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6903384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentyna%20Kozyr | Valentyna Kozyr | Valentyna Kozyr () (born 25 April 1950) is a former Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the high jump.
Kozyr trained at Dynamo in Kiev. She competed for the USSR in the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City in the high jump where she won the bronze medal.
References
Sports Reference
1950 births
Soviet female high jumpers
Ukrainian female high jumpers
Dynamo sports society athletes
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
Living people
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Sportspeople from Chernivtsi |
23574921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripti%20Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar <ref>{{cite news|title=Tripti Nadakar Biography |url=http://biography.lumbinimedia.com/2017/02/tripti-nadakar-biography.html}}</ref>(; born January 2, 1959) is an Indian actress who worked in Nepali cinema. She has performed in more than a dozen Nepali films. Her hit movies were Samjhana, Kusume Rumal, Saino and Lahure''. She and Bhuwan K.C. were dubbed the first golden couple of Nepali film industry. Nadakar was paid Rs. 150,000 to act in ‘Saino’.
Filmography
Awards
2007, Best Supporting Actress, Nepali Film Award 2064, Aama Ko Kakh
See also
saino
Kusume Rumal
laure (film)
References
Living people
1969 births
People from Darjeeling
Indian Gorkhas
Indian film actresses
Nepalese film actresses
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
20th-century Nepalese actresses
21st-century Nepalese actresses |
23574924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%2C%20Ohio | California, Ohio | California, Ohio may refer to:
California, Cincinnati, a neighborhood within Cincinnati, Ohio
Big Plain, Ohio, originally named California |
23574927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20List%20and%20Secret%20Service%20Money%20Act%201782 | Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 | The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 82) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The power over the expenditure in the King's household was transferred to the Treasury, and branches of which were regulated. No pension over £300 was to be granted if the total pension list amounted to over £90,000. Thereafter, no pension was to be above £1,300 unless it was granted to members of the royal family or granted by Parliament. Secret service money employed domestically was similarly limited. A section of the act also abolished the existing Council of Trade and Foreign Plantations which, with the loss of the American War of Independence, had been dismissed earlier by King George III on 2 May 1782.
Notes
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
6903386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordanka%20Blagoeva | Yordanka Blagoeva | Yordanka Blagoeva (; born 19 January 1947) is a former Bulgarian high jumper. She competed at the 1968, 1972, 1976 and 1980 Olympics and finished in 17th, 2nd (silver medal), 3rd (bronze medal) and 16th place, respectively. She won the high jump at the 1965 Summer Universiade and 1973 European Athletics Indoor Championships. On 24 September 1972 she became the first Bulgarian athlete to break a world record. Next year she also set a new indoor high jump record, and was ranked as the best high jumper in Europe.
In 1972 Blagova graduated from a Sports Academy. She later served as president of Bulgarian aerobics federation.
She is considered to be one of Bulgaria's top athletes. In 2017, when she was aged 70, the documentary film Beyond the Jump was made to cover her life and career.
References
1947 births
Bulgarian female high jumpers
People from Montana, Bulgaria
Olympic bronze medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic silver medalists for Bulgaria
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Bulgaria
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Living people
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from Montana Province
Universiade gold medalists for Bulgaria
Medalists at the 1965 Summer Universiade |
23574939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mist%20in%20the%20Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror: A Ghost Story is a novel by Susan Hill. The novel is about a traveller called Sir James Monmouth and his pursuit of an explorer called Conrad Vane.
Summary
Sir James Monmouth has spent most of his life travelling. After the death of his parents, he was raised by his guardian. Later, he arrives in England with the intention of discovering more about himself and his obsession with explorer Conrad Vane. Warned against following his trail, Sir James experiences some extraordinary happenings – who is the mysterious, sad little boy, and the old woman behind the curtain? And why is it that only he hears the chilling scream and the desperate sobbing?
Reception
A 2014 book review by Kirkus Reviews called the novel "a glacially paced adventure" and concluded; "The eponymous mist seems to cloud the writing, and the meandering tale ends quickly with a conclusion that still seems obscure."
References
Novels by Susan Hill
Ghost novels
1992 British novels
Sinclair-Stevenson books |
44501225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20of%20the%20People%20%28film%29 | Man of the People (film) | Man of the People is a 1937 American drama film directed by Edwin L. Marin and written by Frank Dolan. The film stars Joseph Calleia, Florence Rice, Thomas Mitchell, Ted Healy and Catherine Doucet. The film was released on January 29, 1937, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Plot
All that attorney Jack Moreno wants to do is help his friends and the people from his neighbourhood, but in order to make a living he has to do business with the mob.
