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6904312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wesley%20Cox | William Wesley Cox | William Wesley Cox (February 5, 1865 – October 29, 1948) was a presidential, vice presidential, and perennial U.S. Senate candidate of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).
Cox was born in Illinois, later moving to Missouri. He was the Missouri state chairman of the SLP, and was an interior decorator by profession. He was an agnostic and member of the American Civil Liberties Union.
After serving as SLP vice-presidential candidate in 1904, Cox was nominated by the SLP for President in 1920, winning 31,084 votes. He ran in many elections, and his last attempt at office was in 1944, running for the United States Senate seat in Missouri, at the age of 79. Cox died of an apoplexy four years later on October 29, 1948, at the age of 83.
References
Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
1904 United States vice-presidential candidates
1865 births
1948 deaths
Socialist Labor Party of America presidential nominees
Socialist Labor Party of America vice presidential nominees
Missouri socialists |
6904316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare%20Earth%20in%20Concert | Rare Earth in Concert | Rare Earth in Concert is a live album by rock band Rare Earth, which was released as a double-LP in 1971. It contains a 23:33 version of their signature hit "Get Ready", as well as a new studio song: "Nice To Be With You". It was issued a RIAA gold record award.
Track listing
Side one
"I Just Want to Celebrate" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)– 4:40
"Hey, Big Brother" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)– 7:26
"Born to Wander" (Tom Baird)– 4:24
Side two
"Get Ready" (William "Smokey" Robinson)– 23:33
The unedited performance ran close to an hour
Side three
"What'd I Say" (Ray Charles)– 6:31
"Thoughts" (Gilbert Bridges, Peter Hoorelbeke, Edward Guzman, John Persh, Mark Olson, Raymond Monette)— 10:53
Side four
"(I Know) I'm Losing You" (Cornelius Grant, Edward Holland Jr., Norman Whitfield)— 14:09
"Nice to Be with You" (Mark Olson, Raymond Monette, Peter Hoorelbeke)— 2:15
Charts
Personnel
Rare Earth
Gil Bridges – woodwinds, backing vocals, percussion, flute
Ray Monette – guitars, backing vocals
Mark Olson – keyboards, backing vocals
John Persh – bass guitar, backing vocals
Pete Rivera – drums, lead vocals, percussion
Ed Guzman – conga, percussion
Credits
Recording engineers: Cal Harris, Nate Jennings, John Lewis, Ken Sands, Bob Olhsson, Orson Lewis, Criteria Recording Company
Technical engineers: Don Boehrat, Gurdev Sandhu, Michael Grace, Don Fostie
Mastering engineer: Russ Terrana
Graphic Supervision: Tom Schlesinger
Art direction: Curtis McNair
Rare Earth photos: Joel Brodsky
Personal manager: Ron Strasner
Special thanks to: Harry Balk, Ralph Terrana
Recorded live at Civic Coliseum, Jacksonville, FL.; Marine Stadium, Miami, FL.; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and At The Pharmacy
"Nice to Be with You" recorded at Motown Studios
References
External links
http://www.discogs.com/Rare-Earth-Rare-Earth-In-Concert/release/507297 Discogs
http://coverparadise.to/?Module=ViewEntry&ID=100920 CD covers Cover-Paradies
Rare Earth (band) albums
1971 live albums
Motown live albums |
6904317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostoln%C3%A1%20pri%20Dunaji | Kostolná pri Dunaji | Kostolná pri Dunaji (, meaning Church Tree, , meaning "Churchville by the Danube") is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 8.072 km².
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332.
After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops liberated the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Kostolná pri Dunaji once more became occupied by Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.
Population
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 508 inhabitants. 265 of inhabitants were Hungarians, 235 Slovaks and 8 others and unspecified.
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1711-1898 (parish A)
External links/Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Kostolna pri Dunaji
Villages and municipalities in Senec District
Hungarian communities in Slovakia |
20472780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Lesterlin | Bernard Lesterlin | Bernard Lesterlin (born 18 September 1949) is a French civil servant and former member of the National Assembly. He has served as the Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1985–1986). He represented the 2nd constituency of the Allier department from 2007 to 2017, and is a member of the Socialist Party. He ws part of Ségolène Royal's political advisory team.
Early life
Lesterin was born in Vienne, Isère. The son of a doctor, Bernard Lesterlin was noted for his student activism in Grenoble (he was the founder of student group Mouvement d'action et de recherche critique). He became Louis Mermaz's deputy chief of staff and then François Mitterrand's assistant.
Civil servant
He was Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna in 1985 - 1986, sub-prefect of the Arrondissement of Le Vigan (Gard) from 1986 to 1989, as well as sub-prefect in Montluçon until 2002.
Deputy
Lesterlin was a member of the Socialist Party for 35 years. He was elected deputy in the 2007 French legislative election, in Allier's 2nd constituency, beating Daniel Dugléry (UMP) in the second round with 53.39% of the vote. He succeeded Pierre Goldberg (PCF), who resigned on 16 March 2007. He was re-elected for a second term in the 2012 elections, beating Daniel Dugléry (UMP) in the second round. His alternate is Nicolas Brien.
On 12 May 2016, he announced that he would leave the Socialist group in the National Assembly and go on leave from the Socialist Party.
He did not stand for re-election at the 2017 election.
References
1949 births
Living people
Politicians from Vienne, Isère
Administrator Superiors of Wallis and Futuna
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
6904324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa%20Hills%20High%20School%20%28Ohio%29 | Ottawa Hills High School (Ohio) | Ottawa Hills High School is a public high school in the village of Ottawa Hills, Ohio, United States, just west of Toledo. It is the only high school in the Ottawa Hills Local Schools district. The school's mascot is the Green Bears.
Appearance
The high school is attached to Ottawa Hills Junior High, and as a whole the building is commonly referred to as Ottawa Hills Junior/Senior High School or OHJHS by the villagers. Just outside is a flagpole built by Alumni of OHHS. The Liberty Memorial was added to the area around the flagpole with donations from community members and alumni. The Liberty Memorial was designed by Ottawa Hills resident and architect Todd Kime.
Students
The school frequently consists of between 300 and 400 high school students. Known for academics, students at Ottawa Hills excel with a college preparatory curriculum. In 2015, Newsweek ranked Ottawa Hills High School number #1 in Ohio and #45 in the nation.
Athletics
The Green Bears have won multiple state titles. Most recently, the boys' golf team won the 2013 Division III State Championship. Boys' basketball made it to the state final four for the first time in school history in March 2010, losing to Newark Catholic 48–36 in the state semifinals. In 2008 the Boys' soccer team defeated Worthington Christian 1–0, becoming the first school from Northwest Ohio to win a state soccer title.
The football team is tied for the most consecutive victories by a Northwest Ohio team with a 23-game winning streak from 1972 to 1974 (two undefeated seasons). Coach Norm Niedermeier was the football head coach for 40 years from 1957 to 1996, with 4 undefeated teams.
The boys' tennis team qualified for states for the first time in school history in 2016. The Green Bears defeated Lexington High School 3-0 after having a 9-year losing streak to them in the Regional Finals.
The women's dance team received second in state for POM division and fourth in state in Jazz division in 2017.
In the year of 2018 the soccer and lacrosse team were state runners-up. The baseball team and tennis team also went to the regional finals. The football team won their conference.
The tennis team advanced to the state finals in 2019.
Notable alumni
Christine Brennan—sports columnist, TV and radio commentator, best-selling author and nationally known speaker is especially known for her coverage of the Olympics
John Colenback–actor best known for portraying Dan Stewart on As the World Turns
Evan G. Galbraith—United States Ambassador to France from 1981 to 1985 under Ronald Reagan and the Secretary of Defense Representative to Europe and NATO under Donald Rumsfeld from 2002 to 2007
Steve Gordon (class of 1957)—screenwriter and director of the 1981 Academy Award-winning film, Arthur
Constance Hauman (class of 1979)—singer-songwriter and actress. She is credited with having the only live recording of Alban Berg's Lulu in the title role, recorded in Copenhagen 1996 at the Queen of Denmark's Castle. Constance Hauman's first full-length release of original songs, Falling Into Now, was chosen by the Guardian UK Music Critic Caroline Sullivan as one of the top 10 best pop albums of 2015.
Carl Eugene Heiles (class of 1957)—astrophysicist noted for his contribution to the understanding of diffuse interstellar matter through observational radio astronomy
Jamie O'Hara—country singer/songwriter who wrote the number one Grammy-winning country song of the year "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)" in 1986, performed by the group the Judds
Tom Scholz—rock musician, songwriter, inventor, engineer, and philanthropist, best known as the founder of the band Boston. He is also the inventor of the Rockman portable guitar amplifier. He has been described by Allmusic as "a notoriously 'un-rock n' roll' figure who never enjoyed the limelight of being a performer," preferring to concentrate almost exclusively on his music, and in more recent years, spending much of his time working with charities. Lead guitarist of the band Boston.
Mark D. Wagoner, Jr. (class of 1990)—politician and former Republican member of the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives
References
External links
District Website
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
6904342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Single%20Woman | A Single Woman | A Single Woman may refer to:
A Single Woman (album), an album by Nina Simone, and its title song
A Single Woman (play), a play by Jeanmarie Simpson
A Single Woman (film), a 2009 film made by Kamala Lopez
See also
"Single Women", a song by Dolly Parton
Single Ladies (disambiguation)
Bachelorette (disambiguation) |
17335705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick%20to%20Your%20Guns%20%28band%29 | Stick to Your Guns (band) | Stick to Your Guns is an American hardcore punk band from Orange County, California. Members of the band include Jesse Barnett (vocals), Andrew Rose (bass), George Schmitz (drums), Chris Rawson and Josh James (guitars). They are currently signed with Pure Noise Records.
History
Early years, For What It's Worth, and Comes From the Heart (2003–2008)
Frontman Jesse Barnett formed the band by recruiting Casey Lagos (whom he knew from his days on the worship team for Saddleback Church) on drums. After composing a few songs together, the two enlisted Justin Rutherford and Curtis Pleshe on guitars and Noah Calvin on bass. Their style made an impression locally, leading to the release of their first EP, Compassion without Compromise, in 2004. The band travelled to Oakland, California to debut their first studio album For What It's Worth, later released on This City Is Burning Records. The album includes one of their best known songs, "This Is More", and its release launched them to wider prominence, while the members were still in high school. Upon graduation, they went on tour throughout the United States.
On 2007, Century Media Records signed the band and re-released their debut album with two bonus tracks. After several line-up changes, the band started recording their second full-length album with only two members, Jesse Barnett and Casey Lagos. Marking a significant change in Barnett's vocal style, Comes from the Heart was released in 2008 through Century Media. That year, the band was part of Warped Tour, Hell on Earth and numerous other tours. While they were supporting Every Time I Die's tour in November 2008, Casey Lagos decided to quit the band to pursue his own musical career.
Signing with Sumerian Records and The Hope Division (2008–2011)
Ash Avildsen of Sumerian Records signed the band after seeing them at the Anaheim House of Blues. In 2010 the band began working on their third full-length with a stable line-up consisting of Jesse Barnett on vocals, George Schmitz on drums, Chris Rawson and Reid Haymond on guitars and Andrew Rose on bass. The Hope Division was released on June 1 meeting critical acclaim and leading them to mainstream success.
On November 2011, Stick to Your Guns posted a picture on their Facebook of a 20-year-old Arizona fan, Samuel Perkins, after several of his friends got tattoos of the heart which features on the cover of The Hope Division as a tribute to their friend. Along with the tattoo are the words "At least he died a lion." This was due to his long and painful battle with a brain tumor that he fought against; his friends called him the best person they have ever met. Stick to Your Guns saw the unity in their actions and decided to pay tribute to him by performing as the headliner at Sam's memorial show.
Diamond and Disobedient (2011–2016)
In 2011, a stand-alone single titled "Bringing You Down (A New World Overthrow)" and featuring guest vocals of Karl Schwartz from First Blood, was released in support of the Occupy Wall Street movement. This song was an early version of a single from their fourth album, Diamond, which was released in 2012 with Josh James (of Evergreen Terrace) replacing Reid Haymond on guitar. The genre-bending album debuted on the Billboard charts making it to #1 on the Heatseekers chart, #11 for Hard Rock Albums, #30 for Rock Albums and placed on the Billboard 200. Later that year, Josh James confirmed that he left Evergreen Terrace to become a permanent member of the band.
The band released several single to promote the album. One of the singles, "We Still Believe", went on to gain consistent radio play. The album scored the band a spot on the 2013 Warped Tour. While on the Warped Tour, it was announced that "Diamond" won an Independent Music Award for best Hardcore/Metal Album of the year.
In 2013, Pure Noise Records released a split EP which contained two songs from the band and two from The Story So Far. The EP featured their single "We Still Believe" and a cover of Inside Out's "Burning Fight". On 2014, they released Diamond: Decade Edition, a vinyl re-release of Diamond which featured three bonus tracks. The band was also featured on Florence + The Sphinx: Sumerian Ceremonials, a tribute album to Florence + The Machine, covering "Dog Days Are Over".
On February 5, 2014, the band entered the studio with producer John Feldmann (The Used, Story of the Year) to record their fifth studio album. Throughout the recording, the band released studio updates, confirming several guests to record vocals on the record, including: Scott Vogel of Terror, Toby Morse of H2O, Walter Delgado of Rotting Out, the members of Motionless in White and producer John Feldmann himself. Recording finished on March 12, 2014.
On September 16, 2014, the band released a teaser video for their new album on their Facebook page, announcing the album's title as being Disobedient, as well as the album's release date—February 10, 2015. The band then premiered a new track from the album on October 21, titled "Nobody" through Alternative Press.
Better Ash Than Dust and True View (2016–present)
In July 2016 it was announced that Stick to Your Guns had left Sumerian Records and signed to Pure Noise Records. The band released their first song after label change called Universal Language on July 16, 2016. It was announced that Stick to Your Guns would release an EP later that year. In August more information about the EP was published. The name is Better Ash Than Dust and was set for release on September 23, 2016, via Pure Noise Records and End Hits Records for a European release.
Between September 8 and October 2, 2016, the band toured throughout North America alongside Hardcore punk acts Stray from the Path and Knocked Loose. Stick to Your Guns became the first American band to play a concert in East African country Kenya. Shortly after their performance in Kenya the band went on European tour with Australian metalcore band Parkway Drive. In June 2017 the band started working on their sixth studio record with producer Derek Hoffman. The album, True View, was released on October 13, 2017.
In November and December 2017, Stick to Your Guns played another European tour which was supported by Being as an Ocean and Silent Planet. In the beginning of 2018 Stick to Your Guns toured North America with British band Architects and Canadian hardcore band Counterparts. In the Spring of 2018, Stick to Your Guns supported Parkway Drive on their USA tour. Stick to Your Guns co-headlined a North American tour in the fall of 2018 with Emmure. Wage War and Sanction joined the lineup as support.
Stick to Your Guns headlined the "Pure Noise Tour" in the Summer of 2019 in North America. Counterparts, Terror, Year of the Knife and Sanction all joined up as support for the tour. Stick to Your Guns also supported Knocked Loose on their Different Shade of Blue Tour. Rotting Out, Candy and SeeYouSpaceCowboy also joined up as support.
On February 18, 2021, Stick to Your Guns released an EP titled The Meaning Remains. It contained acoustic versions of Amber, Nobody, Forgiveness of Self, and a cover of Take on Me.
Musical style and influences
Stick to Your Guns has been described as hardcore punk, melodic hardcore and metalcore. The mutual influences of its members include Propagandhi, Boysetsfire, Metallica, Trial, Hatebreed, and Inside Out.
The band's lyrics address subjects ranging from self-reflection to political and social statements. Stick to Your Guns identifies with the straight edge subculture and George Schmitz once described it as "a secret straight edge band" because they have focused on several other topics throughout their career rather than only this movement.
Members
Current
Jesse Barnett – lead vocals, additional guitars (2003–present), piano (2008–present), lead guitar (2010–2012)
Andrew Rose – bass, backing vocals (2008–present)
George Schmitz – drums (2008–present)
Chris Rawson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2009–present)
Josh James – lead guitar, backing vocals (2012–present)
Former members
Curtis Pleshe – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–2006)
Noah Calvin – bass, backing vocals (2003–2006)
Justin Rutherford – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2003–2006)
Ryan Nelson – lead guitar, backing vocals (2006–2008)
Darel McFayden – bass, backing vocals (2007–2008)
Casey Lagos – drums, piano, backing vocals (2003–2008), bass (2006–2007)
Alex Barnett – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2006–2009)
Reid Haymond – lead guitar, backing vocals (2008–2010)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
For What It's Worth (2005, This City Is Burning Records)
Comes from the Heart (2008, Century Media Records)
The Hope Division (2010, Sumerian Records)
Diamond (2012, Sumerian Records)
Disobedient (2015, Sumerian Records)
True View (2017, Pure Noise Records)
Spectre (2022, Pure Noise Records)
Extended plays
Compassion without Compromise (2004, self-released)
The Story So Far vs. Stick to Your Guns (split CD) (2013, Pure Noise Records)
Better Ash Than Dust (2016, Pure Noise Records/End Hits Records)
The Meaning Remains (2021, Pure Noise Records)
Other songs
"Laught Right Back" – 2008 version
"Bringing You Down (A New World Overthrow)" – 2011 single, later re-recorded for Diamond
"Dog Days Are Over" – from Florence + The Sphinx: Sumerian Ceremonials
"Hasta La Victoria (Demo)" - Released in honor of Victor Jara, via Bandcamp only
References
External links
Metalcore musical groups from California
Century Media Records artists
Hardcore punk groups from California
Musical groups from Orange County, California
Musical quintets
Straight edge groups
Sumerian Records artists
End Hits Records artists |
20472787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Open%20Cup%20for%20Arena%20Soccer | United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer | The United States Open for Arena Soccer is a cup-style tournament for all Major Arena Soccer League, MASL2, MASL3 and Premier Arena Soccer League teams. Established in 2008, the PASL announced they would hold the first tournament for indoor soccer open to all leagues and/or existing teams.
Champions
† Also PASL Ron Newman Cup Championship
References
External links
US Arena Open Cup official website
Indoor soccer competitions
Soccer cup competitions in the United States |
17335751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce%20Hall | Luce Hall | Luce Hall was the first purpose-built building for the U.S. Naval War College, founded at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1884. It is located at Building 1, Luce Avenue, Naval Station Newport. The building is named after Rear Admiral Stephen Luce.
In a Flemish style inspired by the town hall and guild halls on the Grote Markt in Antwerp, Belgium, local Newport architects George C. Mason & Son designed the building for the Navy with gables facing Narragansett Bay. It was completed on 22 May 1892 at the cost of $82,875, with the remainder of the $100,000 Congressional appropriation being spent on heating and equipment. The building was originally designed to have four sets of officers' quarters, one in each corner of the building, with the College classrooms, library, and administration located in the center section. This usage remained until 1914, when the entire building was opened for official uses.
The building was the main administrative building for the Naval War College from 1892, when Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was President of the Naval War College for his second time, until 1974 during the presidency of Vice Admiral Stansfield Turner, when the president's office was moved to newly constructed Conolly Hall.
The building was designated part of a National Historic Landmark District, along with the building that is now the Naval War College Museum (which housed the college's first facilities but was built in 1819 to house Newport's poor), in 1964. It was separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
John B. Hattendorf, B. Mitchell Simpson III, John R. Wadleigh, Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial History of the U.S. Naval War College (1984)
Buildings and structures in Newport, Rhode Island
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Naval War College
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island |
6904344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinaleda | Marinaleda | Marinaleda is a Spanish municipality of the province of Seville that belongs to the region of Sierra Sur, located in the basin of Genil, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It has an area of and a population of 2,778 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, with a population density of . It belongs to the judicial party of Estepa.
Marinaleda is a predominantly agricultural municipality and this makes up the bulk of its economy. It is noted for its left-leaning principles based on a leftist ideology led by Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo, mayor since 1979 and a member of the Unitarian Candidacy of Workers (CUT). Local workers and peasants have achieved a high rate of development and practically full employment for its people. The development of an alternative economic mode has achieved notable results, even during the economic crisis that began in 2008.
Critics claim that this economic and social progress is due in part to the fact that almost 66% of the income received by the City of Marinaleda is from administrative superiors such as the state, the autonomous community, and the Provincial Council of Seville. In reality, Marinaleda receives less than the average remittance received by municipalities in Andalusia (in 2011 it received around 6.61% less than the regional average).
Marinaleda is part of the "Network of Municipalities for the Third Republic" and the tricolor flag is present in civil buildings.
Geography
The town is located at an altitude of and lies east of the provincial capital, Seville. Marinaleda belongs to the comarca of Estepa and is situated between this latter town and Écija, in the eastern part of the province of Seville, in the basin of the Genil river. Its geographical coordinates are .
History
The first indications of human settlement in the territory now covered by the Marinaleda municipality go back to the late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, about 5,000 years ago. Stone tools and traces of seeds and dwelling places have been found.
There was a major Roman presence, and some date the foundation of the village to this period. The Roman road connecting the villages of Astigi (present-day Écija) and Ostippo (Estepa) ran by Marinaleda, and there have been many discoveries from the period.
The Arab presence is visible in monuments such as the Towers of Gallape and the fortress of Alhonoz. The region was conquered by the Christian monarchs in the 13th century, and Marinaleda came under the rule of the religious Order of Santiago. Philip II granted the village to the first Marquess of Estepa, and it would remain under this ownership until manors were dissolved in the 19th century.
Marinaleda then grew as a population centre due to the influx of day labourers working for large landowners, especially the Marquesses of Estepa. There is evidence that, in 1751, there were 60 houses lived in by landless labourers, who earned two reals for a full day's work.
In the 18th century, Marinaleda had three clergymen and a shop belonging to the Marquess of Peñaflor, who lived in Écija. The main economic activity was rain-fed agriculture.
During the 19th century in Marinaleda and neighbouring territories, there were several groups of bandits involving residents of the municipality. Notable groups include those commanded by José María Hinojosa Cobacho, "El Tempranillo", Francisco Ríos González "El Pernales", and Juan Caballero.
In 1931, the population of Marinaleda was 2,318, of whom only 317 were entitled to vote. The elections of 12 April that year were won by monarchist supporters, whereas those of 31 May were won by republicans. The final elections of the Republican period, on 16 February 1936, were won by the Popular Front.
At the start of the Civil War, troops supporting the coup assassinated the mayor, Vicente Cejas Moreno, his son, and at least 30 other residents. In the postwar period, the population suffered great poverty, hunger, and repression. The poor survived by gleaning olives and acorns from the fields of the estates.
The industrialization of Spain beginning in the 1960s encouraged emigration from Marinaleda to industrial areas, especially Catalonia, as well as to other countries such as Germany, France, and Switzerland.
Upon the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, the dictatorship he had established in Spain gave way to a representative democracy. In 1977, the Sindicato de Obreros del Campo (Union of Farm Workers) was founded in Marinaleda. The following year, a struggle for land began with a two-day occupation of the Bocatinaja estate, between Osuna and Los Corrales.
The first post-Franco municipal elections were held in 1979. The Colectivo de Unidad de los Trabajadores (Workers' Unity Collective) won in Marinaleda, gaining 9 of the 11 council seats. The new council replaced street names associated with the victors of the Civil War by names of left-wing heroes. For example, Muñoz Grandes street became Che Guevara street, the Plaza of Spain became the People's Plaza, and the Plaza of Francisco Franco was renamed after Salvador Allende.
In 1980, 700 people staged a 13-day hunger strike, demanding better pay and stricter regulation of the old system of employment. The success of this action led to intensification of the land struggle, with further occupations of large landowners' estates under the slogan "Land to those who work on it". In 1984, the Cordobilla marsh was occupied for 30 days to demand irrigation for a farm called El Humoso, property of the Duke of Infantado, facilitating its later expropriation.
In 1985, the occupation of estates increased in number by at least 100, as well as in length, extending to over 90 days. This led to many legal actions.
In 1991, a tract of El Humoso farm was handed over to Marinaleda for the use of the population. Demonstrations demanding a life of dignity increased between 1992 and 1994, with many occupations of government buildings and institutions.
In 1997, irrigation was extended to the whole of the El Humoso, and the Marinaleda S.C.A. A cooperative was founded to cultivate the farm collectively. Three years later, a food processing plant was set up, supplied by the raw materials of the cooperative: piquillo pepper, beans, artichokes, and olives. An oil press was also built. Production continued to increase, and employment along with it.
The economic crisis that began in 2008 affected the European Union by 2010, particularly its southern countries. While 30% of the active population in Andalusia was without work, Marinaleda had full employment.
The social and political system that has been implemented in the community, and the good results obtained in terms of economic development and well-being of the inhabitants, has brought Marinaleda to the attention of the media in Spain and abroad.
The "Social Democracy" tab on the town's website states the following:
Demographics
Local government
For over 30 years, the mayor of Marinaleda has been Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo of the United Left Party. Gordillo has anointed Marinaleda a "utopia for peace", which has no municipal police (saving $350,000 a year). Additionally, political murals and revolutionary slogans adorn the town's whitewashed walls and streets are named after Latin American leftists. Every few weeks, the town hall declares a Red Sunday over a bullhorn and volunteers clean the streets or do odd jobs.
Marinaleda has a long tradition of sociopolitical struggle by agricultural labourers, which has decisively influenced the attainment of diverse political and social advances. Marinaleda was ruled by CUT-BAI (Collective for the Unity of Workers - Andalusian Left Bloc) from 1979 until 1986, when CUT-BAI joined United Left (IU), which has since been the ruling party, although most of the members of IU's local branch are basically members of CUT-BAI.
Composition of the Municipal Council
Izquierda Unida (IU)
Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo (Mayor)
Rafaela Vázquez Jiménez
Antonio Sánchez Hinojosa
Juanita Sánchez Aires
Antonio José Montenegro Rodríguez
Esperanza de Rosario Saavedra Martín
Romualdo Romero Aires
Rocío Rodríguez Saavedra
Manuel Pradas Martín
Partido Socialista Obrero Español-Andalucía (PSOE-A)
Mariano Pradas Saavedra
José Rodríguez Cobacho
Local economy
The town operates a farming cooperative with 2,650 workers. Marinaleda is surrounded by sloping olive groves and features a farm. The farm is located seven miles (11 km) north of Marinaleda, and grows labour-intensive crops like artichokes, hot peppers, broccoli, and broad beans, as well as wheat.
Town planning
Marinaleda represents a local exception of the national housing crisis caused by real estate speculation. The municipality was the subject of national news when it became known that one could own a house in this town for no more than 15 euros per month through the self-building program.
Self-building
The Ayuntamiento (local government) of Marinaleda bought and expropriated thousands of square metres of land, now communal property, for the construction of new houses. Land, building materials, and architectural plans are provided to the self-builder through public grants. Free assistance from professional builders is also provided. The hours spent by the resident on construction (if any) are deducted from the total cost. Prospective owners usually donate about 450 days of their work to the construction. Finally, a monthly payment of up to 15.52 euros is arranged with the contractors and the government for the resident to achieve ownership. To prevent speculation, citizens are prohibited from selling their homes.
Layout
Marinaleda's citizens reside in a colony of neat houses, each with three bedrooms, one bathroom, and a garden of , allowing for future expansions. In recent years 350 single-family homes have been built according to this scheme, even though the town has fewer than 3,000 inhabitants.
See also
Eurozone crisis
References
Further reading
Victoria Burnett (23 April 2009). "To Capitalist Folly, Town in Spain Offers Reply". The New York Times.
Yorgos Angelopoulos (20 April 2010). "Χωρίς παπά και χωροφύλακα". Τα Νέα .
Dan Hancox (15 August 2012). "The Spanish Robin Hood". The Guardian.
Dan Hancox (19 October 2013). "Spain's communist model village". The Guardian.
External links
Marinaleda - Territorial information system of Andalusia
Location of Marinaleda in Seville province
Municipalities of the Province of Seville
Cooperatives in Spain
Mutualism (movement) |
6904345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloslavov | Miloslavov | Miloslavov () is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332–1337.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 129 metres and covers an area of 10.194 km². It consists of two parts. Miloslava and Alžbetin Dvor. Both are now under heavy real estate investment which is happening now all around Bratislava.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,780 inhabitants. 1,589 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 47 Hungarians, 12 Czechs and 132 others and unspecified.
References
External links/Sources
Miloslavov - Webpage of Miloslavov
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
17335770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudama%20Panday%20%27Dhoomil%27 | Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil' | Sudama Pandey "Dhoomil" (9 November 1936 – 10 February 1975) was an Indian poet who wrote in Hindi. He is known for his revolutionary writings and his "protest-poetry" along with Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh.
Known as the angry young man of Hindi poetry because of his rebellious writings, during his lifetime he published just one collection of poems, Sansad se Sarak Tak ("From the Parliament to the Street"), but another collection of his work entitled Kal Sunna Mujhe was released posthumously, and in 1979 went on to win the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi literature.
Sudama Pandey Ka Prajatantra, in 1984.[8] and Dhoomil Samagra in 2021 (in 3 Vol.) was published by his son Dr. Ratnashankar Pandey.
Biography
Sudama Pandey "Dhoomil" was born on 9 November 1936 in Khewali, Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. After successfully passing out of secondary education at the tenth-grade level, he joined the Industrial Training Institute (ITI), Varanasi where he passed out with a Diploma in Electrics, and later he joined the same institution as an instructor in the Electricals Department.
He died on 10 February 1975, at the young age of 38.
In 2006 the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a nationalist party, raised an objection in the Indian parliament over the inclusion of one of his radical poems "Mochiram" in the NCERT Hindi textbooks which subsequently was replaced by one of his other poems – "Ghar Main Wapsi".
The last book of Dhoomil, Sudama Pandey Ka Prajatantra, was published by his son Ratnashankar Pandey.
Works
Poetry collections
Sansad Se Sadak Tak - 1972
Kal Sunana Mujhe - 1976
Sudaama Paande Ka Prajaatantr - 1984
Dhoomil Samagra (In set of 3 Vol.) - 2021
Source:
Further reading
The Tree of Tongues — An Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry edited by E.V. Ramakrishnan. Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla.
Unfinished Business: Five Modern Hindi Poets (Dhoomil, Shrikant Verma, Raghuvir Sahay, Kunwar Narain, Kedarnath Singh) by Vinay Dharwadker.
"Four Hindi Poets", article by Shrikant Verma in World Literature Today, Vol. 68, 1994.
Contemporary Literature of Asia, by Arthur W. Biddle, Gloria Bien and Vinay Dharwadker. 1996, Prentice Hall. .
References
External links
Dhoomil at Kavita Kosh
The City, Evening, And An Old Man: Me, by 'Dhoomil'
1936 births
1975 deaths
Hindi-language poets
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi
Writers from Varanasi
20th-century Indian poets
Indian male poets
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers |
20472791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Perrut | Bernard Perrut | Bernard Perrut (born 24 January 1957 in Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône, France) is a French politician who served as a deputy of the National Assembly of France, representing the Rhône's 9th constituency from 1997 to 2022. A member of the Republicans, he previously was the mayor of Villefranche-sur-Saône from 2008 to 2017.
