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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "It is usual to call them last-name+の+お母さん and last-name+の+お父さん (that means,\nyou refer to your friend by the last-name). It is widespread to call people by\ntheir function unless you got closely acquainted with them. Both referencing\nand addressing the same.\n\nお母さん・お父さん basically means \"my mother / my father\", either in direct or\nfigurative sense. ( **Update:** At least, when used for addressing.)\n\nlast-name+さん is ambiguous.\n\nlast-name+first-name+さん is unambiguous, but it is worse than calling by\nfunction, because it looks like you are forgetting or neglecting that function\n(and being a parent to your friend is good enough to be not neglected).\n\nfirst-name+さん is very familiar and unceremonious, neglecting the difference in\nage and status.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-12T07:02:13.747", "id": "11875", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-14T08:38:25.710", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-14T08:38:25.710", "last_editor_user_id": "3453", "owner_user_id": "3453", "parent_id": "11871", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "This is very good question and I have faced the same issue with my parents-in-\nlaw and other family members of friends' families. Chocolate has given us an\ninvaluable answer but to add context, I think the simplest rule to follow is\n\"When in Rome...\" or 「郷に入っては郷に従え」, and it does not make any difference whether\nyou are in Kanto or Kansai：\n\nIn other words, listen carefully to see how the parents are addressed within\nthe circumstances and follow suit. Typically in a friend's parents' house\ntheir role is that of お母さん and お父さん and that is how all visitors address them.\nIf you visit with a group then wait to see how the group address them and\nfollow suit. (One friend's parents, who I have known for over 20 years\nsometimes call each other Momma & Poppa even though it is long after their\nchildren have grown up. I think I should even follow suit here but somehow my\nwestern sensibility does not like this and I struggle to address them when\nthey are together.)\n\nWhen I first met my own parents-in-law I was also unsure how to address them\nbut I noticed my wife called them お母さん＆お父さん and between themselves they used\ntheir given names. When we introduced our parents just before we got married\nthis concern became minor and I quickly adapted to calling my parents-in-law\nお母さん＆お父さん when talking to them in Japanese (in front of my own parents) but\nusing their own names talking English.\n\nAn easy way to see this naming in action is on Japanese TV when some celebrity\nis exploring a town and walks into the shop of a family business - they often\nshow little hesitation about sayng お母さん＆お父さん and as suggested above, are\nreally just addressing them by their function (in the same way that in the\noffice one might refer to the boss as 課長 when talking about them and to their\nface.\n\n(BTW: When in these situations I think it is good idea to look at the person\nin the eye as you address them for the first and be prepared to gauge their\nreaction and react accordingly.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-13T14:02:18.710", "id": "11879", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-22T13:58:07.887", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-22T13:58:07.887", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "11871", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "**In answer to your first question:**\n\n「に」 can also be used _(at times)_ where you are _receiving_ something from\nsomeone else. Perhaps the user you mentioned was directing you to「へ」as a way\nto avoid that possible meaning?\n\nFor example, what if「あなたに私{わたし}の愛{あい}」were read as: \"my love from you\"?\n_(Would that make sense?)_ An example of this type of 「に」usage can be found on\n[this forum\npost](http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/japanese/message/jpnE6751u2gE4Ns3bes.html),\nand reads: 「彼{かれ}に手紙{てがみ}をもらった。」 _( \"I received a letter from him.\"_)\n\nAlso, as far as the phrasing goes, you could also use something simple, like\n「あなたへの愛{あい}」 _(because \"my\" could be inferred within the context of that\nphrase.)_\n\n* * *\n\n**In answer to your second question:**\n\nAs you have [found in your search from\nearlier](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/viewtopic.php?id=6809), you can\noften use「への」when you want to indicate a slightly more-complicated possessive\n(perhaps of a direction,) where a direction ends up becoming a _sort_ of\n\"noun\". For example _(looking at something based on[Cici's\nexample](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/viewtopic.php?pid=60353#p60353)\nin the link from earlier)_:\n\n> 東京{とうきょう}へ ー to Tokyo\n>\n> 東京{とうきょう}への行き方は ー the way to Tokyo _(or, \"the way to Tokyo's direction\")_\n\n* * *\n\n**In answer to your third question:**\n\nAs far as using「にの」in place of「への」(for at least cases like the example about\n\"the way to Tokyo\",) it would seem like one could\nuse「への」and「にの」interchangeably... but [according to this\npost](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1323348673) by\nadzusa6543さん, you'll generally want to use「に」when you are talking more about\nyour final destination itself... and use「へ」when you want to somehow include\nthe _process_ or _way_ of getting to your destination.", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-12T02:56:59.683", "id": "11874", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-12T05:28:50.573", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "11872", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The point is that あなたに・あなたへ are _adverbial_ , and modify a _verb_ (or a whole\nclause), but あなたへの is _adjectival_ , and modifies a _noun_. You should see it\nas ((あなたへ)の)私の愛 - that is, への is not really a double-particle, but rather の is\njoining onto the end of the adverbial phrase あなたへ, in order to allow it to\nmodify the noun phrase 私の愛. And so:\n\n * あなたに私の愛 is an incomplete sentence: it has a noun (私の愛, my love) and an adverby-type prepositional phrase thing (あなたに, towards you), but has no verb. (The noun and the adverb aren't interacting; あなたに 私の愛 is the same thing as 私の愛 あなたに.) To make sense of what あなたに is doing in this half-sentence, I have to guess what the omitted verb will be. (It's not hard to do in _this_ context, of course, but that gives you some idea of why it sounds a little odd.)\n * あなたに対する愛 is a noun phrase: it has a noun (愛, love), and that noun is being modified by a clause (あなたに対する, regarding you / towards you).\n * あなたへの私の愛 is another noun phrase: the root noun is 愛, and it is being modified by two further pieces of information, 私の (my) and あなたへの (towards you).\n\nYou can also have での in the same way: \"山での火山活動\" - but again, this should be\nseen as ((山で)の)火山活動.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-14T06:07:12.007", "id": "11889", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-14T06:07:12.007", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1699", "parent_id": "11872", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Just for future reference, these type of questions always have the same\nanswer:\n\nLook at the 漢字 in these words. 事 means \"thing, matter\", whereas 理 is\n\"principle, logic\". Thus 事由 is a cause in the circumstantial sense, but a 理由\nis a reason in the logical sense.\n\nThat said, 事由 sounds more formal and 理由 is certainly the more common word. (In\nspoken language, it is also possible to mistake 事由 for 自由, which is also a\nvery common word. Yet another reason to use 理由 over 事由.)", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-12T23:05:45.127", "id": "11878", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-12T23:05:45.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "11877", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Dictionaries unfortunately don't help us much here. For\n[掃除](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&stype=0&dtype=0&dname=0na&p=%E6%8E%83%E9%99%A4)\nthere is a nuance of sweeping or wiping something to make it clean, but\n[清掃](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E6%B8%85%E6%8E%83&dtype=0&dname=0na&stype=0&pagenum=1&index=10198800)'s\ndefinition isn't really different in essence and is defined in terms of 掃除\nanyway. There might be a nuance with 清掃 of cleaning something to completion,\nbut it's tricky. So what does the internet have to say?\n\n[Some\nanswers](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1368311628)\naround the net seem to agree that 清掃 has a much more _thorough_ image of\ncleaning something down to using chemicals and whatnot to do the job.\nColloquially this may be the case.\n\nI think a more logical answer, however, as discussed\n[here](http://okwave.jp/qa/q1024687.html), is that 掃除 is just a simple act of\ncleaning with no special scope or connotations to it while 清掃 tends to be more\nofficial or large scale big-C \"Cleaning.\" This would include government\nagencies or other vocations that involve cleaning to some extent, for example\n[清掃従業員]{せいそうじゅうぎょういん} or [清掃法]{せいそうほう} or [清掃局]{せいそうきょく} or [清掃用具]{せいそうようぐ},\njust to name a few. None of these work with 掃除, which really connects only to\nthings like [掃除機]{そうじき} or [掃除当番]{そうじとうばん}.\n\nSo when you clean your room, you're doing 掃除. When you're cleaning the city,\nyou're doing 清掃. Or something like that, anyway. Ultimately it's an issue of\nscale or profession.\n\nYou can peruse the following alc links to see more usage examples:\n\n[http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E6%B8%85%E6%8E%83&ref=sa](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E6%B8%85%E6%8E%83&ref=sa) \n<http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E6%8E%83%E9%99%A4>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-13T15:01:05.757", "id": "11881", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-13T15:37:20.660", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-13T15:37:20.660", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "11880", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Given the many, varied examples of how 清掃 is used, it seems to be just a\ngeneral term for \"cleaning\" that can be used in just about any context, from\n\"teeth cleaning\" to \"street cleaning\". 掃除, on the other hands, does seem to be\nrestricted in its use to situations where \"sweeping\" or \"wiping\" or the like\nare involved. You could say, couldn't you, \"浴槽を清掃する\", but would \"浴槽を掃除する\" be\nappropriate?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-10-28T03:38:26.540", "id": "40421", "last_activity_date": "2016-10-28T03:38:26.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "18452", "parent_id": "11880", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "From the given sentence, it sounds like someone is talking about how he/she is\nwanting to learn (or memorize) the dance moves and choreography of a song by\nthe singer that goes by the name \"[Kyary Pamyu\nPamyu](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyary_Pamyu_Pamyu)\".\n\nIn this case,「みたい」is actually a form of the verb「みる」which can mean \"to try\".\nWhen 「みる」is attached to a verb, it simply means: \" **to try** \" \\+ _**verb**_.\nSo when another form of「みる」is attached to a verb, the meaning will still have\nsomething to do with the idea of \"to try\".\n\nHere is a breakdown of where 覚{おぼ}えてみたい comes from, in this case:\n\n> 覚{おぼ}える ＝ to learn, to memorize\n>\n> 覚{おぼ}えてみる ＝ [I] will try to learn _(or memorize)_\n>\n> 覚{おぼ}えてみたい ＝ [I] want to try to learn _(or memorize)_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-13T19:16:21.423", "id": "11883", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-13T19:42:51.933", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "11882", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "`覚­えてみたい` = て-form of 覚える + みたい\n\nI guess maybe I'm misunderstanding something about the question too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-13T19:16:56.113", "id": "11884", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-13T19:16:56.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "11882", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1) and 2) are the same and answers already exist\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/8107/particle-%E3%81%A7%E3%80%80versus-\nparticle%E3%80%80%E3%81%A8) and\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/9730/can-\nparticle-%E3%81%A8-and-%E3%81%A7-both-mean-with?lq=1).\n\n3) Because the waiter usually asks \"何名様ですか\", I usually say \"二人です\", but\n\"二人で(お願いします)\" works as well, I guess.\n\n4) \"大で\" is really a short way of saying \"大でお願いします\". Here (and everywhere\nelse), で is the connective form of the copula だ, which in particular implies\nthat the sentence is not complete.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-14T03:10:44.687", "id": "11888", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-14T03:10:44.687", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "11886", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "It all depends on context.\n\na)Sometimes for #4 こっち **で** could be understood to be specifying a location\nfor your action. \ni.e; If shopping for clothes asking something about a shirt to the worker,\nwhile walking back and nearing the item something like\n\n\"it was over here _(that I found it/ was looking/ had a question about\"_\n\nb) Or you could be telling the salesperson that you've decided you'd buy the\nitem you two had been talking about.\n\n\"with this _(I'll finish and buy this shirt)_ \"\n\nYou can probably guess that in Japanese you wouldn't necessarily need to say\nthe things in brackets. I've included them in an attempt to give the feeling\nof an equivalent moment in English.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-14T23:44:55.150", "id": "11894", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-15T07:31:29.480", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-15T07:31:29.480", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3493", "parent_id": "11886", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> はじめて \n> 食った具だ \n> I know that Hajimete can be an adverb and means \"first time\", and I know it\n> is an intransitive verb as well. \n>\n\nYes, the はじめて is used as an adverb here, meaning \"for the first time.\" \n\n> 「(これは)はじめて食った具だ」 \n>\n\n\\-- It literally means \"This is a filling/topping/ingredient I've eaten for\nthe first time.\" The はじめて modifies the verb 食った, and the relative clause\nはじめて食った modifies the noun 具. I think you can also translate it as \"I've never\nhad this filling/topping/ingredient before\". \n\n> どれだっけ \n>\n\nLiterally, \"Which one was that?\" \"I wonder which one it was.\" (≒「どれだったかな？」) \n[だっけ in デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/137261/m0u/)\n\n* * *\n\nThese two sentences don't seem to be connected... If I were to think of a\nsituation where they can be used together: \nThe speaker is eating some dish, and tastes something new, something that s/he\nhas never tasted before, and goes like, (looking for the ingredient in his/her\ndish) \"Oh? I've never tasted anything like this before... probably the\ningredient was something I've never had... Hmm, do I still have some more in\nmy dish? Maybe it was this red one, or maybe this green one... Which one was\nthat??\" \n...maybe, maybe not! ^▽^", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-14T08:43:08.647", "id": "11890", "last_activity_date": "2016-02-13T15:08:00.767", "last_edit_date": "2016-02-13T15:08:00.767", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11887", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> Something like 強力な力を持った天魔には迂闊に手が出せなくなったのも、当然というものだろう。 ? \n>\n\nI'd rather say 他の天魔を統率する義務のある\"彼\"が/には迂闊に手が出せなくなったのも、当然というものだろう。 \n\nThe subject and object for [迂闊]{うかつ}に手が出せなくなった are not mentioned here. There's\nsomeone who is a 天魔, who now has the duty to 他の天魔を統率する(=to lead other 天魔s)\nbecause he's got a 強力な力. It is 当然 that he can't do 迂闊に手を出す(=attack someone\nthoughtlessly/carelessly.\n[うかつgoo辞書](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/5180/m0u/%E8%BF%82%E9%97%8A/))\nbecause he has the duty to 他の天魔を統率する (I think maybe his situation is like... a\nschoolboy who has become class president, supposed to keep order in his class\nand therefore not to pick a fight with another class member...) \n\n* * *\n\n> 強力な力を持った天魔には、必然的に他の天魔を統率するという義務が加わる。 \n>\n\nThe relative clause 強力な力を持った modifies 天魔. 必然的に modifies 加わる. 他の天魔を統率するという\nmodifies 義務. I think the 加わる is used as 課せられる(\"is imposed\") here. The sentence\nhas the same structure as: \n不動産資産を持つ国民には、必然的に納税するという義務が課せられる。 \n～～には、～～が加わる/課せられる。(To/On ~~, ~~ is added/charged/imposed.) \n\n> 迂闊に手が出せなくなったのも、当然というものだろう。 \n>\n\nIt can be rephrased as 迂闊に手が出せなくなったのも、当然だろう。(I think the というもの is used as an\nemphasis.) It has the same structure as: \n病気になるのも当然だ。 \n～～のも当然だ。(It's natural that~~/Naturally~~/No wonder~~)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-14T13:13:27.317", "id": "11892", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-14T16:03:36.623", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-14T16:03:36.623", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11891", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "We sometimes write 「な!?」,「なっ!?」 or 「なっ・・・!?」 (These three will be pronounced\nthe same way) to mean 「なにっ！？」 or 「何！？」. Probably it's like \"Wha...!?\" or \"What\nthe...!?\"\n\nWe also sometimes write 「え゛っ！」 in place of 「えっ！」 to add emphasis, but the 「゛」\n([濁点]{だくてん}) won't change/affect the pronunciation, so it'd be impossible to\npronounce 「な゛」 or 「え゛」 correctly (I don't know what would be \"correct\" here\nthough).\n\nHowever, if I were a voice actress and had to read them, I'd probably read\nthem as...\n\n[「え゛っ！」](http://vocaroo.com/i/s0YZv2DMG8AA) instead of\n[「えっ！」](http://vocaroo.com/i/s1OamI04IXob)\n\n(So... maybe you'd call it a \"thick/gruff/husky(?) voice\"?? Or, is this what\nyou'd call \"strained\", as in @ogicu8abruok's comment?)", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-16T07:47:11.150", "id": "11899", "last_activity_date": "2017-08-28T02:00:41.380", "last_edit_date": "2017-08-28T02:00:41.380", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11898", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "I believe in this instance, the dots are used for emphasis. Since な is only a\nsound (or partial word), the net effect is basically just a louder\nexclamation. It's the difference between writing \"What!?\" and \" _What_!?\" in\nEnglish (note the italics).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-16T13:54:06.013", "id": "11900", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-16T13:54:06.013", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3502", "parent_id": "11898", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not sure about hard and fast rules, but here's what I think:\n\nI think 心 is used when it is a natural flow, and does not involve too much\ndeliberation and exertion of strong will. 意 involves intention and volition. 念\ngives me the impression that an idea has been persisting in the person's mind\nand he is considering it.\n\nThe short version: \n心 - The inherent nature \n意 - The intention \n念 - The (persisting) thought\n\n(To me they are three rather different words, so I did not think of comparing\nthem)\n\n* * *\n\nFor 疑心, your doubt is a product of your 心; it is not directly your intention\nto doubt, that is why 疑意 is a little strange. It is difficult to intend to\ndoubt something, you simply just doubt it because of a gut feeling.\n\nBut 疑念 is possible because if there are some reasons to doubt, the idea\npersists in the mind and is under consideration whether it can be trusted or\nnot.\n\nCompare this with 善心 and 善意, it is both possible that goodness is a product of\nyour 心, and it is also possible to intend to do good.\n\nFor 悪心, 悪念 and 悪意:\n\n悪心 is when badness flows naturally out of the 心, it suggests that the person\nis inherently bad because his 心 is bad.\n\n悪念 is the thought of doing bad things.\n\n悪意 is when there is intention to do bad.\n\n* * *", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-17T08:44:45.580", "id": "11902", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-17T08:44:45.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "11901", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "> Why are there so many terms for these generic words?\n\nMost of them have different meanings. Some are used for Western royalty, some\nare used for Chinese royalty.\n\n**王** \\- (in general) **King** e.g. アーサー王 King Arthur\n\n**王** \\- (in historical China and historical Asia) One of the titles of the\nlords in the Imperial China, or the King of the Imperial Chinese tributary\nstate\n\n**国王** \\- (as in the Head of State, especially in present‐day) **King** e.g.