seem to mean the\nsame, but the latter appears to be somewhat antiquated/literary. While `こらえる`\ncarries the additional meaning of \"supress/hold back\", usually associated with\nsome kind of emotion (`あくびをこらえる` → supress a yawn; `涙をこらえる` → Hold back\ntears).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-17T19:23:16.293", "id": "12163", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-17T19:23:16.293", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12162", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "On the 3rd Google page I have found [this blog\npost](http://zodiacempathy.blog.fc2.com/blog-date-20130601.html) that has more\ninformation:\n\n> 僕が言ってもそうなんだけど、最近いわゆる「おま言う」が多すぎて。 \n> テレビ見てたり、文章読んでたり、はたまたツイッターの書き込みを覗いたり。 \n> この世には「おま言う」、つまり「お前が言うな」が多すぎて、僕も出来るだけそう思われない生き方をしなくちゃならないなと思った。\n\nSo おま言う is the abbreviation of お前が言うな.\n\nThanks to oldergod for pointing out that the meaning is: 'shut up, you are not\nin a position to say this'", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-18T05:02:45.133", "id": "12166", "last_activity_date": "2015-02-03T05:06:22.997", "last_edit_date": "2015-02-03T05:06:22.997", "last_editor_user_id": "107", "owner_user_id": "107", "parent_id": "12165", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "You are on the right track. They are almost the same meaning, however 食品 is\ngenerally used for manufacturer products or food that consumers buy (the end\nproduct) (商品). 食料, as implied by the 料, implies the base materials, i.e. the\nstuff used to make 食品. Also, note that 食料 does not include 主食 (which is an\nimportant concept in Japan), while 食糧 is generally used to mean 主食 (rice,\nwheat, etc.).", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-18T22:07:46.990", "id": "12169", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-18T22:07:46.990", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "12167", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I will attempt to answer this, as no one else has, Below is my attempt at a\ntranslation (my apologies, all, for any mistakes.) I believe the the first という\ncan be interpreted as \"of\" (as in \"disclosure of\") and the second という can be\ninterpreted as \"of which\" (as in \" the timing of which.\") I surmise that if\nyou think of how の can connect ideas as a particle, then maybe という is serving\nthat function, but in a vaguer, more conjectural sense. I think if you\ntranslate という in a literal way, it becomes something like \"to say/called\nthusly/meaning/in other words/so to say.\" One could try and convey this\nmeaning in an English translation but I think it would become overly polite\nand unwieldy.\n\nという can also have the meaning of the \"quotative particle,\" more casually seen\nas って, and understanding this may serve to explain some of its meaning and\nusage.\n\n> そのスノーデンは、「ＮＳＡは中国に対するハッキングをやっていた」という 暴露\n> を行なってアメリカの中国に対する「人権外交」にダメージを与えたり、Ｇ８会議が北アイルランドで始まるというタイミングで、...\n>\n> Snowden, whose disclosure of \"NSA hacking towards China\" resulted in damage\n> to America's \"Human rights diplomacy\" towards China, at the start of the G8\n> meeting in North Ireland, the timing of which...\n\nPerhaps one could replace という with の as follows:\n\n> そのスノーデンは、「ＮＳＡは中国に対するハッキングをやっていた」の 暴露\n\nWith という, there is the implication of \" the 'disclosure' of Snowden... \"\n\nWhile with の it would just be \"the disclosure of Snowden...\"\n\nPlease note that in informal English, the equivalent of the Japanese って is\noften the use of the physical gesture of \"air quotes.\" という, in contrast, can\nbe more directly translated, but if translated literally it can often weigh\ndown an otherwise fluid English sentence, in ways that does not happen in\nJapanese.\n\nReferences:\n\n<http://tangorin.com/general>/というのは\n\n<http://tangorin.com/general>/って\n\n<http://tangorin.com/general>/という", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T17:20:52.683", "id": "12173", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-19T21:08:31.357", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-19T21:08:31.357", "last_editor_user_id": "706", "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "12170", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "In addition to yadokari's great answer and for lack of space in his comments\nI'll write up what ive found here.\n\nAmongst other uses of という one is often used to attach a modifier to a noun\nclause.\n\nFrom the given example 「ＮＳＡは中国に対するハッキングをやっていた」is the modifer and 暴露 を行なって the\nnoun clause.\n\nIt's often used especially when the modifer is either\n\n * heresay\n * a question\n * or simply very long\n\n_Heresay i.e. information received from other people that cannot be adequately\nsubstantiated or a rumor._\n\nRelating to\n\n> 「ＮＳＡは中国に対するハッキングをやっていた」という 暴露\n\nIt would indeed make sence to use という here to connect the noun clause 暴露をおかなう\nwith its preceeding modifier. After all the reporter can only allege that the\nNSA is hacking China (at the time anyway, its been verified as true i now\nbelieve) so its heresay.\n\nThis I believe is what people mean by air-quoting.\n\nNow onto the last sentence in the example\n\n> Ｇ８会議が北アイルランドで始まるというタイミングで\n\nI believe this is just because the writer felt the modifier Ｇ８会議が北アイルランドで始まる\nwas long and felt the need to join it to タイミング with という。Just to help it read\nbetter.\n\nThis is why という isn't always translatable into English - its merely serving to\nmake things flow. Just as Yadokari said, if you were to translate it, the most\nsuitable direct translations like \"to say/called thusly/meaning/in other\nwords/so to say.\" would result in stuffy english.\n\nAs for using という to connect a question modifier with a noun clause I'll\ndemonstrate with this example\n\nどうやって経済を強化するかという話がありました。\n\nthere was a conversation of how to strengthen the economy.\n\nどうやって経済を強化するか modifier (question form)\n\n話がありました。noun clause.\n\nThanks again to yakokari's answer.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T11:38:50.367", "id": "12404", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T11:38:50.367", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3613", "parent_id": "12170", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "\"という\" is used here as relative pronoun \"that\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T13:45:59.913", "id": "12407", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T13:45:59.913", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12170", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "First, let me write out the complete sentence you suggested:\n\n> 私が結婚したかった人は、ほかの人と結婚してしまいました。\n\nThe topic of this sentence is `私が結婚したかった人`. In this topic, the noun `人` (\"the\nperson\") is modified by the relative clause `私が結婚したかった` (\"I wanted to marry\").\nThe subject particle `が` links `私` to`結婚したかった`. Since it's part of a relative\nclause, it _doesn't_ link up with other verbs later in the sentence. In\nparticular, it doesn't link `私` to `結婚してしまいました` (\"regrettably married\").\n\nIn fact, this whole sentence is more or less split in half by the topic\nparticle. The rest of the sentence, `ほかの人と結婚してしまいました` (\"regrettably married\nsomeone else\") is a comment on the person identified by the topic particle\n(\"The person I wanted to marry\").\n\nSo the full sentence in English means something like:\n\n> The person I wanted to marry regrettably married someone else.\n\n(I'm not sure how obvious it is in my translation, so I want to clarify that\nthe _speaker_ is the one who is experiencing regret, not the person who\nmarried someone else.)\n\nThis sentence does not contain the meaning \"I am already married\", and it only\nindirectly means \"but sadly I couldn't\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T11:39:06.713", "id": "12172", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-19T11:39:06.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12171", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The part 「水＋音符白」 means that the meaning comes from 水 and the reading from 白,\nsince it is a 形声文字.\n\nThe passage you quote says that 白 does not relate to the meaning \"white\", but\nis rather a pictograph of an acorn.\n\nThe character 水 appears because \"riding at anchor\" meant that the water\ncollects at the bottom of the ship.\n\nNow, the usual meaning of \"staying over night\" derives from the fact that a\nharbour used to be called a 泊(とまり), because ships would stay there overnight.\n([Link](http://ameblo.jp/cobalt-so/entry-10817049947.html))", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T19:17:36.370", "id": "12176", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-20T07:07:32.443", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-20T07:07:32.443", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12175", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "泊 was constructed phonetically(形声). The components are 水+白. There are a couple\nreasons why a character might be coined phonetically. It's possible that the\nword was already spoken by Chinese people, and when someone decided he wanted\nto write it down, he picked a symbolic radical and character that had a\nsimilar sound and combined them to coin a new word. That article is saying\nthat 白 meant an acorn, and is a component of 泊, but that they have no\nconnection (関係がない). It then explains the connection to shallow water.\n\nTo summarize, the etymology of the character is that in the Sino-Tibetan\nlanguage family, the word for \"shallow water\" is related by meaning to \"water\"\nand had a similar sound with the word for \"white.\"\n\nYou may have noticed that a few phonetic characters have phonetic components\nthat are also very related in meaning to the overall character. That's\nprobably because the people coining these characters didn't do it with the\nminimum effort possible. They actually put quite a bit of effort into coining\nthem. According to \"A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters\",\n\n\"it is possible that 白 also lent its meaning of white, since white water is\ngenerally associated with shallows. However, from an early stage 泊 became\nassociated with shallow water suitable for an anchorage, then came to mean\nstopping place and eventually stop/stay in general.\"\n\nNote how he said \"it is possible\" and how the source you came across doesn't\nmention this at all. That's because the proper etymology is just that the two\nwords sounded similar.\n\nFor 泌, it says the character was coined by meaning(会意) and(兼) phonetic(形声)\nreasons. I've just explained what 形声 means. According to that source, 必 is a\npictograph(象形) of someone pressing against two ends of a rod. It then says\nthat 水＋必 refers to the water oozing out of the two ends of a pole that someone\nis pressing against. Actually, I'm not sure that source is correct. 必 is\ngenerally considered to have unclear etymology and \"A Guide to Remembering\nJapanese Characters\" says that it was originally a picture of a halberd\nbetween two poles. However, for 泌, that source mentions that in Chinese, its\nonly meaning is \"steady flow\" which is wrong because looking in a Chinese\ndictionary, 泌 also means to secrete. This makes me question its accuracy. To\nbe safe, I would say that 必 is unclear and 泌 was coined phonetically.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T23:50:26.620", "id": "12181", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-19T23:50:26.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3221", "parent_id": "12175", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all, you are right in thinking that どんぐり by itself is the default\nchoice for saying \"acorn\". I think that saying どんぐりの実 specifies that one is\ntalking about the nut/seed. どんぐり could in principle mean the whole fruit (i.e.\nincluding the hull).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T22:38:49.983", "id": "12180", "last_activity_date": "2014-02-17T00:19:56.600", "last_edit_date": "2014-02-17T00:19:56.600", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12177", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The 実 here emphasizes that the writer isn't just talking about acorns, but\nmore specifically about the _meat_ inside the acorn. If you think about it\nmore, it makes more sense -- the text is describing the origins of the\ncharacter 白 as a symbolic rendering of the _meat_ of the acorn nut, in\nreference to the off-white color. The text here **can't** be talking about the\noutside of the acorn, since that's not white -- it's either green or brown,\nsometimes even light tan, but certainly not off-white.\n\nLooking up 実 ( _mi_ ) in both Shogakukan Kokugo Dai Jiten and\n[Daijirin](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%AE%9F) (scroll down for the み\nreading), the first and second senses describe a plant's fruit or nut / seed,\nbut the fourth sense also notes:\n\n * 中身。内容。→み（身）\n\nSince a どんぐり is already a nut, it doesn't make sense to parse どんぐりの実 as\n\"acorn's nut\" -- what this phrase means instead is \"acorn's content → the\ninside or meat of an acorn\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-05-13T07:15:40.300", "id": "15915", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-13T07:15:40.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "12177", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "We native Japanese speakers sometimes say どんぐりの実 to mean どんぐり/acorn, probably\ncarelessly and incorrectly, especially in an informal context.\n\n(Maybe because we use the broad term どんぐりの木 for ブナ(beech?), ナラ(Japanese oak?),\n[樫]{かし}(evergreen oak?), クヌギ(sawtooth oak?), etc., and think mistakenly that\nthere should be どんぐりの実 vs どんぐりの木, just like there're ブナの木 vs ブナの実, 松の実 vs 松の木,\nor 梅の実 vs 梅の木, etc...? or is it just me?)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-05-13T15:17:15.587", "id": "15921", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-13T17:44:19.763", "last_edit_date": "2014-05-13T17:44:19.763", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12177", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "A more helpful heuristic is to regard ぽ as being the underlying form of 歩, and\nmore generally, /p/ as the underlying form of any on-yomi beginning with /h/;\none then adds the rule that /p/ becomes /h/ between vowels (in on-yomi words)\nand at the beginning of the word. One should also think of 一 as having /it/ as\nits underlying form, but usually with an /i/ added to fit into Japanese\nphonology. Thus, 一歩 is secretly */itpo/, which is realised as /ippo/. This\nalso explains, say, 散歩 /sanpo/.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T22:34:20.403", "id": "12179", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-19T22:34:20.403", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "578", "parent_id": "12178", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It's a simple matter of contraction.\n\n一 is normally pronounced as いち (ichi), and 歩 can indeed be pronounced as ほ\n(ho).\n\n一 can also be pronounced as いつ, and whenever a kanji ending in ち or つ is\nfollowed by は、へ、ひ、ほ or ふ, they contract and turn into っぱ、っぺ、っぴ、っぽ or っぷ.\n\nSome more examples:\n\n```\n\n 八百 = はち + ひゃく → はっぴゃく\n 失敗 = しつ + はい →　しっぱい\n 一杯 = いつ + はい → いっぱい\n \n```\n\nAnd so on, and so forth. The more you get in touch with Japanese, the more\nnatural it will become. Do note that this does not happen when the **h** is\nnaturally already a **b** , as e.g. in 発売 (はつばい).\n\nIt will also happen when the second kanji starts with either a **k** or a\n**s** sound:\n\n```\n\n 一回 = いつ + かい → いっかい\n 結婚 = けつ + こん → けっこん\n 一緒 = いつ + しょ → いっしょ\n 達成 = たつ + せい → たっせい\n \n```\n\nTo be clear: there are of course exceptions, but these are **far** fewer than\nwords following this rule.\n\n**Edit**\n\nAnyone care to explain the downvote? I don't mind being wrong, but I'd like to\nknow why.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T23:58:21.177", "id": "12182", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-20T10:14:45.433", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-20T10:14:45.433", "last_editor_user_id": "2951", "owner_user_id": "2951", "parent_id": "12178", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it has simply to do with the kind of nuance that is conveyed when a\nparticular \"if\"-construction is used.\n\nと suggests that whatever follows needs to be a natural, unavoidable\nconsequence and a wish/will/order/request is not a natural consequence.\n\n> 山田さんがこれると、旦那さんがこれない。 \n> If Mrs. Yamada can come, then her husband won't be able to come. (Because\n> one of the two has to watch the kids.)\n\nI always think of ～れば and ～たら as a pair with ～れば being the non-past tense\nversion and ～たら being a past tense version.\n\n> 山田さんがこれれば、一緒に大阪に行きませんか。 \n> If it turns out that Mrs. Yamada can come, should we go to Osaka? (...to\n> avoid having to meet her.)\n\n～れば suggests that knowing whether the \"if\" part will be true is enough to\nfollow through on the \"then\" part.\n\n～たら suggest that once the \"if\" part has already occurred, one should do the\n\"then\" part.\n\n> 山田さんがこれたら、一緒に大阪に行きませんか。 \n> If/when Mrs. Yamada has been able to make it here, why don't we all go\n> together to Osaka?\n\nSo, strictly speaking, I don't think the wish/will/order/request with ～れば is\nungrammatical, but the nuance is not the one you expect when you translate it\nas a simple if-then construction into English.\n\nなら is independent of whether the \"if\" part has already occurred or hasn't yet\noccurred, so\n\n> 山田さんがこれるなら、一緒に大阪に行きませんか。 \n> If Mrs. Yamada can come, should we go together to Osaka?\n\nis probably open for either interpretation (i.e. go all together or go to\navoid her), but going all together is probably the more likely interpretation.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-20T07:46:51.003", "id": "12185", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-20T12:24:30.510", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-20T12:24:30.510", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12183", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I would say something like `イヤァァ〜` or `ワァ〜` should probably work OK.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-20T15:39:24.060", "id": "12191", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-20T15:39:24.060", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12184", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I think you could say\n「[トホホ](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%BB%E3%81%BB&stype=0&dtype=0&dname=0ss)」.\nIt's a lot like \"boo hoo\". I've heard that it's used more in fiction than in\nreal life, but I think that's true of \"boo hoo\", too.