References
1957 births
Living people
People from Villefranche-sur-Saône
Republican Party (France) politicians
Liberal Democracy (France) politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
The Social Right
Mayors of places in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Rhône |
26717710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington%20station%20%28British%20Columbia%29 | Wellington station (British Columbia) | The Wellington station located in the Wellington area of Nanaimo, British Columbia, was a flag stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which ended in 2011. The station is on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline. The station was named after the town of Wellington which formed around and next to the Wellington Colliery which was named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, a leading British military and political figure in the 19th century.
History
Wellington station is one of the oldest and most historic stops on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island Mainline.
Wellington station before the E&N
Before the E&N railway was extended to Wellington, the Wellington stop was part of the Wellington Colliery Railway line joining Wellington's Departure Bay wharf operations with the Wellington Colliery operations scattered around Wellington. The current flagstop site and siding, still in use today, are where the Wellington Colliery's scale was located for weighing the coal the miner's produced. It was this scale and siding which was the unlikely catalyst for Wellington Colliery's first bitter miner strike which served to entrench a tone of mistrust and bitterness amongst workers which quickly escalated future confrontations in Wellington, and persisted for decades across Vancouver Island as Wellington miners moved to new towns being built up by the railway and coal industry.
Precursor and enabling the E&N
The Wellington Flag stop Station and siding are also the last remnant of the Wellington Colliery Railway which was both a precursor, catalyst and heavy user of the E&N, with the Wellington Colliery eventually being wholly replaced by the E&N. It was the Wellington Colliery Railway and mines which provided Robert Dunsmuir with the wealth, experience and infrastructure he needed to convince the government, under generous terms, to allow him to build an Island Railway.
E&N early years
In 1887, less than a year after completing the E&N railway, Robert Dunsmuir extended the E&N Railway north to Wellington, connecting up with the Wellington Colliery Railway lines. Wellington was changed from being Mile 77 to Mile 0, and remained the northern terminus of the E&N railway until 1910. Wellington Station was one of the busiest on the E&N route in the 1890s as the town's coal production surged in tandem with its population. With Wellington now connected to the E&N, Dunsmuir proceeded to move most of his shipping operations from Departure Bay to the deep water harbour of Oyster Bay, now known as Ladysmith. Dunsmuir died in 1889 and his family continued the coal and railway businesses until the E&N was sold to Canadian Pacific in 1905. By 1900 major coal mining operations had ceased around Wellington and coupled with the relocation of many of Dunsmuir's company buildings to Ladysmith followed by destructive town fire, traffic at the Wellington station dwindled. During the early 20th century Wellington Station was primarily used by the railway workers themselves as the station had a Roundhouse and a heavy mechanic shop for servicing the steam locomotives was based in Wellington as part of the Wellington Colliery Railway legacy. For many years a steam tower servicing the steam locomotives was also near the current flagstop. In the early-mid-20th century the heavy mechanics work was relocated to Victoria and Wellington become a minor stop on the E&N which had been expanded further North and West.
Modern
The old Wellington Station shut down in the late 1950s, and sat neglected for years. In 1966, the building was purchased by the Wellington Centennial Committee from the CPR, and moved to the southeast corner of Pioneer Park. Plans to restore the building and integrate it into the park were never completed, and the building was condemned and demolished, with salvageable material being incorporated into the Nanaimo Hornets Rugby Clubhouse, which was completed in 1979.
The current flagstop is a few hundred feet south of the original station and colliery weigh scale and is marked with a simple sign.
References
External links
Via Rail Station Description
Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1888
1888 establishments in British Columbia
2011 disestablishments in British Columbia
Railway stations closed in 2011
Disused railway stations in Canada |
6904363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Province%20cricket%20team | Western Province cricket team | The Six Gun Grill Western Province is a first-class cricket team representing Western Cape province within the domestic cricket structure of South Africa. A Western Province team has played top-class cricket since the 1890s, including the franchise era team of the Cape Cobras that existed between 2005 and 2021 along with Boland. The current Western Province team was re-formed for the 2021/22 season after the previous franchise structure was disbanded following CSA domestic reorganisation and the traditional provincial structure being returned. Whereas many teams opted to keep their former franchise names, Cape Cobras elected to return to their original name.
Western Province is one of South Africa's most successful cricket teams, winning the Currie Cup 18 times, with 3 shared wins from 1892 to 2004. In the Franchise Era, Cape Cobras claimed 4 total wins. Four wins occurred between 1892 and 1899, with 14 others coming at regular intervals throughout the 20th and early 21st Century. Western Province won 5 one-day cup titles between 1981 and 2004, with a further 3 outright and 2 shared as Cape Cobras. In the domestic T20 competition, Western Province/Cape Cobras won twice between 2003 and 2022.
Traditionally, the team's main home ground is Newlands in Cape Town. Under Cape Cobras this was expanded to incorporate Boland Park in Paarl. Western Province currently compete in the CSA 4-Day Domestic Series, CSA One-Day Cup and the CSA T20 Challenge.
History
Cape Colony
Cricket in South Africa, like many other Commonwealth nations, was first introduced by the British when the Cape Colony was ceded to Great Britain by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. By the middle of the 19th Century cricket was well established in Cape Town, with Cape Colony Schools adopting the game by the 1850s as the sport gradually expanding further inland by settlers. In 1862, an annual fixture called 'Mother Country v Colonial Born' was hosted for the first time in Cape Town, with popularity leading to the founding of Western Province Cricket Club in October 1864. In 1876, Port Elizabeth began the 'Chamption Bat Tournament' between teams representing the major settlements of the Cape Colony, such as Cape Town, Grahamston, Kingwilliamstown and Port Elizabeth. The settlement-based format continued until the 1890–91 season when Western Province, Eastern Province and Griqualand took to the field for the first time instead.
Western Province Currie Cup
Sir Donald Currie, the founder of the Castle Shipping Line and the sponsor of the 1889 English tour, donated a trophy for the champions of the promising domestic competition. The 'Currie Cup' was first awarded to Kimberley, who had beaten Transvaal in the single match competition of 1889–90. From 1892 to 1893, the competition began to take the familiar form of province-based competition in a champion format, inspired by the English County Cricket structure.
Western Province joined the competition for the 1892–93 season, winning the Cup on its first attempt. The Currie Cup was not contested every year, and a total of fourteen seasons were contested between its inception and the First World War. Aside from an interruption during the Boer War, typically seasons were not held when the English team were touring. The competition took on several different formats, including a knock-out structure, and a round-robin followed by a challenge final against the previous year's winner; but in 1906–07, a round-robin league format was established, which would be unchanged until 1982–83. Between 1892-93 and 1912–13, Western Province won the Cup five times, being particularly dominate in the 1890s.
In the interwar years, again the Currie Cup was not competed every year. Largely due to travel constraints, the Cup was not held in seasons when there was a Test tour of South Africa. Of the 12 seasons played, Western Province won two in an era of Transvaal dominance. First-class cricket was later suspended upon the outset of the Second World War in 1939 as South Africa declared war on Germany.
Western Province won a further eight Cups between 1946 and 1991 in sporadic fashion, with the team failing to win the title at any point in the 1960s. At the end of the 1965–66 season, Western Province were relegated to the Second Division for the first time since the two division format was introduced in 1951. They would later be promoted back to the First Division for the 1969–70 season, going on to share the title with Transvaal. From 1972, the two division format was retained but promotion and relegation scrapped, with the top division remaining constant with five teams: Transvaal, Natal, Eastern Province, Western Province and Rhodesia. By this time the stronger provinces had begun fielding a 'B Team' in the lower division, although could not be promoted. From 1975, Western Province fielded a 'B Team' of their own, however the lower division eventually split away to form the 'Castle Bowl' - in essence a separate Currie Cup Second XI Competition.
The dominance of the Transvaal, Natal and Western Province finally came to a close after Eastern Province beat Transvaal at the end of the 1988–89 season. Prior to, the three teams had amongst them won 59 of the 60 Currie Cups contested, with the exception being Kimberley's win in 1890–91.
Western Province was largely immune to the political changes after 1994 that altered the domestic structure. Whereas many teams changed name, for instance Transvaal to Gauteng in 1997, Western Province continued until the Franchise Era of 2004–2021.
During this time, one-day cricket was included in the domestic structure, with its matches having List-A status. Western Province won five one-day titles between 1981–82 and 2003–04, with three being back to back between 1985 and 1988.
Franchise Era
In 2004–05, the format of South African domestic cricket was changed entirely. The eleven provincial teams were rationalised into six entirely profesional new teams, for all three formats. Western Province merged with Boland to form the Cape Cobras, being based in Cape Town. With the Currie Cup now called SuperSport Series for commercial reasons, the six new franchises were intended to create a stronger top-tier sides with a second-tier semi-professional tournament based around the old provincial teams.
Playing 17 first-class seasons, the Cape Cobras were the second most successful team behind Titans with 4 outright titles. In the one-day series, Cape Cobras managed two outright and two shared wins, the most recent being 2013–2014. A T20 league had also been devised for the domestic structure within South Africa, with Cape Cobras securing two title wins by 2021–22.
Recent History
In 2020, domestic cricket in South Africa was restructured once more and the six former franchise teams were dropped. In its place was a return to the more traditional two-division league format, with a total of fifteen professional teams competing. The previously semi-professional provincial cricket league has been absorbed, effectively forming the leagues second division. Promotion and relegation between the two divisions, not seen since the start of the franchise era in 2004, will return after 2023–24. From 2019, provinces and cricket unions submitted bids to CSA to make a case to be considered for the top division for the initial two seasons. The bidding process was overseen by the Independent Evaluation Committee (IEE) who took into account a range of criteria, such as cricketing and financial operations, women's and age-group development, transformation policies and stadium infrastructure.
Eight teams make up the first division, with 16 contracted players each, and seven teams the second division, with 11 contracted players each, taking the total to 205.
Many of the franchises opted to keep their previous branding going forward, even with a return to the more traditional province defined teams. Of the First Division, only Cape Cobras elected to return to their former name of Western Province.
Current Squad
As of December 2022
Coaching Staff
Salieg Nackerdien is Head Coach of the side, having been appointed in September 2021 after replacing acting coach Faiek Davids. Nackerdien's most recent position was as batting consultant to Boland Cricket and before that as Momentum Proteas Women's Assistant Coach. From 2009 to 2016, Nackerdien served in various coaching capacities during the former franchise era of the Cape Cobras. He was also Head Coach of the semi-professional Western Province team and headed the WP Academy.
For the 2022/2023 season, former Western Province and Cape Cobras bowler Rory Kleinveldt has been appointed as the bowling coach, whilst Dieter Swanepoel has been appointed the new strength and conditioning coach after working with the Momentum Multiply Titans, Cape Cobras and WP semi-professional team. Shane Jabaar continues as team physio, and Romano Ramoo continues as the video analyst. Israar Roman completes the management team as the team and logisitics coordinator.
Youth Cricket
The RPCs and Hubs programme plays a key role in identifying players from previously disadvantaged areas to be a part of an organised, high-performance environment within their communities and structures. This has the aim of reshaping the cricketing landscape and changing lives through developing the raw skills of kids from non-traditional feeder systems.
Western Province HUBS are as follows:
Tygerberg (RPC)
Khayelitsha (HUB)
Mitchells Plain (HUB)
Langa (HUB)
Victoria (HUB)
St Augustine (HUB)
Primrose (HUB)
Heidelberg (HUB)
Playing kit
During the Momentum 1 Day Cup and 2016–17 CSA T20 Challenge, the Cobras played in blue shirts and trousers with slight yellow accents as well as orange and blue kits to represent their sponsor's corporate colours.
Honours
CSA 4-Day Franchise Series (3) - 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13 ; shared (0) -
CSA One Day Cup (1) - 2006–07
CSA T20 Challenge (2) - 2008–09, 2010–2011
Honours
Currie Cup (18) – 1892–93, 1893–94, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1908–09, 1920–21, 1931–32, 1952–53, 1955–56, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2003–04; shared (3) – 1921–22, 1969–70, 1989–90
One Day Cup (5) – 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1990–91, 2002–03
CSA 3-Day Cup (2) – 2010–11, 2013–14
CSA 1-Day Cup (0) –
Africa T20 Cup (0) –
Gillette Cup/Nissan Shield (5) – 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1981–82, 1988–89
Venues
Venues have included:
Newlands, Cape Town (main venue 1890–present)
RJE Burt Oval, Cape Town (occasional venue Nov 1976 – Oct 1991)
Boon Wallace Oval, Cape Town (occasional venue Dec 1985 – Jan 1992)
PP Smit Stadium, Bellville, Cape Town (occasional venue Dec 1997 – Oct 2002)
References
Sources
South African Cricket Annual – various editions
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – various editions
South African first-class cricket teams
Sport in Cape Town
Cricket in the Western Cape |
17335830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%20Island%20%28British%20Columbia%29 | Hunter Island (British Columbia) | Hunter Island is an island on the coast of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located inshore from Queen Charlotte Sound, about north of the town of Port Hardy at the north end of Vancouver Island.
A number of small islands lie to the south of Hunter Island, including Stirling Island and Nalau Island. South of these, across Hakai Passage, is Calvert Island. To the east Fitz Hugh Sound, part of the Inside Passage, separates Hunter Island from the mainland and King Island, which is mostly within the inland reaches of Dean Channel, one of the largest coastal fjords. Queens Sound lies to the west, between Hunter Island and the Goose Group archipelago. Also on the west side of Hunter Island is Cultus Sound, so named because it is the most treacherous of the three approaches to Bella Bella (cultus means "bad" or "worthless" in the Chinook Jargon). To the southwest is Kildidt Sound. To the north Hunter Island is separated from Denny Island by Lama Passage, and from Campbell Island by Hunter Channel. Fitz Hugh Sound and Lama Pass are part of the main Inside Passage route.
Hunter Island is long and ranges in width from to . It is in area. The island reaches in elevation.
Protected areas
Just south of Hunter Island in Hakai Pass is the Hakai Luxvbalis Conservancy Area. At more than of land and sea, it is the largest provincial marine protected area on the British Columbia coast.
Hakai Provincial Recreation Area, 50,707 ha in size, includes the southern part of Hunter Island and the northern part of Calvert Island, as well as numerous smaller islands in the area.
References
External links
Islands of British Columbia
Central Coast of British Columbia |
44503295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilacinia%20ligulata | Vermilacinia ligulata | Vermilacinia ligulata is an infrequent lichen found along the foggy Pacific Coast of Baja California in rock-walled narrow arroyos, on rocky peninsulas and on ridges within the Northern Vizcaíno Desert region, ranging from Punta Cono to just north of Punta Canoas, and along the east coast of Cedros Island. The species was first collected in May 1985 in the southern part of the northern peninsula of Baja California, about 100 km north of Guerrero Negro, 400 meters inland from the ocean on rocky walls with a northern exposure in a narrow estuary. The type is from the same locality but collected one year later, 19 May 1986.
Distinguishing features
Vermilacinia ligulata is distinguished by its thallus divided into relatively few basal branches, generally less than 10, although it may appear to have more by its gregarious habit, and by lacking a blackened base, not reaching more than 3 cm in height, appearing strongly crinkled and twisted with wavy branch margins (when dry), and by having lichen substances of triterpenes, referred to as T1 and T2, along with zeorin and (-)-16 α-hydroxykaurane; T3, which occurs in most related species, was not noted. Salazinic acid and usnic acid were also not reported.
The branches are often partly tubular near base, and strap shaped above, initially creeping along the substrate for a short distance before ascending upwards, and frequently divided more or less in a digitate (palmate) fashion. The overall appearance is much like Niebla contorta as exemplified by the image of its type from near Bahía Asunción. These species are distinguished by the presence or absence of chondroid strands in the medulla, and by their chemistry, N. contorta has divaricatic acid and triterpenes not found in Vermilacinia.
Taxonomic History
Vermilacinia ligulata is only known from collections made by Richard Spjut during the years 1985–1996. Peter Bowler and Janet Marsh included the species, along with five others of Vermilacinia, under their Niebla laevigata,) which is regarded a synonym of V. laevigata. Vermilacinia laevigata differs by its larger thallus that often has blackened parts, is more uniformly compressed with blade-like branches that are mostly simple, and by the presence of the T3 compound, instead of the T1 and T2 triterpenes, and
is geographically confined to the California Floristic Province. The triterpenes of V. ligulata, commonly referred to as T1 and T2 by their Rf values on thin-layer chromatography plates, have formulas of C30H50O2 (T1) and C30H50OO (T2) as determined by mass spectrometry of a sample of V. reptilioderma. They are known from several other species, all endemic to the central region of Baja California.
References
External links
World Botanical Associates, Vermilacinia subgenus Vermilacinia, retrieved 24 Nov 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/vermilacinia_subgenus_vermilacin.htm
Ramalinaceae
Lichen species
Lichens described in 1996
Taxa named by Richard Wayne Spjut |
44503296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea%20Fleming | Thea Fleming | Thea Fleming (also Flemming; born 1942 in Sittard) is a Dutch film actress who spent much of her career in Italy, sometimes credited as Isabella Biancini. She started her career in 1960 as the Dutch Brigitte Bardot. Besides her career as an actress and photo model she also starred in and directed several fotonovelas.
Fleming has a brother in the Netherlands.
Selected filmography
1960 From a Roman Balcony (uncredited)
1961 Letto a tre piazze – Thea (uncredited)
1961 Mariti a congresso
1963 I mostri – Marilina street walker (segment "Vernissage", uncredited)
1963 Il Successo
1963 Taur, il re della forza bruta – Illa
1964 I marziani hanno 12 mani
1965 Operation Counterspy
1965 Salome '73
1966 Our Man in Casablanca – Ingrid van Heufen
1966 Mondo pazzo... gente matta! – Anna (Maurizio's fiancée)
1967 The Million Dollar Countdown – Huguette
1969 Kill Rommel! -Woman auxiliary
1972 Come fu che Masuccio Salernitano, fuggendo con le brache in mano, riuscì a conservarlo sano
References
External sources
1942 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch actresses
Dutch film actresses
People from Sittard |
23576300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS%20Cape%20Leeuwin | HMAS Cape Leeuwin | HMAS Cape Leeuwin was a lighthouse tender which was commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) between mid-1943 and the end of 1945.
Design
The ship displaces 1,406 gross tons, is in length, with a beam of , and a draught of . Top speed was . In naval service, the ship was armed with a QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun, supplemented by five Oerlikon 20 mm cannons and two Vickers machine guns.
Operational history
Cape Leeuwin was built in 1924 for the lighthouse service. The ship was laid down at Cockatoo Island Dockyard on 15 July 1924, and launched on 10 December 1924.
She was requisitioned for service with the RAN from the Queensland Department of Commerce in October 1941 and commissioned into the Navy on 27 August 1943. Her peacetime captain, Noel Buxton, stayed with the ship throughout her naval service and received the rank of Lieutenant.
From August 1943, Cape Leeuwin was used to lay buoys and service lights along the coast of Queensland and in the South-West Pacific. She laid buoys and beacons between Milne Bay and Hollandia in New Guinea. From late 1944, she served in the Philippines Campaign, and established navigation aids at Leyte, Mindoro, Subic Bay and Manila. As part of these operations, she was the first Australian ship to enter Manila Bay after the Battle of Manila. In July 1945, she and established lighthouses in the Moluccas which reopened a route between Darwin and Morotai.
After the war, Cape Leeuwin was decommissioned from the RAN and returned to her owners on 12 December 1945. She continued in Australian service until 1963 when she was paid off and sold to a company in Asia, which named her Ruby.
References
1924 ships
Survey ships of the Royal Australian Navy
Lighthouse tenders of Australia |
23576310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi%20Yamgnane | Kofi Yamgnane | Kofi Martin Yamgnane (born 11 October 1945) is a French-Togolese politician and engineer.
Biography
Yamgnane was born in 1945 in Bassar, Togo. A member of the Bassar ethnic group in central Togo, he attended a missionary school as his early education. In 1957, he enrolled at the St. Joseph College in Lomé, capital of Togo. Yamgnane received his baccalauréat in 1964. Afterward, he moved to France to study engineering. He obtained a degree in mathematics from the University of Western Brittany in 1969. Yamgnane obtained French citizenship in 1975. After years of doing engineering work without qualifications, such as designing expressway structures, he enrolled at the École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy in 1977 and graduated in 1981.
In 1983, he joined the town council of a village of Brittany, Saint-Coulitz (less than 400 inhabitants). He lost the election for mayor in the second round as a member of the Socialist Party. He became well known in France in 1989 after being elected mayor of Saint-Coulitz, and at this time, one out of only two black mayors in Metropolitan France. He created a council of elders, similar to governing bodies in Africa. This initiative won Yamgnane the "National Award of citizenship" in April 1990, and he was named "Breton of the year" by Armor Magazine.
A former engineer in the French Bridges and Roads administration, he was Secretary of State of Integration in the French government from 1991 to 1993. The following year, he was elected a Conseiller général of Finistère. Yamgnane became a representative in the French National Assembly on 1 June 1997, representing Finistère. He was a member of the delegation of the National Assembly to women's rights and equal opportunities between men and women. Yamagnane served on several commissions in the Assembly, including national defense, trade, cultural affairs, finance, constitutional laws, marine transport safety, and children's rights. His term ended on 18 June 2002.
After the death of Togolese president Gnassingbe Eyadema in 2005, Yamgnane thought of running for president but decided it was not the right time. He stood as a candidate in the 2010 Togolese presidential election. Yamgnane campaigned on improving the health of Togolese, fixing roads and bridges, reducing unemployment, and curbing corruption. He aimed to nationalize lage industries without creating "a witch hunt". However, his candidacy was rejected by the Constitutional Court due to doubts about his identity. His papers showed two different birth dates, 11 October 1945, and 31 December 1945. The October 11 date comes from an affidavit signed by his father on 16 March 1948, while the 31 December date is used by the Togolese government. "All Togolese know around them at least one person in my case. Does this mean that this whole section of the population should be excluded from universal suffrage?" Yamgnane said.
He was arrested in October 2014 on the charge of "influence peddling" and tax evasion in the context of the Christophe Rocancourt case.
Personal life
Yamgnane is married to Anne-Marie la Bretonne, a retired professor of mathematics. They live in Lomé and have two children. He is friends with Togolese archbishop Denis Amouzou, as the two share an affinity for scouting.
References
1945 births
Living people
People from Kara Region
Ewe people
Togolese emigrants to France
Black French politicians
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Secretaries of State of France
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Mayors of places in Brittany
People from Finistère
Naturalized citizens of France
Politicians from Brittany |
26717734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro%20Jenkins | Alejandro Jenkins | Alejandro Jenkins (born 17 October 1979, in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican theoretical physicist. He is currently a professor at the University of Costa Rica and a member of Costa Rica's National Academy of Sciences. He has worked on applications of quantum field theory to particle physics and cosmology, as well as on self-oscillating dynamical systems and quantum thermodynamics.
Education and employment
Jenkins entered the University of Costa Rica in 1997, studying mathematics. He later attended Harvard College, where he resided in Currier House. In 2001 he graduated from Harvard with an A.B. degree in physics and mathematics. He received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics at Caltech in 2006, working with Mark Wise on "Topics in particle physics and cosmology beyond the Standard Model". Some of the work in Jenkins's doctoral dissertation concerned models of dark energy in cosmology.
Jenkins was a postdoctoral researcher at Caltech (2006), at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics (2006-09), and at Florida State University's high-energy physics group (2009-12). He became a professor of physics at the University of Costa Rica in 2013 and was elected as a member of Costa Rica's National Academy of Sciences in 2015.
Research
Quark mass and congeniality to life
The anthropic principle
In physics and cosmology, the anthropic principle is the collective name for several ways of asserting that the observations of the physical Universe must be compatible with the life observed in it. The principle was formulated as a response to a series of observations that the laws of nature and its fundamental physical constants remarkably take on values that are consistent with conditions for life as we know it rather than a set of values that would not be consistent with life as observed on Earth. The anthropic principle states that this apparent coincidence is actually a necessity because living observers would not be able to exist, and hence, observe the universe, were these laws and constants not constituted in this way.
Jenkins's contributions
To test this hypothesis, Robert Jaffe, Jenkins, and Itamar Kimchi used models to "tweak" the values of the quark masses and examined how that would affect the ability of stable isotopes of carbon and hydrogen to form, making organic chemistry possible. They found that, within the various potential universes they examined, many had very different qualities from our own, but that nonetheless life could still develop. In some cases, where forms of carbon we find in our universe were unstable, other forms of stable carbon were identified as possible.
The work by Jaffe, Jenkins, and Kimchi on anthropic constraints on quark masses was highlighted by the American Physical Society's Physics magazine. That work, along with research by other theorists on the possibility of an anthropically-allowed "weakless universe", was summarized in Scientific American magazine's January 2010 cover story, which Jenkins co-authored with Israeli particle physicist Gilad Perez. Jenkins also explained his work in a 2015 appearance on the TV show Through the Wormhole.
Self-oscillation and thermodynamics
Jenkins's review of the physics of self-oscillators was published by Physics Reports in 2013. Jenkins has also collaborated with mathematical physicist Robert Alicki and theoretical chemist David Gelbwaser-Klimovsky on applying related ideas in order to arrive at a better understanding of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, with a particular application to the microscopic physics of solar cells and the triboelectric effect.
See also
Quantum physics
Inflation (cosmology)
Quark
Anthropic principle
Multiverse
Feynman sprinkler
Many-worlds interpretation
References
External links
Personal website
Costa Rican scientists
Living people
1979 births
Harvard University alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of Costa Rica alumni |
23576312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%20Flute%20Cave | Reed Flute Cave | The Reed Flute Cave (), also known as "the Palace of Natural Arts," is a landmark and tourist attraction in Guilin, Guangxi, China.
The cave got its name from the type of reed growing outside, which can be made into flutes. Reed Flute Cave is filled with a large number of stalactites, stalagmites and other rock formations. Inside, there are more than 70 inscriptions written in ink, which can be dated back as far as 792 AD in the Tang Dynasty. These aged inscriptions tell us that it has been an attraction in Guilin since ancient times. It was rediscovered in the 1940s by a group of refugees fleeing the Japanese troops. Nowadays, multicolored lighting artificially illuminates the cave. The Reed Flute Cave is filled with various stalactites and stalagmites, which are named according to what they look like and the legends surrounding them, Crystal Palace, Fish Tail Peak, and Dragon Pagoda. One giant stalactite is said to have been the magic spear of the Dragon King, used by the Monkey King Sun Wu Kong in the Chinese Buddhist classic, Journey to the West.
Notes
External links
Caves of Guangxi
Limestone caves
Karst formations of China
Show caves in China
Tourist attractions in Guilin |
26717763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary%20Society%20of%20Independent%20Filmmakers | Calgary Society of Independent Filmmakers | The Calgary Society of Independent Filmmakers was formed in 1978 and is operated on a non-profit basis out of Calgary, Alberta in Canada. Four decades ago, twelve local filmmakers and artists collaborated to form the Society of Filmmakers in response to a growing interest in film production and need for equipment and resources. The organization is commonly known by its members as CSIF.
25th anniversary
In 2003, the Society celebrated its 25th anniversary. Many local filmmakers got their start in the 70s and 80s taking classes and are now working in the industry including producers Wendy Hill-Tout, Gary Burns and directors Mike Dowse, Robert Cuffley and David Winning.
References
External links
Official Website
Organizations based in Calgary
Film organizations in Canada |
20472801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Reyn%C3%A8s | Bernard Reynès | Bernard Reynès (born 18 October 1953 in Meknes, Morocco) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented Bouches-du-Rhône's 15th constituency and is a member of the Republicans.
He lost his seat in the first round of the 2022 French legislative election.
References
1953 births
Living people
People from Meknes
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
The Popular Right
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Bouches-du-Rhône |
20472806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Roman | Bernard Roman | Bernard Roman (born July 15, 1952 in Lille) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented Nord's 1st constituency from 1997 to 2017, as a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche.
References
1952 births
Living people
Politicians from Lille
Politicians from Hauts-de-France
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
26717821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20L.%20Narayana | P. L. Narayana | P. Lakshmi Narayana (10 September 1935 – 3 November 1998) was an Indian actor, dialogue writer, and playwright, known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema and a few Tamil films. He has received one National Film Award and five state Nandi Awards.
Awards
National Film Awards
National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor - Yagnam (1991)
Nandi Awards
Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal in Kukka.
Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal in Neti Bharatam in 1983.
Special Jury Award for his performance in Mayuri in 1985.
Best Supporting Actor for his acting skills in Repati Pourulu in 1986.
Best Dialogue Writer for his writing skills in Dandora in 1993.
Selected filmography
References
Male actors in Tamil cinema
1935 births
1998 deaths
Telugu male actors
Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners
Nandi Award winners
20th-century Indian male actors
Indian male film actors
Male actors in Telugu cinema
People from Guntur district |
17335834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion%20Rules | Dominion Rules | Dominion Rules (DR) is a role-playing game system for historical and fantasy role-playing. DR is notable in the history of role-playing games for being one of the first RPGs to be released under an open source (or open gaming) licence, known as the Dominion Rules Licence. Development of the game followed an open source model whereby contributors, known as the Dominion Games Development Team, made improvements or additions to the game and published them on the internet (often through the Dominion Games web site) under the terms of the Dominion Rules Licence, thus explicitly encouraging the creation of new skills, spells, beasts and rules by its modular structure in an attempt to establish an equivalent to the Open Source Software model in RPG gaming.
Game Mechanic
DR is a skills-based role-playing game system based on the twelve-sided die (d12). The game mechanic is the same for almost all actions: players roll d12 trying to roll less than or equal to the applicable skill stat, as modified by any applicable bonuses or penalties. For example, a character seeking to strike an opponent with his weapon begins with his Strike stat, adds to it the Strike bonus applicable to his weapon, and subtracts from that any defensive penalties imposed by his opponent's defensive manoeuvres and armour. A roll of 12 always fails. In many cases, a roll of 12 has particularly negative results.
DR is designed around three major skill types, namely combat skills, priestcraft skills and witchcraft skills. All characters have access to combat skills. Priest-style characters have access to priest-specific skills such as bless, consecrate, curse, defile, heal, smite, wrath, and work miracle. Magic-using characters may either cast pre-made spells or employ free-form magic, both of which are essentially another type of skill use.
Game Setting
The DR rules system is intended to be generic and does not describe the kind of world (or "campaign setting") to which they apply. The system can be used in a variety of RPG settings by excluding or modifying certain rules. For a historical setting, players simply disregard the priestcraft and witchcraft rules.