\nフアン・カルロス1世国王 King Juan Carlos I, タイの国王ラーマ9世 Rama IX the King of Thailand\n\n**王様** \\- (colloquial, reverential, from people's point of view) **King** e.g.\n王様のお城 the King's castle\n\n**君主** \\- **Monarch** (This is not a honorific.) e.g. 絶対君主制 absolute monarchy\n\n**大王** \\- King **xxx the Great** e.g. アレクサンダー大王 Alexander the Great\n\n**大君** \\- (in historical Japan) Diplomatic Title of Shogun (将軍 is a General,\nbut de facto King in Japan. However 王 meant a vassal of China in those days,\nso they coined this Title.)\n\n**帝{みかど}** \\- (in historical Japan) **Emperor of Japan**\n\n**帝{てい}** \\- Honorific of the emperor (except for Emperor of Japan)\n\n**皇帝** \\- (except for Emperor of Japan) **Emperor** e.g. 中国の皇帝 the Emperor of\nChina, ローマ帝国初代皇帝 first Emperor of the Roman Empire\n\n**帝王** \\- **Crowned heads** , **Shah** of the Old Persia, (idiomatic) **King**\ne.g. ジャズの帝王 King of jazz\n\n**大帝** \\- Emperor **xxx the Great** e.g. オットー大帝 Otto the Great\n\n**天子** \\- (in historical China) **Emperor of China** , (in historical Japan,\nbefore 10th century?) **Emperor of Japan**\n\n**天皇** \\- **Emperor of Japan**\n\n**天王** \\- (in historical Japan) alternative spelling for 天皇\n\n**女王** \\- Queen ( **female King** ) e.g. エリザベス2世女王 Queen Elizabeth II\n\n**王妃** \\- Queen ( **King's wife** ) e.g. スウェーデンのシルビア王妃 Queen Silvia of Sweden\n\n**皇后** \\- Empress consort ( **Emperor's wife** )\n\n**皇太后** \\- Empress ( **former Emperor's wife** , Emperor's mother)\n\n**太皇太后** \\- Empress ( **former Emperor's wife** , Emperor's grandmother)\n\n**妃{きさき}/后{きさき}** \\- (informal, outdated, except for Japanese) Imperial wife\n\n**お妃様/お后様** \\- (colloquial, reverential, from people's point of view) Imperial\nwife\n\n**女帝** \\- Empress regnant ( **female Emperor** )\n\n**王子** \\- (in general) **Prince** (Children of royalty) e.g. ウィリアム王子 Prince\nWilliam\n\n**皇子** \\- Prince ( **Emperor's son** )\n\n**皇太子** \\- **Crown prince** e.g. 日本の皇太子 Japanese Crown prince, チャールズ皇太子 Prince\nCharles\n\n**親王{しんのう}** \\- Honorific of the Japanese Emperor's son, Honorific of the\nJapanese Emperor's brother\n\n**王女** \\- Princess ( **King's daughter** ) e.g. アン王女 Anne, Princess Royal\n\n**皇女** \\- Princess ( **Emperor's daughter** )\n\n**妃{ひ}** \\- Honorific of the Imperial wife e.g. ダイアナ妃 Princess Diana, キャサリン妃\nPrincess Catherine\n\n**親王妃** \\- Princess ( **親王's wife** )\n\n**内親王** \\- Honorific of the Japanese Emperor's daughter, Honorific of the\nJapanese Emperor's sister\n\n**王子妃** \\- Princess ( **王子's wife** )\n\n**皇太子妃** \\- Princess ( **皇太子's wife** ) e.g. 皇太子妃ダイアナ Princess (wife of the\ncrown prince) Diana\n\n**妃殿下** \\- 妃 + 殿下 ( **Her Royal Highness** )\n\n**大君女** \\- (in historical Japan) Princess ( **daughter of the Japanese\nEmperor** )\n\n**姫** \\- (informal) Princess, Noble's daughter, shogun's daughter, daimyo's\ndaughter\n\n**お姫様** \\- (colloquial, reverential, from people's point of view) 姫\n\n**姫御子{ひめみこ}** \\- (in historical Japan, before 10th century?) Princess (\n**daughter of the Japanese Emperor** )\n\n> If my assumptions from above are correct, which ones are for Japanese\n> royalty and which ones are for foreign royalty?\n\n天皇 is exclusively used for Japanese Emperor. 皇后, 皇太子, 皇太子妃, 皇太后, 太皇太后, 皇子, 皇女,\n親王, 内親王 are used for Japanese royalty (not exclusively, though). 国王, 女王, 王妃,\n皇太子, 皇太子妃, 王子, 王女, are used for foreign Kingdoms.\n\n> which ones are religious terms and which are \"regular\"?\n\nThere are no religious terms. (However, the Emperor of Japan is closely\nrelated to the Shinto religion). 大君, 帝, 天子, 天王, 大君女, 姫御子 are obsolete.\n\n> What are the rules for being able to apply 陛下 or 殿下?\n\nYou can use 陛下 with King, Queen, Emperor and Empress\n(国王陛下、女王陛下、王妃陛下、天皇陛下、皇帝陛下、皇后陛下). Other royalty are 殿下.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-18T09:04:55.483", "id": "11905", "last_activity_date": "2017-07-28T01:01:18.560", "last_edit_date": "2017-07-28T01:01:18.560", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "3506", "parent_id": "11903", "post_type": "answer", "score": 27 } ]

[ { "body": "The official\n[改定常用漢字表](http://www.bunka.go.jp/seisaku/bunkashingikai/sokai/sokai_10/pdf/kaitei_kanji_toushin.pdf)\n(\"Revised Jōyō Kanji Chart\") itself contains this information. It starts on\npage 169 of the document, which is page 203 of the PDF, under the heading\n「現行「常用漢字表」からの変更点一覧」.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-18T18:40:44.740", "id": "11909", "last_activity_date": "2015-11-13T00:59:11.990", "last_edit_date": "2015-11-13T00:59:11.990", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11906", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "This `しない` is simply the negative of `する`; \"don't do\". The `参加するしない` part of\nthe sentence means, regardless (`～にかかわらず`) of if you participate (`参加する`) or\nif you don't participate (`参加しない`).\n\nWith this form for \"regardless of\" (`～にかかわらず`; also could be `～を問わず`), if\noften takes contrasting or \"opposite\" ideas. So the `参加するしない` is a compact way\nto list the two choices of participating or not. I think it would also be\ngrammatically correct to say `参加するかしないかにかからわず`, but I'm not 100% certain on\nthat.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-18T17:53:40.367", "id": "11908", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-18T18:27:45.607", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-18T18:27:45.607", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "11907", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "It's the negative of する、しない. The point missing in the textbook is that this\npattern is either 'noun + にかかわらず' or 'verb + opposite verb + にかかわらず', e.g.\n\n * するしないにかかわらず\n * 来る来ないにかかわらず\n * etc. \n\nSee also [Is \"V Vないにかかわらず\"\ngrammatical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6202/is-\nv-v%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%82%89%E3%81%9A-grammatical)\nand <http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/JLPT_Guide/JLPT_N2_Grammar> (search for\n\"にかかわらず\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-18T19:54:00.663", "id": "11910", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-18T19:54:00.663", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "2964", "parent_id": "11907", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Nice question! From [the entry](http://gogen-allguide.com/ko/koujitsu.html) in\nthe 語源由来辞典{ごげんゆらいじてん} for 口実{こうじつ}, it appears that 口実{こうじつ} used to mean\nsomething like \"to have one's mouth full of food or words\" _(but since Heian\ntimes, this word is typically referring more to \"words\" rather than food._ )\n\nAnd ever since the Heian period, 口実{こうじつ} has come to mean something more\nlike: \"to unreasonably try to put truth into empty words\".\n\nIt would then make sense how an excuse could be nothing but many empty words\nin one's mouth.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-19T04:51:27.703", "id": "11912", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-19T04:58:21.237", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-19T04:58:21.237", "last_editor_user_id": "1188", "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "11911", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "The kanji 実 means other things besides just \"truth\". Take a look at the old\nform 實, or the older forms on\n[chineseetymology.org](http://www.chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=%E5%AF%A6).\nYou can see three distinct components:\n\n * A _roof_ 宀, symbolizing a _building_\n * A _crop field_ 田 (sometimes written with extra dots to show that it is _full of crops_ )\n * A _shell_ 貝 symbolizing _money, value_ (of the crops)\n\nHere's how Henshall explains these elements in _A Guide to Remembering\nJapanese Characters_ :\n\n> [This character] originally referred to a house made prosperous through\n> bumper crops. The idea of house has now disappeared, leaving such meanings\n> as **crop** , **fullness** , **substance** , **ripen** , and by extension\n> **bear fruit** and **reality**. Unusually, the semi-abstract idea of bumper\n> crop was also extended to the physical crop, giving **fruit** , **nut** ,\n> etc.\n\nSo as you can see, you can't simply assume 実 means \"truth\". In this case, the\nrelevant meaning is \"fullness\", and the literal meaning of 口実 is \"full mouth\".\nAs explained by [gogen-online](http://gogen-allguide.com/ko/koujitsu.html),\nthere are two things a mouth could be full of--either food or drink, or words\n--and 口実 came to refer to words directly, and specifically to excuses.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-19T05:09:26.700", "id": "11913", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-19T05:14:48.580", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-19T05:14:48.580", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11911", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I think that in some cases, ending a question in の is fine for male speakers.\nFor example, I hear\n\n> え～、そうなの？\n\nquite often from male speakers. I think, in general, we have that (all male\nspeech)\n\n * rhetorical questions are allowed to end in の, e.g. even if it is clear what the other person is doing, you may ask\n\n> 何をしてるの？ or 何してんの？ \n> What (the heck) are you doing!?\n\n * questions as honest inquiries don't end in の, e.g.\n\n> 今何をしてる？ \n> What are you doing right now?\n\n * か is usually used for rhetorical questions addressed to oneself, e.g.\n\n> 行くか。 \n> I guess I'll get going.\n\n * のか is more for rhetorical questions addressed to other people, e.g.\n\n> 学校に行くのか。 \n> I see, you're leaving now, are you?\n\nDecidedly feminine is when you end a _statement_ in の, e.g.\n\n> そうなのよ。 \n> 知らなかったの。\n\nwith the male equivalent being either nothing (e.g. そう, 知らなかった) or んだ(よ) (e.g.\nそうなんだよ, 知らなかったんだよ).\n\nWhat male speakers would express as a clear statement (nominalized sentence\nwith contracted nominalizer and declarative だ) is softened in female speech by\nomitting the \"strong\"-sounding parts, viz. の is left uncontracted and だ is\nomitted.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-19T18:51:08.140", "id": "11915", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-19T18:51:08.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "11914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 38 }, { "body": "From John Hinds' _Japanese: Descriptive Grammar_ , p.16:\n\n> Nonpolite questions ending in の are frequently termed \"feminine\" or\n> \"childish\" sounding, since women and children use this construction. There\n> are, as far as I know, no statistics on this, so I must simply point out\n> that **males may also use this construction with impunity**. [emphasis\n> added]\n\nHe gives a number of examples of actual usage spoken by males, so I think it's\nsafe for you to use it, too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-08-23T12:10:00.440", "id": "18366", "last_activity_date": "2014-08-24T17:03:00.310", "last_edit_date": "2014-08-24T17:03:00.310", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 14 }, { "body": "there is a very interesting semantics paper on -no and its meaning (no, gender\nis not a factor). a bit too technical if you are not familiar with formal\nsemantics but the gist is probably accessible to all.\n\n[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucjtudo/pdf/BiasedQuestions.pdf](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/%7Eucjtudo/pdf/BiasedQuestions.pdf)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2020-08-13T10:00:44.103", "id": "80109", "last_activity_date": "2020-08-13T10:00:44.103", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39989", "parent_id": "11914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[I've also just noticed this question has come up before (See: Usage of ～じゃん\n(～じゃない))but you can read my answers anyway - I am going to check them!]\n\nQ1: Does \"かわいいに決まってるじゃない\" mean the same thing as \"かわいいに決まってる,\" just with more\nemphasis?\n\n> _A1: Yes (but I see from the previous answer it can often be translated as\n> \"Actually\")_\n\nQ2: Is the following reasoning therefore correct?\n\n> _A2: Yes but see on to next answer (A3)_\n\nQ3: I suppose inferring the speaker's intentions come from context and the\nlilt in the speaker's voice[?]\n\n> _A3: In principle as you say context and spoken intonation are important but\n> (as I think you know very well) the literal meaning of きれいじゃない is \"[she is]\n> not pretty\" and depending on how you saying it 大きいじゃない can mean either\n> (atthe end of the phrase rising intonation=>emphsis, falling intonation=>\n> contradiction/denial)_\n\nQ4: Question marks; are they not required in Japanese?\n\n> A4: No they are not traditional Japanese characters although these days\n> people may use them because they are well understood. I think this is most\n> common in dialogues or less formal text (eg speech bubble)\n\nNote: I have always understood ~じゃんか to be Yokohama. Not 100% sure about ~じゃん\nbut expressions like いいじゃん feel pretty every day up here in Tokyo.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-20T08:11:55.770", "id": "11918", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-28T12:32:44.927", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-28T12:32:44.927", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "11916", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This is not read ひたい but がく from `金額`, `半額` etc. which means an amount of\nmoney.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-21T00:03:02.357", "id": "11928", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-21T00:03:02.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "11917", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this falls into the area of appositives/relative clauses, as in the\nexample you gave, but you can be tricky and get a little more specificity out\nof it:\n\n送信した添付ファイルの宛先 <\\- explicit\n\n代わりに（代表として）カードを要求した本人<\\- explicit>のアイデンティティを確認してください\n\nI am confident in the first one, but you should bounce the second one off\nsomeone else, too.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T11:53:33.550", "id": "12014", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T11:53:33.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3131", "parent_id": "11919", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1) The (~~に)たる is [足]{た}る/[足]{た}りる, meaning [十分]{じゅうぶん}な, \"to be enough\". →\n[足りる in デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/139289/m0u/) #3 \n\n「(subject = あの方が予言した大魔闘演武の結果は、) **それ** (= 国の未来を動かす/あの方を信じる)に足る(= のに十分な) **結果**\n(= あり得ない、特殊な結果)なのです。」 \n(足る sounds more literary than 足りる.) \n \n2) (~~が)ごとく(=如く) means (~~の)ように, \"(just) like~~\" → [如く in\nデジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/80504/m0u/%E5%A6%82%E3%81%8F/) \n\n[螺旋]{らせん}が[如]{ごと}く can be rephrased as [螺旋]{らせん}のように. \n(如く sounds literary/archaic.)\n\n* * *\n\n・・・ここでつまずいていらっしゃるんじゃないかな～と勝手に思って書きましたけど、的外れだったらすみません。\n\n* * *\n\nEDIT: \n \n1) \n\n> それに[足]{た}る結果なのです。-- It is that special. \n>\n\nI think the translation is alright; it's saying \"It's special enough for that\n-- It's special enough to make me trust ＊that person＊, special enough to\naffect the fate of this country\". \n \n\n● In this sentence, the subject is left out; \"an unbelievable outcome\" i.e.\n\"the results of Daimatou-Enbu which ＊that person＊ has predicted\". \n● それ(≠It) refers to あの[方]{かた}を[信]{しん}じる = for me to trust ＊that person＊, and\n[国]{くに}の[未来]{みらい}を[動]{うご}かす = decide/affect the fate of this country. \n● [足]{た}る means \"to be enough\", so it's saying \"The outcome / The results of\nDaimatou-Enbu that ＊that person＊ has predicted would be special enough to make\nme believe in him and entrust him with the fate of this country\", i.e. \"The\noutcome is so unlikely to happen that I would have to trust ＊that person＊ and\nentrust him with the fate of this country if his prediction should come true.\" \n \n \n2) \n\n> [様々]{さまざま}な[想]{おも}いと[思惑]{おもわく}が、[螺旋]{らせん}が[如]{ごと}く[入]{い}り[乱]{みだ}れる。 \n> Various thoughts and expectations are jumbled together like a spiral \n>\n\nI think it's alright, I'm not sure it's the best translation though... because\nI don't really understand the nuance of \"jumbled together\" (Sorry T_T). I\nthink the 入り乱れる here is like [絡]{から}み[合]{あ}う, \"to get involved / intertwined\"\n→[絡み合う on\n研究社新和英中辞典](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E7%B5%A1%E3%81%BF%E5%90%88%E3%81%86) \n● I think the word [思惑]{おもわく} is used negatively, like... [\"ulterior motive\"\nin Weblio英和対訳辞書](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/ulterior+motive)", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-20T12:51:47.383", "id": "11921", "last_activity_date": "2016-02-13T07:59:33.810", "last_edit_date": "2016-02-13T07:59:33.810", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11920", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "仕事に行く is standard for \"go to work\", just as in English we don't tend to use\n'go to the/my workplace', although you might use 'office' as an alternative if\nyou work in one. I think the purpose is implied - you are going to move from\nyour current location to another location, and work there.\n\n仕事場 would be used if you wanted to clarify that you meant the location. If you\nwere talking about visiting someone else's workplace, or going back outside\nworking hours to pick something up, for example, you might use 仕事場 (or other\nterms such as 事務所{じむしょ} or 職場{しょくば}) instead of 仕事.\n\nSo when talking about physical location, 仕事場にいます is logical. If you wanted to\njust indicate that you are working, including if you were working from home,\nthen something like 仕事中です can be used instead.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-21T12:38:27.467", "id": "11936", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-21T12:38:27.467", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "11923", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The difference is the same as the difference in English between \"work\" and\n\"place of work\".\n\n私は仕事に行きます。= I go to work.\n\n私は仕事場にいます = I am in \"my place of work\" / \"my/the office\".\n\nIt is that easy - although\n\n私は仕事に行きます。= is more likely than: 私は仕事場にいます行きます。\n\n私は仕事場にいます。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-22T13:43:58.493", "id": "11941", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-22T13:43:58.493", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "11923", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Since Darius kindly suggested that I copy and paste my comments above as an\nanswer, here's my pseudo-introspection as a native speaker on a possible\ndifference in nuance:\n\nI think the difference dainichi and others discussed in the comment section\nthere is due to the original meanings of the dictionary form and -teiru form.\nBefore trying to analyze why there can be a difference, through examples\ndainichi gave I'll explain the difference I feel is there between the two\ngrammatical constructions for habitual actions.\n\nI feel the focus of 〜している is on the result, effect or consequence of the\nhabitual action or something along those lines, while the dictionary form\ntends to be neutral and simply refers to the fact that you habitually do it.\nFor example, \"お風呂に毎日入ってます\" would sound natural when you're told that you smell\nfunny and should be a dirty guy who doesn't take a shower. In other words, yon\nmay be saying, \"I take a bath everyday! I'm clean! I don't smell!\" But\n\"お風呂に毎日入ります。\" wouldn't fit equally well in this context. It'd be better when,\nfor instance, you're asked to name one thing you do everyday, i.e., some sort\nof neutral question.\n\nThe same goes for the 毎年田舎に帰ってる v.s. 毎年田舎に帰る example dainichi brought up in\nthe comment section. The former is good when the topic of your conversation is\nabout how the family is important to you and how you love your parents, for\nexample. Or maybe the situation is like someone wrongly accused you of being\nvery cold to your parents, not taking care of them, not seeing them for many\nyears etc. You're responding to the accuser by claiming that you visit your\nhometown every year (and thus see your family on a regular basis). The\ndictionary form would be more suited if you get a neutral question such as\n\"What do you do during the holiday season every year?\" If you reply by the\n帰ってる version to such a question, people would expect something that follows as\na consequence of it, e.g., だから他には特に何もしません.\n\nI think the reason they have this difference is simply because, regardless of\nwhether it's habitual or not, you use 〜ている when you're talking about things\nthat are taking place right now in a sense while 〜する is used when you're\nseeing the action referred to by the verb from a certain distance on your\nmind. If the context dictates that the speaker is talking about a habitual\naction, it simply adds the habitual sense to the normal meaning.\n\nSo, 〜する can be \"I will do (in the future)\" or \"I do (everyday).\" Either way,\nyou're mentally looking at the action from the distance kind of objectively.\n\nBy the same token, 〜している can mean \"I'm doing this right now (literally)\" or \"I\ndo this everyday.\" And in either context the speaker is feeling the action\nvery close and think it's actually happening in a literal sense or in a\nfigurative sense. If it's figurative, you're still thinking of what's happing\nas a result of this action, rather than objectively talking about the action\nitself.\n\nSo the short answer is that, yes, there is a difference. But it's simply the\nusual difference between the dictionary form and -teiru form; it's how close\nyou are feeling the action is on your mind.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-09-24T03:24:12.120", "id": "12915", "last_activity_date": "2013-10-04T03:55:46.727", "last_edit_date": "2013-10-04T03:55:46.727", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11925", "post_type": "answer", "score": 27 } ]

