id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
390
| title
stringlengths 1
251
| text
stringlengths 2
434k
|
|---|---|---|---|
17327611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechin | Chechin | Chechin is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17327621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiglai | Chiglai | Chiglai is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17327630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chih-ko | Chih-ko | Chih-ko is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20464736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian%20dialect | Maastrichtian dialect | Maastrichtian ( ) or Maastrichtian Limburgish ( ) is the dialect and variant of Limburgish spoken in the Dutch city of Maastricht alongside the Dutch language (with which it is not mutually intelligible). In terms of speakers, it is the most widespread variant of Limburgish, and it is a tonal one. Like many of the Limburgish dialects spoken in neighbouring Belgian Limburg, Maastrichtian retained many Gallo-Romance (French and Walloon) influences in its vocabulary.
The French influence can additionally be attributed to the historical importance of French with the cultural elite and educational systems as well as the historical immigration of Walloon labourers to the city. Despite being a specific variant of Limburgish, Maastrichtian remains mutually intelligible with other Limburgish variants, especially those of surrounding municipalities.
Whilst Maastrichtian is still widely spoken, regardless of social level, research has shown that it is suffering from a degree of dialect loss amongst younger generations. That is the case in dwindling of speakers but also in development of the dialect (dialect levelling) towards Standard Dutch (like the loss of local words and grammar).
Geographic distribution, social status and sociolects
Maatrichtian being a city dialect, the terminology "Maastrichtian" (Mestreechs) is practically limited to the municipal borders, with the exception of some places within the Maastrichtian municipality where the spoken dialects are in fact not Maastrichtian. These exceptions are previously separate villages and/or municipalities that have merged with the municipality of Maastricht namely Amby, Borgharen, Heer and Itteren.
The social status of Maastrichtian speakers is determined by the type of sociolect spoken by a certain person, with a division between Short Maastrichtian or Standard Maastrichtian (Kort Mestreechs, Standaardmestreechs) and Long/Stretched Maastrichtian (Laank Mestreechs). Short Maastrichtian is generally considered to be spoken by the upper and middle classes, whilst Long Maastrichtian is considered to be spoken by the working class.
A particular feature of Maastrichtian is that it gives its speakers a certain prestige. Research of the dialect showed that people talking the "purest" form of Maastrichtian, i.e. the Short Maastrichtian (Kort Mestreechs) sociolect, were perceived by others to be the well-educated ones.
Written Maastrichtian
The oldest known and preserved text in Maastrichtian dates from the 18th century. This text named Sermoen euver de Weurd Inter omnes Linguas nulla Mosa Trajestensi prastantior gehauwe in Mastreeg was presumably written for one of the carnival celebrations and incites people to learn Maastrichtian. As from the 19th century there are more written texts in Maastrichtian, again mostly oriented towards these carnival celebrations. Nowadays however, many other sources display written Maastrichtian, including song texts not written for carnival as well as books, poems, street signs etc.
Standardisation and official spelling
In 1999, the municipal government recognised a standardised spelling of Maastrichtian made by Pol Brounts and Phil Dumoulin as the official spelling of the dialect.
Dictionaries
Aarts, F. (2005). Dictionairke vaan 't Mestreechs. (2nd ed.). Maastricht, the Netherlands: Stichting Onderweg.
Brounts P., Chambille G., Kurris J., Minis T., Paulissen H. & Simais M. (2004). De Nuie Mestreechsen Dictionair. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Veldeke-Krink Mestreech.
Online Dutch to Maastrichtian translation version of De Nuie Mestreechsen Dictionair
Other literature on Maastrichtian
Aarts, F. (2001). Mestreechs. Eus Moojertoal: 'ne Besjrijving vaan 't dialek vaan Meestreech. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Veldeke-Krink.
Aarts, F. (2009). 't Verhaol vaan eus Taol. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Stichting Onderweg.
Aarts, F. (2019). Liergaank Mestreechs: 'ne Cursus euver de Mestreechter Toal. Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Local anthem
In 2002, the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Mestreechs Volksleed) composed by lyrics in Maastrichtian. The theme had originally been written by Alfons Olterdissen (1865–1923) as finishing stanza of the Maastrichtian opera "Trijn de Begijn" of 1910. There are claims that the anthem actually originates from "Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire" by the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu.
Wikimedia
Wikipedia: Maastrichtian is included in the Limburgish Wikipedia. Since there are only standardised 'variants' of Limburgish but no widely accepted/recognised standardised Limburgish itself, each article is tagged as being written in a certain variant of the language. All articles in Maastrichtian can be found here.
Wiktionary: For an overview of some Maastrichtian dialect specific words, their English translations and their origins proceed to this Wiktionary category.
Phonology
As many other Limburgish dialects, the Maastrichtian dialect features a distinction between Accent 1 and Accent 2, limited to stressed syllables. The former can be analyzed as lexically toneless, whereas the latter as an underlying high tone. Phonetically, syllables with Accent 2 are considerably longer. An example of a minimal pair is 'to rinse' vs. 'to play'. The difference is not marked in the orthography, so that both of those words are spelled speule.
are bilabial, whereas are labiodental.
is realized as a bilabial approximant in the onset and as labio-velar in the coda. In this article, both are transcribed with , following the recommendations of Carlos Gussenhoven regarding transcribing the corresponding Standard Dutch phone.
can be analysed as .
The phonetic value of the symbol is far removed from its canonical IPA value , being a close-mid central vowel: . All of the vowels labelled as close-mid in the table are phonetically close-mid, including and .
The long mid monophthongs are monophthongal when combined with Accent 2. When combined with Accent 1, they are all diphthongal: . Phonologically, the first three are close-mid monophthongs , whereas the latter two are diphthongs . Elsewhere in the article, the diphthongality of the first three is ignored and they are always transcribed with .
The open-mid front is diphthongized to in words with Accent 2 when it is a realization of the underlying . The underlying does not participate in tonal distinction, and neither do and .
has mostly merged with under the influence of Standard Dutch. A phonemic appears in French loanwords such as tête 'idiot'. Most phonetic instances of in the dialect are monophthongized .
The open-mid contrast not only with the close-mid but also with the open in (near)-minimal pairs such as eus 'ours' vs. struis vs. käös 'choice'.
occurs only in unstressed syllables.
Orthography
Vocabulary
Maastrichtian contains many specific words ample or not used in other Limburgish dialects some being creolisations/"limburgisations" of Dutch, French and German words while others cannot be directly subscribed to one of these languages.
(Historical) Vocabulary influences from other languages
Maastrichtian vocabulary, as the language family it belongs to suggests, is based on the Germanic languages (apart from the Limburgish language family this also includes varying degrees of influence from both archaic and modern Dutch and German). However, what sets Maastrichtian apart from other variants of Limburgish is its relatively strong influences from French. This is not only because of geographic closeness of a Francophone region (namely Wallonia) to Maastricht but also because of French being the predominant spoken language of the Maastrichtian cultural elite and the higher secondary educational system of the region in the past. Some examples:
Francophone influence
Germanophone influence
Other examples of Maastrichtian vocabulary
Some examples of specific Maastrichtian vocabulary:
Expressions and Titles
Some examples of Maastrichtian expressions:
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Veldeke Krink Mestreech site in Maastrichtian
Central Limburgish dialects
Culture of Limburg (Netherlands)
Culture in Maastricht
Languages of the Netherlands
Low Franconian languages
City colloquials |
6899793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Allanbrook | Douglas Allanbrook | Douglas Allanbrook (April 1, 1921 – January 29, 2003) was an American composer, concert pianist and harpsichordist. He was associated with a group of mid-twentieth century Boston composers who were students of Nadia Boulanger. His compositions are described by the Kennedy Center as "smooth, showing astute sense, assertiveness, and originality."
Early life
Allanbrook was born on April 1, 1921, and raised in Melrose, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He began taking piano lessons at the age of eight. Within two years he was playing Bach, Haydn, and Czerny. By thirteen, he started composing; his first serious piece was entitled On the Death of a Beautiful White Cat. While in high school, he was composing sonatas for violin and piano and writing sketches for a Symphony in G minor.
Education
After high school, Allanbrook studied at Boston University for one year. In 1939 he was hired as a music teacher at the Mary Wheeler finishing school, a private girls' school, in Providence, where Gloria Vanderbilt was among his piano students. In 1941, the Rhode Island Symphony played his student orchestral work "Music for a Tragedy."
During the same year, Nadia Boulanger came to Providence to accept an honorary degree from Brown University. She heard some of Allanbrook's music and immediately took him under her wing. He began commuting regularly to Cambridge to study with her, and became part of her coterie of Boston composers, which included Harold Shapero, Irving Fine, Paul Desmarais, and Daniel Pinkham.
In the fall of 1942, the Army drafted Allanbrook. Serving as an infantryman for three years, he fought his way up the Italian peninsula, in the process earning a Bronze Star and starting his lifelong love affair with Italy. His 1995 book, See Naples: A Memoir of Love, Peace, and War in Italy recounts his wartime experiences with the 88th Division in the Italian Campaign, in which his division suffered a 75% casualty rate.
When the war ended, he returned to Boston to enter Harvard University on the G.I. Bill. His major professor was composer Walter Piston, with whom he studied harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration. Among his fellow students were Peter Davison, who was to become a poet and publisher, and John Clinton Hunt, also to become a writer. Allanbrook composed prolifically, including his first three-movement piano sonata, and a cantata to T.S. Eliot's poem Ash Wednesday. He spent his summers at the MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire, composing among distinguished artists also there. He completed his B.A. degree in May 1948. He was awarded a Paine Traveling Fellowship from Harvard, which he used to spend the next two years (1948–1950) in Paris honing his composing and performing skills, once again studying under Nadia Boulanger. There he formed close musical friendships with composers Ned Rorem, Noël Lee, Leo Preger and Georges Auric.
In the summer of 1950 on a Fulbright scholarship, he returned to Italy to study harpsichord under Ruggero Gerlin, longtime associate of Wanda Landowska, at the Naples Conservatory. Under Gerlin's tutelage, he learned to perform the partitas and the two books of the Well-Tempered Clavier of J. S. Bach, the of François Couperin, and various sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti. Allanbrook spent two extraordinarily creative years in Italy as composer and performer. His main work from this period is his first opera, Ethan Frome, a setting of Edith Wharton's novel of the same name with a libretto by John Clinton Hunt.
St. John's
In 1952 he returned to the U.S. to become a tutor at St. John's College in Annapolis in its Great Brooks Program. Although he taught part-time at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore from 1953 through 1956, he chose to stay at St. John's for the duration of his teaching career. Allanbrook was on the faculty at St. John's for 45 years, teaching music, math, philosophy, Greek, and French. Although he retired from the college in May 1986, he continued to teach and perform there until his death. For many years, he was a member of the board at the Yaddo artists colony near Saratoga Springs, NY. He died in Annapolis, Maryland on January 29, 2003, from a heart attack at the age of 81.
Catalog
His catalog contains 63 mature musical compositions, from his Te Deum (1942) to his String Quartet No. 6 (2002). He greatly admired Boulanger and Stravinsky, and his formative years of composing show influence from both artists. His main works include seven symphonies, two operas, Ethan Frome and Nightmare Abbey (based on the novel by Thomas Love Peacock), sacred and secular choral works, four string quartets, numerous chamber pieces, and innumerable piano and harpsichord works. His opera Ethan Frome was written in 1951 was based on the novel by Edith Wharton. He performed the piano part himself in 1955 for Aaron Copland at the Harvard Club. However, the opera was shelved for fifty years until his son John Allanbrook directed in at the Eliot House. During his lifetime, his orchestral works were performed by orchestras across America and Europe, including the National Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony, Stuttgart Philharmonic, Munich Radio Orchestra. He had a warm and creative collaboration with the Annapolis Brass Quintet from 1975 until its disbandment in 1991. Other performers who gave premieres of his music under his supervision include harpsichordist Ralph Kirkpatrick, violinist Robert Gerle, and the Kronos Quartet.
Personal life
Allanbrook was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. As recounted in See Naples, his first marriage was in 1952 to Candida Curcio, a theater actress whom he met in Italy; they had a son, Timothy, an architect. Later in 1975, he married the Mozart scholar and future president of the American Musicological Society Wye Allanbrook née Jamison (March 15, 1943 – July 15, 2010); their son, John, is a musician who has conducted recordings of several major Allanbrook works for Mapleshade Records.
Further reading
Douglas Allanbrook, See Naples: A Memoir. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995.
Douglas Allanbrook and Pierre Sprey, publicity material for Mapleshade Records, 1995–2003.
Edward Komara, Douglas Allanbrook: A Classified List of Works. SUNY Buffalo, 1989, unpublished.
"Douglas Allanbrook" in Laura Kuhn, editor, Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, Centennial Edition, New York: Schirmer, 2000.
Interview with Douglas Allanbrook, April 27, 1987
References
1921 births
2003 deaths
American male composers
Boston University alumni
Harvard University alumni
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) faculty
People from Melrose, Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
United States Army personnel of World War II
Peabody Institute faculty
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American male musicians
Mapleshade Records artists
American expatriates in Italy |
20464758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing%20Club%20Vichy | Racing Club Vichy | Racing Club Vichy is a French semi-professional rugby union team. They currently play at the Fédérale 2.
External links
Racing Club Vichy Official Site
Vichy |
6899802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Ahern | Maurice Ahern | Maurice Ahern (born 1938/39) is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was a member of Dublin City Council for the Cabra–Glasnevin local electoral area from 1999 to 2009. He was first elected at the 1999 local elections, topping the poll. He was re-elected at the 2004 local elections. He was the Lord Mayor of Dublin in 2000, and formerly Leader of the Fianna Fáil group on the council. He was a member of the Irish Sports Council.
Married to Moira Murray-Ahern, he has five sons and one daughter. His eldest son, Dylan Ahern, was found dead in his apartment on 22 November 2009.
He is the elder brother of Bertie Ahern and Noel Ahern, both of whom served as Fianna Fáil TDs, Bertie Ahern having served as Taoiseach from 1997–2008.
He was the Fianna Fáil candidate in the Dublin Central by-election which was held on 5 June 2009. He lost that election being beaten into 5th place. On the same day, he also lost his council seat in the 2009 local elections.
References
1930s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Maurice
Fianna Fáil politicians
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Sport Ireland officials
People educated at O'Connell School |
20464773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarigradsko%20shose | Tsarigradsko shose | Tsarigradsko shose () is the largest boulevard in the capital of Bulgaria, Sofia. The boulevard provides grade-separated dual carriageway in almost its entire length of 11.4 km, running from the north-west to the south-east. It begins in the city center, at Orlov Most (Eagle's Bridge), before which it is called Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard. In its east end, at the Sofia Ring Road, the boulevard becomes part of the Trakia motorway (A1). The maximum allowed speed on Tsarigradsko shose is 80 km/h between Orlov Most and Gorublyane neighbourhood.
To the south the boulevard borders with Sofia's largest park, the Borisova Gradina, which hosts the Vasil Levski National Stadium and Bulgarian Army Stadium. A number of departments of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are situated along the road in the area of the Fourth Kilometer Square, as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Polygraphic plant, Arena Armeec, Sofia Tech Park and several hotels including the emblematic Pliska Hotel. In the outskirts of the city there are a lot of hypermarkets and office buildings constructed along the boulevard. Reconstruction and resurfacing are ongoing since 2013 to improve safety and comfort.
On April 25, 2012, Tsarigradsko shose Metro Station started operation with large underground park-and-ride. Nearby the metro station, the highrise of Capital Fort was completed in 2015.
The boulevard bears the old Bulgarian name of the city of Istanbul (medieval Constantinople), Tsarigrad, as it leads southeastwards out of the city, towards Plovdiv and Istanbul.
Gallery
Streets in Sofia |
6899816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mystery%20of%20the%20Tolling%20Bell | The Mystery of the Tolling Bell | The Mystery of the Tolling Bell is the twenty-third volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1946 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson.
Plot summary
Nancy, Bess, and George travel to the picturesque seaside town of Candleton to meet Carson Drew's client, a woman named Mrs. Chantrey, who has been cheated out of money by buying phony stock. On the way, they stop in Fisher's Cove where Bess buys expensive "Mon Coeur" perfume from a suspicious woman. Upon arrival in Candleton, they meet busy Mrs. Chantrey at her restaurant, the Salsandee shop, and help out as waitresses for a day. While waiting on tables, Nancy meets a mysterious diner named Amos Hendrick. He tells her of his search for a missing Paul Revere bell. When he leaves, Nancy finds a piece of paper that he dropped with a mysterious message on it and gives it to Mrs. Chantrey for safekeeping.
When Mr. Drew fails to join the girls as planned, Nancy is worried. She soon finds that he has been kidnapped and left in a hotel. She rescues her father, who thinks that he has been drugged. Meanwhile, Nancy also becomes interested in the local story of Amy Maguire, who married a man named Ferdinand Slocum despite her parents' disapproval.
While talking with Mrs. Chantrey and the other residents of Candleton, they tell her of a cave which is said to be inhabited by a ghost who rings a bell every time water rushes through it. Nancy investigates and is swept into the sea by rushing water until she is rescued. This does not stop her and she continues to investigate the cave, which lies directly under the Maguire house. Then, Nancy discovers that many other residents of Candleton besides Mrs. Chantrey have been scammed into buying fake stock in the "Mon Coeur" brand. Nancy eventually tracks down the perfume scammers, finds out the true story of Amy Maguire, uncovers the ghost, and, with the help of the mysterious piece of paper, rescues the tolling bell, which turns out to be the valuable Paul Revere bell that Amos Hendrick was searching for.
Artwork, text, and publishing history
The first edition featured a dust jacket and plain-paper frontispiece by Russell H. Tandy, and it was the first Nancy Drew book with a wraparound spine. The book is also notable as it was the last Nancy Drew book to be published with the orange silhouette and orange lettering on the book boards that had been in print since 1932.
The Tandy art was kept in print for multiple original text picture cover printings from 1962 until 1966, when Rudy Nappi revised the cover art depicting the same scene for later original text printings, with a revised frontispiece by an unknown artist. This artwork featured Nancy in pink and was in print until the book was revised in 1973.
The cover and spines of books with the second cover art (first Nappi) both have the title "Mystery of the Tolling Bell". This would create confusion as the original title was "The Mystery of the Tolling Bell", and the original text still said "The Mystery of the Tolling Bell" on the inside.
It was not until the text was revised in 1973 that the title was changed to "Mystery of the Tolling Bell". Rudy Nappi made a new cover for the revision using heavy symbolism from the original two covers. The revision had five internal illustrations and a frontispiece by an uncredited artist, although one of the illustrations bears the clear signature "A. Orbaan" (presumably Albert Orbaan). The revised text of this book is still in print as of 2021, now published in “glossy flashlight” format by Grosset & Dunlap.
The original text was in print for 26 years, from 1946 to 1972. A revised text was published in 1973 as part of the Stratemeyer Syndicate’s project to revise the Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys texts published from 1927 to 1956. The original spans 25 chapters and 213 pages, while the revised edition has 20 chapters and 181 pages.
References
Nancy Drew books
1946 American novels
1946 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
20464789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platax%20pinnatus | Platax pinnatus | Platax pinnatus, also known as the pinnate spadefish, pinnate batfish, pinnatus batfish, dusky batfish, shaded batfish, or red-faced batfish is a fish from the western Pacific that occasionally is kept in marine aquariums.
Description
As a juvenile it is blackish brown, or black with an orange stripe outlining its entire body. Adults become a dull silver. This fish grows to a maximum size of .
Importance to humans
In the aquarium
The pinnate batfish is occasionally kept in marine aquariums.
In the wild
Platax pinnatus has been observed to significantly reduce algal growths on coral in studies simulating overfishing on the Great Barrier Reef.
References
fishbase Page on Platax pinnatus
page on Platax pinnatus
about.com page on Platax pinnatus
External links
Ephippidae
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
6899817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb%20Williams | Caleb Williams | Caleb Williams may refer to:
Caleb Williams, the shortened title and the name of the protagonist of Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams, a 1794 British novel
Caleb Williams (American football) (born 2002), American football quarterback
Caleb Williams Saleeby (1878–1940), English physician |
6899826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fall%20of%20America%3A%20Poems%20of%20These%20States | The Fall of America: Poems of These States | The Fall of America: Poems of These States, 1965–1971 is a collection of poetry by Allen Ginsberg, published by City Lights Bookstore in 1973, for which Ginsberg shared the annual U.S. National Book Award for Poetry.
It is characterized by a prophetic tone inspired by William Blake and Walt Whitman, as well as an objective view characterized by William Carlos Williams. The content is more overtly political than most of his previous poetry with many of the poems about Ginsberg's condemnation of America's actions in Vietnam. Current events such as the Moon Landing and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the death of Che Guevara, and personal events such as the death of Ginsberg's friend and former lover Neal Cassady are also topics. Many of the poems were initially composed on an Uher Tape recorder, purchased by Ginsberg with the help of Bob Dylan.
Style
The Fall of America blends poetry, travel writing, personal experience, radio news broadcasts, popular songs, newspaper headlines, and journalistic observations, to give it a multilayered and spontaneous effect. It marks Ginsberg's movement toward a more complete spontaneous style of expression.
Some of the poems included in this collection are:
"Beginning of a Poem of These States"
"Elegy For Neal Cassady"
"On Neal's Ashes"
"Please Master"
"Hum Bom!"
"September on Jessore Road"
For Collected Poems Ginsberg grouped Wichita Vortex Sutra from Planet News and all of Iron Horse together under the heading The Fall of America.
Poems included under the heading The Fall of America in Collected Poems 1947-1980 and in Collected Poems 1947-1997:
"First Party Ken Kesey's with Hells Angels"
"Wichita Vortex Sutra"
"Iron Horse (Poem)"
"City Midnight Junk Strains"
"Wales Visitation"
Trivia
Paul McCartney and Youth, performing as The Fireman, borrowed the title of their album Electric Arguments from the poem "Kansas City to St. Louis," in which Ginsberg describes driving along the highway in a "white Volkswagen" (i.e., a "beetle") while listening to music and call-in shows on the radio and looking at signs and billboards:
Wooing the decade / gaps from the 30s returned / Old earth rolling mile after mile patient / The ground / I roll on / the ground / the music soars above / The ground electric arguments / ray over / The ground dotted with signs for Dave's Eat Eat"
Thus, "electric arguments" refers both to the radio waves carrying talk-show arguments and also to illuminated billboards and neon signs.
References
Schumacher, Michael. (1992) Dharma Lion. St. Martins Press, New York.
Poetry by Allen Ginsberg
American poetry collections
National Book Award for Poetry winning works
Vietnam War poems
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Anti-war works
1973 poetry books
City Lights Publishers books |
6899827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kiso%20Fukushima | Siege of Kiso Fukushima | The 1554 siege of Kiso-Fukushima was a siege by Takeda Shingen on Fukushima Castle, in the Kiso River Valley of Shinano province. This was one of many battles fought during Shingen's campaign to seize control of Shinano.
Kiso Yoshiyasu, commander of the besieged castle, surrendered as his garrison ran out of food and water, as a result of Shingen's starvation siege tactics.
References
Turnbull, Stephen (1998). 'The Samurai Sourcebook'. London: Cassell & Co.
Kiso-Fukushima
Kiso-Fukushima
1554 in Japan
Conflicts in 1554 |
6899836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzushio-class%20submarine | Uzushio-class submarine | The Uzushio-class submarine (Whirlpools) was a series of submarines in service with Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force which was the first generation of the teardrop type submarine that valued the underwater performance against that of the conventional-hull type . Seven from 1967 fiscal year were built with the third defense plan. The eighth 49 fiscal year warship was discontinued and construction was discontinued because of the construction expense and sudden rise oil crisis though eight were planned at first. Many were converted to training submarines (ATSS) towards the end of their lives.
General characteristics
The Uzushio-class submarine adopted the teardrop hull type for the first time in the Maritime Self-Defense Force. When the was built, the adoption of the teardrop type had been examined. However, the Maritime Self-Defense Force at that time selected the conventional model that valued safety from the operation results. It was moving to the warship type that valued the underwater performance, and the examination that used the model in 1960 fiscal year was advanced, and necessary data was obtained also with TRDI in the age.
When designing, the location etc. are original though it refers to the of United States Navy of not a complete copy but the inner shell structure and sail plane and torpedo tube.
Boats
Submarine classes |
6899842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20in%20the%20Old%20Album | The Clue in the Old Album | The Clue in the Old Album is the twenty-fourth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1947 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene.
Plot summary
Nancy witnesses a purse snatching and pursues the thief. She rescues the purse, but not its contents, then is asked by the owner, a doll collector, to do some detective work. "The source of light will heal all ills, but a curse will follow him who takes it from the gypsies." This is one of the clues Nancy is given to find an old album, a lost doll, and a missing gypsy violinist. The young sleuth never gives up her search, though Nancy faints after being injected with poison by a French-swordsman doll, is run off the road in her car by an enemy, and sent several warnings to give up the case.
References
External links
The Clue in the Old Album at Fantastic Fiction
Nancy Drew books
1947 American novels
1947 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
17327644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20textbook | Open textbook | An open textbook is a textbook licensed under an open license, and made available online to be freely used by students, teachers and members of the public. Many open textbooks are distributed in either print, e-book, or audio formats that may be downloaded or purchased at little or no cost.
Part of the broader open educational resources movement, open textbooks increasingly are seen as a solution to challenges with traditionally published textbooks, such as access and affordability concerns. Open textbooks were identified in the New Media Consortium's 2010 Horizon Report as a component of the rapidly progressing adoption of open content in higher education.
Usage rights
The defining difference between open textbooks and traditional textbooks is that the copyright permissions on open textbooks allow the public to freely use, adapt and distribute the material. Open textbooks either reside in the public domain or are released under an open license that grants usage rights to the public so long as the author is attributed.
The copyright permissions on open textbooks extend to all members of the public and cannot be rescinded. These permissions include the right to do the following:
use the textbook freely
create and distribute copies of the textbook
adapt the textbook by revising it or combining it with other materials
Some open licenses limit these rights to non-commercial use or require that adapted versions be licensed the same as the original.
Open licenses
Some examples of open licenses are:
Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC-BY-SA)
Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC-BY-NC-SA)
GNU Free Documentation License
Waivers of copyright that place materials in the public domain include:
Creative Commons Public Domain Tools: CC0 (if you are the copyright holder) and the Creative Commons Public Domain Mark (to be applied to works "free of known copyright restrictions")
Affordability
Open textbooks increasingly are seen as an affordable alternative to traditional textbooks in both K-12 and higher education. In both cases, open textbooks offer both dramatic up-front savings and the potential to drive down traditional textbook prices through competition.
Higher education
In the United States, textbook costs increased 88% from July 2006 to July 2016. For this reason, in 2019, students were recommended to budget at least $1,230 per year for textbooks. Overall, open textbooks have been found by the Student Public Interest Research Groups (PIRGs) to offer 80% or more savings to higher education students over traditional textbooks.
In 2010, research commissioned by the Florida state legislature pointed to the savings potential open textbooks could secure for students. Legislative reports in Texas and North Dakota also pointed to the potential of open textbook programs to secure cost savings. State-backed initiatives began in Washington, Ohio, California, and Texas. In Canada, the province of British Columbia became the first jurisdiction to have a similar open textbook program. In subsequent years, various state, provincial, national, and institutional initiatives emerged to support creation and use of open textbooks.
Open Oregon, a state-funded initiative active since 2015, indicated in an annual report that open textbooks can not only secure significant savings for students, these savings compound over time as materials are reused. For instance, Open Oregon initially offered $52,098 in funding for open textbooks in 2015. By 2019, the program estimated that students in Oregon higher education had secured $477,409.24 in savings.
Organizations supporting creation of open textbooks cite other reasons for doing so that go beyond cost savings. In 2010, the Florida state legislature pointed to "compelling academic reasons" for using open textbooks that included: "improved quality, flexibility and access to resources, interactive and active learning experiences, currency of textbook information, broader professional collaboration, and the use of teaching and learning technology to enhance educational experiences" (OATTF, p. i).
Based on survey data gathered in September 2020, Student PIRGs cited additional reasons for supporting accessible open textbooks in light of the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. They noted that, while commercial textbook prices had not continued to surge in the past year, students experiencing economic uncertainty, food shortages, and limited access to Internet were more likely to forgo or lose access to course materials. This report highlighted the economic inequalities that are further exacerbated by an educational market characterized by cost inflation and demanding technological requirements.
Research
A meta-analysis of 22 studies of 100,012 students found that there were no differences between open and commercial textbooks for learning performance. Students enrolled in courses with open textbooks had a lower withdrawal rate than students enrolled in courses in commercial textbooks. Systematic reviews of open educational resources, including open textbooks, concluded that faculty and student perceptions of the quality of open textbooks was comparable to that of commercial textbooks.
Platforms
Open textbooks and other open educational resources may be found on several platforms, typically organized by universities and non-profit organizations, such as MERLOT. The University of Minnesota Open Textbook library is coordinated through the Center for Open Education and is a repository of downloadable open textbooks. OpenStax is both a platform for locating open textbooks and an open textbook creator. Peer review is a common practice across platforms.
K–12 education
Research at Brigham Young University has produced a web-based cost comparison calculator for traditional and open K-12 textbooks. To use the calculator the inputs commercial textbook cost, planned replacement frequency, and number of annual textbook user count are required. A section is provided to input time requirements for adaptation to local needs, annual updating hours, labor rate, and an approximation of pages. The summary section applies an industry standard cost for print-on-demand of the adapted open textbook to provide a cost per student per year for both textbook options. A summed cost differential over the planned period of use is also calculated.
Milestones
Several organizations, publishers, and initiatives have taken a lead in furthering open textbook publishing, particularly in North America.
In early 2011, Connexions announced a series of two grants that would allow the platform to produce a total of 20 open textbooks ultimately distributed as the OpenStax collection. Initially funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Michelson 20MM Foundation, and the Maxfield Foundation, this project expanded over an 18-month time frame to include open textbooks for Anatomy & Physiology, Sociology, Biology, Biology for non-majors, and Physics. The second phase of the OpenStax project would produce an additional 15 titles. The most expensive part of this process was image rights clearing with cleared images becoming available for reuse in even more titles. As of June 2021, OpenStax indicates that their textbooks are in use in 60% of U.S. colleges and universities and 100 countries worldwide.
In February 2012, the Saylor Foundation sponsored an "Open Textbook Challenge", offering a $20,000 reward for newly written open textbooks or existing textbooks released under a CC-BY license.
After its launch in 2012, the BC Open Textbook Pilot went on to win many accolades for its commitment to providing open textbooks to students in British Columbia, Canada. BCcampus was tasked with coordinating the program, whose goal was to "make higher education more accessible by reducing student cost through the use of openly licensed textbooks." BCcampus' catalog of open textbooks is widely regarded as a leading source of information about existing OER in Canada. The organization has taken the lead in educating the OER community about textbook accessibility via its Accessibility Toolkit. In 2015 and 2016, BCcampus won Creative Innovation and Open Education Excellence awards from the Open Education Consortium. In 2018, it won a SPARC Innovator Award.
In 2012, David Ernst, a faculty member in the College of Education and Human Development at the University of Minnesota, founded Open Textbook Library (OTL) to help other faculty members locate and adopt open textbooks. Ernst launched traveling workshops that presented the concept of OER to faculty members and invited them to review textbooks in OTL using a pre-set rubric. In 2014, Ernst created Open Textbook Network to provide peer support to institutions looking to expand their open education initiatives. Later renamed Open Education Network, this organization had grown by June 2021 to comprise 140 members and 1,147 campuses across North America and select locations worldwide. Its initiatives came to include local workshops, a publishing cooperative, a certificate in OER Librarianship, and an annual Summer Summit. Meanwhile, Open Textbook Library had grown to 883 textbooks by June 2021.
In 2013, the Maricopa County Community College District launched the Maricopa Millions Study. The goal of this project was to "radically decrease student costs by offering LOW COST or NO COST options for course materials." The project aimed to save students $5 in five years.
In 2013, Tidewater Community College rolled out the first known degree program using exclusively zero-cost course materials. Tidewater's Associate of Science in Business Administration was known as a "Z-Degree" program, and in 2017 the college reported that the degree had garnered students $1 million in savings to date.
Based in Canada, the Rebus Foundation emerged in the 2010s to provide support for authors seeking to publish open textbooks. The foundation provides professional development, facilitates workshops, and encourages authors to connect over shared OER projects.
Also emerging in the 2010s, Pressbooks set out to provide "open-source, book production ... built around the WordPress platform." Since the platform's introduction, many institutions have built open textbook publishing efforts around Pressbooks. Some of the results may be viewed on the Pressbooks Directory. As of June 2021, more than 2,500 books had been published to the directory.
Awards
Because authors do not make money from the sale of open textbooks, many organizations have tried to use prizes or grants as financial incentives for writing open textbooks or releasing existing textbooks under open licenses. Examples of grants and awards follow.
In November 2010, Anthony Brandt was awarded an "Access to Artistic Excellence" grant from the National Endowment for the Arts for his innovative music appreciation course in Connexions. "Sound Reasoning" "takes a new approach [to teaching music appreciation]: It presents style-transcendent principles, illustrated by side-by-side examples from both traditional and contemporary music. The goal is to empower listeners to be able to listen attentively and think intelligently about any kind of music, no matter its style. Everything is listening based; no ability to read music is required." The module being completed with grant funds is entitled "Hearing Harmony". Brandt cites choosing the Connexions open content publishing platform because "it was an opportunity to present an innovative approach in an innovative format, with the musical examples interpolated directly into the text."
In December 2010, open textbook publisher Flat World Knowledge was recognized by the American Library Association's Business Reference and Services Section (ALA BRASS) by being named to the association's list of "Outstanding Business Reference Sources: The 2010 Selection of Recent Titles". The categories of business and economics open textbooks from Flat World Knowledge's catalog were selected for this award and referenced as "an innovative new vehicle for affordable (or free) online access to premier instructional resources in business and economics." Specific criteria used by the American Library Association BRASS when evaluating titles for selection were:
A resource compiled specifically to supply information on a certain subject or group of subjects in a form that will facilitate its ease of use. The works are examined for authority and reputation of the publisher, author, or editor; accuracy; appropriate bibliography; organization, comprehensiveness, and value of the content; currency and unique addition to the field; ease of use for intended purpose; quality and accuracy of indexing; and quality and usefulness of graphics and illustrations. Each year more electronic reference titles are published, and additional criteria by which these resources are evaluated include search features, stability of content, graphic design quality, and accuracy of links. Works selected are intended to be suitable for medium to large academic and public libraries.The Text and Academic Author's Association awarded a 2011 Textbook Excellence Award ("Texty") to the first open textbook to ever win such recognition in that year. A maximum of eight academic titles could earn this award each year. The title "Organizational Behavior" by Talya Bauer and Berrin Erdogan earned one of seven 2011 Textbook Excellence Awards granted. Bauer & Erdogan's "Organizational Behavior" open textbook was published by Flat World Knowledge.
Other significant honors can be found via Open Education Global—a community that presents annual awards for innovation and leadership in open education.
Instruction
Open textbooks are flexible in ways that traditional textbooks are not, which gives instructors more freedom to use them in the way that best meets their instructional needs.
One common frustration with traditional textbooks is the frequency of new editions, which force the instructor to modify the curriculum to the new book. Any open textbook can be used indefinitely, so instructors need only change editions when they think it is necessary.
Many open textbooks are licensed to allow modification. This means that instructors can add, remove or alter the content to better fit a course's needs. Furthermore, the cost of textbooks can in some cases contribute to the quality of instruction when students are not able to purchase required materials. A Florida governmental panel found after substantial consultation with educators, students, and administrators that "there are compelling academic reasons to use open access textbooks such as: improved quality, flexibility and access to resources, interactive and active learning experiences, currency of textbook information, broader professional collaboration, and the use of teaching and learning technology to enhance educational experiences." (OATTF, p. i)
Authorship
Author compensation for open textbooks works differently than traditional textbook publishing. By definition, the author of an open textbook grants the public the right to use the textbook for free, so charging for access is no longer possible. However, numerous models for supporting authors are developing. For example, a startup open textbook publisher called Flat World Knowledge pays its authors royalties on the sale of print copies and study aids. Other proposed models include grants, institutional support and advertising.
American legislation
Legislation "to authorize grants for the creation, update, or adaption of open textbooks" and assure those developed would be made available under favorable licenses was introduced into the 111th United States Congress, both in the Senate and the House of Representatives. Findings specific to open textbooks detailed in the bill text are:
The growth of the Internet has enabled the creation and sharing of open content, including open educational resources.
The U.S. President has proposed a new, significant federal investment in the creation of online open-source courses for community colleges that will make learning more accessible, adaptable, and affordable for students.
The high cost of college textbooks continues to be a barrier for many students in achieving higher education, and according to the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, 200,000 qualified students fail to enroll in college each year due to cost.
The College Board reported that for the 2007-2008 academic year an average student spent an estimated $805 to $1,229 on college books and supplies.
Making high quality open textbooks freely available to the general public could significantly lower college textbook costs and increase accessibility to such education materials.
Open textbooks can improve learning and teaching by creating course materials that are more flexible, adaptable, and accessible through the use of technology.
This legislation did not reach the floor of either chamber for debate or vote prior to the conclusion of the 111th Congress.
After this initial foray into legislation supporting OER in higher education, the U.S. Congress funded an Open Textbook Pilot Program in 2018. As of 2021, funding had been renewed every year. In 2021, $7 million was awarded to nine projects nationwide.
Industry opposition
The current higher education textbook industry has voiced stiff opposition to creation and adoption of open textbooks. The industry is represented by Bruce Hildebrand, a former senior vice president from the controversial firm Hill & Knowlton International Public Relations, who is now acting as executive director for higher education for the Association of American Publishers.
Accessibility
As institutions moved toward digital access during the COVID-19 pandemic, accessibility of course materials became a mounting concern. Specifically, accessibility for people with disabilities has been a challenge across resources including open textbooks. Web accessibility is defined by W3C as adherence to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Studies have increasingly shown that open textbooks fail multiple criteria outlined in WCAG. These studies have caused the open education community to produce guides for improving the accessibility of open textbooks and OER.
Projects and Initiatives
A number of projects and initiatives around the world seek to develop, support and promote open textbooks. Two very notable advocates and supporters of open textbook and related open education projects include the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Australian Open Textbook Project
The Australian Open Textbook Project is investigating the current and potential role of open textbooks in Australian higher education. The project has a particular focus on social justice and is funded by the National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education (NCSEHE).
BCcampus
BCcampus supports online college and university education in British Columbia (BC), Canada. In 2012 BCcampus was awarded the first in a series of provincial funds from the BC Ministry of Advanced Education to support the use and development of open textbooks in British Columbia, including the creation of open textbooks in popular subjects. BCcampus provides a library of curated open textbooks and extensive support for open textbook development.
Digital Open Textbooks for Development (DOT4D)
The DOT4D project is based at The University of Cape Town and funded by the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC). The project focuses on supporting the use of open textbook use in South African higher education. DOT4D has a particular focus on social justice.
eCampus Ontario
eCampus Ontario is a Canadian non-governmental organisation (NGO). It supports the use of OER and partners with higher education institutions to support the development of open textbooks. eCampus Ontario also provide a curated collection of OER, including open textbooks.
OpenStax
OpenStax (formerly Connexions and OpenStax College) was founded in 2011 and is based at Rice University. As at June 2021 OpenStax provided 61 openly licensed, curriculum aligned textbooks for universities, colleges and high schools, largely available in US English but with some textbooks available in Polish. OpenStax has charitable status and is funded from a variety of sources, including foundation funding. During 2019 it was reported that OpenStax materials were being used by half of all higher education institutions in the United States.
Open Education Network
The Open Education Network (formerly the Open Textbook Network) is based at The University of Minnesota. A membership organisation, The Open Education Network supports the use of OER in Higher Education. The associated Open Textbook Library had curated 886 open textbooks for reuse as at June 2021.
Polish Coalition for Open Education (KOED) and the Polish Government
The KOED advocates for the use of OER in Poland. The work of KOED informed the Polish Government investment in open textbooks for use in primary and secondary education during 2012 and 2013. A range of open textbooks have been developed and made available.
Siyavula
Based in South Africa, Siyavula was founded in 2007 and offers high school maths and science open textbooks. Initially funded through a Shuttleworth Foundation fellowship, the South African government provided 2.5 million print copies of Siyavula textbooks to South African high school students during 2012.
UK Open Textbooks Project
The Hewlett Foundation funded UK Open Textbooks project (2017–2018) was a collaborative pilot project investigating the applicability of two methods of open textbook adoption to the UK context.
See also
Open educational resources
Open content
Openness
California Open Source Textbook Project
Global Text
CK-12 Foundation
Free High School Science Texts
OER Commons
MIT OpenCourseWare
WikiToLearn
Wikibooks
References
External links
BC Open Textbooks
Mavs Open Press
Milne Open Textbooks
OASIS (Openly Available Sources Integrated Search)
OER Africa
Open Oregon
Open Textbook Library at the University of Minnesota
OpenStax
PDX Open
Pressbooks Directory
Textbooks |
17327662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Island%20North%20Light | Block Island North Light | Block Island North Light (Lighthouse), built in 1867, is a historic lighthouse on Block Island, Rhode Island (New Shoreham).