Distribution
Dominion Rules was one of the first RPGs to be released under an open source style (or open gaming style) licence, known as the Dominion Rules Licence. The current version of DR is distributed under version 2.0 of the Dominion Rules Licence.
The current version of DR is free to download from Dominion Rules - Home. Copies of the previous versions can be found in various places on the internet.
History
DR 1.0 appeared in 1999. It was revised and republished as version 2.0 in 2001. Both versions were distributed by Dominion Games. No retail, print versions of the game were published. DR 2.0 received some favourable reviews.
Dominion Games and their web site disappeared around 2006. The creators of the Dominion Rules released version 3.0 in April 2008 from Dominion Rules - Home to favourable reviews.
References
Role-playing game systems
Open-source tabletop games |
6904364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undringar | Undringar | Undringar is the debut studio album from Swedish singer/songwriter Ted Gärdestad, released in 1972 on the Polar Music label. It contains his breakthrough single "Jag vill ha en egen måne" as well as "Hela världen runt", "När du kommer" and "Snurra du min värld". The album was produced by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, engineered by Michael B. Tretow and features uncredited vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. In 1991 the album was released on CD.
Track listing
Music by Ted Gärdestad, lyrics by Kenneth Gärdestad except where noted.
Side A:
"Helena" (T. Gärdestad) – 3:19
"Sommarlängtan" – 2:37
"Jag vill ha en egen måne" – 3:17
"Räcker jag till" – 3:00
"Ett stilla regn" – 3:26
"När du kommer" – 2:47
Side B:
"Snurra du min värld" – 2:59
"Så mycket bättre" – 3:54
"Hela världen runt" – 2:41
"I dröm och fantasi" – 4:05
"Beat It, Girl" – 4:34
Personnel
Ted Gärdestad – lead vocals, guitar
Benny Andersson – piano, backing vocals
Björn Ulvaeus – acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Janne Schaffer – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Mike Watson – bass guitar
Ola Brunkert – drums
Agnetha Fältskog – backing vocals
Anni-Frid Lyngstad – backing vocals
Lena Andersson – backing vocals ("Helena")
Production
Benny Andersson – producer
Björn Ulvaeus – producer
Michael B. Tretow – sound engineer
Rune Persson – sound engineer
Åke Elmsäter – sound engineer
Recorded at Metronome Studios, Stockholm
Originally released as Polar POLS 234, 1972.
References
Liner notes Undringar, Ted Gärdestad, Polar Music POLS 234, 1972.
1972 debut albums
Ted Gärdestad albums
Swedish-language albums |
26717833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo%20station%20%28Via%20Rail%29 | Nanaimo station (Via Rail) | Nanaimo station is a former railway station in Nanaimo, British Columbia. The station was a stop on the Via Rail Dayliner service, which closed indefinitely in 2011. The station is located at 336 Prideaux Street, Nanaimo.
History
The one/two-storey stucco and wood building station building featuring a central square tower, was built in 1920 to replace an earlier station building. The building is a more complex version of the CPR Standard Plan No. 9 design. The original design was intended to support commercial operations on the main floor with living quarters for railway employees on the second floor.
Closure
On March 19, 2011, Via Rail suspended service indefinitely due to poor track conditions on the line outside Nanaimo and replaced it with a bus service. Eventually, on August 12, 2011, the bus service ended and the station closed indefinitely.
References
External links
City of Nanaimo The city the station serviced.
Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1920
Railway stations closed in 2011
Disused railway stations in Canada
Buildings and structures in Nanaimo
Transport in Nanaimo
Designated Heritage Railway Stations in British Columbia
1920 establishments in British Columbia
2011 disestablishments in British Columbia |
44503384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20W.%20Agnes%20Jr. | Peter W. Agnes Jr. | Judge Peter W. Agnes Jr. (born April 12, 1950) is a former justice of the Massachusetts Appeals Court as an Associate Justice, having been appointed by Governor Deval Patrick in 2011 and serving until reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70 in 2020. In addition to being an active member of the legal community in providing "…service on numerous Supreme Judicial Court and Bar Association committees, commissions[,]…task forces, [et al.]…," Justice Agnes has also been passionate about education, having taught at the Massachusetts School of Law for the past fifteen years, and continuing to do so currently. Agnes presently resides in Wayland, MA with his wife Eileen Agnes (a family law attorney). They have four children and three grandchildren, boasting a passionate relationship with their extensive family outside of their legal careers.
Early life and education
Born and raised in Somerville, MA, he spent his undergraduate career at Boston University, from which he graduated in 1972 cum laude, and subsequently attended Suffolk University Law School, graduating (again, cum laude) in 1975 with his Juris Doctor. Immediately upon entering the legal world, Justice Agnes was hired as a law clerk under New Hampshire Supreme Court Justice Edward Lampron. From 1976 through 1982, he served an Assistant District Attorney in two districts: Middlesex County (MA), — becoming Chief of the Appellate Division there — and Norfolk County (MA). The remainer of his pre-judicial career consisted of serving as "…both the Assistant Secretary for Public Safety and Acting Director of the Massachusetts Criminal Justice Training Council," for the next three years, and then "Chief of Operations for Governor Michael Dukakis until 1991."
Justice Agnes presided over the final competition of the 2010 Massachusetts Bar Association's Mock Trial Program, held at Faneuil Hall in Boston, among two of his legal peers. It is likely that his ongoing public affiliation with various legal committees, associations, and task groups has had more of an influence than anything with which he may have been engaged during his time at Suffolk Law.
Judicial career
Justice Agnes's judicial career has been both meaningful and exemplary. Appointed to the Charlestown District Court in 1991 by Governor Michael Dukakis, — likely as the result of the time he spent working under Dukakis as his Chief of Operations — Agnes remained there for nine years. There have been no notable, publicized rulings of Agnes' during his time at the district court. During this nine-year period, Justice Agnes built his respectable, yet very local reputation among his peers — a reputation which soon led to a promotion.
The majority of Agnes' legal career has been spent on the Worcester Superior Court in Massachusetts, to which he was appointed in 2000 by then-Governor Paul Cellucci. It was on this seat that Justice Agnes molded his reputation, as Worcester Superior Court Judge John McCann notes, "…as a judge who does not shy away from 'the tough calls' and is fair and thoughtful in all his rulings". One such case involves a 59-year-old man twice convicted of child rape. Loran D. Scott, admitting, during a jury-waived trial in front of Judge Agnes, that he was "likely to re-offend if released from custody" due to "a long-standing substance abuse problem," and recurring "sexual 'thoughts and fantasies.'" Admitting, among other things, psychological evaluations — which ultimately diagnosed Scott with schizophrenia and a personality disorder — Justice Agnes found that Scott is a "sexually dangerous person as defined by the law" and committed him to the Massachusetts Treatment Center for Sex Offenders. Straight interpretation and appropriate rulings in cases such as these were what elevated Agnes' ability as a jurist in the eyes of his peers and in the eyes of those among the public who paid attention.
At his Governor's Council Appeals Court hearing, according to the Lawyers Weekly, “…the only sticking point that could defeat Agnes may be buried in a case filed in Worcester Superior Court in 2006. Where a couple attending the hearing … [stated] the judge ignored a Rule 59(e) motion to amend the judgment in their case, thus preventing a final decision and their subsequent right to appeal.” Councilor Mary-Ellen Manning told the couple that the council would investigate. Nothing significant was found.
It is worth noting that during his time on the Worcester Superior Court, Judge Agnes ultimately became a specialized Regional Administrative Justice, remaining as such for the remainder of his time there, and, further, that throughout that eleven-year period, Agnes was considered to be appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court — a position which he has yet to attain — on three separate occasions.
In 2011 Agnes left the Worcester Superior Court, having been appointed to the state Appeals Court by Governor Deval Patrick. In what seemed to have been "the most intensive questioning of a judicial nominee in the past 10 years," according to Governor's Council member Marilyn Devaney, Judge Agnes was confirmed to the state Appeals Court, on which he currently serves. Admitting that becoming an appellate judge was "'something that I've had an interest in for a long time,'" Agnes described himself as having "'mixed feelings'" and that he had built a passionate connection with Worcester over the past eleven years, which, despite the promotion, he hoped to preserve.
Awards and honors
Justice Agnes was the recipient of the Order of St. Michael the Archangel Award for the year 2011 from the Massachusetts Association of Italian-American Police Officers, being recognized "with distinction as the President of the Massachusetts Judges Association, the President of the Justinian Law Society of Massachusetts, the Chairman of the Board of the Dante Alighieri Society, and [as being] one of the founders of October as Italian-American Heritage Month." Agnes's late father, Peter W. Agnes Sr., was a retired police officer — Lieutenant Colonel — of the Massachusetts State Police, and to whom Judge Agnes ascribes the basis for the development of his own values and his active service to the public.
References
1950 births
People from Somerville, Massachusetts
Living people
Boston University alumni
Suffolk University Law School alumni
Judges of the Massachusetts Appeals Court |
17335847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Island | Sidney Island | Sidney Island is one of the southern Gulf Islands located between the southwest coast of British Columbia, Canada and Vancouver Island, BC, near James Island. Sidney Island has an elevation of 77 meters (252 feet 8 inches) above mean sea level at its highest point. It is located just east of the town of Sidney which is on the east coast of the Saanich Peninsula. Sidney Island is a part of the Capital Regional District, while its land titles are legally described in the Cowichan Land District. In 1859 Captain Richards named the island for Frederick W. Sidney, who, like Richards served in the survey branch of the Royal Navy.
Gulf Islands National Park Reserve
The northern end of the island (including Sidney Spit, a sandspit) is part of the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve. It was formerly the Sidney Spit Marine Park under provincial jurisdiction.
Sidney Spit is accessible by kayak, canoe or boat. There are 21 mooring buoys, and dock space is available to boaters on the government dock. Sidney Spit is also accessible by the privately operated walk-on passenger ferry that runs between the Sidney Pier (in Sidney) and Sidney Spit during the summer months.
Sidney Spit is known for its sandy beaches and backcountry camping. There are 26 walk-in, backcountry camp sites available at Sidney Spit, and facilities include pit toilets and picnic tables. Due to the high sodium content there is no longer any potable water at Sidney Spit. It is recommended that visitors bring their own water. Campfires are not permitted. Wildlife is abundant on Sidney Spit, as this island is an important resting spot for migrating shorebirds.
Sidney Island Strata
The southern part of the island (about 80%) is organized into a private strata corporation containing 111 strata lots, each of which is generally between one and three acres in size with 200 to 400 feet of oceanfront.
References
External links
Southern Gulf Islands map in the Capital Regional District
Sidney Island on BritishColumbia.com
Sidney Spit ferry
Gulf Islands National Park Reserve
Greater Victoria
Islands of the Gulf Islands
Cowichan Land District |
26717875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Caroline%20of%20Nassau-Usingen | Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen | Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen (; 4 April 1762–17 August 1823) was the elder daughter of Karl Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau-Usingen, and wife of Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Kassel.
Early life
Caroline was born at Biebrich, Nassau-Usingen the second child and first daughter of Karl Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau-Usingen (1735–1803), and his wife, Countess Caroline Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg (1734–1810), daughter of Christian Karl Reinhard, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim.
Caroline, via her mother's roots among the Alsace lords of Leiningen, was a cousin of the Danish aristocrat, the Duke of Augustenborg, as both were direct descendants of the important Danish and Sleswicker magnate and statesman Frederik Ahlefeldt. This Danish connection played a role in Caroline's marriage.
Marriage and family
Caroline married on 2 December 1786 in Biebrich to Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (1747–1837), youngest child of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Mary of Great Britain, daughter of George II of Great Britain. The Landgrave and Prince Frederik was born a German (Hessian) aristocrat, a cadet son of a Landesfürstliche house, but had lived since his youth in Denmark, as had his two elder brothers. Frederik's two elder brothers married daughters of the deceased King of Norway and Denmark. However, there was no Danish royal daughter left to marry the youngest boy, Frederik, so he married a cousin of the Duke of Augustenborg, being Caroline of Nassau. Frederik was an infantry general in Danish service.
They had eight children:
William (24 December 1787–5 September 1867), married Louise Charlotte of Denmark (1789–1864) and was the father of Louise of Hesse-Kassel (wife of Christian IX of Denmark).
Karl Friedrich (9 March 1789–10 September 1802)
Friedrich Wilhelm (24 April 1790–25 October 1876)
Ludwig Karl (12 November 1791–12 May 1800)
Georg Karl (14 January 1793–4 March 1881)
Luise Karoline Marie Friederike (9 April 1794–16 March 1881)
Marie Wilhelmine Friederike (21 January 1796–30 December 1880), married Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1779–1860)
Augusta Wilhelmine Luise (25 July 1797–6 April 1889), married Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850) and was the maternal grandmother of Mary of Teck (wife of George V of the United Kingdom).
Ancestry
Notes and sources
L'Allemagne dynastique, Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: vol III page 427
The Royal House of Stuart, London, 1969, 1971, 1976, Addington, A. C.
Europäische Stammtafeln, Band I, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von
1762 births
1823 deaths
18th-century German people
18th-century German women
19th-century German people
19th-century German women
German princesses
House of Hesse-Kassel
House of Nassau
House of Nassau-Weilburg
Landgravines of Hesse-Kassel
Royal reburials |
20472809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake%20Parker | Jake Parker | Jake Parker is an American comics short-story creator, concept artist, illustrator, and animator. Parker worked as a set designer for Blue Sky Studios where he contributed to the animated films Horton Hears a Who, Rio and Epic. Parker is a children's book illustrator; his work includes the 2015 New York Times bestseller The Little Snowplow. In 2016, he wrote and illustrated his first children's book Little Bot and Sparrow which was inspired by his "Robot and Sparrow" comic. He is the creator of Inktober, a popular annual ink drawing celebration during October.
Life and career
Jake Parker grew up in Mesa, Arizona. He developed an interest in drawing at a young age, influenced by cartoonists Bill Watterson, Jim Lee, and Mike Mignola. After dropping out of community college, Parker worked as an assistant to animators at Fox Animations Studios in Phoenix, Arizona and contributed to the movie Titan A.E.. After the animation studio closed, Parker worked in graphic design, museum exhibit design, and video game design. He moved to Connecticut to work as a set designer at Blue Sky Studios where he contributed to the animated films Horton Hears a Who, Rio and Epic. Parker moved with his wife and five children to Provo, Utah to teach illustration at Brigham Young University (BYU).
Parker is also the co-founder and contributor to the illustration education website, Society of Visual Storytelling, a series of live online classes which now offers subscriptions to recorded classes. He contributed stories for three of the volumes of Flight. His comic "Robot and the Sparrow" was influenced by Calvin and Hobbes. Parker has illustrated children's books such as the 2015 New York Times bestseller The Little Snowplow, The Tooth Fairy Wars, and The 12 Sleighs of Christmas. He wrote and illustrated his first book, a children's book called Little Bot and Sparrow based on his "Robot and Sparrow" comic.
Parker and his wife have five children and live in Arizona. One of his sons, Tate Parker, also draws comics.
Inktober
In 2009, Parker started Inktober, a popular annual celebration of ink drawing (only in fountain pen) during the month of October. The announcement was made on his blog. Inktober is a challenge to create one ink drawing every day for each day of October and post them on social media; Parker originally started the challenge to motivate himself to improve his own inking skills. Since about 2016, Parker has posted a list of "prompts" for each day's artwork. Artists are also known to plot out series of drawings on the same theme as part of the celebration. Over time, people also took to posting digital art in which it won’t count. Overall, people draw in various art styles. But despite the various drawing styles, the fountain pen is the best and always will be, and is a must if you are participating. In October 2015, over 1 million Inktober drawings were posted on Instagram.
Parker also started an "Art Drop Day", which occurs on the first Tuesday of September, to encourage artists to connect with others in a physical way.
Parker registered "Inktober" as a trademark in 2019, following which some participating artists received cease and desist notices for selling work created during the challenge. Parker later clarified that using the word "Inktober" was permitted in a subtitle, but use of the logo was not. Prior to his clarification, people took to Twitter to boycott Inktober, stating that it had become popular because of the artworks of smaller artists, who were now being penalised for selling the works inspired by it. Others also expressed a concern over providing free advertising for Inktober as a brand.
Just ahead of the expected 2020 release date of Parker’s newest book, Inktober All Year Round: Your Indispensable Guide to Drawing With Ink, author Alphonso Dunn used his YouTube channel to provide a detailed comparison of his own work and parts of Parker’s new book, alleging plagiarism by Parker.
Published work
Out of Picture 2: Art from the Outside Looking In Villard (June 3, 2008)
Missile Mouse: Rescue on Tankium3 GRAPHIX (2011)
Missile Mouse: The Star Crusher GRAPHIX (2010)
The Astonishing Secret of Awesome Man Balzer + Bray (September 6, 2011)
The Antler Boy and Other Stories Jake Parker Productions (2012)
Apples A to Z Scholastic Press (August 1, 2012)
Nuthin' But Mech Design Studio Press (August 15, 2012)
The Girl Who Wouldn't Brush Her Hair Schwartz & Wade (September 10, 2013)
Explorer: The Lost Islands Amulet Books (October 15, 2013)
Nuthin' but Mech, Volume Two Design Studio Press (June 15, 2014)
The Tooth Fairy Wars Atheneum Books for Young Readers (July 15, 2014)
Rocket Raccoon Issues 5-6 and 9-11. 2014-2015
The Little Snowplow Candlewick (October 13, 2015)
Who's the Grossest of Them All? (2016)
Little Bot and Sparrow (September 27, 2016)
The 12 Sleighs of Christmas (October 2017)
SkyHeart Book One: The Search for the Star Seed (2018)
Goldilocks for Dinner: A Funny Book About Manners (July 2019)
The Little Snowplow Wishes for Snow (October 2019)
(Pre-Order) Inktober All Year Round: Your Indispensable Guide to Drawing With Ink
Flight
"The Robot and the Sparrow." Flight, Volume Two Villard (April 10, 2007)
"Hugo Earhart." Flight, Volume One Villard (April 10, 2007)
"Missile Mouse: The Guardian Prophecy." Flight Explorer Villard (March 25, 2008)
Flight, Volume Eight Villard (June 28, 2011)
Film work
Titan A.E. – Fox Animation Studios (2000)
Horton Hears a Who! – Blue Sky Studios (2008)
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs – Blue Sky Studios (2009)
Rio – Blue Sky Studios (2011)
Epic – Blue Sky Studios (2013)
Notes
External links
American illustrators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American comics artists
Harold B. Lee Library-related 21st century articles |
6904380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20of%20the%20Art%20%28book%29 | State of the Art (book) | State of the Art: Film Writings 1983–1985 is the eighth collection of movie reviews by the American critic Pauline Kael.
In the Author's Note at the beginning of this collection she wrote:
"The title of this book is a deliberate break with my sexually tinged titles of the past. It seemed time for a change; this has not been a period for anything like Grand Passions. I hope that State of the Art will sound ominous and sweeping and just slightly clinical. What I try to get at in this collection of reviews from June 1983 to July 1985 is the state of the art of moviemaking. And despite the dubious state of the art[..]there has always been something to recommend."
Kael reviews 117 films in this eighth collection. She gives rich praise to the work of performers and directors she admires, for example, Molly Ringwald's performance in Sixteen Candles, - Steve Martin, Robin Williams, and Nick Nolte, ( three perennial Kael favourites), and Luchino Visconti, for his work on The Leopard - "The Leopard is so beautifully felt that it calls up a whole culture. It casts an intelligent spell - intelligent and rapturous." (Though Visconti's film had originally been released in 1963, Kael is here reviewing the release of a full length three hours and five minutes version). And she's typically cool to work she regards as second rate; 'When you come out of Desperately Seeking Susan, you don't want to know who the director is - you want to know who the perpetrator is.' And Steven Spielberg's segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie - a, " lump of ironclad whimsy. It's as if Steven Spielberg had sat down and thought out what he could do that would make his detractors happiest." And Sylvester Stallone's work on Staying Alive; "What can be done about this mock writer-director-producer-actor? He has become the stupidos' Orson Welles."
Films she recommends in this eighth collection include The Survivors, The Grey Fox, The Leopard, Under Fire, Heart Like a Wheel, Yentl, Choose Me, Splash, Moscow on the Hudson, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Repo Man, Dreamscape, Carmen, Utu, Stop Making Sense, A Soldier's Story, Comfort and Joy, Independence Day, Mrs. Soffel, A Passage to India, Micki + Maude, The Makioka Sisters, The Return of the Soldier, A Private Function, The Purple Rose of Cairo, Heartbreakers, Lost in America, Ghare Baire, Prizzi's Honor, The Shooting Party.
The book is out-of-print in the United States, but is still published by Marion Boyars Publishers in the United Kingdom.
Films reviewed
The Man with Two Brains OctopussyFlashdance
Superman II Trading Places Betrayal
The Survivors Twilight Zone: The Movie
Zelig The Grey Fox
The Draughtsman's Contract Staying Alive
Pauline at the Beach Risky Business Daniel
Moon in the Gutter The Leopard
Cross Creek Lonely Hearts
The Right Stuff The Big Chill
Under Fire
Heart Like a Wheel Educating Rita
Yentl Star 80
Terms of Endearment Never Cry Wolf
Scarface
Silkwood To Be or Not To Be
The Dresser Uncommon ValorSudden Impact
Broadway Danny RoseBasileus Quartet
The Lonely Guy El Norte Blame It on Rio
Entre Nous Footloose
Splash Against All Odds
Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes Racing with the Moon Unfaithfully Yours
Moscow on the Hudson
Iceman Romancing the Stone
Swing Shift
The Natural Sixteen Candles
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Eréndira The Bounty
Gremlins Ghostbusters
The Fourth Man Star Trek III: The Search for SpockUnder the Volcano
The Pope of Greenwich Village
The Bostonians Repo Man
Purple Rain The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai
All of Me Sheena First Name: Carmen
Dreamscape Country Swann in Love Tightrope
Utu Places in the Heart
Amadeus Carmen
The Little Drummer Girl Stranger Than Paradise Body Double
Stop Making Sense Comfort and Joy A Soldier's Story
The Killing Fields Falling in Love Independence Day
Dune Beverly Hills Cop Choose Me
Mrs. Soffel The Cotton Club
A Passage to India
Micki + Maude Starman The Flamingo Kid
The Falcon and the SnowmanBirdy
Witness Blood Simple
The Makioka Sisters The Return of the Soldier The Mean Season
The Purple Rose of Cairo A Private Function
Lost in America The Breakfast Club
Heartbreakers Desperately Seeking Susan
Ladyhawke
Once Upon a Time in America
What Have I Done to Deserve This? Dangerous Moves A View to a Kill Stick
The Shooting Party Rambo: First Blood Part II
Prizzi's Honor Ghare Baire
Editions
Pub: E. P. Dutton, 1985, hardcover ()
Pub: Plume, 1985, soft cover ()
Pub: Marion Boyars, 1987, hardbound ()
Pub: Marion Boyars, 1998 (new ed), paperback ()
1985 non-fiction books
Books of film criticism
Books about film
Books by Pauline Kael
American non-fiction books
E. P. Dutton books
Plume (publisher) books |
26717878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Szajner | Bob Szajner | Bob Szajner (12 September 1938 – 9 November 2019) was an American jazz pianist.
Early life
Born on September 12, 1938, Bob Szajner grew up listening to talented relatives playing various instruments. His mother taught him the basics of music and how to play piano at a very early age.
In 1948, he won first prize in the "Frankie Carle Piano Contest". This entitled him to one weeks performance at the Fox Theater in Detroit. He was one of the opening acts on the bill (a vaudeville theme) for Billie Holiday along with a comedian and an acrobatic duo. He enjoyed listening to Billie Holiday's style of music and accompaniment for her. This was the beginning of his quest for his own personal style.
Ten years later, for at least ten years, he started writing and performing "Modern Jazz" later known as "Bebop" and then later as "Hard Bop". He performed with many musicians from the "Detroit jazz" scene at various sessions, venues and jazz clubs throughout the Detroit metropolitan area. He often worked with Donald Byrd, Charlie McPherson, Lonnie Hillyer, Roy Brooks, Yusef Lateef, Pepper Adams, Frank Isola, and others as a back-up piano player.
Later career
For the next ten years, he wrote some tunes, but really became quite dismayed and disappointed with the business of music, especially, the lack of audience. Then on October 8, 1978 (his 18th wedding anniversary), he recorded material for an album with his old school friend, drummer Roy Brooks and Roy's bass man Ray McKinney. "The Bob Szajner Triad" was a three record set of his original compositions. A twenty-seven tune recording session performing original music never played before or rehearsed and without second takes. This was the "Triad" concept. This led to performances at "The Cafe Detroit", "The Detroit Jazz Center", and the "Montreux Detroit Jazz Festival 1981".
Later albums featuring Ed Pickens on bass and Frank Isola on drums (The Bob Szajner Triad II), were recorded in 1981 at "The Detroit Jazz Center World Stage".
References
1938 births
2019 deaths
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians |
23576315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break%20Up%20to%20Make%20Up | Break Up to Make Up | "Break Up to Make Up" was a 1973 hit by the Philadelphia soul group the Stylistics. The song was written by Thom Bell, Linda Creed, and Kenneth Gamble.
An R&B ballad, it was the seventh track from their 1972 album Round 2 and was released as a single and reached number 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also climbed to number 5 in the Billboard R&B chart and reached number 34 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1973. The Stylistics' recording sold over one million copies in the US, earning the band a gold disc The award was presented by the RIAA on April 6, 1973. It was the band's fourth gold disc.
Chart performance
References
1973 singles
The Stylistics songs
Songs written by Thom Bell
Songs written by Linda Creed
Songs written by Kenny Gamble
1972 songs
Avco Records singles |
23576331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaflieg%20Stuttgart%20fs17 | Akaflieg Stuttgart fs17 | The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs17 was a glider aircraft that was designed and built in Germany from 1936. It notably featured a prone seating position for its pilot.
Development
Realising that aircraft form drag is directly related to cross-sectional area of bodies moving through the air, the students of Akaflieg Stuttgart (Akademische Fliegergruppe – academic flying group) investigated methods of reducing the cross-sectional area of fuselage bodies, including the prone-position pilot, where the pilot lies horizontally with his body roughly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. They noted an additional benefit of such a configuration is the pilot's increased resistance to the effects of 'g'. With very little previous research to take advantage of Akaflieg Stuttgart designed the FS 17 glider for flight trials of prone position cockpits.
The fs17 was an all-wood low-wing cantilever monoplane with emphasis on good low-speed flight characteristics, to reduce the risk to the pilot in stalling accidents, and a maximum load factor of 14g. The fuselage was designed with increased stiffness, to provide increased crash protection for the pilot, and the wing leading edges formed torsion boxes. The pilot lay above the wing centre section under an extensively glazed canopy.
Specifications
References
Further reading
1930s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft |
23576344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Firestein | Jack Firestein | Jack Firestein (1917–2004) was British Socialist and Labour activist.
Life
He was born in Whitechapel, London, England, to an eastern European Jewish family, he left school when he was 14 to follow his father as a tailor, he later became a bookseller, a profession he continued most of his life. In the early 1930s Firestein joined the Communist Party. In 1936, he was involved in the 'Battle of Cable Street', when Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts were routed by a mobilisation of East End workers. In the Second World War he joined the Royal Fusiliers who were involved in the Italian campaigns in Italy. He was seriously injured when a bullet passed through his body in the battle of Anzio, where he was taken prisoner by the Germans. Jack was subsequently awarded the Military Medal.
After the war he went back to the book trade and in the 1950s he ran the Unity Theatre, London Folk Club in London for more than 16 years, until the theatre was burnt down in 1975. He also worked as a chauffeur for Clive Jenkins a British trade union leader for many years. He left the Communist Party in 1956 after the Soviet Union suppression of the Hungarian Uprising that year.
He joined the Labour Party and remained a member until his death, He ran an open-air book stall outside of the headquarters of Camden Labour Party – although his disillusionment with the party led him to join the then recently formed Respect Party without renouncing his Labour Party membership. He was deeply involved with his local Neighbourhood Advice Centre as a trustee on the management board, and he also dedicated many hours to helping others with welfare problems.
In 2009, Chris Reeves, a London filmmaker of Platform films, made a film remembrance of his life entitled "Only a Bookseller". It was accepted into the 2010 Canadian Labour International Film Festival (CLiFF).
References
Unity Theatre, London
1 A short history of nearly everything... (2006) (http://www.unityfolkclub.org/history.html)
2 Dan Carrier, Camden New Journal - (21 October 2004)
3 JACK FIRESTEIN – ONLY A BOOKSELLER by Chris Reeves, UK 2009. London Socialist Film Co-op (11 October 2009) (https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203028/http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqtb/LSFC_web2009-10_OCT.pdf)
Workers Action
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110613012734/http://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/2004%20archive/211004/n211004_4.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20061001111213/http://www.workersaction.org.uk/28Articles/28_Firestein.htm
http://www.labourfilms.ca
https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203028/http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqtb/LSFC_web2009-10_OCT.pdf
http://www.unityfolkclub.org/
http://www.grahamstevenson.me.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=197:jack-firestein-&catid=6:f&Itemid=21
1917 births
2004 deaths
Bibliography |
6904382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes%20Quay | Princes Quay | Princes Quay is a shopping centre in the heart of Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The centre is unusual in that it is built on stilts over Prince's Dock after which it is named. It was opened in 1991.
Description
To take advantage of its location the shopping centre is constructed with large windows giving visitors panoramic views of the Hull Marina and the dock. The centre also builds its image on a nautical theme, for example by calling its retail floors decks, although most shoppers still refer to them as floors.
The centre, built round a central atrium, opened to the public on 15 March 1991 and consisted of 3 decks of over 80 retail outlets. The centre includes a Food Court on the lowest deck, known as Harbour Deck. A fourth floor, known as Top Deck, was converted from retail units in 2007 into a 10-screen cinema by Vue with Europe's first digital screen.
A 1,000 place multi-storey car park is integrated with the centre and is accessed from the main A63 when travelling eastbound into the city. Princes Quay is well served by public transport with many bus routes stopping immediately outside the centre and with Hull Paragon Interchange only a few minutes' walk away.
In February 2011 a plan to revamp the food court into several new casual dining restaurants, overlooking the dock commenced and has seen the return of Pizza Express to the city and has also seen Nandos open a second outlet in the city centre. The restaurants are already proving popular and add to the already increasing vibrancy of Princes Dock Street. Other major restaurant operators such as Wagamama are rumoured to be taking a place in the new food quarter.
Quay West expansion project
In December 2006, outline planning permission was granted for the western expansion of the centre. The £300 million retail development, known as Quay West, would add of shopping space, 60 shops and two department stores. It would also feature cafés and restaurants and a leisure complex comprising a health and sports club as well as a 175-bedroom hotel. The site was earmarked to open in 2011 and it was thought the development would inject an extra £42.66 million per year into the local economy. The project was cancelled in October 2010 due to a change in ownership, the economic downturn and cuts to regeneration projects.