[ { "body": "According to yutaro82さん on [this Chiebukuro\npost](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1048483265), it\nsounds like this 「〜ちょ」 could possibly be part of 名古屋弁{なごやべん}.\n\nLooking at [this list of\nwords](http://www.unisys.co.jp/CHUBU/nagoyaben/njun/ta.html) within\n名古屋弁{なごやべん} shows that「ちょう」can translate to the standard Japanese word「ください」.\n\nBoth of these references don't appear to give an exact reason as to\nwhy「ちょう」came to be used to mean「ください」(at least in 名古屋弁{なごやべん},) but your\nsecond guess (and in particular,「ちょうだい」) could very well be where this word\noriginated... _though I can't state that with absolute certainty._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-20T20:45:38.433", "id": "11927", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-20T20:45:38.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "11926", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "According to [this\nedit](http://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E5%BC%81&diff=2721210&oldid=2715704)\nto the [Wikipedia article on\n名古屋弁](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E5%BC%81), `ちょ`\nseems to be a shortened form of `ちょうせ` (the imperative form of `ちょうす`, which\nis the 尊敬語 form of `くれる`).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-08-18T02:26:48.030", "id": "12576", "last_activity_date": "2013-08-18T02:26:48.030", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3835", "parent_id": "11926", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "逃げる（にげる）→ escape\n\n逃す（のがす）→ let escape (tried to catch it but could not)\n\n逃がす（にがす）→ let escape (on purpose)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-21T00:58:54.543", "id": "11930", "last_activity_date": "2020-07-28T20:33:59.870", "last_edit_date": "2020-07-28T20:33:59.870", "last_editor_user_id": "1065", "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "11929", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "They both mean to \"run away\" or \"escape\", but `逃げる` means this only physically\nwhile `逃れる` means this physically or metaphorically (escape a bad situation,\nrun from temptation, avoid responsibility, etc.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-21T04:03:43.257", "id": "11934", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-21T04:03:43.257", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "11931", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "I think ~~たるけんね is Kyushu dialect for ~~てあげるからね(for a desired action) or\n~~てやるからな(for a desired or an undesired action; can have a vicious tone). Here\nI think it's the latter. I don't know if it's Hakata-ben, Kumamoto-ben or\nanother but [this page (博多弁ば教えちゃる！)](http://allabout.co.jp/gm/gc/67258/2/)\nstates:\n\n> 博:よかよか！試合中に教えたるけん。 \n> （いいよいいよ！試合中に教えてあげるから）", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-01-28T16:27:43.933", "id": "14327", "last_activity_date": "2014-01-28T16:35:28.520", "last_edit_date": "2014-01-28T16:35:28.520", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11932", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [this page](http://5go.biz/sei/p2.htm), the following types of\ncharacters are allowed in names:\n\n> 名づけ（命名）に使える文字と記号 \n> ひらがな（ゐ・ゑも含む） \n> カタカナ（ヰ・ヱも含む） \n> 「ー」（音をのばすときに使う。例：リリー、サリー） \n> 「ゝ」（一つ前の字の繰り返しのとき使う。例：なゝえ） \n> 「ゞ」（一つ前の字に濁音を付けて繰り返しのとき使う。例：みすゞ） \n> 「々」（（一つ前の漢字の繰り返しのとき使う。例：奈々）\n\nSo that's hiragana, katakana, extension, and repetition marks. Valid examples\nare given for each in the parentheses. Note also that many old forms of kanji\nare officially acceptable, but many of them cannot be displayed on computers\nand cannot be read easily.\n\nThe following character types are _not_ permitted for use in names:\n\n> **名づけ（命名）に使えない文字と記号** \n> 変体がな \n> **ローマ字** \n> アラビア文字（１・２・３…） \n> ローマ数字（Ⅰ・Ⅱ・Ⅲ…） \n> ○・×・△等の図形\n\nIt says that roman characters, as well as non-standard kanji, Arabic and Roman\nnumerals, and some other unusual characters (shapes, symbols etc. that aren't\npart of standard orthography) are not acceptable for registered names.\n\nSo there you have it. Assuming this source is to be trusted then we can\nconclude that Japanese names are registered with Japanese text only. Foreign\nnames, as in the examples above, will need to be given at least a katakana\nequivalent.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-22T00:38:50.300", "id": "11938", "last_activity_date": "2015-06-21T23:35:14.123", "last_edit_date": "2015-06-21T23:35:14.123", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "11937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 23 } ]

[ { "body": "As your hunch says, this expression means \"for dummies\" in the sort of\n\"explained simply\" meaning used principally for instructional materials, much\nlike the line of books in English. It seems predominantly to be used with サル\nwith some mentions of 猫. There are some other kind of punny ones for pandas\nand dogs and sheep. It doesn't appear to be connected with a particular brand\nlike the \"for dummies\" line of books, but that's the meaning we can safely\nassign to it.\n\nIn fact, I just checked alc and it says [exactly\nthat](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E7%8C%BF%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E5%88%86%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B):\n\n> 猿でも分かる \n> for dummies〔直訳すると「ばかな人のための」という意味で、解説書や教材のタイトルなどに使われる表現。例えば、Windows for\n> Dummies（サルでも分かるWindows）、Excel for Dummies（サルでも分かるエクセル）、Oil Painting Set for\n> Dummies（超初心者向け油絵セット）〕\n\nFor reference, here is a general [google\nsearch](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E5%88%86%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B)\nthat shows the different varieties in action.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-22T12:29:56.447", "id": "11940", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-22T12:29:56.447", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "11939", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "(Making an answer out of Chocolate's comment)\n\n(何~~)だろうと means the same as (何~~)でも.\n\nI don't know the context, but the last bit of the sentence means something\nlike:\n\n> [...] it is possible to fire as many shots as wished", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-23T07:12:23.267", "id": "11946", "last_activity_date": "2022-03-20T07:22:40.450", "last_edit_date": "2022-03-20T07:22:40.450", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "107", "parent_id": "11943", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You would be better off using the 日. The same in other language, without unit\nthe number does not mean anything.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-22T23:57:22.003", "id": "11945", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-22T23:57:22.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "11944", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Nice guesses!\n\n> 時{とき}が過{す}ぎても彼{かれ}のままだった。\n\ncould also be translated into something like this:\n\n> \"Even with the passing of time, _he was still the same as ever._ \"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-23T20:08:28.610", "id": "11948", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-23T20:08:28.610", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "11947", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, there are some, but I get the impression that such usage is more common\nin English.\n\nHere are some examples:\n\n * ～の犬 / spy of ... \n * [走狗]{そうく} / literal: hunting dog, but it means a lowly man that does just what he was told.\n * 馬鹿 / fool: while [the origin of the word appears more complex](http://gogen-allguide.com/ha/baka.html), I think this one still counts.\n * 猿芝居 / a poor lie\n * [雌豚]{めすぶた} / insult to a woman, bitch.\n\nIn addition, because there are such plethora of English insult words using\nanimal names, some of them effectively became Japanese, as in チキン野郎 (a\ncoward), 豚野郎, etc.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-26T19:05:37.057", "id": "11965", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-29T14:12:04.253", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-29T14:12:04.253", "last_editor_user_id": "3059", "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "11949", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "でね is the continuative form of だ plus the \"interjectory particle\" (間投助詞) ね.\n(Works just as well with the continuative of any other verb.)\n\nで is usually used to connect to phrases, but when the speaker is too excited\nabout the first part already, s/he wants to affirm it with ね. In fact, でね can\nbe used at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence.\n\nAt the beginning, it could be interpreted as 「それで、…」.\n\nIn the middle, it really just is ascertaining the versatility of ね, which is\nused as interjection (and is expected to be confirmed with うん).\n\nAt the end the use is the same again, just the rest of the sentence is being\nomitted.\n\nOnly in the last case, the listener has to read into the speaker's mind of\nwhat the conclusion of the 「…で」 part should have been. E.g.\n\n> 俺のこと嫌いって言ってね、本当にムカつくんだよ。 \n> She told me she hated me, that old windbag.\n\nbecomes\n\n> 俺のこと嫌いて言ってね。まぁ、とにかく、結婚するか今のとこは分からない。 \n> She told me she hated me, but... In any case, I'm not sure we will actually\n> get married.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-24T23:13:05.590", "id": "11951", "last_activity_date": "2020-09-28T01:21:03.207", "last_edit_date": "2020-09-28T01:21:03.207", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "11950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 } ]

[ { "body": "The only thing I would translate differently is the causative form 待たせる, which\ndoesn't mean just waiting, but to keep so. waiting.\n\n> 散々人を待たせておいて最初の一言がそれか \n> Is that the first thing to say to people after keeping them flat out\n> waiting?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-25T02:59:31.887", "id": "11953", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-25T02:59:31.887", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "11952", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "In contrast with user1205935's answer, I got the impression that 最初の一言 refers\nto the first words that _were_ said and not the first words that _should be_\nsaid. If I were to insert an extra clarifying part into the Japanese, it would\nbe\n\n> 散々人を待たせておいて、 **（鈍感な）お前が言った** 最初の一言がそれか\n\nand not\n\n> 散々人を待たせておいて、 **気が効いてる礼儀正しい人の** 最初の一言がそれか\n\nso I would translate liberally as\n\n> You kept me(/a person) waiting all this time, and that's the first thing out\n> of your mouth?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-25T20:57:29.593", "id": "11959", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-25T20:57:29.593", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "315", "parent_id": "11952", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think の is strictly a possessive particle when addressing quantities,\nmuch like the functionally overloaded に and で.\n\nIn Japanese, you can use counting words as prefix: 500グラムのバター or suffix:\nバター５００グラム, so it acts more like a connective than a possessive particle\nanyway. If you look at 「全てのバター」 (\"the butter of all\" = all the (blocks of)\nbutter) vs. 「バターの全て」 (\"all of the butter\") you might even /feel/ that there is\na difference, though I think that difference is too obscure to make use of it.\n\nPossessive particles are well-defined on (a subset of) the domain of (NP,NP),\ne.g. 「家族の友達」 and have their syntax reused for other domains, e.g. 緑の花 (the\nflower of green), 一個のパン (the bread of one).\n\nIt is possible to think of の as a substitute topic marker (は). Such is the\nreasoning for these phrases:\n\n[相手の日本人 or\n日本人の相手?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2943/%E7%9B%B8%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA-\nor-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E7%9B%B8%E6%89%8B?rq=1)\n\n[What is the role of の in\n「お父さんのバカ!」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2845/what-is-the-\nrole-of-%e3%81%ae-\nin-%e3%80%8c%e3%81%8a%e7%88%b6%e3%81%95%e3%82%93%e3%81%ae%e3%83%90%e3%82%ab%e3%80%8d?rq=1)", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-25T09:32:17.113", "id": "11956", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-25T09:32:17.113", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "11954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> だがたまには下も見る **もんだ** ぜ\n>\n> だがたまには下も見る **ものだ** ぜ\n\nIn this context ～もんだ is a slightly more informal way of saying ～ものだ, which is\nsimilar to ～べきだ as covered in [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/6700/1791). So the speaker is\ntrying to say that 'one should...(look down etc.)' For better flow of the\ntranslation I would personally translate it as follows:\n\nA: There is always someone above you in this world.\n\nB: I know that well. But you should take a look below you once in a while.\nThat someone below you may be right at your feet.\n\nHope this helps.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-25T12:05:20.833", "id": "11958", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-01T21:16:09.680", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1791", "parent_id": "11957", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "通ってしまえば refers to トンネル. 心地 as a noun doesn't couple with 通る.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-26T18:45:50.450", "id": "11963", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-26T18:45:50.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "11961", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "いざ is an older expression that means \"let us\", and や is adding an emphasis.\n\nAs a Japanese I don't particularly feel odd that 行く is written as ゆく,\nespecially because 行く has a risk of being read as いく.\n\n～かん is another older expression that means \"about to [do]\".\n\nI think the reason you feel odd about this whole sentence is that the whole\nthing uses expressions that are no longer actively in use.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-27T13:52:05.117", "id": "11978", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-27T13:52:05.117", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "11964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Kohsuke Kawaguchi already answered your question, but I want to add a little\nbit of detail about ゆかん.\n\nYou wrote the following:\n\n> nor have I seen an an ending unless it was going to be あない.\n\nThis stem of the verb is called the\n[未然形{みぜんけい}](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%BD%A2) in\ntraditional Japanese grammar, and several things can attach to it besides the\nauxiliary\n[ない](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=0&pagenum=1&index=114427600000).\nHistorically, there was an auxiliary called\n[む](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%80), and this is what the ん\nrepresents in ゆかん in this song.\n\nAs an aside, the modern auxiliary\n[う](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%86&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=1&pagenum=11&index=101437500000)\n(as in だろう) is derived from む, and it attaches to the 未然形{みぜんけい} as well, so\nyou'd expect a form like ゆかう. However, over time the pronunciation of the\nvowels changed from /au/ to /o:/, and the modern Japanese spelling was changed\nto ゆこう to reflect this change. (Although it only partially reflects it, since\nthe う is part of the long vowel /o:/. I wonder why they didn't change the\nspelling of う as well!)\n\nBack on topic, an \"an\" ending can also represent the 未然形{みぜんけい} plus the\nnegative auxiliary\n[ぬ](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%AC&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=0&pagenum=1&index=115059700000),\nwhich functions much like the auxiliary ない. (See [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/235/1478) for some discussion.)\nSince this ぬ can be contracted to ん, you'll see forms like 知らん and いかん. (In\nfact, this is also the ん in ありません.)\n\nIf you see an ending like this in modern Japanese, it's much more likely to be\nthe negator ぬ than the historical auxiliary む, because the latter isn't part\nof the modern language. (Except, I think, in a few fossilized expressions like\n[言わんばかり](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/2767/1478).)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-27T17:31:56.617", "id": "11979", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-27T23:00:49.767", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "11964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is 「する」の連用形＋「やがる」 conjugated into て-form.\n\nBasically やがる does not do much aside from make the sentence rougher.\nTechnically, it express a disdain for the action it attaches to, but\npersonally I think it's not quite so strict on usage. You hear it very often\nin anime-talk where everyone is trying to sound rough and manly. Generally not\nin real life unless it's a very tense situation, or the people are close\nenough for it to not be offensive (like in that first quote of yours).\n\nHere is a question covering やがる in more detail: [How to use the inflection\n\"やがる\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4236/how-to-use-the-\ninflection-%E3%82%84%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-26T23:38:40.363", "id": "11969", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-26T23:45:12.567", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "11966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "```\n\n I, well, on behalf of having been introduced by (OR: to) my aunt, started working here.\n \n```\n\nEditor's note: \"work\" means バイト in this context ;)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-26T22:21:11.430", "id": "11968", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-26T22:21:11.430", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "11967", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I feel that Jens' translation is missing the emphasis present in the Japanese\ntext, so here is my version.\n\n```\n\n In my case, I work here because it came through my aunt.\n \n```\n\nI don't think he's making fun of her. ですね just adds a bit of emphasis on 僕,\npresumably because the conversation was about that girl, and he's switching\nthe topic of conversation to about himself. Then he says 伯母の紹介だったからこそ, which\nemphasizes that the work came through the aunt, or else he wouldn't be here.\nSo once again, the topic of the conversation right before this must have been\nwhy the girl is working here.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-27T02:15:54.007", "id": "11970", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-27T02:15:54.007", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "11967", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "I think Jens' translation is unnatural and slightly flawed, and I am basing\nmine off of Kohsuke Kawaguchi's correct answer, but making the English more\nnatural.\n\n> 「僕はですね、伯母の紹介だったからこそ、ここでバイトしてる訳ですが。」\n>\n> Well, as for me, it's really just because my aunt referred me that I'm\n> working here.\n\nMore natural:\n\n> You know, the reason I'm working here is just because my aunt referred me.\n\nBreak down:\n\n> 「僕はですね、伯母の紹介だったからこそ、ここでバイトしてる訳ですが。」\n>\n> As for me, just because of aunt's referral, is reason I'm working here.