History
The first light on the site was built in 1829. The current structure at Sandy Point is the fourth lighthouse built on the site and was made of granite and iron in 1867. The light was deactivated in 1973 and United States Fish and Wildlife Service acquired the lighthouse. The lighthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
After years of neglect, the lighthouse, along with two acres of land, was sold to New Shoreham in 1984 for $1 USD. Following much renovation by the North Light Commission, it was relighted in 1989, and a museum opened on the first floor in 1993. Then, in 2008 the light underwent restoration at Georgetown Ironworks in Massachusetts and was returned in 2009. Finally, on 23 October 2010, a relighting ceremony took place.
Structure
The building is made of brown granite. The tower is octagonal in shape, in height, and provides a focal plane height of . It contains a fourth-order Fresnel lens, which flashes white light every five seconds, and has a range of . The lighthouse does not have a foghorn.
A wind generator and solar panels provide much of the power for the building.
See also
Block Island Southeast Light
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Lighthouse pics and info
Lighthouse Friend information and photos
Lighthouses in Washington County, Rhode Island
Lighthouse museums in Rhode Island
Museums in Washington County, Rhode Island
New Shoreham, Rhode Island
Lighthouses completed in 1867
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Rhode Island
1867 establishments in Rhode Island |
17327666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M43%20motorway%20%28Hungary%29 | M43 motorway (Hungary) | The M43 motorway () is a Hungarian motorway that runs from the junction with the M5 Motorway west of Szeged to the Romanian border at Nagylak via Makó. Since 2015 it connects Hungary with Romania as the first border crossing on a motorway between the two countries.
Openings timeline
1: Szeged; M5 – Szeged-north (3 km): 2005.12.10.
2/A: Szeged-north – Szeged-Sándorfalva (4.4 km): 2010.04.01.
2/B: Szeged-Sándorfalva – Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely (3.3 km): 2010.10.07.
2/C: Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely – Makó (23.9 km): 2011.04.09.
3: Makó – Csanádpalota ( border) (23.1 km): 2015.07.11.
Junctions, exits and rest area
The route is full length motorway. The maximum speed limit is 130km/h, with (2x2 lane road with stop lane).
Maintenance
The operation and maintenance of the road by Hungarian Public Road Nonprofit Pte Ltd Co. This activity is provided by this highway engineer.
near Makó, kilometre trench 35
Payment
From February 1, 2016, the M43 motorway is fully charged. The motorway can be used instead of the national sticker with the following county stickers:
European Route(s)
Significant artifacts
Bridge
Ferenc Móra Bridge (; ) over Tisza river
See also
Roads in Hungary
Transport in Hungary
International E-road network
External links
National Toll Payment Services Plc. (in Hungarian, some information also in English)
Hungarian Public Road Non-Profit Ltd. (Magyar Közút Nonprofit Zrt.)
National Infrastructure Developer Ltd.
43 |
17327674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verba%20%28surname%29 | Verba (surname) | Verba is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ross Verba (born 1973), American football player
Sidney Verba (1932–2019), American academic
See also |
6899844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Dundee | History of Dundee | Dundee () is the fourth-largest city in Scotland with a population of around 150,000 people. It is situated on the north bank of the Firth of Tay on the east coast of the Central Lowlands of Scotland. The Dundee area has been settled since the Mesolithic with evidence of Pictish habitation beginning in the Iron Age. During the Medieval Era the city became a prominent trading port and was the site of many battles. Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the local jute industry caused the city to grow rapidly. In this period, Dundee also gained prominence due to its marmalade industry and its journalism, giving Dundee its epithet as the city of "jute, jam and journalism".
Toponymy
The name "Dundee" is of uncertain etymology. It incorporates the place-name element dùn, fort, present in both Gaelic and in Brythonic languages such as Pictish. The remainder of the name is less obvious. One possibility is that it comes from the Gaelic 'Dèagh', meaning 'fire'. Another is that it derives from 'Tay', and it is in this form, 'Duntay' that the town is seen in Timothy Pont's map (c.1583–1596). Another suggestion is that it is a personal name, referring to an otherwise unknown local ruler named 'Daigh' or 'Deaghach'.
Folk etymology, repeated by Hector Boece in 1527, claims that the town's name was originally Allectum, and it was renamed Dei Donum 'Gift from God', following David, 8th Earl of Huntingdon's arrival there on his return from the Holy Land. The city was referred to by some Gaelic speakers, particularly in Highland Perthshire and Braemar as An Athaileag.
Early history
Dundee and its surrounding area have been continuously occupied since the Mesolithic. A kitchen midden of that date was unearthed during work on the harbour in 1879, and yielded flints, charcoal and a stone axe.
A Neolithic cursus, with associated barrows has been identified at the north-western end of the city and nearby lies the Balgarthno Stone Circle. A lack of stratigraphy around the stone circle has left it difficult to determine a precise age, but it is thought to date from around the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age. The circle has been subject to vandalism in the past and has recently been fenced off to protect it. Bronze Age finds are fairly abundant in Dundee and the surrounding area, particularly in the form of short cist burials.
From the Iron Age, perhaps the most prominent remains are of the Law Hill Fort, although domestic remains are also well represented. Near to Dundee can be found the well-characterised souterrains at Carlungie and Ardestie, which date from around the 2nd century AD. Several brochs are also found in the area, including the ruins at Laws Hill near Monifieth, at Craighill and at Hurly Hawkin, near Liff, Angus.
Early Middle Ages
The early medieval history of the town relies heavily on tradition. In Pictish times, the part of Dundee that was later expanded into the Burghal town in the twelfth/13th centuries was a minor settlement in the kingdom of Circinn, later known as Angus. An area roughly equivalent to the current urban area of Dundee is likely to have formed a demesne, centred on Dundee castle.
Hector Boece records the ancient name of the settlement as Alectum in his 1527 work Historia Gentis Scotorum (History of the Scottish People). While there is evidence this name was being used to refer to the town in the 18th century, its early attribution should be treated with caution as Boece's reliability as a source is questionable.
The Chronicle of Huntingdon (c1290) records a battle on 20 July 834 AD between the Scots, led by Alpin (father of Kenneth MacAlpin), and the Picts, which supposedly took place at the former village of Pitalpin (NO 370 329). The battle was allegedly a decisive victory for the Picts, and Alpin is said to have been executed by beheading. This account, while perhaps appealing, should be treated with caution as the battle's historical authenticity is in doubt.
High Middle Ages
Tradition names Dundee as the location of a court palace of the House of Dunkeld. However, no physical trace of such a residence remains, and such notions are likely to have been due to a misinterpretation of the ancient name of Edinburgh, Dunedin.
Dundee history as a major town dates to the charter in which King William granted the earldom of Dundee to his younger brother, David (later Earl of Huntingdon) in 1179–1182. Earl David is thought to have built Dundee Castle, which formerly occupied the site now occupied by St Pauls Cathedral.
Dundee's position on the Tay, with its natural harbour between St Nicholas Craig and Stannergate (now obscured by development) made it an ideal location for a trading port, which led to a period of major growth in the town as Earl David promoted the town as a burgh.
On David's death in 1219, the burgh passed first to his son, John. John died without issue in 1237 and the burgh was divided evenly between his three sisters, with the castle becoming the property of the eldest, Margaret and, subsequently, to her youngest daughter, Dervorguilla. Dervorguilla's portion of the burgh later passed to her eldest surviving son, John Balliol, and the town became a Royal Burgh on the coronation of John as king in 1292.
Dundee experienced periods of occupation and destruction in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Following John Balliol's renunciation (1295) of Edward I's claimed authority over Scotland, the English King twice visited Scotland with hostile intent. Edward (the 'Hammer of the Scots') revoked Dundee's royal charter, removing the town's people the right to control local government and the judiciary. He occupied the Castle at Dundee at the outbreak of the First War of Independence in 1296 but the castle retaken by siege by the forces of William Wallace in 1297, immediately prior to the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
From 1303 to 1312 the city was again occupied. Edward's removal resulted in the complete destruction of the Castle by Robert the Bruce, who had been proclaimed King of Scots at nearby Scone in 1306. In 1327, the Bruce granted the royal burgh a new charter. Later in the 14th century, during the conflict between England and France known as the Hundred Years' War, the French invoked the Auld Alliance, drawing Scotland into the hostilities. Richard II subsequently marched northward and razed Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee.
Early Modern Era
Dundee became a walled city in 1545 during a period of English hostilities known as the rough wooing (Henry VIII's attempt to extend his Protestant ambitions north by marrying his youngest son Edward, Duke of Cornwall to Mary, Queen of Scots). The Wishart Arch was believed to be the only remaining part of the wall though a piece behind St Paul's Cathedral may have survived, though this remains unconfirmed pursuant to further investigation. Mary maintained the alliance with the French, who captured Protestant opponents, including John Knox, at St Andrews Castle, in nearby east Fife in July 1547. That year, following victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the English occupied Edinburgh and went on to destroy much of Dundee by naval bombardment. The Howff Burial Ground, granted to the people of Dundee in 1546, was a gift from Mary. In July 1547, much of the city was destroyed by an English naval bombardment.
During a period of relative peace between Scotland and England, the status of Dundee as a royal burgh was reconfirmed (in The Great Charter of Charles I, dated 14 September 1641). In 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. In 1648 Dundee was badly hit by the plague.
On 1 September 1651, during the Third English Civil War, the city was attacked by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian forces, led by George Monk. Much of the city was destroyed and an estimated 2000 inhabitants were killed or taken prisoner. (See Siege of Dundee.) Up to 200 Dundee ships were sunk and/or confiscated. In the aftermath, a large contingent of English soldiers remained in the town and married local women, causing a permanent impact on the composition of the population.
Dundee was later the site of an early Jacobite uprising when John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee raised the Stuart standard on Dundee Law in 1689. This show of support of James VII (James II of England) following his overthrow, earned the Viscount the nickname Bonnie Dundee.
Troubles and financial collapses in the 1760s caused the background of the Tayside Meal Mobs on 1772 and 1773 which began in Dundee in the summer of 1772.
Modern era
Dundee greatly expanded in size during the Industrial Revolution mainly because of the burgeoning British Empire trade, flax and then latterly the jute industry. By the end of the 19th century, a majority of the city's workers were employed in its many jute mills and in related industries. Dundee's location on a major estuary allowed for the easy importation of jute from the Indian subcontinent as well as whale oil—needed for the processing of the jute—from the city's large whaling industry. A substantial coastal marine trade also developed, with inshore shipping working between the city of Dundee and the port of London. The industry began to decline in the 20th century as it became cheaper to process the cloth on the Indian subcontinent. The city's last jute mill closed in the 1970s.
In addition to jute the city is also known for jam and journalism. The "jam" association refers to marmalade, which was purportedly invented in the city by Janet Keiller in 1797 (although in reality, recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 16th century). Keiller's marmalade became a famous brand because of its mass production and its worldwide export. The industry was never a major employer compared with the jute trade. Marmalade has since become the "preserve" of larger businesses, but jars of Keiller's marmalade are still widely available. "Journalism" refers to the publishing firm DC Thomson & Co., which was founded in the city in 1905 and remains the largest employer after the health and leisure industries. The firm publishes a variety of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including The Sunday Post, The Courier, Shout and children's publications, The Beano and The Dandy.
In the nineteenth century Dundee was home to various investment trusts, including the Dundee Investment Company, the Dundee Mortgage and Trust, the Oregon and Washington Trust and the Oregon and Washington Savings Bank, Limited. These merged in 1888 to form the Alliance Trust. Many of the investors in this trust were notable local figures including land gentry, such as the Earl of Airlie, merchants, ship owners, ship builders and jute barons and other textile manufacturers. The Alliance Trust shared its headquarters with another Dundee based trust the Western & Hawaiian Investment Company, later known as the Second Alliance Trust. The two would finally merge into one firm in 2006. The two Alliance Trusts' original main interests were focused on mortgages and land business principally in agricultural areas of the western United States (notably Oregon, Idaho and Texas) and Hawaii. The company also leased mineral rights of properties in Texas and Oklahoma, as well as investing in various ventures in Britain and abroad. In 2008 the company was listed on the FTSE 100 Index and the next year moved to new purpose-built headquarters.
Dundee also developed a major maritime and shipbuilding industry in the 19th century. 2,000 ships were built in Dundee between 1871 and 1881, including the Antarctic research ship used by Robert Falcon Scott, the RRS Discovery. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city, and the Victorian steel-framed works in which Discovery's engine was built is now home to the city's largest book shop. The need of the local jute industry for whale oil also supported a large whaling industry. Dundee Island in the Antarctic takes its name from the Dundee whaling expedition, which discovered it in 1892. Whaling ceased in 1912 and shipbuilding ceased in 1981. The last connection with whaling in Dundee reportedly ended in 1922 when a trading ketch owned by Robert Kinnes & Sons, which had been first set up as a trading company for the Tay Whale Fishing Company, was lost in the Cumberland Sound.
The Tay estuary was the location of the first Tay rail bridge, built by Thomas Bouch and completed in 1877. At the time it was the longest railway bridge in the world. The bridge fell down in a storm less than a year later under the weight of a train full of passengers in what is known as the Tay Bridge disaster. None of the passengers survived.
Tomlinson et al. argue that Dundee enjoyed a "Golden Age" in the 1950s and 1960s. The collapse of the jute industry, they argue, was well handled for three reasons. First, the jute industry was protected from cheap imports by the state. Tariffs and quotas were not allowed by the GATT agreements. Instead protection came through the continuation from 1945 into the 1970s of the wartime Jute Control system, by which the Ministry of Materials imported jute goods and sold them at an artificial price related to the cost of manufacture in Dundee. Secondly, the jute firms agreed to company consolidation to make themselves more efficient, to increase labour productivity, and to cooperate in developing new fibres and goods. Third, labour unions and management ended the hard feelings that caused so much labour unrest and had come to a head in the dismal decade of unemployment in the 1930s. In the postwar cooperation, employers, unions and the city spoke with one voice. Success in managing jute's decline, and the brief brief of multinational corporations like NCR and Timex, held off decline and there was relative full employment in the city down to the 1970s. The golden age ended in the 1980s as the multinationals found cheaper labour in Bangladesh, India, and South America, and the Thatcher government ended state support for British industry. By the 1990s jute had disappeared from Dundee.
The Timex Corporation was a major employer in the city in the post-war era, but in the early 1980s financial difficulties led to attempts to streamline its operations in Dundee. This led to industrial action and after a major strike in 1993 the company completely withdrew from Dundee.
Industrial revolution
After the Union with England ended military hostilities, Dundee was able to redevelop its harbour and established itself as an industrial and trading centre. Dundee's industrial heritage is traditionally summarised as "the three Js": jute, jam and journalism. East-central Scotland became too heavily dependent on linens, hemp, and jute. Despite Indian competition and the cyclical nature of the trade which periodically ruined weaker companies, profits held up well in the 19th century. Typical firms were family affairs, even after the introduction of limited liability in the 1890s. The profits, either taken from the firms or left on interest, helped make the city an important source of overseas investment, especially in North America. The profits were seldom invested locally, apart from the linen trade, because low wages limited local consumption, and because there were no important natural resources, the region offered little opportunity for profitable industrial diversification.
Linen
Linen formed the basis for the growth of the textile industry in Dundee. During the 18th and 19th Centuries, flax was imported from the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea for the production of linen. The trade supported 36 spinning mills by 1835, but various conflicts, including the Crimean War, put a stop to the trade. Textiles thus formed an important part of the economy long before the introduction of jute, but it was jute for rope-making and rough fabrics that helped put Dundee on the map of world trade. Dundee's first flax mills, at Guthrie Street and Chapelshade, appeared in 1793. The industry suffered a slump in the early 19th century, but recovered after a few years, and the years 1821 and 1822 saw 12 mills built in Dundee and Lochee.
The Dundee firm Baxter Brothers, which owned and operated the large Dens Works complex, was the world's largest linen manufacturer from around 1840 until 1890. The firm began in 1822 when William Baxter, who had previously operated a mill at Glamis, and his son Edward built a mill on the Dens Burn. In 1825 Edward left the company and two younger brothers joined as partners, the firm being renamed Baxter Brothers and Co. The company became part of the Low and Bonar Group, jute merchants and manufacturers, in 1924. Baxter Brothers traded as an entity within Low and Bonar until 1978. The Baxters also had a long term interest in the Claverhouse Bleachfield located slightly to the north of Dundee, and now within the city's boundaries. The bleachfield, used for boiling and bleaching linen and yarn was in use from the eighteenth century. From 1814 it was operated by Turnbull & Co, a company which members of the Baxter family were involved in and which evolved into Boase & Co. In 1892 Baxter Brothers owned 55% of the shares in Boase & Co. and eventually assumed complete ownership of the firm in 1921. Baxter Brothers' extensive archives, including highly detailed plans of Dens Works, are now held by Archive Services, University of Dundee. The Baxter family's money was crucial to establishing University College Dundee, now the University of Dundee and the Dundee Technical Institute, now the University of Abertay. University College's co-founder and principal benefactor was William Baxter's daughter, Mary Ann Baxter. Edward Baxter's grandson Sir George Washington Baxter, was later president of the college. William's son Sir David Baxter left the bequest which would later be used to found the Technical Institute.
Another major linen works was Stobswell Works in Dura Street which was built in the 1860s. It was originally owned by Laing and Sandeman and later Laing Brothers, before becoming the base of the Buist Spinning Company in 1900. The Buist Spinning Company eventually went into voluntary liquidation in 1979, a year after it had become a subsidiary company of Tay Textiles.
Jute
Jute is a rough fibre from India used to make sacking, burlap, twine and canvass. By the 1830s, it was discovered that treatment with whale oil, a byproduct of Dundee's whaling industry, made the spinning of the jute fibre possible, which led to the development of a substantial jute industry in the city which created jobs for rural migrants. The industry was also notable for employing a high proportion of women. In 1901 25,000 women were employed in the jute industry, with women accounting for more than 70% of the industry's workers in Dundee. By 1911 the percentage of persons employed in Dundee's jute industry who were women had risen to 75%. Dundee's jute industry was also notable in that a relatively high number of those employed in it were married women, which was unusual for the time. In 1911 a total of 31,500 were employed in the jute industry in Dundee, which accounted for 40.4% of all of the city's workers.
The first jute related patent in Dundee was granted in 1852 to David Thomson. Thomson had been an apprentice to the jute pioneer James Neish and had founded his business in 1848. This later evolved into Thomson, Shepherd & Co. Ltd, whose Seafield Works in Taylor's Lane operated until 1986.
Several large industrial complexes grew up in the city in the nineteenth century to house the jute industry, including Camperdown Works in Lochee which was the world's largest jute works. It was owned by Cox Brothers, whose family had been involved in the linen trade in Lochee since the early eighteenth century, and was constructed from 1850 onwards. By 1878 it had its own railway branch and employed 4,500 workers, a total which had risen to 5,000 by 1900. Like several of Dundee's jute manufacturers, Cox Brothers became a part of Jute Industries Ltd, which was formed by the amalgamation of several Dundee jute firms in 1920. J Ernest Cox, the grandson of one of the founders of the firm, became chairman of Jute Industries in 1920 and would hold this position until 1948. Camperdown works closed in 1981. Caldrum Works, built 1872–1873, and operated by Harry Walker & Sons, was Dundee's (and Britain's) second largest jute mill by the 1920s. In 1913 the works covered 8 acres of ground. Like Cox Brothers, Harry Walker of sons became a part of Jute Industries in 1920.
Another firm which became part of jute industries in 1920 was J. & A. D. Grimond Ltd, founded in 1840 and who owned Maxwelltown Works and the Bowbridge works in the Hilltown area. Jute Industries also included Gilroy Sons & Co Ltd, which was founded by three brothers in 1849. Gilroys was among the first companies in Dundee to directly import jute from India and its products included sacks, hessians and canvas. Jute Industries became Sidlaw Industries Ltd in 1971. Low & Bonar Ltd, who opened the Eagle Jute Mills in the city in 1930, and who had acquired Baxter Brothers in 1924, also were a major jute firm, expanding their interests in this area with the 1953 acquisition of Henry Boase & Co.
Another major textile presence in Dundee was Don Brothers, Buist & Co. This was formed in the 1860s when the Forfar firm of William and John Don & Co and A J Buist, the owners of Ward Mills in Dundee. In 1867 the firm built the New Mill in Dundee's Lindsay Street. In the 1960s Don Brothers, Buist and Co merged with the textile merchants Low Brothers & Co (Dundee) Ltd to form Don and Low, a group which eventually owned or operated several other textile firms. Low Brothers had themselves earlier taken control of Alexander Henderson & Son Ltd a Dundee jute spinning firm that had been founded in 1833 and based at South Dudhope Works.
Caird (Dundee) Ltd traced their origins back to 1832 when Edward Caird began to manufacture cloth in 12-loom shed at Ashton Works. Caird was a pioneer in Dundee in the weaving of cloth composed of jute warp and weft. In 1870 his son James Key Caird, later noted as philanthropist, took over the business. He greatly expanded it, rebuilding and extending Ashton Works and acquiring Craigie Works. Cairds at one time employed 2,000 hands and its mills were described by the Dundee Advertiser in 1916 as being 'a model of comfort for the workers'. William Halley and Sons Ltd was also founded in 1832 and operated Wallace Craigie Works. The boom in the price of jute caused by the American Civil War saw the works double in size and by 1946 it had 3,312 spindles and 130 looms. In 1857 Hugh & Alexander Scott founded H. & A. Scott, Manufacturers which was based at Tayfield Works, Seafield Road. This firm, which eventually moved into polypropylene manufacture as well as jute and other textiles, survived until 1985 when it was taken over by Amoco UK Ltd.
By the end of the 19th century the majority of Dundee's working population were employed in jute manufacture, but the industry began to decline in 1914, when it became cheaper to rely on imports of the finished product from India. (Dundee's 'jute barons' had invested heavily in Indian factories). By 1951 only 18.5% of Dundee's workforce was employed in the jute industry, with the total number of female workers employed in the industry declining by 62%. In 1942, the Ashton Works were requisitioned by the Government and taken over by "Briggs Motor Bodies Ltd" for the production of jerrycans. Ten million were produced by the time of derequisition in 1946. The Cragie works closed for economic reasons at the end of 1954 when a study found that it was not viable to modernised equipment; production was subsequently moved to Ashton works. Commercial jute production in Dundee ceased in the 1970s, particularly after the cessation of jute control on 30 April 1969. Some manufacturers successfully diversified to produce synthetic fibres and linoleum for a short time. The last of the jute spinners closed in 1999. From a peak of over 130 mills, many have since been demolished, although around sixty have been redeveloped for residential or other commercial use.
The Association of Jute Spinners and Manufacturers was founded in Dundee in 1918. Its initial aim was to act as a cartel to help the prices of its members' products. However, it soon evolved into a significant employers' organisation. It also concerned itself with all national and local legislation which impacted upon the jute industry and aimed to foster good relations between workers and employers. Initially the Association had 56 members in the Dundee and Tayport area alone, but by 1982 there were only 8 spinners or manufacturers of jute left in the United Kingdom.
An award-winning museum, based in the old Verdant Works, commemorates the city's manufacturing heritage and operates a small jute-processing facility. Archive Services at the University of Dundee hold a wide range of collections relating to the textile industry in Dundee, including the records of many of the major jute works.
Jam
Dundee's association with jam stems from Janet Keiller's 1797 'invention' of marmalade. Mrs. Keiller allegedly devised the recipe in order to make use of a cargo-load of bitter Seville oranges acquired from a Spanish ship by her husband. This account is most likely apocryphal, as recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 16th century, with the Keillers likely to have developed their marmalade by modifying an existing recipe for quince marmalade. Nevertheless, marmalade became a famed Dundee export after Alex Keiller, James' son, industrialised the production process during the 19th century.
The Keillers originally started selling their produce from a small sweet shop in the Seagate area of the city which specialised in selling locally preserved fruit and jams. In 1845, Alex Keiller moved the business from the Seagate and into a new larger premises on Castle Street. Later, he also later bought premises in Guernsey to take advantage of the lack of sugar duties. The Guernsey premises accounted for a third of the firm's output but still carried the Dundee logo. The Guernsey plant was closed in 1879 due to lack of profitability and was moved to North Woolwich where it was brought back under the control of the Dundee branch. Though iconic to the city, jam was never a major sector of the city's industry, employing approximately 300 people at its peak compared to the thousands who worked in the Jute industry at the same time. Today traditional marmalade production has become the preserve of larger businesses, but distinctive white jars of Keiller's marmalade can still be bought. For many years, these were made by the Maling pottery of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Journalism
Journalism in Dundee generally refers to the publishing company of D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd. Founded in 1905 by David Coupar Thomson and still owned and managed by the Thomson family, the firm publishes a variety of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including The Sunday Post, The Courier, Shout and children's publications, The Beano and The Dandy. Journalism is the only "J" still existing in the city and, with the company's headquarters on Albert Square and extensive premises at Kingsway East, D.C. Thomson remains one of the city's largest employers after local government and the health service, employing nearly 2000 people.
Maritime industry
As Dundee is located on a major estuary, it developed a maritime industry both as a whaling port (since 1753) and in shipbuilding. In 1857, the whaling ship Tay was the first in the world to be fitted with steam engines. By 1872 Dundee had become the premier whaling port of the British Isles, partly due to the local jute industry's demand for whale oil for use in the processing of its cloth. Over 2,000 ships were built in the city between 1871 and 1881. The last whaling ship to be built at Dundee was in 1884. The whaling industry ended around 1912. The last connection between Dundee and the whaling industry ended in 1922 with the loss of the trading ketch, 'Easonian', which was owned by the Dundee-based shipping agents and charter company Robert Kinnes & Sons. Kinnes & Sons had been formed in 1883 by the managing director of the Tay Whale Fishing Company.
In December 1883, a whale was caught in the Tay and was later publicly dissected by Professor John Struthers of the University of Aberdeen. The incident was popular with the public and extra rail journeys were organised to assist those from surrounding areas who wished to see the whale. The creature became known as the Tay Whale, and the event was also celebrated in a poem by William McGonagall.
The Dundee Perth and London Shipping Company (DPLC) ran steamships down the Tay from Perth and on to Hull and London. The firm still exists, but is now a travel agency. However, shipbuilding shrank with the closure of the five berths at the former Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company in 1981, and came to an end altogether in 1987 when the Kestrel Marine yard was closed with the loss of 750 jobs.
, the ship taken to the Antarctic by Robert Falcon Scott and the last wooden three-masted ship to be built in the British Isles, was built in Dundee in 1901. It returned to Dundee in April 1986 initially being moored in Victoria Dock. Since 1992 Discovery has been moored next to a purpose-built visitors' centre, Discovery Point. The oldest wooden British warship still afloat, , is moored in Victoria Dock, although it was not built in Dundee. Dundee was also the home port of the Antarctic Dundee whaling expedition of 1892 which discovered Dundee Island, named after the expedition's home port. The steamship , best known for its reported inaction during the sinking of RMS Titanic was built in Dundee.
Harbour and wharfs
A coastal city with a major maritime industry, Dundee's harbour has long been of importance. As early as 1447 King James II of Scotland granted letters patent to Dundee's Council granting them the right to collect dues on goods coming in via the port. In 1770 the harbour was remodelled by John Smeaton, who introduced water tunnels to tackle the perennial problems caused by the vast quantities of silt washed down the Tay which formed sandbanks in the harbour, thus blocking it. In 1815 a Harbour Act was passed which moved control of the harbour from the Town Council to a Board of Harbour Commissioners. Under their guidance the harbour was greatly expanded from the 1820s with the addition of King William IV Dock, Earl Grey Dock, Victoria Dock and Camperdown Dock. In 1844 a triumphal arch made of timber was erected at the entrance of the harbour to mark the arrival, by sea, of Queen Victoria on her way to her first holiday in Aberdeenshire. In 1849 a competition was held to design a replacement permanent structure. The competition was won by a design submitted by James Thomas Rochead. The resulting Royal Arch quickly became one of Dundee's most iconic symbols. King William IV Dock and the Early Grey Dock were filled in by the 1960s during the construction of the Tay Road Bridge and its approach roads, with the Royal Arch being demolished at the same time. The Arch is the subject of a famous photograph by the photojournalist Michael Peto.
Dundee still has several wharfs. The most prominent wharfs are King George V, Caledon West, Princess Alexandra, Eastern and Caledon East. The Victoria Dock was built in the 19th century to serve the loading of major imports of jute. Activity ceased in the 1960s and the wharf was out of service for forty years. It has since been redeveloped into a shopping wharf known as City Quay. The Quay has a 500-yard Millennium Bridge spanning its eastern quay which swings round to allow ships in. Camperdown docklands is also being redeveloped in a manner similar to Canary Wharf in London and is scheduled for completion in 2008. The last wharf to be built in Dundee was at Stannergate for the shipbuilders Kestrel Marine. It was formally opened by Charles, Prince of Wales on 17 July 1979 and named after him.
Tay Bridge Disaster
In 1878 a new railway bridge over the Tay was opened, connecting the rail network at Dundee to Fife and Edinburgh. Its completion was commemorated in verse by William McGonagall. About two years after completion, the bridge collapsed under the weight of a full train of passengers during a fierce storm. All on board the train were lost and some bodies were never recovered. McGonagall's The Tay Bridge Disaster recounts the tragedy in verse. perhaps one of his best known poems. The public inquiry of the Tay Bridge disaster in 1880 found that the bridge had been "badly designed, badly built and badly maintained" and Sir Thomas Bouch was blamed for the catastrophe. He had under-designed the structure and used brittle cast iron for critical components, especially the lugs which held tensioned tie bars in the towers. It was these lugs which fractured first and destabilised the towers in the high girders section. The bolt holes in the lugs were cast, and had a conical section, so all the load was concentrated at a sharp outer edge. Such conical bolt holes were used for critical horizontal strut lugs as well, and weakened the structure substantially. The towers of the high girder section were heavily loaded and were very top heavy, making then susceptible to toppling. The towers failed during the storm as the train was travelling over, and a chain reaction followed as each of the towers in the high girders section collapsed. In 1887 the bridge was replaced by William Henry Barlow with a much more substantial bridge, which was at that time the longest railway bridge in Europe, at just over long (Europe's longest bridge today is the Oresund Bridge).
Public transport
Trams
The first municipal public transport in Dundee was operated by Dundee and District Tramways. From 1877, these were generally horse-drawn, but by June 1885 steam cars with green and white livery were introduced. Unusually, the tram lines were publicly built and owned, although initially leased by police commissionaires to private companies.
All routes came under direct municipal control in 1893, which allowed the city to adopt overhead electric lines to power the trams. Between 1899 and 1902 the tramways were fully electrified. The first electric tram in Dundee started on 12 July 1900. The route ran from High Street to Ninewells in the West via Nethergate and Perth Road with a later route running to Dryburgh in the North. The peak of the tram network was in 1932, when 79 lines operated in the city. By 1951, many of the trams had not been updated. At least a third of the stock was over 50 years old. A study led by the Belfast transport consultant, Colonel R McCreary showed that the cost of trams compared with bus service was 26.700 and 21.204 pence per mile, respectively. He advocated abandoning the tramway system in 1952. In October 1956, the last trams were quietly taken out of service. On the evening of 20 October 1956 the last tram (#25) went to Maryfield Depot. Over 5,000 people witnessed the tram leaving the depot at 12:31 am to go to the Lochee depot. All remaining cars were reduced to scrap by burning.
Buses
The first trolleybuses in Scotland were introduced along Clepington Road in Dundee during 1912–1914. However, motor buses were gradually introduced from 1921 to supplement the tram system, and double-decker buses appeared ten years later. Electric-powered operated by "Dundee Corporation Electricity Works" were still used in parts of the city until 1961. In 1975, Dundee Corporation Transport became part of the new Tayside Regional Council. Tayside adopted a new dark blue, white and light blue livery for its buses, replacing the former dark green. The Volvo Ailsa double deck bus became standard in the Tayside fleet during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1986, following bus deregulation, Tayside Buses was formed as a separate company. It was later privatised and bought out by National Express and now trades as Xplore Dundee.
Dundee (and the surrounding countryside) was also served by buses of Walter Alexander (part of the state-owned Scottish Transport Group), which was rebranded as Northern Scottish in the early 1960s. In the 1980s the Tayside operation of Northern Scottish became a separate company, Strathtay Scottish. The company was privatised in the late 1980s.
Rail
Rail transport in Dundee began with the Dundee and Newtyle Railway Company which was formed in 1826 and was the first railway to be built in the North of Scotland. The railway linking Dundee with Newtyle opened in 1832 and was eventually part of the Caledonian Railway. This was followed by the Dundee and Arbroath Railway Company which was incorporated in May 1836. The line linking Dundee and Arbroath opened in October 1838 from a temporary terminus near Craigie, was fully operational by 1840. A route to the west materialised with the founding of the Dundee and Perth Railway Company in 1845. It opened its line two years later, although it was not connected to Perth Station until 1849. The company also leased the Newtyle line from 1846 and the Arbroath line from 1848.
By the end of the late 1870s Dundee had three main stations, Dundee (Tay Bridge), serving the North British Railway and its connections, Dundee West, the Caledonian Railway station for Perth and Glasgow, which was rebuilt in a grand style in 1889–1890, and the smaller Dundee East on the Dundee and Arbroath Joint Railway. Various plans were put forward to concentrate all Dundee's railway facilities in a new central station. This idea was first mooted in 1864 by John Leng, then the editor of the Dundee Advertiser, and the idea re-emerged in 1872 following the start of work on the Tay Rail Bridge. The concept was also put forward for a final time in 1896. Various sites for a central station were put forwardincluding building it between the High Street and the harbour, between the Murraygate and the Meadows and on a waterfront site created by partially filling in two of Dundee's docks. However none of these proposals were ever released and the three distinct stations survived as independent entities.
Dundee formerly had commuter train services linking Dundee (Tay Bridge) station with Wormit and Newport-on-Tay. These ceased following the opening of the Tay Road Bridge. Other commuter train services to Invergowrie, Balmossie, Broughty Ferry and Monifieth have been substantially reduced since the 1980s. Dundee East closed in 1959 and Dundee West station closed in the 1960s, with all traffic being diverted to Tay Bridge station (now simply known as Dundee station).
Tay Ferry
A passenger and vehicle ferry service across the River Tay operated from Craigie Pier, Dundee, to Newport-on-Tay. Popularly known in Dundee as "the Fifie", the service was withdrawn in August 1966, being replaced by the newly opened Tay Road Bridge.
Three vessels latterly operated the service – the paddle steamer B. L. Nairn (of 1929) and the two more modern ferries Abercraig and Scotscraig, which were both equipped with Voith Schneider Propellers.
Hospitals
The original Town Hospital in Dundee was founded in what is now the Nethergate in 1530 to provide for the support of the sick and elderly persons dwelling in the burgh and run by the Trinitarians. After the Reformation its running was taken over by the town council and it was used to house and care for a dozen 'decayed burgesses'. The original building was replaced in about 1678. During the 18th century it was decided it was better to care for the needy in their own homes and the hospital was then used for other purposes. Tay Street was built on its extensive gardens, and St Andrews Cathedral was later erected on the site of the hospital itself.
In 1798 an infirmary was opened in King Street which would serve as the principal hospital in Dundee for almost 200 years. This hospital was granted a Royal Charter by George III in 1819, after which it became known as the "Dundee Royal Infirmary and Asylum". In 1820 the asylum was formally established as a separate entity in its own premises in Albert Street, and the hospital in King Street became Dundee Royal Infirmary (commonly known as DRI). The infirmary moved to larger premises in Barrack Road in 1855. The asylum received a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria in 1875 and became known as Dundee Royal Lunatic Asylum. In 1879 work began on a new site for the asylum at Westgreen Farm, Liff to which all patients had been transferred by October 1882. A second building, Gowrie House was erected to the south of Westgreen for private patients. From 1903 Westgreen was owned and operated by the Dundee District Lunacy Board as Dundee District Asylum, while Gowrie House continued as Dundee Royal Lunatic Asylum. The two were recombined in 1959 as Dundee Royal Mental Hospital and later became known as Royal Dundee Liff Hospital.
During an outbreak of cholera in 1832, a building in Lower Union Street was converted into an isolation hospital, but was refitted for use as lodgings after the epidemic was over. Other temporary isolation facilities were used later in the century, but in 1889 King's Cross Hospital was opened in Clepington Road as Dundee's first permanent fever hospital. By 1913 it had expanded its facilities from two wards to seven. It was run by the town council until the creation of the National Health Service. From 1929 the town council also ran Maryfield Hospital, Stobswell, which had formerly been the East Poorhouse Hospital. The hospital eventually took over the entire site of the East Poorhouse and served as Dundee's second main hospital after DRI.
Slightly to the north of Dundee was Baldovan Institution founded in 1852 as 'an orphanage, hospital and place of education and training for 'imbecile' children'. Its foundation was largely thanks to the benevolence of Sir John and Lady Jane Ogilvy. The asylum and the orphanage were later separated, with the former evolving into Strathmartine Hospital (that name being adopted in 1959). Strathmartine was progressively decommissioned from the late 1980s, closing completely in 2003. In 2014 Heritage Lottery Funding was award to a project to for former residents and staff at Strathmartine Hospital to record their stories of the hospital. The project is led by the Thera Trust and involves the University of Dundee, the dundee Local History Group, Advocating Together and the Living Memory Association.
In 1899 the Victoria Hospital for Incurables was set up in Jedbrugh Road to provide long term nursing care for the terminally ill. This would later become Royal Victoria Hospital. In 1959 it gained a geriatric ward and is now mainly used for patients over the age of 65, and is also home to the Centre for Brain Injury Rehabilitation. In 1980 the remaining patients at the Sidlaw Hospital, a former sanitorium that was latterly used as a convalescent home and to provide respite care, were transferred to the Royal Victoria.
A hospital for women, known as Dundee Women's Hospital and Nursing Home, was opened in 1897. Originally in Seafield Road, it aimed to provide surgical care for women at a low price. This hospital moved to Elliott Road and eventually closed in the 1970s.
A hospital for dental treatment, Dundee Dental Hospital, opened in 1914 in Park Place. During the First World War the hospital provided dental services to regular and territorial soldiers. In 1916 the hospital was extended to include a dental school. It became part of the NHS in 1948, and new premises in Park Place opened in 1968. The Dental School is part of the University of Dundee. In the 1980s closure of the Dental School was proposed by the University Grants Committee. This was strongly resisted and a successful campaign led by the university resulted in its retention.
After World War II it soon became apparent that Dundee's existing hospital facilities were insufficient. They also provided inadequate teaching facilities for the medical students at what was to become the University of Dundee. A new hospital was planned, and after several delays was opened at Ninewells in 1974. The opening of Ninewells Hospital led to the closure of Maryfield to patients in 1976, although some of its buildings were retained for use for administration purposes. Dundee Royal Infirmary's functions were also gradually transferred to Ninewells and it closed in 1998. In the 1990s and 2000s many of King’s Cross Hospital’s functions were also moved to Ninewells, but it still retains a number of outpatient departments and also serves as the headquarters of NHS Tayside.
Coat of arms
The city’s coat of arms is a pot of 3 silver lilies on a blue shield supported by two green dragons. Above the shield is a single lily and above that a scroll with the motto Dei Donum, gift of God.
The blue colour of the shield is said to represent the cloak of the Virgin Mary while the silver (white) lilies are also closely associated with her. There is an early carving in the city’s Old Steeple, showing a similar coat of arms with Mary, protecting her child with a shield from dragons. Following an Act of Parliament passed in 1672, Dundee’s 'new' coat of arms was matriculated in the office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms on 30 July 1673. However, by this time Scotland had become a Presbyterian nation, and any such idolatry of the Virgin Mary would have been frowned upon, leading to the more subtle symbolism that appears today. There are different theories as to why Dragons came to be used as supporters. One is that on the earlier arms they represent the violent sea that the Virgin Mary protected David from. Another is that they relate to the local legend of the Strathmartine Dragon.
Over the years small changes crept in until in 1932 the City Council decided to ask the Lord Lyon King of Arms about the correct form. Amongst other differences he pointed out that the dragons on the coat of arms were actually wyverns. (Although closely related wyverns have only two legs while dragons have four.) The coat of arms above the Eastern Cemetery gateway shows wyverns instead of dragons and three lilies above the shield instead of one. It was decided to go back to the original form with dragon supporters and one lily and to add a second motto 'Prudentia et Candore' – Wisdom and Truth.
The coat of arms was slightly modified in 1975 when the City of Dundee District Council was created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. A coronet, with thistle heads, was incorporated; this emblem being common to the coats of arms of all Scottish district councils. A further modification took place in 1996, when the District Council was replaced by the current Dundee City Council; the design of the coronet was revised to the present format.