Refurbishment
In August 2015 plans were announced to give the centre a multimillion-pound makeover.
By February 2016 plans included the development of up to 28 new outlets on what has been marketed as the Outlet Deck, the ground floor food court was also to receive a facelift. By October 2016 Next was announced as the new anchor tenant for the development and that work would be starting with a completion expected for Easter 2017.
Trivia
Since 1991, the Hull International Canoe Polo tournament has been held every July on the waters surrounding the shopping centre. The tournament is organised and run by Kingston Kayak Club; a local club based at Albert Avenue Pools Complex. One of the local teams, 'Humbersiders', have always been prominent and have been crowned champions on three occasions.
See also
Tokyo Industries
References
External links
Princes Quay shopping centre
Princes Quay shopping centre on The Retail Database
Buildings and structures in Kingston upon Hull
Tourist attractions in Kingston upon Hull
Shopping centres in the East Riding of Yorkshire |
23576369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosecurity | Neurosecurity | Neurosecurity has been defined as "a version of computer science security principles and methods applied to neural engineering", or more fully, as "the protection of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of neural devices from malicious parties with the goal of preserving the safety of a person’s neural mechanisms, neural computation, and free will". Neurosecurity also refers to the application of neuroscience to behavioral information security to better understand and improve users' security behaviors. Neurosecurity is a distinct concept from neuroethics; neurosecurity is effectively a way of enforcing a set of neuroethical principles for a neural device. Neurosecurity is also distinct from the application of neuroscience to national security, a topic that is addressed in Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense by Jonathan D. Moreno.
The Center for Neurotechnology Studies of the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, in Arlington, VA, USA works with a number of university and governmental partners on issues, problems and protocols for neurosecurity. James Giordano, Director of the Center, defines neurosecurity as "concepts, practices, guidelines and policies dedicated to identifying threats to, and preserving the integrity of neuro-psychiatric information about persons, groups and populations obtained in neuroscientific research and/or through the use of neurotechnologies (such as neuroimaging, neurofeedback, neurogenetics, and neuro-computational data banks) in medicine, the social sphere, and national intelligence and defense".
Popular culture
The anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002–2003) prominently features hackers manipulating neural implants. One example is the Laughing Man's use of hacking to interfere with the reports of eyewitnesses. In another example, Major Kusanagi makes a point by taking control of some of Batou's implants and forcing him to punch himself.
Neal Stephenson's book The Diamond Age (1995) briefly refers to corporations hacking neural implants in order to superimpose advertisements onto a user's field of vision.
The world in video game Remember Me is set in the world where memory manipulation is commonplace.
See also
Brain implant
Brain-reading
Cyberware
Hacker (computer security)
Neuroprosthetics
References
Neuroscience
Security |
23576375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20lacerum | Trichocentrum lacerum | Trichocentrum lacerum is a species of orchid found from Central America to Colombia.
References
External links
lacerum
Orchids of Central America
Orchids of Belize
Orchids of Colombia |
20472816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%20Pancher | Bertrand Pancher | Bertrand Pancher (born 5 June 1958, in Saint-Mihiel) is a French politician of the Radical Party (Rad) who has been serving as a member of the National Assembly of France since the 2007 elections, representing the Meuse department.
Political career
In the National Assembly, Pancher has been a member of the Committee on Cultural Affairs and Education since 2019. He has previously served on the Committee on Legal Affairs (2007-2009) and the Committee on Sustainable Development and Spatial Planning (2009-2020). In addition to his committee assignments, he is part of the French parliamentary friendship groups with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger, and Tunisia.
In 2018, Pancher was one of the founding members of the Liberties and Territories (LT) parliamentary group, which he has been co-chairing with Philippe Vigier (2018-2020) and Sylvia Pinel (since 2020).
References
1958 births
Living people
People from Saint-Mihiel
Politicians from Grand Est
Union for French Democracy politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Radical Party (France) politicians
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians
Radical Movement politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 16th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
23576381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/228th%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 228th Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 228th Combat Communications Squadron (228 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at McGhee-Tyson ANGB, Tennessee.
Mission
History
Assignments
Major Command/Gaining Command
Air National Guard/Air Combat Command (1 Jun 1992 – present)
Air National Guard/Tactical Air Command (16 Oct 1971 – 1 Jun 1992)
Wing/Group
226th Combat Communications Group (1971 – present)
Previous designations
228th Combat Communications Squadron (???-Present)
228th Mobile Communications Squadron (Contingency) (16 October 1971-???)
Bases stationed
McGhee-Tyson ANGB, Tennessee (1971 – present)
Equipment Operated
TRC-170
TSC-85C
TSC-94
PSC-5D
Awards and decorations
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award (AFOUO):1 January 1976 – 31 December 1977;1 January – 31 December 1990;1 September 1997 – 31 August 1999;
References
External links
Combat Communications 0228
Combat Communications 0228
Military units and formations in Tennessee |
26717886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrod%20Kayler-Thomson | Jarrod Kayler-Thomson | Jarrod Kayler-Thomson (born 26 July 1985) is an Australian rules footballer. He had played in the Australian Football League with the Hawthorn Football Club. He currently plays with the Subiaco Football Club in the West Australian Football League.
Kayler-Thomson was teammate of Jordan Lewis, when the two were underage players at the Geelong Falcons in 2003.
Kayler-Thomson joined the Perth in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and played 88 games for them between 2005 and 2009. He won the Vince Pendal Award for best clubman in 2009. Kayler-Thomson was the leading goalkicker for Perth in 2007 with 41 goals.
In the 2008 Queensland versus WAFL match in Townsville, Kayler-Thomson was listed as best on ground.
Drafted to the Hawks with the 29th selection of the 2010 AFL Rookie Draft, Kayler-Thomson was elevated to the senior list prior to the opening round of the 2010 AFL season due to a spate of injuries to senior players.
He debuted against Melbourne in the opening game of the 2010 season collecting 6 marks and 17 disposals.
Hawthorn delisted him at the end of the 2010 season so he returned to Perth.
He reached his 100th game upon returning in 2011 before then missing all but two matches in 2012 due to a shoulder injury. That gave him a chance to reflect and realise he wanted a fresh start in the WAFL, and that's how he ended up at Subiaco.
Statistics
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| 2010 || || 45
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 30 || 24 || 54 || 18 || 5 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 10.0 || 8.0 || 18.0 || 6.0 || 1.7 || 0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 3 !! 1 !! 2 !! 30 !! 24 !! 54 !! 18 !! 5 !! 0.3 !! 0.7 !! 10.0 !! 8.0 !! 18.0 !! 6.0 !! 1.7 !! 0
|}
References
External links
Hawthorn Football Club players
Perth Football Club players
Subiaco Football Club players
Box Hill Football Club players
1985 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Geelong Falcons players
Mansfield Football Club players |
23576386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/232d%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 232d Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 232d Combat Communications Squadron (232 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at Abston Air National Guard Station, Montgomery, Alabama.
Mission
Federal mission
The 232 CBCS' federal mission is to provide combat-ready forces for deployment of command, control, and communications-computer (C4) systems for contingency and OPLAN taskings.
State Mission
The 232 CBCS' state mission is to protect the lives and property of citizens of the state and to generally assure public safety within the borders of the state.
History
Lineage
Previous designations
Constituted as the 232d Airways and Air Communications Service Operations Flight on 26 March 1952 and allotted to the Air National Guard
Activated on 25 September 1952
Federally recognized on 26 September 1952
Redesignated 232d Airways and Air Communications Service Flight, Mobile on 1 October 1953
Redesignated 232d Mobile Communications Flight (Heavy) on 1 July 1961
Inactivated on 14 March 1966
Constituted as the 232d Mobile Communications Squadron (Bare Base) on 1 January 1966 and allotted to the Air National Guard
Activated on 15 March 1966
Federally recognized on 16 March 1966
Redesignated 232d Combat Communications Squadron (Tactical Airbase) in 1976
Redesignated 232d Combat Information Systems Squadron on 1 July 1985
Redesignated 232d Combat Communications Squadron in 1986
Assignments
Major Command / Gaining Command
Air National Guard / Military Air Transport Service (1952-1961)
Air National Guard / Air Force Communications Service (later Air Force Communications Command) (1961-1992)
Air National Guard / Air Combat Command (1992-2008)
Air National Guard / Air Force Space Command (2008-2018)
Air National Guard / Air Combat Command (2018-present)
Aligned Headquarters Unit
8106th Air Base Squadron (1952-1953)
117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (1953-1966)
251st Mobile Communications Group (later 251st Combat Communications Group) (1966-1971)
226th Mobile Communications Group (later 226th Combat Communications Group) (1971-unknown)
254th Combat Communications Group (unknown-unknown)
226th Combat Communications Group (unknown-present)
Components
Stations
H&R Holding Point, Montgomery, Alabama (1952-1953)
Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base, Montgomery, Alabama (1953-unknown)
Montgomery Air National Guard Station, Montgomery, Alabama (unknown-1997)
Abston Air National Guard Station, Montgomery, Alabama (1997-present)
Awards and campaigns
Combat Communications 0232
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Military units and formations in Alabama |
23576392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/234th%20Intelligence%20Squadron | 234th Intelligence Squadron | The United States Air Force's 234th Intelligence Squadron is an Air National Guard intelligence unit located at Beale Air Force Base, California.
History
Lineage
234th Mobile Communications Flight
Constituted as the 234th Airways and Air Communications Service Operations Flight and allotted to the Air National Guard
Activated on 20 November 1952
Redesignated 234th Airways and Air Communications Service Flight, Mobile c. 11 January 1953
Redesignated 234th Mobile Communications Flight (Heavy) on 1 July 1961
Inactivated c. 20 January 1966
234th Intelligence Squadron
Constituted as the 234th Mobile Communications Squadron on 1 January 1966 and allotted to the Air National Guard
Activated c. 6 September 1966
Redesignated 234th Mobile Communications Squadron (Bare Base) on 16 March 1968
Redesignated 234th Mobile Communications Squadron (Tactical Air Base) unknown
Redesignated 234th Combat Communications Squadron (Tactical Air Base) on 1 April 1976
Redesignated 234th Combat Information Systems Squadron on 1 July 1985
Redesignated 234th Combat Communications Squadron on 1 October 1986
Redesignated 234th Intelligence Squadron on 1 December 2004
Assignments
144th Maintenance and Supply Group, 20 November 1952
144th Fighter-Bomber Wing, c. 11 January 1953
162d Communications Group (later 162d Mobile Communications Group, 162d Combat Communications Group, 162d Combat Informations Systems Group, 162d Combat Communications Group) (attached to 548th Intelligence Group after 1 December 2004), 1 July 1961 – c. 20 January 1966, c. 6 September 1966
195th Wing, 1 September 2015 – present
Stations
Hayward Municipal Airport, California, 20 November 1952 – c. 20 January 1966
Hayward Municipal Airport (later Hayward Air National Guard Station), California, c. 6 September 1966
Beale Air Force Base, California, c. 1 December 2004 – present
Equipment Operated
References
External links
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
0234 |
26717933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghurajpur | Raghurajpur | Raghurajpur is a heritage crafts village out of Puri district, India, known for its master Pattachitra painters, an art form which dates back to 5 BC in the region and Gotipua dance troupes, the precursor to the Indian classical dance form of Odissi. It is also known as the birthplace of one of the finest and Legendary Odissi exponents Padma Vibhushan Guru, Kelucharan Mohapatra and Gotipua Dancer Padma Shri Guru, Maguni Charan Das. It is also the birth place of Shilp Guru
Dr. Jagannath Mahapatra who is a prominent Pattachitra Artist and has a huge contribution on the development of Pattachitra art and Raghurajpur village. Apart from that, the village is also home to crafts like Tussar paintings, Palm leaf Engravings, Stone carvings, Wood carvings, Cowdung toys and Papier mache toys, and masks.
In 2000, after a two-year research and documentation project by INTACH, starting 1998, the village was chosen to be developed as state's first heritage village and developed as a Crafts village, soon the village had an interpretation centre, commissioned artwork on the walls of the artists’ homes and a rest house.
It also has the distinction of the only place where the traditional decoration called Patas, used under the throne of Lord Jagannath and on the three chariots during the annual Rath Yatra festival, that takes place at pilgrimage town of Puri, some 14 km away, known for the Jagannath Temple.
Government and other stakeholders should use online campaigns to promote Pattachitra art of Raghurajpur village.
Overview
Situated amidst groves of coconut, palm, mango and jack fruit, the main village has two streets with over 120 houses, most decorated with mural paintings, where the painters reside and practice their pattachitra craft, besides many other that practices throughout the village, including traditional masks, stone idols, papier mache, sculptures, wooden toys. The village also has a series of temples dedicated not only to Bhuasuni, the local deity but also to various Hindu gods including, Radha Mohan, Gopinath, Raghunath, Laxminarayan and Gouranga.
Around, 2000 it was developed as a heritage village by INTACH, and soon became a major rural tourist destination of the state, drawing tourist, both domestic and foreign to the village. Villagers were also trained to provide heritage walks to the visitors by the organisation, and has since become a template for heritage tourism in the region.
Today it is also the venue of the annual Basant Utsav – Parampara Raghurajpur (Spring Festival), which was first organised in 1993 under the aegis of State Tourism Department and Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Kolkata, held in the month of February/March and an important tourist draw.
Pattachitra
The pattachitra paintings are made over a piece of cloth known as Patta or a dried palm leaf, which is first painted with a mixture of chalk and gum. Over the prepared surface, colourful and intricate pictures of various Gods, Goddesses, and mythological scenes with ornamentation of flowers, trees and animals are then painted. The paintings on Tussar saris, especially the Sambalpuri Saree depicting Mathura Vijay, Raslila and Ayodhya Vijay owe their origin to ‘Raghurajpur Pattachitra paintings’.
Location
It is situated 14 km away from Hindu pilgrimage town of Puri, on the southern banks of river Bhargabi (Bhargavi). Visitors from Puri take the Bhubaneswar road, near Chandanpur, on NH-316, and upon reaching the Chandanpur Bazaar, they can take a right turn to reach Raghurajpur. The village is then around 1.5 km from Chandanpur.
Notes
References
External links
Raghurajpur Crafts village Orissa Review, Government of Orissa, November 2004.
Raghurajpur Crafts village Rural tourism, Govt. of India
Myths on a cloth at Mint
Villages in Puri district
Odia culture
Tourist attractions in Puri district
Indian painting
Articles containing video clips |
23576394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/236th%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 236th Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 236th Combat Communications Squadron (236 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at Hammond, Louisiana. It is part of the Louisiana Air National Guard. In late 2011, approximately 30 members of the squadron deployed to Afghanistan.
Assignments
Major Command/Gaining Command
14th Air Force (1953 – 1979)
Air Force Communications Command (1979–1993?)
Air National Guard/Air Force Communications Service/254th Combat Communications Group (1978 – present)
Air Force Space Command (? – present)
Previous designations
236th Airways Air Communication Service Flight (1953–1976)
236th Combat Communications Flight (1976–1982)
236th Combat Communications Squadron (1982–1985)
236th Combat Information Systems Squadron (1985–1986)
236th Combat Communications Squadron (1986 – present)
Bases stationed
New Orleans Airport (1953–1954)
Hammond Airport (1954 – present)
Equipment Operated
MPN-14 Mobile Air Traffic Control Radar System throughout the 1980s.
Mobile Air Traffic Control Tower (1980s).
Mobile Crypto Communications System (1980s).
Satellite Communications Arrays (1980s).
Awards/Decorations
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award: 1 May 1976 – 30 April 1978; 1 January 1989 – 31 December 1990; 1 May 1992 – 30 April 1993; 1 May 1993 – 30 April 1994; 1 May 1995 – 30 April 1996; 1 July 1998 – 30 June 2000; 1 October 2006 – 30 September 2008.
Emblem
Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The fleur-de-lis represents the Squadron and alludes to the French heritage of the unit's home location. The three stars on the fleur-de-lis stand for the professionalism, dedication, and military preparedness exhibited by the personnel of the unit. The globe suggests the unit's worldwide deployment capability. The polestar symbolizes the North Star and represents the unit's wartime air traffic control and navigational aids mission.
See also
List of United States Air Force communications squadrons
References
External links
236th Combat Communications Squadron (official website)
Combat Communications 0236
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Military units and formations in Louisiana |
23576402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/239th%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 239th Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 239th Combat Communications Squadron is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. The unit has approximately 120 personnel.
Lineage
Constituted as the 239th Airways and Air Communications Service Flight
Activated by February 1954
Redesignated 239th Mobile Communications Flight (Light) on 1 June 1961
Redesignated 239th Mobile Communications Flight
Redesignated 239th Combat Communications Flight on 1 April 1976
Redesignated 239th Combat Communications Squadron on 8 October 1982
Redesignated 239th Combat Information Systems Squadron on 1 July 1985
Redesignated 239th Combat Communications Squadron on 1 November 1986
Assignments
242d Airways and Air Communications Service Squadron by February 1954
254th Combat Communications Group251st Communications Group (later 251st Mobile Communications Group, 251st Combat Communications Group, 251st Combat Information Systems Group, 251st Combat Communications Group
131st Bomb Wing
Stations
Lambert Field (later Robertson Air National Guard Base), Missouri, by February 1954
Jefferson Barracks, Missouri
Major Command/Gaining Command
Airways and Air Communications Service (later Air Force Communications Service, Air Force Communications Command), by February 1954
Air Combat Command, June 1992
Air Force Space Command (???-2017)
Air National Guard/Air Combat Command (2018 – present)
See also
List of United States Air Force communications squadrons
References
Combat Communications 0239
Military units and formations in Missouri
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard |
23576422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20R.%20Peacocke | M. R. Peacocke | Margaret Ruth Peacocke (born 1930), also known as Meg Peacocke, is an English poet.
Life
Peacocke was born Margaret Ruth Bennett in Reading, Berkshire to Joan Esther, née Spink (1901–1983) and (Harry) Rodney Bennett (1890–1948), a children's author and lyricist. She had an elder sister Anne (b.1926) and younger brother, the composer Richard Rodney Bennett (19362012), with whom she collaborated on a number of vocal and choral works, starting in the 1980s. She grew up in South Devon and she studied English at St Anne's College, Oxford.
In 1958, she married Gerald S. P. Peacocke, although they have since divorced. She has four children: Tamsin Peacocke, who has four children; Tully Peacocke; Barnaby Peacocke, who has two children; and Harriet Peacocke, who also has two children.
Awards
Cholmondeley Award 2005
Works
Out of print.
Reprinted 2004, 2005, 2012.
References
1930 births
People from Reading, Berkshire
Living people
English women poets
Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford |
20472823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte%20Bar%C3%A8ges | Brigitte Barèges | Brigitte Barèges (born 1 May 1953 in Toulouse) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Tarn-et-Garonne department, The Republicans.
She is mayor of Montauban since March 2001. She was reelected for a second term on 16 March 2008, then for a third term on 30 March 2014.
Barèges sparked a controversy when she voiced brusque opposition to proposals for legalized same-sex marriage: "Why not let people marry animals, too?"
Barèges sparked a controversy when she described a black person of her party as "humain stain".
Barèges was punished by French courts because she refused to celebrate the wedding of a foreign couple.
On 17 February 2014, the prosecutor announces that it will conduct an investigation for embezzlement of public funds. Despite this challenge on the judicial front, on 30 March 2014, Barèges won the municipal elections in Montauban for a third term. During the summer of 2014, CNCCFP rejects the accounts for the municipal elections. On 21 October 2014, following the rejection of her campaign accounts, Barèges was condemned to one year of ineligibility and non-reimbursement of campaign expenses by the Administrative Court of Toulouse. The court mentioned the use of municipality funds to fund an illegal advertising campaign during the election.
On 9 February 2021, she is condemned to an 18 months prison suspended sentence, a 15 000 € fine and five years of ineligibility with immediate effect. Therefore, she is not mayor of Montauban anymore from that same day.
References
External links
Official website
1953 births
Living people
Politicians from Toulouse
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
The Social Right
Modern and Humanist France
The Popular Right
Mayors of places in Occitania (administrative region)
Women mayors of places in France
20th-century French women politicians
21st-century French women politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (France) |
23576443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Sanford%20%28basketball%29 | Mark Sanford (basketball) | Eumarkjah Tywan "Mark" Sanford (born February 7, 1976), is a retired American professional basketball player.
Personal life
Sanford was born in Dallas, Texas, to Beverley and Richard Sanford. He is the second oldest of five children, Richard, Anthony, Zakirah, and Crystal. In his early years he was a big football fan. He played and was coached by his father Richard until his untimely murder in 1990. Richard Sanford never saw his son play basketball. When he died, Mark was 14 years old, stood 5 feet 8 inches and played football. Mark told his father that he would play in the NFL, but in his heart - even back then - he felt he would never leave the impoverished neighborhood of South Oak Cliff, in Dallas, Texas. In the year following his father's death, Mark grew 8 inches, going from 5 feet 10 inches to 6 feet 6 inches. He stopped growing at 6 feet 10 inches.
High school career
Sanford attended Dallas Carter High School and did not start playing basketball until he was in the tenth grade. In his first year of playing organized basketball Sanford won a share of the Sophomore of the Year award with Maceo Baston of Spruce High School. Halfway through his junior year, he transferred to Carter's cross town rival Kimball High School. That year he led Kimball to an undefeated record the second half of the season while averaging 26ppg 14rebs and 4blk. Their only loss came in the Championship game to Waco High School. Kimball finished the season ranked number 6 in the Southwest.
The summer after Sanford's junior year his mother moved him to San Diego California, where he enrolled into Lincoln High School. He led Lincoln Prep to the city of San Diego's first ever State Championship.[2] Along the way he collected numerous honors from California State POY to All-State and All-American. He ranked 22nd nationally by Parade All-America in the class of 1994. Sanford was voted the MVP of the San Diego City All-Star Challenge after managing a record 10 3pts on 13 attempts and amassing 48pts. In 1996 He was inducted into the San Diego Sports Hall of fame. In his brief High School Career he scored 2,373 points, grabbed 1059 rebounds, and 413 blocks.
College career
At the University of Washington, Sanford played for the Washington Huskies.[1] He played three seasons with the team before he entered the 1997 NBA Draft. Originally, Sanford had intended to declare for the 1996 NBA Draft, but he withdrew his name from consideration. He played a total of 82 games for the Huskies scoring 1319 career point.
It did not take Sanford long to get into the Husky record books by scoring 15 points as a true Freshman in the 1st game/start of his career. In doing so he amassed the most points ever by a player in their 1st game. He was the fastest Husky to score 500 points doing so in just 32 games. He amassed 27 career 20+ point games and scored his career high of 35 points twice against USC and Jackson State, both during his sophomore year.
Sanford led the huskies in both scoring and rebounding in his Sophomore and Junior seasons. In his true Freshman year, he led all Pac-10 Freshman in scoring and rebounding with 14.5ppg, 5.7rpg. After his Freshman year he was invited to try out for the Under 19 Junior World Games in Athens, Greece. At the trials amongst other notable player such as Allen Iverson, Ray Allen, Kerry Kittles, Vince Carter, Stephon Marbury, Tim Duncan, and Marcus Camby, Sanford finished in the top 3 in 5 statistical categories (1st-scoring, 1st-steals, 2nd blocks, 2nd-FGP, 3rd-rebounds) becoming the first player to rank as high since Charles Barkley who finished number 1 in the same five categories.
He is the first player to ever leave the University of Washington early for the NBA draft. He was ranked 13th on Washington's all-time scoring list after only 3 seasons and 82 games played. He was Washington's most recognizable Husky since Detlef Schrempf. He was the Huskies' Shawn Kemp - a crowd-pleasing, high-flying dunker capable of bringing fans out of their homes on a rainy December evening and into Edmundson Pavilion.
During Sanford's tenure at Washington, season-ticket sales increased nearly 11.8 percent. Prior to his sophomore season, Washington sold 3,261 men's season tickets. His junior season, 3,701 were sold. Twelve Washington games appeared on cable television, while two aired on network TV. The Huskies sold-out home crowds against top-ranked Cincinnati, No. 11 Arizona and No. 13 UCLA.
When asked about the support and exposure for the program Sanford stated, "We've finally got the exposure this year after years when nobody cared too much about Washington basketball." He went on to say, "Now that we got the exposure and expectations, we need to win."
For his career he was a two-time first-team All-Pac-10 selection and first-team All-Freshman. He was also an All-American selection following his Junior year. He's scored 1,000 points faster than any other Washington player, but his place in UW history is largely unknown. When his career ended, he became widely remembered for his role in reviving Husky men's basketball. With one step he was known to have a 41-inch leap, able to reach as high as 12 feet 4 inches.
Harlem Globetrotters
In 1999, during the strike-shortened NBA lockout season, Sanford opted to join the Harlem Globetrotters. For his jumping ability, he earned the nickname "Airplane".
NBA
Sanford was projected to be drafted as high as #11 to the Sacramento Kings in the 1997 NBA draft. Former Sacramento Kings Head Coach Eddie Jordan said that he thought that Sanford was the best defender in college basketball and compared him offensively to Billy Owens. After putting Sanford through a workout, former Indiana Pacers Head Coach Larry Bird stated that he thought that "Mark Sanford was the most athletic and skilled player that he had seen enter the draft in the last 5 years". Bird also declared that, had Sanford stayed in school for his senior season, he would have been projected as a top-3 draft pick.
Sanford would later watched his stock plummet in the days prior to the draft after being involved in an confrontation with his then agent. As a result of the confrontation, questions about his character arose and he was eventually selected with the second pick in the second round (30th overall) by the Miami Heat. He signed a guaranteed contract in July for the 1997–98 season. Two weeks before training camp began Sanford tore his plantar fascias. After failing to play through the injury with the Miami Heat, he was released following training camp.[3]
In 1999, he signed a league minimum contract with the Sacramento Kings going by his middle name Tywan. He suffered another injury in training camp and was released upon his return. In 2002 Sanford re-entered the NBA with the New Jersey Nets on another non-guaranteed contract after turning down two other non-guaranteed offers in previous years with Utah and New Jersey. He sustained another injury and left the NBA for good after his recovery midway through the season.[4] Although his NBA career ended without ever playing in a regular season game. He did go on to have a strong international playing career.
International
Sanford was a somewhat obscure player for most of his career but he was regarded as one of the best international players ever at the height of his career. In 2001 Sanford received an offer to play for Frankfurt of the Euroleague a week after he signed a contract to play in Japan. At 6'10, 220 lbs he was the fastest, most athletic, and most talented player on the floor on most nights. His four International Championships and seven international finals appearances are a testament to his abilities and the match-up problems that they caused. He possessed the speed of a point guard, the shooting ability of a prominent shooting guard, superior athleticism, and the ability to post on the block. He did a lot of his damage from the mid post taking advantage of his mid-range jumper and quick first step to beat defenders to the rim or creating space to get off one of his silky smooth jumpers. Sanford has played basketball internationally for several clubs outside the US, including France, Belgium, Spain, the Philippines, Japan, and Australia, in which he played for the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (Australia). Most everyone that watched him play knows that he had the talent but believes that his attitude and his decision making off the court kept him from being a star in the NBA. At times he was a very difficult player to coach.
His career scoring and rebounding averages in Europe and Asia combined are 24.4 points and 11.2 rebounds. He has helped four teams win the Championship while failing in three other attempts.
For his international career he has twenty-two 40+ point games and three games of more than 50 points with a career high of 57. Over a six-year period he had at least one game in which he scored 40+ points. That streak expanded over nine different countries. He once scored 41 points in three quarters of a game while making 10 of 11 from three-point range and had another game in which he scored 51 points in 36 minutes. In another game he scored 32 straight points for his team expanding over two quarters finishing with 47 points. Because of his shooting ability he had numerous 30+ points game in which he did not attempt a single free throw.
Coaching career
Sanford begun his coaching career in 2009 as a volunteer Assistant Coach for the 13th-ranked Men's team at Northwood University (Florida Campus) under legendary Hall of Fame head coach Rollie Massimino. That year Coach Massimino put Sanford in charge of strength & conditioning and player development. He also assisted in breaking down game film on their opponents and game planning. In his second year at Northwood Sanford became a full-time assistant coach. He took on more duties as the Seahawks shot to #1 in the country going 27–3 in the regular season. The 2010-11 Seahawks would finish the postseason ranked #2 with a 32–4 record and a loss in the final 4. One player would be named Player Of The Year while two players were named to the All-America team.
In 2011 Sanford was named the Head Women's Basketball Coach at Northwood University (Florida Campus). After taking over a program with a record of 4-26 and that finished last in The Sun Conference with a 1–13 record, in Sanford's two seasons at Northwood he compiled a win–loss record of 25–33. His Sun Conference record in two seasons was an impressive 18–10. The Seahawks finished in 3rd place in the two seasons that Sanford was named head coach. His up-tempo fast breaking and full-court pressing and trapping system saw 4 different players at 4 different positions be named to the Sun Conference All-Conference team, with 2 of the 4 players also being named Sun Conference Newcomer of the year in consecutive seasons. One of the 2 newcomers was also named Sun Conference Defensive Player of the Year after ranking in the top 5 nationally in steals. His teams would also see two different PG's in consecutive seasons lead the conference in assist and two different players in consecutive seasons lead the conference in steals.