\n\nChocolate pointed out on chat that you could also say\n「[あーあ](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&stype=0&dtype=3&p=%E3%81%82%E3%83%BC%E3%81%82)」.\nAlthough I don't see entries for this interjection in any Japanese\ndictionaries, you can find it in Japanese-English dictionaries such as\n[edict](http://jisho.org/words?jap=%E3%81%82%E3%83%BC%E3%81%82&eng=&dict=edict).\nEdict describes it this way:\n\n> oh no (used as an expression of despair or when giving up); sigh of boredom\n> or disgust; oh boy\n\nAnother related word is\n「[がっかり](http://jisho.org/words?jap=%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A&eng=&dict=edict)」.\nAgain, I'll quote edict:\n\n> feel disappointed; dejected; lose heart; feel emotionally drained; feel let\n> down\n\nEdict lists more parts of speech for this word than Japanese dictionaries, so\nI decided to link to it here. You can say, for example, `がっかりした` or `がっかりだ`. I\nthink you can also use it as an interjection, though the only place I could\nfind listing it that way was\n[ALC](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A&ref=sa):\n`がっかり！`", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-21T01:25:38.137", "id": "12195", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-21T01:25:38.137", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12184", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The parallel marker に is used when you're putting together a list of related\nthings (nouns), adding each one as you go. In particular, it gets used if\nyou're _trying to think of things_ (like when you're at a restaurant, trying\nto think of what food you want to get), and that includes when you're _trying\nto recall at least two things from memory_ (like if you're trying to remember\nthe names of a couple old friends).\n\nI'm not a native speaker, so I won't try to make up my own examples. I'll take\na couple from the 日本語文法ハンドブック:\n\n> 大根`に`にんじん`に`、えーと、それからトマトをもらおうかしら。\n\nIn this example, the speaker is trying to think of which food they'd like.\nThey list three: `大根`, `にんじん`, and `トマト`. Note that the last item doesn't have\n`に`. Also pay attention to the `えーと、それから` which helps give you the impression\nthat the speaker is _trying to think of the items_ \\--that's the sort of\nsituation in which you tend to run across `に`.\n\nLet's look at another example:\n\n> イタリア旅行ではいろんな都市を訪ねたわ。ローマ`に`フィレンツェでしょ、それからミラノ`に`ヴェネツィアも行ったかしら。\n\nHere again, the speaker is trying to call to mind a list of items. In this\ncase, there are two smaller lists, but they function as one larger list: `ローマ`\nand `フィレンツェ` form the first list, and then the speaker thinks of `ミラノ` and\n`ヴェネツィア` as well, adding them as a second list. In each case, `に` is left off\nthe end of the list.\n\nAnother example, this time from a video game (Gameboy Wars Advance 2):\n\n> 「ほっほっほっ。マックス`に`イワン。 \n> また、ともに戦う事になってしもうたのう。」\n\nThe speaker remembers Max and Ewan from the first game, but he hasn't seen\nthem in quite some time. Because he used `に` to list the names, you get the\nsense that he's calling their names to mind from memory. In this case, again\nthe list only has two items, and again `に` is omitted from the last item in\nthe list.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-21T00:48:05.753", "id": "12194", "last_activity_date": "2021-01-12T00:12:22.550", "last_edit_date": "2021-01-12T00:12:22.550", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12188", "post_type": "answer", "score": 29 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a simple imperative plus quoting particle. A basic \"he told me to pay for\nthe cleaning,\" or \"tell me to go\" or \"told me to eat,\" essentially the same\nthing as what you offered as translations. It's a form of direct quotation and\nthis doesn't really constitute a special case.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-20T15:18:19.480", "id": "12190", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-20T15:18:19.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[人]{ひと}となり ≒ [人柄]{ひとがら}\n([goo人となり](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/186157/m0u/))\n\n～以前に ≒ ～よりもまず、～はともかく、aside from~~\n([alc以前の問題](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E4%BB%A5%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&ref=sa))", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-20T20:10:10.710", "id": "12193", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-20T20:33:27.150", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-20T20:33:27.150", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12192", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "人となり以前に tells in that case that what precedes it–Mibu's personality in this\ncase–is less important as a factor of judgement than what succeed it.\n\nWhat 満琉 expresses is that putting aside Mibu's personality to judge which\nsides he is(related to 静春 saying in the first line of the screenshot that she\nknows him and knows he's not on that side, basing the judgement on his\npersonality), the fact that it'll be weird if Mibu was on the ghost side\nbecause if he wanted to set it free, he wouldn't have ran after it, is more\nrelevant to the judgement on which sides he is than the judgement based on his\npersonality that 静春 did. Literally it would read as before putting the\npersonality (as a factor of judgement), the fact that it would be weird if he\nwas on the ghost side is more relevant.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-21T12:18:05.237", "id": "12196", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-21T12:18:05.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3618", "parent_id": "12192", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think that with a few exceptions, `おう` is /oː/ within a single morpheme, and\n/ou/ when it crosses morpheme boundaries. `おお` is always /oː/. The same thing\nis true of other kana pairs like `こう・こお`, `そう・そお`, and so on.\n\nFor example, look at the following pair of words:\n\n```\n\n 追う　　おう　　/ou/\n 王　　　おう　　/oː/\n \n```\n\n`追う` can be divided into the root `ow` and the verb ending morpheme `u`. The\n/w/ disappears before /u/, so we're left with /o/ and /u/ in separate\nmorphemes, pronounced together as /ou/. The same thing happens with other\nverbs that end this way, so `思う` is pronounced /omou/, not /omo:/. In\ncontrast, `王` contains `おう` within a single morpheme, so it's pronounced as a\nlong vowel /oː/. You can make any number of similar comparisons:\n\n```\n\n 沿う　　そう　　/sou/\n そう　　そう　　/soː/\n \n```\n\nOne tricky case is forms like `行こう`. If you follow the traditional analysis\nand call this the 未然形＋助動詞「う」, it _looks like_ `行こ` and `う` are separate\nmorphemes, but that doesn't fit with our rule so far--this form is always\npronounced /oː/, not /ou/. In fact, separating between `行こ` and `う` is an\nartifact of analyzing Japanese in kana; romanizing makes things a bit clearer.\nInstead of `iko.u`, we can divide it into `ik.ou`, giving us the root `ik`\nplus the hortative suffix `ou`. Once we do so, we can see that `ou` doesn't\ncross morpheme boundaries, so it makes sense that it's pronounced /oː/.\n\n* * *\n\nThe above rule mostly works, but we can come up with some exceptions like `今日`\n/kjoː/ or `おはよう` /ohajoː/. What do they have in common? They were historically\nsubject to a class of sound changes called\n[ウ音便](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E9%9F%B3%E4%BE%BF#.E3.82.A6.E9.9F.B3.E4.BE.BF).\nLet's look at these one at a time:\n\n * `今日` was originally `今` /ke/ + `日` /pu/. The consonant /p/ turned into /Φ/ and then was lost, leaving /keu/. This was subject to the sound change /eu/ to /joː/, giving /kjoː/. Modern kana usage respelled `けふ` as `きょう` to reflect this pronunciation, obscuring the fact that it began its life as two separate morphemes.\n\n * `おはよう` was originally the honorific prefix `御` /o/ + the root `早` /haja/ + the adjective ending `く` /ku/. Again the consonant before the /u/ dropped out, giving /ohajau/, which was subject to the sound change /au/ to /oː/, giving /ohajoː/.\n\nIn both cases, the sound changes created long vowels that cross morpheme\nboundaries, and modern kana usage respelled them with an お段 kana plus `う`. In\ncases like these, the pronunciation is /oː/ rather than /ou/.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-21T16:46:54.343", "id": "12198", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-21T16:46:54.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12197", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "> Can I use の without sounding like a weirdo ?\n\nYes.\n\n> Is there a difference between the two ?\n\nYes. A question with の is usually asking about a reason, or following up on a\npiece of information. For example, 勉強しているの？ means \"are you studying?\", and\nmight have undertones of \"is _that_ why (e.g.) you can't come out tonight?\",\nwhereas 勉強している？ is a straightforward yes/no question. Compare 勉強している (\"I am\nstudying\") with 勉強しているのだ (\"(it's because) I am studying\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-23T19:47:50.250", "id": "12221", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-23T19:47:50.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1699", "parent_id": "12199", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "とでも、used at the end of a sentence, can turn the statement into a question with\na sentiment expressing resentment, astonishment, antagonism or just plain\nemphasis.\n\n> そんな[怒]{いか}りに[妾]{わらわ}が[怯]{ひる}むとでも？ \n> And you think that anger would make me flinch?\n\nExamples:\n\n> 「それが実証できるとでも？」 \n> `You're going to verify THAT?'\n\n> あなたに言われないと分からないとでも？ \n> Like I need you to tell me that.\n\n> 「ほかになりようがあるとでも？」と女王さま。 \n> 'What would you have it?' said the Queen. (from Alice in Wonderland)\n\n> 同性愛者ですが何か？それが犯罪だとでも？ \n> So what if I am gay? Is it a crime?\n\nSource:\n\n[http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=とでも](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82)？", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-21T22:45:40.973", "id": "12201", "last_activity_date": "2018-01-23T12:55:38.480", "last_edit_date": "2018-01-23T12:55:38.480", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "12200", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "と is the quoting particle, でも means \"or something\" (listing an example just as\nin `お茶でもいかが？`), and the verb is omitted.\n\nIn this case it is `思った？`, but in other situations it might be `言うつもり？` or\nsomething else.\n\n> そんな怒りに妾が怯むとでも？ \n> (Did you think) that I would recoil from that kind of anger **or\n> something**?\n\nThe \"or something\" can have various effects as it does in English,\ntrivializing the idea, emphasizing it, making it sound far-fetched or\nridiculous, etc.\n\nAs always, there are various ways to translate this and there is no need to be\nabsolutely literal, but とでも is nothing more or less than the sum of its parts.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-21T23:12:19.790", "id": "12203", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-21T23:12:19.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "315", "parent_id": "12200", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "In these cases, '思っているのか？' or '言いたいのか？' is omitted.\n\nそんな[怒]{いか}りに[妾]{わらわ}が[怯]{ひる}むとでも **思っているのか** ？ or \nそんな怒りに妾が怯むとでも **言いたいのか** ？\n\nあなたに言われないと分からないとでも **思っているのか** ？ or \nあなたに言われないと分からないとでも **言いたいのか** ？\n\n「ほかになりようがあるとでも **思っているのですか** ？」と女王さま。 or \n「ほかになりようがあるとでも **言いたいのですか** ？」と女王さま。\n\n同性愛者ですが何か？それが[犯罪]{はんざい}だとでも **思っているのですか** ？ or \n同性愛者ですが何か？それが犯罪だとでも **言いたいのですか** ？\n\n～と思う、～と言う is basic form. \nでも（副助詞） adds some emphasis.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-16T07:04:10.910", "id": "12364", "last_activity_date": "2018-01-23T12:52:18.243", "last_edit_date": "2018-01-23T12:52:18.243", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "3675", "parent_id": "12202", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "てまえ (手前) literally in front of my/your hands. Besides having several meanings\nas a noun, it can be used as first person pronoun or as second person pronoun.\n(See [dictionary entry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/152396/m0u/),\nunder 2 [代].)\n\nてまえ (as a pronoun) is also pronounced (and written) as\n[てめえ](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/152495/m0u/).\n\nAlthough historically being used for people of higher rank, てまえ/てめえ is now\ncolloquial language for addressing someone of equal or lower rank and, in your\nsituation, a synonym for おまえ (or おれ, when used as first person pronoun).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-22T11:11:25.840", "id": "12205", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-22T11:11:25.840", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12204", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "There is 仁, which fits all of your descriptions. You wouldn't have found it\nwith the rod radical, because the rod is a vertical line. Most digital\ndictionaries have a search function by stroke number as well (or at least\norder the results by stroke number), which would have helped. Plus [二]{に} is\nactually a traditional radical.\n\nMy dictionary gives at least the following combinations for Hirohito\n\n> 郭人, 寛人, 寛仁, 宏人, 宏仁, 宏斉, 広人, 広仁, 弘人, 弘仁, 浩人, 浩仁, 祥仁, 仁人, 大仁, 博人, 博仁, 祐人, 裕人,\n> 裕仁, 洋人, 煕人, 洋仁, 皓人", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-22T16:01:35.520", "id": "12208", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-22T16:01:35.520", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12207", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's actually the particle `しか` \"nothing but/nobody but\" plus `いなかった`, the\nnegative past form of `いる` \"to be/to exist\" (animate). Your translation is\nright. It means \"I was the only one there\".\n\nThe particle `しか` is always paired with negative verbs like this. Taking an\nexample from _A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar_ (p.401):\n\n> ボブ **しか** [来]{こ}なかった。 \n> Nobody but Bob came. = Only Bob came.\n\nThe particle `しか` works the same way in your example.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-22T20:04:09.187", "id": "12211", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-22T23:13:25.857", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-22T23:13:25.857", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12210", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Japanese can form compound verbs readily, and only a subset of them end up in\ndictionaries, usually after they've been lexicalized (reinterpreted as a\nsingle element) and especially if they've been idiomatized (given an idiomatic\nmeaning you can't figure out from the individual elements, like 落ち着く). In\nparticular, certain verbs compound very readily as suffixes, giving the same\nmeaning no matter what the first verb in the compound is.\n\nIn this case, you can find the answer in EDICT under\n[直す](http://jisho.org/words?jap=%E7%9B%B4%E3%81%99&eng=&dict=edict), marked\nwith the (aux-v) tag:\n\n> 3: (Auxiliary verb) to do over again (after -masu base of verb);\n\nThe \"-masu base of verb\" in Japanese is called the 連用形, so let's look for\nsomething that attaches after the 動詞の連用形 in 大辞林's entry for\n[直す](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E7%9B%B4%E3%81%99&stype=0&dtype=0&dname=0ss):\n\n> **動詞の連用形の下に付いて** 、より良い結果を得るために、いったん行なった動作をもう一度する意を表す。\n>\n> 計算し―・す\n>\n> 書き―・す\n>\n> やり―・す\n\nThe examples mean to recalculate, to rewrite, and to redo. Based on this, what\ndoes 直す mean when you attach it to 捉え? I'd say it means **to recapture.**", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-23T10:40:17.200", "id": "12213", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-23T10:40:17.200", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12212", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Personally I would translate the example sentence as such:\n\n> In order to settle in and connect with a place, one must perceive it afresh,\n> not as a symbol of the architecture, but as an existence in itself.\n\n捉え直す is made of two parts as you have mentioned. 捉える can indeed mean \"to\ncatch, to capture\" but applied figuratively it also means \"to\nperceive/comprehend\" (usually in a specific way), much like how \"to grasp\" is\napplied to both tangible and intangible things in English.\n\nThus as snailboat has explained, the second part 直す here acts as a suffix,\nsuch that the entire phrase means \"to re-perceive\" or \" **to perceive afresh**\n\".\n\nOn a separate, slightly unrelated note, isn't the furigana for 根を生やす supposed\nto be ねをはやす and not こんをはやす?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-23T15:48:01.577", "id": "12217", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-23T15:48:01.577", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1791", "parent_id": "12212", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't read any sarcasm in this. If I were to translate the second one into\nEnglish I'd say it as \"You might fail but please at least try.\" It's not using\nany kind of irony, it's just approaching the matter from a pessimistic point\nof view. Failure will probably be the outcome, but the speaker sees some value\nin putting forth the effort regardless. The hopelessness that you detect is\ncaptured by the explicit \"だめだろうけど\" and the meaning implied by telling someone\nto \"at least\" try. It's just too direct to be sarcasm, in my opinion.\n\nAs a side note I find it interesting that you could potentially translate せいぜい\nas both \"at least\" and \"at most.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-23T13:56:24.423", "id": "12215", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-23T13:56:24.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12214", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think that しかも simply emphasizes what follows, whereas それどころか suggests a\nnuance like \"and, as if that wasn't enough already ...\". In your example\n\n> 肉はちゃんと焼いてなかったし、しかもごはんは少なかった。 \n> The meat wasn't cooked properly and, what's more, there was only very\n> little rice.\n>\n> 肉はちゃんと焼いてなかったし、それどころかごはんは少なかった。 \n> The meat wasn't cooked properly and, as if that wasn't bad enough, there\n> wasn't enough rice (to go with it).\n\nThe version with しかも emphasizes several facts which amount to the 親子丼\nexperience to have been awful.\n\nThe version with それどころか suggests that the badly cooked meat alone would have\nmade the experience awful, but on top of that, there wasn't even enough rice.\nI think the second sentence is a much more serious criticism of the\nrestaurant.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-23T19:00:31.060", "id": "12220", "last_activity_date": "2015-12-30T06:48:36.753", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12216", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "どちらも添加に変わりはありません。