Cast
Joseph Calleia as Jack Moreno
Florence Rice as Abbey
Thomas Mitchell as Grady
Ted Healy as Joe 'The Glut'
Catherine Doucet as Mrs. Reid
Paul Stanton as Stringer
Jonathan Hale as Carter Spetner
Robert Emmett Keane as Murphy
Jane Barnes as Marie Rossetti
William Ricciardi as 'Pop' Rossetti
Noel Madison as 'Dopey' Benny
Soledad Jiménez as Mrs. Rossetti
Edward Nugent as Edward Spetner
Donald Briggs as Baldwin
Gallery
References
External links
1937 films
1930s English-language films
American drama films
1937 drama films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films directed by Edwin L. Marin
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)
1930s American films |
6903411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri%20Township%20Stadium | Warri Township Stadium | Warri Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Warri, Nigeria on Cemetery Road. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the regular home of former Warri Wolves F.C. The stadium hosted the final tournament for the 2006 Women's African Football Championship and has a capacity of 20,000 people, all covered. It was renovated for the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup.
International standard track and field facilities were installed in preparation for the 2013 African Youth Athletics Championships. The Timetronics Electronic Distance Measurement system was the first of its kind to be used in the country.</ref>
References
External links
Pictures (Delta State government site)
Essien, Kanoute, Adebayor to Play in Warri for Okocha
Delta shut down Warri Stadium
Football venues in Nigeria
Delta State
Multi-purpose stadiums in Nigeria
Athletics (track and field) venues in Nigeria
Warri |
23574940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20%28given%20name%29 | Joy (given name) | Joy is a common unisex given name meaning joy, happiness, joyful. A common variant of the name is the female given name Joyce (name).
People with the given name Joy
Joy (singer) (born 1996), South Korean singer and member of Red Velvet (group)
Joy Adamson (1910–1980), wildlife rehabilitator and author
Joy Banerjee (born 1963), Bengali cinema actor
Joy Behar (born 1942), American comedian and actress
Joy Bokiri (born 1998), Nigerian women's footballer
Joy Bryant (born 1974), American actress
Joy Browne (born 1944), American radio psychologist
Joy Burke (born 1990), Taiwanese-American women's basketball player
Joy Carroll Vicar who inspired The Vicar of Dibley
Joy Crookes (born 1998), British singer-songwriter
Joy Davidman (1915–1960), American writer and wife of C. S. Lewis
Joy Destiny Tobing (born 1980), Indonesian gospel singer
Joy Enriquez (born 1978), American singer and actress
Joy Fawcett (born 1968), American soccer player
Joy Fleming (1944–2017), German singer
Defne Joy Foster (1975–2011), Turkish actress, presenter, VJ
Joy Garnett (born 1965) Canadian-American artist
Joy Giovanni (born 1978), American actress, model, wrestler, and WWE Diva
Joy Grieveson (born 1941), British track and field athlete
Joy Paul Guilford (1897-1987), American psychologist
Joy Harjo (born 1951), American poet
Joy Kere diplomat from the Solomon Islands
Joy Kogawa (born 1935), Canadian poet and novelist
Joy Lauren (born 1989), American actress
Joy Lofthouse (1923–2017), British WW2 pilot
Joy Mangano (born 1956), American inventor, and businesswoman
Joy Marshall (1867–1903), New Zealand clergyman, teacher, tennis player, cricketer, and rugby footballer
Joy Morris (born 1970), Canadian mathematician
Joy Morton (1855–1934), American businessman and conservationist
Joy Mukherjee (1939–2012), Indian film actor and director
Joy Ogwu (born 1946), Nigerian diplomat
Joy Oladokun, American singer-songwriter
Joy Padgett (born 1947), American politician
Joy Powell (born 1962),American activist
Joy Quigley (born 1948), New Zealand politician
Joy Reid (born 1968), American cable television host with the full name Joy-Ann M. Lomena-Reid
Joy San Buenaventura (born 1959), Filipino-born American politician
Joy Sarkar, Bengali music director
Joy A. Thomas (1963-2020), American Indian-born informational theorist and scientist
Joy Smith (born 1947), Canadian politician
Joy Williams (singer) (born 1982), American pop singer
Joy Williams (Australian writer) (1942–2006), Australian poet
Joy Williams (American writer) (born 1944), American author
Joy Wolfram (born 1989), Finnish nanoscientist.
Joy Cherian (born 1944), Commissioner at the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Joy Sengupta (born 1968), Indian film and stage actor
Fictional characters
Joy, one of Riley Andersen's emotions and the main protagonist of Disney Pixar's Inside Out.
Nurse Joy, a nurse from the Pokémon TV series.
Joy Wang, the daughter in Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022 film). Played by Stephanie Hsu.
See also
Gioia (disambiguation), the Italian version of the name
Joie, the French version of the name
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Virtue names |
23574953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Massinga | Francisco Massinga | Francisco Massinga (born 6 May 1986), better known as Whiskey, is a Mozambican football defender.