College statistics
1994–1995: Washington (NCAA): 14.5ppg, 5.7rpg
1995–1996: Washington (NCAA): 16.5ppg, 6.1rpg
1996–1997: Washington (NCAA): 17ppg, 8rpg
European career and statistics
1998: Sunair Oostende (Belgium), was signed in Mar.'1998: 18.1ppg, 6.4rpg
1998–1999: La Crosse Bobcats (CBA): 4 games, 2.7ppg 1.2rpg, in Mar.'99 signed with Harlem Globetrotters for the summer season
2000: in December 1999 was signed by Évreux (France-ProA), but injured after 1 game: 21 pts 11 rebs, (dislocated shoulder) replaced in March 2000 by Dathon Brown due to injury: 13 games: 12.3 ppg, 3.4 rpg
2000–2001: Great Danes Magic (Denmark): the team created just for NEBL games: 27.3 ppg, 13.3 rpg, 2.1 apb, 2.1 spg, 1.8 blpg
2001– Los Angeles Stars (ABA, starting five): 17 ppg, 5.9 rpg, 1.8 apg, 1.2 spg, 2FGP 49%, 3FGP 40.3%, FT 80.1%
2001: In June signed with Los Potros de Villa Francisca (DominicanRepublic): 14 games: 24.4 ppg, 11.1 rpg, 2FGP 47%, 3FGP 41%, FT 72%
2001–2002: At the beginning of season was signed by Matsushita Electric Panasonic Kangaroos (Japan-Superleague): Score-4 (24.5 ppg), 9.3 rpg, 3.1 apg, 2.2 spg, 2FGP 51%, 3FGP 38%, FT 73%
2003: Played for Hapoel Tel Aviv (Israel-Premier League): 3 games: 12.3 ppg, 4.0 rpg, 2 ast, 1.0 spg, FIBA Champions Cup: 2 games: 16.0 ppg, 6.5 rpg, 1.0 apg, 2.5 spg, but decided not to join, in March 2003 agreed terms with CPN Pueblo Nuevo (Dominican Republic): 30.2 ppg, 12.7 rpg, 1.8 bpg, 2.1 apg, 2.3 spg, 2FGP 52%, 3FGP 43%
2003: In April was signed by Cocodrilos de Caracas (Venezuela-LPB):never played a game due to injury received in finals of Dominican Republic
2003–2004: In November 2003 signed at C.B. Aracena-Ponts (Spain-LEB1): 10 games: 12.7 ppg, 4.7 rpg
2004: Coca-Cola Tigers (Philippines-PBA): Score-3 (28.8 ppg) 12.7 rpg, 2.3 apg, 1.4 spg, 6 games of 40 plus points and 1 game of 51 pts, 2FGP 43%, 3FGP 36% FT 63%
2004–2005: At the beginning of season signed at Sydney Kings (Australia-NBL): 36 games: 16.7 ppg, 7.4 rpg, 1.4 apg, 1.2 spg, in May 2005 moved back to Coca-Cola Tigers (Philippines-PBA): Fiesta Conf: 10 games: Score-3 (24.6 ppg), 14.0 rpg, 3.0 apg, steals-3 (1.7 spg), 1.0 bpg, 2FGP 42.3%, 3FGP 29.4%, FT 54.7%
2005–2006: Sagesse - Al Hekmeh Beirut (Lebanon-Div.A), tested in Oct.'05, but chose not to sign, in January 2006 joined Sioux Falls Skyforce (CBA, starting five): 24 games: 15.0 ppg, 5.5 rpg, 1.5 apg, 0.9 spg, FG 47.9%, 3PT 31.8%, FT 69.3%
2006: Dubai- 12 games: 33 ppg, 19 rpg, 4 blk, FG 52.7%, 3pt 41.1%, FT 79.7%
2006: Plaza Fernando Valerio (Dominican Republic-SRT)
2007: In January signed at Panteras de Miranda (Venezuela-LPB, starting five)
2007–2008: Before the season signed at Daegu Orions (Korea-KBL), but did not play due to an injury
Awards and achievements
Texas State Co-Sophomore of the year -92
Dallas 2nd Team All DISD 10-5A -92
Dallas 1st Team All DISD 10-5A -93
Texas State 2nd Team All-State -93
Gatorade All-American Nominee-93
Blue Chip All-American Nominee -93
High School McDonald's All-American Nominee-94
Gatorade All-American -94
Blue Chip All American -94
Division 4 California State POY -94
California State All-Star Game -94
Sand Diego City All-Star Challenge MVP -94
All State California-94
Division 4 State Champion Lincoln Prep-94
State Tournament MVP -94
Pac10 All-Freshman Team -95
Sporting News NCAA All-Freshman Team 2nd -95
USA Under 19 World Games Athens Greece -95
Pac10 2nd Team -Pre96
Pac10 1st Team -96
Pac10 1st Team -97
Belgian Cup Winner -98
Belgian Cup Tournament Most Outstanding Player -98
Dominican Rep. League Champion -01
Dominican Rep. Tournament MOP -01
Dominican Rep. League Champion -02
Dominican Rep. Tournament MOP -02
Santiago Regional Tournament MVP -03
Australian NBL Champion -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL Player of the Year -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL Forward of the Year -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL Import Player of the Year -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL 1st Team -05
Australiabasket.com NBL All-Imports Team -05
Assistant Coach to NAIA College National Coach of the Year -11
References
External links
NBL Profile at nblwiki.com
NBA.com player profile
Seattle Times article
Sydney Morning Herald article
1976 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Denmark
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
Basketball players from Dallas
Harlem Globetrotters players
La Crosse Bobcats players
Miami Heat draft picks
Panasonic Trians players
Panteras de Miranda players
Sioux Falls Skyforce (CBA) players
Sydney Kings players
Washington Huskies men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Forwards (basketball)
Guards (basketball) |
20472833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated%20stainless%20steel%20tubing | Corrugated stainless steel tubing | Corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST) is tubing made of stainless steel with corrugation on the inside or outside.
CSST is not FAC (Flexible Appliance Connector) tubing. Presently, CSST and FAC tubing both use corrugated stainless steel tubing. In the past, FAC used corrugated brass tubing. However, FAC tubing is made only in lengths of 1 to 6 feet, FAC tubing is made with connectors on each end, and FAC tubing does not have a plastic sheath. On FAC tubing the corrugations are visible. CSST's plastic sheath covers its corrugations.
Variants
The most common CSST is a type of conduit used for fuel gas distribution in buildings. It has a flexible corrugated stainless steel inner layer and an outer yellow or black plastic jacket. Yellow-jacketed CSST was developed first and is the most common. It has a non-conductive plastic yellow jacket. Black-jacketed CSST is relatively new. Its black jacket is electrically conductive. Manufacturer information indicates this conductive jacket dissipates the energy of indirect lightning strikes that might otherwise pierce or damage the yellow-jacketed CSST.
A less common type of CSST does not have a plastic jacket. It is mainly used in heat exchangers.
Usage
CSST is used as an alternative to the older standard “black iron” (steel) gas pipe. The inner stainless steel layer of typical residential CSST is .2 to .3 mm thick while the wall thickness of typical residential “black iron” gas pipe is 3 to 4 mm thick. CSST is more expensive than “black iron” gas pipe. However, CSST requires fewer joints, may be safer during earthquakes, and may be easier to install.
Properties
CSST is alleged to have an increased risk for lightning related fires. Some believe that CSST is more likely to be pierced by lightning than “black iron” pipe. There are varied opinions over CSST's fire risk and it has been involved in litigation.
Installation
Buildings with CSST should be inspected by experts (licensed plumbers and electricians) to verify proper bonding and installation. The CSST experts should be qualified to assure compliance with the requirements of the manufacturer and local codes. Be aware that most home inspections are not done by licensed plumbers and electricians. Building owners are advised to assure that their CSST system complies with their insurance company's requirements.
To reduce the possibility of CSST lightning damage: (1) Yellow-jacketed CSST should be bonded (connected to the electrical service panel's ground bus) at its entrance into a building. Many local codes require this. (2) All CSST should be installed away from metal objects such as metal duct work, metal pipes, electrical wiring, metal beams, or metal conduit.
CSST should not make contact with sharp objects or edges to reduce the possibility of leaks caused by piercing. For example, it should not be installed where things such as picture hanger nails or drywall screws might pierce it.
References
Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing
National Association of State Fire Marshals
ecmweb.com
Brennen Teal Foundation
CSST point of view
Texas CSST safety day Governor Rick Perry
NFPA
Corrugation
Stainless steel
Tubing (material) |
6904383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinovo%2C%20Slovakia | Malinovo, Slovakia | Malinovo (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
Names and etymology
The original name comes from a Germanic personal name Eberhardt. The earliest mentions are Yberhart (1209), Ybrehart (1216), Eburhardi (1260). In 1946, the village was renamed to Malinovo in honor of Soviet Marshal Rodion Malinovsky. Éberhárd is still the official name in the language of the Hungarian minority.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 8.829 km2.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1209. In the 13th century, the village was inhabited by Germans who lived there until the 16th century. Malinovo was an important port on the Little Danube where also river tolls were charged. In 1548, the village was already completely abandoned and re-settled again. In 1773, it was already mostly Hungarian.
The old village castle was acquired in June 1763 by Count György Apponyi of the Apponyi family. It was rebuilt into its current form by the Apponyis in the early 19th century. Statesman György Apponyi died in the castle in 1899, and his son Albert Apponyi often received guests there. In 1923 it became the home of the State Agricultural School of Czechoslovakia. It is still home to a Horticultural School named after Gustav Čejka (cs).
After World War I, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, through the First Vienna Award, Malinovo became a part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary . After World War II, the Hungarian population was partially expelled and replaced by Slovaks from Hungary.
Point of Interest
The Apponyi castle is still standing in a public park, but (as of late 2019) in need of renovation.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,861 inhabitants. 1,158 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 625 Hungarians, 13 Czechs and 65 others and unspecified.
References
External links
Official page
https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
6904400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1lesie | Zálesie | Zálesie may refer to:
Zálesie, Kežmarok District, Slovakia
Zálesie, Senec District, Slovakia
See also
Zalesie (disambiguation)
Zalesye
pl:Zalesie |
20472835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Le%20Maire | Bruno Le Maire | Bruno Le Maire (; born 15 April 1969) is a French politician and former diplomat who has served as Minister of the Economy and Finance since 2017 under President Emmanuel Macron. A former member of The Republicans (LR), which he left in 2017 to join La République En Marche! (LREM), he was Secretary of State for European Affairs from 2008 to 2009 and Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fishing from 2009 to 2012 under President Nicolas Sarkozy. Le Maire is also a noted writer, with his book Des hommes d'Etat winning the 2008 Edgar Faure Prize.
Early life and education
Bruno Le Maire was born on 15 April 1969 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. He is the son of Maurice Le Maire, an executive at the oil company Total, and Viviane Fradin de Belâbre, a headmistress of private Catholic schools, mainly Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague. Le Maire was educated at Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague until he obtained his baccalauréat.
Le Maire began attending the École normale supérieure in 1989, and then Paris-Sorbonne University, where he studied French literature. He graduated from Sciences Po in 1995, and was accepted into the École nationale d'administration (ÉNA) in 1996.
Bruno Le Maire is married to painter Pauline Doussau de Bazignan, who is the mother of his four sons. His wife was employed as his parliamentary assistant from 2007 to 2013.
Le Maire is fluent in French, English, Italian and German.
Career
Early beginnings
After leaving the ÉNA in 1998, Bruno Le Maire found a job in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development. He eventually joined the team assisting the Secretary General of the Office of the President, Dominique de Villepin. He went on to a role of Foreign Affairs Advisor in the ministry in 2002, then onto an advisor role in the Interior ministry in 2004.
Following several roles in Government including one working directly with Dominique de Villepin, Le Maire was chosen to be political advisor to the Prime Minister. In July 2006, Le Maire was appointed to the role of being Chief of Staff for the Prime Minister, replacing Pierre Mongin remaining in the role until Villepin's departure from the office of Prime Minister.
From 2007 to 2008, he was a member of the National Assembly of France, representing Eure's 1st constituency. After becoming a political advisor to the UMP, Le Maire was appointed to be Secretary of State in charge of European Affairs, replacing Jean-Pierre Jouyet, in December 2008, serving until 2009.
From 2008, Le Maire served as a political advisor for the Union for a Popular Movement. He also serves as a council member of Evreux.
Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fishing, 2009–2012
In June 2009, Le Maire became the new Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fishing in the government of François Fillon. During his tenure at the Ministry, he created a new framework to modernize French agriculture, food and fishing. He also hosted the G20 Agriculture summit in 2011, which resulted in the creation of AMIS (Agricultural Market Information System). The main objective of AMIS is to monitor the global agricultural market under a rotating presidency. An intervention Forum can be convoked if the presiding country judges it necessary.
Candidacies for leadership roles
In August 2012, Le Maire announced that he would be a candidate for the presidency of the Union for a Popular Movement, competing against former Prime Minister François Fillon, Secretary General Jean-François Copé and former Minister of Ecology Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet. He decided to develop a reformist line and to focus his campaign around four main axes:
Enhancing European economic integration
Strengthening French entrepreneurship and economy
Going back to the values of respect and authority in society
Renewing generations in political parties.
He failed however to obtain the necessary number of sponsors. In November 2014, Le Maire obtained 29.8% of votes against Nicolas Sarkozy in the election for the presidency of The Republicans (formerly UMP).
Le Maire was considered a serious challenger of the 2016 centre-right primary as the polls suggested he could be third-placed but got a poor result with 2.4%. He became LR candidate François Fillon’s international affairs spokesman, but resigned when Fillon was embroiled in a financial scandal during his campaign. Le Maire has since distanced himself from his party, calling for the right to work constructively with Macron to ensure the president's five years in office succeeds and prevents the far-right National Front making further electoral inroads.
On 17 May 2017, The Republicans Secretary-General Bernard Accoyer issued a statement that anyone from the party that was a member of the government was no longer a member, including Le Maire.
Minister of the Economy and Finance, 2017–present
In May 2017, Le Maire was appointed by President Emmanuel Macron Minister of the Economy in the first Philippe government. In this capacity, he is supported by Budget Minister Gerald Darmanin. Shortly after being appointed as the Minister of the Economy, Le Maire became a member of La République En Marche! following conflicting reports that he was excluded from The Republicans party. Le Maire was able to win reelection in his constituency after beating National Front candidate, Fabienne Delacour. He was appointed Minister of the Economy and Finance in the second Philippe government on 19 June 2017.
By November 2017, Le Maire was reported to explore his options to succeed Jeroen Dijsselbloem as the next President of the Eurogroup; the role of which was eventually given to Mário Centeno of Portugal. In 2019, he led the European Union's selection process for a European candidate to succeed Christine Lagarde as managing director of the International Monetary Fund.
On 5 June 2022, Le Maire said that France negotiated with the United Arab Emirates to replace some oil imports from Russia.
Other activities
European Union organisations
European Investment Bank (EIB), ex officio member of the Board of Governors
European Stability Mechanism (ESM), member of the Board of Governors
International organisations
Asian Development Bank (ADB), ex officio member of the Board of Governors
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), ex officio member of the Board of Governors
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), ex officio member of the Board of Governors
Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), ex officio member of the Board of Governors
International Monetary Fund (IMF), ex officio member of the Board of Governors
Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee, Member
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Bank Group, ex officio member of the Board of Governors
World Bank, ex officio member of the Board of Governors
Non-profit organisations
European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), member
Hertie School of Governance, member of the Board of Trustees
Long-Term Investors Club, member
Permanent Platform of Atomium Culture, member of the Advisory Board
Political positions
Domestic policy
During the conservative primaries in 2016, Le Maire shifted to the right, taking a tough stance on law and order and national identity issues. He called for the immediate expulsion of foreigners regarded as suspect by the security services, the deportation of foreign nationals who complete jail terms, and a curb of refugee numbers.
Economic policy
Le Maire has set out a free-market economic agenda, calling for the privatisation of France's labour offices, the end of subsidised jobs and capping of welfare benefits. Since taking office, he has steered Macron's drive to lighten the government touch on the economy and cut red-tape, and is overseeing a push to privatize airports and other state-controlled companies.
In 2016, however, Le Maire was quoted as saying the prospect of Britain leaving the European Union was a "fabulous opportunity for France" as it would remove the bloc's main champion of deregulation. He vowed on 9 July 2017 to put forward a plan to protect French companies from foreign takeovers.
On foreign trade, Le Maire expressed his opposition against the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and also argued for a more protectionist trade policy in order to better defend against "dumping" by China.
In August 2017, Le Maire called upon EU nations to step up efforts to address how they tax the digital economy and stated that a "new momentum" was needed to get a fairer contribution from digital platforms, after a report that Airbnb paid less than €100,000 of taxes in France in 2016. He categorised low tax payments as "unacceptable".
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Le Maire and his German counterpart Olaf Scholz were credited as instrumental in overcoming Dutch and Italian resistance and securing the EU's 500 billion euros emergency deal to provide financial aid to workers, companies and governments struggling as a result of the virus.
In July 2020, Le Marie announced that the French government will cut taxes French companies have to pay in addition to normal corporate income tax by 20 million euros over the course of next two years.
Brexit
On Brexit itself, Le Maire caused controversy on 20 July 2017 when he told the French Parliament's economic affairs committee: "The United Kingdom has a remaining balance to pay to the EU budget of €100 billion" The view held by Le Maire has been shared by European Leaders since April 2017 with some of them believing the "divorce-bill" will lead the UK to owing the European Union £50 billion He also promised to set up a special court to handle English-law cases for financial contracts after Brexit during a conference in New York.
Speaking to the BBC in January 2019, Le Maire said the Brexit withdrawal agreement could not be renegotiated and it was up to the UK to find way through the impasse. He also said a no-deal Brexit would be "catastrophic" for the UK.
Foreign policy
On foreign policy, Le Maire is a traditional Gaullist, favouring French national independence. He has argued for a reinforced European defense policy to secure the bloc's exterior borders and fight terrorism, with more spending on the military by Germany in particular.
In February 2019, Le Maire criticized Germany’s ban on arms sales to Saudi Arabia. Le Maire said: "It is useless to produce weapons through improved cooperation between France and Germany if we are unable to export them." Germany imposed the ban after the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and over human rights concerns about the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen.
On 1 March 2022, Le Maire warned that the EU "will bring about the collapse" of the Russian economy. He said France rejected Russia's demand that foreign buyers must pay in rubles for Russian gas from 1 April, adding that "we are preparing" for a "situation tomorrow in which ... there is no longer any Russian gas."
Controversy
In 2019, Le Maire received several letters containing death threats, including one with bullets enclosed.
In 2021, Reuters reported that Le Maire’s phone was investigated to determine whether it had been infected by a spyware known as Pegasus.
Personal life
Le Maire is married to Pauline Doussau de Bazignan. They have four children. The family has a holiday home in Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle.
Depiction in film
In the movie La Conquête (The Conquest), about Nicolas Sarkozy's career, he was played by Emmanuel Noblet.
Honours
: Commander 1st Class of the Order of the Dannebrog (2018)
: Commander of the Ordre du Mérite Maritime (2009)
: Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2022)
: Commander of the National Order of the Lion (2019)
Bibliography
Le Ministre. Éditions Grasset, 2004
Des hommes d'Etat. Éditions Grasset, 2007 (2008 Edgar Faure Prize)
Jours de pouvoir, Éditions Gallimard, 2013
References
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|-
1969 births
Living people
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Hertie School people
French Ministers of Agriculture
French Ministers of Finance
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
La République En Marche! politicians
People from Neuilly-sur-Seine
Politicians from Île-de-France
The Republicans (France) politicians
Members of the Borne government |
23576454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas%20Paralympic%20Committee | Americas Paralympic Committee | Americas Paralympic Committee (acronym: APC; ; ; ; ; ) is an international IPC regional committee which represents the current 33 National Paralympic Committees of the North American and South American continents. It is affiliated to/with the International Paralympic Committee and its affiliated bodies.
APC is the body that organizes and oversees the Parapan American Games held every four years in the year before the Summer Paralympics.
Member countries
In the following table, the year in which the NPC was recognized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) is also given if it is different from the year in which the NPC was created.
See also
Pan American Sports Organization
Parapan American Games
Pan American Games
References
External links
Americas Paralympic Committee Official Website
Pan-American sports governing bodies
Americas Paralympic Committee |
26717942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starks%20station | Starks station | The Starks station was a railway station in Starks, British Columbia. It was a flag stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which ended in 2011. The station is on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline.
Footnotes
External links
Via Rail Station Description
Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Disused railway stations in Canada |
23576462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley%20Blaze | Langley Blaze | The Langley Blaze are a youth baseball team located in the city of Langley, British Columbia.
The Langley Blaze was founded in 2001 by Doug Mathieson, a former right-handed pitcher who played in the MLB Minor Leagues for seven years. The Blaze's home field is located in the McLeod Athletic Park which was completed in 2003. Prior to the completion, the Blaze played at City Park. They are part of the B.C. Premier Baseball League. They are always a strong contender in the league.
Doug Mathieson continues to be the GM for the Langley Blaze and is also the Canada/Alaska Area Scout for the Arizona Diamondbacks. In the 2016 MLB Draft, Doug had four Canadians drafted by the Diamondbacks which set a record for the most number of Canadian players drafted by one club in the MLB. Doug's own son, Scott is also a RHP who played in the MLB for the Philadelphia Phillies and currently plays for the Yomiuri Giants in the Japanese League.
Since 2001, thirty-four players from the Blaze have been drafted by the MLB (Major League Baseball).
Current roster
Notable alumni
Tyler O'Neill (current outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals)
Brett Lawrie (former 1st round pick of the Milwaukee Brewers)
Scott Mathieson (former pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies)
References
External links
Official Website
Langley Blaze page on BCPBL website
Baseball teams in British Columbia
Amateur baseball teams in Canada
Baseball teams established in 1999
Langley, British Columbia (city)
1999 establishments in British Columbia |
6904403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane%20Krause | Christiane Krause | Christiane Krause (born 14 December 1950) is a German athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres.
She competed for West Germany in the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the gold medal with her teammates Ingrid Becker, Annegret Richter and Heide Rosendahl.
References
West German female sprinters
Olympic gold medalists for West Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of West Germany
1950 births
Living people
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic female sprinters |
20472848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Le%20Roux | Bruno Le Roux | Bruno Le Roux (; born 2 May 1965) was the Minister of the Interior of France from 6 December 2016 to 21 March 2017. He was a member of the National Assembly of France where he represented the Seine-Saint-Denis department and was the leader of the Socialist, Ecologist & Republican Group. He led the Socialist Party in the National Assembly from 2012 until 2016. On 6 December 2016 he was named Minister of the Interior in the Government of Bernard Cazeneuve.
In 2015, news media reported that Le Roux was included in a Russian blacklist of prominent people from the European Union who are not allowed to enter the country.
On 21 March 2017, Le Roux was forced to resign from the government when it was revealed that he employed his two daughters, aged just 15 and 16, as parliamentary assistants – using public funds – while he served as a deputy in the National Assembly. He was succeeded by Matthias Fekl, the Minister of State for Foreign Trade.
References
|-
1965 births
French interior ministers
Living people
People from Gennevilliers
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
Paris Nanterre University alumni
Sorbonne Paris North University faculty |
20472859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Sandras | Bruno Sandras | Bruno Sandras (born 4 August 1961) is a French Polynesian politician and former Cabinet Minister. He was a member of the National Assembly of France from 2007 to 2012, representing the 2nd constituency of French Polynesia, as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. He was Mayor of papara from 2001 until 2014, when he was dismissed from office after he was convicted of corruption.
Sandras was born in Papeete in French Polynesia. After training as a lawyer he was general secretary of the A Tia I Mua trade union confederation from 1995 to 2000. He was elected Mayor of Papara in 2001. From 2001 to 2005 he was a member of the Assembly of French Polynesia.
In February 2005 following Jean-Christophe Bouissou's resignation he was appointed to cabinet in Gaston Flosse's government, taking over Buissou's portfolios.
He was elected to the French Assembly in the 2007 French legislative election as a candidate for the UMP. In the assembly he campaigned to retain a French military presence in French Polynesia, and for compensation for French nuclear testing. In 2010 the Nouvelles de Tahiti claimed he was one of the most passive delegates in the assembly, ranking him 516th of 577 members. In 2011 he attended sittings for only 5 weeks. He stood for re-election at the 2012 election, but was eliminated in the first round. Following his departure from the national assembly he worked as a civil servant for the French Polynesian government.
He was re-elected as Mayor of Papara in 2008. In April 2009 he quit Tahoera'a Huiraatira, announcing plans to form a new party. In September 2009 he launched the Ia Hau Noa party. In February 2013 he quit the A Tia Porinetia party after a dispute over his ranking on the party list. In 2014 he was re-elected as mayor of Papara.
At the 2018 French Polynesian legislative election he attempted to establish a party list with La République En Marche!, before signing a coalition agreement with Tahoera'a Huiraatira.
Corruption charges
In December 2009 he was ordered to pay US$100,000 after a court found that the government had unlawfully spent public funds. The order was overturned in 2011. In October 2011 he was convicted for his involvement in the "phantom jobs" scandal and sentenced to a suspended sentence of three months imprisonment and banned from office. The conviction was upheld on appeal in 2014. A further appeal against the ban was rejected in 2015. Following the appeal he was removed as Mayor of Papara.
References
1961 births
Living people
People from Papeete
Mayors of places in French Polynesia
French Polynesian politicians
Energy ministers of French Polynesia
Environment ministers of French Polynesia
Transport ministers of French Polynesia
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Tahoera'a Huiraatira politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French politicians convicted of crimes |
44503418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene%20extinction%20event | Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event | The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction) was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago. With the exception of some ectothermic species such as sea turtles and crocodilians, no tetrapods weighing more than survived. It marked the end of the Cretaceous Period, and with it the Mesozoic era, while heralding the beginning of the Cenozoic era, which continues to this day.
In the geologic record, the K–Pg event is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K–Pg boundary, which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks. The boundary clay shows unusually high levels of the metal iridium, which is more common in asteroids than in the Earth's crust.
As originally proposed in 1980 by a team of scientists led by Luis Alvarez and his son Walter, it is now generally thought that the K–Pg extinction was caused by the impact of a massive asteroid , 66 million years ago, which devastated the global environment, mainly through a lingering impact winter which halted photosynthesis in plants and plankton. The impact hypothesis, also known as the Alvarez hypothesis, was bolstered by the discovery of the Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula in the early 1990s, which provided conclusive evidence that the K–Pg boundary clay represented debris from an asteroid impact. The fact that the extinctions occurred simultaneously provides strong evidence that they were caused by the asteroid. A 2016 drilling project into the Chicxulub peak ring confirmed that the peak ring comprised granite ejected within minutes from deep in the earth, but contained hardly any gypsum, the usual sulfate-containing sea floor rock in the region: the gypsum would have vaporized and dispersed as an aerosol into the atmosphere, causing longer-term effects on the climate and food chain. In October 2019, researchers reported that the event rapidly acidified the oceans, producing ecological collapse and, in this way as well, produced long-lasting effects on the climate, and accordingly was a key reason for the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change. However, in January 2020, scientists reported that climate-modeling of the extinction event favored the asteroid impact and not volcanism.
A wide range of terrestrial species perished in the K–Pg extinction, the best-known being the non-avian dinosaurs, along with mammals, birds, lizards, insects, plants, and all the pterosaurs. In the oceans, the K–Pg extinction killed off plesiosaurs and mosasaurs and devastated teleost fish, sharks, mollusks (especially ammonites, which became extinct), and many species of plankton. It is estimated that 75% or more of all species on Earth vanished. Yet the extinction also provided evolutionary opportunities: in its wake, many groups underwent remarkable adaptive radiation—sudden and prolific divergence into new forms and species within the disrupted and emptied ecological niches. Mammals in particular diversified in the Paleogene, evolving new forms such as horses, whales, bats, and primates. The surviving group of dinosaurs were avians, a few species of ground and water fowl, which radiated into all modern species of birds. Among other groups, teleost fish and perhaps lizards also radiated.
Extinction patterns
The K–Pg extinction event was severe, global, rapid, and selective, eliminating a vast number of species. Based on marine fossils, it is estimated that 75% or more of all species were made extinct.
The event appears to have affected all continents at the same time. Non-avian dinosaurs, for example, are known from the Maastrichtian of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and Antarctica, but are unknown from the Cenozoic anywhere in the world. Similarly, fossil pollen shows devastation of the plant communities in areas as far apart as New Mexico, Alaska, China, and New Zealand.
Despite the event's severity, there was significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different clades. Species that depended on photosynthesis declined or became extinct as atmospheric particles blocked sunlight and reduced the solar energy reaching the ground. This plant extinction caused a major reshuffling of the dominant plant groups. Omnivores, insectivores, and carrion-eaters survived the extinction event, perhaps because of the increased availability of their food sources. No purely herbivorous or carnivorous mammals seem to have survived. Rather, the surviving mammals and birds fed on insects, worms, and snails, which in turn fed on detritus (dead plant and animal matter).
In stream communities, few animal groups became extinct, because such communities rely less directly on food from living plants, and more on detritus washed in from the land, protecting them from extinction. Similar, but more complex patterns have been found in the oceans. Extinction was more severe among animals living in the water column than among animals living on or in the sea floor. Animals in the water column are almost entirely dependent on primary production from living phytoplankton, while animals on the ocean floor always or sometimes feed on detritus. Coccolithophorids and mollusks (including ammonites, rudists, freshwater snails, and mussels), and those organisms whose food chain included these shell builders, became extinct or suffered heavy losses. For example, it is thought that ammonites were the principal food of mosasaurs, a group of giant marine reptiles that became extinct at the boundary. The largest air-breathing survivors of the event, crocodyliforms and champsosaurs, were semi-aquatic and had access to detritus. Modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and survive for months without food, and their young are small, grow slowly, and feed largely on invertebrates and dead organisms for their first few years. These characteristics have been linked to crocodilian survival at the end of the Cretaceous.
After the K–Pg extinction event, biodiversity required substantial time to recover, despite the existence of abundant vacant ecological niches.
Microbiota
The K–Pg boundary represents one of the most dramatic turnovers in the fossil record for various calcareous nanoplankton that formed the calcium deposits for which the Cretaceous is named. The turnover in this group is clearly marked at the species level. Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a sharp increase in extinctions than by a decrease in speciation. The K–Pg boundary record of dinoflagellates is not so well understood, mainly because only microbial cysts provide a fossil record, and not all dinoflagellate species have cyst-forming stages, which likely causes diversity to be underestimated. Recent studies indicate that there were no major shifts in dinoflagellates through the boundary layer.
Radiolaria have left a geological record since at least the Ordovician times, and their mineral fossil skeletons can be tracked across the K–Pg boundary. There is no evidence of mass extinction of these organisms, and there is support for high productivity of these species in southern high latitudes as a result of cooling temperatures in the early Paleocene. Approximately 46% of diatom species survived the transition from the Cretaceous to the Upper Paleocene, a significant turnover in species but not a catastrophic extinction.
The occurrence of planktonic foraminifera across the K–Pg boundary has been studied since the 1930s. Research spurred by the possibility of an impact event at the K–Pg boundary resulted in numerous publications detailing planktonic foraminiferal extinction at the boundary; there is ongoing debate between groups which think the evidence indicates substantial extinction of these species at the K–Pg boundary, and those who think the evidence supports multiple extinctions and expansions through the boundary.
Numerous species of benthic foraminifera became extinct during the event, presumably because they depend on organic debris for nutrients, while biomass in the ocean is thought to have decreased. As the marine microbiota recovered, it is thought that increased speciation of benthic foraminifera resulted from the increase in food sources. Phytoplankton recovery in the early Paleocene provided the food source to support large benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which are mainly detritus-feeding. Ultimate recovery of the benthic populations occurred over several stages lasting several hundred thousand years into the early Paleocene.
Marine invertebrates
There is significant variation in the fossil record as to the extinction rate of marine invertebrates across the K–Pg boundary. The apparent rate is influenced by a lack of fossil records, rather than extinctions.
Ostracods, a class of small crustaceans that were prevalent in the upper Maastrichtian, left fossil deposits in a variety of locations. A review of these fossils shows that ostracod diversity was lower in the Paleocene than any other time in the Cenozoic. Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.