\n\nしかも・・・２つの使われ方があり、１つは「前で述べた内容に同じ種類の句を付け加える」使われ方、もう１つは「前で述べた内容に別の種類の句を付け加えて前で述べた内容を修飾する」使われ方です。 \n同じ添加の接続詞の「そのうえ」は若干強調したい時に使います。\n\nそれどころか・・・「それどころか」は、文と文を接続します。それは前の文の内容をさしています。 \n「どころか」は語と語、句と句を接続します。 \n前で述べた内容から相手が「予想できない」または「知らない」ような事実を付け加えるときに使われます。\n\nここに載ってます \n<http://pothos.main.jp/setuzokusi.htm>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-12-30T04:54:32.407", "id": "30145", "last_activity_date": "2015-12-30T06:49:10.147", "last_edit_date": "2015-12-30T06:49:10.147", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "12067", "parent_id": "12216", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's [前]{まえ} and [次]{つぎ} as in [前]{まえ}のページ and [次]{つぎ}のページ.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-23T17:23:28.913", "id": "12219", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-23T17:23:28.913", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12218", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it's the stem of 決める plus セリフ (plus the past tense of 使う):\n[決]{き}め[台詞]{ゼリフ} is one's \"signature phrase\".\n\nThe sentence is thus\n\n> もうお姫さまにきめぜりふつかったの？ \n> Did you already use your signature phrase on the princess?\n\nI'll leave you to make sense of it in the context of your game.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-24T02:48:01.133", "id": "12224", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-24T02:48:01.133", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12223", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The conjugation of 〜ぬ (or, more properly, 〜ず) is as follows in classical\nJapanese:\n\n * Predicative form (終止形): 〜ず\n * Attributive form (連体形): 〜ぬ\n * Adverbial form (連用形): 〜ず\n * Realis form (已然形): 〜ね\n\nAs you can see, it is somewhat defective; the missing conjugations are\nsometimes supplemented by the corresponding forms of 〜ざる (more properly, 〜ざり).\nIn modern western dialects, the predicative form has been replaced by the\nattributive form, which has indeed been contracted to 〜ん. [This\npage](http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~sg2h-ymst/yamatouta/intro/jodousi03.html)\nhas more details (in Japanese).\n\nThe classical ways of forming the past tense of 〜ず are 〜ざりき and 〜ざりけり (and in\nolder writings, 〜ずき and 〜ずけり), but in modern western dialects it is supposed\nto be 〜なんだ. Apparently 〜ざった and 〜だった are also attested. Nowadays one also sees\n〜んかった but this should probably be regarded as a contraction of 〜なかった rather\nthan a continuation of something classical – the 日本語国語大辞典 only has citations\nstarting from the late 19th century.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-24T12:47:17.990", "id": "12226", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-24T12:53:23.097", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-24T12:53:23.097", "last_editor_user_id": "578", "owner_user_id": "578", "parent_id": "12225", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The historical spelling (歴史的仮名遣い) of 短い uses a じ instead of a ぢ, so this rules\nout the possibility of an etymological relationship between 短い and 身近.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-24T18:48:31.953", "id": "12228", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-24T18:48:31.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "578", "parent_id": "12227", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The difference is pretty clear cut and I think they map pretty closely to the\nEnglish usage of \"useful\" and \"convenient,\" respectively. This is one that the\ndictionary will illuminate for us, so if I may...\n\n[有用](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%9C%89%E7%94%A8):\n\n> 役に立つ・こと（さま）。 \n> ⇔無用 \n> 「国家―の人材」「―な品物」「社会に―な人材」\n\nIf you look purely at the kanji you can get the idea: something that has use.\nThe definition for it is just an alternate way of saying \"useful,\" or 役に立つ.\nThe examples from the dictionary can give you some idea, but searching alc\nwill show you with a lot more examples that this has the general meaning of\n_being of use_.\n\nNow for the other contender:\n\n[便利](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E4%BE%BF%E5%88%A9):\n\n> 都合のよいこと。役に立って具合のよいこと。また、そのさま。 \n> ⇔不便 \n> 「通勤に―な土地」「―な道具」「この辺は何かと―がよい」\n\nIt means \"convenient,\" plain and simple. It is similar to 有用, yes, and indeed\nboth definitions contain the phrase 役に立つ, but 便利 expands on that a little bit\nto be something that improves conditions in some way rather than just being a\nthing that can be used. To clarify a little more on the difference, something\nthat is 有用 is something that can be utilized to achieve some good or some\ngoal, but something that is 便利 is inherently beneficial in some way in making\nsome situation better.\n\nFor example, you could say 有用な人, or someone we would refer to as a \"valuable\nasset\" to a team or whatever, but we would not call this person convenient in\nthe same context.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-26T10:40:56.663", "id": "12230", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-26T10:40:56.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12229", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "`参加させてもらう` also means \"being allowed to participate\", but the focus is on the\nsubject (who is being allowed), not so much on the \"allower\". More literally\nit would be \"receiving the favour of being allowed to participate\".\n\nBut there's an area of caution here. If the second sentence is indeed supposed\nto be 先生 **が**... , then it means \"the teacher was allowed to participate\".\n`もらう` uses `に` to mark the subject from whom you are receiving the favour\n(term?), but in this case it is omitted (possibly because that subject is\nvague of irrelevant).\n\nHowever, my inclination is that the second sentence is really supposed to be\n先生 **に**... , in which case it would mean roughly the same thing as the first\nsentence: The teacher allowed me to participate. However, as I mentioned, in\nthis case, the focus is more on the act of you receiving permission from the\nteacher, rather than on the teacher's (kind) act of allowing you to\nparticipate.\n\nFor more information on the distinctions between `〜（て）くれる` and `〜（て）もらう` (and\nby extension, `〜（て）くださる` and `〜（て）いただく`, [refer to the answers in this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/402/78).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-26T15:01:00.590", "id": "12232", "last_activity_date": "2015-06-04T15:31:29.090", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12231", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In all likelihood it's a reference to some inside joke that he and she would\nunderstand. おしりマイスター isn't exactly standard fare in greetings between friends\nso you can assume that something that \"out there\" will have a special\nsignificance to those in the know.\n\nIf you find out why your (girl?)friend is the butt master feel free to let us\nknow.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-27T02:42:02.473", "id": "12239", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-27T02:42:02.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12233", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "\"さすがお尻マイスター\" = \"さすが、あなたはお尻マイスターですね。\" \nThat's why you are (called) a master of butt. or I knew! You ARE a master of\nbutt!!\n\nHe loves butt too much. He cannot stop expressing his love to butt, and she\nknows that. Maybe, he said something about butt, and she said \"You ARE a\nMASTER of butt!!\"\n\nIt may be a joke. It might be close to \"There you go again!\" laughing him.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2020-12-29T15:46:13.460", "id": "83335", "last_activity_date": "2020-12-29T15:46:13.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41265", "parent_id": "12233", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "方 here is かた (honorific 'person'), so 質問のある方 means 'anyone who has questions'.\nの is often used in relative clauses to mark subject (where が might otherwise\nbe expected).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-26T19:19:04.553", "id": "12235", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-26T19:19:04.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12234", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "This is the same thing as `質問がある方はどうぞ` → \"Anyone who has a question, go ahead\n(and ask)\". `方` here is just the polite word for \"person\". As @summea\nsuggested in their comment, `の` can replace `が` in some situations, so you\nshould look into that. There are some questions on this site regarding that,\nbut I'm having a hard time finding them right now.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-26T19:19:33.290", "id": "12236", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-26T19:19:33.290", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12234", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "移る is general movement from one area to another and is not limited to housing\nsituations. It can be for houses, but you can use it in a variety of other\nways. This is shown in the following definition and examples:\n\n[移る](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E7%A7%BB%E3%82%8B)\n\n> (1)人や物が、ある所から別の所へ動く。移動する。移転する。 \n> 「本船からボートに―・る」「大阪から京都へ―・る」「住まいを―・る」\n\nNotice the connection to 移動 (physical movement) as well as to 移転 (which means\nsomething closer to \"moving\" in the housing sense).\n\nAs for 引っ越す and 引越しする, they are the same thing. I'm even having a hard time\ngoogling it because google treats them as exactly the same word. I assume they\nare 100% interchangeable, and they deal exclusively with \"moving\" as you\ndescribe it. I suppose I would agree that in polite speech you are more likely\nto hear 引越しする rather than 引っ越す, however I don't necessarily think that 引っ越す\nwould be seen as _impolite_. I could be wrong but I feel it's more just a\nmatter of convention there.\n\nEdit: I asked around a little bit and got this comment from a native regarding\nthe difference;\n\n> 状況で変わったリしない \n> まったくおなじにつかえる \n> 引っ越されたも十分丁寧にかんじる \n> 引っ越しされたと同じだと思う \n> ただ、自分のことを話す場合は \n> 引越しました。よりは \n> 引越しをいたしましたが丁寧 \n> でも引越しましたも失礼じゃないし普通に敬語だとおもう\n\nSo basically this person agrees that they are basically the same, that it\nmight be more common in polite speech to use 引越しする but that 引っ越す is not\nimpolite. However when speaking about yourself using a humble 引越しを致します is more\npolite, but at that point it's ambiguous as to whether it's using noun 引越し＋いたす\nor the humble form with 引っ越す.\n\nAnd to touch on @Earthling's comment, I associate 移住 more with migration than\nI do with moving houses, as in the word 移住民. There's much more of a sense of\nuprooting yourself and going somewhere far and new as opposed to moving across\ntown.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-27T02:37:52.970", "id": "12238", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-27T09:14:02.277", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-27T09:14:02.277", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12237", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Not sure if this warrants a separate answer or not, but as @ssb said, `移る` is\na general word for \"move\". However, it carries additional metaphorical\nmeanings of \"moving\", such as \"changing\"/\"shifting\"/\"turning\".\n\n> * 話題は政治に移った → The topic of conversation moved/turned to politics\n> * 次の項目に移ろう → Let's go/move on to the next item\n> * 子供の関心はすぐに移る → Children's interests shift/change quickly\n>\n\nThese meanings could not be replaced by either `引っ越す` or `引っ越しする`.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-27T14:58:19.463", "id": "12242", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-27T14:58:19.463", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12237", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "They're mostly the same, but 忘れちゃった has more of a sense of 'whoops' than just\nplain 忘れてた. I'd probably be more likely to use 忘れちゃった in a situation where the\nforgetting something had some kind of negative consequence (though probably a\nsmall one, as it's not a particularly formal form and it tends to have a sense\nof downplaying the consequences - if you really screw something up by\nforgetting something, you'd want to go the distance and say 忘れてしまいました.) It\nsounds kind of weird to use 忘れちゃった to mean something was forgotten but nothing\nbad came of it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-27T17:49:12.207", "id": "12244", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-27T17:49:12.207", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "ちゃう is the shortened form of\n[ちまう](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/142344/m0u/). Which is the\nshortened version of\n[〜てしまう](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/100617/m0u/).\n\nIn this case, ちゃう represents, _\" Implying that something unexpected\nhappened\"_.\n\nSo if you say 忘れてた it means, \"I forgot\". But わすれちゃった means \"I forgot having\nunexpected consequences\".\n\nIn my experience, using ～てしまう or ～ちゃう is more of a \"whoops!\" sort of comment,\nwhereas 忘れてた is more of a statement of fact. \"Do you remember coming here as a\nchild?\" would be more of the latter, while waiting in line for a baseball game\nand realizing you forgot the tickets would be more of the former\n「チケットを忘れちゃった！」\n\nIn general, the use of either ～ちゃう or ～てしまう when referring to a personal\nscrew-up is incredibly casual and not appropriate for work settings (you would\ngenerally apologize first, as it comes off a bit too light-hearted and as if\nyou don't take the mistake seriously).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-28T08:03:35.060", "id": "12251", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-04T12:16:01.557", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-04T12:16:01.557", "last_editor_user_id": "27424", "owner_user_id": "3300", "parent_id": "12243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think the important thing here is to understand the word しまう,and then to\nunderstand that ちゃう is the colloquial contraction of shimau. For simplicity's\nsake, I'll just write everything in romaji.\n\nShimau: Means to \"completely\" do something. Yatteshimau zo! means something\nlike \"I'm going for it!\" It can have some sense of daring or regret associated\nwith it. Little kids say \"chau\" all the time (\"nichau yo\", \"I'll cry!), and\nparents use it to scold them: \"Naicha dame da yo!\" (\"Don't you cry!\"). In any\ncase, shimau is used frequently (in both formal and informal speech and\nwriting) and chau is also used frequently, albeit in speech. It is interesting\nto note that if you add the conditional \"-ba\" to the end of \"-shimau\"\n(\"shimaeba\") then it becomes more of an challenge or proposition of difficulty\n(\"wasurete shimaeba\" = \"if you can manage to forget\").\n\nSo, to answer your question, when used with wasureru, the only real way to\ninterpret wasurete shimau is to see it as a statement of regret at having\nforgotten or unintentional forgetting, and \"wasurechatta\" means something\nsimilar although would not be said in quite the same circumstances.\n\nThis is in contrast to \"wasureteta\" which is a contraction of \"wasurete ita\"\n(sic \"I had forgotten\") which implies that you had forgotten but that someone\nor something just reminded you of that. The difference between \"wasureta\" and\n\"wasureteta\" is like the difference between \"I had forgotten\" (which implies\nthat you now remember) and \"I forgot.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-03T06:04:38.060", "id": "12279", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-03T06:04:38.060", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3669", "parent_id": "12243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "忘れてた means 'I forgot', but it carries a sort of 'continuous' meaning, i.e.\nsomebody has forgotten something for a period of time. At least that's how\nI've come to understand it.\n\nOn the other hand, 忘れちゃった is a colloquial, shortened version of 忘れてしまった.\n\n～てしまう is a verb-only conjugation and has three basic meanings, which are:\n\n 1. The action expressed by the verb was done unintentionally, by accident.\n 2. The action was done completely, finalized.\n\nIn this case, 忘れちゃった may mean both, as in:\n\n**Whoops** , I **totally** forgot.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-12-24T12:09:57.103", "id": "13859", "last_activity_date": "2013-12-24T12:29:41.060", "last_edit_date": "2013-12-24T12:29:41.060", "last_editor_user_id": "4378", "owner_user_id": "4378", "parent_id": "12243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "忘れちゃった you forgot and there was a consequence to it.\n\n忘れてた does not imply consequence.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-04T11:19:01.967", "id": "14039", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-04T11:19:01.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1808", "parent_id": "12243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is a longish answer that goes off on a lot of potentially unrelated\ntangential points but please stick with me here if only because it's\ninteresting!\n\nI'm paraphrasing an answer from\n[here](http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/1458504.html) for this first bit. Basically\nin ancient Japan there were only four colors in wide use, namely\n「あかし」「あおし」「しろし（しるし）」「くろし（くらし）」. From these you can naturally see how they\nbecame the four pure adjectives that we have today, 赤い, 青い, 白い, 黒い. Other\ncolor words were gradually introduced over time, but 黄色 alone is special in\nthat there were never really any references to \"yellow\" in really old texts.\nThe kanji 黄 was used in some words but none that explicitly referred to\nyellow. It's possible that they just included \"yellow\" under another color's\nname. It's not until the 10th century that you see the word きいろ in use, and\nthe only explanation given is that it's \"the color's name plus the 色 kanji.\"\n\n[This site](http://gogen-allguide.com/ki/kiiro.html) offers some explanations\nas to where the term itself came from but there doesn't appear to be any solid\nevidence. Examples include various types of trees as the root for き or perhaps\na transition from some other words beginning with く, like from くがね or possibly\nくそ. It's possible that since 黄色 came relatively late compared to other colors\nlike 茶色 they just continued the pattern of adding 色. Or maybe it was just too\nconfusing just saying き. It was originally 黄の色 and shortened to 黄色.\n\nAt any rate this explains why you have this weird yellow situation.