International career
International goals
Scores and results list Mozambique's goal tally first.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Mozambican footballers
Mozambique international footballers
Association football defenders
C.D. Maxaquene players
Clube Ferroviário de Maputo footballers
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players |
6903417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday%20at%20the%20Hug%20%26%20Pint | Monday at the Hug & Pint | Monday at the Hug & Pint is the fifth studio album by Scottish indie rock band Arab Strap. It was released in Europe on 21 April 2003 by Chemikal Underground and in the United States a day later by Matador Records. The album features appearances from Conor Oberst and Mike Mogis of Bright Eyes and Barry Burns of Mogwai, among others.
The title of the album refers to The Hug & Pint Bar and Club, formerly located in Falkirk, Scotland. An independent live music venue, "The Hug and Pint", on the Great Western Road in Glasgow, was later named after the album.
Reception
In December 2009, Monday at the Hug & Pint placed at number 7 on The Skinny's "Scottish Albums of the Decade". Upon receiving the accolade, Malcolm Middleton stated:
The Twilight Sad vocalist James Graham lists the album amongst his favourite releases of the 2000s, noting that it was the first Arab Strap album he had listened to and the first album to make him realise that "it was OK to sing in your own accent", while praising Aidan Moffat as "one of the best lyricists of the past two decades".
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Official Arab Strap discography
Chemikal Underground albums
Arab Strap (band) albums
2003 albums |
23574969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Research%20and%20Human%20Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by the Cambridge University Press. It is the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) and the Human Genetics Society of Australasia. The journal covers research on the biology and epidemiology of twinning as well as biomedical and behavioral twin- and molecular-genetic research. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2018 impact factor of 1.159. The journal was established in 1998 and has been edited by Robert Derom (1998–1999), and Nick Martin (2000–present). The title is a translation of Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, from 1952 until 1978 the official organ of the Permanent Committee for the International Congresses of Human Genetics and Società italiana di genetica medica, the original title of the first journal of the ISTS.
References
External links
Behavioural genetics journals
Bimonthly journals
Cambridge University Press academic journals
Delayed open access journals
English-language journals
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Psychiatry journals
Publications established in 1998
Twin studies |
44501226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels%20Fiil | Niels Fiil | Niels Fiil (12 June 1920 – 29 June 1944) was a member of the Danish resistance executed by the German occupying power.
Biography
Fiil was born in Hvidsten on 12 June 1920 to house proprietor and bicycle dealer Marius Fiil and wife Gudrun Fiil.
In 1930 he lived in Hvidsten Inn with his 72-year-old grandfather as inn keeper, his parents and four sisters and a farm hand, a maid and a manager.
He was confirmed in Spentrup church in 1934 on the first Sunday after Easter, while living in Hvidsten with his family. He received his confirmation with a waiver, since he had not yet turned 14.
During the occupation the family and other locals formed a resistance group, the Hvidsten group.
In addition to being a member of the Hvidsten group, Fiil was also a farmer while helping out at the inn.
The group helped the British Special Operations Executive parachute weapons and supplies into Denmark for distribution to the resistance.
In March 1944 the Gestapo made an "incredible number of arrests" including in the region of Randers Fiil, his father the "nationally known folklore collector and keeper of Hvidsten inn Marius Fiil", his 17-year-old sister Gerda, his sister Kirstine and her husband brewery worker Peter Sørensen.
The following month De frie Danske reported that several arrestees from Hvidsten had been transferred from Randers to Vestre Fængsel.
On 29 June 1944 Fiil, his father Marius, his brother in law and five other members of the Hvidsten group were executed in Ryvangen.
After his death
On 15 July 1944 De frie Danske reported on the execution of Fiil, his father and brother son in law, the life sentence of his older sister and the two-year sentence of his younger sister and lamented the profound loss of Fiil's mother. Six months later the January 1945 issue of the resistance newspaper Frit Danmark (Free Denmark) reported that on 29 June the previous year Fiil and seven other named members of the Hvidsten group had been executed.
On 2 July 1945 the remains and Fiil and his father were found in Ryvangen and transferred to the Department of Forensic Medicine of the university of Copenhagen. The remains of the six other executed members of the group were found in the same area three days later.
The following day an inquest in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the university of Copenhagen showed that Fiil was executed with gunshot wounds to the chest.
On 10 July he was together with the seven other executed group members cremated at Bispebjerg Cemetery.
In 1945 a memorial stone over the eight executed members of the Hvidsten group was raised near Hvidsten kro.
Similarly a larger memorial stone for resistance members including the eight executed members of the Hvidsten group has been laid down in Ryvangen Memorial Park.
Portrayal in the media
In the 2012 Danish drama film Hvidsten Gruppen (This Life) Niels Fiil is portrayed by Thomas Ernst.