\n\n*こそ koso:\n\nparticle: for sure (emphasize preceding word)\n\n*わけ wake\n\n【訳】 noun: conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on\nsomething read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation;\n\n(I translated it as \"because\")\n\n*バイト BAITO\n\nnoun / noun or participle with aux. verb する → conjugation: work (esp. part\ntime or casual) —Abbreviation. From German 'Arbeit'. → アルバイト\n\n*しょうかい shoukai\n\n【紹介】 noun / noun or participle with aux. verb する → conjugation / noun with\ngenitive case particle の: introduction; referral", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-27T02:35:17.807", "id": "11971", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-27T02:51:30.753", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "11967", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "It seems that most Japanese-to-English dictionaries have an entry for this\n(e.g., JMDict: <http://tangorin.com/general/yasagure>), and I'm not sure I can\nelaborate much more than what's on there:\n\n> noun:\n>\n> 1. running away from home —Slang.\n> 2. runaway (child)\n>\n\nIf you're interested in the etymology, I recommend checking out [the gogen-\nallguide entry for やさぐれる](http://gogen-allguide.com/ya/yasagureru.html).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-27T04:17:08.780", "id": "11974", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-27T04:17:08.780", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "11973", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is called a relative clause, and they are pretty interesting in Japanese.\nRules from English do not transfer very well at all.\n\n* * *\n\n## た-form in relative clauses\n\nThere are two ways to interpret the た-form of a verb in a relative clause:\n\n * as past\n * as non-past, **if** : \n 1. the verb has a 'result state',\n 2. there is no overt actor,\n 3. explaining the state change does not require an actor.\n\n**Example: allows non-past (semantically, past = non-past)**\n\n> 焦げたトースト \n> 'toast that burned' \n> 'burned toast'\n\nLet's see if non-past is possible:\n\n 1. ✓ 焦げている permits the resultative reading\n 2. ✓ there is no actor in this sentence\n 3. ✓ toast becoming burnt is not related to any actor\n\nHowever, note that semantically, the only way to have \"burned toast\" is for\nthe toast to get burned some point before that, so the non-past and past\ninterpretation are the same. (Essentially, 'burned toast' == 'toast that\nburned'.)\n\n**Example: allows non-past (semantically, past != non-past)**\n\n> 乾いたハンカチ \n> 'a handkerchief that dried' \n> 'a dry handkerchief'\n\nLet's see if non-past is possible:\n\n 1. ✓ 乾いている permits the resultative reading\n 2. ✓ there is no actor in this sentence\n 3. ✓ a handkerchief becoming dry is not related to any actor\n\nHere, the past and non-past interpretations are different. 乾いたハンカチ does NOT\nnecessarily need to mean that the handkerchief was once wet and then underwent\na drying event. It can simply means it is dry. For example, `新しい乾いたハンカチ 'a\nnew, dry handkerchief'` is totally fine semantically.\n\n**Example: breaks criteria 1**\n\n> 走った人 \n> 'a person that ran' \n> no non-past\n\n 1. ✗ 走っている does not permit any resultative reading\n\n**Example: breaks criteria 1**\n\n> 乾かしたハンカチ \n> 'a handkerchief that was dried' \n> no non-past\n\n 1. ✗ 乾かしている does not permit the resultative reading\n\n**Example: allows non-past, (semantically, past = non-past)**\n\n> ゆでた卵 \n> 'an egg that was boiled' \n> 'a boiled egg'\n\n 1. ✓ ゆでている permits the resultative reading\n 2. ✓ there is no actor in the sentence\n 3. ✓ an egg boiling has nothing to do with an actor\n\nNotice: even transitive verbs are fine as long as they meet the criteria!\n\n**Example: allows non-past, (semantically, past = non-past)**\n\n> タイプされた論文 \n> 'a paper that was typed' \n> 'a typed paper'\n\n 1. ✓ タイプされている allows the resultative reading\n 2. ✓ there is no actor in this sentence\n 3. ✓ a paper being typed is not related to any actor\n\n**Example: breaks criteria 2**\n\n> 太郎によってタイプされた論文 \n> 'a paper that was typed by Tarou' \n> no non-past\n\n 1. ✓ タイプされている allows the resultative reading\n 2. ✗ here, the actor is explicitly mentioned with によって, so clearly this criteria is broken\n\n**Example: breaks criteria 2**\n\n> ペンキを壁に塗った人 \n> 'a person who painted the wall' \n> no non-past\n\n 1. ✓ 塗っている allows the resultative reading\n 2. ✗ the actor (人) is mentioned.\n\n**Example: allows non-past (semantically, past != non-past)**\n\n> 帽子をかぶった人 \n> 'a person that put a hat on' \n> 'a person that has a hat on'\n\nThis one is interesting and really highlights the difference between a subject\nand an actor:\n\n 1. ✓ かぶっている allows the resultative reading\n 2. ✓ one may think that 人 is the actor and is thus overt, however this is wrong. Consider `花子が太郎の頭にかぶった帽子 'a hat that Hanako put on Tarou's head'`. Here, Tarou is only the experiencer, not the actor. But in `太郎が自分の頭にかぶった帽子 'a hat that Tarou put on his own head'`, Tarou is the experiencer and actor. In our sentence, it is not required for 人 to be the actor, so this is not an overt mention of the actor \n 3. ✓ 人 moves from the not-wearing-hat state to the wearing-hat state, you do not need to explicitly mention the person who did the actual hat putting.\n\nNote: things tend to only get this messy for 'wearing' verbs like かぶる and はめる\n\n**Example: breaks criteria 3**\n\n> 食べたケーキ \n> 'a cake that was eaten (by someone)' \n> no non-past\n\n 1. ✓ 食べている allows the resultative reading\n 2. ✓ no explicit mention of an actor\n 3. ✗ the only difference is that the cake has moved inside the stomach of the actor, so explaining the state change requires mentioning the actor\n\n**Example: breaks criteria 3**\n\n> 太郎からもらった本 \n> 'a book that somebody got from Tarou' \n> no non-past\n\n 1. ✓ もらっている allows the resultative reading\n 2. ✓ no explicit mention of an actor\n 3. ✗ the only difference is that the book has moved from Tarou to the actor, so explaining the state change requires mentioning the actor\n\nPrimary source: \"The Semantics of Non-Past -ta in Japanese\" by Kiyomi Kusumoto\n(very technical)\n\n* * *\n\n## Negation + -た in relative clauses\n\nThank the gods, things get a lot easier with negation.\n\nConsider one of our earlier sentences with two readings:\n\n> ゆでた卵 \n> 'an egg that was boiled' \n> 'a boiled egg'\n\nLet's try negating it:\n\n> ゆでなかった卵 \n> 'an egg that was not boiled'\n\nThere is no non-past interpretation. If we want that interpretation, you need\nto explicitly use a negated ている form:\n\n> ゆでていない卵 \n> 'an egg that is not boiled'\n\n* * *\n\n## Dictionary form in relative clauses\n\nIf you use the dictionary form of the verb in a relative clause, it tends to\ntake the future reading, although I believe it can occasionally take the\nhabitual reading as well if the semantics suggest it. In the case of 焦げるトースト,\nI would translate it as \"toast that will get burned\".\n\n* * *\n\n## ている in relative clauses\n\nている forms behave exactly like they do outside of relative clauses.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-27T06:07:56.420", "id": "11976", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-01T06:37:39.330", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-01T06:37:39.330", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "11975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 31 }, { "body": "Depends. Some principles may carry over but some may not. When you take a\nprinciple from one language and apply it to another where it does not work the\nsame way (or does not work at all) you are basically making a\n[pragmatic](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics) error. Yep, there is a\nwhole field in linguistics devoted to the subject.\n\nSince English is not my mother tongue, I already did make or will make a few\npragmatic errors in this reply, so please bear with me.\n\nWhen examining Japanese verbs pay enough attention to:\n\n * transitivity\n * grammatical aspect ( **be super cautious about this one** )\n * tense\n\nTransitivity defines who/what is in some state or who/what is the object of an\naction. Tense refers to a point in time where the action/state change occurred\nor will occur and grammatical aspect defines the \"evolution\" of the state\nchange or action over time.\n\nI've spotted a nice error (in the positive sense) in the accepted answer, so\nlet's use it as an example:\n\n> 太郎が乾いたハンカチ （？）\n\nDarius probably unintentionally used \"to dry\" in its intransitive form which\nis in this case a grammatical error. In English a single word \"dry\" could\nrepresent an adjective, transitive verb or intransitive verb. In Japanese,\nhowever, you have separate verbs for intransitive \"dry status change\n(something dried by itself)\" 乾く→乾いた and transitive \"dry action (somebody dried\nsomething)\" 乾かす→乾かした. So the correct form of the example above would be:\n\n> 太郎が乾かしたハンカチ \"the handkerchief that Tarou dried\"\n\nTense in Japanese is often reduced to past/not-past. However, tense coupled\nwith grammatical aspect is another story yet. Please observe:\n\n> 遊 **んでいる** 子供 \"Kids who are playing\" (now)\n>\n> 道端に死 **んでいる** 猫 \"A dead cat by the road\" (which died some time ago)\n\nAs you can see, both verbs are in a ～ている form but the first refers to an\nactivity occurring now whereas the latter refers to something that happened in\npast but the results are in effect even now.\n\nSo long story short, 焦げたトースト means \"burnt toast\", 焦げるトースト means \"a toast which\nwill burn\" and 焦げているトースト means \"a toast which burnt in past\" but the speaker\nis implying that the result is visible/has some impact even now.\n\nNow, couple this with a relative clause and I could continue writing for\nanother few hours. I'll go to bed but will post some useful references again\ntomorrow. Sorry about cutting it here.\n\nCheers everybody!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-01T01:37:46.643", "id": "12028", "last_activity_date": "2015-01-12T06:06:24.547", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3563", "parent_id": "11975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The above answers are very nuanced and detailed but if the question is how to\nmodify a noun with a verb in Japanese the basic answer is fairly straight\nforward. The plain form of a verb in non-past, past, non-past negative, or\npast negative can be used to directly modify a noun. kuru hito = the person\nwho comes, kita hito = the person who came, konai hito = the person who\ndoesn't come, and konakatta hito = the person who did not come. there are\nadditional possibilities with auxiliary verbs as well, kite-inai hito = the\nperson who has not come, etc.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-01-31T22:09:54.383", "id": "30858", "last_activity_date": "2016-01-31T22:09:54.383", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11708", "parent_id": "11975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Intervocalic ん is usually pronounced as a nasalized version of the preceding\nvowel, so in this case [ã]. This would lead to a pronunciation of ワンマン運転を (I'm\nadding the を from the clip, since otherwise I wouldn't be able to determine\nthe pronunciation of the last ん in 運転) sounding something like\n\n> [wa.m.ma.ã.u.n.te.ẽ.o]\n\n(dots between morae, tilde over a vowel means nasalization)\n\nThe nasalization on the intervocalic ん tends to spread to surrounding vowels,\nso it might even sound like this\n\n> [wa.m.mã.ã.ũ.n.tẽ.ẽ.õ]\n\nor, if you prefer:\n\n> [wam:ã:ũntẽ:õ]\n\nI believe the nasalization of intervocalic ん, and the spreading to surrounding\nvowels depends on how clearly the speaker articulates, and probably also the\nspeaker.\n\nワンマン運転 would not sound like ワンマウンテン, since the latter lacks a mora, but I find\nit quite likely that ワンマン運転を could be mistaken for ワンマーうんてーを, especially with\nreduced sound quality like this where the nasality can be hard to determine.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-28T07:12:17.373", "id": "11990", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-28T07:12:17.373", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "11980", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "As best as I can tell from the given sentence:\n\n 1. 「こうして」 is simply a way for the speaker to explain to the listener that the speaker added some sort of honorific title **_in this way_** to the person the speaker was addressing.\n\n 2. 「にも関{かか}わらず」then refers to how the speaker is explaining to the listener how the speaker was using some sort of honorific title for 宮さん _(typically meant for someone older or more respected,)_ because the speaker had possibly been thinking _(up until this particular point in time)_ that 宮さん was actually an older person... until finally meeting 宮さん in person, when the speaker sees that 宮さん actually looks more like a young girl... _which is why it is ironic that the speaker would be using some sort of honorific title when addressing 宮さん._\n\n 3. 「敬称付{けいしょうつ}き」goes back to how the speaker is talking about how the speaker added an honorific title to the person the speaker was addressing. (And as @dainichi mentioned earlier, I don't see where the \"inviter\" or \"invited\" part would come in to play, in the case of the given sentence.)\n\nIt sounds like the main point of this sentence _(from the speaker's point of\nview)_ is something like:\n\n> Miya-san appeared to be like a young girl, _even though_ I had been\n> _addressing_ her _in this sort of way_.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-28T03:40:35.210", "id": "11985", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-28T06:52:50.800", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-28T06:52:50.800", "last_editor_user_id": "1188", "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "11982", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "「とこ」[is essentially](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/158493/m0u/) an\nabbreviated way to say「ところ」.\n\n「あんな」is actually part of the 「こんな」、「そんな」、「あんな」list of words... and it\ntypically refers to _\"that kind of thing\"_ (or in this case, _\"that type of\nplace\"_ or _\"there\"_.)\n\nAs far as the translation goes, thanks for adding that to your question!\nPerhaps this phrase could also be translated as:\n\n> There's a towel on the ground _over there_.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-28T03:21:12.583", "id": "11984", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-28T03:26:18.780", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-28T03:26:18.780", "last_editor_user_id": "1188", "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "11983", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "ご is just the honorific prefix 御. This person is talking to someone to whom\nhe/she shows respect, and thus adds an honorable ご to that person's 身分.\n\nThe にね is the particle に plus the colloquial ね as in そうですね. So the sentence is\nsaying that this person would feel weak after a year and punctuating it with\ncolloquial patterns. That is, this is meant to imitate spoken rather than\nwritten Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-28T05:27:51.807", "id": "11987", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-28T05:27:51.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "11986", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm going to go out on a limb and suggest that this is a contraction of 言えばいい,\nsimilar to how it works in しなきゃ (ければ→きゃ). ～ばいいのに is a common phrase so I'm\npretty sure this is correct.\n\nI'm assuming also that 食えなんって is either a mistyping or a dialect with which\nI'm not familiar.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-28T06:08:21.993", "id": "11989", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-28T06:08:21.993", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "11988", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "From my experience, it's no different than `リー` as you mentioned. My name has\na `シ` in it, although it has been incorrectly guessed to be an elongated sound\nby people who don't know me that well. As such, there have been occasions when\nmy former Japanese teacher (older woman) and 事務員's have written it as both\n`シー` and `シィ`.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-28T14:20:15.163", "id": "11993", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-29T03:31:54.137", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-29T03:31:54.137", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "11991", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "In my opinion, it is pronounced as (Rii---) and then the coming characters\nnext to it. It's pronunciation may change depending upon where it is attached.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T05:09:59.883", "id": "12008", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T05:09:59.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3550", "parent_id": "11991", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "There are several that really do not belong.\n\n町 refers to an area, not a road. It refers to a unit of government smaller\nthan a city (thus probably close to what you call a town.)\n\n通り道 means \"on a route to commute/school/wherever you are going to.\" So when\nyou use this word, the topic of the conversation is someone and not the road\nitself.\n\n街道 refers to long inter-region routes that connected different parts of Japan,\nthe equivalent of highway system back then. Because of this origin of the\nterm, it has a scent of history attached to it, so in modern days you can see\n[roads named as\n街道](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93)\nfor nobility.\n\nThe remaining words have significant overlaps between them, and while some of\nthem have some neuances that others don't have, I'm not confident if I got the\ndistinction right, or if such perceived neuances are mine alone or shared.\n\nTo me, it's somewhat analogus to asking the differences between Blvd/Ave/St/Rd\ndistinctions in the U.S. Sure, Blvd sounds wider in general (just like 通り),\nbut you can find a plenty of counter-examples.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-29T14:43:45.503", "id": "11998", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-29T14:43:45.503", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "11992", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "用 here is close in meaning to 用事{ようじ}, indicating some task or purpose,\nsometimes translated \"business\". So in this case I believe it's \"even if I\ndon't have a particular reason/purpose/any business here...\". Possibly in\nresponse to some other comment along the lines of \"何の用?\"\n\nIf the additional text from comments is all part of the same then the first\ntwo parts go together and the third is offering an additional reason:\n\n用なんてなくってもたまにはいいじゃない - Even if I don't have any business (here), it's fine (to\ndo this/come here/etc) sometimes.\n\nこんなにイイ天気なんだし - Since the weather's so nice, and all...", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-29T21:29:48.973", "id": "12002", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-29T21:29:48.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "12000", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "A -て form is usually linked to its sentence. You cannot guess what is\nhappening without the end.\n\n-郵便局行って \\- 帰る。 _I'll pass by the post office and go home._ \\- 帰った。 _I passed by the post office then went gome._\n\nIt is your second guess the correct one.\n\n> インフルエンザが流行して、人が亡くなる心配がある\n\n_They think/fear people are gonna die because the flu is spreading._\n\nThen, you add a context condition on it with `場合`. Which means nothing is\nhappening.\n\n_The government made a guideline plan about what to do **in the case** they\nthink people are gonna die as a result of the flu spreading._\n\n**Edit** Different point of views\n\n> (oldergod) 政府は、インフルエンザが流行して、人が亡くなる心配がある場合、どうするかというガイドラインの案を作りました。 \n> (oldergod) ①インフルエンザが流行ってるから、人が亡くなる心配がでる可能性を考えて案を作ったか \n> (oldergod) ②インフルエンザが流行する場合は人が亡くなる心配がでるまでの時の案を作ったか \n> (oldergod) どちらのでしょう \n> (mukai) なんか、わかりにくい文ですが、①ではないです。 \n> (mukai)\n> 今は流行していない。流行した場合も人が死ぬかどうかはわからない。でも、もし、流行して、かつ、人が死ぬかもしれない場合、どうするか、というガイドラインを作る、ということですね。 \n> (akagi) 難解ですな (akagi) 人に話す場合は多分②じゃ意味不明と言われてしまいそうです \n> (akagi) が、例文と同じ意味になるのは②ってことなのかな\n\nAs you can see, everyone is getting a hard time.\n\nI just personally think that it is definitly your second guess. They don't\nmake a plan for one season flu. They'll use it everytime there is the flu\nspreading around.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T00:49:34.150", "id": "12003", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T09:08:54.233", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-30T09:08:54.233", "last_editor_user_id": "1065", "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "12001", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "After some research\n\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1355324748>\n\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1313841088>\n\netc...\n\nSo far I found, 匹, 人, 体 and 柱. Seems to depend a lot on how people see ghosts.