\n\nNow to answer your real question, in most situations I can think of you would\nneed to use 黄色 and not just き, at least in normal speech. I can find a few\nexamples on alc of 黄 by itself, as in 黄がかった or 黄なる.\n\nThe issue with things like 黄河 is not that they are proper nouns but that they\nare words of Chinese origin. 黄 is not a concept of Japanese origin, and there\nare plenty of Chinese words that use it. You'll just be using it with 音読み\ninstead. Like 緑黄色野菜 or 黄変 or 黄斑 to steal a few from alc.\n\nAll said, there may very well be instances of 黄 outside of words of Chinese\norigin that don't have 色 after them. But for pretty much any modern purpose\nyou will always be using the word 黄色. That's just The Way It's Done Now. I\nhaven't looked up the origins of murasaki yet but I'm sure that has its own\nunique story and use patterns as well. For now you might just be better\nthinking of it in the same category as 茶色.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-28T01:30:08.650", "id": "12247", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-28T01:30:08.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12246", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "If you've learned enough of the language to use Kanji and such, you should\nknow that だよなー is not a single unit, but 3 separate components. The だ in that\nis the 'casual,' so to speak, iteration of です, and is the one you're more\nlikely to see in less formal situations and by more casually-minded folks. The\nlatter 2 parts are what's known as 終助詞(しゅうじょし), the end-of-sentence particles\nthat give a sentence a different flavor and intent, the kind depending on\nwhich one is used, much like the exclamation point, question mark and 'man' do\nin ending an English sentence. In this particular case, this is a combination\nof よ(emphatic 終助詞, works like '!' or 'Yo') and な(variation of ね, tag 終助詞 that\nalso functions as a softer version of よ)\n\nWith all that established, your little chat likely went something like this:\n\n> Friend: Yeah, I wanna drop some pounds. Today, especially. \n> You: Me too... \n> Friend: Totally, man", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-28T05:19:18.533", "id": "12249", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-29T03:43:12.040", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-29T03:43:12.040", "last_editor_user_id": "3172", "owner_user_id": "3172", "parent_id": "12248", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "`だよなー` is manly tone of `'だよねー'`.\n\n`だよねー` is `だよね`. \n`だよね` is shortly word of `そうだよね`。\n\nsame following.\n\n> person: うん痩せたいです今よりもっと \n> me: 私も... ;; \n> person: やっぱり、そうだよねー。\n\n* * *\n\nExample.\n\n```\n\n friend: 痩せたいよ今よりもっと。 \n me : 私も... ;;\n friend: だよねー。 / だよなー。 / そうだよねー。 / そうだよなー。\n \n \n junior: 痩せたいです今よりもっと。 \n me : 私も... ;;\n junior: ですよねー。/ そうですよねー。\n \n```\n\nですよなー。 / そうですよなー。 are wrong.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-13T13:03:07.640", "id": "12341", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-13T13:03:07.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3630", "parent_id": "12248", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Roy Fuentes' answer is pretty good, but needs some correction. な is not adding\nsoftness. It's adding emphasis. I felt this wasn't clear in his answer. Also,\nね is not a softer version of よ.\n\nAddressing some of the comments — thinking about whether だよなー is more\nmasculine or feminine is a bit overthinking in my opinion. Either gender can\nsay it in a casual setting (I think young people use this more than older\npeople).\n\nよ sort of adds emphasis, or simply is used when telling someone something,\nlike you're figuratively handing them information. It can be used casually or\nformally.\n\nな here is just emphasis. It doesn't seem formal to me. Casual, familiar. A\nlittle bit \"young\" like the \"man\" in \"yeah, man!\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-09-26T13:55:29.183", "id": "39494", "last_activity_date": "2016-09-26T13:55:29.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "18041", "parent_id": "12248", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "ないでいます conveys that not only one is not doing something, but also one has been\nin that state for a while (as in, one hasn't been doing it.) In comparison,\nていません just says one is not doing something right now.\n\nTherefore ないでいます carries a bit of feeling that one is procrastinating, as in\n近いうちに田舎に帰ろうと決めたのですが、できないでいます。(I decided to visit my home town but I haven't\nmanaged.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-28T15:11:51.943", "id": "12254", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-28T15:11:51.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "12250", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "(@yadokari)\n\nSuppose that \"I have been not eating\" were correct English. Then it would\nsuggest that I were in the prolonged state of \"not eating\", e.g. trying not to\neat.\n\n\"I haven't been eating\" suggests that I happened not to be in the state of\n\"eating\" for some period of time. This may be coincidental.\n\nAlthough it takes some work to see the difference in English, the above\nexample translates readily into Japanese as\n\n> 食べないでいます \n> I have been not eating\n>\n> 食べていません \n> I haven't been eating\n\nFor example\n\n> 断食をしてる間は、寒いと食べないでいるのが特にきつい。 \n> During fasting, when it's cold, then it is particularly difficult **to not\n> be eating**.\n\nComing to think of it, I think that the difference in English can be related\nto the \"no split infinitives\" rule (which, if I remember correctly, was\nintroduced in the 19th century as an act of arbitrariness to define \"proper\nspeech\" through grammars, which would distinguish the well-read upper class\nfrom simple folk).\n\nThe \"no split infinitives\" rule corrects the above to\n\n> ... it's particularly difficult **not to be eating**.\n\nAnother rule says that negation should be done on the auxiliary verb (any\ninflection, in fact). So \"to be not eating\" negates \"eating\" directly, but\nthat should be done on the auxiliary verb \"to be\", whence \"to not be eating\".\nBut then, the \"no split infinitives\" pulls the negation out to the front: \"not\nto be eating\".\n\nOut of the following, I think only the first is formally correct\n\n> ○ not to be eating \n> × to not be eating \n> × to be not eating\n\nJapanese has no analogous rules; you can negate either part of the ～ている\nconstruction.\n\nThe nuances that can be conveyed with this construction are described in\nKohsuke Kawaguchi's answer.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-28T20:23:02.930", "id": "12255", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-28T20:28:04.853", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12250", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is just `分`+`だけ`; the `分` goes with the preceding part - `魔力がたりない分` \\-\nand means \"amount\".\n\nThis `だけ` seems to be the definition where it means \"more\"/\"along with\". It\nsays something like \"The more you lack (the) magical power, the more\nincomplete the distance becomes.\"\n\nHere are some other examples of this usage of `だけ`:\n\n> * 安ければ安いだけよい → The cheaper, the better. Could be replaced with `ほど` and\n> have the same meaning.\n> * 生活水準が高くなるだけ出費もかさむ → Expenses will increase as the standard of living\n> rises. Could be replaced with something like [`〜につれて` or\n> `〜にしたがって`](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/2537/78) and have the same\n> meaning.\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-28T14:34:26.003", "id": "12253", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-28T14:34:26.003", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12252", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I think of this だけ as meaning \"to the extent that\". The intuitively more easy\nuse for me to understand and adopt was 「〜できるだけxxxください」、which can means \"Please\ndo the best you can to **_\" or \"To the extent that you can, please __ __**\".\nAs this sentence shows, the word だけ can take this sense with nouns aswell as\nverbs.\n\n> \"To the extent the magic power is lacking, the distance will be odd (off)\"\n\n[半端 is usually translated as \"odd\" but the skill of translation is not just to\nunderstand but to put these things things into natural English (in other\nwords, my translation is still falls a bit short but the more you\npractice...)]", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-28T23:48:37.167", "id": "12256", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-29T02:10:43.790", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-29T02:10:43.790", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "12252", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm pretty sure it just means 'more than is the case at the moment' -\nliterally 'more than now' (it's the same より that you'd use for any\ncomparison). So for your first example, the first speaker is saying 'I want to\nget thinner than [I am] right now'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-29T21:05:40.113", "id": "12259", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-29T21:05:40.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12258", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "It is often the case that some part, which a speaker thinks of while speaking\nis added to the end of a sentence, or even added as a new sentence.\n\nIn this case\n\n> 今よりもっと痩せたいです → 痩せたいです今よりもっと\n\nOf course, the first sentence just means\n\n> I want to lose even more weight than now.\n\nand the second sentence is just a rearranged version of the first.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-29T22:02:43.473", "id": "12260", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-29T22:02:43.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12258", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "なろうとする means \"try to become\", なろうとし is the 連用形. So basically \"trying to become\nlike Australians, ...\" or \"try to become like Australians, and ...\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-01T00:11:50.437", "id": "12264", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-01T00:11:50.437", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "12261", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "One of the things about Japanese is that gendered speech is pretty explicit,\nand if you are a male using feminine speech you're going to come off as gay or\nas a transvestite or something else in the gender bending stereotypes of\nJapanese culture. My general advice would not be to use explicitly feminine\nspeech but rather to avoid using overtly masculine speech. Call yourself 僕\ninstead of 俺. Avoid rough inflections and slang, so instead of saying like\nいらねーぜ just say いらない. Just listen to the way that males usually speak and tone\nit down. If you stick basically to standard Japanese without resorting to\nharshness then you might not necessarily come off as _feminine_ but you won't\ncome off as someone trying to project a masculine air.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-30T15:54:40.893", "id": "12263", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-30T15:54:40.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12262", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "My advice is similar to ssb (do not \"use explicitly feminine speech but rather\nto avoid using overtly masculine speech\"):\n\nA couple of the years ago I was told that my Japanese was very polite - not in\nthe sense of using keigo all the time, just polite, in a way that shows\nrespect. I was naturally flattered but the answer was simply that as my\nJapanese got better I got better at saying something the way I wanted to, in\nother words, I got better at speaking Japanese the same way I spoke English\n(which unfortunately is not really polite all the time by any means but...)\n\nI suggest you do the same.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-02T12:57:28.317", "id": "12270", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-02T12:57:28.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "12262", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "久しく adverbally modifies 行けていない. I scrambled it back into a more common\nposition here:\n\n> 金欠で スタバに 久しく 行けていない けど \n> out-of-money-SO starbucks-TO a-while go-POTENTIAL-TEIRU-NOT but\n\n\"Uh, I've been out of money, so I haven't been able to go to starbucks for a\nwhile.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-02T12:33:22.153", "id": "12268", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-02T12:33:22.153", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "12267", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "This is only my own gut feeling, but I'm fairly certain the distinction\ninvolves whether or not the verb produces an object (not grammatical object!)\nin a time-dependent state. 焼きたて, for example, refers to baked goods that are\nfresh out of the oven and thus still quite warm - they haven't cooled yet.\nペンキ塗りたて refers to something that's been very recently painted and probably\nstill wet - it hasn't dried yet. とりたて refers to fruit (and such things) that\nhas recently been picked and is thus still very fresh - it hasn't had any of\nthe decomposition processes associated with being removed from its tree begin\nin earnest yet.\n\nThe impossible phrases don't produce objects in clear time-dependent states.\nFor *読みたて, while there is a state of 'recently having read a book and thus\nremembering its contents well', this applies to the reader, not the book\nitself. *寝たて doesn't even have any objects associated with it closely enough.\nFor *食べたて, like *読みたて, the state of 'having recently eaten and now being full\n/ no longer hungry' applies to the eater, not the food; and the food's state\nof having been eaten is not in any way time-dependent.\n\n-たて may also require that the item being referred to would be the verb's grammatical object (ruling *寝たて out), but I'm not sure. I can't think of any counterexamples, but there might be some.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-04T03:44:17.427", "id": "12281", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-04T04:01:03.223", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-04T04:01:03.223", "last_editor_user_id": "3639", "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12269", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "There is some children's game, where one player positions his hand in front of\nthe other players face, pointing into the four directions up, down, left,\nright, according to a rhythm. The second player has to look into one\ndirection. If he looks into the direction the finger points in, he loses.\n\nThe rhythm is given by saying the following:\n\n> 生まれたて, 一才, 二才, 三才, …\n\nThe longer you last without looking into the same direction, the older you\n\"are\". Being declared 生まれたて, is particularly funny, not only because that\nmeans you are a baby, but also because 生まれたて sounds like 焼きたて, i.e. an\nunnatural use of the suffix ～たて. I think Sjiveru's answer already explains\nquite well the nuance of ～たて. I would think that 食べたて might be appropriate in\nsome programme which follows the food through the digestive system. A 食べたて\nfood would be food that has been swallowed, but hasn't started to be digested.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-04T04:28:30.100", "id": "12282", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-04T04:28:30.100", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12269", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "One of a few aspects of the term that I learned from [my own question on\n`立{た}つ`](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2889/119) is that it can contain\na concept of \"[emergence](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/emerge)\", in the\nsense of \"to become evident\". Not necessarily a deliberate creation, but in\nsome sense that there is a result after a process.\n\nThus, in the examples you give, you can see in the correct usages that\nsomething comes of the action:\n\n * 焼{や}きたて = the cooked thing becomes different in that it's now an edible thing\n\n * とりたて = you how have the thing that you picked\n\n * ペンキ塗{ぬ}りたて = something is now a painted thing, a different appearance\n\nWhereas in the incorrect usages you provide, it's hard to see that anything\nwould have emerged as a result:\n\n * × 読{よ}みたて - Nothing is made from reading (putting aside deep philosophical arguments about creating a better person... nothing is literally made)\n\n * × 寝{ね}てたて - Sleep is a state bestowed upon you, and nothing is there after that wasn't there before\n\n * × 食{た}べたて - Quite the opposite of emergence, things are essentially destroyed by consumption\n\nHope that helps.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-04T09:30:20.850", "id": "12283", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-04T09:30:20.850", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "119", "parent_id": "12269", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [this](http://www11.plala.or.jp/samma116/22/76/02.html), the\noriginal man'yougana version of this poem has ふ, but this particular makura-\nkotoba in other poems is written either with ぶ or with spellings that could be\nread either way. At some point in the past this poem's version ended up\nchanged to match the rest, but whether or not the original was supposed to be\nぶ anyway is unclear.\n\nAs for the correct Heian-jidai pronunciation, it would be probably either\n[tiɸajaɸuru] or [tiɸajaburu], depending on which was the actual original\nversion. (ɸ is the modern Japanese f before u; j is what in English is\ntypically spelled y; and u is the modern Spanish u rather than the modern\nJapanese u, which is more like [ɯ].)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-02T21:43:54.913", "id": "12272", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-03T00:38:38.490", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-03T00:38:38.490", "last_editor_user_id": "3639", "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12271", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Touhoku dialect? More details here:\n<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect>\n\nThat being said, unless you're going way off into the boonies, I think if\nyou've got a good understanding of standard Japanese, you'll be fine.