References
1920 births
1944 deaths
Danish people executed by Nazi Germany
Danish people of World War II
Danish resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany |
23574984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20pacification%20campaign%20on%20Formosa | Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa | A series of military actions and diplomatic moves were undertaken in 1635 and 1636 by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Dutch-era Taiwan (Formosa) aimed at subduing hostile aboriginal villages in the southwestern region of the island. Prior to the campaign the Dutch had been in Formosa for eleven years, but did not control much of the island beyond their principal fortress at Tayouan (present-day Anping, Tainan), and an alliance with the town of Sinkan. The other aboriginal villages in the area conducted numerous attacks on the Dutch and their allies, with the chief belligerents being the village of Mattau, who in 1629 ambushed and slaughtered a group of sixty Dutch soldiers.
After receiving reinforcements from the colonial headquarters at Batavia, the Dutch launched an attack in 1635 and were able to crush opposition and bring the area around present-day Tainan fully under their control. After seeing that Mattau and Soulang, the most powerful villages in the area, were overpowered by Dutch force overwhelmingly, many other villages in the surrounding area came to the Dutch to seek peace and surrender sovereignty. Thus the Dutch were able to dramatically expand the extent of their territorial control in a short time, and avoid the need for further fighting. The campaign ended in February 1636, when representatives from twenty-eight villages attended a ceremony in Tayouan to cement Dutch sovereignty.
Solidifying the southwest under their rule, the Dutch were able to expand their operations from the limited entrepôt trading carried out by the colony prior to 1635. The expanded territory allowed access to the deer trade, which later became very lucrative, and provided secure food supplies. The new territorial acquisitions provided fertile land, which the Dutch began to bring many Chinese laborers to farm. The aboriginal villages also provided warriors to aid the Dutch in times of trouble, notably in the Lamey Island Massacre of 1636, the Dutch defeat of the Spanish in 1642 and the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652. The allied villages also provided opportunities for Dutch missionaries to spread their faith. The pacification campaign is considered the foundation on which the later success of the colony was built.
Background
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in southern Formosa in 1624 and, after building their stronghold of Fort Zeelandia on the peninsula of Tayouan, began to sound out local villages as to the possibility of forming alliances. Although initially the intention was to run the colony solely as an entrepôt (a trading port), the Dutch later decided that they needed control over the hinterland to provide some security. Additionally, a large percentage of supplies for the Dutch colonists had to be shipped from Batavia at great expense and irregular intervals, and the government of the fledgling colony was keen to source foodstuffs and other supplies locally. The Company decided to ally with the closest village, the relatively small Sinkan, who were able to supply them firewood, venison and fish. However, relations with the other villages were not so friendly. The aboriginal settlements of the area were involved in more or less constant low-level warfare with each other (head-hunting raids and looting of property), and an alliance with Sinkan put the Dutch at odds with the foes of that village. In 1625 the Dutch bought a piece of land from the Sinkaners for the sum of fifteen cangans (a kind of cloth), where they then built the town of Sakam for Dutch and Chinese merchants.
Initially other villages in the area, chiefly Mattau, Soulang and Bakloan, also professed their desire to live in peace with the Dutch. The villages saw that it was in their interest to maintain good relations with the newcomers, but this belief was weakened by a series of incidents between 1625 and 1629. The earliest of these was a Dutch attack on Chinese pirates in the bay of Wancan, not far from Mattau, in 1625. The pirates were able to drive off the Dutch soldiers, causing the Dutch to lose face among the Formosan villages. Encouraged by this Dutch failure, warriors from Mattau raided Sinkan, believing the Dutch too weak to defend their Formosan friends. At this point, the Dutch returned to Wancan and this time were able to rout the pirates, restoring their reputation. Mattau was then forced by the colonials to return the property stolen from Sinkan and make reparations in the form of two pigs. The peace was short-lived, however, because in November 1626 the villagers of Sinkan attacked Mattau and Bakloan, before going to the Dutch to ask for protection from retribution. Although the Dutch were able to force Sinkan's enemies to back down in this case, in later incidents they proved incapable of fully protecting their Formosan allies.
Frustrated by the inability of the Dutch to protect them, the Sinkan villagers turned to Japanese traders, who were not on friendly terms with the VOC. In 1627 a delegation from the village visited Japan in order to ask for Japanese protection and to offer sovereignty to the Japanese Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu. The Shōgun refused them an audience, but on their return to Formosa the Sinkan villagers, along with their erstwhile foes from Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang, went to Governor Nuyts to demand that the company pay an annual tribute to the villages for operating on their land. The Governor refused. Soon after, the Japanese isolationist policy of sakoku removed Japanese support for the Formosans, leaving Sinkan once more at the mercy of its rivals, prompting missionary George Candidius to write that "this village Sinkan has been until now under Dutch protection, and without this protection it would not stand for even a month." In 1629 however the Dutch were unable to defend either themselves or their allies. Governor Nuyts went to Mattau on an official (friendly) visit with a guard of sixty musketeers, who were fêted on their arrival. After leaving the village the next morning, the musketeers were ambushed while crossing a stream and slaughtered to a man, by warriors of both Mattau and Soulang. The Governor had a lucky escape as he had returned to Fort Zeelandia the previous evening.