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T01:26:18.007", "id": "12006", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T05:46:59.507", "last_edit_date": "2013-05-30T05:46:59.507", "last_editor_user_id": "1065", "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "12004", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "A little investigation shows that this can also be written as 輪姦{まわ}す, which\nappears to be the formal word for gang rape, 輪姦{りんかん}, adapted to the slang\nterm まわす.\n\nI'm going to go on the assumption that the term まわす originated from the idea\nof 回す (I'll let you go ahead and think about why) and later took on the slangy\n輪姦す reading.\n\nSee the following for details:\n\n<http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E8%BC%AA%E5%A7%A6%E3%81%99>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T03:36:40.680", "id": "12007", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T03:36:40.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12005", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "As dainich said in the comment, this \"AことB\" just means \"B also known as A\" /\n\"B otherwise known as A\". As can be seen in this example, A is normally a nick\nname, a monikier, or a noun that may be unfamiliar to some readers, and B is\nused to explain what A means.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T15:12:52.260", "id": "12017", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T15:12:52.260", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "12010", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The usual placeholder in Japanese is 「なになに」, although type-specific\nplaceholders such as 「だれだれ」 and 「なんとかなんとか」 may be used.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T10:04:20.210", "id": "12012", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T10:04:20.210", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "22", "parent_id": "12011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "You also have なんちゃら in the Kansai area.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T10:11:29.767", "id": "12013", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T10:11:29.767", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "12011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "As a Japanese person, I'd say:\n\n「言い草」 is often used to indicate the manner a person displays when he / she\nspeaks. For example, if I'm a father and I ask my teenage son about school,\nand he replies, 「あんたに関係ないだろ」 'Why do I need to tell you?' then I might get fed\nup and say 「何なんだその言い草は！」 which basically means 'What way of talking is that?'\nand implies 'Is that the way you talk to your father?'\n\n「決まり文句」 and 「常套句」 are really similar to each other as they are often both used\nto indicate a typical response. However, the difference is that, 「決まり文句」 is\nused to indicate a typical response made during a **_particular scene_** , and\n「常套句」 is used to indicate a typical response made by a **_particular\nperson_**. When a person always answers 「別に」 'Not much' when asked any\nquestion, and when they respond to yet another question with, 「別に」 again, I\nmight be a bit angry and say 「それはお前の常套句だな」, but I surely won't say\n「それはお前の決まり文句だな」.\n\n「名言」 is basically a famous quote by someone. For example, 「『少年よ\n大志を抱け』とは、クラーク博士の名言である。」 would be correct.\n\n「諺」, which is 「ことわざ」 (most Japanese would prefer the latter, since the kanji\nis so complex), is more like a 'proverb', than just a quote. There's a similar\nterm called 「慣用句」, but they are different. Examples of 「ことわざ」s are\n「犬も歩けば棒に当たる」「果報は寝て待て」, and examples of 「慣用句」s are 「腹を立てる」「頭が切れる」. As you\nnotice the difference, 「ことわざ」s are complete sentences or imperatives, where\n「慣用句」s are incomplete sentences, or combinations of two words, giving them\nfixed meanings. For instance, 「頭」 means 'head' and 「切る」 means 'to cut.'\nHowever, 「頭が切れる」 doesn't mean 'the head is able to be cut', instead, it means\nsomeone 'is very smart and intelligent'.\n\nHope this helps!", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-16T11:22:40.720", "id": "12154", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-16T14:35:12.173", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-16T14:35:12.173", "last_editor_user_id": "3110", "owner_user_id": "3110", "parent_id": "12016", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, he is quoting himself for emphasis (although I don't know what is\nsolipsistic about it). I think of it as an ellipsis of something like\n\n> 言われなくても分かってる **って言ってるでしょ** 。 \n> **I'm telling you,** I get it even without being told.\n\nThere is also\n\n> 言われなくても分かってる **ってば** 。\n\nwhich means roughly the same thing. (See sense 2 of [this dictionary\nentry](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%B0).)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-30T20:11:54.457", "id": "12020", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-30T20:11:54.457", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12019", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Interesting choice of beginner's literature.\n\nの is not the possessive, but a _nominalizer_ , i.e. it can make a verb (潰していく)\ninto a noun (潰していくの), which you can then use as the topic of the sentence\n(using は). The analogous construction in English would be the gerund, i.e. to\ncrush → crushing.\n\nAlso, に is not the location marker, but turns the na-adjective 単純 into an\nadverb.\n\nSummarizing, we have\n\n> ゾンビを潰していくのは単純に楽しい。 \n> Crushing zombies is simply enjoyable.\n\nWatch out for particles that have multiple uses (の and に being the worst\ncases).", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-05-31T16:13:08.587", "id": "12024", "last_activity_date": "2013-05-31T16:13:08.587", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12023", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In general, a standalone TE-form of a verb can be a request. You can\nessentially think of it as 〜ください being assumed.\n\nIn this specific case, it is 待っている that is being conjugated into TE-form, with\nthe い getting omitted since it is casual speech:\n\n> 知り合いもいるからちょっと待ってて \n> ＝知り合いもいるからちょっと待っていてください", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-01T00:40:42.460", "id": "12027", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-01T00:40:42.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "12026", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Another set with the same conjugations is 悲{かな}しい・悲しむ・悲しみ\n(adjective/verb/noun), where 悲しみ means, more or less, 悲しむこと. In some cases,\nthis noun form of a verb has picked up additional meanings along the way.\n\n楽しみ is something of a special case in that it has at some point acquired both\nthe status of a na-adjective, and a meaning of anticipating that some future\nevent will be 楽しい. Hence, you can say 楽しみに待つ (but probably not 悲しみに待つ).\n\nThat said, AをBにする, where both A and B are nouns (and the Aを part may be\ndropped) is a common grammar pattern with the general idea that A is made to\nbe/treated as/viewed as B.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T12:41:03.017", "id": "12037", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-02T12:41:03.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "12029", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "One meaning of the noun 楽しみ allows for analyzing it as the noun version of the\nverb 楽しむ. But this doesn't work equally well with the other meaning. If\nanything, if you accept the notions of i-adjectives and na-adjectives, which\nseem very common in textbooks for learners of Japanese as a foreign language,\nthis other meaning would be better analyzed as (the stem of) a na-adjective\nthat carries the sense of \"looking forward to.\"\n\nSo if you want to explain 楽しみ by using the concepts of i-adjectives, na-\nadjectives, and derivation (whatever that means), you may say that there are\none line of derivation\n\n楽しむ ( _enjoy_ ) **_verb_** -> 楽しみ ( _enjoyment_ ) **_noun_** -> 楽しい (\n_enjoyable_ ) **_i-adjective_**\n\nand another line\n\n楽しみだ ( _having a quality that makes the speaker look forward to it_ ) **_na-\nadjective_** ,\n\nwhere the latter consists of only one grammar class (so it's not really\nderivation per se).\n\nIn short, you can derive a noun and i-adjective from the verb 楽しむ in a\nstraightforward way. Their meanings are as you'd expect from the original\nverb. But there is another word that looks similar but has a little different\nmeaning, which is the na-adjective 楽しみだ.\n\nI think this explanation is simple enough, goes well with typical grammar-for-\nlearners, and doesn't have many exceptions. An obvious weak point is that\nthere's no equivalent adjective in English that means 楽しみだ as a na-adjective.\nBut it's not my fault. You should blame Enligsh.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-09-27T20:58:13.253", "id": "12963", "last_activity_date": "2013-10-04T04:00:46.113", "last_edit_date": "2013-10-04T04:00:46.113", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12029", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "> For example, if I want to say \"(this food has) become not tasty\", would the\n> correct way to say that be \"おいしくなくなりました\"?\n\nYes, this would be a correct way of saying \"(this food has) become not tasty\".\n\n> How would this be distinguished from おいしく亡くなりました, \"died tastily\", however\n> meaningless that may be?\n\nContext. Precisely because it's meaningless, and because it's a common grammar\npoint, and in writing due to the lack of kanji for 亡くなりました. The same way\nおいしくなりました is not likely to be おいしく鳴りました, \"rang tastily\".\n\n> Is there some more idiomatic way to say the former\n\nおいしくなくなる is fine, but you could phrase it positively like まずくなる\n\n> can I expect ない to behave perfectly like a 形容詞?\n\nI think this ない is classified as 助動詞, while the ない in something like ケーキがない is\na 形容詞 (Sources: [goo\ndictionary](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/162271/m0u/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/),\n[goo\ndictionary](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/162263/m0u/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/),\n[oshiete!goo](http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/5686906.html)). But I believe you\ncan just think of it as an i-adjective in terms of conjugations.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T02:29:53.630", "id": "12032", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-02T02:29:53.630", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12031", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think homophones are generally distinguished by:\n\n 1. Syntax. If a homophone is ungrammatical, it's not considered as a possibility.\n 2. Semantics. Whichever homophone makes more sense is more likely.\n 3. Pragmatics. The distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a bit fuzzy, but I'll define it this way: whichever makes sense _in the larger context_ is more likely.\n\nI think that's true of all languages, but Japanese has a fourth way, which\napplies only to the written language: you can write something with a\nparticular kanji to specify a particular homophone.\n\nIn this case, I don't think they're distinguished syntactically, so you're\nleft with semantics and pragmatics. Devoid of context, \"died tastily\" is\nbasically nonsense, so I think you'd need a very exceptional context for\nanyone to interpret it that way. (You could use the kanji to specify 亡くなる, but\nunless you came up with a context where it made sense, I think readers would\nassume it was a typo.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T02:41:19.837", "id": "12033", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-02T02:41:19.837", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12031", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the translation of \"けど\" here is \"although, yet\" not \"but, however\".\nBut I haven't understood the beginning of the second sentence. Could you write\nin romaji too or add furigana above kanjis.(Sorry I cannot read kanjis without\nfurigana, I only know japanese by ear :) )\n\nI think it will be something like this as much as I understand;)\n\nI'm a model! Although my face is (my/the) most important thing (of a model's),\n.....\n\nIf you write furigana/in romaji I'd more helpful :)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T09:19:31.020", "id": "12035", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-02T09:19:31.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3514", "parent_id": "12034", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "May I offer a very contextualized quote:\n\n` I'm pretty sure there's a lot more to life than being really, really,\nridiculously good looking. And I plan on finding out what that is. ` – [Derek\nZoolander](http://www.zimbio.com/Zoolander+Quotes)\n\nHere, your `けど` roughly maps to the almost-modestness of `I'm pretty sure`. It\nis more of a modal modifier than a grammatical thing.\n\n`硬くねーだろ` is an idiomatic response, with 硬い referring to 硬派-ness (hardliner-\nness), i.e. playfully doubting that the recipient \"is up to it\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T09:20:41.183", "id": "12036", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-02T09:20:41.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "12034", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I am assuming, without adequate knowledge of the full context, that 硬い refers\nto the hardness of the ball. Though in English, \"hard,\" can refer figuratively\nto the difficulty of say, life, for instance, in Japanese I do not think 硬い is\nused as commonly in an analogous manner. Though perhaps as Jens says, it\nrefers to 硬派?\n\nHere is my attempt at translation:\n\n> 俺モデル! 顔命なの です けど!? I'm a model! (*I'm reacting this way because)My face is\n> my life!?\n>\n> んなに 硬くねーだろ> Ok, so it's not that hard...(referring to the ball)\n\nです けど at the end of an exclamation can sometimes take the meaning of, \"..it's\njust because..,\" and in this instance may be an apology of sorts, or a way to\nexplain his reaction and give an excuse.\n\nThe use of the question mark here may be more akin to grawlix commonly seen in\ncomics, signifying confusion or surprise, rather than a question. The use of\nroman symbols such as the question mark are not as codified in Japanese as\nthey are in English.\n\nA few examples of similar uses of ですけど can be found in this link:\n\n<http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q>=ですけど%21&ref=sa", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-03T03:19:05.053", "id": "12044", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-03T05:32:21.277", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-03T05:32:21.277", "last_editor_user_id": "706", "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "12034", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "アメテ! is baby speech for やめて! (Stop it!).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T19:45:19.307", "id": "12039", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-02T21:02:08.330", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-02T21:02:08.330", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12038", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "> そのダンボ－ルはゴミに出す **分** ですか？ \n> Is that cardboard box **the part** you are putting out with the rubbish?\n\n分 here means \"part\". Another example:\n\n> これは亜美ちゃんにあげる分だ。 \n> This is the part I am giving to Abi. _or_ \n> This is what I am giving to Abi. _or_ \n> This is Abi's share.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T20:53:54.240", "id": "12041", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-16T02:17:35.810", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-16T02:17:35.810", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12040", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> I don't understand the した性格 part, because how can した modify \"personality\"\n> which can't >do anything?\n\nきちんと on it's own is an adverb, for example きちんと掃除をする/do the cleaning\n_properly_.\n\nIt's one of those words you can add する to afterwards to make it into an\nadjective. For example: 母さんは性格がきちんとしている / (My) mother has a\nproper/orderly/impeccable personality.\n\nThis gets put in the past tense* when it is brought in front to modify the\nnoun (性格): きちんとした性格の母さん / (My) mother who has an proper personality.\n\n> I also don't understand the function of 真面目で, especially what the で particle\n> means.\n\nLet's look at another sentence where it might be easier to understand:\n真面目で誠実で優しい人/ a serious _and_ sincere _and_ kind person.\n\nYou connect na-adjectives together with で the same way you might connect\ni-adjectives together with ～くて, for example: 安くておいしいケーキ/cheap and tasty cake.\n\nSo 真面目できちんとした性格の母さん here means: (My) mother who has a stiff and proper\npersonality.\n\n*I swear there was a question about this and I wanted to link to it but I couldn't find it...", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-02T23:21:43.460", "id": "12043", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-02T23:21:43.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3010", "parent_id": "12042", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "When you want to translate names, just look for some famous ones in Wikipedia.\n\n[ハスケル・カリー](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-03T04:56:44.740", "id": "12046", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-03T04:56:44.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "12045", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "I think apt use of 四字熟語 does demonstrate sophistication, just like, it seems,\nin Chinese. 四字熟語 are taught at the 高校 level, with other parts of the\ncurriculum being 漢文, literature, etc., which alone should tell you something\nabout the perceived status of these \"idioms\".\n\nThe infamous 四字熟語 exam question is:\n\n> Complete ◯肉◯食.\n\nwith the correct answer being 弱肉強食, _not_ 焼肉定食.\n\nIn serious writing, 四字熟語 are analogous to the poignant use of idioms, which\none finds in well-written newspapers, for example. Maybe less like \"raining\nbuckets\" but more like \"skate on thin ice\"...", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-03T16:32:49.237", "id": "12050", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-03T16:32:49.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12049", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [a very similar online\ndiscussion](http://okwave.jp/qa/q6382943.html), @Darius and @Earthling are on\nthe right track. 煜 is a non-keitai rendering of the \"banana\" emoji.\n\nAs for \"Why banana?\", this [brief online\nchat](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1215108032)\nsuggests there's no literal meaning. Rather, it's for atmosphere, replacing\nthe closing ○ mark with something brighter.\n\nCheers.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-04T03:43:35.967", "id": "12053", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-04T03:43:35.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3556", "parent_id": "12052", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It is now clear that 煜 was never intended to mean anything related to the\nkanji. In that sense it is a typo introduced by reading a 携帯 message on a\ncomputer. I did find an alternative to the banana hypothesis, though:\n\n煜 [maps to the smiley face (:D)](http://d.hatena.ne.jp/NAOI/20120423) on the\nSoftBank iPhone (see the middle character):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tcTX3.png)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PAVTV.png)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-04T23:03:14.453", "id": "12060", "last_activity_date": "2019-07-22T05:14:41.617", "last_edit_date": "2019-07-22T05:14:41.617", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12052", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "It's from サトウサンペイ's フジ三太郎 in 朝日新聞, the man who looks back is its main\ncharacter フジ三太郎, so he has to appear somewhere in the strip every day (I\nguess). I think 「お客さん！」＞「おねえさん！」＞「お嬢さん！」(in three panels) could have worked\ntoo. \n\nI think it's just お嬢さん/お嬢さま sounds younger than おねえさん/おねえさま. The lady\nunconsciously ignores おねえさん and おねえさま because she thinks she's too young to be\ncalled that way. We readers, especially male readers, feel like \"Ah I know how\nthis station employee feels\" \"This is what women are\" \"They always feel\nyounger than they really are\" etc. \n\n> I thought おネエさん！ would be too casual for a station attendant. \n>\n\nI agree. I don't expect them to call me おねえさん either. At least, it wouldn't\nsound polite. \n\n> Wouldn't it translate to something like \"hey, babe\"? \n>\n\nNot necessarily. It depends on the situation and how you say it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-04T11:05:19.923", "id": "12055", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-05T14:37:11.547", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-05T14:37:11.547", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "About the nuance of お嬢さま.