Approximately 60% of late-Cretaceous Scleractinia coral genera failed to cross the K–Pg boundary into the Paleocene. Further analysis of the coral extinctions shows that approximately 98% of colonial species, ones that inhabit warm, shallow tropical waters, became extinct. The solitary corals, which generally do not form reefs and inhabit colder and deeper (below the photic zone) areas of the ocean were less impacted by the K–Pg boundary. Colonial coral species rely upon symbiosis with photosynthetic algae, which collapsed due to the events surrounding the K–Pg boundary, but the use of data from coral fossils to support K–Pg extinction and subsequent Paleocene recovery, must be weighed against the changes that occurred in coral ecosystems through the K–Pg boundary.
The numbers of cephalopod, echinoderm, and bivalve genera exhibited significant diminution after the K–Pg boundary. Most species of brachiopods, a small phylum of marine invertebrates, survived the K–Pg extinction event and diversified during the early Paleocene.
Except for nautiloids (represented by the modern order Nautilida) and coleoids (which had already diverged into modern octopodes, squids, and cuttlefish) all other species of the molluscan class Cephalopoda became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. These included the ecologically significant belemnoids, as well as the ammonoids, a group of highly diverse, numerous, and widely distributed shelled cephalopods. Researchers have pointed out that the reproductive strategy of the surviving nautiloids, which rely upon few and larger eggs, played a role in outsurviving their ammonoid counterparts through the extinction event. The ammonoids utilized a planktonic strategy of reproduction (numerous eggs and planktonic larvae), which would have been devastated by the K–Pg extinction event. Additional research has shown that subsequent to this elimination of ammonoids from the global biota, nautiloids began an evolutionary radiation into shell shapes and complexities theretofore known only from ammonoids.
Approximately 35% of echinoderm genera became extinct at the K–Pg boundary, although taxa that thrived in low-latitude, shallow-water environments during the late Cretaceous had the highest extinction rate. Mid-latitude, deep-water echinoderms were much less affected at the K–Pg boundary. The pattern of extinction points to habitat loss, specifically the drowning of carbonate platforms, the shallow-water reefs in existence at that time, by the extinction event.
Other invertebrate groups, including rudists (reef-building clams) and inoceramids (giant relatives of modern scallops), also became extinct at the K–Pg boundary.
Fish
There are fossil records of jawed fishes across the K–Pg boundary, which provide good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. While the deep-sea realm was able to remain seemingly unaffected, there was an equal loss between the open marine apex predators and the durophagous demersal feeders on the continental shelf. Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 7 out of the 41 families of neoselachians (modern sharks, skates, and rays) disappeared after this event and batoids (skates and rays) lost nearly all the identifiable species, while more than 90% of teleost fish (bony fish) families survived.
In the Maastrichtian age, 28 shark families and 13 batoid families thrived, of which 25 and 9, respectively, survived the K–T boundary event. Forty-seven of all neoselachian genera cross the K–T boundary, with 85% being sharks. Batoids display with 15%, a comparably low survival rate.
There is evidence of a mass extinction of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K–Pg boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K–Pg extinction event; the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated the environmental effects of the extinction event.
Terrestrial invertebrates
Insect damage to the fossilized leaves of flowering plants from fourteen sites in North America was used as a proxy for insect diversity across the K–Pg boundary and analyzed to determine the rate of extinction. Researchers found that Cretaceous sites, prior to the extinction event, had rich plant and insect-feeding diversity. During the early Paleocene, flora were relatively diverse with little predation from insects, even 1.7 million years after the extinction event.
Terrestrial plants
There is overwhelming evidence of global disruption of plant communities at the K–Pg boundary. Extinctions are seen both in studies of fossil pollen, and fossil leaves. In North America, the data suggests massive devastation and mass extinction of plants at the K–Pg boundary sections, although there were substantial megafloral changes before the boundary. In North America, approximately 57% of plant species became extinct. In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica, the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups. In some regions, the Paleocene recovery of plants began with recolonizations by fern species, represented as a fern spike in the geologic record; this same pattern of fern recolonization was observed after the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.
Due to the wholesale destruction of plants at the K–Pg boundary, there was a proliferation of saprotrophic organisms, such as fungi, that do not require photosynthesis and use nutrients from decaying vegetation. The dominance of fungal species lasted only a few years while the atmosphere cleared and plenty of organic matter to feed on was present. Once the atmosphere cleared, photosynthetic organisms, initially ferns and other ground-level plants, returned. Just two species of fern appear to have dominated the landscape for centuries after the event.
Polyploidy appears to have enhanced the ability of flowering plants to survive the extinction, probably because the additional copies of the genome such plants possessed allowed them to more readily adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions that followed the impact.
Fungi
While it appears that many fungi were wiped out at the K-Pg boundary, it is worth noting that evidence has been found indicating that some fungal species thrived in the years after the extinction event. Microfossils from that period indicate a great increase in fungal spores, long before the resumption of plentiful fern spores in the recovery after the impact. Monoporisporites and hypha are almost exclusive microfossils for a short span during and after the iridium boundary. These saprophytes would not need sunlight, allowing them to survive during a period when the atmosphere was likely clogged with dust and sulfur aerosols.
The proliferation of fungi has occurred after several extinction events, including the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest known mass extinction in Earth's history, with up to 96% of all species suffering extinction.
Amphibians
There is limited evidence for extinction of amphibians at the K–Pg boundary. A study of fossil vertebrates across the K–Pg boundary in Montana concluded that no species of amphibian became extinct. Yet there are several species of Maastrichtian amphibian, not included as part of this study, which are unknown from the Paleocene. These include the frog Theatonius lancensis and the albanerpetontid Albanerpeton galaktion; therefore, some amphibians do seem to have become extinct at the boundary. The relatively low levels of extinction seen among amphibians probably reflect the low extinction rates seen in freshwater animals.
Non-archosaurs
Turtles
More than 80% of Cretaceous turtle species passed through the K–Pg boundary. All six turtle families in existence at the end of the Cretaceous survived into the Paleogene and are represented by living species.
Lepidosauria
The living non-archosaurian reptile taxa, lepidosaurians (snakes, lizards and tuataras), survived across the K–Pg boundary.
The rhynchocephalians were a widespread and relatively successful group of lepidosaurians during the early Mesozoic, but began to decline by the mid-Cretaceous, although they were very successful in South America. They are represented today by a single genus (the Tuatara), located exclusively in New Zealand.
The order Squamata, which is represented today by lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians (worm lizards), radiated into various ecological niches during the Jurassic and was successful throughout the Cretaceous. They survived through the K–Pg boundary and are currently the most successful and diverse group of living reptiles, with more than 6,000 extant species. Many families of terrestrial squamates became extinct at the boundary, such as monstersaurians and polyglyphanodonts, and fossil evidence indicates they suffered very heavy losses in the K–Pg event, only recovering 10 million years after it.
Non-archosaurian marine reptiles
Giant non-archosaurian aquatic reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, which were the top marine predators of their time, became extinct by the end of the Cretaceous. The ichthyosaurs had disappeared from fossil records before the mass extinction occurred.
Archosaurs
The archosaur clade includes two surviving groups, crocodilians and birds, along with the various extinct groups of non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
Crocodyliforms
Ten families of crocodilians or their close relatives are represented in the Maastrichtian fossil records, of which five died out prior to the K–Pg boundary. Five families have both Maastrichtian and Paleocene fossil representatives. All of the surviving families of crocodyliforms inhabited freshwater and terrestrial environments—except for the Dyrosauridae, which lived in freshwater and marine locations. Approximately 50% of crocodyliform representatives survived across the K–Pg boundary, the only apparent trend being that no large crocodiles survived. Crocodyliform survivability across the boundary may have resulted from their aquatic niche and ability to burrow, which reduced susceptibility to negative environmental effects at the boundary. Jouve and colleagues suggested in 2008 that juvenile marine crocodyliforms lived in freshwater environments as do modern marine crocodile juveniles, which would have helped them survive where other marine reptiles became extinct; freshwater environments were not so strongly affected by the K–Pg extinction event as marine environments were.
Pterosaurs
Two families of pterosaurs, Azhdarchidae and Nyctosauridae, were definitely present in the Maastrichtian, and they likely became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. Several other pterosaur lineages may have been present during the Maastrichtian, such as the ornithocheirids, pteranodontids, nyctosaurids, a possible tapejarid, a possible thalassodromid and a basal toothed taxon of uncertain affinities, though they are represented by fragmentary remains that are difficult to assign to any given group. While this was occurring, modern birds were undergoing diversification; traditionally it was thought that they replaced archaic birds and pterosaur groups, possibly due to direct competition, or they simply filled empty niches, but there is no correlation between pterosaur and avian diversities that are conclusive to a competition hypothesis, and small pterosaurs were present in the Late Cretaceous. At least some niches previously held by birds were reclaimed by pterosaurs prior to the K–Pg event.
Birds
Most paleontologists regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs (see Origin of birds). It is thought that all non-avian theropods became extinct, including then-flourishing groups such as enantiornithines and hesperornithiforms. Several analyses of bird fossils show divergence of species prior to the K–Pg boundary, and that duck, chicken, and ratite bird relatives coexisted with non-avian dinosaurs. Large collections of bird fossils representing a range of different species provides definitive evidence for the persistence of archaic birds to within 300,000 years of the K–Pg boundary. The absence of these birds in the Paleogene is evidence that a mass extinction of archaic birds took place there.
The most successful and dominant group of avialans, enantiornithes, were wiped out. Only a small fraction of ground and water-dwelling Cretaceous bird species survived the impact, giving rise to today's birds. The only bird group known for certain to have survived the K–Pg boundary is the Aves. Avians may have been able to survive the extinction as a result of their abilities to dive, swim, or seek shelter in water and marshlands. Many species of avians can build burrows, or nest in tree holes, or termite nests, all of which provided shelter from the environmental effects at the K–Pg boundary. Long-term survival past the boundary was assured as a result of filling ecological niches left empty by extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The open niche space and relative scarcity of predators following the K-Pg extinction allowed for adaptive radiation of various avian groups. Ratites, for example, rapidly diversified in the early Paleogene and are believed to have convergently developed flightlessness at least three to six times, often fulfilling the niche space for large herbivores once occupied by non-avian dinosaurs.
Non-avian dinosaurs
Excluding a few controversial claims, scientists agree that all non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. The dinosaur fossil record has been interpreted to show both a decline in diversity and no decline in diversity during the last few million years of the Cretaceous, and it may be that the quality of the dinosaur fossil record is simply not good enough to permit researchers to distinguish between the options. There is no evidence that late Maastrichtian non-avian dinosaurs could burrow, swim, or dive, which suggests they were unable to shelter themselves from the worst parts of any environmental stress that occurred at the K–Pg boundary. It is possible that small dinosaurs (other than birds) did survive, but they would have been deprived of food, as herbivorous dinosaurs would have found plant material scarce and carnivores would have quickly found prey in short supply.
The growing consensus about the endothermy of dinosaurs (see dinosaur physiology) helps to understand their full extinction in contrast with their close relatives, the crocodilians. Ectothermic ("cold-blooded") crocodiles have very limited needs for food (they can survive several months without eating), while endothermic ("warm-blooded") animals of similar size need much more food to sustain their faster metabolism. Thus, under the circumstances of food chain disruption previously mentioned, non-avian dinosaurs died out, while some crocodiles survived. In this context, the survival of other endothermic animals, such as some birds and mammals, could be due, among other reasons, to their smaller needs for food, related to their small size at the extinction epoch.
Whether the extinction occurred gradually or suddenly has been debated, as both views have support from the fossil record. A study of 29 fossil sites in Catalan Pyrenees of Europe in 2010 supports the view that dinosaurs there had great diversity until the asteroid impact, with more than 100 living species. More recent research indicates that this figure is obscured by taphonomic biases and the sparsity of the continental fossil record. The results of this study, which were based on estimated real global biodiversity, showed that between 628 and 1,078 non-avian dinosaur species were alive at the end of the Cretaceous and underwent sudden extinction after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Alternatively, interpretation based on the fossil-bearing rocks along the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada, supports the gradual extinction of non-avian dinosaurs; during the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous layers there, the number of dinosaur species seems to have decreased from about 45 to approximately 12. Other scientists have made the same assessment following their research.
Several researchers support the existence of Paleocene non-avian dinosaurs. Evidence of this existence is based on the discovery of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to above and 40,000 years later than the K–Pg boundary. Pollen samples recovered near a fossilized hadrosaur femur recovered in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone at the San Juan River in Colorado, indicate that the animal lived during the Cenozoic, approximately (about 1 million years after the K–Pg extinction event). If their existence past the K–Pg boundary can be confirmed, these hadrosaurids would be considered a dead clade walking. The scientific consensus is that these fossils were eroded from their original locations and then re-buried in much later sediments (also known as reworked fossils).
Choristodere
The choristoderes (semi-aquatic archosauromorphs) survived across the K–Pg boundary but would die out in the early Miocene. Studies on Champsosaurus palatal teeth suggest that there were dietary changes among the various species across the K–Pg event.
Mammals
All major Cretaceous mammalian lineages, including monotremes (egg-laying mammals), multituberculates, metatherians, eutherians, dryolestoideans, and gondwanatheres survived the K–Pg extinction event, although they suffered losses. In particular, metatherians largely disappeared from North America, and the Asian deltatheroidans became extinct (aside from the lineage leading to Gurbanodelta). In the Hell Creek beds of North America, at least half of the ten known multituberculate species and all eleven metatherians species are not found above the boundary. Multituberculates in Europe and North America survived relatively unscathed and quickly bounced back in the Paleocene, but Asian forms were devastated, never again to represent a significant component of mammalian fauna. A recent study indicates that metatherians suffered the heaviest losses at the K–Pg event, followed by multituberculates, while eutherians recovered the quickest.
Mammalian species began diversifying approximately 30 million years prior to the K–Pg boundary. Diversification of mammals stalled across the boundary.
Current research indicates that mammals did not explosively diversify across the K–Pg boundary, despite the ecological niches made available by the extinction of dinosaurs. Several mammalian orders have been interpreted as diversifying immediately after the K–Pg boundary, including Chiroptera (bats) and Cetartiodactyla (a diverse group that today includes whales and dolphins and even-toed ungulates), although recent research concludes that only marsupial orders diversified soon after the K–Pg boundary.
K–Pg boundary mammalian species were generally small, comparable in size to rats; this small size would have helped them find shelter in protected environments. It is postulated that some early monotremes, marsupials, and placentals were semiaquatic or burrowing, as there are multiple mammalian lineages with such habits today. Any burrowing or semiaquatic mammal would have had additional protection from K–Pg boundary environmental stresses.
Evidence
North American fossils
In North American terrestrial sequences, the extinction event is best represented by the marked discrepancy between the rich and relatively abundant late-Maastrichtian pollen record and the post-boundary fern spike. A highly informative sequence of dinosaur-bearing rocks from the K–Pg boundary is found in western North America, particularly the late Maastrichtian-age Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Comparison with the older Judith River Formation (Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (Alberta), which both date from approximately 75 Ma, provides information on the changes in dinosaur populations over the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous. These fossil beds are geographically limited, covering only part of one continent.
The middle–late Campanian formations show a greater diversity of dinosaurs than any other single group of rocks. The late Maastrichtian rocks contain the largest members of several major clades: Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, Triceratops, and Torosaurus, which suggests food was plentiful immediately prior to the extinction.
Plant fossils illustrate the reduction in plant species across the K–Pg boundary. In the sediments below the K–Pg boundary the dominant plant remains are angiosperm pollen grains, but the boundary layer contains little pollen and is dominated by fern spores. More usual pollen levels gradually resume above the boundary layer. This is reminiscent of areas blighted by modern volcanic eruptions, where the recovery is led by ferns, which are later replaced by larger angiosperm plants. A study of ossilized fish bones found at Tanis in North Dakota suggests that the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction happened during the Northern Hemisphere spring.
Marine fossils
The mass extinction of marine plankton appears to have been abrupt and right at the K–Pg boundary. Ammonite genera became extinct at or near the K–Pg boundary; there was a smaller and slower extinction of ammonite genera prior to the boundary associated with a late Cretaceous marine regression. The gradual extinction of most inoceramid bivalves began well before the K–Pg boundary, and a small, gradual reduction in ammonite diversity occurred throughout the very late Cretaceous.
Further analysis shows that several processes were in progress in the late Cretaceous seas and partially overlapped in time, then ended with the abrupt mass extinction. The diversity of marine life decreased when the climate near the K–Pg boundary increased in temperature. The temperature increased about three to four degrees very rapidly between 65.4 and 65.2 million years ago, which is very near the time of the extinction event. Not only did the climate temperature increase, but the water temperature decreased, causing a drastic decrease in marine diversity.
Megatsunamis
The scientific consensus is that the asteroid impact at the K–Pg boundary left megatsunami deposits and sediments around the area of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, from the colossal waves created by the impact. These deposits have been identified in the La Popa basin in northeastern Mexico, platform carbonates in northeastern Brazil, in Atlantic deep-sea sediments, and in the form of the thickest-known layer of graded sand deposits, around , in the Chicxulub crater itself, directly above the shocked granite ejecta. The megatsunami has been estimated at more than tall, as the asteroid fell into relatively shallow seas; in deep seas it would have been tall.
Fossils in sedimentary rocks deposited during the impact
Fossiliferous sedimentary rocks deposited during the K–Pg impact have been found in the Gulf of Mexico area, including tsunami wash deposits carrying remains of a mangrove-type ecosystem, evidence that after the impact water sloshed back and forth repeatedly in the Gulf of Mexico, and dead fish left in shallow water but not disturbed by scavengers.
Duration
The rapidity of the extinction is a controversial issue, because some theories about its causes imply a rapid extinction over a relatively short period (from a few years to a few thousand years), while others imply longer periods. The issue is difficult to resolve because of the Signor–Lipps effect, where the fossil record is so incomplete that most extinct species probably died out long after the most recent fossil that has been found. Scientists have also found very few continuous beds of fossil-bearing rock that cover a time range from several million years before the K–Pg extinction to several million years after it.
The sedimentation rate and thickness of K–Pg clay from three sites suggest rapid extinction, perhaps over a period of less than 10,000 years. At one site in the Denver Basin of Colorado, after the K–Pg boundary layer was deposited, the fern spike lasted approximately 1,000 years, and no more than 71,000 years; at the same location, the earliest appearance of Cenozoic mammals occurred after approximately 185,000 years, and no more than 570,000 years, "indicating rapid rates of biotic extinction and initial recovery in the Denver Basin during this event." Models presented at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union demonstrated that the period of global darkness following the Chicxulub impact would have persisted in the Hell Creek Formation nearly 2 years.
Chicxulub impact
Evidence for impact
In 1980, a team of researchers consisting of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and chemists Frank Asaro and Helen Michel discovered that sedimentary layers found all over the world at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary contain a concentration of iridium many times greater than normal (30, 160, and 20 times in three sections originally studied). Iridium is extremely rare in Earth's crust because it is a siderophile element which mostly sank along with iron into Earth's core during planetary differentiation. As iridium remains more abundant in most asteroids and comets, the Alvarez team suggested that an asteroid struck the Earth at the time of the K–Pg boundary. There were earlier speculations on the possibility of an impact event, but this was the first hard evidence.
This hypothesis was viewed as radical when first proposed, but additional evidence soon emerged. The boundary clay was found to be full of minute spherules of rock, crystallized from droplets of molten rock formed by the impact. Shocked quartz and other minerals were also identified in the K–Pg boundary. The identification of giant tsunami beds along the Gulf Coast and the Caribbean provided more evidence, and suggested that the impact may have occurred nearby—as did the discovery that the K–Pg boundary became thicker in the southern United States, with meter-thick beds of debris occurring in northern New Mexico.
Further research identified the giant Chicxulub crater, buried under Chicxulub on the coast of Yucatán, as the source of the K–Pg boundary clay. Identified in 1990 based on work by geophysicist Glen Penfield in 1978, the crater is oval, with an average diameter of roughly , about the size calculated by the Alvarez team.
In a 2013 paper, Paul Renne of the Berkeley Geochronology Center dated the impact at years ago, based on argon–argon dating. He further posits that the mass extinction occurred within 32,000 years of this date.
In 2007, it was proposed that the impactor belonged to the Baptistina family of asteroids. This link has been doubted, though not disproved, in part because of a lack of observations of the asteroid and its family. It was reported in 2009 that 298 Baptistina does not share the chemical signature of the K–Pg impactor. Further, a 2011 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) study of reflected light from the asteroids of the family estimated their break-up at 80 Ma, giving them insufficient time to shift orbits and impact Earth by 66 Ma.
Additional evidence for the impact event is found at the Tanis site in southwestern North Dakota, United States. Tanis is part of the heavily studied Hell Creek Formation, a group of rocks spanning four states in North America renowned for many significant fossil discoveries from the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene. Tanis is an extraordinary and unique site because it appears to record the events from the first minutes until a few hours after the impact of the giant Chicxulub asteroid in extreme detail. Amber from the site has been reported to contain microtektites matching those of the Chicxulub impact event. Some researchers question the interpretation of the findings at the site or are skeptical of the team leader, Robert DePalma, who had not yet received his Ph.D. in geology at the time of the discovery and whose commercial activities have been regarded with suspicion.
Effects of impact
In March 2010, an international panel of 41 scientists reviewed 20 years of scientific literature and endorsed the asteroid hypothesis, specifically the Chicxulub impact, as the cause of the extinction, ruling out other theories such as massive volcanism. They had determined that a asteroid hurtled into Earth at Chicxulub on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The collision would have released the same energy as —more than a billion times the energy of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Chicxulub impact caused a global catastrophe. Some of the phenomena were brief occurrences immediately following the impact, but there were also long-term geochemical and climatic disruptions that devastated the ecology.
The re-entry of ejecta into Earth's atmosphere included a brief (hours-long) but intense pulse of infrared radiation, cooking exposed organisms. This is debated, with opponents arguing that local ferocious fires, probably limited to North America, fall short of global firestorms. This is the "Cretaceous–Paleogene firestorm debate". A paper in 2013 by a prominent modeler of nuclear winter suggested that, based on the amount of soot in the global debris layer, the entire terrestrial biosphere might have burned, implying a global soot-cloud blocking out the sun and creating an impact winter effect. If widespread fires occurred this would have exterminated the most vulnerable organisms that survived the period immediately after the impact.
Aside from the hypothesized fire and/or impact winter effects, the impact would have created a dust cloud that blocked sunlight for up to a year, inhibiting photosynthesis. Freezing temperatures probably lasted for at least three years. At Brazos section, the sea surface temperature dropped as much as for decades after the impact. It would take at least ten years for such aerosols to dissipate, and would account for the extinction of plants and phytoplankton, and subsequently herbivores and their predators. Creatures whose food chains were based on detritus would have a reasonable chance of survival.
The asteroid hit an area of carbonate rock containing a large amount of combustible hydrocarbons and sulphur, much of which was vaporized, thereby injecting sulfuric acid aerosols into the stratosphere, which might have reduced sunlight reaching the Earth's surface by more than 50%, and would have caused acid rain. The resulting acidification of the oceans would kill many organisms that grow shells of calcium carbonate. According to models of the Hell Creek Formation, the onset of global darkness would have reached its maximum in only a few weeks and likely lasted upwards of 2 years.
Beyond extinction impacts, the event also caused more general changes of flora and fauna such as giving rise to neotropical rainforest biomes like the Amazonia, replacing species composition and structure of local forests during ~6 million years of recovery to former levels of plant diversity.
2016 Chicxulub crater drilling project
In 2016, a scientific drilling project obtained deep rock-core samples from the peak ring around the Chicxulub impact crater. The discoveries confirmed that the rock comprising the peak ring had been shocked by immense pressure and melted in just minutes from its usual state into its present form. Unlike sea-floor deposits, the peak ring was made of granite originating much deeper in the earth, which had been ejected to the surface by the impact. Gypsum is a sulfate-containing rock usually present in the shallow seabed of the region; it had been almost entirely removed, vaporized into the atmosphere. Further, the event was immediately followed by a megatsunami sufficient to lay down the largest known layer of sand separated by grain size directly above the peak ring. The impactor was large enough to create a peak ring, to melt, shock, and eject deep granite, to create colossal water movements, and to eject an immense quantity of vaporized rock and sulfates into the atmosphere, where they would have persisted for several years. This worldwide dispersal of dust and sulfates would have affected climate catastrophically, led to large temperature drops, and devastated the food chain.
Alternative hypotheses
Although the concurrence of the end-Cretaceous extinctions with the Chicxulub asteroid impact strongly supports the impact hypothesis, some scientists continue to support other contributing causes: volcanic eruptions, climate change, sea level change, and other impact events. The end-Cretaceous event is the only mass extinction known to be associated with an impact, and other large impacts, such as the Manicouagan Reservoir impact, do not coincide with any noticeable extinction events.
Deccan Traps
Before 2000, arguments that the Deccan Traps flood basalts caused the extinction were usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual, as the flood basalt events were thought to have started around 68 Mya and lasted more than 2 million years. The most recent evidence shows that the traps erupted over a period of only 800,000 years spanning the K–Pg boundary, and therefore may be responsible for the extinction and the delayed biotic recovery thereafter.
The Deccan Traps could have caused extinction through several mechanisms, including the release of dust and sulfuric aerosols into the air, which might have blocked sunlight and thereby reduced photosynthesis in plants. In addition, Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions that increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the atmosphere. The increased carbon dioxide emissions also caused acid rain, evidenced by increased mercury deposition due to increased solubility of mercury compounds in more acidic water.
In the years when the Deccan Traps hypothesis was linked to a slower extinction, Luis Alvarez (d. 1988) replied that paleontologists were being misled by sparse data. While his assertion was not initially well-received, later intensive field studies of fossil beds lent weight to his claim. Eventually, most paleontologists began to accept the idea that the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were largely or at least partly due to a massive Earth impact. Even Walter Alvarez acknowledged that other major changes may have contributed to the extinctions.
Combining these theories, some geophysical models suggest that the impact contributed to the Deccan Traps.
These models, combined with high-precision radiometric dating, suggest that the Chicxulub impact could have triggered some of the largest Deccan eruptions, as well as eruptions at active volcanoes anywhere on Earth.
Multiple impact event
Other crater-like topographic features have also been proposed as impact craters formed in connection with Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction. This suggests the possibility of near-simultaneous multiple impacts, perhaps from a fragmented asteroidal object similar to the Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact with Jupiter. In addition to the Chicxulub crater, there is the Boltysh crater in Ukraine (), the Silverpit crater in the North Sea () possibly formed by bolide impact, and the controversial and much larger Shiva crater. Any other craters that might have formed in the Tethys Ocean would since have been obscured by the northward tectonic drift of Africa and India.
Maastrichtian sea-level regression
There is clear evidence that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the Mesozoic era. In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers from various parts of the world, the later layers are terrestrial; earlier layers represent shorelines and the earliest layers represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with mountain building, therefore the likeliest explanation is a regression, a drop in sea level. There is no direct evidence for the cause of the regression, but the currently accepted explanation is that the mid-ocean ridges became less active and sank under their own weight.
A severe regression would have greatly reduced the continental shelf area, the most species-rich part of the sea, and therefore could have been enough to cause a marine mass extinction, but this change would not have caused the extinction of the ammonites. The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures.
Marine regression also resulted in the loss of epeiric seas, such as the Western Interior Seaway of North America. The loss of these seas greatly altered habitats, removing coastal plains that ten million years before had been host to diverse communities such as are found in rocks of the Dinosaur Park Formation. Another consequence was an expansion of freshwater environments, since continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans. While this change was favorable to freshwater vertebrates, those that prefer marine environments, such as sharks, suffered.
Multiple causes
Proponents of multiple causation view the suggested single causes as either too small to produce the vast scale of the extinction, or not likely to produce its observed taxonomic pattern. In a review article, J. David Archibald and David E. Fastovsky discussed a scenario combining three major postulated causes: volcanism, marine regression, and extraterrestrial impact. In this scenario, terrestrial and marine communities were stressed by the changes in, and loss of, habitats. Dinosaurs, as the largest vertebrates, were the first affected by environmental changes, and their diversity declined. At the same time, particulate materials from volcanism cooled and dried areas of the globe. Then an impact event occurred, causing collapses in photosynthesis-based food chains, both in the already-stressed terrestrial food chains and in the marine food chains.
Based on studies at Seymour Island in Antarctica, Sierra Petersen and colleagues argue that there were two separate extinction events near the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with one correlating to Deccan Trap volcanism and one correlated with the Chicxulub impact. The team analyzed combined extinction patterns using a new clumped isotope temperature record from a hiatus-free, expanded K–Pg boundary section. They documented a 7.8±3.3 °C warming synchronous with the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and a second, smaller warming at the time of meteorite impact. They suggest local warming may have been amplified due to the simultaneous disappearance of continental or sea ice. Intra-shell variability indicates a possible reduction in seasonality after Deccan eruptions began, continuing through the meteorite event. Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.
Recovery and diversification
The K–Pg extinction had a profound effect on the evolution of life on Earth. The elimination of dominant Cretaceous groups allowed other organisms to take their place, causing a remarkable amount of species diversification during the Paleogene Period. The most striking example is the replacement of dinosaurs by mammals. After the K–Pg extinction, mammals evolved rapidly to fill the niches left vacant by the dinosaurs. Also significant, within the mammalian genera, new species were approximately 9.1% larger after the K–Pg boundary.
Other groups also substantially diversified. Based on molecular sequencing and fossil dating, many species of birds (the Neoaves group in particular) appeared to radiate after the K–Pg boundary. They even produced giant, flightless forms, such as the herbivorous Gastornis and Dromornithidae, and the predatory Phorusrhacidae. The extinction of Cretaceous lizards and snakes may have led to the evolution of modern groups such as iguanas, monitor lizards, and boas. On land, giant boid and enormous madtsoiid snakes appeared, and in the seas, giant sea snakes evolved. Teleost fish diversified explosively, filling the niches left vacant by the extinction. Groups appearing in the Paleocene and Eocene epochs include billfish, tunas, eels, and flatfish. Major changes are also seen in Paleogene insect communities. Many groups of ants were present in the Cretaceous, but in the Eocene ants became dominant and diverse, with larger colonies. Butterflies diversified as well, perhaps to take the place of leaf-eating insects wiped out by the extinction. The advanced mound-building termites, Termitidae, also appear to have risen in importance.
It is thought that body sizes of placental mammalian survivors evolutionarily increased first, allowing them to fill niches after the extinctions, with brain sizes increasing later in the Eocene.
Evidence from the Salamanca Formation suggests that biotic recovery was more rapid in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere.