Important People Associated with Dundee
Winston Churchill
Between 1908 and 1922, one of the city's Members of Parliament was Winston Churchill, at that time a member of the (Coalition) Liberal Party. He had won the seat at a by-election on 8 May 1908 and was initially popular, especially as he was the President of the Board of Trade and, later, senior Cabinet minister. However, his frequent absence from Dundee on cabinet business, combined with the local bitterness and disillusionment that was caused by the Great War strained this relationship. In the buildup to the 1922 general election, even the local newspapers contained vitriolic rhetoric with regards to his political status in the city. At a one meeting he was only able to speak for 40 minutes when he was barracked by a section of the audience. Prevented from campaigning in the final days of his reelection campaign by appendicitis, his wife Clementine was even spat on for wearing pearls. Churchill was ousted by the Scottish Prohibitionist Edwin Scrymgeour – Scrymgeour's sixth election attempt – and indeed came only fourth in the poll. Churchill would later write that he left Dundee "short of an appendix, seat and party". In 1943 he was offered Freedom of the City – by 16 votes to 15 – but refused to accept. On being asked by the council to expand on his reasons, he simply wrote: "I have nothing to add to the reply which has already been sent".
Notable Dundonians and people associated with Dundee
Mary Ann Baxter – co-founder of University College, Dundee
Hector Boece – Scottish philosopher
Mary Brooksbank (1897–1978) – revolutionary and songwriter
James MacLellan Brown (c.1886-1967) – City Architect, designer of the Mills Observatory (1935)
James Key Caird – Jute baron and philanthropist
Brian Cox – actor
William Alexander Craigie – philologist and lexicographer
John Dair – TV Actor
George Dempster of Dunnichen and Skibo (1732–1818) – advocate, landowner, agricultural improver, politician and business man
Thomas Dick – Scottish writer
James Alfred Ewing – physicist and engineer
Margaret Fairlie – gynaecologist; First woman to hold professorial chair in Scotland
Margaret Fenwick – the first woman General Secretary of a British trade union
David Ferguson (died 1598) – reformer
Matthew Fitt (born 1968) – Scots poet and novelist, National Scots Language Development Officer.
Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming – Scottish astronomer, noted for her discovery of the Horsehead Nebula
Neil Forsyth (born 1978) – journalist and author, best known for creating the character Bob Servant
Mark Fotheringham – professional footballer
George Galloway – politician & former Member of Parliament
Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) – Professor of Botany at University College, Dundee, urban planner and sociologist
George Gilfillan (1813–1878) – author and poet, pastor of a Secession congregation in Dundee
Professor Sir Alexander Gray (1882–1968) – civil servant, economist, academic, translator, writer and poet
James Haldane (1768–1851) – theologian and missionary
Thomas James Henderson – astronomer
W. N. Herbert (born 1961) – poet
Florence Horsbrugh – Dundee's only female and Conservative M.P. and later the first female Conservative Cabinet Minister
Ken Hyder – musician and journalist
James Ivory – mathematician
Lorraine Kelly – TV Presenter and journalist
Bella Keyzer – welder and equal pay activist
Alexander Crawford Lamb – antiquarian, author of Dundee: Its Quaint and Historic Buildings
Joseph Lee – poet, artist and journalist
James Bowman Lindsay (1799–1862) – inventor and author
Billy Mackenzie – singer
William Lyon Mackenzie – first Mayor of Toronto
Thomas John MacLagan (1838–1903) – physician and pharmacologist
Iain Macmillan (1938-2006) – photographer, work including the photograph for The Beatles' album Abbey Road
William McGonagall – Poet
Robert Murray M'Cheyne (1813–1843) – minister of religion, serving in St Peter's Church (Dundee) from 1838
Richard (Dick) McTaggart – Olympic gold medallist (Boxer)
Eddie Mair – broadcaster
Michael Marra – musician
George Mealmaker (1768–1808) – weaver, radical organiser, and writer
Helen Meechie (1938–2000) – CBE, Brigadier and Director of the Women's Royal Army Corps – Career
John Mylne (died 1621) – Master Mason to the Crown of Scotland
Don Paterson (born 1963) – poet, writer and musician
G. C. Peden – emeritus professor of history at Stirling University
Sam Robertson – Actor
Agnes L. Rogers – educational psychologist
Edwin Scrymgeour – Britain's first (and only) Prohibitionist M.P.
Mary Slessor (1848–1915) – missionary to Nigeria
Thomas Smith (1752–1814) – early lighthouse engineer
Bob Stewart – Comintern agent
Robert Stirling Newall – engineer and astronomer
Bruce James Talbert (1838–1881) – architect and interior designer
Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948) – biologist, mathematician, and classics scholar
David Coupar Thomson (1861–1954) – proprietor of the newspaper and publishing company D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd
James Thomson (died 1927) – City Engineer, City Architect, and Housing Director of Dundee
Dudley D. Watkins (1907-1969) – cartoonist and illustrator
Preston Watson – (1880-1915) – aeronautical pioneer and aviator
Kieren Webster – musician
James Wedderburn (c.1495–1553) – poet and playwright
James Wedderburn (1585–1639) – bishop of Dunblane, grandson of the poet James Wedderburn
John Wedderburn (c.1505–1553) – poet and theologian
Robert Wedderburn (c.1510–c.1555) – poet and vicar
David Dougal Williams (June 1888-27 September 1944) – artist and Dundee art teacher
Alexander Wilkie – Scotland's first Labour M.P.
Alexander Wilson (died 1922) – noted amateur photographer, working in Dundee
Gordon Wilson (1938-2017) – former leader of the Scottish National Party and M.P. for Dundee East 1974–1987
Fanny Wright – leading US feminist
David Jones – Video Game Developer, creator of Lemmings, Grand Theft Auto and Crackdown game series and founder of DMA Design (now Rockstar North).
Innovation
James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated his invention of a prototype electric light bulb at a public meeting in 1835.
The adhesive postage stamp was invented in Dundee by James Chalmers. His tombstone in the city's Howff burial ground reads: "Originator of the adhesive postage stamp which saved the Uniform Penny Post scheme of 1840 from collapse rendering it an unqualified success and which has since been adopted throughout the postal systems of the world."
Archives
Many of Dundee's historical records are kept by two local archives, Dundee City Archives, operated by Dundee City Council, and the University of Dundee's Archive Services. Dundee City Archives holds the official records of the burgh along with those of the former Tayside Region. The archive also holds the records of various people groups and organizations connected to Dundee. The university's Archive Services hold a wide range of material relating to the university and its predecessor institutions and to individuals associated with the university such as D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Archive Services is also home to the archives of several individuals, businesses and organizations based in Dundee and the surrounding area. The records held at the university include a substantial number of business archives relating to the jute and linen industry in Dundee, records of other businesses including the archives of the Alliance Trust and the department store G. L. Wilson, the records of the Brechin Diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church and the NHS Tayside Archive.
See also
Timeline of Dundee history
Whaling in Scotland
Notes
References
Further reading
Dundee |
6899850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick%20Puppies | Sick Puppies | Sick Puppies is an Australian alternative metal band formed in Sydney, New South Wales in 1997. After releasing their debut album Welcome to the Real World in 2001, the band rose to prominence in 2006 when their song "All the Same" was uploaded, along with a video, to YouTube. The video supported the Free Hugs Campaign, which was launched in Sydney, and has since received over 78 million views on the website. This success was followed up with their second studio album, Dressed Up as Life in 2007, which entered the Billboard 200 at number 181. Their third studio album, Tri-Polar, came out on 14 July 2009. The band's fourth studio album, Connect was released on 16 July 2013. They released their fifth studio album, Fury on 20 May 2016 with new vocalist Bryan Scott after Shimon Moore was fired from the band in October 2014.
History
Early career (1997–1999)
The band was formed by singer/lead guitarist Shimon Moore and bassist Emma Anzai in the music room of Mosman High School in 1997, when they double-booked the room and bickered over who would get to practice. They soon bonded over their love of Silverchair. Initially with Shimon on drums and Emma on guitars, the duo would frequently meet up to play Green Day, Rage Against the Machine, and Silverchair songs, and eventually felt compelled to write their own material. When Chris Mileski joined the band to play drums, Emma switched to bass and Shimon to guitar and vocals, and they became Sick Puppies.
There are two stories as to how the band name originated. The official version is that Shimon Moore thought of the name himself when the band members were brainstorming, and then came home a few days later to find his father Phil reading the book Sick Puppy by Carl Hiaasen. The alternate version is that a neighbor's dog entered the garage during a rehearsal and vomited on their equipment. An early fan made the comment, "That's one sick puppy", and the name stuck.
Emma Anzai took up a job as a telemarketer and Shimon took a job holding a sandwich board in the Pitt Street Mall in Sydney. Through their own financing and with help from Shimon's father (a musician and producer), the band released their debut EP Dog's Breakfast.
Initial success (2000–2008)
The band entered the Triple J Unearthed band competition in 2000 with a demo of their song, "Nothing Really Matters", and went on to co-win the Sydney-region along with Blue and Ariels.Spans.Earth., which led to a management deal with Paul Stepanek Management. This deal enabled the band to release their debut studio album, Welcome to the Real World in 2001, and their second EP, Fly in 2003. The band decided they needed a fresh start when the record label they had signed a contract with folded and their drummer Chris Mileski left the band. They decided to move to Los Angeles when rock photographer Robert Knight, who would later co-star in a documentary called Rock Prophecies with the band, said to their manager, "You should move the band over here, I really think they will do well". As they were without a drummer, the band posted an ad on Craigslist, where they found their current drummer Mark Goodwin.
In 2007, Sick Puppies released their second album, Dressed Up As Life. The album came after the huge success of the "Free Hugs Campaign", and featured their breakout single "All the Same". The song reached number eight on the U.S. Modern Rock chart and is also featured in the video for the Free Hugs Campaign, which won YouTube video of the year in 2006. They followed up the single with "My World", which peaked at No. 20. The band also released "Pitiful" and "What Are You Looking For" as singles in 2008.
Tri-Polar and related releases (2009–2012)
Sick Puppies went into the recording studio in December 2008 to write, record, and produce their next studio album, which was released on 14 July 2009. They also wrote a song for Capcom's video game Street Fighter IV called "War", and it has been used in the advertisements and promotion for the game. It also reached the top 40 on the iTunes top rock songs. "War" was used during the Washington Capitals 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs introduction video. The song was also included as the first track on Tri-Polar. Their first single off Tri-Polar, "You're Going Down", reached No. 1, and was used as the theme song for the WWE pay per view Extreme Rules in June 2009. It was also used in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, the My Soul to Take (2010) movie trailer, and in the trailer and opening credits of Tekken. The second single from the album, "Odd One", hit radio on 10 November.
Sick Puppies released a new song called "That Time of Year" on NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack – Vol. 2 and through their MySpace page for the holidays. The third single from the album, "Maybe", hit radio stations on 22 June. "Maybe" peaked at No. 1 on Billboard Heatseekers, No. 15 on Rock, and No. 6 on Alternative. It is the first Sick Puppies song to be on the Hot 100 chart, making it the band's most successful song. The album's fourth single, "Riptide", was released in February 2011, and peaked at number 6 on the Billboards Rock Chart. Tri-Polar was released in the UK on 4 April 2011.
On 14 August 2009, Sick Puppies made their film debut in Rock Prophecies, a documentary about the career of acclaimed music photographer Robert Knight. This award-winning film features his life as he started out filming music greats such as Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix, and his current mission to find today's up-and-coming bands and help them become tomorrow's top rock acts. This includes him convincing Sick Puppies to leave their homes to pursue success in the American music industry in Los Angeles.
According to bassist Emma Anzai, "(Robert Knight) was like, 'Hey I want to put you in my film', so we were like, 'All right, cool.' So now it's two years later and he documented when we did the first album, the first show, all that kind of stuff. It was really cool. He wanted a new band to . . . develop." During the process, the band was filmed for a few days at a time, and said that they would forget the cameras were there and act accordingly, so this film captures them and their true interactions out of the spotlight. It was partly due to their involvement in this project and Mr. Knight's endorsement that they were able to acquire their first American record deal with RMR/Virgin/EMI. This record deal then led to the first U.S album, Dressed Up as Life. Rock Prophecies was nationally aired on PBS and became available on DVD on 14 September 2010.
On 7 April 2010, Sick Puppies released an acoustic EP titled Live & Unplugged, featuring three tracks from their Tri-Polar album and one B-Side from that album. The versions of "Odd One", "So What I Lied", and "The Pretender" were recorded in a studio, while "You're Going Down" was recorded live in a Chicago radio station during an interview. To promote the EP, Sick Puppies offered a merchandise package that included Tri-Polar and Live & Unplugged with a limited edition lithograph; this package was sold at their concerts. On 1 March 2011, Sick Puppies released their all-acoustic seven-track EP Polar Opposite, which includes acoustic versions of "Riptide", "Don't Walk Away", and more. It was recorded in studio, along with string ensemble accompaniment. Anzai also contributes more major lead vocals on the record.
Later albums and Shimon Moore's departure (2013–present)
Sick Puppies released the follow-up album to Tri-Polar on 16 July 2013. The band originally stated on UStream that the working title was Under the Black Sky and that there would be a song by the same title. They later confirmed that the album name had changed, and officially announced the title of the album to be Connect, and its lead single, "There's No Going Back" was released on 20 May 2013. The second single off the album, "Gunfight", was released on 13 October 2013. Connect was released in Europe on 31 March 2014. The album's third single, "Die to Save You", was released on 29 April 2014. The album's fourth single, "Connect", was released on 19 July 2014. In October 2014, American musician Blue Stahli announced that Anzai had worked on the track "Not Over 'Til We Say So" for his upcoming album The Devil.
On 20 October 2014, it was announced that frontman Shimon Moore had left the band and that the remaining two members would continue on without him. This left bassist Emma Anzai as the only original member remaining in the band. It was later alleged that Moore was fired after he attempted to dissolve the band through a lawyer. Moore stated he was kicked out while out of town and he had no knowledge of it beforehand. He said he was sad and that he wished the band well.
On 15 December 2015, the band teased their upcoming music. They also signed on to play tours including Rock on the Range. On 8 February 2016, they revealed their new vocalist, Bryan Scott, who previously played with Glass Intrepid and Dev Electric, and briefly toured as a vocalist for Atlantic Records rock act Emphatic in 2011, while previewing a new single called Stick to Your Guns. On 31 March 2016, Sick Puppies released their single "Stick to Your Guns". The album Fury was released in May 2016. In May 2022, Anzai joined Evanescence to fill that band's vacant bassist position, but she remains with Sick Puppies.
Band members
Current members
Emma Anzai – bass, backing vocals (1997–present)
Mark Goodwin – drums, backing vocals (2003–present)
Bryan Scott – lead vocals, guitars (2016–present)
Former members
Chris Mileski – drums, backing vocals (1997–2003)
Shimon Moore – lead vocals, guitars (1997–2014)
Timeline
Discography
Welcome to the Real World (2001)
Dressed Up as Life (2007)
Tri-Polar (2009)
Connect (2013)
Fury (2016)
Awards and nominations
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001 || Nothing Really Matters || Triple J Unearthed Competition ||
|-
|| Sick Puppies || Australian Live Music Awards' "Best Live Act" ||
|-
|| 2003 || Sick Puppies || The National Musicoz Awards' "Best Rock Artist" ||
|-
|| 2006 || Free Hugs (All the Same) || YouTube Video of the Year' "Inspirational" ||
|-
|| 2007 || Sick Puppies || Yahoo! Music's "Who's Next" award ||
|-
|| 2011 || Sick Puppies || Bandit Rock Awards' "International Breakthrough Award" ||
|-
|| 2012 || Maybe || BMI Pop Award ||
References
External links
1997 establishments in Australia
Australian hard rock musical groups
Australian post-grunge groups
Australian nu metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Sydney
Australian musical trios
Pew Fellows in the Arts
Virgin Records artists
Australian alternative rock groups |
17327678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Copa%20Libertadores | 1979 Copa Libertadores | The 1979 Copa Libertadores represented the 20th edition of the tournament, which saw Olimpia of Paraguay win the title for the first time, the first time a team from a country outside Uruguay, Argentina or Brazil won the tournament. This allowed the Paraguayan side to play the Intercontinental Cup against Malmö FF of Sweden, in which the South American side won.
Qualified teams
Argentina
Boca Juniors (1978 Libertadores Champion)
Independiente (Champion of Campeonato Nacional Argentino 1978)
Quilmes (Champion of Campeonato Metropolitano Argentino 1978)
Bolivia
Bolívar (Champion of Campeonato Boliviano 1978)
Jorge Wilsterman (Runners-up of Campeonato Boliviano 1978)
Brazil
Guarani (Champion of Campeonato Brasileiro 1978)
Palmeiras (Runners-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1978)
Chile
Palestino (Champion of Campeonato Chileno 1978)
O’Higgins (Winner Liga Pre-Libertadores 1978)
Colombia
Millonarios (Champion of 1978 Campeonato Profesional)
Deportivo Cali (Runners-up of 1978 Campeonato Profesional)
Ecuador
El Nacional (Champion of Campeonato Ecuatoriano 1978)
Técnico Universitario (Runners-up of Campeonato Ecuatoriano 1978)
Paraguay
Olimpia (Champion of Campeonato Paraguayo 1978)
Sol de América (Runners-up of Campeonato Paraguayo 1978)
Peru
Alianza Lima (Champion of Campeonato Peruano 1978)
Universitario (Runners-up of Campeonato Peruano 1978)
Uruguay
Peñarol (Champion of Liga Pre-Libertadores 1978)
Nacional (Runners-up of Liga Pré-Libertadores 1978)
Venezuela
Portuguesa (Champion of Campeonato Venezuelano 1978)
Galicia (Runners-up of Campeonato Venezuelano 1978)
Group stage
Boca Juniors, of Argentina skips to semifinals as current champions.
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Semifinals
Group A
Group B
Finals
Champion
Top-scorers
6 goles
Juan José Oré (Universitario)
Miltäo (Guaraní)
External links
Sitio oficial de la CONMEBOL
Libertadores 1979 at RSSSF.com
1
Copa Libertadores seasons |
6899856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter%20II%3A%20Family%20Reunion | Chapter II: Family Reunion | Family Scriptures Chapter II: Family Reunion is the second studio album by American hip hop collective Mo Thugs. It was released on May 26, 1998 via Mo Thugs/Relativity Records, serving as a sequel to the group's 1996 album Family Scriptures. Recording sessions took place at Studio 56 and at Private Island Trax in Los Angeles, at Audio Vision Studios and at H&N Studios in Miami, and at G.T.R. Media Studios. Production was handled by Krayzie Bone and Layzie Bone, who also served as executive producers, Archie Blaine, Damon Elliott, "Disco" Rick Taylor, Michael Seifert, MT5, Paul "Tombstone" O'Neil, Romeo Antonio, Skant Bone and Souljah Boy.
It features contributions from Flesh-n-Bone, II Tru, Ken Dawg, Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, Poetic Hustla'z, Souljah Boy, The Graveyard Shift, as well as Cat Cody, Felecia, MT5, Potion, Powder, Skant Bone, Thug Queen, Wish Bone and 4-U-2-Know. The album is dedicated to the Graveyard Shift member Paul "Tombstone" O'Neil, who died in 1997.
The album peaked at number 25 on the Billboard 200 and number 8 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. On July 8, 1998, it received Gold certification status by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling 500,000 copies. It spawned two singles "Ghetto Cowboy" and "All Good". Its lead single, "Ghetto Cowboy", peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and later was certified Gold by the RIAA.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 15 contains replayed elements from "Let's Get It On" written by Ed Townsend and Marvin Gaye and performed by Marvin Gaye
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1998 albums
Sequel albums
Mo Thugs albums
Relativity Records albums |
17327699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor%20Shopping%20Centre | Grosvenor Shopping Centre | The Grosvenor Shopping Centre (for a time known as The Mall Grosvenor or The Mall Chester) is a large shopping precinct in Chester, England. It hosts around 70 stores. Whereas most of the central shopping area of Chester consists of historic streets, The Mall provides undercover shopping to complement the wide range of shops in other locations around the city. It consists of some Edwardian buildings with modern covered shopping malls. It was owned by The Mall Fund, and carried their corporate branding. It was sold sometime in 2009 and the name Grosvenor Shopping Centre reinstated by the new owners.
References
Shopping centres in Cheshire
Buildings and structures in Chester
Shops in Chester |
17327726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq%20Niazi | Tariq Niazi | Tariq Masood Niazi (15 March 1940 – 20 April 2008) was a Pakistani field hockey player between 1961 and 1969 and member of the Olympic team. Niazi was part of the 1964 games in Tokyo where they won a silver medal and the 1968 games in Mexico City where they won the gold. He competed in the Asian Games. Mianwali’s municipal hockey stadium was renamed Tariq Niazi Hockey Stadium in Niazi's honor.
Niazi died on 20 April 2008 of a cardiac arrest.
References
External links
Tariq Niazi – databaseOlympics Page
Pakistan Hockey Team
1940 births
2008 deaths
Pakistani male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players of Pakistan
Olympic gold medalists for Pakistan
Olympic silver medalists for Pakistan
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1962 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 1966 Asian Games
Pashtun people
Asian Games gold medalists for Pakistan
Asian Games silver medalists for Pakistan
Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games
20th-century Pakistani people |
17327736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Farm%20Twins | Home Farm Twins | Home Farm Twins is a series of children's books written by Jenny Oldfield. The books were later successfully adapted into a television series for the BBC, with Polly Duniam and Sophie Duniam cast as the twins. The television series proved so popular that the books were re-packaged as TV tie-ins.
The books
Speckle the Stray
Sinbad the Runaway
Solo the Homeless
Susie the Orphan
Spike the Tramp
Snip and Snap the Truants
Sunny the Hero
Socks the Survivor
Stevie the Rebel
Samson the Giant
Sultan the Patient
Sorrel the Substitute
Skye the Champion
Sugar and Spice the Pickpockets
Sophie the Show-Off
Silky the Foundling
Scott the Braveheart
Spot the Prisoner
Shelley the Shadow
Star the Surprise
Specials
Scruffy the Scamp
Stanley the Troublemaker
Smokey the Mystery
Stalky the Mascot
Samantha the Snob
At Stonelea
Mitch goes Missing
Maisea wants her Mum
Mac Climbs a Mountain
Television series
The television series ran for three seasons from 7 January 1999 until 30 March 2000 with repeats of the three seasons shown in 2001.
Home Farm Twins follows the adventures of twins Hannah and Helen around the local countryside in this series dramatized by Elly Brewer from the Home Farm books by Jenny Oldfield.
The first season started with the Moore family moving from London to the country village of Doveton. Hannah is a dreamer and an idealist, much more 'girly' than her tomboy sister Helen, who is more outspoken, daring and sarcastic.
The girls quickly got to know the locals and began a long-term friendship with Sam from Crackpot Farm who teased them for being 'townies' but still loved to join in their adventures but Sam had dreams elsewhere and dropped a bombshell on the twins during Season 3 by announcing he was to leave Doveton.
The twins' mother, Mary, is famous for making cakes at the Curlew Cafe which is the business she started up after moving to Doveton, while her husband, David, is a wildlife photographer and studies animals. The twins' parents had a baby girl during Season 3. The girls learned that animals were no longer the only ones who needed looking after and promptly watched their baby sister on numerous occasions, getting into big trouble for regular accidents involving their methods. The final season broadcast on the BBC ended with the twins facing the realities of growing up and looking back at their time spent living on Home Farm and wondering what life had in store for them next.
Television series cast
Polly Duniam as Hannah Moore
Sophie Duniam as Helen Moore
Jacquetta May as Mary Moore
Martin Ball as David Moore
Ben Evans as Sam
References
External links
1999 British television series debuts
2000 British television series endings
1990s British children's television series
2000s British children's television series
Series of children's books
British children's novels
BBC children's television shows
English-language television shows |
6899858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Banquet%20%282006%20film%29 | The Banquet (2006 film) | The Banquet (Chinese: 夜宴), released on DVD in the United States as Legend of the Black Scorpion, is a 2006 Chinese wuxia drama film. The film was directed by Feng Xiaogang and stars Zhang Ziyi, Ge You, Daniel Wu and Zhou Xun. It is a loose adaptation of William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet and Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts, featuring themes of revenge and fate. It is set in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 10th century China.
Plot
At the end of the Tang dynasty, China is divided. The Crown Prince, Wu Luan, is deeply in love with the noblewoman Little Wan. However, his father, the Emperor, decides to marry her. Wu Luan, deeply hurt, flees to a remote theater to study music and dance. Meanwhile, the Emperor is murdered by his brother, Li, who takes the throne. He also dispatches riders to assassinate Wu Luan, who survives the attack. Returning to court, Wu Luan is met by Empress Wan and her lady-in-waiting Qing Nu who is officially still engaged to him.
The tension in the Imperial Court is high, and when a palace official greets Empress Wan as 'Empress Dowager', he and his family are sentenced to a violent death. With his death, Minister Yin's son, General Yin Sun, is sent to fill the position in a distant province, greatly weakening Yin Taichang's position in the court. Wu Luan is asked by the Emperor to perform a brief swordplay ceremony, to practice for the Empress' upcoming coronation. While practicing, the Imperial Guard suddenly produce sharpened swords and attempt to kill Wu Luan and make it look like an accident. The ceremony is stopped by the Empress. Later in his chambers, a scroll is mysteriously delivered to Wu Luan, depicting his father being murdered by his uncle. Wu Luan enquires at an apothecary, who reveals that the poison used for the murder is made from Arsenic trioxide and black scorpions. Nothing on earth is more deadly except for "the human heart".
Meanwhile, the Empress Wan is to have a new coronation ceremony. As a special treat, Wu Luan is required to perform a swordplay ceremony. Instead, as an accomplished singer and dancer, Wu Luan stages a masked mime play that exposes his uncle as his father's murderer. The Emperor is notably shaken, but manages to conjure a plan to remove Wu Luan. Rather than kill the prince and risk alienating Empress Wan, he decides Wu Luan would be traded as a hostage for the prince of a neighbouring kingdom, the Khitans, although it is known that the neighbour prince is an imposter. An ambush by the emperor's men is set up the snowy border with the Khitans' kingdom in the north, but Yin Taichang's son Yin Sun, following the Empress's command, saves the prince.
Believing that his nephew is dead, and power is firmly in his grip, the Emperor calls for a grand banquet. The Empress comments that it would be bad luck to organise such an auspicious occasion on their 100th day of knowing each other, but the Emperor claims he does not surrender to superstitions. The Empress then decides to poison him, with a poison made from Arsenic trioxide and black scorpions. All goes according to plan until Qing Nu takes to the stage, claiming to have planned another performance for the occasion, and in tribute to her fiancé, she wears her theatre mask. The scheme to poison the emperor fails as the cup he was to drink out of is instead given to Qing Nu out of respect and partly of pity for her. During the dance, Qing Nu falls down dead on stage, and Wu Luan reveals himself to comfort her in her dying moments. The Emperor realises in horror that the Empress had plotted his death. After a confrontation with Wu Luan, the Emperor commits suicide by drinking the rest of the poisoned wine. The Empress proclaims Wu Luan the new Emperor. However, Yin Sun, enraged by his sister's death, attempts to kill the Empress to avenge his sister. His blade is stopped by the hand of Wu Luan. However, the knife is poisoned. The Empress stabs him through the neck, killing him instantly, while Wu Luan lays dying. Empress Wan is proclaimed Empress Regnant by the Lord Chamberlain.
Empress Wan speaks of the "flames of desire" that she has satiated by taking the throne. While celebrating, she is suddenly pierced by a flying blade. As she is dying, she turns around to face her assailant. Her confusion shifts to horror and anguish, as she is quickly murdered. At the end, the audience remains unsure of who the mysterious assailant was.
Interpretations of the ending
The ambiguity of the ending can produce many interpretations of who the assailant may be. Asian film critic, Bey Logan, makes a claim that the film makers initially planned for the maid, Ling, to be the mysterious assailant, and the current version of the film still shows more shots of Ling than would be normally expected of such a minor non-speaking character. A popular interpretation is that it is a manifestation of the previous Emperor, exacting revenge and justice.
When paired with the film's sung theme, the ending most likely references Louis Cha's wuxia novella Sword of the Yue Maiden. In Sword of the Yue Maiden, the tale concludes with the beautiful female clutching her waist in pain with an expression "so beautiful that it will take away the soul of any man who looks upon her", similar to Empress Wan's final expression.
Cast
Zhang Ziyi as Empress Wan
Ge You as Emperor Li
Daniel Wu as Crown Prince Wu Luan
Zhou Xun as Qing
Ma Jingwu as Minister Yin Taichang
Huang Xiaoming as General Yin Sun
Zhou Zhonghe as Lord Chamberlain
Zeng Qiusheng as Governor Pei Hong
Xu Xiyan as Ling
Liu Yanbin as messenger
Ma Lun as pharmacist
Xiang Bin as imperial guard
Cheng Chun-yue as imperial guard
Liu Tieyong as court secretary
Wang Yubo as red-faced dancer
Cheung Lam as joker
Bo Bing as executioner
Zhao Liang as dancer
Cui Kai as dancer
Fei Bo as dancer
Du Jingyi as dancer
Ou Siwei as dancer
Toyomi Yusuke as dancer
Takita Atsushi as dancer
Production
Actress Shao Xiaoshan said she substituted for Zhang Ziyi in some bathing and sex scenes. However, she is not listed in the credits. "I don't care whether my name is on the credits but I just want to tell the public that I did the nude scenes," Shao said on her blog. At Cannes film festival, Zhang Ziyi told the media that she did not appear nude in the movie, indirectly confirming that she had a stand-in for the nude scenes.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 36% score based on 11 critics, with an average rating of 4.48/10.
Festivals and awards
The Banquet had its international premiere at the Venice Film Festival, where it received the Future Film Festival Digital Award. Parts of the film had been previewed by film buyers during the 2006 Cannes Film Festival in May, where a promotional event for the film was hosted.
The film was screened at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival on the same day it opened to wide release in China. It received the People's Choice Award at the 4th World Film Festival of Bangkok, where it was screened two weeks before its wide release in Thailand.
The Banquet was chosen as Hong Kong's entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, while China's entry was Zhang Yimou's Curse of the Golden Flower.
The Banquet won two awards out of five nominations at the 43rd Golden Horse Awards in Taiwan. Art Director Tim Yip won for both Best Art Direction and Best Make up and Costume Design. The 3 other nominations were Best Cinematography (Li Zhang), Best Original Score (Dun Tan), and Best Song (Jane Zhang). Co-star Xun Zhou, who plays Qing Nu, (Best Actress) and Stunt Choreographer Jyun Woping (Best Stunt Choreography) won awards for other films.
References
External links
2006 films
Wuxia films
Chinese historical films
Films based on Hamlet
Films set in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Films directed by Feng Xiaogang
2000s Mandarin-language films
Huayi Brothers films
Films scored by Tan Dun |
6899863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ghost%20of%20Blackwood%20Hall | The Ghost of Blackwood Hall | The Ghost of Blackwood Hall is the twenty-fifth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1948 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson.
Plot summary
Nancy Drew's jeweler's customer Mrs. Putney asks Nancy and her friends to help recover her stolen jewels. The search for the thieves takes Nancy, Bess, and George to New Orleans. Mrs. Putney's odd behavior and two young women involve Nancy in a case involving a cruel hoax being perpetrated at the abandoned Blackwood Hall. Nancy's father, Carson Drew, also helps solve this mystery by contacting his workers, and helping him find the man that is connected to this mysterious affair.
References
External links
1948 American novels
1948 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Novels set in New Orleans |
6899869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark%20Naked%20and%20Absolutely%20Live | Stark Naked and Absolutely Live | Stark Naked and Absolutely Live is the first official live album by German band Alphaville. While the Dreamscapes compilation featured a full CD of live material, its tracks were culled from many different concerts. The tracks on Stark Naked and Absolutely Live were recorded specifically for the purpose of creating the album. The final listed track, Apollo, is followed by a hidden track: an acoustic version of "Dance with Me".
Track listing
Personnel
Marian Gold - lead vocals
Martin Lister - keyboards, backing vocals
Rob Harris - guitar, backing vocals
Shane Meehan - drums, percussion
References
Alphaville (band) albums
2000 live albums |
6899870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recover%20%28song%29 | Recover (song) | "Recover" is the debut and fourth single by Welsh rock band The Automatic, taken from their debut album Not Accepted Anywhere. Originally released on 21 November 2005 as a limited 7" vinyl, CD single and digital download, it was re-released on 18 September 2006 as the band's record labels, B-Unique & Polydor, believed it could perform better and reach a larger audience after the band's success with previous single "Monster".
Origins and recording
The track was originally recorded in 2005 at the Elevator Studios in Liverpool, with Ian Broudie as producer; this version was featured on the 21 November 2005 release, as well as on the Raoul EP and the UK version of Not Accepted Anywhere. The re-recording of "Recover" took place in Monnow Valley Studio in Monmouth, with Richard Jackson as producer. Both recordings were mixed by Stephen Harris. For the USA release of Not Accepted Anywhere the Ian Broudie mix was used, but it was remastered by Leon Zervos at Sterling Sound in New York City, and re-mixed by Mark Needham.
Release
The song was performed live on The Friday Night Project's third season, making The Automatic the first band to make a return performance after they performed their single "Raoul" the season before.
For the original 2005 release artwork by Antar was used on the CD and vinyl. In 2006 artist Dean 'D*Face' Stockton created two new separate artworks, which would be used for two CD singles and a 7" vinyl.
Reception
Music videos
Three music videos were ultimately made for "Recover".
Original
The original video for "Recover" was first released on 7 November 2005. The video features footage from live performances, as well as a small white room where all the bandmates are singing and jumping around. The video was rarely aired, however is available on The Automatic's website, as well as YouTube. The music video was directed by Phaelon Productions
Second version
A second video was also released which received airplay on MTV2 and other music stations, the video features live footage, and shots from the original video. This version cuts out all of the previous scenes with the large mouths instead of heads on the band members, as well as cutting out all scenes of the women who pass out in the park.
Re-release (third)
The latest version of The Automatic's video for "Recover" released on 1 September 2006 and directed by Up the Resolution, is based around a wrestling match, where the band are dressed as several different people each, both spectators and other various people, whilst they perform on the stage/ring. Whilst this is going on the 'fight' is also happening; however, the camera switches to and from the fight, and the band playing on the same ring.
Track listing
References
External links
Behind the scenes video shoot photos by Peter Hill
The Automatic songs
2005 debut singles
2005 songs
2006 singles
Songs written by James Frost
Songs written by Iwan Griffiths
Songs written by Robin Hawkins
Songs written by Alex Pennie |
6899878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsek | Mecsek | Mecsek (; ; Serbian: Meček or Мечек; ) is a mountain range in southern Hungary. It is situated in the Baranya region, in the north of the city of Pécs.
Etymology
The Hungarian toponym "Mecsek" derives from the sobriquet version of the name Mihály (Michael). Originally applied only to the hills adjacent to Pécs, the name Mecsek was first mentioned in 16th century.
Geography
The mountains cover an area of approximately 500 km2. The highest peak in the mountain range is Zengő (literally translates to 'resonant'), which has an elevation of 682 metres (2238 feet). The Mecsek Hills consist of plateau-like block mountains of a broken, folded structure. Its basis is crystalline rock of Variscan origin surmounted by Triassic and Jurassic limestone and dolomite and Tertiary formations that form the main block. The mountains are divided by a structural fault running NW to SE. The eastern part consist mainly of high ridges of sedimentary rock. The west has extensive limestone plateaux and areas dominated by sandstones of the Permian-Triassic period. There are important karst phenomena to be found on the limestone plateaux. Mecsek is rich in minerals (including uranium) compared to other territories of Hungary. The climate is mixed and represents elements of the mediterranean and continental climate. The territory gives home to 20-30 plant species which are unknown in other parts of the Carpathian Basin.
Highest peaks
Political and cultural history
Due to their relative small size and medium height, the hills of Mecsek were always politically and economically connected with the neighboring lowlands of Baranya and Tolna, serving primarily as a source of wood. The forested hills also offered substantial protection against the possible enemies.
The first significant political centre of the region was formed on the top of Jakab-hegy during the Iron Age which was later captured and developed into an oppidum by the Celts in the 2nd century BC. After the Roman conquest of Pannonia the settlement's population, like in the similar cases of Bibracte or Entremont was probably forced to move to the southern slopes of the Mecsek, where Sopianae, the predecessor of Pécs emerged.
Throughout the Hungarian Middle Ages the valleys of the Mecsek became more densely populated, providing raw materials for the thriving episcopal city of Pécs. The castles of Szászvár, Márévár and Kantavár were built in the era as residencies of nobles or the Church. The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit partially stemmed from the hermit communities of the Mecsek, whom the Bishop of Pécs founded a monastery at Jakab-hegy in 1225. The significant Pécsvárad Abbey also controlled substantial areas in the region.
Due to the Ottoman occupation of Hungary and the following wars, raids and over-taxation the population growth stagnated, however the everyday and religious life of the locals didn't change much. The region was protected by its remoteness. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, the local nobles invited German settlers to the region. The territories east of Mecsek became a part of the German ethnic island commonly referred to as Swabian Turkey.
Significant amounts of black coal were discovered in the 19th century, the strategic resource greatly advanced the industrialization of the region. Mines were opened in Pécs, Szászvár and Komló which were all subsequently connected to the Hungarian economy with railways. In the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes occupied the region, but the Treaty of Trianon eventually left the area in the possession of Hungary.
A huge part of the German-speaking population of the area was expelled from Hungary after World War II, although many German communities lingered. The socialist Hungary further developed the coal mines of Pécs and Komló. Uranium was also discovered and mined near Kővágószőlős from the 1950s.
The Mecsek Hills were the scene of pitched battles during the Hungarian Revolution in November 1956 between Hungarian units dubbed "the Mecsek Invisibles" and the invading Soviet forces.
After the fall of communism in Hungary, the economically unsustainable mines were closed. The Mecsek now serves mostly as a recreational area with moderate forestry activities.
Parts
Mecsek is divided to two parts:
Eastern Mecsek
Western Mecsek
Settlements
Gallery
See also
Komlosaurus carbonis
Geography of Hungary
References
External links
Mecsek-1956-History
Mountain ranges of Hungary
Pannonian island mountains |
6899888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20of%20the%20Leaning%20Chimney | The Clue of the Leaning Chimney | The Clue of the Leaning Chimney is the twenty-sixth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1949 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual authors were ghostwriters George Waller, Jr. and Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Nancy Drew and her friend Bess discover that a rare and valuable Chinese vase has been stolen from the pottery shop of Dick Milton, a cousin of Bess. Dick had borrowed the vase from his Chinese friend, elderly Mr. Soong, and he is determined to repay Mr. Soong for the loss. He tells Nancy that if he can find “the leaning chimney,” he will be on the track of a discovery which will solve his financial problems. Nancy finds the leaning chimney, but it only leads her into more puzzles. Can there be any connection between the vase theft – one of a number of similar crimes – and the strange disappearance of the pottery expert Eng Moy and his daughter Lei?
External links
1949 American novels
1949 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books |
17327776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mats%20Zuccarello | Mats Zuccarello | Mats André Zuccarello Aasen (born 1 September 1987) is a Norwegian professional ice hockey winger for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the New York Rangers and Dallas Stars. Prior to joining the NHL, Zuccarello previously played for Modo Hockey in the Swedish Elite League. In 2010, he won the Guldhjälmen (Golden Helmet), awarded annually to the most valuable player in the Swedish Hockey League. He is regarded as one of the best Norwegian players to play in the NHL.
Early life
Zuccarello grew up in the suburbs of Løren in Oslo and began playing hockey at age five. After several years at Hasle-Løren, he began playing for Vålerenga, where he stayed until the end of lower secondary school. By that time, he had been scouted by Frisk Asker, which offered him a scholarship at the Norwegian College of Elite Sport, which he accepted.
Zuccarello is of Italian descent from his mother's side. He has a younger brother, Fabian, who plays in the Norwegian First Division, and a step brother, Robin Dahlstrøm, who played in both Sweden and Norway before retiring in 2021.
Playing career
Norway and Sweden
Zuccarello began playing full-time for Frisk in the GET-ligaen, Norway's premiere league, as an 18-year-old. He scored 8 points over 21 games as a rookie in 2005–06. The following season, he improved to 59 points over 43 games, third in league scoring behind Jonas Solberg Andersen and Mathis Olimb. In 2007–08, Zuccarello helped Frisk to the best regular season record in the league. Zuccarello finished third in league scoring a second consecutive season with 64 points, as he and Frisk teammates Chris Abbott, Cam Abbott and Marcus Eriksson ranked as the top four GET-ligaen scorers. Zuccarello added 27 points in 15 playoff games as Frisk advanced to the Finals, where they were defeated in six games by the Storhamar Dragons.
After three seasons in the GET-ligaen, Zuccarello signed with Modo Hockey of the Elitserien, Sweden's premier league. In his first season with Modo, he ranked third in team scoring with 40 points in 35 games. The following season, he led the team with 23 goals. With a league-leading 64 points, he was awarded the Guldhjälmen as the league's most valuable player, as voted by Elitserien players.