\n\nThe difference is visual. Someone described as お嬢様, besides being a young\nunmarried female, has also cultivated (or been raised to have) a sense of\nupper-class refinement, most immediately evident through her appearance and\nattitude. Perhaps in between Scarlett O'Hara and Holly Golightly?\n\nLooking closely at that フジ三太郎 comic strip, there's a suggestion of erectness\nin the straight shoulders; of an elegant gate, in the slight to-and-fro swish\nof the skirt; of luxury, in the chicness of the clothes, particularly the\nchain-link strap of the purse; and in the long straight hair and slight\nmakeup, of a self-awareness of girlish attractiveness. It takes the ticket\nattendant a moment to recognize how these signs distinguish her from a woman\nwho just happens to be young, i.e., an おねえさん.\n\nPerhaps it's proof of this perception of mine that, until I looked it up just\nnow on WWWJDIC, I had always thought 嬢 meant \"princess\".\n\nThanks for the question and introducing me to a new comic strip.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-05T01:13:45.393", "id": "12061", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-05T01:38:08.587", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-05T01:38:08.587", "last_editor_user_id": "3556", "owner_user_id": "3556", "parent_id": "12054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "I think the strip is about the moral cruelty of Japanese life.\n\nThe dutiful young man discovered something – a lost ticket maybe – which might\nbe to the disadvantage of his customer, and calls out to her. Instead of\nheeding his apparently audible call (the man to the left of the woman did hear\nit after all), the woman decides that calling conventions are more important\nthan fact matters to her. She remains stubborn during 3 calls while the young\nman breaks out into sweat, painfully caught between his social duties of\nserving the customer and remaining at his assigned position.\n\nWhile this comic strip seems to tell us that we should use proper politeness\nright away and women should not let themselves be addressed in a debasing kind\nof way, it is my personal perception that the strip mocks all the servile\nhands that smoothen our daily life. Women long had a low social standing in\nsociety, but once they become rich and beautiful they can put the lowest\nbehind them and treat them like dirt – the new old kind of justice.\n\nTherefore there is no joke. It is all very depressing.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-05T10:09:47.097", "id": "12062", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-05T10:09:47.097", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "12054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "(Note: the impressions below come from the various manga I've read, which\nmight or might not reflect the realities of life in Japan. But then, the\nsubject is a manga too...)\n\nお嬢さん or (お嬢ちゃん) is indeed what you would call a small girl, e.g. if you don't\nknow her name but need to call her somehow (かわいいお嬢ちゃんですね！). It has a nuance of\n\"little princess\".\n\nHowever, お嬢さま is something different. It implies an upper-class lady from a\nrich family. In fact, I wouldn't expect one to ride subway, she probably has a\ncar with a driver, and possibly a butler at her huge mansion too. Such ladies\ntend to use highly polite or old-fashioned speech (わたくし、～ですわ、～ですの etc.) and\nmay have gaps in \"commoner's\" knowledge such as using ticket gates ^_^.\n\nSome examples from anime/manga/etc.:\n\n * Nagi Sanzenin from Hayate the Combat Butler\n * secondary characters from Ouran High School Host Club\n * Tomoyo Daidouji from Cardcaptor Sakura (when she grows up...)\n\nSee [TV Tropes](http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Ojou) for more.\n\n[Niconico article](http://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E3%81%8A%E5%AC%A2%E6%A7%98)\nseems to describe the term pretty well too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-14T00:35:06.997", "id": "12137", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-14T00:35:06.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "12054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Well, only one is a hiragana, namely わ. It even says so next to it (ひらがな), but\nwritten _in hiragana_.\n\nThere is only one way forward for you: [learn\nhiragana](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana).\n\nThe cursive-like appearance itself gives it practically away, but if you're\ninterested in learning Japanese, learning hiragana is the best starting point.\n\nThe other suggestions in the list are\n[kanji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji), which (among other groups of\ncharacters) you need to [write\nJapanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_writing_system).\n\nThese are simply the choices Word gives when \"wa\" is input using the keyboard;\nThe desired character is marked by using the space bar to scroll the options,\nand when the desired choice is highlighted, hitting Enter selects it for the\ntext.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-04T19:56:14.390", "id": "12057", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-16T13:59:07.447", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-16T13:59:07.447", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "Japanese input methods on computers rely on the phonetic entry of text using\nthe latin alphabet. The patterns which are entered are matched in a\ndictionary, which provides possible completions for the unit which was typed.\nMore than one words or word fragments correspond to \"WA\", and are written\nusing different kanji. The \"WA\" you have highlighted, 和, has the meaning of\n\"peace\", \"harmony\" and in the Japanese language it also denotes \"Japan\" or\n\"Japanese way\". It is found in compounds like 和服 (wafuku): Japanese style\ntraditional clothing (as opposed to 洋服 (youfuku) which is Western clothing),\nor 和紙 (washi) which is traditional Japanese paper. Another very familiar \"WA\"\nwhich I see there is 話, which means \"talk\", and is part of compounds like 電話\n(denwa): telephone.\n\nWhen you're trying to write, just ignore the completions that you don't\nunderstand. If you know that what you're trying to write is written using\ncertain characters, then you can choose that spelling. Otherwise, just choose\nthe hiragana. Using the incorrect kanji is worse than spelling it out with\nhiragana. For instance but suppose you wrote \"denwa\" as 電和. This misspelling\nis more confusing to readers than でんわ. (No properly developed IME would offer\nsuch a misspelling as a choice for \"denwa\", but it's possible to type \"den\"\nand \"wa\" separately and choose those characters individually.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-04T22:00:39.450", "id": "12058", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-04T22:00:39.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1266", "parent_id": "12056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The comment section basically has all the answer, so just to summarize that,\n\n後はない in 「水だな. 後は無い.」 means \"other than that, nothing\". To better understand\nthis, mentally picture a list where 水 is at the top, and then go through the\nlist from top to bottom. This expression is saying that the list actually only\ncontains one item that is 水, and so you say \"after 水, there is nothing [on the\nlist]\".\n\n後がない is a bit more idiomatic expression that emphasizes a desprate situation /\nthe last stand / the final chance to make or break, such as この試合に負けるともう後がない\n(if they lose this game, that's no hope [of winning a league]) or\nこの試験に落ちるともう後がない (if I don't make this exam, I'll be kicked out from the\nschool.)\n\nIn a way, 後がない refers to a situation similar to 後はない, as in \"aside from this\none thing, there's no more in the list\", but 後がない really emphasizes\ndesparation. Perhaps because of that, personally I don't use 後はない in writing,\nand probably not much in spoken Japanese, too. I'd prefer それだけ (\"that's it\")\nif I want to tell the other person that I'm only asking for one thing.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-07T15:27:35.703", "id": "12085", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-07T15:27:35.703", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3059", "parent_id": "12059", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe you are making the mistake of attempting to replicate an English\npattern in Japanese.\n\nAs snailboat points out, the idiomatic equivalent is as follows:\n\n> 泥棒はいつまでたっても泥棒。／三つ子の魂百まで。／性格を変えることはできない。\n\nAnd if you make this search,\n\n<http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=Once+a+always+a>\n\none finds that the nearest Japanese equivalent seems to be:\n\n> noun phrase はいつまでたっても noun phrase\n\nIf one uses the vocabulary you suggested, the nearest equivalent seems to be:\n\n> Once an actor, always an actor. 一度役者をやればやめられない。 Once an addict, always an\n> addict. 一度中毒になるとやめられない。", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-05T16:03:47.247", "id": "12066", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-05T16:03:47.247", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "12065", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "For \"Once a X, always a X\", some suggestions would be 「Xはなおらず」 or 「XはXのまま」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T17:14:02.973", "id": "12134", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T17:14:02.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12065", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "モヤモヤ is associated with a moist vagina \"ready to receive\" so to speak.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-12-02T07:25:39.450", "id": "19742", "last_activity_date": "2014-12-02T07:25:39.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7837", "parent_id": "12067", "post_type": "answer", "score": -4 }, { "body": "Based on my experience, it seems that \"もやもや\" meaning \"horny\" isn't common\nnowadays. \nYes, as you say, I found out that \"もやもや\" _does_ have meaning of \"being horny,\"\nbut note that the example came with the definition\n(「数々の通はせ文、清十郎も―となりて」〈浮・五人女・一〉) is written over 300 yrs ago.\n\nInstead, I often hear \"むらむら\" to depict it. \n(According to [this page](http://zokugo-dict.com/33mu/muramura.htm), using\n\"むらむら\" to depict \"being horny\" is new.)\n\nWe do use \"もやもや\" to depict:\n\n * mist/smoke **hanging over**\n * thing/situation **being unclear**\n * **being unhappy/depressed**", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-02-25T02:00:07.083", "id": "32450", "last_activity_date": "2016-02-25T02:00:07.083", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "13662", "parent_id": "12067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "新明解国語辞典 published by Sanseido defines “もやもや” as:\n\n 1. 靄が立ち込めているようで実態がはっきりわからない様子。(例）もやもやした空気 - the state of the substance is unclear as wondering in the thick fog. e.g. hazy (depressed) atmosphere.\n\n 2. 解決したり明らかになったりしないため不安や不満がなくならない様子 （例）党内にもやもやが残る – the state of anxiety and frustration hanging on because of the problem remaining unsolved or not identified. e.g. a strong frustration smolders among the party members.\n\nand むらむら as;\n\n何かを見たり、聞いたことがきっかけとなって起こる、よくない衝動を抑えきれないことを表す。（例）怒りがむらむらとこみあげてくる – describes the\nstatus where one is unable to control undesirable emotion triggered by looking\nat or hearing something. e.g. have a sudden impulse of anger.\n\nBoth もやもや and むらむら are common adjective (e.g.もやもやとした感情 – pent-up feeling) and\nadverb (むらむらと沸き起こる欲情 – simmeringly hot desire). But もやもや relates to\nuncertainty and vagueness of the state, while むらむら relates to the eruption of\nuncontrorable passion and impulse. They sounds alike as a reduplication, but\nare very different in the meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-02-27T06:24:42.647", "id": "32495", "last_activity_date": "2016-02-27T06:30:17.973", "last_edit_date": "2016-02-27T06:30:17.973", "last_editor_user_id": "12056", "owner_user_id": "12056", "parent_id": "12067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This is the prefix\n[`直{じか}`](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%81%98%E3%81%8B&stype=0&dtype=0&dname=0ss)\n(\"direct\"), plus `打{う}ち`, a noun form of the verb `打つ` (\"to hit\"), which in\nthis case refers to typing (\"hitting\" keys).\n\nAlthough I couldn't find a dictionary entry for this exact term, it's\ndescribed in the entry for\n[IP直打ち](http://www.weblio.jp/content/IP%E7%9B%B4%E6%89%93%E3%81%A1) in the\nIT用語辞典 on Weblio, which confirms that the reading is `じかうち`. This page also\nconfirms that it means \"direct(ly) input\".\n\nI think the message means there's a possibility the URL was typed directly\nrather than followed from a link. Since this is in a log file, perhaps it\nindirectly means there's no [_HTTP\nreferrer_](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referrer) information. (In which case,\nit might show up even in cases where the URL wasn't directly entered, like if\nyou use a \"favorite\" link; cases like these might be why it says a\n_possibility_ of being typed directly.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-06T06:30:09.583", "id": "12071", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-06T06:30:09.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The relevant vocabulary you need is つもり. It expresses intention.\n\n * **また** 来るつもりだ (plan on coming back (literally it reads \" **again** \"))\n * 帰るつもりだ (intend to return (home))\n * 戻るつもりだ (intend to go back)\n\nThen change the sentence to a question, either by dropping だ and adding a\nquestioning tone, or by using ですか", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-06T03:59:11.127", "id": "12070", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-06T03:59:11.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "12069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "There are couple of forms to express intentions at least. I guess this three\ndoes not cover all story, but they are quite common.\n\n 1. Volitional form と思{おも}っています (or 思{おも}います) - This one is \"I think I am going to\" version.\n 2. Plain form よていです - This one is \"I plan to\" version.\n 3. Plain form つもりです - This one is also \"I am going to\" but there's more certainty to it. As if speaking person is really into it.\n\nVolitional form creation rules. (See <http://tangorin.com/> dictionary for\nverbs conjugation table.)\n\n * U-verbs: ~u → ~ou (よむ → よもう, かえる → かえろう, いく → いこう, かう → かおう, たつ → たとう)\n * RU-verbs: ~る → ~よう (たべる → たべよう, ねる → ねよう)\n * exceptions: する → しよう, くる → こよう\n\nIf you'd like to ask someone about his intentions you just add か at the end as\nin any other sentence.\n\n * この本{ほん}を読{よ}もうと思{おも}っています。 - I'm going to read this book. (Literally: I am thinking to go.)\n * この本{ほん}を読{よ}もうと思{おも}っていますか。 - Are you going to read this book? (Literally: Are you thinking to go?)\n * 買{か}い物{もの}に行{い}くよていです。 - I am going to go shopping. (Literally: I plan to.)\n * 買{か}い物{もの}に行{い}くよていですか。 - Are you going to go shopping? (As above, literally: Are you planning to?)\n * 空手{からて}を習{なら}うつもりです。 - I am going to learn karate. (Firm statement, high level of certainty.)\n * 空手{からて}を習{なら}うつもりですか。 - Are you going to learn karate? (Can be rude in some circumstances. Like, someone may get the feeling that you're questioning his intention.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-08T11:29:51.440", "id": "12092", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-10T13:36:42.243", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-10T13:36:42.243", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3492", "parent_id": "12069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "ぜ and ぞ are sentence-final particles used (primarily) by male speakers which\nare more colloquial versions of the particle よ.\n\nIn order of decreasing politeness, they are\n\n> 逃げるよ。 \n> 逃げるぞ。 \n> 逃げるぜ。\n\nThe addition of よ・ぞ・ぜ give the statement an assertive feel, maybe like an\nexclamation mark or adding something like \"hey!\" (although that's already\nrepresented in the sentence by おい).\n\nSpeaking of which, おい is also a very colloquial way of getting someone's\nattention, which fits well with the use of ぜ over よ.\n\n[This question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/617/in-what-\nsituations-can-you-use-%E3%81%9E%E2%80%9D%E3%80%80as-a-sentence-ender) also\nhas an explanation for ぞ, which carries over to ぜ as well.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-06T20:00:57.903", "id": "12073", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-06T20:29:37.550", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12072", "post_type": "answer", "score": 13 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all, welcome to this forum! This is a great question (yet, at the\nsame time, is quite a broad question when this part is included: _\"What does\nit have that French/English don't and what is similar.\"_ ) So, here is a brief\nattempt to explain at least a few of the differences (specifically having to\ndo with gender, article, and verb conjugation,) between Japanese and other\nlanguages.\n\nAs @Zhen Lin described, Japanese is quite different than Romance languages\n(and possibly Near Eastern languages,) in terms of noun genders and subject-\nverb conjugations.\n\nIn Japanese:\n\n * nouns do not have genders or articles\n * verbs can be conjugated _(but there is not usually a specific pronoun included in the conjugation **(see note below)** and the conjugation does not change depending on the neighboring pronoun or subject)_ ... and often pronouns or subjects can be left out of sentences completely, as @Hyperworm describes\n\nAs for genders and articles with nouns, Japanese is quite different than\nRomance languages (and possibly Near Eastern languages,) in the idea that\ndefinite articles with nouns are generally not used. _(In other words, try to\nforget the idea of definite articles... when using Japanese.)_\n\nNow, looking at verbs, for the sake of example, the phrase \"I am happy\" in\nJapanese could be written as:\n\n> うれしいです。(ureshii desu.)\n\nです (desu) is a copula (and, in basic terms, is somewhat like a verb,) _(see\nalso @Snailboat's comment about politeness,)_ but in this case, the adjective\nうれしい (ureshii) is actually the focus of conjugation in this example _(as\npointed out by @Darius Jahandarie,)_ which brings up another difference\nbetween Japanese and many other languages: _adjectives can be conjugated_.\nFortunately adjective conjugation in Japanese, like verb conjugation, is\nrelatively less complicated than the subject-verb conjugations of other\nlanguages.\n\nGoing back to the \"happy\" example from earlier, if instead of using \"I am\nhappy\" one wanted to use \"he is happy\", the conjugations do not necessarily\nchange:\n\n> かれはうれしいです。(kare wa ureshii desu.)\n\nThe general lack of complicated verb conjugations and definite articles are\nonly some of the beautiful aspects of the Japanese language, but I'm sure you\nwill continue to find other interesting differences as your studies progress!\n\n* * *\n\n**note:** 行{い}きましょう (ikimashou) actually seems somewhat similar to the Romance\nlanguage idea of including a pronoun along with the verb conjugation... but in\ngeneral, the verb conjugation itself does not change depending on the\nneighboring pronoun or subject, in Japanese.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-06T23:39:06.547", "id": "12075", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-08T19:21:59.730", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-08T19:21:59.730", "last_editor_user_id": "1188", "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "12074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "These Romance language concepts simply do not apply to Japanese. In addition\nto the points made in a comment by Zhen Lin,\n\n> Japanese does not have genders, and its nouns are indeclinable. Its verbs do\n> not conjugate for grammatical person either.\n\nJapanese also does not have a grammatical requirement to supply subjects or\npronouns with verbs.\n\nThe way to express \"I am happy\" in Japanese is... well let's take the more\ninteresting answer first, which is:\n\n> _ureshii_\n\nJust the one word \"happy\"; no conjugation (this is in dictionary form); no \"to\nbe\" (the meaning of \"is\" is folded into this adjective); not even a pronoun\n(the subject is inferred by expectation and context).\n\nAnother answer is\n\n> _shiawase da_ or _shiawase desu_\n\nwhere \"shiawase\" again means \"happy\" and \"da\" is a copula (to be). \"desu\" is\nanother form of the copula, but the difference is nothing to do with subject\ngender or number, but determines the politeness level of the sentence.