Shortly after the massacre Governor Nuyts was recalled by the VOC governor-general in Batavia for various offences, including responsibility for the souring of relations with the Japanese. Hans Putmans replaced Nuyts as governor, and immediately wanted to attack the ringleaders in Mattau, but the village was judged too strong to assault directly. Therefore, the Dutch moved against the weaker Bakloan, who they believed sheltered proponents of the massacre, setting out on 23 November 1629, and returning later that day "having killed many people and burned most of the village." The Bakloan villagers sued for peace, and Mattau too signed a nine-month peace accord with the company. However, in the years that followed, the Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang villagers continued a concerted campaign to harass employees of the company, particularly those who were rebuilding structures destroyed by the Mattauers in Sakam. The situation showed no signs of improvement for the Dutch, until relations between Mattau and Soulang soured in late 1633 and early 1634. The two villages went to war in May 1634, and although Mattau won the fight, the company was happy to see divisions among the villages which it felt it could exploit.
Dutch retaliation
Although both Governor Nuyts and subsequently Governor Putmans wanted to move against Mattau, the garrison at Fort Zeelandia numbered only 400, of which 210 were soldiers – not enough to undertake a major campaign without leaving the Dutch fortress guard under-strength. After persistent unheeded requests from the two governors, in 1635 Batavia finally sent a force of 475 soldiers to Taiwan, to "avenge the murder of the expeditionary force against Mattau in 1629, to increase the prestige of the Company, and to obtain the respect and authority, necessary for the protection of the Chinese who had come all the way from China, to cultivate the land."
By this stage, relations with the other villages had also deteriorated to the extent that even Sinkan, previously thought to be tightly bound to the Dutch, was plotting rebellion. The missionary Robert Junius, who lived among the natives, wrote that "rebels in Sinkan have conspired against our state . . . and [are planning] to murder and beat to death the missionaries and soldiers in Sinkan." The governor in Tayouan moved quickly to quell the uprising, sending eighty soldiers to the village and arresting some of the key conspirators. With potential disaster averted in Sinkan, the Dutch were further encouraged by the news that Mattau and Soulang, their principal enemies, were being ravaged by smallpox, whereas Sinkan, now back under Dutch control, was spared the disease – this being viewed as a divine sign that the Dutch were righteous.
On 22 November 1635, the newly arrived forces set out for Bakloan, headed by Governor Putmans. Junius joined him with a group of native warriors from Sinkan, who had been persuaded to take part by the clergyman in order to further good relations between themselves and the VOC. The plan was initially to rest there for the night, before attacking Mattau the next morning, but the Dutch forces received word that the Mattau villagers had learned of their approach and planned to flee. They therefore decided to press on and attack that evening, succeeding in surprising the Mattau warriors and subduing the village without a fight. The Dutch summarily executed 26 men of the village, before setting fire to the houses and returning to Bakloan.
On the way back to Fort Zeelandia, the troops stopped in Bakloan, Sinkan and Sakam, at each step warning the chiefs of the village of the price of angering the VOC, and obtaining guarantees of friendly conduct in the future. The village of Soulang sent two representatives to the Dutch while they were resting in Sinkan, offering a spear and a hatchet as a symbol that they would ally their forces to the Dutch. Also present with offers of friendship were men from (modern-day Yujing District), a collection of three villages in the hills previously outside Dutch influence. Finally two chiefs from Mattau arrived, kow-towing to the Dutch officials and wishing to sue for peace.
The aborigines signalled their surrender by sending a few of their best weapons to the Dutch, and then by bringing a small tree (often betel nut) planted in earth from their village as a token of the granting of sovereignty to the VOC. Over the next few months as word of the Dutch victory spread, more and more villages came to pay their respects at Fort Zeelandia and assure the VOC of their friendly intentions. However, the new masters of Mattau also inherited their enemies, with both Favorlang and Tirosen expressing hostility towards the VOC in the wake of their victory.
After the victory over Mattau the governor decided to make use of the soldiers to cow other recalcitrant villages, starting with Taccariang, who had previously killed both VOC employees and Sinkan villagers. The villagers first fought with the Sinkanders who were acting as a vanguard, but on receiving a volley from the Dutch musketeers the Taccariang warriors turned and fled. The VOC forces entered the village unopposed, and burnt it to the ground. From Taccariang they moved on to Soulang, where they arrested warriors who had participated in the 1629 massacre of sixty Dutch soldiers and torched their houses. The last stop on the campaign trail was Tevorang, which had previously sheltered wanted men from other villages. This time the governor decided to use diplomacy, offering gifts and assurances of friendship, with the consequences of resistance left implicit. The Tevorangans took the hint, and offered no opposition to Dutch rule.