New York Rangers
In the summer of 2010, Zuccarello was signed as a free agent by the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) to a two-year, entry-level contract. He began the 2010–11 season with the Hartford Wolf Pack/Connecticut Whale, the Rangers' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, to adapt to the North American style of hockey and rink dimensions. On 22 December 2010, he was called up to the Rangers following an injury to right winger Marián Gáborík. He made his NHL debut on 23 December 2010 against the Tampa Bay Lightning, becoming the seventh Norwegian player to play in the NHL as well as the second undrafted one. Zuccarello logged 17 minutes and 52 seconds of ice time and registered two shots on goal in his NHL debut. As the game remained tied after overtime, Zuccarello scored in the shootout against Lightning goaltender Dan Ellis. However, the Rangers lost the game 4–3. Though he was reassigned to the Whale immediately after the game, the Rangers recalled him for their next game, on 27 December against the New York Islanders. He earned his first NHL assist during the contest, tying defenceman Anders Myrvold for the Norwegian player with the fewest games played before recording an NHL point. The Rangers won the game 7–2. Nine days later, in his sixth game, Zuccarello scored his first NHL goal against goaltender Cam Ward three minutes into overtime, leading the Rangers to a 2–1 victory over the Carolina Hurricanes. On 1 April 2011 he was reassigned to Connecticut after playing 41 games for the Rangers.
On 13 April 2011, Zuccarello became only the second Norwegian to take part in NHL post-season action when the Rangers lost 2–1 against the Washington Capitals.
Metallurg Magnitogorsk
On 1 June 2012, Zuccarello confirmed he had signed a two-year contract with Metallurg Magnitogorsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). However, he returned to the NHL and the Rangers after the 2012–13 NHL lockout.
Return to New York
On 28 March 2013, Zuccarello agreed to terms on a one-year contract with the New York Rangers. Zuccarello played in the last 15 games of the 2012–13 campaign, helping the Rangers reach the postseason. He played in all 12 Ranger playoff games, tallying his first playoff goal in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals against the Washington Capitals.
Zuccarello re-signed with the Rangers at the end of the 2012–13 season for another one-year contract, worth $1.15 million. The 2013–14 season turned out to be a breakout season for Zuccarello. He tallied career highs in goals, assists and team-highs in points, as his contributions helped the Rangers reach the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, where they faced-off against the Los Angeles Kings. Although New York lost the series 4–1, Zuccarello made history by becoming the first Norwegian to ever participate in the Stanley Cup Finals. His all-around game also took a step forward throughout the season, as he established himself as a hard worker with the ability to get under the skin of his opponents. His work was recognized by being awarded the 2013–14 Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award.
On 22 July 2014, Zuccarello agreed to a one-year, $3.5 million contract with the Rangers.
During the 2014–15 season, Zuccarello agreed to a four-year, $18 million contract worth $4.5 million annually that extends through to the 2018–19 season. He finished fifth on the team in scoring, playing a large role with linemate Rick Nash, having the second-most goals in the NHL, as the Rangers won the Presidents' Trophy with the League's best regular season record. Early into the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs, Zuccarello was hit in the head by a shot by his own teammate, Rangers captain Ryan McDonagh. It was determined Zuccarello suffered a serious brain contusion and concussion and would most likely miss the rest of the playoffs. But rumors escalated as the Rangers continued their run that he may be available if the Rangers made it to the Stanley Cup Finals. However, they lost to the Tampa Bay Lightning in seven games in the 2015 Eastern Conference Finals, ending their season.
At the beginning of the 2015–16 season, Zuccarello got off to a fast start in his return, quickly becoming the team leader in scoring. On 30 October, Zuccarello recorded a hat-trick (the first of his NHL career) against the Toronto Maple Leafs, and on 15 November, he scored the game-winning goal in another game against the Maple Leafs, with less than one minute remaining in regulation. In his comeback season, Zuccarello scored a career-high 26 goals, with 35 assists. His performance, coupled with his tremendous effort, especially returning to the ice after the aforementioned injury the previous postseason, culminated in Zuccarello winning the Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award again and being selected as a finalist for the Bill Masterton Trophy for the 2015–16 season.
To start the 2017–18 season, Zuccarello was named an alternate captain of the Rangers on 4 October 2017. On 12 March 2018, Zuccarello recorded his 100th career NHL goal, in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes, which the Rangers won 6–3. On 23 October 2018, Zuccarello became the ninth player in Rangers history to lead the team in points for three consecutive seasons, joining Jaromír Jágr, Wayne Gretzky, Phil Esposito, Andy Bathgate, Bryan Hextall Sr., Cecil Dillon, Bill Cook and Frank Boucher.
Dallas Stars
With the Rangers in a rebuild, Zuccarello was traded to the Dallas Stars on 23 February 2019, in exchange for a 2019 conditional second-round pick and a 2020 conditional third-round pick. He debuted with the Stars the same day against the Chicago Blackhawks. He scored his first goal with the team during the second period but later suffered an upper-body injury forcing him to miss the third period of play. Afterwards, the Stars announced he was expected to miss at least four weeks to recover. Zuccarello returned for the playoffs but the Stars were eliminated by the St. Louis Blues in double overtime of game seven in the second round.
Minnesota Wild
Having left the Stars as a free agent, Zuccarello signed a five-year, $30 million contract with the Minnesota Wild on 1 July 2019.
On 17 April 2022, during a game against the St. Louis Blues, Zuccarello had broken the Wild team record for most assists in a season when he recorded his 51st and 52nd assists, surpassing teammate Kirill Kaprizov and Pierre-Marc Bouchard (2007–08 season), who held the record at 50. He also recorded his 500th career point, making him the 62nd active NHL player to reach that mark since he entered the league in 2010.
International play
Zuccarello has represented Norway at the 2008 IIHF World Championship in Canada, the 2009 IIHF World Championship, the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and the 2010 IIHF World Championship in Germany. He was forced to withdraw from the 2011 IIHF World Championship in Slovakia, however, due to a hand fracture. Zuccarello later represented Norway at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
Zuccarello represented Team Europe in the 2016 World Cup of Hockey.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
External links
Norwegian NHL records
1987 births
Living people
Connecticut Whale (AHL) players
Dallas Stars players
Frisk Asker Ishockey players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Hasle-Løren IL players
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Metallurg Magnitogorsk players
Minnesota Wild players
Modo Hockey players
New York Rangers players
Norwegian expatriate ice hockey people
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Norwegian ice hockey right wingers
Norwegian people of Sicilian descent
Olympic ice hockey players of Norway
Ice hockey people from Oslo
Undrafted National Hockey League players |
20464812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%20Guild%20of%20America%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Directing%20%E2%80%93%20Drama%20Series | Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series | The Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series is one of the annual Directors Guild of America Awards given by the Directors Guild of America. It was first presented at the 24th Directors Guild of America Awards in 1972. The current eligibility period is the calendar year.
Winners and nominees
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Programs with multiple awards
4 awards
Hill Street Blues (NBC)
3 awards
ER (NBC)
Lou Grant (CBS)
2 awards
Breaking Bad (AMC)
Game of Thrones (HBO)
Homeland (Showtime)
Kojak (CBS)
Mad Men (AMC)
Moonlighting (ABC)
NYPD Blue (ABC)
The Sopranos (HBO)
Succession (HBO)
thirtysomething (ABC)
The West Wing (NBC)
Programs with multiple nominations
16 nominations
The Sopranos (HBO)
11 nominations
ER (NBC)
10 nominations
Game of Thrones (HBO)
9 nominations
Homeland (Showtime)
Mad Men (AMC)
8 nominations
Hill Street Blues (NBC)
NYPD Blue (ABC)
The West Wing (NBC)
7 nominations
Succession (HBO)
6 nominations
Lost (ABC)
Six Feet Under (HBO)
5 nominations
Lou Grant (CBS)
St. Elsewhere (NBC)
thirtysomething (ABC)
4 nominations
Breaking Bad (AMC)
L.A. Law (NBC)
Northern Exposure (CBS)
3 nominations
24 (Fox)
Grey's Anatomy (ABC)
Homicide: Life on the Street (NBC)
Kojak (CBS)
The X-Files (Fox)
2 nominations
American Crime Story (FX)
Boardwalk Empire (HBO)
Cagney & Lacey (CBS)
Family (ABC)
The Handmaid's Tale (Hulu)
House of Cards (Netflix)
I'll Fly Away (NBC)
In Treatment (HBO)
Moonlighting (ABC)
Ozark (Netflix)
The Streets of San Francisco (ABC)
Stranger Things (Netflix)
The Waltons (CBS)
Watchmen (HBO)
Individuals with multiple awards
3 awards
Lesli Linka Glatter
2 awards
Robert Butler (consecutive)
Christopher Chulack (consecutive)
Marshall Herskovitz (consecutive)
Eric Laneuville
Will Mackenzie (consecutive)
Roger Young (consecutive)
Individuals with multiple nominations
8 nominations
Paris Barclay
Lesli Linka Glatter
7 nominations
Mark Tinker
5 nominations
Tim Van Patten
4 nominations
Dan Attias
Jack Bender
Christopher Chulack
Eric Laneuville
David Nutter
Thomas Schlamme
3 nominations
David Anspaugh
Alan Ball
Chris Carter
Allen Coulter
Jennifer Getzinger
Vince Gilligan
Charles Haid
Marshall Herskovitz
Mimi Leder
John Patterson
Gene Reynolds
Alan Taylor
Matthew Weiner
2 nominations
Félix Enríquez Alcalá
Corey Allen
Michael Apted
Jason Bateman
Henry J. Bronchtein
Steve Buscemi
Robert Butler
Jon Cassar
James Cellan Jones
David Chase
Michael Cuesta
Marc Daniels
Charles S. Dubin
The Duffer Brothers
David Friedkin
Alex Graves
Joseph Hardy
Gregory Hoblit
Peter Horton
Will Mackenzie
Miguel Sapochnik
Roger Young
Total awards by network
NBC – 13
HBO – 12
ABC – 9
CBS – 7
AMC – 5
Showtime – 2
Fox – 1
Hulu – 1
PBS – 1
References
External links
(official website)
Directors Guild of America Awards |
20464837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Reed%20Pond | Big Reed Pond | Big Reed Pond is a freshwater pond located in Montauk, New York on Long Island. A site including the pond, brackish marshland and natural sand dunes was designated as a National Natural Landmark in 1973. The largely undeveloped pond is located within Theodore Roosevelt County Park.
The Montaukett tribe lived in the vicinity of the pond until the mid-19th century.
The pond and its associated wetlands are accessible via hiking trails that are open to the public.
See also
List of National Natural Landmarks in New York
References
East Hampton (town), New York
National Natural Landmarks in New York (state)
Ponds of New York (state)
Lakes of Suffolk County, New York |
20464850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Greenlandic%20general%20election | 2009 Greenlandic general election | General elections were held in Greenland on 2 June 2009. Prime Minister Hans Enoksen announced the election date on 15 April 2009, stating that he would prefer for a newly elected parliament to administer Greenland when the self-government reform took effect on 21 June 2009. The reform gave more power to the Greenlandic parliament with decisions on most issues being devolved to the parliament but defence and foreign affairs remaining under the control of Denmark.
Results
The pro-independence, left-wing opposition party, Inuit Ataqatigiit led by Kuupik Kleist emerged as the largest party with 43.7% of the vote. Kleist set a new record for most votes in a Greenlandic election with 5,461 received. This compares with Akitsinnguaq Olsen who was elected with just 112 votes.
The governing Siumut led by Prime Minister Hans Enoksen received 26.5% of the vote and lost control of the government for the first time in 30 years. Former Siumut leader and Prime Minister Jonathan Motzfeldt failed to be re-elected for the first time since 1971, receiving just 91 votes . Enoksen stated that he would step down as party leader, a position he had held since 2002, if his colleagues wished him to. Siumut was believed to have lost votes over a series of scandals, including one over expenses, and concerns over its ability to manage with greater autonomy.
The newly formed Sorlaat Partiiat gained just 383 votes in the election and dissolved shortly afterwards. The party stood on a platform of huge spending reductions and opposed Greenland rejoining the EU.
Aftermath
Siumut was considered likely to be left out of government as both the Inuit Ataqatigiit and Demokraatit parties ruled out the possibility of working with them. Siumut's former coalition partner, Atassut, gained too few seats to make a new coalition powerful enough to challenge for the government.
On 7 June 2009, Inuit Ataqatigiit announced that it would form a coalition with the Democrats and the Association of Candidates.
References
Greenland
Elections in Greenland
2009 in Greenland
Greenland |
6899898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Casso | Anthony Casso | Anthony Salvatore Casso (May 21, 1942 – December 15, 2020), nicknamed "Gaspipe", was an American mobster and underboss of the Lucchese crime family. During his career in organized crime, Casso was regarded as a "homicidal maniac" in the Italian-American Mafia. He is suspected of having committed dozens of murders, and had confessed to involvement in between 15 and 36 murders. Government witness Anthony Accetturo, the former caporegime of The Jersey Crew, once said of Casso, "all he wanted to do is kill, kill, get what you can, even if you didn't earn it". In interviews, and on the witness stand, Casso confessed involvement in the murders of Frank DeCicco, Roy DeMeo, and Vladimir Reznikov. Casso also admitted to several attempts to murder Gambino family boss John Gotti.
Following his arrest in 1993, Casso became one of the highest-ranking members of the Mafia to turn informant. After taking a plea agreement, he was placed in the witness protection program, however, in 1998, it was rescinded and Casso was dropped from the program after several infractions. Later that year, a federal judge sentenced him to 455 years in prison for racketeering, extortion, and murder.
Casso died in prison custody from complications related to COVID-19 on December 15, 2020.
Early life
Casso was born on May 21, 1942, in South Brooklyn, in New York City, the youngest of the three children to Michael and Margaret Casso (née Cucceullo). Casso's grandparents had immigrated to the United States from Campania, Italy in the 1890s. His godfather was Salvatore Callinbrano, a made man and caporegime in the Genovese crime family, which maintained a powerful influence on the Brooklyn docks. Casso dropped out of school at 16 and got a job with his father as a longshoreman. In his youth, he became a crack shot, firing pistols at targets on a rooftop which he and his friends used as a shooting range. Casso also made money shooting predatory hawks for pigeon keepers.
Personal life
Casso married fellow South Brooklyn native Lillian Delduca on May 4, 1968. They had a daughter and son.
Prior to his marriage to Lillian, Casso had a serious relationship with fellow South Brooklyn native Rosemarie Billotti, whose parents hoped he would marry. Without Lillian's knowledge, for decades after their wedding, Casso secretly kept Billotti as his mistress and set her up in a house in Mount Olive, New Jersey.
During his marriage, Casso also committed many other infidelities. In an interview with biographer Philip Carlo, Casso recalled, Most all men in my life, everyone I know, had girlfriends. It goes with the territory. Women are drawn to us, the power, the money, and we're drawn to them. But only in passing. Some guys treated their mistresses better than their wife, but that's a fuckin' outrage. No class. Only a cafone does that. I never loved any woman but Lillian. She and my family always came first.
In reality, following his arrest inside the house in Mount Olive by the FBI in 1993, Lillian Casso, "was incensed, and felt betrayed - violated - used", when she learned that her husband had secretly continued his relationship with Rosemarie Billotti. Even though she eventually agreed to visit her husband in Federal prison, for the rest of her life, Lillian Casso, according to Philip Carlo, "could not understand how Anthony could be so deceitful, duplicitous, - such a two faced pig."
Lucchese crime family
Early criminal career
Casso was a violent youth, and member of the infamous 1950s gang, the South Brooklyn Boys. In 1958, he was arrested after a "rumble" against Irish-American gangsters. Casso later told Carlo that his father visited him at the police station and tried in vain to scare his son straight. He soon caught the eye of Christopher "Christie Tick" Furnari, the capo of the "19th Hole Crew" in the Lucchese family. Casso started his career in the Mafia as a loan shark. As a protégé of Furnari, he was also involved in gambling and drug dealing. He was arrested for attempted murder in 1961, but was acquitted when the alleged victim refused to identify him.
19th Hole Crew
In 1974, at age 32, he became a made man, or full member, of the Lucchese family. Casso was assigned to Vincent Foceri's crew that operated from 116th Street in Manhattan and from Fourteenth Avenue in Brooklyn. Shortly after becoming made, Casso became close to another rising star in the family, Victor Amuso, and began a partnership that would last for two decades. They committed scores of crimes, including drug trafficking, burglary and the murders of informants.
Casso later began reporting to Christopher Furnari, alias "Christie Tick", the caporegime of "the 19th Hole Crew".
Within Furnari's "19th Hole Crew" both Casso and Amuso led a burglary ring known as "The Bypass Gang", which included expert locksmiths, safe crackers, and experts in security alarm systems. The Bypass Gang is still suspected of committing burglaries in banks and jewelry stores throughout New York City and Long Island. Authorities estimated the Bypass gang stole more than $100 million from safety deposit boxes and vaults during the 1970s and 1980s.
When Furnari was promoted to the Lucchese family's consigliere, he asked Casso to take over the 19th Hole Crew. However, Casso declined, suggesting that Amuso be promoted instead. Casso remained Amuso's aide.
In December 1985, Casso was approached by caporegime Frank DeCicco regarding a planned coup in the Gambino crime family. Gambino captain John Gotti, whose crew had worked with Casso in multiple drug deals, and other captains, were planning to kill crime boss, Paul Castellano. Gotti and DeCicco were looking for support among the other Four Families affected by the Mafia Commission Trial. According to Sammy Gravano, another of Gotti's co-conspirators, DeCicco returned from the meeting saying that Casso had offered the conspirators his unconditional support. According to Casso, DeCicco alleged during their meeting that Castellano's carelessness in allowing his own house to be bugged was reason enough to kill him. Casso later told Carlo, however, that he tried to talk DeCicco out of killing a boss without first asking for The Commission's permission. Otherwise, he said, killing Castellano would be a cardinal violation of the rules and all the participants would have to be murdered by the other Four Families. Castellano's murder went ahead anyway on December 16, 1985. Casso would later denounce Gotti's actions to Carlo as "the beginning of the end of our thing."
As Casso had warned, Lucchese boss Anthony Corallo and Genovese boss Vincent Gigante decided to kill Gotti, DeCicco, and every other conspirator in Castellano's murder. Amuso and Casso were chosen to handle the assassinations, and were instructed to use a car bomb to try and shift suspicion to Sicilian mobsters, or Zips, related to Castellano. While New York City mafiosi had long been (officially) banned from using bombs due to the risk of collateral damage, Sicilian mafiosi and members of the Cleveland crime family were notorious for blowing up their targets. Amuso and Casso made one attempt on the lives of Gotti and DeCicco, planting a bomb in DeCicco's car when the two were scheduled to visit a social club on April 13, 1986. Gotti cancelled at the last minute, however, and the bomb instead only killed DeCicco and injured a passenger they had mistaken for Gotti.
Taking over the family with Amuso
In November 1986, Lucchese family boss Anthony Corallo sensed that the Commission Trial would result in a guilty verdict that would ensure the entire Lucchese leadership would die in prison. Corallo wanting to maintain the family's half-century tradition of a seamless transfer of power called both Casso and Amuso to Furnari's Staten Island home. Casso turned down the promotion to boss and instead suggested that Amuso become the new boss. Amuso formally took over the family in 1987 and Casso succeeded Furnari as consigliere. Casso later took over as Underboss in 1989 after Mariano Macaluso retired.
While at the top of the Lucchese family, Amuso and Casso shared huge profits from their family's illegal activities. These profits included: $15,000 to $20,000 a month from extorting Long Island carting companies; $75,000 a month in kickbacks from eight air freight carriers that guaranteed them labor peace and no union benefits for their workers; $20,000 a week in profits from illegal video game machines; and $245,000 annually from a major concrete supplier. Amuso and Casso also split more than $200,000 per year from the Garment District rackets, as well as a cut of all the crimes committed by the family's soldiers.
In one instance, Casso and Amuso split $800,000 from the Colombo family for Casso's aid in helping them rob steel from a construction site at the West Side Highway in Manhattan. In another instance, the two bosses received $600,000 from the Gambino family for allowing it to take over a Lucchese-protected contractor for a housing complex project on Coney Island. Casso also controlled Greek-American crime boss George Kalikatas, who gave Casso $683,000 protection money in 1990 alone to operate a loan sharking, extortion, and illegal gambling organization in Astoria, Queens.
Eastern European connections
Casso had a close alliance with Russian boss Marat Balagula, who operated a multibillion-dollar gasoline bootlegging scam in Brighton Beach. Balagula, a Soviet Jewish refugee from Odessa, had arrived in the US under the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. After Colombo capo Michael Franzese began shaking down his crew, Balagula approached Christopher Furnari, consigliere for the Lucchese crime family, and asked for a sit-down at the 19th Hole Crew's social club in Brooklyn. According to Casso, Furnari declared,
Here there's enough for everybody to be happy...to leave the table satisfied. What we must avoid is trouble between us and the other families. I propose to make a deal with the others so there's no bad blood...Meanwhile, we will send word out that from now on you and your people are with the Lucchese family. No one will bother you. If anyone does bother you, come to us and Anthony will take care of it.
Street tax from Balagula's organization was not only strategically shared, but also became the Five Families' biggest moneymaker after drug trafficking. According to Carlo,
It didn't take long for word on the street to reach the Russian underworld: Marat Balagula was paying off the Italians; Balagula was a punk; Balagula had no balls. Balagula's days were numbered. This, of course, was the beginning of serious trouble. Balagula did in fact have balls—he was a ruthless killer when necessary—but he also was a smart diplomatic administrator and he knew that the combined, concerted force of the Italian crime families would quickly wipe the newly arrived Russian competition off the proverbial map.
Shortly afterward, Balagula's rival, a fellow Russian immigrant named Vladimir Reznikov, drove up to the former's office building in the Midwood section of Brooklyn. Sitting in his car, Reznikov opened fire on the building with an AK-47. One of Balagula's close associates was killed and several secretaries were wounded. Then, on June 12, 1986, Reznikov entered the Rasputin nightclub in Brighton Beach and placed a 9mm Beretta against Balagula's head, demanding $600,000 in exchange for not pulling the trigger. He also demanded a percentage of everything Balagula was involved in. After Balagula promised to get the money, Reznikov threatened him and his family.
Shortly after Reznikov left, Balagula suffered a massive heart attack. He insisted on being treated at his home in Brighton Beach, where he felt it would be harder for Reznikov to kill him. When Casso arrived, he listened to Balagula's story and seethed with fury. Casso later told Carlo that, to his mind, Reznikov had just spat in the face of the entire Cosa Nostra. Casso told Balagula, "Send word to Vladimir that you have his money, that he should come to the club tomorrow. We'll take care of the rest." Balagula responded, "You're sure? This is an animal. It was him that used a machine gun in the office." Casso responded, "Don't concern yourself. I promise we'll take care of him...Okay?" Casso then requested a photograph of Reznikov and a description of his car.
Following the meeting, Casso and Amuso received Furnari's permission to have Reznikov killed. The following day, Reznikov returned to the nightclub, expecting to pick up his money. Upon realizing that Balagula wasn't there, Reznikov launched into a barrage of profanity and stormed back to the parking lot. There, DeMeo crew veteran Joseph Testa walked up behind Reznikov and shot him dead. Testa then jumped into a car driven by Anthony Senter and left Brighton Beach. According to Casso, "After that, Marat didn't have any problems with other Russians."
Cementing power
In 1988, Caporegime Paul Vario died in Federal Prison, and Amuso promoted Alphonse D'Arco to capo of The Vario Crew. In 1990, Amuso selected D'Arco to organize a "Lucchese construction panel". A committee of Lucchese family members, the panel would oversee the Lucchese-controlled unions and construction companies and co-ordinate joint business ventures with the other Five Families of the New York City Cosa Nostra.
Many years later, D'Arco explained his role under Amuso and Casso's leadership of the Lucchese family, "When a job needed to be done, whenever they needed to do something unpleasant to someone, I was the prick chosen by them."
For example, in the infamous "whack Jersey order", Amuso and Casso ordered Al D'Arco and the Vario Crew to murder the Lucchese family's entire Jersey Crew, after caporegime Anthony Accetturo refused a direct order to increase the family's share of their profits. Acceturo was particularly enraged that Casso and Amuso also had ordered the assassination of his wife. Casso alleged during interviews with Philip Carlo that Accetturo had involved his wife in the running of the Jersey Crew and that therefore Accetturo alone was responsible for the contract put on her. Accetturo, however, considered the contract on his wife a violation of the American Mafia's longstanding rule against killing mobsters' relatives who are not involved in the life and he chose accordingly to break his blood oath and cooperate with the Feds.
Fugitive
In January 1991, Casso received an early warning, from a secret law enforcement source he referred to as his, "crystal ball", about an upcoming federal indictment. Shortly before he and Amuso both went into hiding, Casso summoned Alphonse D'Arco, the caporegime of The Vario Crew, to a meeting at the Rodman gun at John Paul Jones Park, in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. Casso gave D'Arco a list of phone booth numbers and secret addresses and informed D'Arco that he was in charge of the Lucchese crime family until further notice.
D'Arco would meet with Casso and Amuso twice in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and several times at safe houses in Brooklyn.
In early 1991, Amuso and Casso ordered the murder of made man and caporegime Peter Chiodo, a fellow Windows Case defendant who had pleaded guilty without asking their permission. Casso assigned the murder to acting boss Alphonse 'Little Al' D'Arco. The order shocked D'Arco, who knew that Chiodo had been a close friend and confidant of Casso for years.
On May 8, 1991, two Lucchese shooters ambushed Chiodo while he was working on a car at a gas station in Staten Island. Chiodo received 12 bullet wounds in the arms, legs, and torso, but survived the attack. Doctors credited Chiodo's obesity with saving his life, as none of the slugs penetrated a vital organ or artery. However, he sustained several abdominal wounds and permanent damage to his right arm.
Following the unsuccessful assassination attempt, Casso delivered a blunt threat through Chiodo's lawyer that, if Chiodo testified, his wife would be murdered. Despite being common practice in the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Casso's threat was a violation of a longstanding American Mafia rule against killing mobsters' relatives who are not involved in, "The Life". While Chiodo had angrily refused every previous offer to flip, Casso's threat to kill his wife was the last straw. He broke his blood oath and become a government witness, by his own account, to protect his family.
Meanwhile, Alphonse D'Arco knew that Amuso and Casso blamed him for having failed to murder Peter Chiodo and grew certain that they were planning to kill him. In July 1991, in a Staten Island meeting, Amuso and Casso replaced D'Arco as acting boss with a four-man panel of capos. While D'Arco was named to this panel, he remained certain that Amuso and Casso no longer trusted him.
On July 29, 1991, due to a tipoff from an unidentified Lucchese insider, Amuso was arrested and Casso was secured the de facto boss of the family. It has been speculated that Casso himself was the source for the leak, as only a few people were privy to Amuso's location. This theory is contradicted, however, by Carlo, who states that Casso was not only determined to find out who betrayed Amuso and kill them, but that Casso also immediately sent the $250,000 that was due to Amuso to his wife in a shoe box. Casso, according to Carlo, had no desire to be boss of the Lucchese family and attempted to arrange for Amuso's escape from federal custody after his arrest. To the disappointment of Casso and the Lucchese capos, Amuso refused to leave prison out of fear for his life. As a result, the Lucchese capos asked Casso to take over as acting boss. Casso reluctantly accepted.
By September 21, 1991, Alphonse D'Arco was certain that Amuso and Casso had marked him and his family for death. That afternoon, D'Arco telephoned the suburban Connecticut home of FBI Agent Robert Marston. D'Arco explained that his life was in danger and that the Lucchese family had started killing the entire families of suspected informers, which had never previously been allowed. After some hesitation, D'Arco finally told Agent Marston that he and his family were in hiding at his mother's house in Long Island. Later that night, D'Arco and his family entered WITSEC.
The defections of both D'Arco and Chiodo opened the door for new murder indictments against Amuso and Casso.
In a further violation of the Mafia's code, Chiodo's extended family in Brooklyn soon suffered retaliation from Amuso and Casso. On March 10, 1992, Vario Crew enforcer Michael Spinelli shot Chiodo's sister, Patricia Capozallo, while she was driving in Bensonhurst. Capozallo sustained bullet wounds in the arm, back and neck but survived.
Also in 1993, Casso ordered George Zappola, Frank "Bones" Papagni, and Lucchese consigliere Frank Lastorino, to murder the Lucchese family's Bronx capo, Steven Crea.
Meanwhile, investigators from the Brooklyn District Attorney's office were using new technology to trace the location of cell phones. Frank Lastorino, they found, was regularly calling a cell phone near Budd Lake, New Jersey. The DA's Office informed FBI Agent Richard Rudolph, who arranged for a Federal warrant allowing Lastorino's phone to be tapped. As FBI Agents listened in, they recognized Casso's voice. On January 19, 1993, Casso was arrested while coming out of the shower at the house he shared with his mistress, Rosemarie Billotti, in Mount Olive, New Jersey.
As FBI Agents searched the house, they found a rifle, $340,000 in cash, a stack of FBI reports that had been provided to Amuso's defense attorneys, and meticulous paperwork about the inner workings of the Lucchese family.
The paperwork included monthly tabulations of how much money Casso and Amuso had received from each of their criminal operations. Casso had also written down a detailed list of the Christmas tribute money he and Amuso had received from each Lucchese crew. There was also a neatly typed list of proposed made men, which was disguised as a list of wedding guests.
Incarcerated boss
Casso was held at New York's Metropolitan Correctional Center pending trial. Facing charges that would have all but assured he would die in prison, he continued ordering hits outside, but also began making escape plans. One plan almost succeeded when a bribed guard cleared him through security; Casso nearly walked out of jail, but was spotted by another guard and thwarted at the last minute. Afterwards, Casso began making plans for Lucchese members to find out what prison buses would be transporting him and arrange an ambush, as well as assassinating the presiding judge, Eugene Nickerson, to buy himself more time.
On February 2, 1993, the body of Frank Signorino, Peter Chiodo's uncle, was found frozen solid in the trunk of a car in East New York. Signorino had been slain by multiple gunshot wounds to the head, which was wrapped in a black plastic bag.
On February 12, 1993, the Lucchese family burned down the garage of Annette Signorino, Peter Chiodo's 95-year-old grandmother, in Gravesend, Brooklyn. Chiodo later told the FBI, that he, "couldn't believe someone would try to harm an old woman."
However, Casso's power came undone when Amuso not only stripped Casso of his title of underboss, but declared that all Lucchese mafiosi should consider him a pariah—in effect, banishing Casso from the family. Amuso had long been suspicious of Casso's failure to use his law enforcement contacts to find out who had betrayed him, and finally concluded Casso did it himself to take control of the family.
The two lead prosecutors on the case, Charles Rose and Gregory O'Connell, later told Jerry Capeci that they had hoped to use Sammy Gravano as a witness against Casso. Gravano, however, refused, as he reportedly feared that Casso would start killing members of his extended family.
Alphonse D'Arco, however, was reportedly very eager to testify against his former friend. According to FBI Agent Lucien Gandolfo, "He thought he was standing for what was right, but also for the old values that had been abandoned by the mob."
Informant
Facing the prospect of a trial at which D'Arco, Acceturo, and Chiodo were due to be star witnesses against him, as well as spending the rest of his life in prison, Casso reached out to FBI Agent Richard Rudolph and offered to turn informant. Casso was immediately moved to the Federal Prison at La Tuna, near El Paso, Texas and housed in the famous "Valachi Suite" as he debriefed.
At the beginning of the first session, Casso joked, "Every time I stepped out of the house I committed a crime. You expect me to remember all of them?" The agents urged Casso to start by revealing his "crystal ball."
In response, Casso disclosed that decorated NYPD Detectives Stephen Caracappa and Louis Eppolito had been on his payroll and had committed eight murders under his orders. Casso further explained that Detectives Carracappa and Eppolito, who had also served on the Federal Organized Crime Strike Force, had also leaked the names of both Police and FBI informants, which had resulted in many other murders.
Federal Prosecutors Charles Rose and Gregory O'Connell flew from New York City to Texas as the debriefing continued. Casso named scores of other mobsters he had conspired with, including Genovese boss Vincent Gigante. Casso also confessed to having sent hitmen to Federal Prosecutor Charles Rose's home with the intention of having him murdered. Casso also admitted to having plotted the assassination of Federal Judge Nickerson in order to delay his own trial.
Casso initially confessed to twelve murders, but when pressed for details, he admitted to a further twenty-four. At the same time, though, Casso was found to have lied about how much money he possessed. He also denied all involvement in the murder of Peter Chiodo's uncle or in the arson at the home of Chiodo's elderly grandmother. Increasingly sceptical, the FBI Agents made Casso take a lie detector test, which he failed.
Gregory O'Connell later told Jerry Capeci that the decision not to use Casso as a witness was made in the Valachi Suite, while Casso, "with apparent delight", gleefully laughed as he described how he buried alive a young drug smuggling associate in the Florida Everglades.
As Casso spoke, Federal Prosecutors O'Connell and Rose, "read each other's thoughts. The story would probably not go over well with a jury." Both prosecutors flew back to New York City convinced that Casso's knowledge of Mafia secrets did not matter. O'Connell later told Capeci, "It gets to a point where somebody is just too evil to put on the stand."
Casso finalized a plea agreement at a hearing on March 1, 1994, where he pleaded guilty to 70 crimes, including racketeering, extortion and 15 murders. The two lead prosecutors on the case, Charles Rose and Gregory O'Connell, later said they'd feared Casso could be acquitted at trial, since they did not have any taped conversations as evidence. However, with Casso's guilty plea, O'Connell said they had Casso "tied up six ways to Sunday." While remaining in prison, Casso was placed in the witness protection program.
According to Carlo, when Casso revealed that he also had an FBI Agent on the payroll, prosecutors ordered him to keep quiet. Casso alleges that he further enraged the US government by accusing Gambino turncoat Sammy Gravano, who had denied ever having dealt in drugs, of buying large amounts of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana from Casso over two decades. However, Casso was vindicated to some extent when Gravano pleaded guilty in 2000 to operating a massive narcotics ring, which included selling ecstasy to adolescents. He was the second confessed underboss of a New York crime family to break his blood oath and turn informer, after Gambino underboss Gravano.
In 1998, Casso was removed from the witness protection program after prosecutors alleged numerous infractions, in 1997, including bribing guards, assaulting other inmates and making "false statements" about Gravano and D'Arco. Casso's attorney tried to get Judge Frederic Block to overrule federal prosecutors in July 1998, but Block refused to do so. Shortly afterward, Judge Block sentenced Casso to 455 years in prison without possibility of parole—the maximum sentence permitted under sentencing guidelines. Casso later told The New York Times organized-crime reporter Selwyn Raab that, before turning informer, he was seriously considering a deal that would have allowed him the possibility of parole after 22 years. "I help them and I get life without parole," he said. "This is really a fuckin' joke". Casso lost two subsequent appeals to get his sentence reduced.
In a 2006 letter to Carlo, Casso declared, I am truly regretful for my decision to cooperate with the Government. It was against all my beliefs and upbringing. I know for certain, had my father been alive, I would never have done so. I have disgraced my family heritage, lost the respect of my children and close friends, and most probably added to the sudden death of my wife and confidant for more than 35 years. I wish the clock could be turned back only to bring her back. I have never in my life informed on anyone. I have always hated rats and as strange as it may sound I still do. I surely hate myself, day after day. It would have definitely been different if the Government had honest witnesses from inception. I would have had a second chance to start a new life, and my wife Lillian would still be alive. It seems that the only people the Government awards freedom to are the ones who give prejudiced testimony to win convictions. "The truth will set you free", means nothing in the Federal courts. Even at this point in my life, I consider myself to be a better man than most of the people on the streets these days.
Incarceration and death
Casso began serving his sentence at the supermax prison ADX Florence in Florence, Colorado. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Casso was transferred to the Federal Medical Center (FMC) at the Federal Correctional Complex in Butner, North Carolina, for the treatment of prostate cancer in March 2009. He was returned to ADX Florence in July 2009. By 2013, Casso had been transferred to the Federal Residential Reentry Management Office in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This is not a prison facility, but rather an administrative designation for inmates assigned to home confinement, "halfway houses", or state and county correctional facilities. As of May 2018, he had been transferred to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, an administrative security/medical prison in Springfield, Missouri. He was later transferred to USP Terre Haute. From March 25, 2020, he was serving his sentence at USP Tucson, a high security prison in Arizona. In his later years, Casso had developed complications related to prostate cancer, coronary artery disease, kidney disease, hypertension, bladder disease and lung issues from years of smoking.
On November 5, 2020, Casso tested positive for COVID-19, amid its pandemic in Arizona, while incarcerated; he was placed in medical isolation USP Tucson. On November 9, he was transported to a local hospital due to respiratory distress, and on November 17, 2020, was put on a ventilator. His lawyers requested compassionate release, but that motion was rejected on November 28. Casso died from complications related to COVID-19 on December 15, 2020, at the age of 78.
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
Anthony Casso – Biography.com
The Lucchese Family – TruTV Crime Library
Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator: Anthony Casso (Life)
1942 births
2020 deaths
American drug traffickers
American Mafia cooperating witnesses
American gangsters of Italian descent
People of Campanian descent
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
Consiglieri
Criminals from Brooklyn
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
Fugitives
Inmates of ADX Florence
Lucchese crime family
Gangsters sentenced to life imprisonment
Organized crime memoirists
People convicted of racketeering
People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Prisoners who died from COVID-19 |
20464860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV%20Brand%20New%20%28Italian%20TV%20channel%29 | MTV Brand New (Italian TV channel) | MTV Brand New was an Italian television channel which played mainly indie music videos with many music-related themed zones and some productions from MTV USA like Beavis and Butt-Head, subtitled in Italian.
It was broadcast only on SKY Italia channel 706 (available also on Italian IPTV services).
The channel was replaced by MTV Rocks on 10 January 2011.
References
External links
Official site
MTV channels
Telecom Italia Media
Music television channels
Defunct television channels in Italy
Television channels and stations established in 2003
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2011
2003 establishments in Italy
2011 disestablishments in Italy
Italian-language television stations
Music organisations based in Italy |
20464880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Hindmarsh | Robert Hindmarsh | Robert Hindmarsh (1759–1835) was an English printer and one of the original founders of Swedenborgianism.
Life
He was born at Alnwick, Northumberland, on 8 November 1759. His father, James Hindmarsh, was one of John Wesley's preachers, and was in 1777 under training by Wesley in London; Robert, however, was never a Methodist. At 14 he got an apprenticeship as a printer in London, and he later opened his own print shop, setting up for himself at 32 Clerkenwell Close.
About 1781 he met with one of Anthoinette Bourignon's works, and afterwards with those of ; a Methodist preacher complained of his lending about works of this class. He first discovered Emanuel Swedenborg's theology when he read Heaven and Hell and Intercourse between the Soul and the Body in 1782. He was instantly converted.
In December 1783 he formed a society (originally consisting of five members) for the purpose of studying Swedenborg's works. Hindmarsh found first three other readers of Swedenborg: Peter Prow, William Bonington, and John August Tulk. They organized a public meeting of readers of Swedenborg with an advertisement in the newspaper. The meeting took place on 5 December 1783 at the "London Coffee House" on Ludgate Hill. They were joined by one other member, William Spence. They met again on 12 December and were joined by Henry Pickitt and James Glen. A group of readers of Swedenborg slowly grew.
In January 1784 they formed "The Theosophical Society", for translating, printing and distributing the writings of Swedenborg. Rooms were taken for the society in New Court, Middle Temple. Among the members were John Flaxman, William Sharp, two clergymen, and Hindmarsh's father, who left Methodism in 1785. Hindmarsh printed for this society Swedenborg's Apocalypsis Explicata (1785–1789), and in 1786 he issued his own abridgment of Bourignon's Light of the World. A proposal made on 19 April 1787 to open a place of worship was defeated by John Clowes, who came from Manchester to oppose it. However, on 31 July sixteen worshippers met at the house of Thomas Wright, a watchmaker, in the Poultry. James Hindmarsh, his father, was chosen by lot to administer the sacraments; ten communicated, and five, including Robert Hindmarsh, were baptised into the ‘new church’.
On 27 January 1788 a chapel in Great Eastcheap (bearing over its entrance the words ‘Now it is allowable’) was opened with a sermon by Hindmarsh's father. On 1 June two priests, the elder Hindmarsh and Samuel Smith, another ex-Methodist preacher, were ordained by twelve members, of whom Robert Hindmarsh was one selected by lot. In 1789 Hindmarsh was expelled (with five others) on the ground of lax views of the conjugial relation, perhaps only theoretical. He therefore vowed never again to be a member of any society; but he became sole tenant of the premises in Eastcheap, the majority seceding to Store Street, Tottenham Court Road.
Hindmarsh fell into controversy with Joseph Priestley, to whom he had lent (1791) Swedenborg's works, and attended annual conferences of believers in Swedenborg's doctrine, advocating in 1792 the autocracy of the priesthood. Hindmarsh held a conference (of seven members) in 1793, at which a hierarchy of three orders was agreed on, and Great Britain parcelled into twenty-four dioceses; but for want of funds the Eastcheap chapel was closed within the year. A few years later he got his friends to build a ‘temple’ in Cross Street, Hatton Garden. It was opened on 30 July 1797 by Joseph Proud, who had moved from Birmingham. Proud left in 1799 owing to disputes with the proprietors, and the chapel subsequently became the scene of Edward Irving's labours.