\n\nIf you want to supply the subject you can:\n\n> _watashi_ (I) wa shiawase da \n> _anata_ (you) wa shiawase da \n> _kare_ (he) wa shiawase da \n> _kanojo_ (she) wa shiawase da\n\nbut these pronouns are not like English pronouns -- overusing them is a great\nway to sound unnatural and maybe even rude, as you may be culturally expected\nto use a more polite form of address for the person you are speaking to (or\nabout), such as their name or position plus a suitable honorific like _san_.\n\n(Also, while English only has one \"I\" and one \"you\", Japanese has about a\nbillion \"I\" and just as many \"you\"s. _watashi, boku, ore, watakushi, atashi,\nwa, uchi, sessha, warawa_ , all mean \"I\" and appear in different contexts and\nusages, some limited to fiction.)\n\nYou can do away with the pronoun entirely and still infer the subject in the\nright context.\n\n> (having been told of someone who just come into a large amount of money, has\n> quit work, and is travelling around the world)\n>\n> _shiawase da na..._ ( **He** (inferred by context) must be happy...)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-06T23:46:29.490", "id": "12076", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-06T23:46:29.490", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "315", "parent_id": "12074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Pronounce them separately in general. The examples you cite have /i.u/\noccuring across a \"word\" boundary, and the sound change that converted /iu/ to\n/juː/ did not operate across \"word\" boundaries. Put it another way, 言う is\npronounced as if it were spelled ゆう, but only because its spelling is\nirregular! All other examples (e.g. 友人、有限、優秀) are now spelled as pronounced\n(cf the historical spellings いうじん、いうげん、いうしう).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-07T07:27:05.943", "id": "12080", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-07T07:27:05.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "578", "parent_id": "12077", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "There may be rules in modern Japanese regulating this, perhaps observed by TV\nannouncers. However, practically, I believe it is more natural to produce the\nsound `きゅ` than a forced `き-う`. The same goes for `霧生`. In fact, `霧生` is\nspelled with `きりゅう` in many cases. Some people might prefer to split `イ+ウ` if\nthey are separate morphemes... but practically, they are just so ambiguous\nwhen pronouncing.\n\nFrom a history point of view, there was no clear difference between `きゅ` or\n`きう`. Actually, the small notation of 拗音 (contracted word) is adopted after\nthe WWII ( _現代かなづかい_ in 1946). Before that, in old literature like _徒然草\n(Tsurezuregusa)_ in the 14th century, there was あや **しう** こそ in the preface\npassage, which in modern day notation (and pronunciation) would be あや **しゅう**\nこそ.\n\nFor `言う` being pronounced as `ゆう`, the pronunciation existed long before this\nnotation of `言う`, so the rule of how to produce `イ+ウ` should not be deduced\nfrom the notation. `言う` was written as `言ふ` in old notation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-07T07:38:45.860", "id": "12081", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-07T12:25:21.260", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-07T12:25:21.260", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3559", "parent_id": "12077", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "七味{しちみ} itself is a morpheme with a Chinese original, thus the `音読み{おんよみ}`\n七味{しちみ}. The pronunciation rooted from ancient Chinese. 酸味{さんみ} is a similar\nexample.\n\nIn the contrary, カレーの味 and カレー味 are lexical items clearly not rooted from\nChinese words. `カレー味` contains 2 **free morphemes** `カレー` and `味{あじ}`. So, a\n`訓読み{くんよみ}`, 味{あじ}, would be appropriate in this case.\n\nThere are many examples provided by this snack:\n[うまい棒](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%BE%E3%81%84%E6%A3%92)\n\nYou can see they have listed a lot of flavors there. Most of them are\ncombinations of a `Western origin word` \\+ `味{あじ}`\n\n**Edited** :\n\nFor 塩味{しおあじ}, a thing 塩{しお} that actually exists make it quite detachable ,\nresulting free morphemes `しお` \\+ `あじ`. It is very like the `カレー`+`あじ` in the\noriginal question. However, like `辛味` it is heavily linked together. One thing\nyou could check is, try adding a の between to see if it makes sense. Like\n塩の味{しおのあじ} makes sense, but things like 辛の味{からのあじ} doesn't make sense.\n\nAlso, you can see 辛味{からみ} 甘味{あまみ} 苦味{にがみ} are basic tastes the one could\nsense. The pure sensory counterpart for salty is 鹹味{かんみ}", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-07T11:53:42.960", "id": "12084", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-07T12:55:42.243", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-07T12:55:42.243", "last_editor_user_id": "3559", "owner_user_id": "3559", "parent_id": "12083", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "`The name of our sin is Pride, the olden snake. Be wary!`\n\nChocolate's link should be it. にして sounds more elaborate than a mundane という.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-10T13:01:08.470", "id": "12107", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-10T13:01:08.470", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "12087", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Although there is no specific context given for this example sentence (as you\nhave said,) I wonder if the idea of this sentence could be something like:\n\n> 隣村まで足にのばす。\n>\n> (I will) spread (the cream or medicine?) on my foot/leg until (I get to) the\n> next town.\n\nin the case that, perhaps, the subject of the sentence was injured somewhere\noutdoors and had some cream or medicine to temporarily help the injury? Or\nperhaps the cream is sunscreen?\n\n_The overall meaning of this example sentence depends on the missing (or\nimplied) information, though..._\n\n* * *\n\n**Update:** _As the original example sentence ended up being a little\ndifferent in reality than in the original question, I would look toward\n@marasai's answer. Maybe this answer (as it is now) could be an example of how\nmuch sentence meanings can potentially change when different particles are\nused..._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-07T20:47:39.717", "id": "12089", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-07T23:55:47.970", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1188", "parent_id": "12088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "隣村まで足にのばす doesn't make any sense.\n\n足 **を** 伸ばす is a idiom that means \"[go a little\nfurther](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E8%B6%B3%E3%82%92%E4%BC%B8%E3%81%B0%E3%81%99&ref=sa)\".\n\n> あしをのばす【足を伸ばす】\n>\n> ① 楽な姿勢をとってくつろぐ。 ② ある地点に着いたあと，さらにそこから遠くへ行く。\n\n<http://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B6%B3%E3%82%92%E4%BC%B8%E3%81%B0%E3%81%99>\n\n> 博多から足を伸ばして唐津まで行った. From Hakata we went a little way further to [we extended\n> our journey as far as] Karatsu.\n\n<http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E8%B6%B3%E3%82%92%E4%BC%B8%E3%81%B0%E3%81%99>", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-07T22:13:35.027", "id": "12091", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-09T23:10:50.500", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "3506", "parent_id": "12088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The main character of My Boss My Hero, Sasaki Makio, says はにゃ？ as an\nexpression when unsure or\n\nAs said in\n[Wikipedia](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E2%98%86%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9_%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E2%98%86%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC#.E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9)\n\n```\n\n 疑問に思ったりすることがあったりすると「はにゃ?」と言うのが口癖\n \n```\n\nWhen in doubt while thinking, he says his favorite phrase, 'hanya?'\n\nThis is not a common Japanese word or saying and is unique to the character to\nhelp give him flavor.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-08-02T01:38:02.767", "id": "12462", "last_activity_date": "2013-08-02T01:38:02.767", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3780", "parent_id": "12090", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Looking at the syntax, `玩弄し` can't end a sentence, because if `し` was the\nconjunction, a verb was missing, e.g. `玩弄するし`.\n\nLooking at the semantics, I'll try a one-pass translation over the sentence\nand see what happens.\n\n```\n\n {1:浮世} {2:離れ} {3:した} {4:幼い} {5:少女} を {6:思うさま}{7:玩弄}し、{8:破壊}し{9:尽す}背徳の欲望が掻き立てられてやまない。\n \n {1:The mortal realm} {2:separation} {3:did} {4:childish} {5:girl} {6:the way she liked it} {7:mocking} {8:break stuff} {9:until exhausted}\n \n```\n\nUntil here, it looks like> \"[verb] the childlike girl who had seperated\nherself from the mortal realm played with her as [agent] liked, and eventually\nbroke her\".\n\n```\n\n 浮世離れした幼い少女を思うさま玩弄し、破壊し尽す{1:背徳}の{2:欲望}が{3:掻き立てられて}{4:やまない}。\n \n {1:immorality} {2:desire} {3:to stir up} {4:relentlessly}\n \n```\n\n\"A relentless immoral desire stirring up inside the childlike girl who had\nseparated herself from the mortal realm plagued her mind, and eventually broke\nher.\"\n\n(Note: I have omitted 思うさま (=as one likes), as I can't make sense of an\nanimate-subject property on an inanimate subject (玩弄 =mocking) in English.)\n\nThe other interpretation with the comma as sentence-separator could look like\nthis:\n\n\"It mocked the girl (who had separated herself from the mortal realm) as it\npleased. An immoral desire relentlessly stirred up.\"\n\nThe latter variant seems to miss a subject in the first part and an object in\nthe second. The first variant combines both. So on grounds of syntactic and\nsemantic coherence, I prefer the interpretation that the comma distributes\nover the verbs instead of over the sentences.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-09T21:22:59.177", "id": "12101", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-09T21:22:59.177", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "12093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": ">\n> (([浮世離]{うきよばな}れした[幼]{おさな}い少女を)(思うさま)[玩弄]{がんろう}し、[破壊]{はかい}し[尽]{つく}す)([背徳]{はいとく}の)欲望が[掻]{か}き立てられてやまない。 \n>\n\n浮世離れした幼い少女 is the object for both\n玩弄し([#1?](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/50017/m0u/)≒[弄]{もてあそ}ぶ... \"toy\nwith\"? but probably physically, not mentally) and 破壊し尽す. \n思うさま(≒[思うがまま](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E6%80%9D%E3%81%86%E3%81%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE))\nmodifies 玩弄し. \n玩弄し and 破壊し尽す both modify 欲望.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-10T11:03:50.413", "id": "12105", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-10T11:13:21.947", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-10T11:13:21.947", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It would be interesting/useful to know if the author uses じゃあ over じゃ・では in\nother phrases.\n\nI might be completely off-base here, but if we consider the difference as that\nbetween では、じゃ and じゃあ (rather than between じゃない・じゃあない specifically), there is\nsome info about, for example\n[here](http://questionbox.jp.msn.com/qa3369499.html).\n\nTaking some parts of the first answer on that question which I think are\nimportant (ignoring the bits about では for the moment):\n\nFirst example:\n\n> これじゃ間に合わない ・・・普通 \n> これじゃー間に合わない ・・・強調した言い方\n\ne.g. in this case the じゃあ version is for emphasis.\n\nSecond example:\n\n> この雨じゃ出かけられない ・・・普通 \n> この雨じゃー出かけられない ・・・リズムを変えた言い方（人によって好き好きです。）\n\ne.g. in this case it just changes the rhythm (and this is a matter of personal\npreference).\n\nThird example:\n\n> 中学生じゃ無理だ ・・・普通 \n> 中学生じゃー無理だ ・・・強調した言い方。あるいはリズムだけを変えた言い方\n\ne.g in this case it could be either for emphasis or a change in rhythm. (This\nmay be the same way that sometimes 二 is read にい in counting out loud, e.g.\nいちにいさん). It appears from additional information given in the linked answer\nthat the difference between the two cases would be distinguished in speech by\nthe position of the accent.\n\nIncidentally, 大辞林{だいじりん} confirms the origin from では but isn't much help in\nterms of nuance:\n\n> 「では」の転。「じゃ」とも", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-11T17:20:54.617", "id": "12115", "last_activity_date": "2020-01-19T02:29:33.083", "last_edit_date": "2020-01-19T02:29:33.083", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "12094", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Indeed,\n\n> **みい** \n> 見よ・ご覧。「見い」であろう。\n\nwhich is [listed as 高松の方言](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%BF%E3%81%84)\n(四国).\n\nConsidering that he also uses じゃが(な) and じゃろう, though, I think it would be\nbetter to place his dialect closer to 九州弁.\n\nThe equivalent in other areas would be\n\n> **みな** \n> みなさい。\n\nIn any case, both are variations on (～て)みてください.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-08T17:57:31.663", "id": "12096", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-08T18:24:43.320", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-08T18:24:43.320", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12095", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "「わしは～」「～じゃ。」「～(じゃ)ろう。」「～(じゃ)のう。」「～てみい。」 etc. are not from a regional dialect\nbut [フィクションにおける老人語\n(Wikipedia)](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E#.E3.83.95.E3.82.A3.E3.82.AF.E3.82.B7.E3.83.A7.E3.83.B3.E3.81.AB.E3.81.8A.E3.81.91.E3.82.8B.E8.80.81.E4.BA.BA.E8.AA.9E): \n\n> この老人語は江戸時代以来、セリフの約束ごととして、老人や知識人を表現するための役割語として演劇・小説・漫画等に定着したものという。 \n>\n> これらの言葉は現代の広島弁に近いが、広島弁が直接的に老人語とされたわけではない。江戸時代、江戸在住の知識人は京都や大坂など西日本の出身者が多く、西日本出身でなくても知識人はそれに合わせた話し方をしていたとされる（当時「じゃ」は近畿地方を含む西日本各地で使用されており、現在の「や」に移行するのは江戸幕末期以降である）。当時「物知り」と云われる人は年配者であり、また当時の文化の中心は近畿地方であったことから、「老人」と「西日本出身」のイメージが結びつき、それらの人の言葉が定着したのではないかという。 \n>\n\n老人語・・・ [行ってみい]{LLHHL} (老人語 is spoken with the intonation of standard Japanese) \n\n関西弁・・・ [行ってみい]{HHHLH} (We have a different intonation pattern in Kansai)\n\n* * *\n\nYes, the みい is from みよ. According to [Wikipedia\n近畿方言・命令](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80#.E5.91.BD.E4.BB.A4.E3.83.BB.E7.A6.81.E6.AD.A2):\n\n> 五段・カ変動詞の命令形は共通語と変わりないが、サ変・一段動詞の命令形には文語命令形「・・・よ」の転「・・・い」を用い（例：見よ→見い）・・・", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T10:16:29.840", "id": "12129", "last_activity_date": "2022-03-24T01:08:08.363", "last_edit_date": "2022-03-24T01:08:08.363", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12095", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "First, let me comment on your three examples:\n\n> です ⇔ であります\n\nWe discussed [です](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/11074/where-\ndoes-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99-come-from/11075#comment22361_11075) before. According\nto 大辞林, there are several theories, but we don't know its etymology for sure.\nThis is one of the three theories it lists, though. [I've read\nthat](https://groups.google.com/group/sci.lang.japan/msg/4e5d6a4cd535c9c2?hl=ja&dmode=source)\nでございます may be more likely, but I never read an explanation why, so I won't\nmake that assertion here.\n\n> じゃない ⇔ ではない\n\nKeep in mind there are two distinct `じゃ`s. This one is a contraction of では.\nThe other is historically spelled ぢゃ and [contracts from\nである→であ](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?dtype=0&dname=0ss&index=108828100000),\njust like\n[だ](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%A0&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=0&pagenum=1&index=111654000000).\n\n> だろう ⇔ であろう etc.\n\nYes, [that's\nright](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/detail?p=%E3%81%A7%E3%81%82%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86&stype=0&dtype=0).\n\n> Is it accurate to call な an inflection of だ? Since である can also replace な\n> anywhere (as far as I can tell), could it be possible that な and だ derive\n> from the same word, which through sound change has come to be differentiated\n> according to function (終止形 and 連用形)?\n\nHistorically, である derives from にてあり (see\n[大辞林](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%A0&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=0&pagenum=1&index=111654000000)\nagain), which is にて plus あり. The combination にて is in turn に plus て. In にてあり,\nthe classical あり became ある, probably before にて became で, so the progression\nlooks something like `d'a < de a < de aru < nite aru < nite ari`.\n\nThe progression of な is pretty similar, but without the て. The combination に\nplus あり became なり, then なる (note: _not_ the same as the verb なる \"to become\"),\nand then it lost its る, becoming simply な. (Note that this is a slightly\ndifferent path than だ took, since there was never a だる.) So the big\netymological difference between the two is, more or less, whether they contain\na て, and our progression for な is `n'a < n'aru < n'ari < ni ari`.\n\nFinally, で is historically the particle で, which again derives from にて. The\ndifference in this case is that the ある (historically あり) is missing, because\nthe sentence is still going. (Something like A にて B にてあり, I think.) We get the\nsimple progression `de < nite`.\n\nSo yes, they're closely related. And yes, I think most grammars consider them\ninflections of the same thing.\n\nRemember, though, that diachronic and synchronic analyses are two different\nthings, and one doesn't necessarily determine the other. The above is _not_\nhow they're normally analyzed in modern Japanese, in which they're all\nreanalyzed as forms of だ. To be specific, I believe で is reanalyzed as a 連用形\nform of だ; the combination である is reanalyzed as our reanalyzed で (which is\n「だ」の連用形) plus ある; and な is likewise analyzed as the 連体形 of だ.\n\nBut then, Japanese school grammar doesn't use the term \"copula\" at all (I\nthink the closest it gets is something like 「断定の助動詞」). Perhaps ironically for\nthis question, that term was introduced by the structuralist Bernard Bloch,\nwho ignored etymology entirely in his analysis. So if you're analyzing\nJapanese the way Bloch and Jorden do, copula included, I'm not sure if\netymology is even a factor.\n\nBut hopefully by this point you can see how the words fit together\nhistorically, and you can decide for yourself how you want to think about it\n:-)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-08T20:40:52.457", "id": "12098", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-08T20:40:52.457", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "12097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "No. This is a paraphrase, that only works because of the context.\n\nAs I wrote in [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3607/315), 一応\ncan be understood as \"tentatively, not to the full extent\". That can be\ninterpreted here as \"I'm not completely using them all the time, not totally\ninvested in the whole thing, but nevertheless I _am_ on those services for\nwhat that's worth\" ...so, \"just casually\" or \"just socially\".\n\nThere's no special meaning in play here.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-09T15:15:28.627", "id": "12100", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-09T15:15:28.627", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "315", "parent_id": "12099", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "A good translation for 一応 would also be:\n\n```\n\n Whatever.\n \n```\n\nor depending on the speaker:\n\n```\n\n Whatever, man.\n \n```\n\nI think it reflects the taciturnity of the response better than:\n\n> I'm not completely using them all the time, not totally invested in the\n> whole thing, but nevertheless I am on those services for what that's worth.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-10T00:17:00.133", "id": "12102", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-10T00:17:00.133", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "12099", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You have to count the syllables. しゅう is twice as long as しゅ, but the vowel is\nthe same. (An alternative way of writing the pronunciation would be シュー and\nシュ, which makes the vowel length more obvious.)\n\nSimilarly, せい is usually pronounced セー (as a long vowel エ).\n\nNative speakers of English, for example, have a high risk of not being able to\npick up on the length of a syllable. This fact is made worse when one\nconsiders that sometimes romanized Japanese is displayed (incorrectly so)\nwithout the macron, e.g. kenshusei, which should be kenshūsei.\n\nCounting syllables is not only important for vowels, but also for \"consonants\"\n(namely ん) as in こんにちは, often mispronounced as konichiwa (no syllable only for\n\"n\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-10T04:29:53.500", "id": "12104", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-10T04:41:50.917", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-10T04:41:50.917", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12103", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [the Japanese Wikipedia\narticle](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%A3), the two parts of a\nfuton are the duvet or 掛け布団, and, what @Tony is shopping for, the mattress or\n敷き布団.