Pax Hollandica
On hearing of the Dutch show of force, aboriginal tribes from further afield decided to submit to Dutch rule, either through fear of Dutch military might or hope that such an alliance would prove beneficial to the tribe. Representatives came from Pangsoia (Pangsoya; modern-day Linbian, Pingtung), 100 km to the south, to ally themselves with the VOC. The Dutch decided to hold a landdag (a grand convention) to welcome all the villages into the fold and impress them with Dutch largesse and power. This duly took place on 22 February 1636, with 28 villages represented from southern and central Formosa. The governor presented the attendees with robes and staffs of state to symbolise their position, and Robert Junius wrote that "it was delightful to see the friendliness of these people when they met for the first time, to notice how they kissed each other and gazed at one another. Such a thing had never before been witnessed in this country, as one tribe was nearly always waging war against another."
The net effect of the Dutch campaign was a pax Hollandica (Dutch peace), assuring VOC control in the southwest of the island. The Dutch called their new area of control the Verenigde Dorpen (United Villages), a deliberate allusion to the United Provinces of their homeland. The campaign was vital to the success and growth of the Dutch colony, which had operated as more of a trading post than a true colony until that point.
Other pacification campaigns
Earlier
In 1629, the third governor of Dutch Formosa, Pieter Nuyts, dispatched 63 Dutch soldiers to Mattau with the excuse of "arresting Chinese pirates". The effort was impeded by the local indigenous Taivoan people, as they had been resentful at the Dutch colonists who invaded and slaughtered many of their people. On the way back, the 63 Dutch soldiers were drowned by the indigenous people of Mattau, resulting in the retaliation of Pieter Nuyts and later the Mattau Incident (麻豆社事件) in 1635.
On November 23, 1635, Nuyts led 500 Dutch soldiers and 500 Siraya soldiers from Sinckan to assail Mattau, killing 26 tribal people and burning all the buildings in Mattau. On December 18, Mattau surrendered and signed the Mattau Act (麻豆條約) with the Dutch governor. In this act, Mattau agreed to grant all the land inherited or controlled and all the properties owned by the people of Mattau to the Dutch. The Mattau Act has two significant meanings in the history of Taiwan:
Later
Multiple aboriginal villages rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to oppression, such as when the Dutch ordered aboriginal women for sex, deer pelts, and rice be given to them from aborigines in the Taipei basin in Wu-lao-wan village, which sparked a rebellion in December 1652 at the same time as the Chinese rebellion. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan aborigines and in a subsequent fight 30 aboriginals and another two Dutch people died. After an embargo of salt and iron on Wu-lao-wan, the aboriginals were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.
Notes
References
1630s conflicts
1630s in Dutch Formosa
1635 in Taiwan
1636 in Taiwan
17th century in Taiwan
Dutch Formosa
Military history of the Dutch East India Company
Military history of Taiwan |
20470788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatha%20shamsa | Thatha shamsa | Thatha Shamsa Chattha (Urdu (ٹھٹھہ شمسہ چٹھہ) is a small village in the Hafizabad District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 32° 15' 50N,73° 41' 40E with an altitude of 206 meters (679 feet). Famous place is (Dera Ch Dost Muhammad Chattha). It is the oldest village which is believed to pre-date to Mughal era.
The village consists of approximately 200 homes, and total population of approximately 1500 as of 2008. It is situated on the bank of a canal that originates from the Barrage Qadirabad Colony. Most of the land suffers from seepage which make it unsuitable for cultivation. This is the reason many residents have been driven the away from village to either big city for work or converted their lands into fish farms. Presently the village is surrounded on all sides with fish farms. The village forms an artificial peninsula.
Thatha Shamsa is bounded by rivers and canals. The major canal that originates from Chenab River at Qadirabad barragein the west of the village. The River Chenab is a few miles away from village, and during monsoon weather the village faces a threat of flooding. The weather is usually intemperate in summer and winter but autumn and spring are mild. The weather is usually dry and humid but few rains due to monsoons in summer season. There are few rains in winter season due to Western depression.
Geography and climate
Thatha Shamsa (Chattha) is bounded by the river and a canal. The canal, which runs parallel to Thatha Shamasa comes from the Qadirabad barrage and is in west of Thatha Shamsa. The climate is mainly dry with rains in the summer due to the monsoons and there are also a few rains in the winter due to the western depression. The land is plain and good for agriculture and Fish Farming with plenty of water supply. Farmers have also dug many tube wells due to the undependable climate.
Transport
There are no scheduled modes of transport in this village. Most of the time, the people have to travel towards Sooianwala or Hara Kote or Qadir Abad Colony to get the access to transport that travel to bigger cities of the Pakistan, like Lahore, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Ali Pure Chattha etc. Recently the transport system has been improved by the provision of some special routes towards big cities of Punjab. For casual works, the villagers use motorcycle and bicycle as the most convenient and fast transport system.
Recreational Activities
People of village have a limited choice for their recreational activities. Most of the time, the people go to Qadirabad Colony and Hari Kote to enjoy the restaurants foods and for other miscellaneous activities. The villagers usually play football, crickets and Kabadi. In this regards Thatha Shamsa team has won many cricket tournaments which held in that region. But the lack of good playing grounds drive them to travel sometime 2 km to have their games.