Meanwhile, Hindmarsh tried stockbroking, with only temporary success. In 1811 William Cowherd invited him to Salford to superintend a printing office for cheap editions of Swedenborg's works. He soon broke with Cowherd, but some of the hearers of Clowes and of Cowherd persuaded him to stay. He preached in Clarence Street, Manchester, from 7 July 1811, holding on Thursdays in 1812 a debating society, which he called the ‘new school of theology.’ His friends built for him (1813) a ‘New Jerusalem temple’ in Salford.
He was the founder of The New Magazine of Knowledge and the head of the Society for Promoting the Heavenly Doctrines of the New Jerusalem. At the conference held in Derby, 1818, over which Hindmarsh presided, it was resolved that he had been ‘virtually ordained by the divine auspices.’ Hindmarsh preached at Salford till 1824. After his retirement he wrote a history, from 1824 to 1834 working on the manuscript for Rise and Progress of the New Jerusalem Church in England, America and Other Parts. He passed the work on to others (including the Rev. Edward Madeley) to edit and complete. It was published in London in 1861.
He died on 2 January 1835 in his daughter's house at Gravesend, and was buried at Milton-next-Gravesend. He married on 7 May 1782, and had five children; his wife died on 2 March 1833.
References
Odhner, Carl Theophilus, Robert Hindmarsh: A Biography, Academy Book Room 1821 Wallace Street, Philadelphia, 1895.
External links
Attribution
British printers
English Swedenborgians
1759 births
1835 deaths
People from Alnwick
Burials in Kent |
6899903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Wooden%20Lady | The Secret of the Wooden Lady | The Secret of the Wooden Lady is the twenty-seventh volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1950 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Margaret Scherf.
Adventure abounds on the Bonny Scot in Boston Harbor as Nancy Drew helps Captain Easterly uncover the mystery of his ghostly visitors. From the moment the clever young detective and her friends, Bess and George, take up residence on the old clipper ship they are confronted with fire, theft, and other dangerous situations. Nancy faces an additional challenge: to find a clue to the clipper’s missing figurehead. If she is successful, it will help her lawyer father to trace the history of the Bonny Scot and establish a clear title to the ship for Captain Easterly. But strangely there are no records of the Bonny Scot’s past. Why? And why has the prime suspect in the recent robbery at Bess Marvin’s home followed the three girls to Boston?
References
External links
Nancy Drew books
1950 American novels
1950 children's books
Novels set in Boston
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
6899907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%20construction | Paley construction | In mathematics, the Paley construction is a method for constructing Hadamard matrices using finite fields. The construction was described in 1933 by the English mathematician Raymond Paley.
The Paley construction uses quadratic residues in a finite field GF(q) where q is a power of an odd prime number. There are two versions of the construction depending on whether q is congruent to 1 or 3 (mod 4).
Quadratic character and Jacobsthal matrix
Let q be a power of an odd prime. In the finite field GF(q) the quadratic character χ(a) indicates whether the element a is zero, a non-zero perfect square, or a non-square:
For example, in GF(7) the non-zero squares are 1 = 12 = 62, 4 = 22 = 52, and 2 = 32 = 42. Hence χ(0) = 0, χ(1) = χ(2) = χ(4) = 1, and χ(3) = χ(5) = χ(6) = −1.
The Jacobsthal matrix Q for GF(q) is the q×q matrix with rows and columns indexed by finite field elements such that the entry in row a and column b is χ(a − b). For example, in GF(7), if the rows and columns of the Jacobsthal matrix are indexed by the field elements 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, then
The Jacobsthal matrix has the properties Q QT = q I − J and Q J = J Q = 0 where I is the q×q identity matrix and J is the q×q all 1 matrix. If q is congruent to 1 (mod 4) then −1 is a square in GF(q)
which implies that Q is a symmetric matrix. If q is congruent to 3 (mod 4) then −1 is not a square, and Q is a
skew-symmetric matrix. When q is a prime number and rows and columns are indexed by field elements in the usual 0, 1, 2, … order, Q is a circulant matrix. That is, each row is obtained from the row above by cyclic permutation.
Paley construction I
If q is congruent to 3 (mod 4) then
is a Hadamard matrix of size q + 1. Here j is the all-1 column vector of length q and I is the (q+1)×(q+1) identity matrix. The matrix H is a skew Hadamard matrix, which means it satisfies H+HT = 2I.
Paley construction II
If q is congruent to 1 (mod 4) then the matrix obtained by replacing all 0 entries in
with the matrix
and all entries ±1 with the matrix
is a Hadamard matrix of size 2(q + 1). It is a symmetric Hadamard matrix.
Examples
Applying Paley Construction I to the Jacobsthal matrix for GF(7), one produces the 8×8 Hadamard matrix,
11111111
-1--1-11
-11--1-1
-111--1-
--111--1
-1-111--
--1-111-
---1-111.
For an example of the Paley II construction when q is a prime power rather than a prime number, consider GF(9). This is an extension field of GF(3) obtained
by adjoining a root of an irreducible quadratic. Different irreducible quadratics produce equivalent fields. Choosing x2+x−1 and letting a be a root of this polynomial, the nine elements of GF(9) may be written 0, 1, −1, a, a+1, a−1, −a, −a+1, −a−1. The non-zero squares are 1 = (±1)2, −a+1 = (±a)2, a−1 = (±(a+1))2, and −1 = (±(a−1))2. The Jacobsthal matrix is
It is a symmetric matrix consisting of nine 3×3 circulant blocks. Paley Construction II produces the symmetric 20×20 Hadamard matrix,
1- 111111 111111 111111
-- 1-1-1- 1-1-1- 1-1-1-
11 1-1111 ----11 --11--
1- --1-1- -1-11- -11--1
11 111-11 11---- ----11
1- 1---1- 1--1-1 -1-11-
11 11111- --11-- 11----
1- 1-1--- -11--1 1--1-1
11 --11-- 1-1111 ----11
1- -11--1 --1-1- -1-11-
11 ----11 111-11 11----
1- -1-11- 1---1- 1--1-1
11 11---- 11111- --11--
1- 1--1-1 1-1--- -11--1
11 ----11 --11-- 1-1111
1- -1-11- -11--1 --1-1-
11 11---- ----11 111-11
1- 1--1-1 -1-11- 1---1-
11 --11-- 11---- 11111-
1- -11--1 1--1-1 1-1---.
The Hadamard conjecture
The size of a Hadamard matrix must be 1, 2, or a multiple of 4. The Kronecker product of two Hadamard matrices of sizes m and n is an Hadamard matrix of size mn. By forming Kronecker products of matrices from the Paley construction and the 2×2 matrix,
Hadamard matrices of every allowed size up to 100 except for 92 are produced. In his 1933 paper, Paley says “It seems probable that, whenever m is divisible by 4, it is possible to construct an orthogonal matrix of order m composed of ±1, but the general theorem has every appearance of difficulty.” This appears to be the first published statement of the Hadamard conjecture. A matrix of size 92 was eventually constructed by Baumert, Golomb, and Hall, using a construction due to Williamson combined with a computer search. Currently, Hadamard matrices have been shown to exist for all for m < 668.
See also
Paley biplane
Paley graph
References
Matrices |
20464890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Mozambican%20general%20election | 2009 Mozambican general election | General elections to elect the president, Assembly of the Republic, and Provincial Assemblies was held in Mozambique on 28 October 2009. Incumbent President Armando Guebuza ran for re-election as the FRELIMO candidate; he was challenged by opposition leader Afonso Dhlakama, who had stood as the RENAMO candidate in every presidential election since 1994. Also standing were Daviz Simango, the Mayor of Beira, who was a RENAMO member before founding his own party, the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM), earlier in 2009.
Campaign
Campaigning for the election began on 13 September 2009. There were 17 parties and two coalitions competing in the parliamentary election. Provincial assemblies were also at stake in the election. Citing problems in the papers submitted by the MDM when it filed to run, the National Elections Commission barred it from contesting the parliamentary election in nine out of 13 regions. Simango, who insisted there were no problems with the papers, was allowed to stand as a presidential candidate.
Prior to the election, Guebuza was heavily favored to win another term, and RENAMO, mired in a bitter feud with Simango and the MDM, was thought to have been seriously weakened since the previous election, held in 2004. On 14 October 2009, 20 minor parties backed Simango's candidacy. The Independent Party of Mozambique (PIMO), another minor party, chose to support Guebuza.
On the last day of campaigning, 25 October, each of the three main candidates held major rallies. At FRELIMO's rally in Nampula, Guebuza stressed a commitment to fighting poverty and working for "national unity, peace and development". Dhlakama concluded his campaign with rallies in Maputo, and he criticized the predominant role of FRELIMO in society: "Everything is mixed together today in Mozambique. The party, the police, schools, roads, journalists—everything has to be through FRELIMO. This has to stop." Simango, meanwhile, held his last rally in Beira, declaring that it was time to "end the games, end the abuses"; he pointed to the problems of unemployment and lack of medicine in hospitals when urging his supporters to turn out for the vote.
Voting at central Maputo's Polana secondary school on election day, Dklahama said that if he lost the election he would not run for president again. He also called for a high turnout, while stressing the importance of respecting the results and avoiding a post-election dispute.
Results
According to provisional results announced on 2 November, incumbent president Guebuza won a landslide victory with about 75% of the vote. Turnout was estimated at about 42%. SADC observers said the election result was "a true reflection of the will of the people of Mozambique". Opposition party RENAMO was less content with the electoral conduct, demanding that the election be annulled. According to RENAMO spokesperson Ivone Soares, FRELIMO supporters stuffed ballot boxes with multiple votes and were assisted in doing so by the electoral commission, which provided them with additional ballot papers. A FRELIMO spokesperson, Edson Macuacua, dismissed the allegations, asserting that the election was free and fair and characterizing RENAMO as "lost and desperate".
On 11 November, the National Elections Commission officially announced that Guebuza had won the election with 75% of the vote; Dhlakama and Simango trailed with 16.5% and 8.6% respectively. Results for the parliamentary election were also announced, showing that FRELIMO had won 191 seats, followed by RENAMO with 51 seats and eight for the MDM. The Constitutional Council confirmed the results on 28 December. Continuing to allege fraud, Dhlakama said that RENAMO would boycott the opening of parliament.
After the newly elected deputies were sworn in, they elected Veronica Macamo, a FRELIMO Deputy, as president of the Assembly of the Republic in January 2010. Macamo was the only candidate for the position.
President
Assembly
Provincial elections
References
Presidential elections in Mozambique
Elections in Mozambique
Mozambique
2009 in Mozambique
October 2009 events in Africa |
6899918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Yearly%20Meeting%20of%20Friends | Central Yearly Meeting of Friends | Central Yearly Meeting of Friends is a yearly meeting of Friends churches located in Indiana, North Carolina, Arkansas and Ohio. Central Yearly Meeting of Friends is part of the Conservative Holiness Movement, and originated in the Gurneyite wing of the Orthodox branch of Quakerism. Meeting for worship is programmed and led by pastors. It is an independent yearly meeting of Quakers, not affiliated with any broader associations.
Central Yearly Meeting of Friends was founded in 1926 by several meetings in eastern Indiana which were concerned that other yearly meetings of the Religious Society of Friends were trending towards liberalism in theology and practice.
Central Friends is associated with Union Bible College. Missionary work is sponsored in Bolivia.
An annual camp meeting is held near Muncie, Indiana, every August.
Members of the Central Yearly Meeting of Friends practice the traditional Quaker teaching of plain dress, part of the Quaker testimony of simplicity.
See also
Conservative Friends
References
External links
Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (Archived Website)
Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (Archived Website)
Union Bible College & Academy (Website of Affiliated Seminary)
Christian organizations established in 1926
Quakerism in the United States
Quakerism in Indiana
Quakerism in Ohio
Christianity in Arkansas
Quakerism in North Carolina
Quaker yearly meetings
1926 establishments in Indiana
Annual events in Indiana
Holiness denominations
Evangelical denominations in North America |
6899927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleialf%20transmitter | Bleialf transmitter | Bleialf transmitter is a facility of the Deutsche Telekom AG on the Black Man mountain at Bleialf, Germany for FM- and TV-broadcasting. It uses as antenna tower a 224 metre tall guyed steel-tube mast.
References
External links
https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&z=18&ll=50.254722,6.359167&spn=0.001468,0.003616&om=1
Radio masts and towers in Germany
Communication towers in Germany |
6899929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20of%20the%20Black%20Keys | The Clue of the Black Keys | The Clue of the Black Keys is the twenty-eighth volume in the Nancy Drew mystery series. It was first published in 1951 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual authors were ghostwriters Wilhelmina Rankin and Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot summary
Professor Terence Scott travels to River Heights to consult with Carson Drew about the disappearance of another professor, Dr. Joshua Pitt. Mr. Drew recommends he discuss the matter with Nancy, as it seems to be more of a mystery than a legal matter. Terry Scott reveals that while on an archaeology expedition in Mexico, he, Dr. Pitt, and two other professors, Dr. Anderson and Dr. Graham, found a clue to an ancient treasure. They discovered three black keys made of obsidian and a stone tablet with a cipher engraved on it. The items and Dr. Pitt both disappeared the next morning. Only a broken half of one of the keys was left behind. Terry suspected foul play by a couple who had been working near the excavation site because they vanished at the same time.
While Nancy and Terry are at the airport, someone tries to steal the half-key from Terry's coat pocket. A Sergeant Malloy helps them identify the thief, Juarez Tino, but not until after he escapes on a plane to Florida.
Nancy asked her father's advice, and he suggests she talk to the other expedition members. Mr. Drew had drawn up Dr. Pitt's will and he confidentially tells her Terry is the sole heir, as elderly Dr. Pitt was unmarried. Out of caution, they want to be sure Terry is trustworthy. That night, a burglar breaks into the Drew home but is scared off. The black key, which Terry had entrusted to Nancy, remained safe in its hiding place.
Nancy and George meet with Dr. Graham, who clears away any suspicion by emphatically averring the integrity of the four expedition members, despite professional jealousies that might arise. Nancy learns that the evening of the attempted burglary at her home, Terry was knocked out in his hotel room and most of the documents from the Mexican expedition were stolen.
Ned Nickerson calls Nancy about attending a dance at Emerson College and asks if she could bring a fraternity brother of his who is scheduled to give a lecture at the college. Ned gives his name as Terence Scott and believes him to be about 60, when in fact he is only 25 and very handsome. Nancy thinks it's a good joke and doesn't reveal the truth to Ned. While en route to Emerson, Nancy and Terry stop for lunch and notice two men observing them intently. As they continue on their way, they round a bend and the car overturns when they hit a deep ditch. Someone had removed the warning signs from the road. After arriving at Emerson, Terry goes to the college president's home and Nancy asks Ned to ensure he is invited to the dance. Ned does so and is surprised when he meets Terry at the dance. Later Nancy learns that the morning of the accident, Bess and George had trailed a suspect named Wilfred Porterly and overheard a telephone conversation indicating plans to harm Nancy.
While at Emerson, Nancy takes a side trip and meets with Dr. Anderson, who tells her Juarez Tino came to see him a while back and offered to reveal the location of the cipher and Dr. Pitt for a price. Angry, Dr. Anderson threw him out of the office.
Nancy and Ned attend Terry's lecture on his Mexican expedition, which is very well-received by the Emerson students.
When Terry returns to River Heights, he is hired to translate an old diary as he is fluent in Spanish and Mexican dialects. The woman who hired him, Lillian Wangell, said the diary belonged to her sea captain grandfather. Due to its subject matter, Terry thinks the diary could yield clues to the ancient treasure connected with the cipher. Knowing of a past charge of fraud against Mrs. Wangell and her husband, Nancy consults a local genealogist who has records of many families in town. She confirms that neither of Mrs. Wangell's grandfathers followed the sea. Nancy urges Terry to be cautious and not to accept the invitation to stay at the Wangells' home. Mrs. Wangell had insisted the diary must remain at her home, so Terry uses a tiny camera Nancy lent him to photograph some of its pages.
Nancy makes tracings of some of the unusual drawings in the diary, and by overlaying them she discovers they form a picture of palm trees, a body of water, and a trail of footsteps.
Carson Drew receives a letter from a Caswell P. Breed in Baltimore claiming to be a relative of Dr. Pitt and demanding part of his estate. Carson Drew has other business to conduct in Baltimore and while there, he and Nancy visit Mr. Breed. They discover he did not send the letter; someone used his name as a ruse to get them out of town. When Nancy returns, she is unable to reach Terry at his hotel, and fearing foul play, goes directly to the Wangell home. The house is boarded up and while she is there, the Wangells depart in a taxi. Nancy circles the home and sees a distress signal of a handkerchief waving from an attic ventilator. The police arrive and they discover Terry imprisoned in the attic. He relates that Mrs. Wangell and Mrs. Porterly are sisters and are connected to the mystery.
Terry departs for Mexico to continue searching for Dr. Pitt. Nancy believes Juarez Tino and his wife and the Wangells are in Florida. She makes to plans to join a group of students Dr. Anderson is taking to Miami for a field trip to study the Indian tribes in that area. But Dr. Anderson tells her she must pass the same test his students are taking in order to go. Nancy studies diligently and answers all the essay questions except one. She is uncertain whether she will receive a passing grade. While awaiting the news, Nancy and Hannah hear fire engine sirens and discover a house two doors down is filling with acrid smoke. Nancy courageously ventures inside to search for a missing three-year-old. She rescues him and returns to the Drew home to find Juarez Tino leaving her bedroom with the black half-key. He had been responsible for instigating the neighbors' plight as a diversion. Nancy is able to wrest the key away from him but he overpowers her and gets it back, then trusses her up. As he pulls a handkerchief from his pocket to gag her, Nancy sees the key fly out but he doesn't notice it. He escapes as Hannah returns and finds Nancy. They search for the key to no avail. George and Bess arrive and George finds the key in the navy blue blanket Tino had used to further bind Nancy. The ringing telephone brings the good news that Nancy passed the test.
As the plane containing the students and Dr. Anderson nears Miami, it loses altitude and exhibits other warning signs after narrowly avoiding another plane that buzzed right by it. Miraculously, the pilot is able to land on an island. It is discovered that a cable broke during the dodging maneuver, and this jeopardized the plane's operation. The group later learns that the perpetrators expected this to happen and had deemed it a better method of attack than directly tampering with the plane.
Dr. Anderson give Nancy permission to work on a special assignment with a student named Fran Oakes: to look for a Florida Key known as Black Key. Fran's cousin, Jack Walker, has a motorboat and he takes them to visit a man named Two Line Parker, who knows the history of the Florida Keys. The fisherman tells them of the sinking of a ship called the Black Falcon near one of the keys. Nancy believes that is the right island but they know only its general location.
While investigating a vacant home the Porterlys had rented in South Florida, Nancy finds partially burned letters in an incinerator in the back yard. A scrap contains a mention of her name and the date of the 15th. It is currently December 13.
While motorboating among the Keys, the group sees Juarez Tino in a speedboat but they lose his trail. Nancy decides to return to the vicinity the next day. Dr. Anderson isn't able to go, but Terry Scott has arrived and he joins the expedition with Nancy, Fran, and Jack.
Making use of another clue she had found early, Nancy consults a local fisherman and learns of a group of five islands near a group of seven islands and a single island set apart. They head to the single island and while traversing it a plane flies overhead. The group fears they had been seen. They discover a hut in which Dr. Pitt is imprisoned but no one else is present. Jack and Fran leave to summon the police. Dr. Pitt tells Nancy and Terry the criminals had set a deadline of December 15 (the next day) for him to give them information. While they are talking, the Tinos and the Wangells arrive, having been alerted by the pilot. Mrs. Tino snatches the half-key Nancy is wearing around her neck after overhearing her say she has it. The criminals force Dr. Pitt to reveal information about the treasure by threatening to harm Nancy if he doesn't. He tells them it is in remote part of a jungle in Mexico.
Juarez Tino and Earl Wangell immediately depart with Dr. Pitt to travel to Mexico and search for the treasure, leaving Nancy and Terry in the custody of their wives. Nancy learns Mrs. Wangell is afraid of her husband and had been coerced into criminal activity. The police soon arrive and free Nancy and Terry, who set out for Mexico also, hoping to arrive before the others. Dr. Anderson and Dr. Graham accompany them, and they enlist the help of some Mexican policemen. The information from the diary helps them locate the trail leading to the treasure site. They stop and wait on the trail, and soon the other party arrives, with elderly Dr. Pitt nearly exhausted. They proceed on and Tino and Wangell are commissioned to dig at the site. A box is unearthed and the three keys fit the locks. Inside the box are several jewel-encrusted frogs made of silver, and a larger silver frog that contains an ancient green powder. Dr. Pitt declares the treasures belong to the government of Mexico. However, he fearfully believes the green substance is destructive and could wipe out civilization. Terry's research instead suggests that it has healing properties. Dr. Pitt listens to Terry's reasoning and agrees with his opinion. The four scientists are excited to announce their discovery to the world.
Characters
Nancy Drew- An 18-year-old girl that does the sleuthing in The Clue of the Black Keys.
Carson Drew- a lawyer, and Nancy Drew's father.
Terence Scott- also known as "Terry". Young Archaeology Professor of Keystone University that joined the exploring expedition in Mexico.
Dr. Joshua Pitt- One of the four members of the exploring team in Mexico
Dr. Graham- one of the members that were exploring in Mexico
Dr. Anderson- A Professor in Geology at Clifton Institute that also joined the exploring expedition in Mexico
Mr. & Mrs. Juarez Tino- A Mexican couple posing as scientists who witness the excavation of the cipher stone.
Mr. Wilfred Porterly- the Tino's helpers, they help torture Terry and Nancy.
Mrs. Irene Porterly- Wife of Wil Porterly and also known as Irene Webster, sister of Mrs. Lillian Wagnell
Mr. Earl Wangell- also helped the Tinos to threatened Nancy and Terry
Mrs. Lillian Wangell- wife of Mr. Earl Wangell, she was formerly Lillian Webster. She asked Terry to decipher or translate the old diary for her. (diary was stolen)
Ned Nickerson- a very supportive boyfriend of Nancy Drew.
Bess Marvin- friend of Nancy Drew, Cousin of George Fayne
George Fayne- friend of Nancy Drew, Cousin of Bess Marvin.
Mrs. Hannah Gruen- The Drews' housekeeper.
Mrs. Presscott- has records of the history of the families of River Heights. She helped Nancy and Terry trace disprove Lillian Wangell's claim that her grandfather was a sea captain
Caswell P. Breed- a man in Baltimore whose name was used to lure the Drews away from River Heights
Sergeant Malloy- police officer at the River Heights that helps Nancy and Terry
Officer Riley- an officer at the River Heights that help Nancy and Terry to find the Wagnells
Frances Oakes- also known as Fran. She is a student of Dr. Anderson.
Marilyn Maury- a student of Dr. Anderson and friend of Frances Oakes who joins the educational trip in Florida.
Grace James- a student of Dr. Anderson and friend of Frances Oakes who joins the educational trip in Florida.
Jack Walker- cousin of Frances Oakes in Florida that owned a motorboat, which they use for searching in Keys.
Mrs. Young- owner of rest house in Florida where Nancy and friends stayed.
Two Line Parker- a fisherman who knows about the narrow channels of Florida Keys and some of its stories and treasure.
References
External links
1951 American novels
1951 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Novels set in Florida |
6899932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCI | TCI | TCI may refer to:
Locations
Tenerife Airport (disambiguation), airport code of Tenerife International Airport (1964–1978), still used as a code for the island of Tenerife in general
Turks and Caicos Islands
Medicine
Target controlled infusion, a method of administering general anaesthesia
Psychology
Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) of personality traits
Theme centered interaction, a method for social learning in groups
Therapeutic Crisis Intervention, protocol used in residential childcare facilities
Religion
Taoist Church of Italy, a confessional religious body of Taoism in Italy
Technology
Tag Control Information, a data field in IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagging
Organizations and companies
Tall Clubs International, organization of clubs of tall people in North America
Tele-Communications Inc., former US cable television company
Telecommunication Company of Iran
Televisione Cristiana in Italia, an Italian religious television channel
Telus Communications Inc., a Canadian telecommunications subsidiary of Telus Corporation
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, former steel manufacturer, Alabama, USA
Texas Correctional Industries, division of Texas Department of Criminal Justice, USA
The Children's Investment Fund Management, UK hedge fund management
Thistletown Collegiate Institute, a school in Toronto, Canada
Touring Club Italiano
Toyota Canada Inc.
Transport Corporation of India Ltd
Transportation and Climate Initiative, a proposed interstate compact |
6899950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%20Railroad%20Depot | Lloyd Railroad Depot | The Lloyd Railroad Depot (also known as Bailey's Mill Station or Number Two Station) is a historic depot building in Lloyd, Florida in the United States. Built in 1858 by the Pensacola and Georgia Railroad, it is the oldest brick railroad station in Florida and one of only three surviving railroad depots in the state built prior to the start of the American Civil War. The Seaboard Air Line Railroad operated a local New Orleans - Jacksonville train on the line, making flag stops at the station, while the better known Gulf Wind passed through without stopping.
The building closed in 1966 after its owner at the time, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, discontinued that local service and donated it to the Jefferson County Historical Society. A few years later, ownership was transferred to the Gulf Wind Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society, who own it to this day. On December 2, 1974, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The structure is located near the junction of SR 59 and Lester Lawrence Road. It is currently used as a post office.
See also
Old Gainesville Depot
Tallahassee station
References
External links
Places in Jefferson County at Jefferson County, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Florida
Railway stations closed in 1966
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1858
Seaboard Air Line Railroad stations
Vernacular architecture in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Florida
1858 establishments in Florida
1966 disestablishments in Florida |
20464898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Forde%20%28Clare%20hurler%29 | David Forde (Clare hurler) | David Forde (born 5 July 1976 in Ogonnelloe, County Clare) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Ogonnelloe and was a member of the Clare senior inter-county team in the 1990s and 2000s. He played as a forward.
References
1976 births
Living people
Ogonnelloe hurlers
Clare inter-county hurlers |
20464903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vianna%20da%20Motta%20International%20Music%20Competition | Vianna da Motta International Music Competition | The Vianna da Motta International Music Competition was first constituted in 1957 in Lisbon in honor of José Vianna da Motta by his disciple Sequeira Costa, who remains its president; this inaugural edition was won by Naum Shtarkman. The competition, a member of the World Federation of International Music Competitions, has been held regularly since 1964.
Awards
While mainly a piano competition, two violin editions have been held. In 1973 Ida Kavafian and Gerardo Ribeiro shared the 1st prize. In 1991 it was declared void; Graf Mourja and Rachel Varga were awarded, respectively, the 2nd and 3rd prizes.
References
http://www.fmcim.org/comp/comp.php?lang=en&comp_id=765&menu=1 World Federation of International Music Competitions
http://www.alink-argerich.org/ Argerich Foundation
External links
Official webpage
Piano competitions
Violin competitions |
17327800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling%20at%20the%201992%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20freestyle%2052%20kg | Wrestling at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 52 kg | The men's freestyle 52 kilograms at the 1992 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya from August 3 to August 5. The wrestlers are divided into 2 groups. The winner of each group decided by a double-elimination system.
Results
Legend
WO — Won by walkover
Elimination A
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Round 5
Round 6
Summary
Elimination B
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Round 5
Round 6
Summary
Finals
Final standing
References
External links
Official Report
Freestyle 52kg |
20464907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laigh%20Kirk%2C%20Paisley | Laigh Kirk, Paisley | The Laigh Kirk, Paisley was a congregation of the Church of Scotland and the original Burgh church of Paisley.
History
The Laigh Kirk was founded in August 1738 by the Burgh of Paisley and by the Presbytery of Paisley as the parish church for the whole burgh, in response to the burgeoning population of Paisley and the dilapidated state of Paisley Abbey which, at that time, was outside of the Burgh limits on the opposite (western) bank of the River Cart.
The Burgh and town of Paisley were formally disjoined as a parish from the old Parish of Paisley, which had served a large geographic area, at the August 1738 meeting of Paisley Presbytery, with the cover page of the first minute book of the church declaring it to be a "record of the Parish of the Burgh of Paisley".
In 1756 and again in 1781, as a result of Paisley's continued expansion, the parish was sub-divided with the creation of the High Kirk and the Middle Kirk, respectively. These three worked together under the auspices of the "Paisley Joint Session."
The original Laigh Kirk building was located in New Street. In 1820, due to the ever growing size of its congregation, the Laigh Kirk moved to a new, much larger building on George Street.
The Laigh Kirk continued to grow and expand, as did Paisley; and to meet these demands a new congregation was seeded by the Laigh Kirk on Neilston Road, the South Church. Beginning its life as a Chapel of Ease under the Kirk Session of the Laigh Kirk, the events of the Disruption of 1843 saw this sister congregation leave the Church of Scotland and join the new Free Church of Scotland, as the Free South Church. It would be over 140 years before these two halves became whole again, with the reunion of the two congregations (by this time known as St George's Low and St Andrew's) in 1985. The name Laigh Kirk was re-established in Paisley and served the Parish from its Causeyside Street base, the building originally built as the Free South Church of Scotland.
On Thursday 6 January 2011, The Laigh Kirk united with the congregation of the former Castlehead Church of Scotland. The new congregation is called Stow Brae Kirk, and meets for worship in the former Laigh Kirk buildings on Causeyside Street.
Laigh Kirk and the formation of the Scottish Poor Laws
In the early 19th century, following a collapse in the Paisley cotton trade, the Kirk Session of the Laigh and the burgh clashed over the right to poor relief under the existing Scottish Poor Laws. In particular, over the classification of those who were traditionally eligible - the church found it could only fund those physically unable to work and not the able-bodied unemployed. The financial crisis that followed for the church and the burgh, and the need for government intervention, was to play a large part in the redrawing of the existing Poor Laws.
The then minister, Rev Robert Burns, was to become an influential figure in the campaign for alleviation of the suffering of the urban poor. Most notably, his ‘Historical Dissertations on the Law and Practice of
Great Britain, and particularly of Scotland with regard to the Poor’, would be much cited by those who took up the cause. He would even be part of four deputations that visited London to petition Parliament on the subject.
Buildings
The original New Street building was converted to an Arts centre in the 1980s and is still in use as the Paisley Arts Centre. In the late 1980s, the St George's (Low) building was converted into the St George's Court flats, with the facade being completely retained and the interior completely remodelled.
Ministers
A notable minister was the Rev John Witherspoon, (15 February 1723 – 15 November 1794). He later emigrated to the America and was a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Jersey.
Rev Robert Burns, social reformer and activist.
The last minister of the Laigh Kirk was the Rev David Thom (Mr Thom is the minister of the united congregation of Stow Brae Kirk )
References
Notes
Sources
Clark, Sylvia (1988). Paisley: A History. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. .
Moisley, H. A. and Thain, A.G. (1962). The Third Statistical Account of Scotland: The Counties of Renfrew and Bute. Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co., Chapter 23: "The Parish and Burgh of Paisley".
Laigh Kirk, Paisley. Kirk Session Minute books. (Historical record)
External links
Paisley Art Centre
Website of Stow Brae Kirk
Churches completed in 1738
Paisley
Churches in Paisley, Renfrewshire
1738 establishments in Scotland
Scottish Poor Laws |
20464914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly%20address%20of%20the%20president%20of%20the%20United%20States | Weekly address of the president of the United States | The weekly address of the president of the United States (also known as the Weekly (Radio) Address or Your Weekly Address) is the weekly speech by the president of the United States to the nation. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first U.S. president to deliver such radio addresses. Ronald Reagan revived the practice of delivering a weekly Saturday radio broadcast in 1982, and his successors all continued the practice until Donald Trump ceased doing so seventeen months into his term.
As the Internet became mainstream during the 1990s, the weekly address was made available on other media. George W. Bush introduced an audio podcast feed and Barack Obama introduced a weekly video address during his presidential transition period. Donald Trump continued the weekly video address for the first nine months of his administration, after which he ended the practice. He later released occasional "weekly" addresses before ceasing the tradition in June 2018.
Joe Biden revived the practice of making a weekly address in February 2021 in the form of “Weekly Conversations”, answering prepared questions or concerns from citizens. As vice president, Biden made weekly addresses on behalf of Barack Obama during the Obama administration.
History
Franklin D. Roosevelt first used what would become known as fireside chats in 1929 as Governor of New York. His third gubernatorial address—April 3, 1929, on WGY radio—is cited by Roosevelt biographer Frank Freidel as being the first fireside chat. As president he continued the tradition, which he called his fireside chats. The success of these presidential addresses encouraged their continuation by future presidents.
The practice of regularly scheduled addresses began in 1982 when President Ronald Reagan started delivering a radio broadcast every Saturday. Conservative journalist William A. Rusher, who publicly urged Reagan to begin the series of broadcasts, explicitly referred to the "fireside chats" and compared Reagan's communications skills to those of Roosevelt. During a sound check in preparation for his radio address of August 11, 1984, Reagan made the following comments in jest, which were later leaked to the general public: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes."
George H. W. Bush did not regularly record a weekly radio address; he recorded only a total of 18 addresses during his term in office, most toward the latter part. Bill Clinton regularly recorded a weekly radio address, often going over ten minutes with some speeches early in his term. George W. Bush was the first president to deliver the weekly radio address in English and Spanish, which he continued to throughout his presidency. Later, George W. Bush began to have his addresses posted as an audio podcast once that technology became popular.
Barack Obama used YouTube for regular video addresses as President-elect and since his inauguration the weekly addresses have continued on the White House website, the official White House YouTube channel, and networks such as C-SPAN, with the 24-hour cable news channels and network morning shows usually airing the full address only if the topic involves a breaking news event; short summaries of the address and the talking points within are otherwise edited and presented within regular news reports throughout each Saturday.
Until his final broadcast, Donald Trump continued to use the video address as his predecessor did. His weekly address also webcast on Facebook as a live stream, releasing the address on Fridays instead of Saturdays.
It has long become customary for the president's Weekly Radio Address to be followed by a response from the opposition party. When the president is a Democrat, the opposition's response is given by a Republican and vice versa. This response is not limited to only responding by the subject of the president's address, but may address other topics of political or social interest, a tribute to a figure who has died in the last week, a general patriotic message on holiday weekends (the latter two of which can also be part of the presidential address), or other concerns working through the Senate or House which have not yet been addressed by the executive branch. Despite the discontinuation of the president's weekly addresses, the Democrats still continued their weekly address through the remainder of the Trump administration.
A common complaint about the president's Weekly Radio Address pre-digital age (but remaining in the mainstream) is that only a few radio stations (mainly public radio and all-news radio outlets, a format very rare outside of major metropolitan areas) cover the very short broadcasts, they are not advertised publicly, and very few Americans are able to find address coverage on their local radio dial; Saturday mornings usually have brokered or paid programming carried on most commercial radio stations.
See also
Oval Office address
State of the Union
Weekly Democratic Address, the opposition response during a Republican presidency
Weekly Republican Address, the current opposition response during a Democratic presidency
References
External links
President Obama's Weekly Addresses
Transcripts of President G.W. Bush's Radio Addresses by date and topic
President G.W. Bush's Radio Address podcasts
Ronald Reagan's Presidential Radio Addresses from 1982 to 1989
George H.W. Bush's Presidential Radio Addresses from 1990 to 1992
Bill Clinton's Presidential Radio Addresses from 1993 to 2001
George W. Bush's Presidential Radio Addresses from 2001 to 2009
Barack Obama's Presidential Weekly Addresses from 2008 to 2017
Donald Trump's Presidential Weekly Addresses from 2017 to 2021
Corpus of Political Speeches Free access to political speeches by American and other politicians, developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library
American radio programs
1929 radio programme debuts
United States presidential speeches |
20464942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahsatch%2C%20Utah | Wahsatch, Utah | Wahsatch ( ) is a ghost town in Summit County, Utah, United States. It lies along I-80 at the northeastern end of Echo Canyon some east of Echo, and west of Evanston, Wyoming. Wahsatch was established as a railroad camp, later achieving local prominence in sheep ranching. It was inhabited from 1868 until the 1930s.
History
Wahsatch was established in 1868 as a railroad construction camp, the first of many such camps set up in Utah by the Union Pacific Railroad in the process of building the First transcontinental railroad. From 1868 to 1869 a population of hundreds dug the Echo tunnel through the Wasatch Mountains west of town. Wahsatch soon became a major supply station and railhead, with its own roundhouse, workshops, boarding houses, and warehouses. When the transcontinental railroad was finished in May 1869, a meal station for waiting passengers was constructed.
During the tunnel construction in 1868–1869, Wahsatch was known as a wild and lawless place. Laborers spent their wages immediately in tent saloons. Shootings were common, and there is even record of a lynching. Lacking a formal cemetery, the town buried its dead in makeshift hillside graves. This violent period was short-lived; in the early 1870s Wahsatch's development was outpaced by that of nearby Evanston, Wyoming, and the railroad moved most operations to Evanston. The population sharply dropped, and most of the buildings were demolished. Wahsatch became little more than a point for loading livestock.
Toward the end of the 19th century, Wahsatch enjoyed a minor rebirth as a location central to the area's growing sheep ranches. A number of new dwellings were built as ranchers and laborers began to gather here annually for sheep shearing season. In the spring of 1899 alone, an estimated of wool was sheared. In June 1903 it was reported that 489 carloads of sheep had arrived at Wahsatch from their winter range. The town grew enough to justify the building of a new school in 1910. In 1916 Wahsatch became the headquarters for the construction of a second railroad tunnel, bringing another temporary surge in population. The railroad built a new depot and section houses in the 1930s, but Wahsatch soon declined, along with the sheep industry. The town was abandoned in the 1930s.
The townsite on the north side of the highway is on railroad property, but the ruins on the south side are on a public road and can be accessed. Most visitors see little more than an old wooden sign reading Wahsatch alongside the tracks, but there are some remnants of railroad buildings and equipment.
See also
List of ghost towns in Utah
References
External links
Wahsatch at GhostTowns.com
Ghost towns in Utah
Ghost towns in Summit County, Utah
Populated places established in 1868
1868 establishments in Utah Territory |
6899952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mystery%20at%20the%20Ski%20Jump | The Mystery at the Ski Jump | The Mystery at the Ski Jump is the twenty-ninth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1952 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Alma Sasse.
Plot
Nancy, Bess, and George follow the trail of fur thieves to New York and into Canada. While trying to catch the thieves, Nancy must catch a woman named Mitzi Channing who is using Nancy's identity. Nancy finds out that everyone who has been buying from Mitzi is in a dreadful trap.
External links
1952 American novels
1952 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Children's mystery novels |
17327808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308%20LEN%20Euroleague | 2007–08 LEN Euroleague | The 2007–08 LEN Euroleague was the 45th edition of LEN's premier competition for men's water polo clubs. It ran from 26 September 2007 to 10 May 2008, and was contested by 42 teams. The Final Four (semifinals, final, and third place game) took place on May 9 and May 10 in Barcelona. The winning team was Pro Recco from Italy.
Qualifying round 1
Group A (Istanbul)
Preliminary round
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
The first legs were played on 26 March, and the second legs were played on 9 April 2008.
|}
Final Four (Barcelona)
Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc, Barcelona, Spain
Final standings
LEN Champions League seasons
Champions League
2007 in water polo
2008 in water polo |
6899963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20canoe | War canoe | A war canoe is a watercraft of the canoe type designed and outfitted for warfare, and which is found in various forms in many world cultures. In modern times, such designs have become adapted as a sport, and "war canoe" can mean a type of flatwater racing canoe.
History
War canoes were used in Africa, Austronesia, Americas and Europe to transport troops and supplies, and engage targets onshore. While documentation of canoe versus canoe battles on the open ocean is rare, records from the 14th century mention various peoples of West Africa using huge fighting canoes in inland waters, some up to and carrying over 100 men. Construction of the war canoe was typically from one massive tree trunk, with the silk cotton tree being particularly useful. The inside was dug out and carved using fire and hand tools. Braces and stays were used to prevent excessive expansion while the fire treatment was underway. Fire also served to release sap as a preservative against insect pests. Some canoes had of width inside, accommodating benches for rowers, and facilities such as fireplaces and sleeping berths.
Warriors on board were typically armed with shield, spear and bow. In the gunpowder era, small iron or brass cannon were sometimes mounted on the bow or stern, although the firepower delivered from these areas and weapons was relatively ineffective. Musketeers delivering fire to cover raiding missions generally had better luck. The typical tactic was to maneuver close to shore, discharge weapons, then quickly pull out to open water to reload, before dashing in again to repeat the cycle. Troop and supply transport were the primary missions, but canoe versus canoe engagements in the lagoons, creeks and lakes of West Africa were also significant.
Canadian sport war canoes
War canoe is largely a Canadian sport, with some teams coming from the northwestern United States as well; it is not sanctioned by the International Canoe Federation but is nonetheless an important part of most Canadian canoe club racing programs. The term 'war canoe' is derived from large indigenous peoples' canoes intended for war, and war canoeing was in fact a popular sport in Vancouver, British Columbia before large gatherings of indigenous people were outlawed in 1922. War canoeing among indigenous communities is enjoying a revival today, although there as yet has been little interaction with non-indigenous teams.