\n\nHere are some of my informal experiences with different dialects:\n\n 1. Only a problem if you're speaking informally, which most likely means with a friend - someone who will forgive your listening comprehension mistakes :)\n\n 2. That being said, most of the dialects I've encountered haven't been soooo extremely different from standard japanese that I couldn't understand what was being said. Usually the suffixes of verbs (verb conjugations) change a bit, and some local-only vocabulary might come into play.\n\nPart of the fun of learning Japanese is learning these local dialects :) Hope\nthis helps.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-03T00:04:20.723", "id": "12274", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-03T13:43:04.653", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-03T13:43:04.653", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3286", "parent_id": "12273", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "坊 in Japanese is fairly uncommon on its own, but it means something like 'kid'\nor 'boy' most of the time (originally it was 'monk', and it's shifted a bit\nsemantically). 寝坊 is a somewhat playful term for someone who has trouble\ngetting up in the morning, and as a する verb means 'sleep late' or 'oversleep'.\n朝寝坊する is basically the same thing.\n\n坊's modern Chinese meaning is probably the result of it being used as the\nsimplification of an unrelated character, but I could be wrong.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-03T02:08:54.190", "id": "12276", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-03T02:08:54.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12275", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "(This is an answer based on observation and experience but if you do some\nresearch I think you will find some substance:)\n\nThe use of 坊 literally means boy or son but rather like -man in English, it\ncan sometimes be used to mean person, of either sex:\n\n> 朝寝坊 someone who gets up late\n>\n> 食いしん坊 glutton\n>\n> 赤ん坊 baby\n>\n> 大の見え坊 very vain man\n>\n> うちの子、暴れん坊なのよ。 My child is really rowdy\n>\n> 忘れん坊 s>pace cadet\n>\n> 暴れん坊 rough neck", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-03T13:41:04.567", "id": "12280", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-05T11:23:47.143", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "12275", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "For 静か and 暖かい, the か is a fossilised grammatical element (cf. 静まる and 暖まる,\nwhich don't have it).\n\nAs for 大きい, it's written with き to differentiate it from 大い, which is a 形容動詞\n(albeit with a similar meaning). 小さい's case is a little less clear, since\nwhile there is a word that's written 小い, it's a very informal word (ちっこい)\ntypically written with kana. It may be out of a desire to match up with 大きい.\nThere's a few other adjectives that have extra okurigana for differentiation\npurposes as well (eg. 危ない and 危うい from each other, or 少ない's archaic 終止形 少なし\nfrom 少し).\n\nThe fact that both of these adjectives (大きい and 小さい) have irregular 連体形s (大きな,\n小さな) may also contribute to their unusual spelling. Certainly 大きい has an odd\nhistory - it started off as *əpəsi, 連体形 *əpəki, just like any other adjective;\nbut in the Heian-jidai it started being used as a 形容動詞 as well (of the form\n*owoki (nari)). This in turn led to its root being reinterpreted from owo- to\nowoki- in the Muromachi-jidai, and the -(k/ɕ)i just ɡot stuck back on the end\nto form owokiɕi (> modern 大きい, via the 連体形>終止形 shift).", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-03T02:52:43.103", "id": "12278", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-03T03:01:17.113", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-03T03:01:17.113", "last_editor_user_id": "3639", "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12277", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Both are used. お冷 is a bit more chic and it is only cold water (to drink)\nwhile お水 is just _water_ in a general meaning. \nYou will never be repressed for using お水 instead of お冷, vice versa.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-05T06:57:04.493", "id": "12285", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-05T06:57:04.493", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "12284", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "Apparently the use of 'Ohiya' should be limited to the staff who are serving\ntheir customer at traditional eateries because it is actually a traditional\ncode.\n\nSo, you can ask for a 'Omizu' then your sushi chef would serve a glass of\nwater and may say \"Here is your 'Ohiya', Sir.\" But apparently not the other\nway around - I didn't know this but the other way around somehow sounds wrong.\n\nBut if you must:\n\nI'd only use 'Ohiya' at traditional Japanese eateries (hence \"chic\" as prev.\ncomment), not in a French restaurant or McDonald's.\n\nAlso, if I were invited to my friends/families house, or they are serving food\n& drink as the host, I'd use 'Omizu'.\n\nGiven that 'Ohiya' is a code amongst catering staff, asking for an 'Ohiya' is\nthe equivalent of calling your host \"waiter/waitress\" - sounds a bit\npretentious.\n\nAnother thing is that 'Ohiya' has more subtle nuances than 'Omizu'.\n\nFor example, you can use 'Omizu' to mean 'bottled water' whereas 'Ohiya' can\nonly be used when you mean a single portion of water in an open container like\na glass/Yunomi, not in a pitcher or a bottle.\n\nAnyways, unless you are working at a bustling sushi restaurant, you don't have\nto worry about it - it's like walking into a supermarket and asking for a\n'code 300' which is an internal code for a 'manager'. If you are just a\ncustomer, you don't need to know such thing and if you use it, that won't\nimpress anyone.\n\nThe only difference here is that you'd better to know what 'Ohiya' is, but\nthat doesn't mean you have to use it.\n\n'Ohiya' is a reserved (and quite archaic) code for the people who are serving\nyou. Stick to 'Omizu' and you'll save yourself from minor embarrassments ;)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-08T22:05:08.597", "id": "12305", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-08T22:12:05.687", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-08T22:12:05.687", "last_editor_user_id": "3689", "owner_user_id": "3689", "parent_id": "12284", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "It's more of historical authenticity and many modern Japanese don't know about\nit (incl. myself) - a bit like if you are greeted with \"How do you do?\" the\ncorrect (traditional/educated) response should be \"How do you do?\" NOT \"I'm\nfine, thanks\" - although the latter response is getting common and very small\nnumber of native English speakers would appreciate the difference.\n\nIf you want to be very pedantic about Japanese language, use only 'Omizu'\n(unless you are the serving chef/waiter) but it won't cause you huge damage if\nyou use 'Ohiya' at an eatery.\n\nI'd still avoid using 'Ohiya' to my friends/family - sounds a bit too\ncommercial for a private setting.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-16T14:14:36.217", "id": "12366", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-16T14:14:36.217", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3723", "parent_id": "12284", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "As already mentioned, \"ohiya\" is originally jargon used only inside sushi\nrestaurants to mean \"cold drinking water poured in a yunomi (cup)\". Another\nword categorized in this class is \"agari\", meaning \"hot green tea\".\n\nWhile the use of \"agari\" is still limited to sushi restaurants (and I\npersonally never use it), the word \"ohiya\" is now very widely used among many\ntypes of restaurants and izakaya in Japan. I believe the majority of people\nconsider \"ohiya\" as just a bit more elegant synomym for \"omizu\", not\nconsidering its origin. You can safely use \"ohiya\" even in McDonalds or French\nrestaurants, at least here in Tokyo.\n\nHowever, there are also a few people who worry about its origin and avoid\n\"ohiya\", especially as a customer. Such people consider this word as\nunnecessary, old fashioned, unofficial, or even impolite when used in high\ngrade restaurants. I personally use both \"ohiya\" and \"omizu\" without\nconsciously thinking about them, but when in doubt, always stick to \"omizu\"\nand you'll be perfectly OK.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2014-03-27T03:51:53.553", "id": "15081", "last_activity_date": "2020-03-27T00:54:02.830", "last_edit_date": "2020-03-27T00:54:02.830", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "12284", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I can't see any difference in these two sentences but 憧れる seems to have a\nwider range of uses and can directed towards places. 慕う seems to be limited to\npeople.\n\n(This is based on studying the dictionary examples. I learnt 慕う but have never\nheard it used.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-05T11:34:23.250", "id": "12287", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-05T11:34:23.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "12286", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "An interesting reply\n[here](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1367268923) to\na similar question suggests that 慕う is directed towards someone close to you,\nand 憧れる more distant (e.g. you can 憧れる someone like an author or actor who you\ndon't actually know). So perhaps there is some difference in your example\nsentences regarding the implied type of relationship between 彼女 and 先輩, where\nthe 慕う version suggests a closer level of interaction.\n\nIn the context of your sentences 先輩に憧れる would, I think, also be more natural\nif you were talking about a reason for choosing a certain career path or\nlearning a certain skill - because she admired (and wanted to emulate) that\nperson.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-05T15:34:35.197", "id": "12288", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-05T15:34:35.197", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "12286", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "「意匠ノート」 doesn't means 'notebook for designer'.\n\n「意匠ノート」means ... Notebook that have not only notebook feature, but also good\nlooking (or / and) more useful design.\n\n* * *\n\nFor Example\n\nThis notebook cut obliquely to turn the pages easily. ( for more useful design\n) <http://www.kokuyo-st.co.jp/stationery/campus_p/design/>\n\nThis is a notebook with lacework. ( for good looking design )\n<http://www.kokuyo-st.co.jp/stationery/gracieux/note.html#01>\n\nJapanese stationery maker KOKUYO uses the word \"意匠ノート\" well. Those are\nslightly useful or slightly beautiful. (in Japanese ちょっと便利 or ちょっとかわいい ).", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-06T06:52:17.780", "id": "12295", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-06T10:18:48.193", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-06T10:18:48.193", "last_editor_user_id": "3630", "owner_user_id": "3630", "parent_id": "12291", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Winter of snow\" makes sense to me. We don't use the expression as often as a\n\"summer of rain\" in the UK which could be just because it rains in the UK more\noften than it snows but, based on the following two kotowaza in Space ALC the\nconstruction seems to work in Japanese too:\n\n> 大雪の冬のあとは豊作の年になる。 A snow year, a rich year.〔ことわざ〕\n>\n> 雨ばかり降る冬は飢餓をもたらし、大雪の冬は豊作をもたらす。\n>\n> Under water, famine; under snow, bread.〔ことわざ〕\n\nHowever, these were the only two examples Space ALC came up with so perhaps it\nis not so common in Japanese afterall.\n\n(Translating winter snow as 冬の雪 also makes sense but as I think you know, this\nexpression is referring to the type of snow that fall in winter, and I am\nstruggling to think of another type, unless it is made by a machine.)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-06T00:17:10.707", "id": "12293", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-11T14:12:16.957", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "12292", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I'm not sure why you're confused. You seem to be understanding の just fine.\n雪の冬 means a \"winter of snow\" and 冬の雪 \"winter snow\" (or snow of the winter).\n\nSimilarly, 春の雪, which even has an disambiguation entry [on Japanese\nWikipedia](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E3%81%AE%E9%9B%AA).\n\n冬の雪 has less hits, but I'd guess that's just because it's not nearly as poetic\nas 春の雪.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-06T01:22:12.553", "id": "12294", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-06T01:22:12.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12292", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "`雪の冬` could be translated as \"(a) winter(s) (full) of snow\" or \"(a) winter(s)\nhaving snow\". It could easily be `雪のある冬`, and would contrast with `雪のない冬`\n(\"(a) winter(s) with no / not having snow\"). The focus is on **winter** and is\ncomplemented with a description.\n\n`冬の雪` would be \"the snow of winter\" or \"winter's snow\". The focus is on the\nsnow.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-11T19:25:01.027", "id": "12331", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-11T19:25:01.027", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12292", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess you are referring to a dictionary entry [like this\none](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/detail?p=%E3%81%82%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84&stype=4&dtype=0).\nI think that 篤い is not a 常用 reading (only 篤 トク is 常用), so that 厚い covers the\nmeaning \"serious illness\", but 篤い is used often for this meaning. (Compare 重篤,\nmeaning \"serious illness\".) I can't find the key for 大辞泉, but I'd guess that\nthe little triangle means \"beware, not 常用\".\n\nNote also that 篤 also means \"kind\", e.g. as in 懇篤, so the meanings of 篤い and\n厚い do overlap (but don't overlap with 熱い or 暑い) and the choice of 漢字 is partly\na matter of personal taste. The dictionary provides an official guideline.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-07T00:40:55.813", "id": "12297", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-07T02:08:30.663", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-07T02:08:30.663", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12296", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "It's sometimes useful to look at what the characters mean in Chinese. Here's\nwhat I found listed in the dictionary:\n\n厚thick / deep or profound / kind / generous / rich or strong in flavor / to\nfavor / to stress\n\n篤serious (illness) / sincere / true.\n\nSo what I would conclude is that (historically) 厚 is used for physical\nthickness, 篤 is used to mean sickness, and both of them can mean a good\npersonality. However, because one of them is a non 常用 reading, the other one\nis currently used for all meanings of the word, despite what the character\nmeant historically.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-07T15:19:47.130", "id": "12299", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-07T15:19:47.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3221", "parent_id": "12296", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1. それと比べられて平気って、おい。 \nPassive. The subjects for 比べられる and 平気(だ・でいる) are the speaker. (The subject of\n比べる is 鍔姫. The speaker is saying that 鍔姫 is comparing his ✕✕✕ with her little\nbrother's ✕✕✕... and says \"... and you think I feel fine(=平気)? Hey.\" ) \n\n 2. ～があればこそ、成し遂げられた～ \nPotential. It's like \"We managed/were able to do it only/precisely because we\nhad Miss McCunnen's backup.\" \ncf.\n「これまでの蓄積があればこそ、今日までやってこられたのだ」[weblioばこそ](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%B0%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-10T14:22:01.350", "id": "12325", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-10T17:17:34.247", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-10T17:17:34.247", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12298", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Etymology aside, I see a semantic connection between the two verbs, in that 着る\nand 着く both have a meaning of 'attachment', with 着く having at least [some\noverlap](http://bimyo-kotoba.com/back051104.htm) with 付く. 着物 is something\nattached to your body. It is a bit unintuitive but you can make the leap of\narriving at a place as entering into it and becoming spatially attached to it\nas in 駅に着く.\n\nI didn't find an 'official' source, but I found [one QA site\nanswer](http://komachi.yomiuri.co.jp/t/2009/0728/254087.htm) that supposes a\nsimilar thing:\n\n１）身につける＝着る\n\n２）行きつく＝到着\n\nAlso see the link for lots of different opinions.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-07T20:38:40.440", "id": "12304", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-07T20:38:40.440", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "878", "parent_id": "12300", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Okay, so looked this up, and it looks like this is an idiomatic expression of\nsorts as it doesn't seem to strictly follow the typical usage of the も\nparticle. Typically も does indicate \"also\" something.\n\nYet, something + もいいですか? seems to be the idiomatic way to say, \"Can I do\nsomething\"\n\nLikewise, something + もいいです。 would be the way to say, \"You can do something.\"\n\nCorrect me if I'm wrong to consider this somewhat of an idiomatic structure,\nand if there actually is a grammar rule that is being used here.\n\nReference: <http://nihongo.anthonet.com/mo-ii-desu-wa-ikemasen/>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-07T17:32:15.830", "id": "12302", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-07T17:32:15.830", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3681", "parent_id": "12301", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Of course, 〜てもいい is not limited to borrowing, but rather any form of\npermission.\n\nBeing very literal...\n\n> エンピツを借りる \"to borrow a pencil\" \n> エンピツを借りていい？ \"Is it okay if I borrow a pencil?\" \n> エンピツを借りて **も** いい？ \"Is it okay **even** if I borrow a pencil?\"\n\nIt is certainly not ungrammatical to have a も there (syntactically, you can\ninsert any 係助詞{かかりじょし} between the て and the following verb/adjective), and\nsemantically it makes sense as well.\n\nThe fact that the form with the も is more _popular_ , however, is just\nidiomatic.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-07T18:11:51.547", "id": "12303", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-07T18:11:51.