See also
Climate across Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Late Devonian extinction
List of possible impact structures on Earth
Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
Explanatory notes
Citations
Further reading
Papers and presentations resulting from the 2016 Chicxulub drilling project—The Geological Society of America, GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017, Session No. 192
External links
What killed the dinosaurs?—University of California Museum of Paleontology (1995)
The Great Chicxulub Debate 2004—Geological Society of London
Cenozoic volcanism
Events in the geological history of Earth
Events that forced the climate
Evolution of mammals
Hypothetical impact events
Megatsunamis
Mesozoic volcanism
Meteorological hypotheses
Prehistoric dinosaurs |
20472872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice%20Pavy-Moran%C3%A7ais | Béatrice Pavy-Morançais | Béatrice Pavy-Morançais (born 14 October 1958) is French politician. She has been the vice-president of the Sarthe Departmental council, since 29 March 2015.
She represented Sarthe's 3rd constituency in the National Assembly of France from 2002 to 2012 as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
References
1958 births
Living people
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians |
20472881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9reng%C3%A8re%20Poletti | Bérengère Poletti | Bérengère Poletti (born 14 October 1959 in Biencourt-sur-Orge) is a French politician who served as a member of the National Assembly of France from 2002 to 2022, representing the 1st constituency of the Ardennes département, and is a member of the Republicans.
Political career
Career in local politics
In 1995, Poletti entered politics by being elected municipal councilor (RPR) of Charleville-Mézières on the list of opposition led by Philippe Mathot (UDF-PR). She became regional councilor of Champagne-Ardenne in 2002 on the list led by Jean-Claude Étienne (RPR-UDF). She was vice-president of the regional council of Champagne-Ardenne between 1998 and 2004.
In 2008, as candidate in the municipal elections of Charleville-Mézières, Poletti lost in the second round, against Claudine Ledoux.
In March 2015, she was elected county councilor of Château-Porcien in tandem with Renaud Averly. She becomes the 8th vice-president of the Departmental council and resigns from her mandate of regional councilor.
On 8 January 2016 Poletti was appointed Secretary in charge of professional federations, of the Republicans. In September 2016, Poletti was named spokesperson of the Republicans.
Member of the National Assembly
Poletti was elected member of parliament on 16 June 2002, in the 1st constituency of the Ardennes. She is reelected with 59.58% of votes in the second round in the same constituency on 17 June 2007 against the socialist candidate Claudine Ledoux. She has since been reelected on 17 June 2012 and on 18 June 2017.
In the 15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, Polette served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs, where she was a secretary. She also chaired the France-Netherlands Parliamentary Friendship Group.
In addition to her committee assignments, Poletti was a member of the French delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2017 to 2022. In this capacity, she served on the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development and its Sub-Committee on Gender Equality.
On 1 March 2022, Poletti announced she would not be seeking re-election at the upcoming parliamentary election. She will retire after 20 years in Parliament.
Other activities
French Development Agency (AFD), Alternate Member of the Supervisory Board
Political positions
Poletti filed in November 2011 a draft law allowing better access to contraception especially for minors, and to voluntary termination of pregnancy. In 2014, she tabled a law proposal to strengthen the control of sick leave and reintroduce the day of absence in the public service; and she's writing a report on home-based jobs.
In the Republicans’ 2016 presidential primaries, Poletti endorsed Bruno Le Maire as the party's candidate for the office of President of France.
In July 2019, Poletti voted against the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.
Ahead of the 2022 presidential elections, Poletti publicly declared her support for Michel Barnier as the Republicans’ candidate.
References
1959 births
Living people
People from Meuse (department)
French people of Italian descent
Union for French Democracy politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
The Social Right
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians |
20472886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Democratic%20Union%20%27Proletarian%27 | Social Democratic Union 'Proletarian' | Social Democratic Union 'Proletarian' was a political party organization in Bulgaria from 1906 until 1908. The organization was led by Dimitar Blagoev, who had been expelled from the Narrow Socialists for being an "anarcho-liberal". 'Proletarian' merged with the Broad Socialists, and would represent the left-wing tendency within that movement from 1909 onwards.
References
Defunct political parties in Bulgaria
Social democratic parties in Bulgaria |
20472894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Coutelle | Catherine Coutelle | Catherine Coutelle (born 2 April 1945 in La Sauvagère, Orne) was a member of the National Assembly of France. She represented the 2nd constituency of the Vienne department, and is a member of the Socialist Party, which sits with the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left group in the Assembly.
References
1945 births
Living people
People from Orne
Politicians from Normandy
Unified Socialist Party (France) politicians
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
21st-century French women politicians |
20472909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20G%C3%A9nisson | Catherine Génisson | Catherine Génisson (born 22 April 1949) is French politician. She represented the Pas-de-Calais department in the National Assembly of France from 1 June 1997 to 30 September 2011 as a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche. She represents the department of Pas-de-Calais in the French Senate.
The daughter of painter , she was first elected to the French assembly in 1997 and was reelected in 2002 and 2007. She was elected to the French senate on September 25, 2011.
References
1949 births
Living people
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French Senators of the Fifth Republic
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Women members of the Senate (France)
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians
Senators of Pas-de-Calais |
20472917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikri%20Mantineia | Mikri Mantineia | Mikri Mantineia () is a seaside village in the municipality of Kalamata, Messenia, Greece. In 2011, it had a population of 705. It is situated at 20 m above sea level, on the northeastern shore of the Gulf of Messenia. Its main industry is tourism. Mikri Mantineia is 2 km northeast of Avia, 3 km north of Megali Mantineia and 6 km southeast of Kalamata.
Population
History
The village was probably founded in the second half of the 17th century in an inland location which is now known as Palio Chorio. It was first mentioned in 1700 as Chora Mikri ("small village"), as opposed to the older and larger Megali Mantineia. It had 35 families (165 people) in 1700 and 31 in 1703 which produced around 3,204 okades of oil (4,178 kg). It became a part of the municipality of Avia in 1835.
In the early 20th century, a small part of the population moved into the nearby beach areas of Mourti, Panitsa and Myloi. It had 157 inhabitants in 1851, 183 in 1879 and 173 in 1907. From 1914, it ran an independent community and had 177 inhabitants in 1928. A strong earthquake damages most houses of the village in 1944. The inhabitants moved into the coastal areas. The new seaside settlement was named Mikri Mantineia and the other Palio Chorio. After 1970, many new inhabitants moved into the village, and the new settlement Perivola was built.
Mikri Mantineia became a part of the city of Kalamata in 1988 while Megali Mantineia joined the municipality of Avia. Although the two Mantineies are part of different municipalities, they still form one entity from the geographic, population and economic side and they have a common Olive Production Committee.
Points of interests
The Kapetanakis Tower
A few monasteries
Sources
Theodoros Belitsos Mantineies in 1700, Economic Demographic and Onomatologic Origins, 1999
Stavros Kapetanakis I Mandinies tis Manis (Οι Μαντίνειες της Μάνης - Madinies of Mani)
See also
List of settlements in Messenia
Megali Mantineia
References
External links
Mikri Mantineia at the GTP Travel Pages
Kalamata
Populated places in Messenia |
26717996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Wellington%20station | South Wellington station | The South Wellington station is a former railway station in South Wellington, British Columbia. The station was a stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, which ended in 2011. The station is on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline.
Footnotes
External links
Via Rail Station Description
Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Disused railway stations in Canada |
20472920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Lemorton | Catherine Lemorton | Catherine Lemorton is a French pharmacist and politician. She was a member of the National Assembly of France, representing Haute-Garonne's 1st constituency, based in Toulouse, as a member of the Socialist party from 2007 to 2017.
She won the 2007 election, defeating Jean-Luc Moudenc who was mayor of Toulouse at the time.
Parliamentary action
Catherine Lemorton is known for her report (la prescription, la consommation et la fiscalité des médicaments) on pharmaceutical drugs, regarded as taking part in a fight against the lobbies of the pharmaceutical industry and the conflicts of interest in medicament's policies.
References
1961 births
Living people
People from Troyes
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians |
20472928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9 | Catherine Quéré | Catherine Quéré (born 16 March 1948 in Angoulême, Charente) is a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party.
A vice-president of the Poitou-Charentes Regional Council between 2004 and 2007, she was the MP for Charente-Maritime's 3rd constituency from 2007 to 2017. She was a member of the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group.
Political career
Poitou-Charentes Regional Council (2004−2007)
A wine grower by profession, Catherine Quéré began her political career in the 2004 regional elections.
She figured in second position on the socialist list in Charente-Maritime and was elected as a regional councillor in Poitou-Charentes. She was a vice-president of the Poitou-Charentes Regional Council during three years (2004–2007).
On 9 July 2007, she resigned as a regional councillor in accordance with the rule of the "unique mandate" instituted within the Poitou-Charentes Regional Council.
MP of Saintes (2007−2017)
In the 2007 legislative election, Catherine Quéré defeated Xavier de Roux, mayor of Chaniers and outgoing MP.
In the first round, she arrived in second position (31.99%, 15,446 votes) whereas Xavier de Roux came first with 39.43% (19.037 votes). In the run-off, she was elected with 52.02% (25.501 votes) as an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 3rd constituency.
In the 2012 legislative election, she was largely re-elected as an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 3rd constituency.
In the first round, she largely came first with 43.96% (20,403 votes) and in the run-off was re-elected as an MP with 59.12% (26,574 votes).
She did not contest the 2017 French legislative election.
Political mandates
National mandate
MP of the Charente-Maritime's 3rd constituency (20 June 2007-2017): Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group; secretary of the committee of the sustainable development and spatial planning, vice-president of the friendship groups of France/Macedonia and France/Malaysia.
Former local mandate
Vice-president of the Poitou-Charentes Regional Council : 28 March 2004 – 1 September 2007
References
External links
Official website
Catherine Quéré's official biography, French National Assembly
1948 births
Living people
People from Angoulême
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Politics of Poitou-Charentes
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians |
20472940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Vautrin | Catherine Vautrin | Catherine Vautrin (born 26 July 1960) is a French politician of the Republicans (LR) who served as a member of the National Assembly of France, representing the Marne department.
Early life and career
Vautrin was born in Reims. Her husband, Jean-Loup Pennaforte is chief of internal medicine at the University Hospital of Reims. They have a daughter, Hortense, born in 2002.
Vautrin holds a Master of Business Law. In 1986, she started her professional activity by becoming a product manager in the American insurance company CIGNA after which she became director of marketing and communication in France and for Europe.
Political career
In 1983, at the request of Jean Falala, Vautrin became a municipal councilor in the city of Reims. At the time, she was the youngest of the team. In 1999, she left her job in the private sector to join the Regional Council of Champagne-Ardenne, where she held the position of Deputy Director General in charge of directions and operational services.
Member of the National Assembly, 2002–2004
In the 2022 elections, Vautrin became member of the National Assembly, representing the second district of the Marne and succeeding Jean-Claude Etienne. In parliament, she was a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs, as such she was:
Member of la commission sur l’avenir aéroportuaire français (the Commission on the future French airports).
First Vice-President of the mission for study of economic and social consequences of the legislation on working time.
Secretary to the Economic Affairs Committee on the Budget of the Economy, Finance and Industry (post and telecommunications)
Secretary of the project on law concerning economic initiative
Career in government, 2004–2007
During the presidency of Jacques Chirac, on 31 March 2004, Vautrin was appointed Secretary of State for Integration and Equal Opportunities under minister Jean-Louis Borloo in the government of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin. On October 28, 2004, she became Secretary of State for Seniors.
From June 2, 2005, Vautrin served as Minister Delegate for Social Cohesion and Parity in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. In this capacity, she led efforts in 2005 on introducing French language tests for immigrants who apply for a 10-year residence permit. After a feud between the government and aid group Médecins du Monde that had been distributing tents to homeless people across Paris in August 2005, she pledged 7 million euros to help 1,000 homeless people get off the city’s streets by offering them long-term housing specially adapted to their needs.
In April 2006, Vautrian was elected president of the Federation of the UMP. She was also appointed President Communication and Initiative Marne, club Jean-Pierre Raffarin of which she was a member of the National Office
Member of the National Assembly, 2007–2017
In the 2007 elections, Vautrin was re-elected with 56.93% of the vote. In the National Assembly, she was elected Vice-President of the Commission of Economic Affairs. She was a board member of the UMP in the National Assembly, under the leadership of the group´s chair Jean-François Copé.
On July 6, 2007, Vautrin officially announced her candidacy for mayor of Reims, in the context of French municipal elections of 2008. After the first round, March 9, 2008, Vautrin obtained 25.19% of the vote. She campaigned in the second round against the candidate of the Left Union Adeline Hazan, obtaining 43.93% of the vote despite the UMP nomination (given in the first round Renaud Dutreil) and was elected councilor opposition.
On June 25, 2008 Vautrin was designated by the members of the UMP group to become, as of October 2008, Vice-President of the National Assembly, replacing Marc-Philippe Daubresse whose peers did not reelect him.
On January 28, 2010, Vautrin was named president of French Commission for the Examination of Unfair Commercial Practices, replacing Jean-Paul Charié who had deceased.
Vautrin advanced to the 1st Vice-President of the Assembly when Marc Laffineur was appointed to government in June 2011. In 2012, after switching to the left of the National Assembly, Laurence Dumont succeeded her as First Vice-President and she was appointed the fifth vice-president.
At the UMP´s 2012 congress, Vautrin supported the motion Gaullism, a way forward for France, led by Michèle Alliot-Marie, Roger Karoutchi, Henri Guaino and Patrick Ollier. In December 2012, following the resignation of Dominique Dord, she was appointed national treasurer of the UMP under the leadership of the party’s chair Jean-François Copé.
In 2015, Vautrin and Monique Rabin co-authored a report on the financing of consular missions.
Vautrin was one of the MPs who lost their seat in the 2017 French legislative election.
President of Grand Reims, 2014–present
Since 2014, Vautrin has been serving as president of Grand Reims.
Ahead of the Republicans’ 2016 primaries, Vautrin managed former President Nicolas Sarkozy’s campaign for the presidential nomination, alongside Éric Ciotti; Sarkozy eventually lost against François Fillon. Amid the Fillon affair, she later called on Fillon to resign as the party's candidate.
In the run-up to the 2022 presidential elections, Vautrin endorsed incumbent President Emmanuel Macron for re-election.
Following the 2022 legislative elections, Vautrin was considered by national news media a contender to succeed Jean Castex as Prime Minister of France.
Controversy
As part of an inquiry into UMP fundraising efforts started in late 2014, Vautrin was formally placed under investigation in April 2015, on suspicion of illicit funding.
References
1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Reims
The Republicans (France) politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Gaullism, a way forward for France
Government ministers of France
Secretaries of State of France
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians
Women government ministers of France |
44503426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-4485 | DR-4485 | DR-4485 is a compound which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-HT7 receptor, with good oral bioavailability. It has been used to research the function of this still comparatively little studied serotonin receptor subtype.
References
Serotonin receptor antagonists
5-HT7 antagonists |
20472945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz%20McCartney | Liz McCartney | Liz McCartney cofounded SBP (formerly the St. Bernard Project) in March 2006 to rebuild homes destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in the St. Bernard Parish of Louisiana, southeast of New Orleans. She is the 2008 CNN Hero of the Year and was nominated for CNN Superhero of the Decade.
Biography
A native of Washington, DC, McCartney attended Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School. She graduated from Boston College in 1994 and received a master's degree in curriculum and instruction from the George Washington University. McCartney served in the Peace Corps in Lesotho, South Africa. She has also taught ESL and middle school. Before starting SBP, McCartney was the Executive Director of a community-based nonprofit organization in Washington, DC which provided technology-based after school and summer programs for young people attending DC public schools. McCartney and Zack Rosenburg volunteered in St. Bernard Parish in March 2006 after the storm. They then quit their jobs in Washington, returned to Louisiana in June 2006, and the following August they cofounded the St. Bernard Project. As of July 2012, over 45,000 volunteers have rebuilt more than 440 hurricane-damaged homes in St. Bernard Parish and New Orleans with the St. Bernard Project.
Awards
In 2007, Liz McCartney and Zack Rosenburg made Gambit's "40 under 40" list of successful young New Orleanians.
Liz and Zack received the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Social Entrepreneurship Award in 2008.
On May 3, 2008, Senator Mary Landrieu presented Liz and Zack with the Heroes of the Storm Award.
On January 5, 2009 Liz and Zack were named Gambit Weekly's New Orleanians of the Year 2008.
Liz McCartney was voted the 2008 CNN Hero of the Year (CNN Heroes) on November 27, 2008.
Liz McCartney was named the "2010 Woman of Excellence for Community Service" by Wiley College
According to CNN's website:
"Liz McCartney is dedicated to helping Hurricane Katrina survivors in St. Bernard Parish, a community just outside New Orleans. Her nonprofit St. Bernard Project has rebuilt the homes of more than 120 families."
See also
CNN Heroes
References
External links
CNN Heroes Page
Article
St. Bernard Project Page
Thanks From Liz-CNN Hero of the Year
Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School alumni
Hurricane Katrina disaster relief
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Boston College alumni
George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development alumni
People from Washington, D.C. |
20472948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver%20Creek%20%28York%20Region%29 | Beaver Creek (York Region) | Beaver Creek is a river in the municipalities of Markham and Richmond Hill in the Regional Municipality of York, part of the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin and is a right tributary of the Rouge River.
Hydrology
The source of the creek is a basin formed at the outflow of a drainage culvert in Richmond Hill. The creek flows southeast through a residential area before crossing almost directly under the intersection of Leslie Street and 16th Avenue into the eponymous Beaver Creek industrial area. The creek continues southeast into Markham, under Highway 404 and southwest of the intersection of Woodbine Avenue and Highway 7 at the community of Brown's Corners. It continues southeast to a point just north of Highway 407, before turning northeast to join the Rouge River, just southeast of the IBM Toronto Software Lab. The Rouge River flows to Lake Ontario.
See also
List of rivers of Ontario
References
Rivers of the Regional Municipality of York |
20472949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%20%282008%20film%29 | Fate (2008 film) | Fate () is a 2008 South Korean action noir film.
Plot
Gang members Woo-min, Cheol-jung, Do-wan and Yeong-hwan are close friends, who, with the help of older gang member Gang-seop, decide to rob a casino so they can start their lives over. But Cheol-jung betrays the others, and Woo-min ends up in prison. After serving his time, Woo-min tries to stay out of trouble, but finds himself drawn back into the underworld.
Cast
Song Seung-heon ... Kim Woo-min
Kwon Sang-woo ... Jo Cheol-jung
Kim In-kwon ... Jeong Do-wan
Park Han-byul ... Jeong Eun-yeong
Ji Sung ... Park Yeong-hwan
Hong Soo-hyun ... Jo Hyo-sook
Lee Seung-joon ... Hyo-sook's husband
Wi Seung-cheol
Min Eung-sik ... Jeong Doo-man
Ahn Nae-sang ... Cha Gang-seop
Jung Woo ... Choi Jeong-hak
Reception
Before filming was complete, the Japanese distribution rights to Fate were presold to Formula Entertainment for , a relatively high sum due to Kwon Sang-woo's Korean Wave fanbase.
The film was not a big success, selling only 858,215 tickets nationwide.
References
External links
2008 films
2000s crime action films
2000s Korean-language films
South Korean crime action films
2008 drama films
2000s South Korean films |
20472955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Berthelot | Chantal Berthelot | Chantal Berthelot is a French politician, former member of the French National Assembly representing department of French Guiana.
Biography
Early life
In 1993, Chantal Berthelot founded an agricultural union, the Regional Farmers Group of Guyana (GRAG). Permanent expert on the board of directors of the Office for the Development of Agricultural Economics of the Overseas Departments (1990-1997), she is president of the Center for Management and Rural Economy of Guyana from 1985 to 1998.
Political career
Elected regional councilor in 1998 and 2004 on the list of the Guianese Socialist Party, she is the first vice-president of the Regional Council of French Guiana. In 2010, she is head of the list in the regional elections French Guiana.
Member of the National Assembly
Chantal Berthelot was elected to the French National Assembly on 17 June 2007, representing the 2nd constituency of French Guiana with the support of the Guianese Socialist Party and the Socialist Party. She was re-elected in 2012.
On June 10, 2017, she was eliminated in the first round with 19.48% of the votes cast, ahead of Lénaïck Adam, the REM candidate and a candidate published the protest movement of March 2017, Davy Rimane. Following her elimination, she resumed full-time work as a farmer in Macouria.
See also
2007 French legislative election
2012 French legislative election
French Guiana's 2nd constituency
References
1958 births
Living people
Guianese Socialist Party politicians
French people of French Guianan descent
French Guianan women in politics
21st-century French women politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Black French politicians
People from Mana, French Guiana
Members of Parliament for French Guiana |
23576466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wende%20metro%20station | Wende metro station | The Taipei Metro Wende station is located in the Neihu District in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on Brown Line.
Station overview
This two-level, elevated station features two side platforms, two exits, and a platform elevator located on the north side of the concourse level.
Public art for the station consists of a piece titled "Dancing Birds". It comprises one of the station walls and depicts dancing egrets in Bihu Park with the use of digital images and mosaic inlaying.
Two mechanical parking towers behind the station allow for over 300 parking spaces. The towers are a type of elevator parking system; vehicles can be parked and retrieved on the same rotating lift table.
History
22 February 2009: Wende station construction is completed.
4 July 2009: Begins operations with the opening of the Brown Line.
Station layout
Around the station
Neihu High School
Neihu Junior High School
Neihu Elementary School
National Taiwan College of Performing Arts
Guo Ziyi Memorial Hall
Liuzhongyuan Community
Bihu Park
Yangguan Park
Wende Park No. 2
Ronald McDonald House Taiwan
Fire Safety Museum of Taipei City Fire Department
References
Wenhu line stations
Railway stations opened in 2009 |
23576467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20lanceanum | Trichocentrum lanceanum | Trichocentrum lanceanum is a species of orchid found from Trinidad to southern tropical America.
References
External links
lanceanum
Orchids of Trinidad |
44503428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isehan%20Cosmetics | Isehan Cosmetics | Isehan Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 伊勢半) is a Japanese cosmetics manufacturer founded as a family shop in 1825. The company was one of the first to market a branded cosmetics product in 1935 with a saffron-based beni lip-gloss sold in china pots as "Kiss Me" (Japanese キス・ミー). The brand developed to include western style lipsticks, and a larger cosmetics range still marketed today but with English lettering as Kiss Me. The Minato-ku, Tokyo, main branch of Isehan has a small museum on the company's history.
References
External links
Isehan-Honten Museum of Beni at Google Cultural Institute
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Manufacturing companies established in 1825
Cosmetics companies of Japan
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1825 |
26718004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevchenko%20Transnistria%20State%20University | Shevchenko Transnistria State University | Two universities claim the succession of the Taras Shevchenko State University of Tiraspol: Pridnestrovian State University () located in Tiraspol, Transnistria, and Tiraspol State University () located in Chișinău, Moldova.
History
The original university in Tiraspol was founded in 1930 as the State Pedagogical Institute in the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR), then being a constituent part of the Ukrainian SSR located in Transnistria region. The institution was renamed in 1939 to honor the Ukrainian poet and painter Taras Shevchenko, on his 125th birthday.
In 1940, after the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, part of the territory of the MASSR, including the city of Tiraspol, was allocated to the new Moldavian SSR formed by the Soviets.
In July 1992, as a result of the Transnistria War, the university was officially moved to Chișinău, where it continues to function under the name of Tiraspol State University (UST), while in Tiraspol it was reorganized as the Pridnestrovian State University (PSU). Thus the university was split in two, both claiming to be the original institution founded in 1930.
PSU
In Tiraspol, the university consists of 12 buildings. It offers internationally accredited courses in partnerships with universities in Russia. Students can study both internally and in absentia. Not only citizens of Transnistria can study there but also people from abroad. Education can be both free and paid. The university employs over 1,000 teaching staff including 36 Doctors and 220 Masters of Science. Among its publications, the Atlas of Pridnestrovie is often used as a source for data, specialized maps and statistics on Transnistria.
The university has 8 faculties and 84 chairs, offering 54 different majors. Classes are taught mainly in Russian, with only a few programs in Romanian (called "Moldavian in Cyrillic script") and Ukrainian.
Agrarian and Technological Faculty
Faculty of Natural Geography
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology
Faculty of Physical Education and Sports
Faculty of Physics and Mathematics
Faculty of Philology
Faculty of Economics
There are also four institutes and branches.
Institute of Public Administration, Law and Social Sciences and Humanities
Engineering and Technical Institute
Bender Polytechnic Branch
Rîbnița branch
UST
In Chișinău, the university has 5 faculties and 7 departments, offering studies in 42 specialties, 17 specializations, and 5 scientific specialties.
Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technologies
Faculty of Biology and Chemistry
Faculty of Philology
Faculty of Geography
Faculty of Pedagogy
References
Shevchenko Transnistria State University
Educational institutions established in 1930
Tiraspol
Education in Chișinău
1930 establishments in the Soviet Union |
23576478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga%20Weser-Ems | Landesliga Weser-Ems | The Landesliga Weser-Ems, called the Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems from 1979 to 1994 and 2006 to 2010, is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the second highest league in the German state of Lower Saxony (German:Niedersachsen). It covers the region of the now defunct Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems.
It is one of four leagues at this level in Lower Saxony, the other three being the Landesliga Lüneburg, the Landesliga Hannover and the Landesliga Braunschweig.
The term Landesliga can be translated as State league.
Overview
The league's history goes back to 1979, when four new Bezirksoberligas (Braunschweig, Hannover, Lüneburg and Weser-Ems) were formed in the state of Lower Saxony. The Bezirksoberligas (6th tier) were set below the Verbandsliga Niedersachsen (4th tier) and the two Landesligas (5th tier) in the German football league system. In 1994, the two old Landesligas were dissolved, while the four Bezirksoberligas were renamed into Landesliga Braunschweig, Landesliga Hannover, Landesliga Lüneburg, and Landesliga Weser-Ems respectively. Due to the introduction of the new Regionalliga (IV) the new Landesligas still remained at the 6th tier of German football, however.
In 2006, the Landesliga was renamed into Bezirksoberliga again. The new Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems was made up of sixteen clubs, three from the tier-five Verbandsliga Niedersachsen-West, nine from the Landesliga and two each from the two Bezirksligas. The league was formed in a reorganisation of the league system in Lower Saxony, whereby the four regional Landsligas were replaced by the Bezirksoberligas. Below these, the number of Bezirksligas was increased. In Weser-Ems, the two Bezirksligas were expanded to five, while the other three regions operate with four Bezirksligas at this level.
The Bezirksoberliga, like the Landesliga before, was set in the league system below the Verbandsliga and above the now five Bezirksligas, which were numbered from one to five. The winner of the Bezirksoberliga was directly promoted to the Verbandsliga, while the bottom placed teams, in a varying number, were relegated to the Bezirksliga. The Bezirksoberligas of Weser-Ems and Hanover form the tier below the Verbandsliga West, while those of Lüneburg and Braunschweig form the tier below the eastern division of the Verbandsliga.
In the leagues first season, 2006–07, the runners-up of the league, SV Holthausen-Biene, had to play-off with the runners-up of the Bezirksoberliga Hannover, TSV Stelingen, a game they lost 1-0 and thereby failed to gain promotion. In the following two seasons, only the league champions were eligible for promotion.
At the end of the 2007-08 season, with the introduction of the 3. Liga, the Verbandsliga was renamed Oberliga Niedersachsen-West. For the Bezirksoberliga, this had no direct consequences, but the league was increased to eighteen clubs.
After the 2009-10 season, the two Oberligas () in Lower Saxony were merged to one single division. The four Bezirksoberliga champions that season were not be automatically promoted, instead they had to compete with the four teams placed ninth and tenth in the Oberliga for four more spots in this league.
On 17 May 2010, the Lower Saxony football association decided to rename the four Bezirksoberligas to Landesligas from 1 July 2010. This change in name came alongside the merger of the two Oberliga divisions above it into the Oberliga Niedersachsen.
Champions
Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems 1979–1994
Landesliga Weser-Ems 1994–2006
Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems 2006–2010
Landesliga Weser-Ems 2010–present
Promoted teams in bold.
References
Sources
Deutschlands Fußball in Zahlen, An annual publication with tables and results from the Bundesliga to Verbandsliga/Landesliga. DSFS.
Kicker Almanach, The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937. Kicker Sports Magazine.
Die Deutsche Liga-Chronik 1945-2005 History of German football from 1945 to 2005 in tables. DSFS. 2006.
External links
Das deutsche Fussball Archiv Historic German league tables
The Oberliga Niedersachsen at Fussball.de
The Lower Saxony Football Association (NFV)
Wes
Football competitions in Lower Saxony
1979 establishments in West Germany
Sports leagues established in 1979
de:Landesliga Niedersachsen
nl:Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems |
6904406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC%20restriction | MHC restriction | MHC-restricted antigen recognition, or MHC restriction, refers to the fact that a T cell can interact with a self-major histocompatibility complex molecule and a foreign peptide bound to it, but will only respond to the antigen when it is bound to a particular MHC molecule.
When foreign proteins enter a cell, they are broken into smaller pieces called peptides. These peptides, also known as antigens, can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria. Foreign peptides are brought to the surface of the cell and presented to T cells by proteins called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During T cell development, T cells go through a selection process in the thymus to ensure that the T cell receptor (TCR) will not recognize MHC molecule presenting self-antigens, i.e that its affinity is not too high. High affinity means it will be autoreactive, but no affinity means it will not bind strongly enough to the MHC. The selection process results in developed T cells with specific TCRs that might only respond to certain MHC molecules but not others. The fact that the TCR will recognize only some MHC molecules but not others contributes to "MHC restriction". The biological reason of MHC restriction is to prevent supernumerary wandering lymphocytes generation, hence energy saving and economy of cell-building materials.
T-cells are a type of lymphocyte that is significant in the immune system to activate other immune cells. T-cells will recognize foreign peptides through T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of the T cells, and then perform different roles depending on the type of T cell they are in order to defend the host from the foreign peptide, which may have come from pathogens like bacteria, viruses or parasites. Enforcing the restriction that T cells are activated by peptide antigens only when the antigens are bound to self-MHC molecules, MHC restriction adds another dimension to the specificity of T cell receptors so that an antigen is recognized only as peptide-MHC complexes.
MHC restriction in T cells occurs during their development in the thymus, specifically positive selection. Only the thymocytes (developing T cells in the thymus) that are capable of binding, with an appropriate affinity, with the MHC molecules can receive a survival signal and go on to the next level of selection. MHC restriction is significant for T cells to function properly when it leaves the thymus because it allows T cell receptors to bind to MHC and detect cells that are infected by intracellular pathogens, viral proteins and bearing genetic defects. Two models explaining how restriction arose are the germline model and the selection model.
The germline model suggests that MHC restriction is a result of evolutionary pressure favoring T cell receptors that are capable of binding to MHC. The selection model suggests that not all T cell receptors show MHC restriction, however only the T cell receptors with MHC restriction are expressed after thymus selection. In fact, both hypotheses are reflected in the determination of TCR restriction, such that both germline-encoded interactions between TCR and MHC and co-receptor interactions with CD4 or CD8 to signal T cell maturation occur during selection.