A war canoe holds 15 paddlers including one coxswain, or cox, for steering. War canoe is sometimes referred to as C-15 on regatta schedules, with the 'C' standing for 'canoe'. The paddlers, 7 to a side and slightly offset from one another, kneel on one knee while paddling. The coxswain stands with their calves braced between a yoke on the back of the boat. Paddlers on the left will kneel on their left knee and vice versa, as in a Sprint canoe, and the foremost paddler, whether on the right or left, will set the stroke. Boats are most often constructed of wood, although some newer boats will be made of fiberglass. Races will typically be of 500 m or 1000 m. The paddles used can be made of wood, but carbon fibre paddles are becoming standard, as their reduced weight leads to improved performance.
War canoe is seen as a prestige event at regattas where it is held, as it allows a significant portion of a club's racing members to be in the boat at once and compete together. It is a large team event in a sport that typically focusses on individual achievements. Crews will be taken from the appropriate age range (e.g. Bantam, junior, masters, etc.), and races are held for men's, women's, or mixed crews.
Typically, a war canoe will be faster than a dragon boat over any given distance, because of a better hull shape (narrower and without the characteristic 'w' shape of dragon boat hulls), lighter construction, and the kneeling position allowing for a fuller, more powerful stroke than the sitting position used in dragon boats.
See also
Tomako
Pacific Northwest Canoes
Dragon boat
Sprint canoe
Canoe racing
Waka
Kakap
Swan boat (racing)
Nouka Baich
Chundan vallam
References
External links
Tomako - War Canoe - Solomon Islands
Canoes
Canoeing in Canada
First Nations culture
Native American culture
Polynesian culture |
6899964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redonda%20Beach | Redonda Beach | Redonda Beach or Praia Redonda in Portuguese, meaning Round, is a beach on the southwestern coast of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It is adjacent to Passeio Alegre, in Póvoa de Varzim City Center. The Avenida dos Banhos runs alongside the beach, and the Diana Bar beach library, a nightclub and Café Guarda-sol are located on the beach.
The beach has medium sand and little granitic gneiss, typical rocky outcrops on Póvoa de Varzim coastline, the largest concentration is Carvalhido outcrop, which serves as the north limit of the beach. Salgueira Beach is located to the North and the Port of Póvoa de Varzim to the south. These beaches have a specific climate, by showing low diurnal temperature variation, just 4 °C (= 7.2 °F). Compared with the rest of the territory, rainfall is significantly lower and solar irradiation higher. These are subject to the prevailing northern winds which arise in the summer after midday; hence mornings are significantly less windy.
History
The beach is historically known as Praia de Banhos, Portuguese for Bathing Beach, contrasting with the Fisheries Beach (used for fishing and with very fine sand), currently the Port of Póvoa de Varzim. it is the historical bathing beach of Póvoa de Varzim, that in the 19th century became the most popular tourist destination in Northern Portugal. Ramalho Ortigão, in the book As Praias de Portugal (The Beaches of Portugal), states that Póvoa de Varzim is the great hostel for the inhabitants of the Minho province, for sea bathing or breathing the Sea air, as the marine layer is occasionally propelled to the beach by the south and western maritime winds during summertime, leaving an intense aroma. Ortigão states that in that time no other beach had such diversity and popularity.
In 1844, the chapel of Saint Joseph was built in there, and there was a street known as Rua da Areosa. The street was enlarged and became the Passeio Alegre square and the chapel demolished by beautification of the beaches square. A new chapel was built on Avenida Mousinho de Albuquerque to replace it. However, in the 1930s, beach bars were constructed in the location of the chappel: Diana Bar and Café Guardassol, the later was, at first, a famed 1920s wooden building, causing local debate. In the 1970s, Café Enseada was built and, in the 21st century, a new wooden building, the Maresia Café.
References
Beaches of Póvoa de Varzim |
6899966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20City | Maximum City | Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found is a narrative nonfiction book by Suketu Mehta, published in 2004, about the Indian city of Mumbai (also known as Bombay). It was published in hardcover by Random House's Alfred A. Knopf imprint. When released in paperback, it was published by Vintage, a subdivision of Random House.
Awards
Maximum City was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 2005, and won the Kiriyama Prize, an award given to books that foster a greater understanding of the nations and peoples of the Pacific Rim and South Asia. It won the 2005 Vodafone Crossword Book Award. The Economist named Maximum City one of its books of the year for 2004. It was shortlisted for the 2005 Samuel Johnson Prize.
Adaptation
In August 2019, it was reported that Anurag Kashyap will be the showrunner of franchise films based on the book. It will be produced by Ashok Amritraj.
References
External links
Suketu Mehta's official website
Publisher Random House website
Interview with the Wall Street Journal
Lettre Ulysses Award Biography Page on Suketu Mehta
2004 non-fiction books
Books about India
Novels set in Mumbai
Indian biographies
Mumbai in fiction
21st-century Indian books |
6899971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSOP | SSOP | SSOP may refer to:
Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
Shrink Small-Outline Package |
17327832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe%20Winkelman | Babe Winkelman | Babe Winkelman (born April 24, 1949) is an American sportsman and television producer, known for television programs about hunting and fishing. His program Good Fishing was first syndicated internationally in the mid-1980s. As of 2017, Winkelman produces an additional program, Outdoor Secrets, which with Good Fishing, airs in the United States and internationally on channels such as CBS Sports, American Hero Channel, and Destination America. His programs are also available globally on 25,000 hyper-local websites across the U.S. and Roku, Apple TV, Opera TV, Amazon Fire, and Netflix.
Early life
Donald Edward "Babe" Winkelman (nicknamed by his father after baseball giant Babe Ruth) grew up on a dairy farm near the small town of Duelm, Minnesota. He started fishing at age 6 on Stoney Brook, a stream that ran through the family farm. It was there that he started to understand how fish moved around through the seasons and there that his "Pattern Approach" to fishing got its roots. Pheasants were abundant on the farm as well and his hunting career started there with his first pheasant kill at age 8. Deer hunting started as a driver at age 10 and he shot his first buck at age 12.
Through endless hours of hunting and fishing, Babe polished his skills. During the 1960s, Babe spent a lot of time at the family cabin on Hay Lake near Longville, where he refined his "pattern" approach to fishing that he continues to teach others today. He started working construction after graduating eighth grade and continued learning carpentry throughout high school. He learned from his father, Don Winkelman Sr., who was a carpentry master. Less than two months after graduating high school, he became the youngest person in the history of Minnesota to get his journeyman's Union card. Babe spent his nights playing lead guitar and singing in bands.
In May 1969, he started Winkelman Building Corporation Inc., a construction company, along with his brother Dennis and father Don. In February 1970, Johnny Winter called him 3 times for him to go on a world tour as lead guitarist for his band. He decided he couldn't leave his dad and the construction business, and his music career became a hobby that he still practices to this day. By the time Babe was 25, the company had grown into 6 corporations with nearly 200 employees. Babe decided his interests were elsewhere, and he embarked on a full-time career in the outdoors.
Outdoor life
He started guiding fishermen in 1965 and started fishing tournaments in 1970. In 1973, he helped found the Minnesota State Bass Federation to get bass tournaments started and served as president for nearly 3 years. 1973 was also the year Babe started writing for outdoor publications and gave his first seminar to teach fishing. Babe started in the outdoors full-time in 1975, where he guided, fished tournaments, taught at seminars, and did promotional work for Lindy/Little Joe Fishing Tackle. He became a field editor for Fishing Facts magazine, writing for them and a host of other publications.
In the last four decades, Babe has written many articles and has guest hosted hundreds of radio shows and podcast episodes. In 1978, he was hired by S.C. Johnson to introduce a new product to America, "Deep Woods OFF." The commercial was Babe, "as a professional fisherman", needing a stronger insect repellent because of his outdoor endeavors. Babe's fishing television series, Good Fishing, first hit the airwaves in 1980. This prompted him to start Babe Winkelman Productions Inc. and set up his own studio. For nearly 40 years he has owned the trademark,"Teaching America to Fish." The show was educational and involved his whole family. The show kept growing in size and covered the U.S. and Canada. During the 1980s, Babe authored a series of "how to" books on fishing, was the only person to use audio tapes to teach fishing, was the first to develop videos that taught fishing starting in 1984, and went on to produce nearly 100 different titles in the next decade.
Appearances
The Saturday Evening Post ran a feature on Babe in 1987. He was also featured in People Magazine in 1988, Midwest Living around 1990, and thousands of other newspaper and magazine articles, radio, and TV appearances. Excerpts of Good Fishing appeared three times on Married... with Children and about a dozen different movies. Babe was also a guest on Donny & Marie. 1988 was also the year Babe aired his second television series, Outdoor Secrets (hunting series), which was the first hunting show on the air since 1978. Winkelman spoke at a presidential rally for President George W. Bush in 2004.
Awards
In 1988, Babe was inducted into the Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame. In 1992, he was inducted into the Sports Legends Hall of Fame alongside professional boxer Evander Holyfield, baseball player Pete Rose, and 30 other athletes from around the world. Babe is the only outdoorsman ever to be inducted into this hall of fame. In 2001, he was inducted into the Fishing Hall of Fame of Minnesota. In 2007, he was given the Excellence in Craft award by the Outdoor Writers Association of America (OWAA), their most prestigious award for his work with television. Babe Winkelman's production company has won a couple hundred awards for production excellence, including 87 in a two-year span. This included the New York Film Festival, the WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival (for a commercial), and production awards including the Teddy, Addy, and the Golden Moose Awards. In 2013, Babe and Kris were nominated by Otter Tail County as Conservationists of the Year for the state of Minnesota. The award recognized the work they have done at some land they bought for hunting with the whole family in 2002 and turned it into a wilderness paradise. In 2015, Babe was inducted into the Legends of the Outdoors National Hall of Fame.
References
Sources
Biography of Babe Winkelman
Interview with Babe Winkelman - Gundogmag.com
Karlee Winkelman participates in cancer benefit - mnbound.com
External links
Babe Winkelman Productions
http://pursuitchannel.com/portfolio/babe-winkelmans-good-fishing/
http://www.destinationamerica.com/tv-shows/babe-winkelmans-good-fishing/
https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AXtQ/babe-winkelman-productions-app-daily-videos
Living people
American fishers
Fishing television series
People from Benton County, Minnesota
People from Cass County, Minnesota
People from Crow Wing County, Minnesota
1949 births |
6899985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever%20Pop | Forever Pop | Forever Pop is a collection of new (at the time) remixes of older Alphaville songs and singles. The people responsible for some of the remixes include notables such as Paul Van Dyk, Mark Plati, and De-Phazz.
Reviews
One reviewer had positive things to say about the collection, noting that most of the remixes "maintain the beauty of the original music," although one mix (the Eiffel 65 mix) is an exception: it strays "too far away from the original song while not adding anything interesting to win over the listener." Overall, the collection was referred to as "refreshing" and "stunning."
Track listing
"Forever Young (F.A.F. mix (album version))" – 4:58
"Dance with Me (Paul van Dyk mix)" – 3:54
"Big in Japan (Roland Spremberg mix)" – 3:42
"Romeos (Rewarped mix)" – 4:34
"Summer Rain (De-Phazz mix)" – 4:21
"Jerusalem (Georg Kaleve mix)" – 4:39
"Summer in Berlin (Cristian Fleps mix)" – 3:45
"Sounds Like a Melody (Staggman mix)" – 7:52
"Lassie Come Home (@home mix)" – 4:54
"Jet Set (Saunaclub mix)" – 4:55
"A Victory of Love (JAB mix)" – 4:30
"Red Rose (Mark Plati mix)" – 5:40
"Big in Japan (Eiffel 65 mix)" – 5:00
The F.A.F. mix is denoted as the "album version" to differentiate it from the "Diamonds in the Sun" mix, which was released exclusively to fans in the "Forever Young 2001 (Fan Edition)" release
The promotional-only single "Dance with Me 2001" was also released to accompany the album
Notes
1.http://www.answers.com/topic/forever-pop-1, All Music Guide
Alphaville (band) albums
2001 remix albums
Warner Music Group EPs |
17327833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental%20Aid%20Post | Regimental Aid Post | In the British Army, Canadian Forces and other Commonwealth militaries, the Regimental Aid Post (RAP) is a front-line military medical establishment incorporated into an infantry battalion or armoured regiment for the immediate treatment and triage of battlefield casualties. In the US forces, the equivalent is the Battalion Aid Station.
The term has been used continuously since the First World War or earlier.
The RAP has traditionally been staffed by the unit's Medical Officer, a Medical NCO, and a small number of medical orderlies. Additionally, units have employed stretcher-bearers, and more recently trained medics, for the evacuation and immediate treatment of battlefield casualties.
The RAP has usually been the first stop in the evacuation chain for seriously injured personnel, who are then transported to casualty clearing stations and other larger medical units further to the rear. RAPs are not usually equipped to provide surgical treatment or long-term care.
See also
Aid station
Military medicine in the United Kingdom
Military medicine in Australia |
17327834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikgaw | Chikgaw | Chikgaw is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
23571535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models.
History
The first Brazilian automotive industry was the work of Henry Ford, who started the Brazilian subsidiary of Ford Motor Company in 1919. In 1921 Ford opened its own production facility and was followed by General Motors in 1926. In 1928, Ford established the Fordlândia, an industrial district in the Amazon rainforest. The district is no longer in use but saw a populational growth compared to the early 2000s, when roughly 90 people lived in the town.
In 1956, the Romi-Isetta, an early Brazilian car, was initially produced, with license purchase of Italian Iso. In 1958, Toyota started to produce its famous Bandeirante. In 1959, the first Volkswagen factory was built, it started manufacturing the Type 2, which preceded the famous Beetle. At the same time, a Brazilian entrepreneur, Mr. Sebastiao William Cardoso, started producing an electrical small jeep called Tupi.
In the late 1950s, Chevrolet and Ford started manufacturing pickup trucks, and in the 1960s, automobiles and commercial vehicles, GM also brought buses. In 1967, Puma began selling sports cars. The Italian Fiat established its first factory in the 1970s, and Mercedes Benz started to produce trucks and buses during the 1950s, and opened an automobile factory in 1998. These companies dominated the Brazilian market until mid-1990s, when the Brazilian market was finally opened to imports. In the 1990s, more auto companies settled and opened factories in Brazil.
The automotive industry in Brazil sells to all over Latin America and the world. In the last few years, the Brazilian auto industry has grown quickly, attracting investments from the main global automakers. In 2007, production grew 14% compared to 2006 figures, reaching more than 4 million vehicles.
In October 2012, the Inovar-Auto Program was approved by decree with the theoretical goals of encouraging automakers to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles and investing in the national automotive industry, by managing taxation exceptions (IPI = Tax over Industrialized Product). However, the program has received criticism, especially of protectionism. The country has recently lost a WTO dispute against tax advantages and illegal practices of protectionism. The Inovar-Auto program ended in December 2017 and was replaced by the Route 2030 Program.
Timeline
1890s
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
1930: Ford was followed by concurrent General Motors with the assembly of the first Chevrolet cars in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, there until today, at Avenida Goiás.
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Historical production by year
Historical sales
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Current
Large Passenger Vehicles Manufacturers and Importer
BMW Group
BMW do Brasil
Mini do Brasil
Bugre
BYD Brasil
China South Industries Group
Moto Traxx da Amazônia
Effa Motors
Fabral
Mahindra
SsangYong Brasil
Ford do Brasil
Fundação Romi
Indústrias Romi
General Motors do Brasil
Chevrolet do Brasil
Great Wall Motors
Grupo CAOA
CAOA (Former Ford dealer, Subaru and Renault importer, and currently manufacturing and importing Chery, Ford and Hyundai vehicles)
CAOA Chery
Exeed
CAOA Subaru
Hyundai CAOA do Brasil
Grupo CNH Industrial
New Holland Agriculture
New Holland Construction
Grupo Gandini
Kia Motors do Brasil
Grupo Volkswagen
Volkswagen do Brasil
Audi do Brasil (Former Audi Senna, an Audi AG subsidiary until 2005)
Honda
Honda Automóveis do Brasil
HondaJet (Focused on aircraft engine)
HPE Automotores do Brasil (Mitsubishi manufacturer)
Hyundai Motor Brasil
Iveco Group
Iveco (The company was spun-off from CNH Industrial on 1 January 2022; in Brazil the separation occurred in 2019 when Iveco Group was formed)
Iveco Bus
FPT Industrial
JAC Motors Brasil
Jaguar e Land Rover Brasil
Jaguar
Land Rover
Lifan do Brasil
Mitsubishi Motors Brasil
Nissan do Brasil Automóveis
Renault do Brasil
Stellantis – FCA
Fiat Automóveis Brasil
Jeep do Brasil
RAM
Stellantis – PSA
Peugeot
Citroën
Suzuki Brasil
Toyota do Brasil
Lexus do Brasil
UK Motors – Grupo Eurobike – Stuttgart Sportcar
Aston Martin
McLaren
Porsche
Valtra
Via Itália
Ferrari
Lamborghini
Maserati
Rolls-Royce
Volvo do Brasil
Volvo Car of Brazil Automotive
Motorcycle and Bicycle manufacturers (Medium and Large Production)
Amazonas Motos Especiais (AME)
Avelloz Motos
Brasil & Movimento
BMW do Brasil
BMW Motorrad Brasil
Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP)
Bull Motors
CFMoto-KTM
CFMoto Brasil
KTM Brasil
Dafra Motos
Dayang
Ducati do Brasil
HaoJue Motos do Brasil
Harley-Davidson do Brasil
Honda do Brasil
Moto Honda da Amazônia
Hot Custom Cycles
HPE Automotores do Brasil (Suzuki representative)
Iros Motos
J Toledo Motos do Brasil
Suzuki Motos do Brasil
Kawasaki do Brasil
Kymco Motos do Brasil
Motocargo Industria e Comercio de Triciclo (Mtcar)
Royal Enfield Brasil
Shineray do Brasil
Sousa Motos
Triumph Brazil
Vespa Brasil
Voltz Motors do Brasil
Yamaha Motor do Brasil
Bus, coach and truck manufacturers
Agrale
Avibrás
Caio Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias (Caio Induscar)
Carbuss Indústria Catarinense de Carrocerias (Formerly Busscar Ônibus)
Comil Ônibus
DAF Caminhões Brasil
Foton Caminhões
Fábrica Nacional de Mobilidade (FNM) (Focused in electric semi trucks; not to be confused with Fábrica Nacional de Motores (FNM))
Marcopolo S.A.
Neobus
Mercedes-Benz do Brasil
Mascarello Carrocerias e Ônibus
Volvo do Brasil
Volvo Caminhões Brasil
Volvo Ônibus Brasil
Volkswagen do Brasil
Traton SE (Formerly MAN SE)
Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus (Some models are rebadged Man trucks)
Scania Brasil
Tractors manufacturers
AGCO
Caterpillar Brasil
Fundação Romi
Máquinas Agrícolas Romi (Agricultural machinery division)
Grupo CNH Industrial
CASE Construction
John Deere Brasil
Komatsu
Massey Ferguson
Valtra
Here's a link to a map containing all plants currently in Brazil:
Independent Manufacturers
Small, Medium and Large Independent Manufacturers
AC3 – Antique Classic & Custom Cars
Americar Veículos Especiais
ART Costalonga
Athena Auto (Partnership between Fibracar Compósitos and Scherer Automotiva)
Athos Cars (Formerly Chamonix Athos)
Autocross
Autosfibra Réplicas (closed due to trademark Infringement in 2019)
AutoMagrão
Autoweld Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos
Engeplus
Bugrauto Auto Serviços (Recently repairing jet-ski, after buggies and prototypes)
By Colella Veículos Especiais
By Cristo Indústria e Comércio
Caio STR Customs
Calegari Design
Carrah Montadora de Veículos
Cauype
Comércio e Indústria de Veículos Fibravan
Coperglass
Cross Race
D2D Motors (Owned by Arteb)
Dream Maker
Edra Veículos Especiais (Formerly Edra Automotores; utility production rights acquired by Nissin Veículos Especiais)
Edra Aeronáutica (Aircraft pilot training, manufacture of seaplane, sale and maintenance of imported aircraft)
Eion
Fábrica de Jericos San Remo
Farina (Buggy manufacturer and reseller)
Fibracar (Assumed Penatti line-up in 2013)
Fábrica Nacional de Veículos (FNV) (Not the extinct railcar manufacturer, Fábrica Nacional de Vagões)
Free Style Veículos Especiais
Fyber
Gaia Electric Motors (Small electric vehicle startup)
GRF – Route 66 Réplicas Artesanais
Horwin Brasil
K2 Concept Indústria, Comércio e Serviços Automotivos
Kers Tecnologia em Mobilidade Sustentável (Microenterprise supported by Unioeste University and the government of the State of Parana)
Kitcar Veículos Especiais (Formerly MufaCar Veículos Especiais)
Limousine Service Brazil (LSB)
MC Competições (Prototype manufacturer and resistance tests for foreign models, such as Audi and Volvo)
MutoProtec (Formerly Mecplan Metalúrgica)
Metal Nobre
Mil Milhas Motorsport
Miura (Currently owned by Rangel & Lima Indústria de Veículos; Formerly owned by Besson, Gobbi & Cia.)
Mobilis (Startup focused in urban mobility solution; produced a small electric vehicle in 2017)
Montauto – Montadora Nacional de Automóveis / BRM – Buggy Rodas e Motores (Biggest dune buggy manufacturer in Brazil)
Nenê Hot Rod Assembly (NHRA)
Newtrack Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly Camelo Metalmecânica)
Personal Parts
Puma Automóveis
Selvagem Indústria e Comércio
Sulam Equipamentos Esportivos
Super Buggy
TAC (Formerly Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense (TAC); utility car project sold to the Chinese Zotye)
Tarso Marques Concept (TMC) (Founded by former Formula 1 pilot; specialized in custom jobs)
VLEGA Gaucho
Former Independent, Prototype and Custom Vehicle Manufacturer
ABC Cobra Veículos Especiais
AD Aeternum
AMX
Abais Buggy Indústria e Comércio
Acha Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias Esportivas
Acquatec Indústria e Comércio
Adamo
Adax
Agni
Agrale (Motorcycle division)
Akamine
Alcar
Aldee
Alfa Romeo
Almenara
Amoritz
Andorinha
André – Protótipos & Motor Home
Angra Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Artesanal
Aruanda
As Réplicas
Aurora Projetos Automobilísticos
Auto Drews
Auto Mecânica Atenas
AutoLatina
Autofibra
Automotiva Usiminas (Formerly Brasinca; manufactured car body, dump container and crew-cabs for companies such as Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Simca, Scania, Massey Ferguson, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chevrolet and FNM, between 1950s and mid-1990s)
Automóveis e Motores Centaurus
Autonova Indústria e Comércio de Veículos Especiais
Avallone
Avel – Apolinário Veículos
BB Equipamentos Autoesportivos
BM Foster
Baja Bug Brasil Veículos
Bandama
Baptista & Irmãos
Garage Baptista
Beach
Beach Buggies e Lanchas (Formerly Baby Indústria de Carrocerias)
Beep Indústria e Comércio de Peças
Beira Rio
Benelli
Bernardini
Besouro Veículos (Volkswagen dealer)
Bettina
Bianco
Bianco & Costa
Bobby Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Boddy
Bonneville Custom Garage
Brandini
BrasFibra
Brasil Diamond
Bravo
Brax Automóveis (Formerly Lobini Automóveis)
Brazilian Boat (Small vessel yard, built Porsche Spyder replica for a short period)
Brazilian Hot Rod (Focused in importing and selling muscle cars, and components, restoring Ford Mustang and producing Shelby Cobra replicas)
Braúna Veículos Especiais
Brilho Comercial de Veículos
Britz
Bu-Kar
Bug Rio Comércio e Reparações de Veículos
Buggymania Veículos
CBP Indústria, Comércio e Exportação (Closed due to Trademark infringement; bought Coyote Indústria e Comércio, a former autocross vehicle manufacturer, in the late 80s)
CP-TS (Acronym for: Carro do Povo; based on the Passat TS)
CR Line (closed due to trademark Infringement in 2016)
CTA
Caetano
Caribe
Carioca Réplicas
Carpo
Carrera
Carrocerias Furglass Indústria e Comércio
Carrocerias Monarca
Carroçaria Sport
Carwag Indústria, Comércio e Exportação
Casella & De Lorenzo
Casini
Cerrado
Charmant
Chausson Associados Indústria e Comércio (Focused in manufacturing custom vehicles) (Operation ceased in 2007)
Chausson Intercambiadores Térmicos (Focused on automotive radiators and industrial heat exchangers)
Cheetah
Chemuniz
Cheval Comércio e Indústria de Veículos
Chrysler (Ceased sales; representation, concessionaires and repair shop still operational)
Chrysler
Dodge
Chuves Indústria e Comércio de Artefatos Plásticos e Metálicos
Cigano
Cintra Customs
Classic Hot Rods
Classic Motors Carriages do Brasil
Coach
Coala
Cobrasma (Former truck chassis maker)
Codec Projetos Industriais de Móveis
Comercial, Industrial, Representações, Exportações e Importações (CIREI) (Dodge and Renault manufacturer)
Companhia Brasileira de Tratores (CBT) (Declared bankruptcy)
Companhia Distribuidora Geral Brasmotor (Former manufacturer for Chrysler, Plymouth, Fargo and Volkswagen; currently owned by Whirlpool, produces since only refrigerators)
Companhia Industrial Santa Matilde
Companhia Santo Amaro de Automóveis
Engenharia e Comércio de Automóveis (Engenauto)
Companhia de Expansão Auto-Industrial Veritas
Companhia de Intercâmbio Pan-Americano (CIPAN) (Chrysler, Plymouth and Fargo representative)
Compton Stütgart
Conceptor
Concorde Indústria de Automóveis Especiais
Condor Cabriolet
Corona S/A Viaturas e Equipamentos
Corsa Cross
Coruja
Crisna Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Cronos Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Veículos
Cross Way
Curitiba Spyder
Dacril Personalização de Veículos
Dagh Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Dankar Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Danny
Darié
Decorauto
Demoiselle Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia (Detenc)
Detroit Comércio e Indústria
Diamond
Diaseta
Dipave
Distribuidora de Automóveis, Caminhões e Ônibus Nacionais (Dacon) (Volkswagen and Porsche representative)
Projets d'AvantGarde (PAG DACON)
Dock Dock
Duna
D’Norbert
EBtech Projetos Automotivos Especiais
EcoMini
EcoMóvel
Edgard Pessoa
Ego Veículos
El Paco
Eldorado (Fiat Dealer)
Elva
Elza
Emis Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Emisul Montadora e Comercial de Veículos (Took Emis operations after operations were ceased)
Engefibra
Engenharia de Veículos e Motores (Envemo)
Engenheiros Especializados (Engesa)
Eniequi
Enseda Veículos Especiais
Escuderia Bad Bug
Falcão Indústria e Comércio de Plásticos
Farus Indústria de Veículos Esportivos
Fer Car Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Fiberbras Indústria e Comércio
Fibertécnica Novaimagem
Fibra Dunnas, Indústria e Comércio
Fibra Real Indústria e Comércio
Fibranorte
Fibrario Comércio e Indústria (Formerly Penatti)
Fibrax
Fibron Industrial
Fontana
Fontanari
Ford Motors Company Brasil
Ford do Brasil (Ceased production in 2021; focused in importing premium models)
Troller
Fox Veículos Especiais
Free Lance
Fury
Fuscolete Montagens Especiais de Veiculos
Fuscross
Fábrica Internacional de Carrosseries
Fábrica Nacional de Motores (Reestablished as Fábrica Nacional de Mobilidade, focused in Electric trucks)
Fábrica de Carrosserias Major
Fábrica de Veículos Caiçara
Fúria Auto Esporte
Galgo Indústria de Carrocerias (Formerly Besson, Gobbi S.A.)
Galli
Garage 500 Milhas
Garage AS
Garage Moreira
Garage e Officinas Fiat
Garden Sound
Gason
Gerbauto (Formerly Pimenta Indústria e Comércio de Veículo em Fiberglass)
German Racing Scap
Geta Design Indústria e Comércio Fibras e Metais
Giant's
Grancar Design, Veículos Especiais
Greta Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly GAMO)
Grillo (Former agricultural truck manufacturer)
Grupo Busscar (Declared bankruptcy)
Busscar Ônibus (Reopened as Carbuss Indústria Catarinense de Carrocerias)
Grupo Souza Ramos
Ford Souza Ramos (Defunded after Ford do Brasil ceased production)
SR Veículos Especiais
MMC Automotores do Brasil (Mitsubishi representative and manufacturer)
Guaporé
Guepardo Veículos
Guiauto Miami Buggy
Gurgel Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly Moplast Moldagem de Plástico)
HB
Harpia
Hawaii
HiBoy
Hit
Hofstetter Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Hot Sprint
Hunter
Icomda Comércio e Desenvolvimento Automobilístico
Iguana (Small jeep produced by Vicauto, a former Fiat dealer)
Industrial Veículos Vendetta Equus
Indústria Brasileira de Automóveis Presidente (IBAP)
Indústria Brasileira de Veículos (IBV)
Indústria de Artefatos Metálicos Bola
Indústria de Carrocerias Bugre
Indústria de Plástico Reforçado Glaspac
Indústria e Comércio de Plásticos Reforçados Mirage
Ita Motores e Montadora de Veículos (Formerly Park Motors Projetos Automotivos)
Ivel Veículos (Currently operating as a Honda concessionaire)
JPX Indústria e Comércio (Founded by Eike Batista)
Jarama
Joaquim Garcia & Cia
Joagar
Jobby Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
John Davies
Jonathas Pereira
Jopecar
Jor Racing
K&B Fiberglass
Kadron Engenharia, Indústria e Comércio
Kaltec
Karibu
Karmann-Ghia do Brasil (Subsidiary of Wilhelm Karmann)
Kasinski (Currently under Magneti Marelli brand, a Fiat subsidiary)
Cofap – Companhia Fabricadora de Peças
Cofave – Sociedade Amazonense Fabricadora de Veículos
Kiko Buggy do Brasil
Koizyztraña
Kowalski
Kremer
Küsters
LCA
LHM Indústria Mecânica (Formerly Nurburgring Indústria e Comércio)
Lafer (Ceased auto vehicle industry; still producing furniture)
Laser
Leandrini
Lepper
Limousine Brasil
Limousines do Brasil
Litoral / Radical
Little Croc (Amphibious buggy)
Lobby Indústria e Comércio (Formerly Matis Indústria e Comércio)
Lomer Indústria e Comércio de Autos Esportivos
Luar
L’Auto Craft Montadora de Veículos (Formerly L’Automobile Distribuidora de Veículos)
L’Ufficio Designers
MG Design Indústria e Comércio
MGA Indústria e Comércio de Automóveis e Artefatos de Fibra
MGK
MHS
MR (Bugatti T-35 replica)
MX
Mac Laren
Mac Laren Açofibras
Mach 1
Mack Garage Veículos Especiais
Madom
Mahindra & Mahindra (Ceased passenger vehicles production in 2015, still produce tractors)
Malavase
Mali Buggy
Mamba
Mari Auto
Marina's Montadora
Marques Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Material Ferroviário (Mostly known as Mafersa)
Maup
Max Golden Car Blindagens e Desenvolvimento
Megastar Veículos
Menon Veículos
Mercedes-Benz (Ceased passenger vehicles production in 2020, still produce truck and bus)
Mirafiori (Custom made Fiat City pickup truck and Fiat's concessionaire)
Mirage
Mirus
Moldex Indústria e Comércio
Mont Serrat Exclusive Auto Service
Montadora de Veículos Especiais Comércio Indústria e Exportação
Motor Tech
Moura
Multifibra Indústria e Comércio Plástico Reforçado
Mundeo (Propeller-driven car built "to simulate the feel of an inverted flight"; traffic restriction on public roads)
Mythos (Ferrari F40 replica)
Máxsus – Veículos e Peças
Nasser Brasil Motores Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (NBM)
NBM Indústria, Comércio de Veículos
Natalbuggy Indústria, Comércio e Serviços
Nigo
Nirico
Nobre Fibra Car
Obvio! Automotoveículos
Vrooom! Veículos Elétricos (Currently active and focused on electric vehicles)
Off-Road Montadora de Veículos
Officinas e Garage Lancia
Oficina Mecânica Aragão
Ommega Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Orion
Orto Design Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Pacífico
Pami Fibras
Panda Comércio de Fibra de Vidro
Pantera Design Indústria e Comércio
Panza
Park Motors Projetos Automotivos
Peixoto Veículos (Currently owned by Axxola)
Pereira Barreto (Sold limousines based on Chevrolet vehicles in partnership with Sulam; Former Chevrolet dealer)
Pflaumer (Custom limousine in a Volkswagen Beetle body)
Phybe Indústria e Comércio de Fiberglass
Pietro Gemesio Comércio e Indústria
Pingo
Pioneira da Indústria Nacional de Automóveis Reunida (Pinar)
Plascar – (Formerly Oscar S.A. Indústria de Artefatos de Borracha)
Polaris
Indian Motorcycle
Portyglass Indústria e Comércio
Produtora de Automóveis Nacionais Pan Rad Motores
Protótipos Lorena Carrocerias (Formerly Lorena Importação, Indústria e Comércio)
Py Motors Comércio e Indústria
SEED (Acronym for: Small Electric with Economic Design) (Formerly MMR Motorsport)
SPJ Indústria e Comércio
Santina Veículos
Simca do Brasil (Replaced by Chrysler do Brasil in 1967)
Sociedade Técnica de Veículos (STV)
Spiller Mattei Indústria e Comércio de Fiberglass
Sundown
Tambatajá Indústria de Carrocerias
Tecnoglass
Vemag-DKW (Vemag was acquired by Volkswagen do Brasil in 1967)
Viação Cometa (Currently owned by Auto Viação 1001)
Companhia Manufatureira Auxiliar (CMA)
Viação Itapemirim
Tecnobus – Serviços, Comércio e Indústria (Formerly Tecnobus Implementos Rodoviários)
WP Indústria e Comércio de Plástico Reforçado
Werma Automóveis
Willys-Overland do Brasil
Wladimir Martins Veículos (WMV) (Sold to Polystilo Indústria e Comércio in 1983 and for Py Motors in 1986)
Educational Institutions and Maker
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC)-USP)
Faculdade de Engenharia Industrial (FEI)
Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia
Nishimura (FEI engineer and teacher; made a prototype)
Local manufacture encouraged
In 2022, Brazil has a 18% tariff on imported cars.
Passenger Vehicle Currently Offered and Manufactured in Large Scale
Agrale: Marruá
Audi: Q3, Q3 Sportback; Imported: A3, A4, A5, A6, A8, Q5, Q7, Q8, RS, e-tron and e-tron GT
BMW: 3 Series, X1, X3, X4; Imported: 1 Series, 2 Series, 4 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series, X2, X5, X6, X7, Z4, iX and i3 (until July 2022)
Chery: Tiggo 5x Pro, Tiggo 7 Pro, Tiggo 8 Pro; Imported: Arrizo 6 Pro
Chevrolet: Onix, Onix Plus, S10, Spin, Tracker, Trailblazer; Imported: Cruze and Equinox; Exported: Joy, Joy Plus
Citroën: C3, C4 Cactus; Imported: Jumpy, Jumper, e-Jumper
Fiat: Argo, Mobi, Pulse, Strada, Toro, Fiorino
Honda: City (Sedan and Hatchback), HR-V; Imported (): Accord; Exported: WR-V
Hyundai: Creta, HB20, HB20S, Tucson
Jeep: Commander, Compass, Renegade
Land Rover: Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover Evoque; Imported: Defender, Velar
MINI: Clubman, Countryman; Imported: Cabrio
Mitsubishi: L200 Triton, Eclipse Cross; Imported: Pajero
Nissan: Kicks; Imported: Frontier, Leaf, Versa
Peugeot: 2008, Partner Rapid; Imported: 208, e-208, 3008, Expert, e-Expert, Boxer
Renault: Captur, Duster, Oroch, Logan, Kwid, Sandero, Master; Imported: Kwid E-Tech, Zoe, Kangoo
Toyota: Corolla, Corolla Cross, Yaris (Sedan and Hatchback); Imported: Hilux, SW4, RAV4; Export: Etios
Volkswagen: Nivus, Polo, Saveiro, T-Cross, Virtus; Imported: Amarok, Jetta, Taos
See also
Brazilian Highway System
Ethanol fuel in Brazil
FENABRAVE
Infrastructure of Brazil
List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil
List of exports of Brazil
Transport in Brazil
References
External links
Anfavea Statistical Yearbook of 1997
Articles needing cleanup from February 2022
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2022
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2022
Automotive industry in Brazil
Industry in Brazil |
6899996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS%20%C5%8Cshio | JDS Ōshio | JDS Ōshio (SS-561) was a submarine in service with Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force. Ōshio was planned and built to replace the aging JDS Kuroshio.
Background
In 1955, the Maritime Self-Defense Force received a loan from the US Navy for the Gato-class submarine USS Mingo and recommissioned it as the first JDS Kuroshio to begin the development (reconstruction) of the submarine force. Subsequently, by building the first Oyashio in the 1956 plan, domestic construction of submarines was resumed. In the subsequent First Defense Build-up Plan, from the perspective of arranging the numbers, the development of a small submarine (SSK) for local defense, which was modeled after the Barracuda class of the US Navy, will be promoted, and the plan for 1959. Then, the Yashio type, the Natsushio type was built in the 1960 plan.
However, these small submarines have serious restrictions on their snorkeling and surface navigation capabilities, especially in stormy weather, which has become a serious problem in submarine operations in the waters near Japan. In addition, since the US Navy had changed its policy to develop a large submarine such as the Tang-class submarine, the Maritime Self-Defense Force also decided to build a larger submarine (SSL) with excellent seakeeping. Based on this, first, as a substitute ship for JDS Kuroshio, only one ship was built in the plan of 1958.
Design
The design of this ship uses the same technology as SSK, and is expanded to almost the same size as the original Kuroshio.
Her ship type is an underwater high-speed nautical submarine similar to SSK. The hull structure is also based on the same double-shell type as SSK, but for slimming down, the rear part is a single-shell type and is a partial single-shell type. As for the material of the pressure hull, NS46 tempered high-strength steel (yield strength 46 kgf / mm2 / 451MPa), which was limited only to the frame in 35SSK, was fully adopted.
The propulsion system was a diesel-electric system, the propulsion device was a two-axis system, and the basic configuration was the system since 31SS. As a diesel engine, two V-type 16-cylinder Kawasaki / MAN V8V 24 / 30m MAL were installed. This is based on the 31SS V8V 22 / 30m MAL, with the bore (piston diameter) expanded to increase the output, and has since been followed up to the Yuushio type (50SS). [6].
For electric propulsion, two Fuji Electric SG-3 traction motors (1,200 kW) and two Fuji Electric SM-3 traction motors (1,450 horsepower on water / 3,150 horsepower underwater), and 480 SCB-47W main storage batteries (120). Group x 4 groups) was installed. The SCB-47W main storage battery is a water-cooled agitated fiber-clad lead battery similar to SSK (excluding Natsushio), but its life is longer and its discharge capacity is lower than before.
The propeller is the same 5-sho screw propeller (453 rpm) as before, but the airfoil has been improved and the material has been changed to aluminum bronze.
Equipment
The sonar arrangement is similar to the Natsushio-class, but for the hearing device (passive sonar), the JQO-3 is located at the bottom of the bow and the JQO-4 is located inside the dome at the front end of the sail. ing. As an active sonar, the JQS-3 was mounted on the bottom of the ship below the command post in a hanging manner, similar to the 35SSK. The periscope used to be a 10-meter type, but has been increased to a 13-meter type since the ship.
Six torpedo tubes were placed on the bow and two on the stern. All of these have a 533mm caliber, but the one on the bow side is the hydraulically fired HU-601, while the one on the stern side is the swimout type HU-201, which is used to protect the ship when evacuating. It was envisioned to launch a Mk.37 mod.0-N short torpedo (483mm diameter). However, this equipment method was evaluated as having limited effectiveness, and it is said that it was never used. The number of torpedoes installed was 18 for Mk.54 torpedoes and Mk.37 mod.0-N, and 6 torpedoes were installed at the rear.
Construction and career
Ōshio was laid down on 29 June 1963 and launched on 30 April 1964 by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Kobe Shipyard. She was commissioned on 31 March 1965 and incorporated into the 1st Submarine Group 2nd Submarine.
On 8 April 1967, while moored in Kure, a short circuit occurred in the rear control panel room while charging the storage battery, and a fire broke out from a large discharge. At this time, the inner shell was partially melted and after that, it was operated with a limit on the dive depth.
From 25 January to 14 April 1969, she participated in Hawaii dispatch training.
On 26 January 1970, while she was surfacing in Hiroshima Bay, she came into contact with a small tanker (186 tonnes) and broke two propeller shafts.
From 22 September to 10 December 1971, she participated in Hawaii dispatch training.
She was decommissioned on 20 August 1981 and dismantled in March 1982. She allowed the media to film her inside the ship before dismantling.