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "12301", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "In an IT context 実行 is execution in the sense of executing a program. 実施, on\nthe other hand, refers generally to putting some plan into action. 実行 and 実施\ndo have overlapping meanings in the sense that they involve setting something\nin action, but the IT meaning is exclusive to 実行 in most usage that I've seen\n(and in the dictionary) though there may be some overlap there.\n\nIn broader terms separated from IT, 実行 is something more labored and requiring\nsome sort of judgment or effort beyond that which you would associate with 実施,\nlike \"time to execute plan B!\" I associate 実施 more with the English meaning of\n\"conduct,\" as in \"conduct an examination/experiment/survey/whatever.\" It\nrefers simply to a real life implementation of something that is planned but\nthat is not extraordinary in any particular sense.\n\nThere's a nice answer here that has a little more discussion about it:\n<http://okwave.jp/qa/q7438350.html>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-09T00:55:47.300", "id": "12307", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-09T00:55:47.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12306", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "In addition to what @ssb said, you can often see `実施` in stores, コンビニ,\nrestaurants, etc., when there is something special happening (usually as\n`実施中`).\n\n> * 電気製品全品30%オフセール **実施中** ！ → All electronics 30% off (Happening now)!\n> * JR全国全線カード、夏キャンペーン７/１（月）より **実施** → JR Summer Special, (Card for) All\n> lines around the country, starting 7/1\n> * お客様にお礼を！飲み放題ドリンクバー、お一人様￥100！おトク！５/６（金）まで **実施** → Customer appreciation!\n> All-you-can-drink drink bar, only ￥100 per person! What a deal! (Happening)\n> Until May 6th\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-09T03:52:49.877", "id": "12308", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-09T05:03:39.753", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-09T05:03:39.753", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12306", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "中 roughly means \"the space inside\". In case of 世界中, it means \"the space inside\nthe world\", which is \"everywhere in the world\". In case of 絶望中, it means the\nperson is within the time of despair (it probably helps if you imagine time to\nbe long tube or something).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-12T07:23:11.470", "id": "12333", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-12T07:23:11.470", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "12309", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "\"は\" is the topic marker and is used to mark the main topic/subject of the\nsentence, which in your case here is Japan. A lot of learning resources\nsuggest that は can be thought of as \"As for...\" so you could think of 日本は\n（にほんは） as \"As for Japan..\".\n\nThe particle が marks the subject of the sentence and is slightly different\nfrom は although of confused. You can read more about it here.\n<http://nihonshock.com/2010/02/particles-the-difference-between-wa-and-ga/>\n\nThe particles で and に have many usages chiefly though, で is used to mark a\nmethod or means by which something is done e.g. 車で行きます。(I will go by car), or\nthe place in which an action takes occurs so it wouldn't be right here. As for\nに, I am still not sure on when to use it correctly all the time but many\ntimes, it marks the direction in which an action occurs/the indirect object of\nthe sentence. So it would be wrong here too.\n\nThus, the sentence translates to \"As for Japan, the prices are high\" i.e.\n\"Japan is expensive\". Hope this helps.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-09T11:05:46.180", "id": "12311", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-09T11:05:46.180", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3691", "parent_id": "12310", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Some of these have their own set phrases or multiple ways of saying it. For\nexample, if you feel like throwing up, you can say 吐き気がする or 吐きそう.\n\nAnother pattern you might see is something like 尿意を 催{もよお}す, which is\nbasically to have the urge to pee, or to feel like peeing.\n\nIf you want to say \"I feel old\" then you can use 気がする again, like\nもうおじさんになった気がする (there are plenty of ways you could say this but I think most\nwould use 気がする).\n\nThese represent a sense of \"feel like\" where we're making a rather objective\nstatement about how we feel in an uncontrollable sense, not as an expression\nof will, and in most situations you'll probably use 気がする in some construction.\n\nIn an expression of will, like \"I feel like eating pizza\" (with the\nimplication that you might therefore choose to eat pizza soon, or at least\nthat you would if you could) you can use たい. Therefore it's fine to say\nピザ食べたい. If that's too direct for you then you can emphasize that it's just a\nfleeting feeling by saying something like 今なぜかピザ食べたい気分だ, or \"for some reason I\nfeel like eating pizza now,\" with the insertion of 気分 indicating what you're\nin the mood for. [～たい気分 is a common way of expressing\nthis](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E6%B0%97%E5%88%86).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-09T23:43:46.507", "id": "12315", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-10T00:02:14.613", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-10T00:02:14.613", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12313", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "A little research leads me to believe that つるぎ refers exclusively to double-\nbladed swords (諸刃{もろは}の剣{つるぎ}) while けん can refer to any sword, including\nsingle- or double-bladed, as well as a bunch of other metaphorical meanings\nand referring to sword arts and whatnot.\n\nSee the answer here:\n\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1035588605>\n\nAs for which is more common, it's けん.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-10T01:48:04.257", "id": "12317", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-25T12:45:37.217", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-25T12:45:37.217", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12316", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "tsurugi = native (ancient) Japanese word\n\nken = (ancient) Chinese pronunciation that came with Kanji\n\nThese two types of pronunciation are called 訓読み（和語） and 音読み（漢語）\n\nWe usually read 剣 as ken. tsurugi is not common.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T16:05:10.387", "id": "12418", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T16:51:35.670", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-24T16:51:35.670", "last_editor_user_id": "3755", "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12316", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is often omitted. Many particles are omitted at various times in\ncasual speech.\n\nHowever...\n\nIf you want my two cents on the subject, you should probably try to stick to\nthe rules as much as possible while you are a beginner (I'm going on the\nassumption that you are) because breaking the rules is a really nuanced thing\nthat can sound strange if you don't have a solid understanding of where, when,\nwhy, and how it's done. Learn where you can and can't take shortcuts as much\nas possible through exposure to real Japanese, and please try not to form any\nhabits except correct speech until you're comfortable enough to experiment\nwith it. I can't tell you how many incredibly awkward conversations I've had\nwith people learning English who are desperate to use slang and various\nEnglish contractions and just sound strange in the process.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-10T03:35:17.157", "id": "12319", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-10T03:35:17.157", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12318", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "```\n\n Person1: 覚えてないの?\n Person2: 思い出せない\n \n```\n\nYes, correct.\n\n```\n\n Person2: 彼の名前なんだったっけ？\n Person1: 覚えてないの？\n Person2: 思い出せない。\n \n Person2: What was his name?\n Person1: Don't you remember?\n Person2: I can't remember.\n \n```\n\n * Do they mean the same thing? \n\n * 覚える like a Memorize, 思う like a Think. to look alike but be different.\n * Are they interchangeable? \n\n * In my opinion, they are not.\n\nSome cases\n\n```\n\n 覚えていますか？=> Do you still remember?\n 思い出せますか？=> Can you remember that?\n \n * cannot express with 覚える *\n その歌を思い出します。=> I recall the song.\n \n このカードを覚えておいてください。=> Please memorize this card.\n * cannot express with 思い出す * \n \n \n 覚えた！だから思い出せます。\n I memorized it! So now I can recall it.\n \n```", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-10T15:58:13.477", "id": "12326", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-13T15:14:05.263", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-13T15:14:05.263", "last_editor_user_id": "3630", "owner_user_id": "3630", "parent_id": "12320", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "覚える remember or \"keep remembering\"; 思い出す recall. These two words are supposed\nto illustrate the difference in meaning, not politeness.\n\nInteresting tidbit: 覚える comes from 思ふ via 思はゆ, with ゆ being an alternative to\n(ら)る, the 自発・受身・可能の助動詞. So 覚える would literally be \"able to think\" because you\nhave remembered it. On the other hand, 思い出す would be \"to come out with a\nthought.\"\n\nRather than one example where they are similar, let's consider two sentences\nthat shows how they're different:\n\n> 誕生日、覚えていてくれたんですか!? 嬉しい！ \n> _She is happy because he did not forget her birthday._ (\"kept remembering\")\n>\n> 突如、彼は思い出した。今日は葵の誕生日だったということを。 \n> _He had forgotten it and remembered (recalled) it just now._\n\nNow try to exchange the two expressions:\n\n> その瞬間、彼は覚えた。 \n> _Makes no sense._\n\nWhat you could say is\n\n> その瞬間、体当たりを覚えた。 \n> It learned tackle in that instant.\n\nHere it means 身に付ける, 体得する. What comes before を覚えた is some skill or feeling\n(酒の味を覚える[=知る]). The point is that you learn it and then \"keep remembering\" it.\n\n> 記憶喪失とかなんとか言われてあたしは……あたしは… すごく心配……本当に、誕生日、思い出してくれたんですか？\n\nAlright, this sounds a bit construed, but I hope it gets the point across. It\ncame to back to his mind at that moment.\n\nMore examples:\n\n> あのときのことは今もよく覚えている\n>\n> この本を彼に返すことを覚えておいてね\n>\n> 犬が芸を覚える\n>\n> 新しい仕事に生き甲斐を覚える\n>\n> 楽しかった昔のことを忽然と思い出す\n>\n> 約束を急に思い出す\n>\n> 祖父が死んだ日のことをぼんやりと思い出す", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-11T18:42:31.990", "id": "12330", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-15T18:51:39.117", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3275", "parent_id": "12320", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 }, { "body": "Being a Japanese who learned English, I was also confused with this same\nproblem! I think the source of confusion is seen in the previous post:\n\n```\n\n Person2: 彼の名前なんだったっけ？\n Person1: 覚えてないの？\n Person2: 思い出せない。\n \n Person2: What was his name?\n Person1: Don't you remember?\n Person2: I can't remember.\"\n \n```\n\nYes, this is good translation **from natural dialog to natural one**. But\n\"覚えてないの？\" is translated to \"Don't you remember?\", which is the cause of\nconfusion.\n\nIf you transliterate(*) the second J sentence to weird English: (*: Here I\nmean word by word translation.)\n\n```\n\n Person1: 覚えてないの？\n Person1: Haven't you memorized it? or Don't you have it memorized?\n \n```\n\nIf you transliterate the second E sentence to an unnatural response in J:\n\n```\n\n Person1: Don't you remember?\n Person1: 思い出せないの？\n \n```\n\nAccording to dictionary.com, remember has multiple meanings.\n\n```\n\n \"1. to recall to the mind by an act or effort of memory; think of again: I'll try to remember the exact date.\"\n \"2. to retain in the memory; keep in mind; remain aware of: Remember your appointment with the dentist.\"\n \n```\n\nHere , 1 is 思い出す; 2 is 覚える.\n\nI think confusion is sometimes caused by the difference between the\ntranslation of natural dialogs and the word-to-word translation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-13T04:26:31.320", "id": "12338", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-13T04:26:31.320", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3709", "parent_id": "12320", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "Sorry to be perhaps a little obvious, but isn't the difference that one is a\nverb and the other is a noun made into a verb, where the difference in\ngrammatical construct carries its own nuance?\n\nIn English we can do a similar thing with the root word \"prevent\". We can\neither use it as a noun, \"a prevention (against...)\", or we can use it as a\nverb, \"to prevent (something...)\".\n\n`する` isn't exactly \"enact\", but `予防する` would translate to me as \"enact a\nprevention\" against something happening, whereas `防ぐ` is simply \"to prevent\".\nIt's like the difference between \"going for a run\" and \"going running\". Or\n`散歩する` and `歩く`, to use a Japanese example. Same meaning, different nuance.\nUsing the verb simply names an action with open ended parameters, using the\nnoun delineates that activity as a more specific task with known and set\nparameters.\n\nBottom line is that I think they do mean the same thing, the difference only\nlies in the nuance that exists _any_ time you choose between a verb or noun-\nmade-verb.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-10T06:16:07.537", "id": "12323", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-10T07:19:35.653", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-10T07:19:35.653", "last_editor_user_id": "119", "owner_user_id": "119", "parent_id": "12321", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "予防する ＝ 予め防ぐ. 予 of 予防する means 予め（あらかじめ, in advance）. So 予防する is to prevent in\nadvance. Yes, the meaning of 防ぐ(prevent) itself includes the concept 'in\nadvance', but 予防する emphasizes the meaning.\n\n我々は火の手が広まらないように防いだ.(We prevented the fire from spreading. ) In this case, we\ndon't say 予防した, because the fire actually happened already.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-16T06:08:11.980", "id": "12362", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-16T06:08:11.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3675", "parent_id": "12321", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "There's a little more nuance to it than one being 'in advance,' I think. 予防 is\nused in limited situations to refer to prevention of certain medical or\nnatural disasters, usually referring to preventive measures taken to protect\nagainst fire, or something like vaccinations to prevent illness. If you check\nthis [dictionary entry for\n予防](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E4%BA%88%E9%98%B2) you get a single,\nspecific answer:\n\n> 病気や災害などが生じないように注意し、前もって防ぐこと。 \n> 「火災を―する」「―措置」\n\nTo translate, it refers to advance prevention, as we see in 予, but it\nspecifically refers to things like illness and natural disasters.\n\nThe [definitions for 防ぐ](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E9%98%B2%E3%81%90) on\nthe other hand are rather varied and have much more of a physical nuance of\npreventing something on the outside from getting inside something, much more\nin the sense of defense rather than in prevention. Indeed, prevention can be\nseen as an advance defense, but 防ぐ is more about the act of keeping something\nout rather than the action as a meditated action in regard to an anticipated\nevent.\n\nTo steal a few examples from that dictionary entry:\n「敵の猛攻を―・ぐ」「外敵の侵入を―・ぐ」「冷たい北風を―・ぐ」「西日を―・ぐ」\n\nApparently one of the definitions allows for a similar meaning to 予防, as in\nhere:\n\n> (3)悪いことが起ころうとするのを、あらかじめ手段を講じてくいとめる。防止する。 \n> 「病害虫の発生を―・ぐ」「事故を未然に―・ぐ」\n\nBut the dictionary itself defines it as 防止 rather than 予防, which is basically\nthe difference between \"halt/stop from happening\" and \"take early defensive\naction.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-16T06:28:09.213", "id": "12363", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-16T06:28:09.213", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12321", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "防ぐ is used to express more of an instant/direct action of blocking/preventing\nsomething turning towards wrong condition.\n\nHowever 予防する is used to generically express blocking/preventing something to\nturn towards a wrong condition.\n\nSo, データの流出を **防ぐ** sounds more natural than データの流出を **予防する**. The former often\nrequires a direct action to do so. It is not like an immune system to block\nviruses which innately equipped to human beings.\n\nIt can be synonymous how you use, but the basically it sounds like this to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-18T04:48:29.553", "id": "99670", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-18T04:48:29.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "12321", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "You are looking for\n\n> 必須（の/な）引数 => required parameter(s).\n\nand\n\n> 任意（の/な）引数 => optional parameter(s)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-10T06:16:54.933", "id": "12324", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-10T06:16:54.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "12322", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "って is a colloquial particle and has two main functions.\n\n 1. Being used as a colloquial topic marker (instead of は or とは), e.g.\n\n> 人ってすごいよね。 \n> People are awesome.\n\n 2. Being used as a quotation marker (instead of と or という), e.g.\n\n> 変な人って言ってたよ。 \n> She said you are a little weird.\n>\n> 人って言葉は何か変だな。 \n> The word \"hito\" is kinda weird.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-11T02:00:55.363", "id": "12328", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-11T02:00:55.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12327", "post_type": "answer", "score": 13 } ]