Educational Institutes
There are two primary schools which are funded and governed by Government of Punjab. Government Primary School for Boys (Headmaster Sh.Qamar-o-Zaman) and Government Primary School for Girls which is under consideration to be upgraded to Middle school in near future. As most of the villagers are poor, so they send their children into these public schools. A few families in this village are richer, and they send their children to Private English medium School. Most children, after completing their primary education, move to Sooianwal town to get higher education.
Prominent Personalities
Ch Dost Muhammad Chattha
Ch Muhammad Irshad Haral
Ch Qamar Zaman Chattha
Statistics Location
32.25°N, 73.70°E
Calling Code: 0547
Union Council: Vanike Tarrar
Major Crops: Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane
Major Industries: Farming, Fish farming, Animal breeding, Milk Processing
Banks: No Bank
Mosques: 1 Mosque
Telephone Networks
Pakistan Telecommunication Company (PTCL)
Pakistan Telenor HSPA
Paktel GSM
Pakistan Mobilink GSM Pakistan
Pakistan Warid GSM Company
References
http://uet.edu.pk/
http://www.citymaphq.com/pakistan/punjab/thatta_shamsa.html
http://wikimapia.org/11013355/Thatha-Shamsa-Chattha
http://sthweb.bu.edu/shaw/anna-howard-shaw-center/biography?view=mediawiki&article=Thatha_shamsa
http://www.aepam.edu.pk/Download/schools%20directory/Punjab(Hafizabad).pdf
http://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/4/Thatta_Shamsa.html
http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/punjb/Hafizabad.pdf
http://www.hafizabad.gov.pk District of Hafizabad - Official Site
https://web.archive.org/web/20080705220929/http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/khairpur2.htm Local Govt. department of Punjab - District of Hafizabad
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/109176/Chenab-River - 44k
External references
District of Hafizabad - Official Site
Thatha_Shamsa Heritage & Welfare NGO
Local Govt. department of Punjab - District of Hafizabad
Punjab |
20470796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Winter%20Clark | Edward Winter Clark | Edward Winter Clark (E. W. Clark) (February 25, 1830 – March 18, 1913) was an American missionary. Clark is known for his pioneering missionary work in Nagaland and for his work on transcribing the spoken Ao language into a written script. Clark created the first bilingual dictionary of the Ao language and, along with his wife, Mary Mead Clark, set up the first school in the Naga hills region of North-East India. Clark's wife, Mary Mead Clark, documented their experience in Assam and the Naga Hills in A Corner in India. The Clarks are buried in the Island Cemetery in the town of Amenia in Dutchess County, New York.
Early life
Clark was born on February 25, 1830 in North East, New York, and baptized into the Baptist faith at age 14. He attended Worcester Academy from 1839 to 1841, earned his master's degree from Brown University in 1857, and was ordained a preacher in 1859. Mary Mead was born in Amenia, New York.
Ministry in Nagaland
Clark and his wife arrived in Sibsagar, a town close to the Naga Hills in North-East India on March 30, 1869 where they encountered Naga tribespeople. Interested in converting them to Christianity, but unable to travel to the Naga Hills because of restrictions set by the British Raj and because his own mission did not grant him permission, Clark sent an evangelist named Gudhola Brown to the hills. Brown was successful in bringing in a few tribes people who were baptized by Clark. Clark made his first trip to the Naga Hills, to a village then known as Deka Haimong (Molungkimong) in December 1872. It was an important day in Naga history when the first Baptist Church was formed. It is no wonder Clark knew his calling would henceforth be with the Nagas. "'I believe I have found my life-work,' exclaimed Mr. Clark, as he entered the old press bungalow on his return from his twelve days' absence in the wilds of barbarism." He took care of the Naga Christians in Molungkimong from Sibsagor Mission Station until he was released for the Naga Mission.
On receiving permission, Clark moved to Molungkimong in March 1876 (an Ao Naga village in the Mokokchung district of Nagaland) and lived there until October 24, 1876.
The glorious moment for Clark was not without troubles. The village became divided over the new religion. Some felt that Clark could not be trusted because he had the same white face as the British military. The Nagas opposed anything that would promote alliance with the encroaching British power. Clark was determined to dedicate himself to the people and trust the Lord alone for protection. But the division among the villagers and mistrust of the white man grew stronger. Therefore, the Christians along with Rev. Clark decided to form a new village so that they can worship God freely. On October 24, 1876, the Christians along with Rev. Clark and their sympathizers established Molung village.
Molung (Molungyimsen) is the first Christian village in Nagaland because this is the first village formed with Christian prayers. It was in Molungyimsen that the first Naga Christian Association was held. Molungyimsen is also known as the Cradle of Education because the first school in Nagaland was established in Molung (Molungyimsen) in 1878. The first book in Nagaland was written and printed in Molungyimsen. In 1894 Clark moved the Naga Mission Center to Impur which is now known as the Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang (Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang).