See also
Citations
Submarines of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
1964 ships |
6899999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ringmaster%27s%20Secret | The Ringmaster's Secret | The Ringmaster's Secret is the thirty-first volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in late 1953 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot summary
1953 Edition: Nancy's Aunt Eloise, aware of her niece's current interest in learning horseback riding stunts, sends her a second-hand golden bracelet bearing charms of horses in all five gaits; a sixth charm is missing. Coincidentally, the Sims Circus, former employer of Nancy's equestrian instructor, is coming to town. Nancy investigates the link between the unhappy circus star, young aerialist, Lolita, and her bracelet. Lolita is the adopted daughter of the acting manager, Ringmaster Kroon, and his wife. Pietro, the young, handsome clown, tells Nancy Lolita has the missing charm from her bracelet. Nancy's regular appearances at the circus, and her detective reputation brings the ire of Kroon. When a bareback rider is injured, Nancy is asked to join the show as her replacement. Bess Marvin stands in at an interview with Kroon, and agrees to audition later, while Nancy lightens her hair and cuts it to resemble her friend. Nancy's travels with the circus come to an abrupt end when she and George are kidnapped and left aboard the car of a freight train. After their escape, Nancy continues following up on clues, including a mysterious woman in England linked to both the bracelet and Lolita! In the climax of the story, Nancy is rescued by Ned when Kroon tries to imprison her in the lion's cage, and all is revealed.
Commentary
This is the first volume that Harriet Stratemeyer Adams, manager and co-owner of The Stratemeyer Syndicate, is credited with writing in full.
1974 Edition: the story is a shortened and abridged version of the original, lacking detail in the subplots, and quickening the pace. Nancy uses a wig to resemble Bess, as well, since her hair is titian in the revision. The story is basically a simplified version of the original.
Book Club Edition
In 1959, this volume was the second in a series released as part of the Nancy Drew Reader's Club, nicknamed by adult collectors as "Cameos," so named in reference to the jacket and cover design elements of Nancy on a cameo pendant. Nancy is illustrated as mature, dressed in tailored clothes, in this series of book club editions with illustrations by Polly Bolian. The books featured eight internal illustrations on double pages, and a color frontispiece, which was also reproduced as the cover art on a paper dust jacket. The books removed prior- and next-book notices and promotions, and all other details that would serve to sequence the books. Nancy is shown as willowy, with short, wavy hair, and a more mature appearance than her counterpart in the regularly issued series of books.
Critiques
Adult book collectors and enthusiasts discuss and review Nancy Drew plot elements online. The premise of this volume is sometimes discussed regarding suspension of disbelief that Nancy is as skilled as a high-grade circus performer, and can easily enter the circus as a replacement performer. The original art was executed in 1953 by illustrator Rudy Nappi, and shows a poised and polished Nancy in a typical 1950s shirtdress with Lolita as Kroon discovers their escape. Artist Polly Bolian illustrated the same cover scene for her 1959 book club dust jacket and frontispiece, correcting the time of day to sunrise, and featuring Nancy in a smart suit with matching pumps and bag. In 1974, Nappi updated his art to a collage of the ringmaster and Nancy as a bareback rider in costume. An unknown artist executed less artistic internal illustrations showing Nancy and her friends wearing mostly bell-bottom jeans and t-shirts for the updated edition. This is the cover and text in print currently by Simon and Schuster.
References
External links
Nancy Drew books
1953 American novels
1953 children's books
Circus books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
6900001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemical%20and%20Photobiological%20Sciences | Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences | Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all areas of photochemistry and photobiology. It is published monthly by Springer Nature and is the official journal of the European Photochemistry Association, European Society for Photobiology, Asia and Oceania Society for Photobiology, and the Korean Society of Photoscience. The editors-in-chief are Dario Bassani and Santi Nonell. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 2.235.
Owner societies
The journal is co-owned by the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, and is affiliated with the Asia and Oceania Society for Photobiology and the Korean Society of Photoscience.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts Service
PubMed/MEDLINE
Science Citation Index
Scopus
See also
Chemical biology
References
External links
European Photochemistry Association
European Society for Photobiology
Asia and Oceania Society for Photobiology
Korean Society of Photoscience
Chemistry journals
Biology journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Publications established in 2002
Monthly journals
English-language journals |
23571537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudigonda%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mudigonda (disambiguation) | Mudigonda is a town and revenue-divisional headquarters in Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Mudigonda is one of the Indian surnames.
Mudigonda Gayathri is a Swedish actress.
Mudigonda Lingamurthy, famous comedy actor of Telugu cinema.
Mudigonda Veerabhadra Murthy, Modern Telugu poet. |
6900002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Ryder | Paul Ryder | Paul Anthony Ryder (24 April 1964 – 15 July 2022) was an English musician. He was a bass player and a founding member of the Manchester band Happy Mondays with his brother Shaun Ryder.
Early life
Paul and Shaun are the two sons of Derek Ryder, a postman, and his wife Linda, a nurse.
Happy Mondays
Ryder was an active member of the band through most of its history from its inception in 1983 through to his death. His bandmates include his brother Shaun, Gary Whelan, Mark "Bez" Berry, Paul Davies and Mark Day. It was during his tenure with the band that it had its biggest successes with albums such as Pills 'n' Thrills and Bellyaches which sold more than 400,000 copies in the UK. The Ryder brothers fell out in the 1990s as Paul struggled with heroin addiction, but he rejoined the band for their 2012 comeback.
Acting
Ryder appeared in the films The Ghosts of Oxford Street, Losing It, and 24 Hour Party People, where he played the part of a gangster.
Other projects
Ryder left Happy Mondays to write music for several television shows, and formed a new band, Big Arm, who released an album in 2008 titled Radiator.
Ryder lived in Los Angeles where he continued to write music. He supported Tom Tom Club on two of the dates on the North America tour in October 2010, playing gigs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. He was joined by Eddy Gronfier, Neo Garcia on drums and Matt Cheadle on guitar.
Death
Ryder was found dead in his bed by his mother on 15 July 2022, aged 58, the day before the band were due to play at a festival in Sunderland. He had been reporting headaches after arriving in Salford after flying from his home in Los Angeles.
The family later said that the Coroner had said that Ryder died as a result of Ischaemic heart disease and diabetes, but they were waiting for the full Coroner's Report to be released.
References
External Links
1964 births
2022 deaths
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Happy Mondays members
People from Salford |
23571544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers%20in%20Biology%20and%20Medicine | Computers in Biology and Medicine | Computers in Biology and Medicine is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1970. It covers the intersection of biomedical engineering, computational biology, bioinformatics, and computer science. The journal publishes research articles, reviews, tutorials, editorials, and letters. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 6.698.
References
External links
Publications established in 1970
Elsevier academic journals
Bioinformatics and computational biology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals |
23571547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20Christian%20Union | Armed Forces Christian Union | The Armed Forces' Christian Union (AFCU) —formerly Officers' Christian Union— is a British military charity (Registered Charity Number 249636) whose beneficiaries are members of the Armed Forces. It is a Christian organization with origins in the mid-19th century Army Prayer Union. As of 2014 the president is Commodore Jamie Hay RN. AFCU is a member of the Association of Military Christian Fellowships and is in contact with military Christian fellowships in 40 other countries. It has a membership of serving military personnel and non-serving people, many of whom are relatives of members of the Armed Forces.
Mission
The Mission of the AFCU is prayerfully to:
Encourage those who are already Christians in the Armed Forces, and their families, to live out and develop their faith, to act as 'salt and light', and through them to encourage others to come to a committed faith in the Lord Jesus Christ;
Work for Christian unity amongst serving military Christians worldwide and to work alongside military Christian organizations (MCO) in support of the chaplains;
Support the Armed Forces, providing a Godly influence upon military culture;
Expose the role of Christians in the Armed Forces to the wider Christian and secular community.
Vision
The vision for the AFCU is to be a dynamic and outward looking prayer union, providing discipleship to a growing membership, which upholds biblical principles in the Armed Forces.
See also
Christians in the military
Defence Christian Network
Officers' Christian Fellowship
Notes
External links
Official website
AFCU along with similar organizations
The Association of Military Christian Fellowships
Evangelical parachurch organizations |
23571548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Cole | Victor Cole | Victor Cole (born January 23, 1968) is a former professional baseball pitcher. Cole is the only Major League Baseball player ever to have been born in the Soviet Union, and the ninth to have been born in what is now Russia.
Cole pitched in eight games for the 1992 Pittsburgh Pirates, with an 0–2 record, 12 strikeouts and allowing 14 earned runs.
Cole attended Santa Clara University in California. Cole's father, from Sierra Leone, studied medicine in Russia and married a Russian woman. The family left Russia when Cole was four years old, lived in Sierra Leone for four years, then spent two years in Canada before moving to the United States when he was ten years old.
Cole was taken by the Kansas City Royals in the 14th round of the 1988 amateur draft. He was traded to the Pirates May 3, 1991 for Carmelo Martinez.
Cole played in the Milwaukee Brewers organization in 1994 and the San Diego Padres organization in 1995 and 1996. He announced his retirement during the 1995 season.
He then went to play in the Taiwan Major League for Kaoping Fala in 1997. Cole returned to the minors in 1998 and 1999 with the Chicago Cubs. He spent 2000 with the Memphis Redbirds, a AAA affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals and SK Wyverns of the Korea Baseball Organization. Cole spent 2001 and 2002 with the KBO's Doosan Bears before retiring. In his ten seasons in the minor leagues, he had a record of 37 - 36 with an ERA of 3.70.
In 2003, Cole joined the Russia national baseball team. He also joined the team on its tour of the North American-based independent Northeast League. Cole later coached with the National Team in the 2020 European Championships, in Group B.
References
External links
Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
CPC Baseball trivia
New York Times mention
1968 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Águilas del Zulia players
Baseball City Royals players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Carolina Mudcats players
Doosan Bears players
El Paso Diablos players
Eugene Emeralds players
Expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Iowa Cubs players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Russia
Memphis Chicks players
Memphis Redbirds players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Omaha Royals players
Pine Bluff Locomotives players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Russian people of Sierra Leonean descent
Salinas Peppers players
SSG Landers players
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players
Russian baseball players
Expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Russian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Sierra Leonean emigrants to the United States
Expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Sierra Leonean emigrants to Canada |
23571550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless%20Longganisa | Stainless Longganisa | Stainless Longganisa is a semi-autobiographical book written by Bob Ong, his fifth published work. Released in December 2005 by Visprint, it follows the style used in Bob Ong's first three publications: the use of contemporary Filipino language to express the author's views on Filipino culture. Unlike the first three books, however, it mainly deals with literature. According to the blurb, it focuses on [translated from the vernacular]: " ... stories by leaking pens about the importance of reading, reaching your dreams and the correct way of writing." As of 2011 (the year his ninth book, Lumayo Ka Nga Sa Akin, was released), Stainless Longganisa is currently his latest book written in a semi-autobiographical style.
References
Books by Bob Ong
2005 books |
23571558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane (15 November 1894 – 31 December 2003) was an Irish nurse, centenarian and memoirist.
Early life
Bridget Dirrane was born in Oatquarter in the townland of Kilmurvey on Inishmore, Aran Islands, County Galway on 15 November 1894. She was the youngest child of Joseph Gillan and Maggie (née Walsh). Her father was a weaver of flannel cloth and had a small farm. She had four brothers and three sisters. Her oldest brother was a fisherman, who died at age 21 in 1901, and her father died before 1911. Despite this hardship, all of the children went to school, with one of her brothers becoming an Irish teacher, and later an Irish inspector. The family spoke Irish at home, but they were all bilingual with English. Dirrane was schooled at the national school in Oatquarter until the age of 14. She left to work in local homes, looking after children. When she wrote her memoirs late in life, Dirrane claimed to have met Joseph Plunkett, Éamonn Ceannt, Thomas MacDonagh, Thomas Ashe and Patrick Pearse when they visited the island, visiting a house where she looked after the children, discussing politics and plans for the Easter Rising with them. She was a republican, becoming a member of Cumann na mBan in 1918 while she was working for Fr Matthew Ryan as a housekeeper. She was involved in drilling and assisting fugitives from the authorities. Because of their known republican sympathies, the Black and Tans raided the Gillan family homes.
Career
Dirrane moved to Dublin in 1919 to train in St Ultan's Hospital as a nurse. She was still under surveillance, being arrested alongside her employer Claude Chavasse when she was working as a nurse in his house. She was held in Dublin Bridewell for two days before being transferred to Mountjoy. In the time of her imprisonment, she was not charged or put on trial. Her refusal to speak English angered the guards, culminating in her going on hunger strike for a number of days in 1920 until she was released. She took part in the Cumann na mBan vigil outside of Mountjoy in November 1920, when Kevin Barry was hanged.
She worked in Richard Mulcahy's house for two years, before emigrating to the United States in 1927 to continue her career as a nurse. She worked in Boston where she was an active member of the Irish emigrant community alongside former neighbours from the Aran Islands and some relatives. She worked in a hotel for a time, but returned to nursing after her marriage to Edward 'Ned' Dirrane in November 1932 in the Jamaica Plain section of Boston. Ned was a labourer in Boston, was also from Inishmore, died from heart failure in 1940. Dirrane continued her career nursing in hospitals and as a district nurse. On 13 May 1940, she naturalised as US citizen. During World War II, she worked as a nurse in a munitions factory, and at a US Army Air Forces bomber base in Mississippi. She canvased for John F. Kennedy in the Irish community in South Boston when he ran for president in 1960. Jean Kennedy Smith visited Dirrane in 1997 in Galway to acknowledge her contribution. Dirrane also met Senator Edward Kennedy.
Later life
Following her retirement, Dirrane lived with her nephew, but she returned to the Aran Islands in 1966 at age 72. There she lived with her brother-in-law, Pat Dirrane, a widower with three grown sons. They married in a private ceremony on 27 April 1966. She continued to live on the island after Pat's death on 28 February 1990, living with her stepson. She eventually moved into a nursing home in Newcastle in the suburbs of Galway. When she celebrated her 100 birthday, she funded a statue of Our Lady Mary at a holy well in Corough on Inishmore. At age 103, the matron of Dirrane's nursing home arranged for a local writer Jack Mahon to record Dirrane's memories and collate the into a book. The book, A woman of Aran, was published in 1997 and was a bestseller for several weeks. Dirrane was awarded an honorary degree, an MA honoris causa, from NUI Galway in May 1998, the oldest person to ever receive one. Dirrane died on 31 December 2003, aged 109, in Galway. She was buried on Inishmore.
References
External links
RTÉ coverage of Dirrane receiving her honorary degree in 1998
1894 births
2003 deaths
Irish nurses
Irish people of World War II
Irish centenarians
Women centenarians |
6900013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Scarlet%20Slipper%20Mystery | The Scarlet Slipper Mystery | The Scarlet Slipper Mystery is the thirty-second volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was published in 1954 by Grosset & Dunlap and written by Charles S. Strong under the house pseudonym Carolyn Keene.
Plot
Nancy meets Helene and Henri Fontaine, refugees from Centrovia who run a dancing school in River Heights. Strange circumstances have brought the brother and sister to United States. When they receive an anonymous note threatening their lives, Nancy offers her help.
But she encounters nothing but puzzles. Are the Fontaines involved with the Centrovian underground? Have they been threatened by their own countrymen? Why? Is a series of paintings by Henri Fontaine being used for a sinister purpose?
Suddenly the Fontaines disappear. Have they been kidnapped? Nancy and her friends pursue the trail relentlessly, even though danger lurks around every corner. They are trapped by their enemies, and escape seems impossible. But Nancy's quick wit finally enables her to solve this intriguing and intricate mystery.
References
Nancy Drew books
1954 American novels
1954 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
23571559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVg%20Aurich | SpVg Aurich | SpVg Aurich is a German football club from the city of Aurich, Lower Saxony.
History
The club was founded on 14 July 1911 as the descendant of the city's first football club, Fußballvereinigung Aurich, established in 1909. In 1938, the club was merged with Mannerturnverein 1862 Aurich to create Turn- und Sport Aurich von 1862. The union lasted until 13 May 1951 when the two clubs went their separate ways.
Playing as TuS Aurich the club was part of the Gauliga Oldenburg-Friesland (I) in 1943–44 where they finished their campaign in fifth place. The club played just three matches in the war-shortened 1944–45 season.
After the breakup of TuS in 1951, SpVg advanced to the Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen in 1994 where earned a series of lower table finishes over the course of three seasons. The club was relegated after a 14th-place result in 1996–97. By the early to middle 2000s SpVg played in Landesliga (V) and the Bezirksliga (VI) until a 2007 championship there put it back in the Landesliga, which became sixth tier the next year. By 2012 it reached the Kreisliga Aurich/Wittmund (VIII) after two consecutive relegation places two seasons before, but went back to the Bezirksliga Wesewr Ems by winning its district championship.
References
External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Lower Saxony
1911 establishments in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1911 |
23571561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Coy | Harry Coy | Henry Frederick "Harry" Coy (4 February 1900 – 17 July 1962) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1920s.
Coy, who started his career at Port Melbourne in 1919, was signed up by Melbourne after two Victorian Football Association (VFA) seasons. He became Melbourne's full-back and was an important player in the 1926 premiership team. In the 1926 Grand Final, Coy kept Collingwood's Gordon Coventry to just two goals, despite the forward having kicked 81 goals for the year leading into the game.
References
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
External links
1900 births
Melbourne Football Club players
Port Melbourne Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
1962 deaths
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
Melbourne Football Club Premiership players
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players
People from East Melbourne |
23571567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIAA | FIAA | FIAA may refer to:
Federation of Indian Automobile Associations
Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries of Australia
Fellow of the Israel Association of Actuaries
Florida Interscholastic Athletic Association
Front Islamique Arabe de l'Azawad
Furnishing Industry Association of Australia
Future Instructors of America Association
First In Adoption Act
Fiaa may refer to :
an alternative spelling for Fih, Lebanon |
6900014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Shigisan | Siege of Shigisan | The 1577 was one of many sieges during Oda Nobunaga's campaigns to consolidate his power in the Kansai area.
The castle was held by Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide and his son Kojirō, both of whom committed suicide upon their defeat.
Supposedly, following his father's seppuku, Kojirō leapt from the castle walls, with his father's head in his hand, and his sword through his own throat.
Hisahide, a master of tea ceremony is also said to have smashed his favorite tea bowl so that it would not fall into the hands of his enemies.
In Popular Culture
In the 2020 Taiga drama, Kirin ga Kuru, Matsunaga Hisahide is played by actor Kōtarō Yoshida. This Taiga's narrative was that Hisahide left his alliance with Nobunaga after Tsutsui Junkei, his rival, was chosen as protector of the Yamato Province. Nobunaga's son, Oda Nobutada, with Akechi Mitsuhide, would defeat Hisahide at the Siege of Shigisan. If Hisahide had surrendered, Nobunaga would have given him a small fiefdom.
References
1577 in Japan
Akechi clan
Shigisan
Conflicts in 1577
Izumi-Hosokawa clan
Oda clan
Shigisan |
23571577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1145%20papal%20election | 1145 papal election | The 1145 papal election followed the death of Pope Lucius II and resulted in the election of Pope Eugene III, the first pope of the Order of Cistercians.
Election of Eugene III
Pope Lucius II, during the whole of his pontificate, had to face the municipal commune at Rome, hostile towards the secular rule of the popes in the Eternal City. The republican faction elected Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the former Antipope Anacletus II, to the post of senator, and demanded that Lucius relinquish all temporal matters into his hands. The pope refused and led a small army against the seat of the commune on Capitol. He was defeated and seriously wounded in this attack, and died on 15 February 1145 in the church of S. Gregorio in clivo scauri. The cardinals present at Rome quickly assembled in the church of San Cesareo in Palatio and on the very same day unanimously elected to the papacy Bernardo da Pisa, pupil of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who was abbot of the Cistercian monastery of S. Anastasio alle Tre Fontane near Rome and probably did not belong to the College of Cardinals. The elect took the name of Eugene III. Due to hostility of the Roman people, his consecration took place in the monastery of Farfa on 18 February 1145.
Cardinal-electors
There were probably 40 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in February 1145. Based on examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1145 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 34 cardinals participated in the election:
Thirteen electors were created by Pope Innocent II, nine by Celestine II, eleven by Lucius II, one by Pope Callixtus II and one by Pope Paschalis II.
Absentees
Notes
Sources
12th-century elections
1145
1145
1145 in Europe
12th-century Catholicism |
6900019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Bacteria%20Vacuum | Red Bacteria Vacuum | Red Bacteria Vacuum (レッドバクテリアバキューム) is an all-girl Japanese punk band from Osaka formed in 1998 consisting of Ikumi (guitar/vocals), Kassan (bass/vocals, also formerly known as RanRan), and Jasmine (drums/vocals). The band relocated to Tokyo in 2000.
They have gone through numerous member changes, notably with the major problem of filling in for the departing Akeming, their original drummer who left the band when pregnant with her first child. Katsu was later found to be the new drummer, but later left early 2009. By April 2009, Jasmine became their permanent drummer, appearing in their new album and touring with them for Japan Girls Nite.
The band performed in US numerous times throughout the years, usually as part of Benten Label's Japan Nite, an annual tour promoting Japanese indie bands in America. As part of their 2009 American tour, they played at the opening of New People, a building dedicated to Japanese culture in San Francisco. The group released their album, "Dolly Dolly, Make an Epoch" in October 2009. The band toured in the US once again in March 2010, appearing at SXSW as well as participating in the Japan Nite tour once again. Red Bacteria Vacuum appear in the 2009 documentary Live House, including live performances and interview with the band and its past members. In April 2011 it was announced that Red Bacteria Vacuum would open for A Perfect Circle on all their non festival 2011 tour appearances.
In early 2013 Red Bacteria Vacuum released their third full-length album, Hey! Peeps
Discography
Albums
2000: Such a Scream
2004: Killer Dust
2009: Dolly Dolly, Make a Epoch
2013: Hey! Peeps
EPs
2005: Roller Coaster
DVDs
2006: Panic Junky Special Live
References
External links
Official Japanese Site
Sister Benten English Site
Myspace Site
RED BACTERIA VACUUM SUMMER 2011 TOUR
All-female punk bands
Japanese rock music groups
Japanese punk rock groups
Musical groups from Osaka |
6900026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Nepta | Renault Nepta | The Renault Nepta was a concept grand tourer made by Renault which was presented at the Mondial de l'Automobile 2006. It was designed by Patrick le Quément and was unusual for Renault in that it was rear-wheel drive with a large petrol engine.
Technical details
It is equipped with a direct injection twin turbo 3.5 L petrol V6 producing and was coupled to a paddle-shift seven-speed automatic gearbox. The Nepta could accelerate to 62 mph in 4.9 seconds.
References
External links
Nepta
Cars introduced in 2006
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Grand tourers
Convertibles
Automobiles with gull-wing doors |
6900027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan%20%C4%8Custovi%C4%87 | Adnan Čustović | Adnan Čustović (born 16 April 1978) is a Bosnian professional football manager and former player, currently managing Kortrijk.
Club career
Čustović started his career at local side Velež Mostar in 1991, before joining Slovenian Second League team Triglav Kranj in 1996. He later moved to France, where he played for Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 teams Le Havre, Laval and Amiens. On 21 December 2005, after three years, he left Mouscron and moved to Gent.
In 2010, Čustović joined Germinal Beerschot, who loaned him out to the successor of his previous club Mouscron, namely Mouscron-Péruwelz in 2012. After the loan, he left for Belgian Second Division team Tournai. Čustović finished his playing career at Tournai in 2014, retiring at the age of 36.
International career
Čustović made his debut for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team against Norway on 24 March 2007. On 2 June 2007, he experienced his first notable moment for the national team by scoring his first international goal when he headed the winner over Turkey from a corner kick taken by Mirko Hrgović.
He has earned a total of 5 caps, scoring 1 goal. His final international was a September 2007 European Championship qualification match against Moldova.
International goals
Managerial career
Early career
Right after finishing his playing career, Čustović started his managerial career. From 2014 to 2015, he was the assistant manager at Kortrijk and then from 2015 to 2017, Čustović was assistant at Oostende.
Oostende
In September 2017, Yves Vanderhaeghe, Oostende manager at the time, was sacked after a poor start to the season when the club collected only one point in seven games and were bottom of the league. Čustović was named interim manager of Oostende, but after two wins and one draw in three games, thus collecting seven points in those three games, he was given a full contract, which was to last until the end of the season. At the end of the season, the club avoided relegation and Čustović was praised by fans as a result. He left the club after the end of the season.
Waasland-Beveren
On 17 November 2018, Čustović was appointed as the new manager of Waasland-Beveren. His first match in charge was a league game at home to Royal Excel Mouscron on 24 November 2018, which ended in a 1–2 loss. Čustović's most memorable moment at the club was a 2–1 victory over league champions Club Brugge on 7 December 2018. Following a bad start to the 2019–20 season, he was relieved of his duties on 26 August 2019.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
On 25 January 2020, Čustović was named as an assistant of Bosnia and Herzegovina national team head coach Dušan Bajević.
Return to Oostende
On 4 March 2020, Čustović was once again appointed as the manager of Oostende. After only one game as Oostende's manager, he was released by the club on 7 June 2020.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Triglav Kranj
Slovenian Second League: 1997–98
Gent
Belgian Cup: 2009–10
Mouscron-Péruwelz
Belgian Third Division A: 2011–12
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mostar
Association football forwards
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina international footballers
NK Triglav Kranj players
Le Havre AC players
Stade Lavallois players
Amiens SC players
Royal Excel Mouscron players
K.A.A. Gent players
Beerschot A.C. players
R.F.C. Tournai players
Slovenian Second League players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Belgian First Division A players
Belgian First Division B players
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Slovenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Expatriate footballers in France
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
K.V. Oostende managers
S.K. Beveren managers
K.V. Kortrijk managers
Belgian First Division A managers
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
Shanghai Port F.C. non-playing staff |
17327836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Lebanon%20conflict | 2008 Lebanon conflict | The 2008 Lebanon conflict (Or the 7 May 2008 clashes, Arabic: أحداث 7 أيار) was a brief intrastate military conflict in May 2008 in Lebanon between opposition militias (mainly Shiite Hezbollah) and pro-government Sunnis, after the 18-month-long political crisis spiraled out of control, when the government's decision to dismantle Hezbollah's telecommunication system, which led to Hezbollah seizing control of west Beirut, and ended with the adoption of the Doha Accord in 2008.
The fighting between pro-government and opposition militias affiliated to respectively the Future Movement and PSP political parties on one side and Hezbollah, Amal, SSNP, LDP and the Arab Democratic Party on the other side, was sparked by a government move to shut down Hezbollah's telecommunication network and remove Beirut Airport's head of security after the discovery of a hidden remote-controlled camera monitoring one of the airport's runway and his alleged ties to Hezbollah. Clashes first occurred on May 7 after a general strike called for by the country's union federation to demand higher wages and decry high consumer prices became overshadowed by the government's decisions and escalated into low-level violence between pro-government and opposition protesters. Violence severely escalated the next morning on May 8 after a televised speech by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah. In his speech, Nasrallah responded to the government's decision to declare the organization's telecommunication network illegal by calling it a declaration of war on the organization, shortly after which fighting between pro-government and opposition militias broke out in Beirut. Within two days, Hezbollah-led opposition fighters had seized control of several West Beirut neighbourhoods from pro-government Future Movement militiamen. In the following days, fighting between pro-government and opposition militias spread to other parts of the country with major clashes in the Aley District and Tripoli. On May 15, an intervention by the Arab League brokered an immediate end to hostilities and a pledge from warring parties to send emissaries to Doha for a mediation process. The resulting Doha Agreement, reached on May 21, 2008, brought an end to the 18-month political feud that exploded into fighting and nearly drove the country to a new civil war.
Background
On December 1, 2006, a series of protests and sit-ins began in Lebanon, led by the March 8 political coalition which opposed the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora. Formed after the Cedar Revolution in 2005, the March 8 coalition was up of the Shiite Hezbollah and Amal, the Christian Free Patriotic Movement and a number of smaller parties such as the SSNP, LDP and the Arab Democratic Party. On the other side of the political divide stood the March 14 coalition, at the time holding the majority of cabinet and parliamentary seats. The March 14 coalition was made up of the primarily Sunni Future Movement and a number of smaller parties including the Druze Progressive Socialist Party and the Christian Lebanese Forces.
At the core of commencement of the protests was the unhappiness of Hezbollah with the division of power under the current status quo and the pro-Western course of the Lebanese government. It argued that too much executive power was in the hands of the Future Movement, the primary political party of March 14, which it in their view misused by too closely aligning with Western states, most notably the United States, thereby compromising Lebanon's sovereignty and security. In addition, the period was marked by political strife between the March 8 and March 14 coalitions over the international investigation on the assassination of former prime minister Rafic Hariri, the creation of the future Lebanon Tribunal to prosecute the perpetrators this assassination and the question of Hezbollah's armed status. Hezbollah was the only organization allowed to retain its weapons after the ratification of the Taif Agreement, which brought an end to the Lebanese Civil War, although UN Security Council Resolution 1559 of September 2004 denied the organization the right to retain its arms. By 2008, the military strength of the organization had grown to such levels that it was widely considered to be stronger than the Lebanese Armed Forces. To ensure its interests, Hezbollah demanded a new national unity government in which March 8 would have at least a third plus one of the cabinet seats in order to grant them the ability to veto cabinet decisions.
After Shi'a ministers of Hezbollah and Amal had resigned from the cabinet in December 2006 in protest against a decision concerning the Lebanon Tribunal, the opposition demanded the immediate resignation of the cabinet as it now was unbalanced with regard to the proportional representation of religious groups as stipulated by the Lebanese Constitution and therefore was deemed illegitimate. When Prime Minister Siniora refused to resign his cabinet, Hezbollah and its allies on March 8 called on its supporters in early December 2006 to protest against the perceived illegitimacy of the cabinet of Siniora to increase pressure on it. In the face of massive protests, Siniora and the remaining ministers in his cabinet still refused to step down as long as they enjoyed the support of the majority of the parliament. As protestors kept up the pressure on the government with their encampment near the Grand Serail, the prime ministerial office in downtown Beirut, Siniora and his minister were under virtual house arrest due to security concerns since the assassination of Pierre Gemayel, one of Siniora's ministers, in late 2006. With Siniora not giving in, the opposition organized a general strike in January 2007, which ended in sectarian clashes leaving multiple dead and hundreds wounded. Political deadlock took a new turn with the end of term of President Émile Lahoud in late 2007 as the March 8 and March 14 blocs could not agree on his successor, leaving the country in a presidential vacuum further worsening the political crisis.
May 2008 controversies
In May 2008, the tensions between the pro-government and opposition parties escalated when the cabinet announced a series of security decisions. Tensions began with revelations on Friday May 2 made by Progressive Socialist Party leader Walid Jumblatt, a key politician in the ruling March 14 alliance. He announced that a remote-controlled camera had been set up in a container park overlooking Beirut international airport's runway 17, which was frequently being used by March 14 politicians. In March 14 circles, fear was that the monitoring could be used for a possible attack on its leaders, as Lebanon had faced a series of political assassinations in recent times. Although Jumblatt did not accuse the party directly, he made clear that he thought March 8's Hezbollah was behind the monitoring system's installment. Hezbollah dismissed the accusations, calling the allegation a product of Jumblatt's imagination and saying that those who leveled them were scaremongering and simply parroting a US campaign against it and other groups which are resisting Israel. In addition to the monitoring system, Jumblatt stated that Hezbollah had laid down a fiber optic telecommunication network connecting its powerbase in Dahiya in South Beirut with cities and towns in South and East Lebanon in predominantly Shiite areas. Although this was known to the government, it was now claimed that the network was being extended to the predominantly Christian and Druze areas of Mount Lebanon.
In its response to these allegations, the Lebanese cabinet announced that it regarded the telecommunication network and the monitoring system as a breach of law, undermining the state's sovereignty and the security of its citizens. Therefore, it declared that the matter would be referred not only to the Lebanese judicial system, but also to the Arab League and the United Nations. In addition to infringing state sovereignty, the network was regarded by the government as an infringement on public funds since it claimed that it competes with its own and used the Lebanese infrastructure. The cabinet announced that it would uproot the telecommunication network and in addition also ordered the removal Brigadier General Wafic Shkeir, head of security at Beirut's international airport and considered to be sympathetic to Hezbollah and Amal, on account of failing to deal with the monitoring system. These moves severely antagonized Hezbollah, bringing tensions between the March 8 and March 14 coalitions to a boiling point.
Armed clashes
May 7: Protests and minor clashes
Coincidentally, a day after the cabinet's decision, on Wednesday May 7, the Lebanese General Workers Union had planned a general strike to demand higher wages and decry high consumer prices. The strike turned violent as the opposition threw their weight behind the strike, paralyzing large parts of Lebanon's capital Beirut. Instigated by the recent developments and the strike, pro-government and opposition supporters took the streets coming into conflict with each other at multiple places. Clashes were first reported when government and opposition supporters in a pro-government sector of Beirut exchanged insults and began throwing stones at each other after Hezbollah supporters insisted on blocking the roads. Witnesses said security forces intervened and gunshots were heard, apparently troops firing in the air to disperse the crowds. In the afternoon, verbal violence and stone throwing turned into more violent clashes, with gunfire sporadically going off in the city. Around the city, armed opposition supporters blocked roads including the strategic road towards Beirut international airport, cutting it off from the rest of the city, and roads to the city's sea port.
May 8 - May 9: Takeover of Beirut
After a tense night with sporadic gunfire, Hezbollah's secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah addressed the country in a speech televised on Hezbollah affiliated al-Manar station in the morning of May 8. He referred to the cabinet's decisions of that week as "despotic" and having inaugurated a new phase in Lebanese history, similar to the assassination of former prime minister Rafic Hariri in 2005. He stated that the telecommunication network was not a simple commercial operation aimed merely at generating profit for the organization, but "integral and fundamental" as part of its military apparatus. He claimed that his opponents had already known about the existence of the telecommunication network years before and in drawing attention to the timing of the decision, insinuated that the cabinet's actions were aimed at obstructing the forces of the Resistance (against Israel) in the region. Hezbollah had the right to defend itself, he argued, and metaphorically stated that they would cut-off the hand of anyone that would touch the Resistance. "All red lines had been crossed", according to Nasrallah, and the actions therefore amounted to no mere than a "declaration of war."
Minutes after Nasrallah's speech, heavy street battles began between pro-government and opposition militias. Fighting erupted along Corniche Mazraa, an avenue separating Shiite and Sunni areas, later spreading to the western, southern and eastern parts of Beirut where Sunni and Shiite neighborhoods overlapped. Combat was also heard near the office of Lebanon's Sunni religious leader - an ally of the government - and the palatial compound of the Hariri family in Koreitem was hit by RPG fire. More barricades were set up, closing major highways. Opposition militants eventually overran the positions of pro-government militias in West Beirut and burnt-down three pro-government offices. Saad Hariri, leader of the Future Movement, quickly responded to the outbreak of violence, describing the events as a form of fitna, criticizing the actions of Hezbollah as a threat to the unity of the country and calling on Nasrallah to stop the descendance towards civil war. Faced with large-scale inter-communal violence erupting all over the city, the Lebanese Armed Forces decided not to intervene in the clashes for fear of sparking divisions in the army along sectarian lines, as had happened during the civil war. Other factors that as to why the army did not act in line with the cabinet are, according to political scientist Aram Nerguizian, the apprehension among army commanders at how the cabinet chose to address the issue of Hezbollah's telecommunication network. Secondly, the perception among them that cabinet also did not sufficiently consult the army prior to their decision to dismiss Beirut's airport head of security. Thirdly, the presidential ambitions of Army Commander Michel Suleiman - who would indeed within two weeks become the country's next president - and his resulting need not to antagonize the March 8 coalition and its Syrian allies may also have influenced his decision not to intervene against Hezbollah according to Nerguizian. The army's decision to refrain from intervention did spark objections from within however. Some saw it as a "missed opportunity" for the army to "signal its objection to domestic military action by any of the country's competing political/sectarian forces." Around 120 Sunni officers later even offered their resignation as response to "the humiliation felt from the military's conduct during the militias' invasion of Beirut" as their resignation letter stated. All of the officers except one later repealed their resignation however.
Fighting from the previous day lasted throughout the night and only stopped for a short time a little bit after dawn on May 9, 2008. However, fighting quickly resumed after the brief lull. Pro-government militias were however no match to the Hezbollah led opposition forces. All over West Beirut, pro-government militias had lost ground. Media outlets related to the pro-government Future Movement, amongst which Future TV, Al Mustaqbal Newspaper, Future News, Radio Orient and Future-owned Armenian radio station Sevan had been raided by opposition fighters and forced to close. Future TV and Al Mustaqbal were particularly targeted by opposition fighters. RPG missiles were launched from empty adjacent buildings under construction to Mustaqbal's offices, setting fire to two floors. Future TV offices were raided by Hezbollah members who subsequently cut all of its broadcasts. According to Habib Battah, a media analyst, shutting down Future TV was not only a psychological attack on Future Movement's supporters, but also gave the opposition a monopoly on propaganda messages. Overpowered by Hezbollah's military apparatus and besieged in his residence, Saad Hariri had by then ordered militia members loyal to his Future Movement to stand down. The opposition had now firmly moved in and taken over abandoned positions of pro-government fighters, seizing large parts of the capital's western neighbourhoods. The Lebanese Army also stepped in to take over position deserted by pro-government militiamen and in some instance were handed over control of recently conquered position by Hezbollah. In some neighbourhoods, the takeover had been peaceful with opposition fighters facing no resistance as they moved throughout West Beirut.
May 10 - May 12: Fighting spreads to Aley and the North
As fighting in Beirut dwindled down, violence began to spread to other parts of the country, in particular the Aley District south of Beirut and the north of the country. In the evening of May 9 sporadic clashes erupted in Sidon, where two civilians were killed; and in Bar Elias in the Bekaa Valley where a woman was killed. Also, eight people were killed near the town of Aley in clashes between government supporters and opponents. Seven people who were Hezbollah supporters were killed.
On May 10, 2008, a funeral procession was attacked by a shop-owner affiliated with the Amal Movement, whose shop was previously burned down by Sunni militants, leaving six people dead. An Associated Press photographer who witnessed the shooting said the attack came as a procession of 200 people headed toward a nearby cemetery to bury a 24-year-old pro-government supporter killed in previous fighting. At least 14 people were killed in the town of Halba, in the Akkar region of north Lebanon, as about 100 pro-Future Movement gunmen attacked an office of the SSNP. 10 of the dead were SSNP members, three were government loyalists and one was an Australian citizen of Lebanese descent on vacation in Lebanon, who was trying to get information at the SSNP offices about evacuating from the city. The Australian father of four, Fadi Sheikh, reportedly had his hands and feet cut off. The SSNP says Fadi Sheikh was a member of the party - but was not a militant. He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. One other person was killed in fighting in Sidon and two soldiers died in fighting east of Beirut. Heavy fighting had also broken out between Alawite Hezbollah sympathizers and Sunni supporters of the government in the neighbourhoods of Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tabbaneh, two neighbourhoods in Tripoli notorious for its sectarian violence, leading thousands to flee their homes.
Faced with the escalated situation as a result of the cabinet's decisions, Prime Minister Fouad Siniora announced on May 10 that the cabinet would handover the issue of telecommunication network to the army and, in addition, announced the reinstatement of the head of security of Beirut's international airport. Subsequently, the Lebanese army took a more active stance in the events and announced it had frozen the measures taken by the government and called for all armed militants to withdraw from the streets. In response, Hezbollah announced that it would withdraw its fighters together with other opposition fighters from West Beirut in compliance with the Lebanese army's request, but that a civil disobedience campaign will continue until the group's political demands are met. The next day, Beirut was quiet as control of areas seized by the opposition was handed over to the Lebanese army. Many roads in the capital remained blockaded however, including the strategic airport road, as the opposition continued their campaign of civil disobedience.
Battle of Mount Barook and Aley District
On May 9, heavy fighting broke out in Mount Lebanon between pro-government Progressive Socialist Party fighters and Hezbollah. The clashes started in Aytat, near Kaifun and soon expanded to cover many spots in Mount Lebanon including the cities of Baisour, Choueifat and Aley. Most of the fighting was concentrated on Hill 888. Fighting started when four Druze members of the Aley municipal police were kidnapped by Hezbollah. Soon after the news of the kidnapping spread, the mayor of Aley assembled a group of PSP fighters and went up to Hill 888. As they reached the hill they were attacked by Hezbollah gunmen who wounded a few of the PSP and municipality members. PSP members retaliated by killing 3 of the kidnappers. The incident developed into a significant armed clash. Artillery and mortars were used for the first time during these battles. A ceasefire agreement was supposed to take place at 18:00 of the same day, but fighters from both sides continued to exchange fire. Negotiations were ongoing for the PSP members to give up the fight and surrender their positions to the Lebanese Army, but it never happened.