[ { "body": "> カナリアの鳴き声がよく聞こえないと、耳が遠くなってきたようです。\n\nsounds wired. \nThe thing `'I cannot hear well the cries of canaries'` have nothing to do with\nthe `'going deaf'`.\n\n> If I cannot hear well the cries of canaries, it will appears that I am going\n> deaf.\n\nI will translate that.\n\n> もしカナリアの鳴き声がよく聞こえないなら、それは私の耳が悪くなってきたことの現れでしょう。\n\n* * *\n\nOne more case,\n\n> カナリアの鳴き声がよく聞こえないと、耳が遠くなったのではないかと心配になります。\n\nis natural. \nThe thing `'I cannot hear well the cries of canaries'` have something to do\nwith the `'心配になる( feel worried )'`.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-13T12:45:49.310", "id": "12339", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-13T12:45:49.310", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3630", "parent_id": "12332", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "From an [interview](http://natalie.mu/music/pp/kyarypamyupamyu04) with Kyary\nPamyu Pamyu:\n\n> ──まず伺いたいんですが、「にんじゃりばんばん」ってどういう意味なんでしょうか？\n>\n>\n> 私も中田（ヤスタカ）さんに「どういう意味なんですか？」って聞いたんですけど、「俺にもわからない」って言ってました（笑）。だから正解はたぶん誰にもわかんないと思います。\n\nMy quick translation:\n\n> Q. First I want to ask, what does \"にんじゃりばんばん\" mean? \n> A. I also asked Mr. Nakata (Nakata Yasutaka, the person who wrote and\n> produced the song) what it means and he said he doesn't know lol. So\n> probably nobody knows the truth.\n\nShe goes on to say how にんじゃりばんばん sounds strange/mysterious (不思議) but cool\n(カッコいい).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-12T10:01:46.900", "id": "12335", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-12T10:28:37.563", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-12T10:28:37.563", "last_editor_user_id": "3010", "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12334", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "Best I can come up with is... `趣きがある` `(おもむきがある)` `Omomuki` literally\ntranslates to 'Charming' on the internet. But that is too frank. It more means\n'classy'. If you are talking about a room, it means the place in the room that\ngives it it's charm.\n\nFor example: `このはしらはおもむきがある` - this means 'this beam is charming' literally.\nBut it means that the beam has a charming age that gives the room a good\nfeeling.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-08-11T10:45:43.650", "id": "12528", "last_activity_date": "2013-08-11T10:45:43.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3819", "parent_id": "12336", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "It's sounds more poetical to distort the order a bit. I think Virginia Woolf's\nseemingly abrupt writing style has a similar effect.\n\nFor a native somehow it make sense - or there's no need to make any sense.\n\nThe lyric above paints beautiful sceneries in my head and triggers acute\nemotions.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-16T14:30:56.480", "id": "12367", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-16T14:30:56.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3723", "parent_id": "12340", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "First example: Your misunderstanding as Earthling points out\n\nSecond example: Ending a sentence with a noun or noun phrase, which is very\ncommon in Japanese poetry or lyrics\n\nThird example: Grammatically correct, though it uses the techniques like\ninversion of the word order and ending a sentence with a noun\n\nI think, generally speaking, Japanese language, or we Japanese people, don't\nvalue logic or gramatical rules.\n\nWe value the feeling and the beauty in each words, especially in poems or\nsongs.\n\nThat's why you feel weird for such a beautiful Japanese lyrics.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T15:49:36.187", "id": "12417", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T15:49:36.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12340", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a contraction of 飛んで行け. The い of 行く gets dropped fairly frequently after\n-て.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-13T18:09:28.753", "id": "12345", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-13T18:09:28.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12342", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "This should be it 残念な事に俺は今いらいらしている", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-14T09:35:45.523", "id": "12350", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-14T09:35:45.523", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3712", "parent_id": "12346", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 }, { "body": "I think this sense of \"unfortunately\" is like \"regrettably\" -- you are saying\nthat you feel a certain way but regret feeling like that. You would prefer not\nto feel frustrated, it's not what you want, but you can't help yourself.\n\nWith that in mind I'd suppose something like `不本意ながらイラッとしてきた。`\n\n>\n> **[不本意ながら](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%AC%E6%84%8F%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8C%E3%82%89)** \n> 自ら望んだわけではないが、不本意ではあるが、といった意味の言い回し。意志とは異なる言動をとったという事を表現する場合に用いられる。\n\n(I wonder if the first half feels too formal for the second half...)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-14T21:48:44.027", "id": "12353", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-14T21:48:44.027", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "315", "parent_id": "12346", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "So you want to express your (unfortunate) frustration at being unable to play\na song?\n\nあーイライラしちゃう！ or something like that would sound natural and gets across that\nyou're not happy about getting frustrated too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-14T22:45:26.023", "id": "12354", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-14T22:45:26.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12346", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Go for this one Tony\n\n> 残念ながら私はイラッとしてきました。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-16T01:37:50.953", "id": "12361", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-16T01:37:50.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "12346", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a contraction on と, simple at that. It may be used with an omission (eg.\nくださいって＝くださいといいました。）but I am afraid you just have to accept it as this and get\non with getting familiar with when it is used.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-14T08:55:27.803", "id": "12349", "last_activity_date": "2013-10-13T19:49:10.637", "last_edit_date": "2013-10-13T19:49:10.637", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "12347", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Some examples.\n\n> _friend 1_ : ねぇねぇ、天真爛漫ってどういう意味？ \n> what is '天真爛漫' meaning.\n>\n> _friend 1_ : ～Hard to understand explanation～ \n> _friend 2_ : え？つまりどういう意味？ \n> like a 'What did you say?'.\n>\n> _friend 1_ : 大丈夫、君なら女だと気づかれずに通り抜けられる。 \n> _friend 2_ : ちょっと、それどういう意味？ \n> What do you mean?\n\nI usually use this word in situations of 'ask something's meaning.', 'tell me\nagain, more simply.' or 'ask for an explanation.'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-14T14:04:33.450", "id": "12351", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-14T14:04:33.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3630", "parent_id": "12348", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "こういう、そういう、ああいう and どういう are pretty much fixed constructions with meanings\nsimilar to こんな、そんな、あんな and どんな. They're not limited to 意味. For example, you\ncan say\n\n> どういう家に住んでるの？ \n> What kind of house do you live in?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-14T15:28:46.413", "id": "12352", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-14T15:28:46.413", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "12348", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The particle に does not usually readily take on a postposition to a verb. That\nis why the nominaliser の comes in to \"rescue\" the situation. Then as the\nstructure becomes formed, the nominalisation is implicitly understood and\nforms the zero-nominalised form without the の.\n\nZero-nominalisation is when nominalisation occurs without an overt particle.\n\nIf you have A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, I think you can\nrefer to page 291. There is a similar situation with には and のには. The\ndictionary notes that there is no difference between them.\n\nConsider:\n\n> * It takes a considerable amount of time in order to learn Japanese\n>\n> * 日本語を習うのにはかなりの時間がかかる (with overt nominalisation)\n>\n> * 日本語を習うにはかなりの時間がかかる (zero-nominalisation)\n>\n>\n\nThe meaning is the same for both of them.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-15T15:27:44.730", "id": "12357", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-15T15:38:02.710", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "12355", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "From <http://gogen-allguide.com/ka/kawase.html> this is the relevant part:\n\n> 漢字の「為替」は当て字だが、「かえる（替える）」と「する（為る）」で、文字通り「替えることを行う」意味である。\n\nSo apparently is is just ateji that happens to have meaning that matches the\nword.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-15T16:27:25.077", "id": "12359", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-15T16:27:25.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12358", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "To add to ssb's explanation, what is usually called ateji are actually two\nphenomena: 当て字 (音): to use kanji only for their sound, eg 矢鱈 義訓 (訓): to use\nkanji for their meaning, and assign a fitting word to the kanji (compound), eg\n為替\n\nIt's often not necessary to distinguish between these two methods (of writing\nwords), but it's something to keep in mind.\n\nAlso, 為替 is the 連用形 of 交わす.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-15T18:45:43.320", "id": "12360", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-15T18:45:43.320", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3275", "parent_id": "12358", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "From what I understand, `試合` appears to apply mostly (only?) to sports, but is\nalso acceptable and considered correct for board games (chess, 将棋【しょうぎ】, 碁【ご】,\netc. - see comments below). `勝負` applies to these situations as well, but also\nto \"fights\"/\"fighting\" (actual, struggle for power, etc.), and to \"the game\"\nas in winning the game (the victory). The characters for `勝負` literally mean\n\"win lose\", so it can also have that definition.\n\n> * 真剣勝負をする → Play/Fight for real\n> * 勝負の世界 → The world where power rules\n> * 勝負に出る → Make a decisive move\n> * 勝負はこっちのものだ → The game is mine! (as in \"I'm going to win!\" or \"The\n> victory is mine!\")\n> * 勝負は時の運だ → Victory or defeat [Whether you win or not] is just luck.\n>\n\nHere is an image from the game [サムライ・スピリッツ]{Samurai Shodown} showing the pre-\nfight announcement (\"Fight!\").\n\n\n\nAnd another picture from the same game when you win the round (`勝負あり` \\- \"You\nwin\")\n\n\n\nThey also differ when used as `する` verbs. `試合をする` simply means to\n\"have/play/hold a game/match\". But `勝負をする` can take that meaning as well as\n\"to fight/challenge\".\n\n> * 正々堂々勝負をしよう → Let's play fair [a fair game].\n> * 実力で勝負する → Dictionary says \"match one's skill (against a person)\"\n>", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-18T15:32:08.723", "id": "12369", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-18T03:03:01.303", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-18T03:03:01.303", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12368", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "勝負(win and/or lose) = a match to make it clear who is a winner and who is a\nloser\n\n試合(trial match) = a match with rules to train, to enjoy, or to enhance skills", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T15:13:54.663", "id": "12415", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T15:13:54.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12368", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The は is being used as the pronunciation of 波, and not as a particle. Thus it\nis pronounced like a ハ. The particle は is _always_ in the hiragana form, so as\nit is a kanji it must be pronounced ハ.\n\nJust because it is _describing_ particles does not mean it _is_ a particle.\n\nRemember, if は is the pronunciation of a kanji, it is always pronounced ハ.\nOnly when it is a particle (when it must be in hiragana form) can it\npronounced ワ.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-19T16:04:52.817", "id": "12372", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-19T16:04:52.817", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3731", "parent_id": "12370", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "According to [the entry about は in\nデジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/172789/m0u/):\n\n>\n> 「は」は、平安時代半ば以後、語中・語尾では、一般に［wa］と発音されるようになった。これらは、歴史的仮名遣いでは「は」と書くが、現代仮名遣いでは、助詞「は」以外はすべて「わ」と書く。\n\nWhich is probably the source of confusion. If one thinks of it as a \"word\"\nthen they might be inclined to read it as `te-ni-o-wa`.\n\nHowever, according to [the entry about てにをは in\nデジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/152154/m0u/):\n\n> 《ヲコト点の一種の博士家(はかせけ)点の四隅の点を、左下から右回りに続けて読むと「てにをは」となるところから》\n\nSo, as you can see, it's more like an acronym of sorts than it is an actual\n\"word\" (as in it identifies the markup actually used in `漢文`). Therefore, it\nis read as `te-ni-o-ha`.\n\n* * *\n\nAdditionally, `イロハ` (i.e., `伊呂波短歌`) is read as `i-ro-ha` and not `i-ro-wa` (I\nhave no sources to back up this claim, though, other than my own experience).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-08-16T10:22:08.610", "id": "12557", "last_activity_date": "2013-08-16T12:09:53.500", "last_edit_date": "2013-08-16T12:09:53.500", "last_editor_user_id": "3835", "owner_user_id": "3835", "parent_id": "12370", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "忘れっぽい = a bit informal\n\n忘れがちだ = a bit formal\n\n忘れやすい = general, common", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T14:59:47.680", "id": "12414", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T14:59:47.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12371", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "All three of the phrases are similar in that they are about conveying how\nsomething, or someone, _appears to you_. However, they do have different\nmeanings that change the nature of what that appearance is.\n\n * 彼女は大事なことを忘れっぽい。\n\n\"She **_seems like_** the type who forgets important things.\" This is\nemphasizing how she appears to you, so it may or may not be the case that she\ndoes in fact forget important things, but it seems that way to you. You might\nwant to compare and contrast [`~っぽい`, `~みたい`, and\n`~らしい`](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/2401/119).\n\n * 彼女は大事なことを忘れがちだ。\n\n\"She **_tends to_** forget important things.\" In this case you are more\ncertain of your personal assessment, but within that assessment you are saying\nthat while she usually forgets important things, you also allow that she\ndoesn't always.\n\n * 彼女は大事なことを忘れやすい。\n\nThis would be \"she forgets important things **_easily_**.\" Where `~がち` is\nabout how often she forgets, `~やすい` is about how reliably she forgets.\nHowever, as mentioned in the comments, I'm not sure `~やすい` can be applied to\npeople. Someone can correct me on this, but I think it would be more\ngrammatical to say something like `彼女にとって、大事なことが忘れやすい`, which would be \"For\nher, important things are easy to forget.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-30T01:55:46.907", "id": "12444", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-30T01:55:46.907", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.397", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "119", "parent_id": "12371", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "だ is a reduced form of である, which is itself a reduction of にてある (the particle\nで was originally にて). です is a reduced form of であります. As far as we can tell,\nthe copular verb ('to be X') in Japonic has pretty much always been locative\nparticle + ある. In Old Japanese it was なり (a reduction of にあり, back when あり was\nthe 終止形), and in the Ryukyuan languages it tends to be something similar to\n_ya-_ (probably にあり minus the n instead of the i). Pretty much all of Japanese\nhas since replaced the に with で, but depending on where you are である can be\nreduced to any of だ, や or じゃ.\n\nである tends to sound more formal and literary than だ/です. My guess is that its\nusefulness derives from the fact that sounds neither informal (like だ would\nbe) nor deferential (like です would be), and is thus a useful alternative when\n'talking to nobody', as it were - you'd use it when writing some sort of\nimpersonal work (non-fiction or maybe third-person-narrator fiction), you'd\nnever use it when speaking.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-19T18:47:27.910", "id": "12374", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-19T18:47:27.910", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3639", "parent_id": "12373", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "君を傷つけてしまったかもしれないと思うと、本当に心が痛むよ。\n\nIt's close to the second one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T14:53:17.117", "id": "12413", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T14:53:17.117", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12375", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "The first one sounds way too wordy and awkward (and serious) even without the\nungrammaticalness of the しまったことをしたことを part. If the mistake you are apologizing\nfor is really huge, you could use this type of a sentence, though.\n\nThe second one sounds fairly natural. You need to drop the 私が part if you are\nshooting for a native-level naturalness. You could leave the 沈みます as is if you\nwanted to make it sound a little poetic, but if not, 痛みます would be a more\nnatural word choice.\n\nHowever, I do need to mention the imbalance in the combination of 私 and 君\nunless an older man is speaking to a MUCH younger woman.\n\nThe third one would look pretty natural as well if you changed the しまったことを to\nしまったと AND change the 考える to 思う. The ending can be 悩んでしまいます.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-10-19T01:26:11.000", "id": "13194", "last_activity_date": "2013-10-19T01:26:11.000", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12375", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This won't be all the uses of あまり but it should give you some idea how it is\nused :)\n\n**As a noun:** \nIt can be used simply as a noun meaning \"the rest\"; \"the remainder\".\n\n> 給料の余りで本を買った \n> He bought books with _what was left_ of his pay. \n> 食事の余りは捨てた \n> The _remains_ of the meal were thrown away.\n\nIt can also be used as a grammar point `～（の）あまり（に）～` showing the result of\nhaving too strong an emotion. It connects to nouns with `の` or just comes\nstraight after verbs.\n\n> あの時はショックのあまり何もできなかったんです。 \n> I was _too_ shocked to do anything at that time. \n> うれしさのあまり彼女は踊りだした \n> She was _so_ happy that she danced for joy. \n> 将来を心配するあまり現在のことがおろそかになる \n> worry _so much_ about the future that you neglect the present \n>\n\n**As a na-adjective:** \nExpresses that something is extreme; too much; beyond expectations\n\n> あまりに多くの間違いをする \n> make _too_ many mistakes \n> あまりにきれいで食べるのがもったいないように見える \n> look _too_ good to eat\n\n**As an adverb:** \nComes before the verb as an adverb expressing that somebody is doing something\ntoo much, more than they should.\n\n> あまり勉強するとからだを壊すよ \n> If you study _too much_ you'll ruin your health \n>\n\nWith a negative, expresses \"not very much\". This usage in particular is very\ncommon and often becomes `あんまり` or `あんま` in casual speech.\n\n> あまりよくない \n> _Not very_ good \n> あまり可愛くない \n> _Not so_ cute \n> あまり食べない \n> Don't eat _very much_\n\n**As a suffix:** \nComes after a counter to express that something is more than the amount\n\n> 百名余りの従業員 \n> _More than_ 100 employees \n> 5年余り前に \n> _More than_ five years ago \n>\n\nExample sentences and information from: \n\n * [goo辞書 (goo Dictionary)](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/)\n * [英辞郎 (Eijirou)](https://eow.alc.co.jp/)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-20T01:41:29.667", "id": "12378", "last_activity_date": "2018-11-29T07:54:18.420", "last_edit_date": "2018-11-29T07:54:18.420", "last_editor_user_id": "19278", "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12377", "post_type": "answer", "score": 17 } ]