Introduction
The TCRs of T cells recognize linear peptide antigens only if coupled with a MHC molecule. In other words, the ligands of TCRs are specific peptide-MHC complexes. MHC restriction is particularly important for self-tolerance, which makes sure that the immune system does not target self-antigens. When primary lymphocytes are developing and differentiating in the thymus or bone marrow, T cells die by apoptosis if they express high affinity for self-antigens presented by an MHC molecule or express too low an affinity for self MHC.
T cell maturation involves two distinct developmental stages: positive selection and negative selection. Positive selection ensures that any T-cells with a high enough affinity for MHC bound peptide survive and goes on to negative selection, while negative selection induces death in T-cells which bind self-peptide-MHC complex too strongly. Ultimately, the T-cells differentiate and mature to become either T helper cells or T cytotoxic cells. At this point the T cells leave the primary lymphoid organ and enter the blood stream.
The interaction between TCRs and peptide-MHC complex is significant in maintaining the immune system against foreign antigens. MHC restriction allows TCRs to detect host cells that are infected by pathogens, contains non-self proteins or bears foreign DNA. However, MHC restriction is also responsible for chronic autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity.
Structural specificity
The peptide-MHC complex presents a surface that looks like an altered self to the TCR. The surface consisting of two α helices from the MHC and a bound peptide sequence is projected away from the host cell to the T cells, whose TCRs are projected away from the T cells towards the host cells. In contrast with T cell receptors which recognize linear peptide epitopes, B cell receptors recognize a variety of conformational epitopes (including peptide, carbohydrate, lipid and DNA) with specific three-dimensional structures.
Imposition
The imposition of MHC restriction on the highly variable TCR has caused heated debate. Two models have been proposed to explain the imposition of MHC restriction. The Germline model proposes that MHC restriction is hard-wired in the TCR Germline sequence due to co-evolution of TCR and MHC to interact with each other. The Selection model suggests that MHC restriction is not a hard-wired property in the Germline sequences of TCRs, but imposed on them by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection. The relative importance of the two models are not yet determined.
Germline model
The Germline hypothesis suggests that the ability to bind to MHC is intrinsic and encoded within the germline DNA that are coding for TCRs. This is because of evolutionary pressure selects for TCRs that are capable of binding to MHC and selects against those that are not capable of binding to MHC. Since the emergence of TCR and MHC ~500 million years ago, there is ample opportunity for TCR and MHC to coevolve to recognize each other. Therefore, it is proposed that evolutionary pressure would lead to conserved amino acid sequences at regions of contact with MHCs on TCRs.
Evidence from X-ray crystallography has shown comparable binding topologies between various TCR and MHC-peptide complexes. In addition, conserved interactions between TCR and specific MHCs support the hypothesis that MHC restriction is related to the co-evolution of TCR and MHC to some extent.
Selection model
The selection hypothesis argues that instead of being an intrinsic property, MHC restriction is imposed on the T cells during positive thymic selection after random TCRs are produced. According to this model, T cells are capable of recognizing a variety of peptide epitopes independent of MHC molecules before undergoing thymic selection. During thymic selection, only the T cells with affinity to MHC are signaled to survive after the CD4 or CD8 co-receptors also bind to the MHC molecule. This is called positive selection.
During positive selection, co-receptors CD4 and CD8 initiate a signaling cascade following MHC binding. This involves the recruitment of Lck, a tyrosine kinase essential for T cell maturation that is associated with the cytoplasmic tail of the CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Selection model argues that Lck is directed to TCRs by co-receptors CD4 and CD8 when they recognize MHC molecules. Since TCRs interact better with Lck when they are binding to the MHC molecules that are binding to the co-receptors in a ternary complex, T cells that can interact with MHCs bound to by the co-receptors can activate the Lck kinase and receive a survival signal.
Supporting this argument, genetically modified T cells without CD4 and CD8 co-receptors express MHC-independent TCRs. It follows that MHC restriction is imposed by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection of T cell selection.
Reconciliation
A reconciliation of the two models was offered later on suggesting that both co-receptor and germline predisposition to MHC binding play significant roles in imposing MHC restriction. Since only those T cells that are capable of binding to MHCs are selected for during positive selection in the thymus, to some extent evolutionary pressure selects for germline TCR sequences that bind MHC molecules. On the other hand, as suggested by the selection model, T cell maturation requires the TCRs to bind to the same MHC molecules as the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor during T cell selection, thus imposing MHC restriction.
References
External links
Immune system |
26718026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy%20station | Cassidy station | The Cassidy station is located in Cassidy, British Columbia. The station was a flag stop on Via Rail's Dayliner which ended in 2011. The station is on the Southern Railway of Vancouver Island mainline.
The Cassidy railway station was established on March 31, 1924 being named after Thomas Cassidy, a local farmer who homesteaded in the area and delivered milk and supplies to the railway.
Footnotes
External links
Via Rail Station Description
Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1924
Disused railway stations in Canada |
6904411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlky | Vlky | Vlky () is a village and municipality in Senec District in the Bratislava Region, in western Slovakia.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 3.622 km2. It has a population of 428 people (2011).
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1283.
After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Vlky once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.
Demography
Population by nationality (2001):
Hungarian: 77,44%, Slovak: 21,05%
References
External links/Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20051125052434/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
6904415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla%20Bodendorf | Carla Bodendorf | Carla Bodendorf (née Rietig on 13 August 1953 in Eilsleben, Bezirk Magdeburg) is a retired East German sprint runner who won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics; individually she finished fourth in the 200 meters. She won two bronze medals in these events at the 1978 European Athletics Championships.
She was part of two East German 4×100 relay teams that held the world record for three years from 1976 to 1979.
After retiring from competitions, Bodendorf worked as a sports teacher, and then became a politician and project manager at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Saxony-Anhalt. She is married to Jürgen Bodendorf, a long and triple jumper and a football coach.
References
1953 births
Living people
People from Börde (district)
People from Bezirk Magdeburg
East German female sprinters
Sportspeople from Saxony-Anhalt
Olympic athletes of East Germany
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
Olympic female sprinters |
23576497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz | Roger Reitz | Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013.
Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine.
He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.
Elections
2012
In the 2012 Republican primary, Reitz was defeated in a three-way race in the Republican primary on August 7, 2012. Bob Reader, whose primary campaign was largely funded by Americans for Prosperity-Kansas, gained the party's nomination, winning 3,318 votes, to Reitz's 2,251 votes and Joe Knopp's 2,134 votes.
Reader was subsequently defeated in the November 2012 general election by former Kansas State Representative Tom Hawk, who was endorsed by Reitz. Hawk was unopposed in the Democratic primary, winning 1,559 votes.
2008
On November 4, 2008 Reitz was re-elected to the 22nd District, defeating Democrat Rusty Wilson by 24 votes.
2004
Bob Reader challenged Reitz in the Republican primary, but was defeated.
Committee assignments
Reitz served on these legislative committees:
Local Government (chair)
Federal and State Affairs (vice-chair)
Joint Committee on Children's Issues
Commerce
Joint Committee on Energy and Environmental Policy
Ethics and Elections
Joint Committee on Health Policy Oversight
Utilities
Major donors
Some of the top contributors to Reitz's 2008 campaign, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics:
Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Senator Reitz (self-finance), Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, Kansas Contractors Association, AT&T
Political parties were his largest donor group.
References
External links
Kansas Senate
Project Vote Smart profile
Follow the Money campaign contributions
2002, 2004, 2006, 2008
Reitz's website
Republican Party Kansas state senators
Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas
Living people
1932 births
Republican Party members of the Kansas House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
Kansas State University alumni
University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni |
17335858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20Queens%20Park%20Rangers%20F.C.%20season | 2008–09 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season | During the 2008–09 season, Queens Park Rangers played in the Football League Championship, their fifth consecutive season at this level.
Pre-season
New managerial team
Ian Dowie was announced as the replacement for Luigi De Canio as manager on 14 May 2008. Tim Flowers was later named Dowie's assistant, reprising his former role with Dowie at Coventry City. Paulo Sousa was named as manager after Ian Dowie was fired. When Sousa was fired, Gareth Ainsworth became caretaker manager.
Sponsorship
Following the termination of the club's sponsorship deals with Car Giant, Le Coq Sportif and Sellotape at the end of the previous season, in July it was announced that Gulf Air would be the new shirt sponsors. Further sponsorship packages were also announced, including Abbey Financial Services, Chronotech and Lotto Sport Italia.
Matches
All but one of QPR's pre-season fixtures were held away from Loftus Road while the ground underwent upgrading work ahead of the new season. Despite the optimism surrounding the club on the back of the investment and player transfers, Rangers suffered defeats in 3 out of 5 of their warm-up fixtures. The club started positively, winning 3–1 against Conference National side Stevenage Borough followed by a 1–0 win over Football League One side Northampton Town. However a pre-season tour to Scotland saw Rangers lose 2–0 and 1–0 (respectively) to Scottish Premier League sides Falkirk and Kilmarnock. The pre-season fixtures culminated in a 2–1 defeat at the hands of Serie A side Chievo in front of just 3,540 at Loftus Road.
Events
Queens Park Rangers started the season against Barnsley at Loftus Road. Fitz Hall scored twice in as many minutes after Iain Hume put the Yorkshire side 1–0 up in the fifth minute. Hall also missed a penalty in the second half, but Rangers held on to win the game 2–1. A win at Swindon Town in the League Cup followed before the first defeat of the season, to Sheffield United, 3–0 at Bramall Lane. Comprehensive home wins against Doncaster Rovers, Carlisle United (in the League Cup) and Southampton followed, before a win away against Norwich City saw Rangers put together a five-game unbeaten streak.
A defeat at Coventry City was followed by a 1–0 win at Aston Villa in the third round of the League Cup with Damion Stewart getting the decisive goal. The result meant that QPR entered the fourth round of the competition for the first time since the 1995–96 season, where they were drawn away to reigning Premier League champions Manchester United. The euphoria of the Villa result was short-lived and Rangers returned to losing ways at home to Derby County just three days later. By early October, QPR had slipped to 11th in the Championship, following defeat to league leaders Birmingham City at St Andrew's. Former manager Terry Venables was speculatively linked with a return to Loftus Road to replace Iain Dowie if no improvement was seen in the club's form. Meanwhile, Dexter Blackstock stood out as an early contender for the club's top scorer for the season with 5 goals in 13 matches in all competitions.
On 23 October, reports in the British press announced that the club would cap the maximum ticket price at the Category "C" (£35) level as a response to the worsening financial crisis of 2007–2008. This led commentators to speculate that the club was damaged by negative press surrounding earlier proposed ticket price increases. The following day, Iain Dowie was sacked after just fifteen games in charge of the club. While the press continued to speculate on Dowie's replacement, touting Roberto Mancini and Kenny Jackett among several others as potential candidates, existing player/coach Gareth Ainsworth was appointed caretaker manager in the interim. In his first game in charge Rangers ended Reading's 100% record at the Madejski Stadium, grinding out a 0–0 draw.
Just over three weeks after their defeat at St Andrew's, Rangers played Birmingham again in a mid-week fixture at Loftus Road. In Ainsworth's second match in charge, a ten-man Rangers side won 1–0 courtesy of a 25-yard goal from Samuel Di Carmine. At the start of November, Rangers lost 2–0 to Ipswich Town beating Cardiff 1–0 at Loftus Road one week later. The mid-week League Cup tie at Old Trafford saw QPR defeated 1–0 missing out on the last eight of the competition courtesy of a Carlos Tevez penalty. The woes continued four days later with only the club's second home defeat of the season, this time at the hands of Burnley. By mid-November, the side's average of less than one goal-per-match led to them being ranked 21st in terms of the attacking statistics of the 24 Championship clubs, despite sitting tenth in the league table.
On 19 November, Paulo Sousa, a former Portugal midfielder and previously assistant coach of the Portugal national team, was announced as the first team coach, ending Ainsworth's six-match run as caretaker. The following day, Tim Flowers stepped down as assistant coach and news sources (including the club's official website) reported Rangers had signed Bolton striker Heiðar Helguson on an emergency loan deal. Signed to a -year contract, Sousa became the sixth first team coach of the club in 13 months. Just three days into his appointment, Sousa's first match in charge saw a ten-man QPR comprehensively beaten 3–0 away at Watford, leaving them firmly in mid-table, nine points above the relegation zone and three points from the play-offs. Purported new signing Helguson did not appear for the club at Vicarage Road, with rumours later surfacing the deal had not been completed. A mid-week fixture against struggling Charlton Athletic saw Sousa's first victory (2–1), with Dexter Blackstock (who returned from suspension) scoring twice. Four days later, Rangers travelled across London to Selhurst Park, drawing 0–0 with Crystal Palace, a match which featured Premier League striker Heiðar Helguson, who had completed his loan move from Bolton Wanderers earlier in the week.
QPR played league-leaders Wolverhampton Wanderers in the first match of December. Played in a late kick-off at Loftus Road and in front of the Sky Sports cameras, QPR put on a fine performance, despatching their high-flying opponents with a 1–0 win courtesy of a 20-yard effort from skipper Martin Rowlands in his first full appearance since returning from injury. Despite dominating their next match, away to Sheffield Wednesday, QPR were beaten 1–0. The game marked QPR's 6th defeat from 11 away fixtures, and in which they had only scored twice. One week later, QPR scored their first goal in nine "away" fixtures, managing a 1–1 draw with Plymouth Argyle. Heiðar Helguson put QPR into an early lead before Plymouth equalised late in the second half. On 20 December, Helguson was again on the scoresheet, scoring twice alongside Dexter Blackstock's winner in Rangers' 3–2 victory over Preston North End.
The Christmas period saw QPR draw 2–2, twice surrendering the lead, away from home at Charlton Athletic on Boxing Day. Two days later, QPR played host to Watford, holding them to a 0–0 draw. As the January transfer window opened, QPR signed former England U21 international Wayne Routledge from Aston Villa. The club also made recent loan signings Borrowdale and Helguson's moves permanent. A small crowd of under 9,000 spectators saw Rangers start their FA Cup campaign with a goalless draw with fellow Championship side Burnley, in the third round. Returning to action in the Championship, QPR drew at home to Coventry City on 10 January with Dexter Blackstock again on the scoresheet. The result left QPR in ninth place in the league table for the sixth consecutive match, five points outside of the promotion play-off places and 13 points above the relegation zone. In the same week, Rangers also secured a permanent return to the club for Lee Cook and released veteran Italian midfielder Damiano Tommasi. Travelling to Turf Moor for the FA Cup third round replay, QPR lost 2–1 after Burnley scored from a defensive error in the last minute of extra time. Samuel Di Carmine put Rangers ahead in the 54th minute with Burnley equalising just six minutes later before their last-gasp winner. Martin Rowlands also hit the woodwork and Helguson had a goal disallowed in an eventful match played in front of just 3,760 spectators.
On 17 January, QPR achieved their first away victory in all competitions since September. They defeated Derby County 2–0 at Pride Park Stadium, with new signing Wayne Routledge opening the scoring. Ten days later, Rangers travelled to Bloomfield Road and defeated Blackpool 3–0, with Heiðar Helguson scoring twice. During the same month, QPR terminated former captain Adam Bolder's contract and loaned Zesh Rehman out to Bradford City. On 31 January, QPR extended their unbeaten run to eight matches with a scoreless draw at home to second-placed Reading. The result left Rangers in seventh place with 15 matches remaining, two points outside of the playoff positions and 16 points above the relegation zone.
The next scheduled match, a home fixture against Swansea City, was postponed due to heavy snowfalls in central London. However, QPR continued their unbeaten run into February beginning with a 2–2 draw away to Nottingham Forest. In an entertaining match, Matteo Alberti scored his first goals for the club within the space of three minutes after half-time. On 17 February, the club announced the signing of Spanish midfielder Jordi López on a three-month contract. QPR's unbeaten run was finally ended in their next match, at home, courtesy of Ipswich Town. Despite QPR taking an early lead through a Samuel Di Carmine goal, Ipswich came back to win 3–1. The match was played in front of the Sky Sports cameras and with England national team manager Fabio Capello in attendance. Four days later, Rangers travelled to Cardiff City and earned a 0–0 draw. In a busy fixture period against both play-off rivals and relegation candidates, QPR next faced up to Barnsley at Oakwell. The South Yorkshire club added to Rangers' recent slump in form, running out 2–1 winners.
Rangers' woes continued into March. A second consecutive home defeat to Norwich City (0–1) was followed by a 0–0 draw at home to Sheffield United. On 10 March, QPR suffered their | league defeat of the season, 2–0 away to Doncaster Rovers. The run of poor form left Rangers | in the Championship league table, eight points adrift of the play-off places and ten points above the relegation zone with nine matches left to play.
QPR's defensive streak improved with a draw to now-relegated Southampton, which was further built on in a 1–0 win over Swansea City, courtesy of Mikele Leigertwood's head. The Hoop's form continued with a 2–1 win over Bristol City. QPR initially went one up with a bending free kick from Jordi López, until a powerful strike from Michael McIndoe put the visitors level. Four minutes later, Adel Taarabt scored the winner from close range.
QPR salvaged a goalless draw against local rivals Crystal Palace, though they could have been 2–0 down with close shots from Craig Beattie and Paul Ifill. Equally, Heidar Helguson scuppered a near open goal. However, the experience of Radek Cerny held QPR on in the final stages.
Players
First-team squad
Updated 17 February 2009.
Out on loan
Transfers
In
Out
Results
Football League Championship
FA Cup
League Cup
Competitions
League Championship results summary
League Championship results by matchday
League table
Statistics
Goalscorers
Clean sheets
References
Notes
2008–09
Queens Park Rangers |
20472957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20Houston%20Oilers%20season | 1977 Houston Oilers season | The 1977 Houston Oilers season was the 18th season overall and eighth with the National Football League (NFL). The Oilers won three of their first four games, which was capped by a 27-10 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Astrodome. However, injuries would hamper the Oilers chances as they lost five of their next six games. The team improved upon their previous season's output of 5–9, winning eight games, but failed to qualify for the playoffs for the eighth consecutive season.
Offseason
NFL draft
Roster
Schedule
Standings
References
External links
1977 Houston Oilers at Pro-Football-Reference.com
Houston Oilers seasons
Houston Oilers
Houston |
20472972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Lippman | Amy Lippman | Amy Lippman is an American television writer and producer.
Biography
In 1985, Lippman graduated from Harvard University.
She is perhaps best known as the co-creator of Party of Five with her writing partner, Christopher Keyser. She is politically conscious as a donor to Democratic candidates and causes. She also worked on the television series Sisters, In Treatment and the Party of Five spin-off Time of Your Life.
She is married to American actor, writer, director and producer Rodman Flender. Her son is Haskell Flender. Her nephew is Academy Award-nominated actor Timothée Chalamet.
Awards
1995 Humanitas Prize for Party of Five with Christopher Keyser.
References
External links
American television producers
American women television producers
American television writers
Living people
American women television writers
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harvard University alumni
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American women writers |
17335862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%20Hesse | Kai Hesse | Kai Hesse (born 20 June 1985) is a German retired footballer who played as a striker.
Career
Hesse was a member of the TSG 1899 Hoffenheim team that won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga.
References
External links
Profile at Soccerway
1985 births
Living people
People from Soest (district)
Sportspeople from Arnsberg (region)
German footballers
Association football forwards
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
FC Schalke 04 players
FC Schalke 04 II players
VfB Lübeck players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim II players
1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Kickers Offenbach players
FC 08 Homburg players
Regionalliga players
Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia
SC Hessen Dreieich players
Hessenliga players |
44503442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman%20Color%20Positive | Eastman Color Positive | Eastman Color Positive (ECP) is a photographic processing system created by Kodak in the 1950s for the development of monopack color positive print for direct projection motion picture film stock. It is part of the Eastmancolor family of products sold by Kodak.
ECP is not used for positive intermediate films because these are "pre-print" elements (e.g. archival or "protection" elements) and are never used for direct projection. One essential difference is the presence of an orange "mask" (i.e., effectively an orange base) on all films processed by ECN, and no "mask" (i.e., effectively a clear base) on all films processed by ECP.
The original process, known as ECP-1, was used from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, and involved development at approximately 25°C for around 7–9 minutes. Later research enabled faster development and environmentally friendlier film and process (and thus quicker photo lab turnaround time).
This process allowed a higher development temperature of 41.1°C for around three minutes. This new environmentally friendly development process is known as ECP-2. It is the standard development process for all modern motion picture color print developing, including Fuji and other non-Kodak film manufacturers. All film stocks are specifically created for a particular development process, thus ECP-1 film could not be put into an ECP-2 development bath since the designs are incompatible.
Originally, all Eastman Color films, ECN and ECP alike, were on triacetate base (no Eastman Color films were ever made on nitrate base), but recent practice has been for ECN elements to be on triacetate base, so these may be easily spliceable (using lap-type cemented splices, also called "negative assembly" splices), and for ECP elements to be on polyester base, so these are not spliceable (except by using butt-type splices with polyester splicing tapes).
References
Hanson, Wesley T. Jr. "Color Negative and Color Positive Film for Motion Picture Use." Journal of the SMPTE, March 1952, Volume 58, pages 223–238.
Kodak
Photographic film processes |
44503476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream%20Believer%20and%20Other%20Hits | Daydream Believer and Other Hits | Daydream Believer and Other Hits is a budget-price Monkees compilation released in 1998. It contained 10 of The Monkees' greatest hits, plus lesser-known classics. The album did not include any material from the 1980s or 1990s reunions, focusing strictly on the band's 1960s output.
The contents of this release include both sides to the "Pleasant Valley Sunday", "Valleri" and "D.W. Washburn" 45 singles, as well as the A-sides of the "Daydream Believer", "Good Clean Fun" and "Oh, My, My" 7" single releases. "You Can't Tie a Mustang Down" is a bubblegum rocker that makes its debut here. The track was recorded during the "A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You" sessions in January 1967, their last with music supervisor Don Kirshner.
By the time these later singles were issued, most of the album mixes were also used on the 45 singles. There are a few differences, however. The most obvious are on "Pleasant Valley Sunday", "Tapioca Tundra" and the title track, "Daydream Believer". In these cases, subtle yet significant alterations can be heard - evident mainly on the vocals, as they were usually cut long after the instrumental backing tracks. While its companion I'm a Believer & Other Hits remained in print for several years, Daydream Believer and Other Hits was deleted from Flashback's catalog not long after it was released.
Track listing
"Daydream Believer" (John Stewart) – 3:02
"D.W. Washburn" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) - 2:48
"Tapioca Tundra" (Michael Nesmith) - 3:07
"Words" (Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart) - 2:51
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) - 3:18
"Valleri" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:21
"It's Nice to Be with You" (Jerry Goldstein) - 2:55
"Good Clean Fun" (Nesmith) - 2:18
"Oh, My, My" (Jeff Barry, Andy Kim) - 3:02
"You Can't Tie a Mustang Down" (Barry, Leiber, Stoller) - 2:53
References
1998 greatest hits albums
The Monkees compilation albums
Rhino Records compilation albums |
26718061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becharaji | Becharaji | Becharaji or Bahucharaji is a Hindu temple town and taluka capital in Mehsana district of Gujarat state, India. The temple of Hindu goddess Bahuchara Mata in the town is major pilgrimage centre.
History
The name of the town is derived from Bahuchar Mata or Bahucharaji, a Hindu goddess. The region around the town is known as Chunwal. The Bechar village is located 1 km south of the temple while Sankhalpur village is located 2 km north of the temple. The modern town developed around the temple between these two villages.
The ruler Sayajirao Gaekwad had extended the Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway (GBSR) to the town for its development.
Demographics
According to 2011 Census of India, Becharaji has a population of 12,574 including 6,540 males and 6,034 females.
Politics
The town is part of the Bechraji Assembly constituency.
Landmarks
Bahuchar Mata Temple
The nearby villages were taken over by the Baroda State and the annual allowance of Rs. 10,500 was paid. The temple is now managed by the state government.
The Kamalias, the Solanki Rajputs of Kalri and the Pavaiyas (eunuchs) claim themselves the hereditary worshipers of the deity. A major fair is held on the full moon day of Chaitra month of Hindu calendar.
Amenities and economy
There are large number of guesthouses, dharamshalas and other facilities for the devotees in the town. There is a post office and government hospital in the town. The Mandal Becharaji Special Investment Region has number of major automobile companies like Maruti Suzuki Gujarat plant which produces 10 lakh (one million) cars every year.
Transport
Bahucharaji is well connected by railways and state transport (ST) buses. There are many private vehicle operators as well. It is connected with Mehsana, Chanasma and Viramgam by state highways. It is located on Ahmedabad-Rantej-Patan metre gauge rail route. State highway no. 7 connects NH-14 from Deesa, Patan, and Chanasma to Becharaji, from where it further goes to Viramgam, Dhrangadhra, Halvad and Maliya. From Maliya, one can connect to NH-8A and reach Kutch. Whereas state highway no. 19 connects Mehsana, Kalri to Becharaji, from where it further goes to Dasada, Zainabad, Patdi, and Surendranagar. Another state highway, SH134, connects Mehsana, Modhera and Kalri to Becharaji.
See also
Patan, Gujarat
Sun Temple, Modhera
References
External links
Official Website of Gujarat Tourism
Hindu temples in Gujarat
Shakti temples
Cities and towns in Mehsana district
Devi temples in India |
26718086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20on%20TV | Nothing on TV | Nothing on TV is the debut album by Australian band Cassette Kids.
Track listing
"Insomnia" - 4:04
"Spin" - 3:36
"Lying Around" - 3:25
"Coming Back" - 3:44
"Big Jerk" - 4:22
"Freaky Sweetie" - 3:34
"Game Player" - 3:34
"You Shot Me" - 3:43
"Nothing on TV" - 3:29
"Wherever You Are" - 3:57
"Hey Baby" - 3:34
"Fatal Attraction" - 3:41
"Outro" - 1:40
"By the Roadside" - 3:17
References
2010 debut albums |
20472973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex%20Roscia%20theatralis | Lex Roscia theatralis | The lex Roscia theatralis was a Roman law of 67 BC that reserved 14 rows of good seats in the theater for members of the equestrian order. It was sponsored by the tribune Roscius Otho. The equites or "knights" who had this privilege were presumably not all those who met the property requirements under the census for admission to the order, but rather those who had the right of the "public horse", a smaller and more elite group.
The Latin poet Horace refers to it satirically in his Epistulae, and wonders whether melior est an puerorum nenia (it is really better than the children's nursery rhyme).
See also
Roman law
List of Roman laws
References
Roman law
67 BC
1st century BC in law
Ancient Roman equites
1st century BC in the Roman Republic |
26718127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYAP-AM | DYAP-AM | DYAP (765 AM) Radyo Patrol was a radio station owned and operated by ABS-CBN Corporation. The station's studio and transmitter were located at the ABS-CBN Broadcast Center, Mabini St. cor. Valencia St., Brgy. Masipag, Puerto Princesa.
Established in 1965 as DYPR, it is the pioneer station in Palawan. It was formerly owned by Palawan Broadcasting Corporation until 2011, when it was acquired by ABS-CBN and rebranded as Radyo Patrol. Since then, the former staff of DYPR established DZIP.
On May 5, 2020, the station suspended its broadcasting activities, following the cease-and-desist order issued by the National Telecommunications Commission due to the expiration of ABS-CBN's legislative license to operate. On May 8, 2020, most of its programming resumed via online feed.
References
Radio stations in Puerto Princesa
Radio stations established in 1965
News and talk radio stations in the Philippines
Radyo Patrol stations
Radio stations disestablished in 2020
Defunct radio stations in the Philippines |
26718224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith%20station | Ladysmith station | Ladysmith station is a former railway station in Ladysmith, British Columbia. It was a flag stop on Via Rail's Dayliner service, from 1979 to 2011. While the station's condition has deteriorated significantly since service was indefinitely suspended, volunteers continue to perform basic maintenance the station as of September 2019.
Footnotes
External links
Via Rail Station Description
Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Disused railway stations in Canada |
44503482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugazh%20%28film%29 | Pugazh (film) | Pugazh () is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Manimaran and co-produced by Varun Manian. The film stars Jai and Surbhi, while Karunas, RJ Balaji, G. Marimuthu, and Piraisoodan play supporting roles. Vivek-Mervin composed the film's music. The film was released on 18 March 2016 and received mixed reviews from critics.
Cast
Jai as Pugazhendhi (a) Pugazh
Surbhi as Bhuvana
Karunas as Pugazh's brother
RJ Balaji as Balaji
G. Marimuthu as Dass
Piraisoodan as Selvanayagam
Vikram as Venkat
Supergood Subramani as Venkat's father
Kannan as Bhuvana's brother
Vijayamuthu as Muthu
Kamal Hassan
Ravisankar
Valliappan
Rajani
Velraj in a cameo appearance
AC Gaayathri in a cameo appearance
Production
The film was first reported in November 2013, when it was revealed that Manimaran had cast Jai and Priya Anand to star in his second directorial venture. Anirudh Ravichander was suggested as the film's music composer, while a simultaneously shot Telugu version with Siddharth and Hansika Motwani was also considered. Manimaran added that his first choice was initially Dhanush, but his busy schedule prompted him to select Jai, while the film would be titled Podiyan, and that filming would begin in 2014.
Varun Manian announced in July 2014, that he would produce the Tamil film alongside Sushant Prasad and Govindaraj of Film Department Studios, while Velraj was revealed as the cinematographer. Reports suggested that the film may be re-titled as Pugazh, after the title became re-available following a shelved venture by Aascar Films and actor Vijay. The title Pugazh was also wanted by Sarathkumar, who later permitted the film to take it. In August 2014, reports emerged that Trisha had liked the script of the film and was re-allocating her dates to try and fit the film into her schedule. However, following the end of her engagement with producer Varun Manian, she opted out of the project. Manimaran later stated that he was not interested in casting Trisha, as she did not suit the role, but the producer had been adamant. By November 2014, the film was launched as Pugazh with Surabhi revealed to be the film's lead heroine.
Release
At the Chennai Box Office, Pugazh took an average opening, with collections of Rs. from 171 shows in the first weekend. However, the film's collections dropped drastically in the second week, and the total collection at the Chennai Box Office was Rs. from 18 shows, settling for a below average verdict.
Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu wrote, "Pugazh is a collection of good bits of writing, good intentions, but they don't add up to a consistently good film because it wants to be both a rooted ensemble drama and a masala-style solo-hero narrative. We get neither."
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Vivek-Mervin in their second venture and collaboration with Jai after Vadacurry.
References
External links
2016 films
Indian political thriller films
Indian action drama films
Indian action thriller films
2010s Tamil-language films
2016 action drama films
2016 action thriller films
Political action films
2010s political thriller films |
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