\n\nCheers.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-11T04:01:36.730", "id": "12110", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-11T04:01:36.730", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3556", "parent_id": "12109", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "敷き布団, or \"shikibuton\" refers to the bottom part of a futon, which\ntraditionally has two parts: the part you lie on and the part that you cover\nit with, or basically the mattress and the blanket (or duvet if you want to go\nthere). The terms 敷き布団 and 掛け布団 are derived from their purposes. For example,\n敷{し}く means to spread or lay something out, so the shikifuton is what you\nspread on the floor. The 掛け布団 (kakebuton) is what you use to 掛ける, or to \"put\non\" in the sense of adding it on top. The respective kanji, 掛 and 敷, retain\nthese meanings.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-11T05:07:08.413", "id": "12111", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-11T05:07:08.413", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12109", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, `でしょ（う・っ）！` is what many young people use (optionally prefixed with `そう`;\nbut often without). I'm not sure if this usage is just among the younger\ngenerations (under 30), or extends to all ages, but I haven't often heard\nmiddle-aged or elderly people use it in the same vernacular (much like I don't\noften hear middle-aged/elderly people say \"I know right (Inorite)?!\" in\nEnglish).\n\nAdditionally, \"Inorite?!\" seems to be more prevalent among young women and\ngirls in English. **_My_** experience in Japan with `でしょ！` was similar, but\nthat's not to say it's mainly used by お嬢さん everywhere.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-11T14:52:58.203", "id": "12114", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-11T14:52:58.203", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "A couple of other suggestions for expressing (enthusiastic) agreement:\n\n * そうですとも!\n * まったくだ（よ）！\n * マジでそうよ \n * そのとおり!\n * 当然だ\n * 確かにそうだ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-12T19:49:52.813", "id": "12120", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-12T19:49:52.813", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "12113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "From [here](http://home.alc.co.jp/db/owa/jpn_npa?sn=22):\n\n> 両者は、どちらも何かが低いところから高いところへ動くという意味では共通していますが、いくつかの違いがあります。\n>\n>\n> たとえば、「空に太陽がのぼる」とは言えても「空に太陽があがる」とは言えません。また「空に花火があがる」とは言えますが、「空に花火がのぼる」とは言えません。\n>\n>\n> ここでの違いは、「花火」は誰かが「あげた」結果、空に「あがった」のに対し、「太陽がのぼる」のはそうした人為的なものではなく自然現象であるという点にあります。つまりこれらの場合は、「あげる」という作用が働いた結果として高いところへ動くのが「あがる」であるのに対し、おのずから動いているのが「のぼる」であるという違いがあります。\n>\n>\n> ただし、「あがる」が「おのずから動く」という解釈になる場合も存在します。たとえば「階段をあがる」は、だれかが「あげた」結果「あがる」わけではありません。このように他動詞的に用いられる場合は「あがる」も自ら動作する解釈となります。この場合は「階段をあがる」でも「階段をのぼる」でも意味の差は少なくなります。\n>\n>\n> ただし、「あがる」は位置変化全般を指し示し得るのに対し、「のぼる」は「山を頂上へのぼっていく」とは言えても「海中を浅瀬へのぼっていく」では不自然となるように、使われる場面が限られてきます。\n\nTranslation:\n\nBoth of them shared the meaning of moving from a low area to a high area.\nHowever, there are several differences between them.\n\nFor example, even though you can say 空に太陽がのぼる, you cannot say 空に太陽があがる. Also,\nyou can say 空に花火があがる, but not 空に花火がのぼる.\n\nThe difference is that 花火 is the result of somebody shooting them up, while\n太陽がのぼる is not something caused by humans, but a natural phenomenon. In other\nwords, the result of somebody あげるing something and having it go to a higher\nplace is あがる, while something that goes to a higher place by itself is のぼる.\n\nHowever, あがる also sometimes can be interpreted to mean something going to a\nhigher place by itself. For example, in 階段をあがる, the result is not due to\nsomebody lifting someone else up, etc. In these cases when あがる is uses as a\ntransitive verb, it can mean that the movement is done by itself\n(autonomously) . In these situations, 階段をあがる and 階段をのぼる have very little\ndifference in meaning.\n\nHowever, even though あがる can be used to indicated any type of change in\nposition, while you can say 山を頂上へのぼっていく, you cannot say 海中を浅瀬へのぼっていくas it is\nunnatural, so the cases when you can use it are limited.\n\n※I may have made mistakes, please feel free to edit.\n\n**Differences between 上がる, 揚がる and 挙がる.**\n\n上がる has many meanings and is the most commonly used. It generally means: 1) To\ngo up. 2) Something comes to an end.\n\n> Examples:\n>\n> 1) 立ち上がる、気温が上がる、花火が上がる\n>\n> 2) バッテリーが上がる, 雨が上がる\n\n揚がる has more specific meaning: 1) Something flying into the air. 2) Moving\nfrom water or air to land. 3) Cooking Tempura and other fried foods just the\nright amount.\n\n> Examples:\n>\n> 1) たこ揚げ, 花火が揚がる ※ Notice how 花火が上がる and 花火が揚がる are both okay.\n>\n> 2) 漁港にブリが揚がった、国旗が揚がった\n>\n> 3) てんぷらが揚がる\n\n挙がる means: 1) Become clear or stand out, 2) Take action so that something\nstands out. *: Notice the \"fist\" in the character and it will make more sense.\n\n> Examples:\n>\n> 1) 証拠が挙がる, 犯人が挙がる、名が挙がる\n>\n> 2) 手を挙げて意見を言う (Ill try to find one with 挙がる later)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-12T10:20:41.450", "id": "12118", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-12T10:45:46.927", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-12T10:45:46.927", "last_editor_user_id": "1217", "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "12117", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "のぼる means \"to climb\" and あがる means \"to rise\".\n\nI find it an interesting observation that both are used when describing a\nweather event:\n\n> 太陽が[昇]{のぼ}る \n> The sun rises.\n>\n> 雨が上がる \n> The rain stops.\n\nAs Jesse Good explains in his answer, のぼる and あがる are different in that the\nformer means that something/someone is climbing by his own strength, whereas\nthe latter means that something simply rises with no own input.\n\nThe above examples are interesting in the sense that お日様/太陽 is often assigned\na personality in Japanese and therefore can climb out of its own accord. The\nrain is usually not personified and thus just \"rises\", as a natural\nphenomenon.\n\nHere のぼる was written 昇る, which is usually only used for the \"climbing\" sun.\nOther 漢字 are 登る for \"hiking\" and 上る for climbing stairs or \"climbing\" numbers\n(e.g. 2倍に上る \"to double\").", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-12T14:54:30.327", "id": "12119", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-12T15:05:45.787", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12117", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "I feel like this is one difference that may better be explained by a picture.\n\n\n\nThis is a scan from one of my books. As you can see, `のぼる` focuses more on the\nmovement (`移動`) of going up, while `あがる` focuses more on the arrival (`到達`) at\nthe top. Of course this is a little bit oversimplified, but hopefully it will\nhelp you distinguish a good number of cases.\n\nNow throw in multiple kanji for each `(あがる → 上がる・挙がる・揚がる`, `のぼる → 上る・登る・昇る`)\nwith slightly different meanings and different particles, and you've got\nyourself one hell of a nuance party!!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T03:59:03.803", "id": "12122", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T03:59:03.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12117", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I've received the answer elsewhere from someone I believe to be an expert. He\nmade the following amendments:\n\n * The label for section 10 is _motorcyle_ , not _small motorcyle_\n * The label for section 12 is _instructor's license_ , not _heavy motorcycle license_\n * The last five vehicle categories (大二、中二、普二、大特二、け引二) are for instructors licenses.\n\nHere's how the amended translation looks:\n\n> Next to section 10: 二・小・原 Date of issue of first motorcycle license\n>\n> Next to section 11: 他 Date of issue of first non-motorcycle license\n>\n> Next to section 12: 二種 Date of issue of first driving instructor license\n>\n> First row of section 13, left-to-right:\n>\n> * 大型 Large vehicle\n> * 中型 Medium vehicle\n> * 普通 Ordinary vehicle\n> * 大特 Large special vehicle\n> * 大自二 Large motorcycle\n> * 普自二 Ordinary motorcycle\n> * 小特 Small special vehicle\n>\n\n>\n> Second row of section 13, left-to-right:\n>\n> * 原付 Moped\n> * け引 Trailer\n> * 大二 Driving instructor: heavy vehicle\n> * 中二 Driving instructor: medium vehicle\n> * 普二 Driving instructor: ordinary vehicle\n> * 大特二 Driving instructor: special heavy vehicle\n> * け引二 Driving instructor: trailer\n>", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T06:42:56.297", "id": "12124", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T06:42:56.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1187", "parent_id": "12123", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Section 10 - \"二・小・原\" is \"二輪・小型特殊・原付\". So it means \"motrocycle/small spacial\nveicle/moped\".\n\nSection 11 - \"他\" is anything except \"二輪・小型特殊・原付\". So it means\n\"大型・中型・普通・大型特殊・けん引\".\n\nSection 12 - \"二種\" is \"Class 2\". It's \"commercial passenger-carrying vehicle\".\n\nSection 13 first row\n\n * 大型 - Large vehicle (e.g. dump truck)\n * 中型 - Medium vehicle (e.g. truck)\n * 普通 - Ordinary vehicle (e.g. car)\n * 大特（大型特殊） - Large special vehicle (e.g. crane truck/shovel truck/road roller)\n * 大自二（大型自動二輪） - Large motorcycle (i.e. motorcycle over 400cc)\n * 普自二（普通自動二輪） - Ordinary motorcycle (i.e. motorcycle under 400cc)\n * 小特（小型特殊） - Small special vehicle (e.g. small tractor)\n\nSection 13 second row\n\n * 原付（原動機付自転車） - Moped (i.e. motorcycle under 50cc)\n * け引（けん引） - Trailer\n * 大二（大型二種） - Large commercial passenger-carrying vehicle (e.g. large bus)\n * 中二（中型二種） - Medium commercial passenger-carrying vehicle (e.g. small bus)\n * 普二（普通二種） - Ordinary commercial passenger-carrying vehicle (e.g. taxi)\n * 大特二（大型特殊二種） - Large commercial passenger-carrying special vehicle\n * け引二（けん引二種） - Commercial passenger-carrying trailer\n\n> I think there might be something about automatic / manual transmission in\n> there.\n\n\"Restricted to automatic\" is written like\n[this](http://img5.blogs.yahoo.co.jp/ybi/1/bf/b6/enakoukyobaka/folder/447320/img_447320_9636427_1?1344869990)\nin the section 6.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T07:21:35.370", "id": "12126", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T07:27:35.660", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-13T07:27:35.660", "last_editor_user_id": "3506", "owner_user_id": "3506", "parent_id": "12123", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "This person is talking out their ass. It is always an insult.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T20:06:58.973", "id": "12135", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T20:47:05.473", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-13T20:47:05.473", "last_editor_user_id": "1217", "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "12125", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "For your information, 「マグロ」 can also refer to a dead body of a person killed\nby a running tram.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-16T14:17:48.830", "id": "12155", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-16T14:17:48.830", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3110", "parent_id": "12125", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The [question word]+[verb in ～て form]+[particle も] construction is usually\ntranslated as whoever, wherever, whatever, whichever etc.\n\nSome other examples would be\n\n> 誰に聞いても、答えは誰も知らなかった。 \n> Whoever we asked, nobody knew the answer.\n>\n> 何をしても、駄目だった。 \n> Whatever I did, it was hopeless.\n>\n> どんな例文を書いても、構文は一緒です。 \n> Whichever example I write, the sentence structure is the same.\n\nNow, in your sentence:\n\n> どこの家をたずねましても、みんな大喜びでむかえてくれるに違いありません。 \n> Whichever house we visited, everyone would receive us with open arms\n> without fail.\n\nor something that makes more sense in the context.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T10:08:29.503", "id": "12128", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T14:30:32.983", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12127", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "This is the answer I have received from my Japanese teacher:\n\n> 試合に出る⇒動作の目的。 \n> 勝つ、負けるの「に」は結果。 \n> 試験に合格する／落ちる／失敗する、これも結果だと思いますが、「合格する」するは到達点でもよいかなと思います。\n\nThanks.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-19T18:30:28.913", "id": "12174", "last_activity_date": "2019-10-01T00:49:50.347", "last_edit_date": "2019-10-01T00:49:50.347", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "3454", "parent_id": "12130", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I think the weirder language is _English_ here, not Japanese.\n\nThink about it this way. を marks a direct object. The noun preceding を \"gets\nverbed\" in the sentence.\n\nNow consider 試験に合格する. Suppose we use を instead: 試験を合格する. This would correspond\nto English \"(I) passed the exam\". Now invert it and you'll see why the English\ndoesn't make sense:\n\n> The exam gets passed.\n\nThis sound really weird. The exam \"stays there\" and doesn't have any of its\nattributes changed etc when you \"passed it\". You can't pick up the exam your\nfriend did and wave it around saying \"this is a passed exam\".\n\nAnother important factor is probably that 合格 is originally an _adjective_\nborrowed from Chinese, meaning \"qualified\". So 合格する actually means literally\n\"show qualified\", and is something that happens to you, not to the exam. You\nonly 合格する the exam indirectly, thus the dative (indirect object) に not the\naccusative (direct object) を. You are getting qualified, not the exam.\n\n> 私は試験に合格した。\n>\n> I showed qualification towards (に) the exam.\n\nSpeaking of which, English is very weird in not saying `I passed with respect\nto the exam`.\n\nRegarding 試合に勝つ it's the same with English. `I won in a soccer game` makes\nmore semantic sense than `I won the soccer game`, since again, games don't\n\"become won\". English verbs often have this weirdness that accepts both\n`in/to/for` (に) and nothing (を). Sometimes nothing is used where a preposition\n(に) is expected. Try saying `** 私は友達本をあげる` to a Japanese person...yet consider\n`I gave my friend a book`.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-07-21T18:56:50.533", "id": "12385", "last_activity_date": "2013-07-21T19:03:11.977", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "2960", "parent_id": "12130", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "If you write out のーてんき with kanji it can be written 能天気. 能 can mean ability or\nskill, so the pun here is that 能天気 is the special skill of a god who can make\nthe weather the same every day (能＋天気, of course, being ability + weather).\nAnother possible interpretation is that ノーテンキ sounds like \"no weather,\" which\ncould be where the idea of the same thing every day comes from. And for the\nsake of completeness, another possible writing for it is 脳天気, or mind +\nweather. Pick your pun, really; they all boil down to the same idea of\ncontrolling the weather through some special faculty. The word itself means\nsomething similar to \"airhead\" in English, hence the translation.\n\nTo address your bullet points:\n\n * Yes, that's right. This modification makes it a god who does that.\n * It's the same word, different spelling/slightly different pronunciation.\n * 天気を毎日同じにする means to make the weather the same every day. ～を～にする is the construction to indicate this.\n * Don't latch onto the idea of てしまう being something regrettable or final. It _can_ be those, but it can have a more playful kind of meaning that kind of lightens the tone", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T14:36:03.687", "id": "12132", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T15:57:17.860", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-13T15:57:17.860", "last_editor_user_id": "1797", "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The sentence parses as you said.\n\n> **[** (天気を毎日おんなじにしちゃう) 神様 **]** の特殊スキルだね。\n\n * Yes, `おんなじ` is just an alternate (more emphatic?) spelling.\n * `天気` is a direct object here because the inner parentheses means \"Makes the weather the same every day\".\n * `〜てしまう` or `〜ちゃう` has other meanings too, including \"completely/finishing\" or as adding emphasis. The usage here could probably be either of these, but more likely the latter.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-13T14:41:18.080", "id": "12133", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-13T23:09:10.907", "last_edit_date": "2013-06-13T23:09:10.907", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "12131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "A ほおかむり (頬被り) (also ほっかむり or ほおかぶり) from 頬っぺを被る \"to cover the cheeks\" is a\ncloth that is tied around the head to cover the head (or the face) and usually\ntied under the chin.\n\nThe infamous ほおかむり wearer is the Japanese thief (泥棒さん) ([another\npicture](http://blog-imgs-33.fc2.com/b/a/s/bassplus/ika8-7.jpg))\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/L5doL.gif) \n(source:\n[hukumusume.com](http://hukumusume.com/douwa/gazou/i_gazou/jap/CUT_494.GIF))\n\nwho wraps his head with a cloth and ties it **under his nose** , supposedly to\nconceal his identity. In children's stories, the 泥棒 usually steals 卵, 大根 or\n着物.\n\nIn such stories, a ほおかむり is (when not worn by a 泥棒さん) usually a characteristic\nof \"simple folk\" and can be worn by farmers (or other workers), presumably\nbecause the cloth covers from the sun, protects the head from dust and is easy\nto wash.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-14T00:46:17.550", "id": "12138", "last_activity_date": "2019-02-16T22:52:22.453", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "12136", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "English is not my native language so I cannot help you to decorate it, but\n\n * 過去を消して - Erase the past\n * 穴を埋めて - Fill the hole/undo the wrongdoings\n * 作り変えよう - Remake, reborn, start all over again\n * そうだそうしよう - Right. Good. I'll do that.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-14T02:09:40.823", "id": "12140", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-14T02:09:40.823", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3559", "parent_id": "12139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Kevinamadeus has all the components, here's a composition:\n\n```\n\n Bury the past, pave over my sins, and live life anew. Yes, it is this what I must do.\n \n```", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-14T02:24:55.797", "id": "12141", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-14T02:24:55.797", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1537", "parent_id": "12139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "作り変える means [to remake something, or to give it new\nshape](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E4%BD%9C%E3%82%8A%E5%A4%89%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B&ref=sa).\nThe idea here is to erase one's past and to reshape... oneself, I guess, as a\nmetaphor for living differently heading into the future. To reinvent oneself.\n\nそうだそうしよう is just `そうだ。そうしよう。` connected into one group.\n\nThe others have offered some translations for the line but the general meaning\nis about reinventing yourself while letting go of past mistakes.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-14T06:10:10.130", "id": "12142", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-14T06:10:10.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "12139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Abridged from Routledge's \"Japanese: a comprehensive grammar\":\n\n * とか and や both list representative items, so are usually best translated with \"and (among others)\" or \"or\".\n * とか is a combination of と (quotation particle) and か (question particle). As such, it can quote: \"生意気だとか態度が悪いとか言われ、傷ついた。\" (Read: \"「生意気だ」とか「態度が悪い」とか...\")\n * とか can be used more than once in a sentence; や must be used no more than once. But や can be used together with punctuation to list more than two items: \"歯形や指輪、持ち物など\".\n * Both can be used with など, and often are: \"A とか・や B など\".\n * とか can also be used to mean など, in phrases of the form \"A とか\" or \"A とか B とか\": \"日本の新聞とか読むの？\". It can have particles attached when it does this: \"アメ横(a place)とかで売っている\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-06-15T03:33:04.770", "id": "12145", "last_activity_date": "2013-06-15T03:33:04.770", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1699", "parent_id": "12143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]