[ { "body": "My non-native intuition, with examples stolen/adapted from alc:\n\n * 済む means \"to complete\", in the sense that its negative implies that there are things lacking, or things yet to do/happen. Perhaps 済んだ has the sense of \"over and done with\", and has a slight feeling of relief about it. 済まない means \"it is not finished\", and implies that the speaker feels a sense of guilt hanging over them; more commonly written すまない (すみません), it means \"sorry\" (probably with a feeling of \"I am in your debt\").\n\n * 済んだことだ。 It's in the past. 済んだ話 a story from someone's past; all in the past\n * これで済んだと思うなよ。 You won't get away with this. (lit. Don't think it's finished with this.)\n * 仕事はほぼ済んでいる to be nearly done with one's work\n * 終わる simply means \"to finish\", \"to end\", \"to come to an end\", \"to cease\", etc. It refers simply to the point at which something stops, and doesn't necessarily imply that anything has been finished or completed, merely that it has _stopped_.\n\n * 終わることのない戦い an endless struggle\n * テストが終わったよ。 I just finished my test. (lit. the test ended)\n * 着替えは終わっている to have clothes on (lit. the changing clothes is finished)\n * 出来る is an interesting verb. It usually means \"to be possible\" (more often translated as \"to be able\", but be careful - it's actually intransitive). It doesn't mean \"to finish\", but certain tenses allow it to take on a similar meaning. It can also mean \"to be built/set up\".\n\n * 出来た！ I managed it! (lit. I was able to do it! It was possible! I was up to it!)\n * 新しく出来た市立図書館 the new (lit. newly built) city library\n * 最初の結婚でできた子ども child from (someone's) first marriage (lit. a child that arose from / came about from...)\n * 上がる also doesn't mean \"to finish\" on its own. As a suffix verb, it means something like \"do thoroughly\" or \"to completion\", so 焼きあがったばかり means \"freshly baked (to completion)\", 出来上がる means \"to be completed / ready\", 仕上がる means \"to be finished\" (the 仕上げ are \"finishing touches\"). It can also mean something like \"to go as far as it can go\": 煮上がる means \"to boil up\" or \"to be completely cooked\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-20T22:45:36.257", "id": "12382", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-20T22:45:36.257", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1699", "parent_id": "12379", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "They all means \"to finish\", but \"to finish\" has two different meanings.\n\nOne is \"to get through\" or \"to come to an end\", which means something ended.\n\nThe other is \"to complete\" or \"to come to be available\", which means something\nis ready.\n\n済む, 終わる = the former\n\n出来る, 上がる = the latter", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T14:44:42.417", "id": "12412", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T14:44:42.417", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12379", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Try converting のばす into Kanji and your IME should have a pop up that tells you\nthe difference.\n\nMine (Google IME) says: \n\n> **伸ばす** \n> 1.長くする。「爪を伸ばす」「路線を伸ばす」 \n> 2.まっすぐにする。「背筋を伸ばす」「しわを伸ばす」 \n> 3.勢いなどを増やす。「勢力を増やす」 \n>\n>\n> **延ばす** \n> 1.時間を遅らせる。延期する。「締め切りを延ばす」「出発を延ばす」 \n> 2.〈「伸ばす」とも〉既存のものに付け加えて長くする。「路線を延ばす」\n\nSo... \n\n> **伸ばす** for \n> 1\\. Making something longer. Ex. growing your nails, extending a route. \n> 2\\. Making something straight. Ex. straightening your back or smoothing a\n> wrinkle. \n> 3\\. Increasing things like power/momentum. Ex. extending one's influence or\n> power. \n>\n>\n> **延ばす** for \n> 1\\. Making the time of something later. Postponing something. Ex. extending\n> a deadline or departure time. \n> 2\\. Adding to something already existing such as a route to make it longer\n> (`伸ばす` also OK for this).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-20T20:54:34.570", "id": "12381", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-20T21:01:16.877", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-20T21:01:16.877", "last_editor_user_id": "3010", "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12380", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "延ばす is mainly used for extending \"time or duration\"\n\n伸ばす is mainly used for extending \"something tangible\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T15:20:57.783", "id": "12416", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T15:20:57.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12380", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "おわっていない = unfinished.\n\nすぎる is a conjugation attached to the stem of a verb to mean \"too much\".\nHowever, when すぎる follows a negative form, ない becomes なさすぎる.\n\nTherefore おわってなさすぎる would mean \"__ is too unfinished\", and おわってなさすぎ is its\nstem.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-21T18:35:48.073", "id": "12384", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-18T02:10:04.917", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-18T02:10:04.917", "last_editor_user_id": "33934", "owner_user_id": "1575", "parent_id": "12383", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "The meanings are quite similar, but there's a subtle difference.\n\nBoth phrases involve settling for something, or one person making a choice on\nbehalf of another: `お昼ごはんはハンバーガーでいい？` \"Would a hamburger do for lunch?\" Or\nsomething is sufficient: `そこにおくだけでいいです` \"Please just put it there [and I'll do\nthe rest.]\"\n\nBut `でもいい` has an added sense that there is something better or preferable out\nthere, but you are settling, or asking, for something less. This comes from\nthe use of `でも`, which has a negative conjunction.\n\nThat is, `お昼ごはんはハンバーガーでもいい?` has a nuance of, \"I know you like something\nelse,\" or perhaps, \"I don't know if you like a hamburger or not.\" Another\nexample would be: `名前を書くだけでもいいですか？` and this would mean something like, \"[You\nwant to me to put down my address for this petition, but] would it be OK if I\njust write my name?\"", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-08-05T15:12:11.227", "id": "12485", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-11T06:34:24.037", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-11T06:34:24.037", "last_editor_user_id": "119", "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "12387", "post_type": "answer", "score": 19 }, { "body": "I cannot comment yet, but I would just like to add a sidenote to the existing\nanswer by Kawaguchi-san\n\nThere is a site that I use for my studies now, and recently I found a very\nhelpful [article there on the difference between でいい and\nがいい](https://www.learn-japanese-adventure.com/japanese-particle-de.html)\n\nI just thought that this might be a good addition/expansion on the topic\n\nP.S. Also, to understand the nuance, I personally find it helpful to translate\nも in でもいい as ”even\", e.g. これだけで **も** いいですか？ ＞ Is it OK **even** if I do just\nthis?\n\nThough, if you draw a parallel with the 'usual' function of も in general and,\nespecially, も/は for amounts (e.g. 百人もいました > There were as many as a hundred\npeople), then a 'more universal' translation would be \" **as much/as many as**\n\", so the example about would translate as \"Is it OK if I do just as much as\nthis?\"\n\nInteresting, I have not thought about it before I started writing this", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-06-26T16:56:42.470", "id": "95176", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-26T17:01:53.117", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-26T17:01:53.117", "last_editor_user_id": "45485", "owner_user_id": "45485", "parent_id": "12387", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "To expand on what blutorange said in the comments...\n\nAre you familiar with the grammar pattern `～したことがある` which expresses having\nthe experience of having done something? For example:\n\n> 私は日本に行ったことがある = I have been to Japan.\n\nThis is the negative, so:\n\n> 私は道にポイ捨てしたことはない = I have never dropped litter on the street.\n\nWe're talking about past experiences so I don't think it's any wonder that the\nverb is in past tense.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-22T13:05:59.137", "id": "12392", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-22T13:05:59.137", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "ことはない = \"I have no *\" or \"it is no *\" or \"there is no *\", and so on.\n\nSo there are quite a lot of usages for this expression.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T14:29:31.817", "id": "12411", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T14:29:31.817", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Yeah, to follow up with what's been said, it seems that this is just a case\nwhere は is being used to emphasize never having done the survey question,\nwhich would be why they don't have the more familiar が after こと。\n例えば、私は彼女に浮気をしたことは全然ない。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-08-06T01:50:35.143", "id": "12486", "last_activity_date": "2013-08-06T01:50:35.143", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3795", "parent_id": "12390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "The best answer you might get with this is that it's \"just a prefix.\" I cannot\nfind any indications of the origins, but it is included in\n[dictionaries](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%8B&dtype=0&dname=0na&stype=1&pagenum=21&index=02709300)\nand defined simply as a prefix that strengthens meaning:\n\n> ［接頭］主として形容詞に付いて、意味を強め、語調を整える。「―弱い」「―細い」「―黒い」\n\nI can only find the one page with the theory that it comes from 小 so I don't\nknow how much validity we can give it. It's probably just an old prefix that\nfell out of use but remains as a relic in a few set words.\n\nI welcome anyone who can prove me wrong, though.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-23T04:05:06.247", "id": "12395", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-23T05:48:52.357", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-23T05:48:52.357", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12394", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "弱い or 細い sounds straightforward and a little intense to us Japanese.\n\nThis prefix \"か\" soften the meaning and add some \"kawaii\".\n\nSo か弱い or か細い is a euphemistic expression for something \"kawaii\".\n\ne.g.\n\nか弱い女の子 weak (and kawaii, or lovable, adorable) girl\n\nか細い声 weak (and kawaii, or lovable, adorable) voice", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T14:19:55.793", "id": "12410", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T14:19:55.793", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12394", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "I can't really tell you where か comes from, but I do think I can give a name\nto this sort of prefix. They're sometimes called 発語 (はつご or ほつご), and there\nare other examples of this category besides just か, including い, お, さ, そ, た,\nand み.\n\nHere's how 明鏡国語辞典 defines 発語{はつご}:\n\n> 語調を整え、軽い意味を添える接頭語。「さ霧」「か細い」「そ知らぬ」の「さ」「か」「そ」など。\n\nAnd here's how 精選版 日本国語大辞典 defines it:\n\n> 語調を整えたり、ある意味を添えたりするために語のはじめに付けることば。「み雪」「お田」「さ迷う」などの、「み」「お」「さ」などの類。ほつご。\n\nWe can find other examples besides the ones in these dictionary entries. For\nexample, I found an old example for た in 広辞苑, 「た易し」. Another example I found\nin 精選日国 is in the entry for 維新, which says \"「維」は「これ」の意の発語\".\n\nOf course, the more general term 接頭語 is probably more common, and I'm not sure\nif 発語 can be said to form a coherent category, but I thought I'd write about\nthis term anyway in case it was helpful :-)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-05-27T11:42:43.203", "id": "16140", "last_activity_date": "2014-05-27T12:54:39.807", "last_edit_date": "2014-05-27T12:54:39.807", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12394", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "As for the meaning, it means just what よ always does as a sentence-final\nparticle... it emphasizes the sentence is intended to convey information to\nthe listener.\n\nMore important though is the fact that it is a sentence-final particle.\n\nFor some reason, the interjection `Now!`, said when you want someone to take a\n(prearranged, mutually agreed) action right at that moment, doesn't seem to\nwork in Japanese with just the noun `今`. It needs to be a sentence like `今だ`\n(\"[It, the time to act] is now\"). A sentence-final particle achieves that.\n\nThe use of `よ` here in `今よ` is another way to make `今` into a sentence, and\nwhich compared to `今だ` or `今だよ` has more of a feminine feel due to the\ndropping of `だ`.\n\n(Here we start getting into role language and the difference in usage of `だ`\nand `よ` between genders in real life and fiction.)\n\n> [Wiktionary](http://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%88#.E5.8A.A9.E8.A9.9E): \n> 口語の終助詞。主体の意志・知識を主張する。 **だ あるいは です を省略してよを付けるのは、女性に使われる** が、現在では少ない _(at\n> least in real life --Hyper)_ 。\n>\n> * もうやめようよ。\n> * それは私のものよ。(女性的。現在では男女ともに「それは私のものだよ。」)\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-23T13:06:33.237", "id": "12399", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-23T13:06:33.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "315", "parent_id": "12396", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "> What does 'よ' do when placed after a **_single noun_** like '今'?\n\nThere is a usage which answers this question that is really different than the\nanswer you were probably expecting (and certainly this example), but I will\nanswer it anyway.\n\nIt is the `呼び掛け` usage, meant to call someone's/something's attention to what\nyou're saying. It translates to \"Oh (you) 〜\", or \"Hey 〜\" and usually\naccompanies a request or command\n\n> * 神様 **よ** 、私の願いをかなえたまえ！ → O God, please answer my prayer!\n> * 迫害された人々 **よ** 、立ち上がって戦おう！ → (Hey) you oppressed people, stand up and\n> fight!\n> * 雲 **よ** 、雨を降らせ！ → (Hey/O) Clouds, make it rain!\n> * 田中君 **よ** 、手をかしてくれないか → Hey Tanaka, help me out will ya?\n>\n\nLike I said, this doesn't relate to your example of `今よ`, but it applies to\nthe way you worded the question.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-23T15:11:08.990", "id": "12401", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-30T01:17:39.000", "last_edit_date": "2013-07-30T01:17:39.000", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12396", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "「今よ」 is not a question. It's a female way of saying \"Now!\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T13:58:15.617", "id": "12409", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-24T13:58:15.617", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12396", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Does it help if I tell you that ～よう mostly behaves like a な-adjective, so\nidentically to 静か or 綺麗? That is, its attributive form is ような, its adverbial\nform is ように, its declarative form is ようだ, and so on.\n\nIt is modified just like usual nouns and な-adjectives in noun roles: 人間のよう,\nこんなよう, 好きなよう, 楽しいよう, 話せるよう, and so on.\n\nThis よう is actually secretly 様. See also\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/226613/m0u/).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-23T23:33:17.877", "id": "12402", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-23T23:33:17.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1699", "parent_id": "12397", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "ような = adjectival \nように = adverbial\n\nようだ(ようです) = seem", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-24T13:54:21.493", "id": "12408", "last_activity_date": "2018-01-11T13:03:23.633", "last_edit_date": "2018-01-11T13:03:23.633", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "3755", "parent_id": "12397", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "車 has the meaning of something that moves via wheels. For example before the\ncars ever existed, when people used the word \"車\" they almost always were\nreferring to 牛車.\n\n自動車 as its name implies means something that uses wheels (like 車) and those\nwheels are driven using an engine or motor.\n\nNowadays, 車 always refers to 自動車 and is more commonly used in speech。", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-23T13:34:18.547", "id": "12400", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-23T13:34:18.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "12398", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 }, { "body": "Nowadays, 自動車 is used in much the same context as \"automobile\", just as 車 is\nused in the same way as \"car\". Indeed, the kanji that make up 自動車 literally\ntranslate to \"automobile\". Generally speaking, if you can't decide which is\nmore appropriate to use in a given situation, just imagine if in English you\nwould say \"automobile\" or \"car\".\n\nThat said, 自動車 has more of a technical connotation to it. You'll primarily see\nit in technical documents, official forms (such as insurance forms), and the\nnames of companies (e.g. 株式会社西田自動車). \"Car\" is more common in casual speech.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-25T12:53:43.850", "id": "12422", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-25T12:53:43.850", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1575", "parent_id": "12398", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]