The battles at Aley stopped for several hours, but the two sides clashed again in Mount Barouk to the southeast shortly before midnight. Barook separates the Druze heartland of Shouf from the mainly Shi'ite southern end of the Bekaa Valley. That night Hezbollah's fighters deployed from southern Beirut to the Qmatiye area tried to attack the hills near Aley but they were beaten back. After that Hezbollah tried to go on the offensive again and attacked their rival's positions. The Druze fighters had fought the Hezbollah militants from dug-in positions left over from the 1975–90 Civil War. The Druze used hunting guns, AK 47s and other machine guns, RPGs and allegedly even 23mm anti-aircraft guns to blast at the advancing Hezbollah fighters. Opposition forces bombarded the pro-government Druze area with artillery while ground forces attacked Druze positions using rockets and machine guns. By morning, the Druze fighters agreed to cease hostilities and several villages loyal to Lebanon's pro-government Druze leader Walid Jumblatt had been handed over to the army. The kidnapped municipality police members were released by Hezbollah on May 12 in exchange of at least 30 Hezbollah members that were kidnapped by PSP in Mount Barook. Hezbollah were defeated.
Clashes in Hamra and Tripoli
After a day of relative quiet in Beirut renewed gunfire was heard in the commercial area of Hamra in the western part of the city shortly after midnight on May 12. The fighting occurred near the home of Future Movement leader Saad al-Hariri. A two-man Al Jazeera camera crew suffered injuries while trying to film the fighting and were evacuated by the Lebanese army. Meanwhile, in Tripoli, clashes left one person dead and at least six others wounded. Now taking a proactive role in the events, the Army stated that if the clashes did not end by Tuesday May 13, it would intervene and use force if necessary to end the fighting. The next days saw only limited and sporadic fighting.
Resolution process
Arab League intervention
As fighting was spreading to other parts of Lebanon, the Arab League, which had been involved as a mediator in Lebanese political crises since 2005, decided to intervene in Lebanon at an emergency meeting on May 11. The League Council mandated the formation of a Ministerial Committee headed by the Foreign Minister of Qatar and the League's Secretary General which was to go to Lebanon and mediate in the crisis. The League Council also called for a halt to the fighting, the withdrawal of militiamen from the streets, the facilitation of the Lebanese Army to restore calm and talks between the Lebanese political leaders. On May 15, after a round of talks with Lebanon's prime political leaders, the Ministerial Committee announced an initial agreement that marked a cessation of all hostilities and entailed that major Lebanese political leaders would enter into a national dialogue the next day in Doha for further mediation.
Doha Agreement
After half a week of deliberations in Doha, Lebanese political leaders signed an accord on May 21 that brought an immediate end to the 16-month political crisis that had been plaguing the country. Following the principle of "no victor, no vanquished", which entails that no political party or sect can eliminate one of the other political parties or sects, the Doha Agreement was regarded as a compromise deal between government and opposition demands. The accord stipulated (1) the immediate election of Army Commander Michel Suleiman as president; (2) the formation of a national unity government with a blocking third for the opposition; (3) adaption of the electoral law aimed at redistricting based on the 1960 electoral law; (4) a commitment by the signatories not to resort to violence for political gains; (5) initiation of a national dialogue on the promotion of Lebanon's internal sovereignty and (6) a commitment by signatories to abstain from resorting to rhetoric of treason or political and sectarian incitement. The accord was considered a victory for the Lebanese opposition as they secured their key demands for veto-wielding power in the new government and a new electoral law which could benefit the opposition in the upcoming 2009 parliamentary elections. In addition, the question of Hezbollah's weapons was postponed, to be dealt with in a future national dialogue. Nonetheless, the opposition had to give concessions regarding the reappointment of Fouad Siniora as Prime Minister, the distribution of ministerial portfolios and the distribution of parliamentary seats in certain electoral districts. Despite Hezbollah's tactical victory on the streets of Lebanon and the securing of it demands in the accord, analysts have pointed out that the events greatly reduced its legitimacy as a popular resistance movement and that it was seen more than ever as a "Shiite militia brutally defending its parochial interests." In addition, it increased the distrust and fear of it among other political parties and heightened domestic opposition to its armed status as a result of the use of its weapons against other Lebanese actors, despite its earlier pledge not to do so.
Reactions to the fighting
Domestic reactions
Many March 14 leaders decried the events as a coup, pointed towards the Hezbollah's intricate relationship to the Iranian government and assigned a role played in the events to the latter. Hani Hammoud, a senior adviser to Saad Hariri referred to the events as a "one-sided civil war" with the result that "Iran has taken over the country" Christian leaders Samir Geagea and Amine Gemayel also accused Hezbollah of staging a coup, with the former calling on moderate forces in the Arab world to intervene and asked the international community not to stand idly by. A US diplomatic cable revealed by Wikileaks also showed how on May 11, Gemayel, together with Social Affairs Minister Nayla Mouawad and Telecommunications Minister Marwan Hamadeh urged the US to provide more support to the March 14 coalition. Believing that a Hezbollah victory could be imminent, they proposed several ideas, including extending UN Security Council Resolution 1701 to Beirut's airport, sea port and access roads, an imposement of an air ban against Syria by the US and immediate US military aid to their own militias. PSP leader Walid Jumblatt stated that he still stood behind his support for the government's decisions that week, however he acknowledged that he had underestimated the response from Hezbollah. Regarding Hezbollah's next moves he told reporters to "ask [Iranian President] [Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad", stating that "this situation goes beyond Lebanese borders." Furthermore, he linked the events to regional geopolitics stating that "the Iranians chose the moment America is weak in the Middle East. The balance of power has completely changed in Lebanon and now we wait to see what new rules Hezbollah, Syria and Iran will lay down."
Michel Aoun, leader of the Free Patriotic Movement and a Hezbollah ally whose supporters did not participate in the fighting, spoke in more neutral terms, calling for the return for normality on the streets.
International reactions
The White House condemned Hezbollah's actions with a spokesman denouncing the organization as a "destabilizing force" which had turned "its arms against the Lebanese people and challenged Lebanon's security forces for control of the streets." In addition, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pronounced the continuing support by the US for the Lebanese government.
Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal accused Iran of "backing what happened in Lebanon, a coup" and called for "all regional parties to respect the independence and sovereignty of Lebanon and to stop meddling in its affairs and inciting sectarian tensions". He further accused Hezbollah of taking "violent, offensive measures, which aim at an annihilation of people." A diplomatic cable released by Wikileaks two years later show, however, that Prince Saud al-Faisal had proposed to the US Ambassador in Saudi Arabia the creation of an "Arab force" to be supported by the US and NATO which was to restore order in Beirut in response to "Hezbollah's military challenge to the Government of Lebanon." Furthermore, he feared that a Hezbollah victory would lead to the fall of the Siniora cabinet and the "Iranian takeover of Lebanon."
Iran's Foreign Ministry Spokesman Mohammad-Ali Hosseini has called on national unity among the Lebanese adding that the situation can be "managed through talks and consensus-building." Hosseini blamed the U.S. and Israel for the ongoing hostilities in Lebanon.
Casualties
The exact total number of casualties as resulting from the fighting in May remains uncertain, but figures range from approximately 70 to 110 deaths. A UN report published in June 2008 reports 69 fatalities, among which civilians, and more than 180 wounded. A Human Rights Watch Report from 2009 states a minimum of 71 deaths. In an article from September 2008 entailing a series of interviews on the events, Beatriz Martínez and Francesco Volpicella note that the official number of casualties up to 15 May is 80 deaths and more than 200 wounded.
See also
2006–2008 Lebanese political protests
Lebanon bombings and assassinations (2004-present)#2008
References
Further reading
External links
Lebanon: Chronicles of an attempted suicide
Deal for Lebanese Factions Leaves Hezbollah Stronger
Doha Compromise is 'No Cave In to Hezbollah'
Lebanon civil war
civil war
Wars involving Lebanon
Wars involving Hezbollah
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
March 8 Alliance
March 14 Alliance |
23571579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Technology%20%28EP%29 | Human Technology (EP) | The Human Technology EP is an extended play released by the composer BT in 2005 under the Human Imprint label. It contains two remixes of two different songs from BT's fourth studio album, Emotional Technology. The two songs remixed were "Knowledge of Self", a track featuring the Gang Starr rapper Guru, and "The Great Escape", a track featuring Caroline Lavelle, with remixes by Evol Intent and Alliance, respectively. It is BT's fifth EP and most recent to date.
Track listing
References
2005 EPs
BT (musician) EPs |
6900039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hidden%20Window%20Mystery | The Hidden Window Mystery | The Hidden Window Mystery is the thirty-fourth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1956 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot
Nancy and her friends, Bess and George travel to Charlottesville, Virginia in search for a missing stained-glass window. They also visit Richmond, Virginia, and the church where Patrick Henry gave his "Give me liberty or give me death" speech. The girls stay with Nancy's cousin Susan. Nancy discovers someone is trying to keep her away from Charlottesville. The mansion they are staying at is said to be haunted by a mysterious ghost. Also Nancy's new neighbors' brother, Alonzo Rugby, is in Charlottesville and is a major suspect in this mystery.
Nancy Drew books
1956 American novels
1956 children's books
Novels set in Virginia
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
6900061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Golden%20Pavilion | The Secret of the Golden Pavilion | The Secret of the Golden Pavilion is the thirty-sixth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1959 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot summary
Nancy, Bess, and George travel to Hawaii to solve an interesting puzzle involving an old golden pavilion. They are then set to find a trio of art thieves. They help find a Chinese man's treasure.
Carson Drew is asked by Mr. Sakamaki to solve the mystery of the estate, Kaluakua, that he inherited from his grandfather. The estate is located in Hawaii and has a secret. Sakamaki was warned never to sell the estate until he learns its secret.
Complicating the situation, a brother and sister have suddenly appeared, claiming to be heirs to the estate. Also, somebody has been hacking at the floor of the Golden Pavilion, which is a circular open building on the estate.
References
Nancy Drew books
1959 American novels
1959 children's books
Novels set in Hawaii
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
6900065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio%20Gomes | Mauricio Gomes | Maurício Motta Gomes (born 25 July, 1955), also known as Maurição, is a practitioner of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu holding the rank of 8th degree white and red belt. The founder of the first Gracie Barra franchise in the United Kingdom, Gomes has been training and teaching BJJ for over 50 years, one of only six people promoted to black belt by legendary Rolls Gracie. Gomes is the father of Roger Gracie, one of the most accomplished jiu-jitsu competitors of all time.
Career
Maurício Motta Gomes started training Brazilian jiu-jitsu aged four, after his father, a BJJ brown belt, took him to classes at João Alberto Barreto's academy. As a teenager, Gomes began training with the legendary Rolls Gracie. Under Gracie's guidance, he became a highly successful competitor winning the absolute division of the Rio de Janeiro State Championships in 1981. Shortly after this victory Gracie awarded Gomes his black belt in November 1981. Gomes continued training with Gracie until his tragic death in 1982.
Gomes opened the first Gracie Barra school in 1997 in Tokyo and was the first Brazilian to be invited to Japan to teach. After staying there for a year, he returned to Brazil before accepting a position in England. Gomes set up Gracie Barra UK, teaching at Birmingham London, Edinburgh and Belfast. Gomes brought over Felipe Souza, Braulio Estima, and his son Roger Gracie to help with the teaching in England. Estima later become the main instructor at Gracie Barra Birmingham. In 2000 Gomes was invited to lead the BJJ class at the Budokwai in London. In 2004 his son opened the Roger Gracie Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Academy where he joined the teaching staff. In 2005 Gomes promoted his first UK students to black belt Jude Samuel, the first home-grown British black belt, Rick Young, and Marc Walder. In 2020 together with his son, Gomes established the first Gracie Barra Jiu Jitsu School in Shanghai, China. Because of his efforts to grow the sport in the country, Gomes is affectionately known as the ‘Godfather of British Jiu-Jitsu’.
Personal life
Through his close ties with the Gracie family, Gomes met Reila Gracie, the daughter of Carlos Gracie Sr. They married in 1979 and had a son, Roger. Roger Gracie would go on to become a ten-time World Champion, opting to use the Gracie name from his mother's side. Gomes and Reila Gracie divorced, and Gomes now lives in the UK with his wife Natalie Day, a jiu-jitsu brown belt.
Instructor lineage
Kano Jigoro → Tomita Tsunejiro → Mitsuyo "Count Koma" Maeda → Carlos Gracie, Sr. → Helio Gracie → Rolls Gracie → Mauricio Motta Gomes
Notes
References
External links
Mauricio Gomes Black Belt List
Jiu Jitsu
Gracie Barra
Roger Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy
European Fight Network
Interview with Mauricio Motta Gomes
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in England
Living people
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
People awarded a coral belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
1960 births |
6900087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hawthorne | James Hawthorne | James Burns Hawthorne (27 March 1930 - 7 September 2006) was BBC Controller in Northern Ireland for 10 years from 1979 to 1989 and as such was the senior editorial figure in the organisation throughout a decade of the Northern Ireland Troubles.
Early life and education
Hawthorne, one of identical twins was born on 27 March 1930 in Balfast, he was educated at the Methodist College Belfast and Queen's University Belfast. He began work in Belfast in 1951 as a maths teacher at Sullivan Upper School and joined BBC Northern Ireland as a radio producer in the Schools Department in 1960.
Work with the BBC
He was deeply involved in the fight to preserve the editorial independence of the BBC in Northern Ireland after the so-called "Real Lives" controversy when Margaret Thatcher's cabinet called for a current affairs programme to be pulled from the schedule. Hawthorne's stance in standing up to government pressure, at no small cost to himself, makes him one of the most significant figures in the story of UK broadcasting in the latter half of the twentieth century. His background in education was apparent in his time as Controller of BBC Northern Ireland, where he expanded education and drama, and encouraged local dramatists to create work about Northern Ireland for international audiences. He also introduced Irish-language broadcasts, reversing a BBC Dominions Office ban from the 1930s on Gaelic broadcasting in the UK.
Retirement and death
After his retirement he remained in Northern Ireland where he held the chair of the Community Relations Council, Health Promotion Agency, Prison Arts Foundation and instigator and mainstay of the Ulster History Circle.
He died on 7 September 2006 after a short illness. BBC NI Controller Anna Carragher said she was deeply saddened by the death of Dr. Hawthorne who led the BBC in some of the most trying years of The Troubles. "He had an enormous dedication and commitment to the BBC."
References
Guardian obituary for James Hawthorne
1930 births
2006 deaths
BBC people
Mass media people from Belfast
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Methodist College Belfast |
6900102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20of%20the%20Dancing%20Puppet | The Clue of the Dancing Puppet | The Clue of the Dancing Puppet is the thirty-ninth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1962 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot
At the Van Pelt estate, home of a local acting troupe, a mysterious dancing puppet haunts the grounds. Nancy, Bess, and George are asked to solve the case, but it will be a dangerous-yet-rewarding one when an old family mystery comes to light. From the moment Nancy, Bess and George arrive at the mansion, the dancing puppet mystery is further complicated by the Footlighters’ temperamental leading lady and a Shakespearean actor. Nancy's search of the mansion's dark, musty attic for clues to the weird mystery and an encounter with two jewel theft suspects add perplexing angles to the puzzle. This book is the original text. A revised text does not exist.
External links
1962 American novels
1962 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Novels about actors
Puppetry |
6900114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Moonstone%20Castle%20Mystery | The Moonstone Castle Mystery | The Moonstone Castle Mystery is the fortieth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1963 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot
Nancy receives a moonstone as a gift from an unknown person; she is amazed yet puzzled. She then finds herself involved in a case involving the Bowens and their missing granddaughter, Joanie Horton. Clues lead Nancy, Bess, and George to the haunted Moonstone Castle along the Deep River.
External links
Nancy Drew books
1963 American novels
1963 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books |
6900115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Journal%20of%20Political%20Theory | European Journal of Political Theory | The European Journal of Political Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of political theory and philosophy. The editors-in-chief are Enzo Rossi (University of Amsterdam) and Robin Douglass (King's College London). It was established 2002 and is published by Sage Publications.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Current Contents/Social and Behavioral Sciences, Scopus, and Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.
External links
SAGE Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Political philosophy journals
Publications established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom |
23571580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAS%20Airlines%20Flight%204226 | EAS Airlines Flight 4226 | EAS Airlines Flight 4226 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Kano to Lagos, Nigeria. On 4 May 2002, the aircraft serving the route, a BAC One-Eleven 525FT with 69 passengers and 8 crew members on board, crashed into Gwammaja Quarters, a densely-populated residential area located approximately from the airport, and burst into flames, resulting in the deaths of 66 passengers and 7 crew. In addition, at least 30 civilians on the ground were killed. With a total of 103 fatalities, Flight 4226 is the deadliest aviation accident involving a BAC One-Eleven.
Nigerian Accident Investigation and Prevention Bureau attributed the disaster to pilot error. The aircraft overran the runway and rolled for few hundred meters, creating huge burst of dust which was eventually ingested by the engines. This limited the ability of the engines to deliver power and caused the aircraft to lose speed. The extended landing gear aggravated the condition and the aircraft eventually crashed due to the compromised airspeed. Due to the absence of usable flight recorders, the reasons for the crew to accidentally overrun the runway could not be determined.
Aircraft
The aircraft involved in the crash was a BAC One-Eleven 525FT with a registration 5N-ESF. The aircraft was manufactured in 1980 and was first delivered to TAROM with a Romanian registration of YR-BCN. It was later acquired by Inex-Adria Aviopromet and Ryanair through lease before it was returned to TAROM in 1989. In July 2001, the aircraft was acquired by EAS Airlines and the aircraft entered the fleet later in August. By the time of the crash, the aircraft had accumulated a total of 24,644 flight hours.
Two Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines powered the aircraft. The left engine was installed in 2000 while the right engine was installed recently in May 2, transferred from the aircraft's sister ship 5N-ESD. The last major maintenance check was conducted in January 2001.
Passengers and crews
Flight 4226 was carrying 69 passengers and 8 crew members, contrary to initial reports which claimed that the aircraft was carrying 105 passengers. Most of the passengers were Nigerian, with one Lebanese confirmed to be on board Flight 4226. BBC News stated that at least one British passenger was on the flight. Nigeria's Daily Trust reported that three French nationals were among those on board. A total of 23 passengers boarded the aircraft in Kano for Lagos, while 47 Lagos-bound passengers had boarded the aircraft in Jos, the aircraft's previous destination.
Among the passengers was Nigeria's Sport Minister Ishaya Mark Aku. He was on his way to attend the 2002 FIFA World Cup warm-up match between Nigeria and Kenya. Julie Useni and Danjuma Useni, the wife and son of former Minister of Federal Capital Territory Jeremiah Useni, were also onboard.
The commander of the flight was 49-year-old Captain Peter Abayomi Inneh with a flight hours of more than 14,000 hours, of which 7,000 hours were on the type. He joined EAS Airlines in 2000 and had been flying the BAC One-Eleven ever since. The co-pilot was 47-year-old First Officer Chris Adewole Adegboye. He had accrued a total of more than 8,000 flight hours, of which 3,350 hours were on the type. The flight engineers were Emmanuel Idoko and Muhammad Sarki.
Accident
Flight 4226 was a flight from Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport in the north of the country to Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport in the southwest. Before the flight to Lagos, the aircraft had flown to Jos in nearby Plateau State. When it arrived in Kano, a total of 36 disembarked in Kano and 47 people boarded the aircraft. The flight was expected to take-off at around 13:30 p.m with Captain Peter Inneh and First Officer Chris Adegboye as the pilots. The aircraft was carrying 69 passengers and 8 crew members.
The crew requested start-up clearance at 13:19 p.m and the aircraft started to move towards the taxiway. At 12:26 p.m, the aircraft was lined-up with the runway. Captain Peter jokingly stated: "FL280 () for EXW4226, ready for space travel" and the ATC cleared them for take-off from Kano's Runway 23 and gave the crew a brief information regarding the temperature and the weather ahead. After the ATC had completed the report, the crew commenced the take-off roll.
Crash
During the roll, the controller at the tower noticed that the aircraft was moving sluggishly, pacing much slower than usual. When it passed through the runway treshold, the nose had been in upward position but the landing gears still had not lifted off the ground. The aircraft ended up overrunning the runway end and struck two runway lights. As it overran the runway, burst of dust could be seen from the control tower. It then lifted off outside the runway, but before it could fully lifted off the ground the landing gears struck a ground depression, causing a violent impact that rattled the entire aircraft. The impact caused some parts of the ceilings to come down onto the floor. Following the impact, the aircraft was covered in massive burst of dust.
Even though the aircraft had successfully taken off from the runway, its airspeed began to drop and the crew was faced with an impending stall condition. Flight 4226 then began to swerve from side to side. Captain Peter reported to the control tower that he was having an engine failure. He could be heard saying "My take-off is difficult, I heard a sound on my right engine. The aircraft is wobbling. I think I'm in a difficult situation." The crew tried to avoid stalling the aircraft and decided to lower the nose, but their altitude was too low with houses could be seen from the cabin 'just mere meters from the aircraft'. Passengers inside the aircraft were panicking and screaming.
People on the ground who witnessed the aircraft coming towards them then scrambled to safety. The aircraft could not gain more altitude and failed to avoid obstacles. It then clipped a minaret of a mosque and then struck numerous houses and a local Islamic school on the ground. The aircraft then flew onto another mosque at full-force and burst into flames. Praying services were held at the local mosques and at least 100 students were in the school complex at the time of the crash. Many buildings collapsed, including the school and mosque.
Immediate aftermath
Dozens of students, worshippers and local residents were trapped inside the rubble. Eyewitnesses stated that people on the ground began to wail and scream, rushing to the crash site to search for their relatives trapped inside the rubble. According to eyewitness, they heard several calls for help from inside the aircraft. Meanwhile, flames began to quickly spread across the neighborhood. Firefighters reached the crash site within 10 minutes after the accident, but due to the large amount of onlookers and volunteers they couldn't swiftly conduct the rescue operation. The absence of water sources at the crash site and the hostile behaviour from the crowd towards the crew further worsened the situation. They rapidly rad out of water and foam and had to return to the airport to refill their supplies. Eventually, some of the victims who were trapped couldn't be saved from the blaze. The fire quickly spread, burning the trapped victims.
Three survivors were evacuated from the crash site and were immediately transported to the nearby hospitals in serious condition. The Lebanese passenger immediately got out of the aircraft's exit door and met with another survivor, who was found lying under a shed. The Lebanese was relatively unharmed, while the other survivor was seriously injured. They both managed to climb up the ruins of a house where they were located at and decided to jump to the roof of a house next door. Both were later taken to a nearby hospital by two local residents.
Due to the chaotic situation, soldiers and police officers were deployed to the area. Authorities stated that the local mortuaries had been filled to capacity due to the numbers of the dead and as a result corpses were piled on the floor. Some of the bodies were transported to the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Off-duty emergency workers were called to work in response to the crisis of the disaster.
Casualties
In the aftermath of the crash, 103 people were killed, including 66 passengers and 7 crew members. The exact number of people who were killed on the ground could not be determined, but the death toll listed more than 30 victims. More than 10 children reportedly perished in the accident. The corpses of the victims were transported to various hospitals in Kano. The Medical Centre of Nigerian Armed Forces reported that they had received 22 bodies, while the city's Murtalla Mohammed General Hospital received 61 bodies. The other 23 were distributed throughout several private hospitals in Kano. Most of the bodies were badly charred.
One cabin crew member and 3 passengers survived the crash. There were initially five survivors but one of them eventually succumbed to their injuries. Of the 4 survivors, one survived with no injuries, one with minor injuries while the others were in serious condition. Two survivors had to be sent abroad for treatment due to the severity of their injuries, with one receiving treatment in Cologne. Majority of the survivors were seated at the aft or near the aft of the aircraft.
An additional 47 people on the ground were injured in the accident. Of the 47, a total of 24 people were badly injured and the other 23 suffered mild injuries.
Rescue workers stated that at least 30 homes had been destroyed in the crash. Nigerian Red Cross added that hundreds had been made homeless.
Response
Due to the accident, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo cut short his visit to states in Southern Africa and immediately returned to Abuja to observe the situation. He expressed his sympathy to the victims and stated that two days of national mourning would be held in Nigeria. All Nigerian flags would be flown at half mast throughout the country. He ordered an immediate inquiry into the accident and further added that foreign experts would be invited if necessary.
The Emir of Kano, Ado Bayero, along with Governor of Kano State Rabiu Kwankwaso, visited the crash site. The Emir and the Governor later expressed their sympathy to the relatives of the victims. Vice President Atiku Abubakar visited the crash site on May 4, but during his speech angry locals pelted his convoy with stones, prompting the police to fire tear gas onto the crowd. President Obasanjo also visited the crash site on May 6. His visit, however, was also met with fury as families of the victims accused him of "being insensitive". He reportedly visited the crash without prior announcement, under tight security, and avoided taking questions from the public.
President Obasanjo pledged a total of $86,000 federal funds to the victims of the crash, further stating that destroyed houses would be rebuilt. Spokesperson for Kano Government stated that the government of Kano would do "anything possible to alleviate their suffering". A relief committee consisted of 21 members was set up by Kano State. The committee would be in charge of collection and distribution of aids to the victims and would be headed by the deputy governor of Kano. Donations of up to 24 million Naira reportedly had been collected from the country.
Following the death of Ishaya Mark Aku, the Nigerian Government appointed Nigerian Minister of Police Affairs Stephen Akiga as his successor. In response to the death of Ishaya Mark Aku, Nigeria Football Association cancelled the upcoming football friendly match between Nigeria and China.
A total of 56 bodies could not be identified due to their severe condition, most were burnt beyond recognition. Kano government eventually held a mass burial for the unidentified victims. The bodies were carried by six trucks and hundreds of mourners attended the funeral service. Prior to the burial, a prayer service had been held in Gidan Rumfa, the Palace of Emir of Kano.
In response to the crash, Nigerian Minister of Aviation Kema Chikwe grounded every BAC One-Eleven in the country. She added that the Nigerian government would no longer register aircraft that had exceeded 22 years old, adding that owners would be given 5 years to phase them out. A thorough review regarding the operation of private airliners in Nigeria would be also conducted.
Investigation
Nigerian authorities opened an investigation on the crash, with Aviation Minister Kema Chikwe instituted a panel to investigate the crash. The Nigerian federal upper legislative chambers began a public session on the same day of the crash, discussing about the crash as part of the investigation. Managing Director of EAS Airlines, Idris Wada, insisted that the aircraft was still in good condition. He later added that Lloyds Insurance, insurers of the BAC 1-11-500 aircraft which was involved in the crash, has sent a representative from London to investigate the cause of the crash. According to him, the aircraft involved in the crash was fitted with the engine of a grounded EAS Airlines BAC 1-11 aircraft four days before the crash, which raised questions among the senate. He claimed that the practice was not uncommon among the aviation industry.
Prior to the fatal crash, the aircraft involved in the incident had been grounded on two previous occasions: once in 2001 for eleven days to perform engine maintenance, and again in 2002 for 52 days to address engine problems.
Runway overrun
Several possible explanations for the cause of the runway excursion were discussed. The investigation eventually found that there was no technical defects on the aircraft, meaning that it was airworthy to fly. The weather was clear and, while it was hot at the time of the crash, the air density wouldn't have limited the aircraft's ability to take-off safely since investigators considered that the elevation of the airport had not critically affected the aircraft's performance. The actual take-off weight was also within the margin for a safe take-off.
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport was equipped with two runways; Runway 06/24 and Runway 05/23. The former was significantly longer than the latter. At the time of the crash, Runway 06/24 was being renovated and as a result airliners were asked to use Runway 05/23 instead. Despite the change, the selected runway was long enough for the crew to conduct a safe take-off from Kano, but somehow the aircraft managed to overrun the runway. There had been no runway excursion incidents prior to the crash of Flight 4226.
Unfortunately, there were no usable flight recorders. The cockpit voice recorder was missing from the crash site. While investigators did manage to recover the flight data recorder, the readout indicated that none of the recordings were from flights in Nigeria. The flight data recorder had never been maintained by EAS Airlines and thus it recorded flights that had been carried out during its operation with previous airliners in Europe. The investigation was effectively hampered by the lack of data from the flight recorders.
According to investigators, the most plausible hypothesis was due to the lackadaisical attitude of the pilots during the take-off roll. This was the first time for both flight crew members to fly to Kano. Apparently, both flight crews had been conditioned with the takeoffs on their previous flights, which took place in airports with longer runways. During the take-off roll, the crew didn't take the shorter runway length into account. The crew were probably busy checking the engine parameters and aircraft instruments until they shifted their attention to the runway outside, which was already too late due to the length. The take-off roll was slow, as per the testimony of the on-duty air traffic controller at the time. The airspeed was between V1 and Vr and the aircraft had taken too much runway distance that it was not possible anymore to take any safe evasive actions. The lack of judgement from both flight crew members caused the aircraft to overrun the runway.
Even though the hypothesis was plausible, investigators could not confirm whether their hypothesis was actually true due to the lack of data from flight recorders. Therefore, the reasons for the runway overrun could not be determined.
Failure to take-off
Due to the limited data, investigators had to rely on eyewitness and survivors accounts. The air traffic controller stated that during the take-off roll the aircraft was moving sluggishly and was not at the usual pace for take-off from Runway 23. Following the runway excursion, the aircraft traveled for approximately before it finally took off from the ground. But before it managed to completely take off, the landing gear smashed onto a ground depression, which was used as a transformer pit for the approach light. The aircraft was struck with impact forces of up to 3G - 4G, enough to significantly degrade the aircraft's performance to gain speed. The violent impact also created huge amount of dusts. These dusts were eventually ingested by the engines, causing a reduction of thrust.
The engines of the BAC One-Eleven were located at the back of the aircraft. Previous investigations conducted by the AIPB showed that several objects had been propelled into the engines' air intake area by the aircraft's main landing gear due to the dynamic airflow effect on the tires. As the engines acted like a giant vacuum cleaner, there had been cases in which foreign objects were ingested by the engines. In Flight 4226, the dusts that had been propelled by the tires were sucked into the engines. This was proved by the disassembly of the engines, where dusts had been compacted and compressed within the high-pressure section of the turbine, creating a cake formation that had been lodged between the crevices of the compressor casings. The amount of dusts inside the engines resulted in the momentary degradation of the engine's ability to produce thrust. With the degraded performance of the engine, the aircraft could not gain altitude quickly enough.
The aircraft's poor performance on gaining altitude was worsened by the configuration of the aircraft. When it lifted off the ground, the landing gear was still in extended position. The landing gear was normally retracted shortly after the crew had obtained a positive rate of climb. In Flight 4226, the runway overran and the subsequent impact with the ground depression might have caused a lot of stress and shock to the flight crew that they simply did nothing. The landing gear down position would have diminished the aircraft's ability to climb adequately. The performance chart of the aircraft stated that due to the landing gear configuration the climb performance of the aircraft during takeoff climb would be reduced by up to . In Flight 4226, instead of recording a positive climb rate, the instruments recorded the descent rate of the aircraft, which was at .
Eventually, due to the low altitude of the aircraft, the limited ability to gain altitude and the reduced performance of the aircraft's speed, the aircraft couldn't climb safely from the crowded Gwammaja Quarters.
Other findings
The investigation also revealed problems regarding the operation of EAS Airlines, particularly on the maintenance culture and the oversight system of Nigeria's aviation industry at the time. The review regarding such issue was conducted with assistance from ICAO and members of United Kingdom's Baines-Simmons. The review discovered that the two certifying engineers who worked on the involved aircraft had been working without adequate breaks. There was no indication that the CVR and the FDR had been inspected on a daily basis and some maintenance data were left uncompleted. EAS Airlines also imposed the practice of maintaining their fleet by cannibalizing one unairworthy aircraft.
Despite the findings, investigators stated that there was no evidence that maintenance error had played a role in the crash. However, according to investigators, the findings related to inadequate logbook entries were not uncommon in Nigeria as it used to be the norm for most airliners in the country at the time. The investigation stated that the ruling aviation authority body of Nigeria, NCAA, had not paid enough attention to the country's aviation industry. During an audit on the body, it was revealed that the NCAA had a ramp inspection plan, but it was lacking in details that would have covered every aspects of airworthiness.
Conclusion
The final report attributed the crash to the crew's inability to safely execute the take-off phase within the available runway length. The breakdown of coordination between each flight crew members caused the aircraft to be unable to gain altitude quickly and safely, ultimately caused the aircraft to crash.
The AIPB issued 8 recommendations as a result of the accident, including improvements related to supervision, stricter penalties for malpractices, and improvements related to aircraft flight recorders, in which the NCAA should not register an aircraft under Nigerian registration if an aircraft have not been fitted with a digital flight recorder. The NCAA was also asked to immediately conduct an audit to every BAC One-Eleven in Nigeria to ensure that only operators who have the required spare parts that are allowed to conduct operation within Nigeria, in response to EAS Airlines' cannibalized aircraft practice.
Notes
See also
Viasa Flight 742, another crash in which a small twinjet aircraft (a McDonnell Douglas DC-9) crashed into a crowded city area shortly after takeoff, causing a high number of ground fatalities.
References
External links
Pictures of the disaster, BBC
Images of the involved aircraft and the crash site, Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives
2002 disasters in Nigeria
Aviation accidents and incidents in Nigeria
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2002
Accidents and incidents involving the BAC One-Eleven
May 2002 events in Nigeria
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
2002 in Nigeria |
23571581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magomed%20Gadaborshev | Magomed Gadaborshev | Magomed Gadaborshev () (? – July 9, 2009) was a Russian-Ingushetian colonel who headed Ingushetia's Forensics and Investigations Center.
On July 7, 2009, attackers opened fire on Gadaborshev's car as he drove through the city center of Nazran, the largest city in Ingushetia. He suffered gunshot wounds in the attack and fell into a coma. Doctors pronounced Gadaborshev dead on July 9, 2009.
Gadaborshev's killing followed a string of attacks on and assassinations of Ingush officials in the preceding weeks. The President of Ingushetia, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, was seriously wounded in a bombing on June 22, 2009. The deputy chief justice of the Supreme Court of Ingushetia Aza Gazgireeva and former deputy prime minister Bashir Aushev were also assassinated in separate shootings in June 2009.
References
2009 deaths
Assassinated Russian people
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Ingush people
People murdered in Russia
Russian military personnel
Year of birth missing |
23571585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H34O5 | C24H34O5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H34O5}}
The molecular formula C24H34O5 (molar mass: 402.52 g/mol) may refer to:
Bufagin, a toxic steroid obtained from toad's milk
Cortexolone 17α-propionate
Dehydrocholic acid
Molecular formulas |
6900122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20of%20the%20Whistling%20Bagpipes | The Clue of the Whistling Bagpipes | The Clue of the Whistling Bagpipes is the forty-first volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1964 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot
Nancy finds mystery in everything she does. In the novel Nancy and her friends along with her father head to Scotland on family business and to solve the mystery of the missing heirloom. Nancy is warned not to go to Scotland, but she ignores the warning. Nancy finds strange things in Scotland like the people. She and her friends, Bess and George, visit Nancy's great-grandmother from her mother's side (who Nancy's never met) at an estate in the Scottish Highlands. While there, Nancy becomes involved in the mystery of missing flocks of sheep and a mysterious bagpiper has been spotted. Clues leading to a discovery in an old castle and a prehistoric fortress lead to the mystery's solution.
Adaptation
The 29th installment in the Nancy Drew point-and-click adventure game series by Her Interactive, named Nancy Drew: The Silent Spy, is loosely based on the novel.
External links
1964 American novels
1964 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Novels adapted into video games
Novels set in Highland (council area)
Children's mystery novels |
23571600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C22H29FO5 | C22H29FO5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C22H29FO5}}
The molecular formula C22H29FO5 (molar mass: 392.46 g/mol, exact mass: 392.1999 u) may refer to:
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Fluperolone
Paramethasone
Molecular formulas |
6900130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klocwork | Klocwork | Klocwork is a static code analysis tool owned by Minneapolis, Minnesota-based software developer Perforce. Klocwork software analyzes source code in real time, simplifies peer code reviews, and extends the life of complex software.
Overview
Klocwork is used to identify security, safety and reliability issues in C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript and Python code. The product includes numerous desktop plug-ins for developers, metrics and reporting.
History
Originally Klocwork’s technology was developed to address requirements for large-scale source code analysis to optimize software architecture for C code inside Nortel Networks and spun out in 2001.
In January 2012, Klocwork Insight 9.5 was released. It provided on-the-fly static analysis in Visual Studio, like a word processor does with spelling mistakes.
In May 2013, Klocwork Cahoots peer code review tool was launched.
Awards and recognition
In 2007, Klocwork was awarded the 2007 InfoWorld Technology of Year award for best source code analyzer.
In May 2014, Klocwork won the Red Herring Top 100 North America Award, in the software sector.
Original developer
Klocwork was an Ottawa, Canada-based software company that developed the Klocwork brand of programming tools for software developers. The company was acquired by Minneapolis-based application software developer Perforce in 2019, as part of their acquisition of Klocwork's parent software company Rogue Wave. Klocwork no longer exists as a standalone company, but Perforce continues to develop Klocwork branded static code analysis software.
Company history
The company was founded in 2001 as a spin-out of Nortel Networks. Its initial investors were Firstmark Capital, USVP, and Mobius Ventures.
In January 2014, the company was acquired by Rogue Wave Software.
In January 2019, Rogue Wave was acquired by Minneapolis-based application software developer Perforce.
References
External links
Static program analysis tools
Development software companies
Software companies established in 2001
2014 mergers and acquisitions |
6900131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBASIC | CBASIC | CBASIC is a compiled version of the BASIC programming language written for the CP/M operating system by Gordon Eubanks in 1976–1977. It is an enhanced version of BASIC-E.
History
BASIC-E was Eubank's master's thesis project. It was developed in PL/M by Eubanks for Gary Kildall's new CP/M operating system while both men were at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. BASIC-E was based on a BASIC compiler originally written by Gary Kildall in 1974.
Because it was developed at public expense, BASIC-E is in the public domain and could not be marketed exclusively. Seymour Rubinstein, the marketing director of IMSAI contacted Eubanks and asked him to create a saleable version under contract for the IMSAI 8080 microcomputer. Eubanks developed CBASIC in his spare time while he was still a naval officer stationed on the submarine USS George Washington at Vallejo, California. He retained joint ownership of the program with IMSAI, and sold the program through his own company, Compiler Systems, until it was acquired by Digital Research in 1981.
CBASIC COMPILER VER 2.07
CRUN VER 2.38 / COPYRIGHT 1981 COMPILER SYSTEMS INC.
Features
BASIC-E and early versions of CBASIC compiled source code into an intermediate p-code file, which was then executed by a separate run-time interpreter program. CBASIC could execute in a minimum of 24 KB of memory. Line numbers in the program source were optional, unless needed as a label for a program jump. CBASIC proved very popular because it incorporated 14-digit binary-coded decimal (BCD) math which eliminated MBASIC's rounding errors that were sometimes troublesome for accounting.
CBASIC2 adds the following features:
Integer variables
Chaining with common variables
Additional pre-defined functions
Cross reference capability
Reception
InfoWorld in 1980 described CBASIC as the "primary language for the development of commercial CP/M applications", because of developers' widespread familiarity with BASIC and ability to distribute royalty-free binaries without source code to CBASIC owners. The magazine stated that the language had become popular "despite serious drawbacks", including the required preprocessor for interpreted source code making debugging difficult, slow speed, and incompatible changes. Jerry Pournelle said in May 1983 that Digital Research had "practically ruin[ed]" Eubanks' CBASIC manual after acquiring his company, but that the new edition was much better.
References
External links
Gordon Eubanks own story of BASIC-E and CBASIC, Computer World oral history transcript, November 2000
BASIC-E Reference Manual (December 1976)
CBASIC 2 Reference Manual (Table of contents on p. 115) November 1981
Another CBASIC description
cbc – a CBASIC to C converter
Interpreter in 6502 assembler
CBASIC 2.8 = CBASIC-86 1.00 Posting by Emmanuel Roche
BASIC interpreters
BASIC compilers
CP/M software
Programming languages created in 1977
BASIC programming language family |
6900133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phantom%20of%20Pine%20Hill | The Phantom of Pine Hill | The Phantom of Pine Hill is the forty-second volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1965 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot
Nancy Drew, along with her friends arrive for the Emerson University June Week celebration. There is a mix-up with the motel reservations, but Ned comes to the rescue. Afterward, Ned and Nancy go to a dance, where a young waiter, Fred, spills drinks on Nancy's dress. After cleaning up, Nancy realizes that her pearl necklace is missing, leading her to a baffling mystery. John Rorick, a descendant of the early settlers of the town, invites the three girls as his guests at his historic mansion on Pine Hill.
After they arrive, he tells them of the phantom who haunts the mansion's library. John also relates the weird family saga of a lost French wedding gown and of valuable gifts and gold coins that were lost in the sinking of the 'Lucy Belle' one hundred years ago. After discovering a secret passage to the library from the chimney and a secret shack, the suspicion turns on Fred and his father.
In between enjoying the university's June Week, river pageant, and fraternity dances, Nancy and her friends work diligently to solve the mystery of Pine Hill and locate the long-lost wedding treasures.
References
External links
Nancy Drew books
1965 American novels
1965 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.