In 1905 Clark saw a record one hundred and ninety baptisms. The work was truly blessed of God but Clark saw that better days were yet ahead. The Nagas were well aware that to accept Christianity would mean drastic changes in their social life. "Adherents of the old, cruel faith were quick to see that the gospel of peace and love would rapidly empty their skull houses and put to rout most of the old customs handed down from forefathers, for whom they held the greatest reverence. The missionaries presence and his teaching had spread like wildfire from mountain peak to peak and everywhere was fostered the suspicious spirit. Clark died on March 18, 1913 at age 83."
Legacy
Christianity brought an end to the practice of headhunting and destroyed most of the traditional culture and oral knowledge of the various Naga tribes. Clark's vision for a Christian Nagaland came true, with the high price of destroying the Naga's indigenous culture though it has advantages like marking end to cruelty like headhuning. By 1980 the Naga population was 572,742 and the Baptist population was 185,987.
Today the Census of India, puts the numbers of Christians to more than 90% of the population of Nagaland thus making it, with Meghalaya and Mizoram, one of the three Christian-majority states in India and the only state where Christians form 90% of the population. Nagaland is known as "the only predominantly Baptist state in the world."
Archives
A biographer of Clark conducting archival research at the American Baptist Historical Society at the Mission Center noted that much of Clark's correspondence was difficult to read, "written on both sides of onion skin paper".
See also
Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang
Nagaland Baptist Church Council
Angami Baptist Church Council
References
Bibliography
Kijung L. Ao, Nokinketer Muncgchen (Impur: Nagaland, Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang, 1972)
A. C. Bowers, Under Headhunters' Eyes (Philadelphia: Judson Press, 1929)
F. S. Downs, Christianity in North East India (Delhi, Ispeck: 1976)
Tegenfelt, A Century of Growth
External links
Clark – Missionary to Naga of India
1830 births
1913 deaths
Baptist missionaries from the United States
Baptist missionaries in India
Indian Protestants
American evangelists
Headhunting accounts and studies
Mokokchung
American expatriates in India
19th-century Baptists |
20470898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiles%20Guzm%C3%A1n | Aquiles Guzmán | Aquiles José Guzmán Matute. (born April 13, 1965) is a former Venezuelan professional boxer. He is a former World Boxing Association (WBA) flyweight (112 lb) champion.
Professional career
Guzmán turned professional in 1985 and captured the WBA flyweight title in 1992 with an upset decision win over Yong-Kang Kim. He lost the belt in his first defense to David Grimán by decision (scoring of judges) in 1994. He later challenged Saen Sor Ploenchit, Alimi Goitia, and Yokthai Sithoar for their respective belts but lost each fight. He is one of only 2 world champions in history to retire with an even record, the other being Juan Polo Perez. Some sources report his record as 13-14-3 which would make him 1 of only 3 world champions to retire with a losing record along with Jimmy Reagan and Francisco Quiroz.
See also
List of flyweight boxing champions
List of Venezuelans
References
External links
People from Anzoátegui
1965 births
Living people
Flyweight boxers
World flyweight boxing champions
World Boxing Association champions
Venezuelan male boxers
20th-century Venezuelan people |
44501243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisol%20Mora%20Cuevas | Marisol Mora Cuevas | Marisol Mora Cuevas (27 May 1970 – 24 or 25 June 2012) was a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. From 2006 to 2009 she served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Veracruz. She also served as municipal president of Tlacojalpan.
On 24 June 2012 she was abducted at the exit of a party's event, she was found dead on 28 June with signs of suffocation.
References
1970 births
2012 deaths
Politicians from Veracruz
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Municipal presidents in Veracruz
Assassinated Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Women mayors of places in Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Veracruz |
44501265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Woolf | Victor Woolf | Victor John Woolf (1911 - 1975) was an English actor, both on stage and on screen. Stage credits include the stage manager in the 1969 West End production of Mame.
Select appearances
Film
The Harvest Shall Come (1942)
The Two-Headed Spy (1958)
Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974)
Television
Androcles and the Lion (TV movie; 1946)
Toad of Toad Hall (TV movie, 1946)
The Adventures of Robin Hood: 112 episodes (1955–60)
The New Adventures of Charlie Chan: "The Invalid" (1958)
Fredric March Presents Tales from Dickens: "Bardell Versus Pickwick" and "Sam Weller and his Father" (1959)
International Detective: "The Dimitrios Case" (1960)
The Prisoner: "Hammer into Anvil" (1967)
Public Eye: "But They Always Come Back for Tea" (1968)
Z-Cars: "Who Was That Lady?: Part 2" (1968)
The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder: "The Treasure Hunt" (1969)
Out of the Unknown: "Get Off My Cloud" (1969)
Ooh La La!: "Keep an Eye on Amélie" (1973)
Stage
The Importance of Being Earnest (ENSA Garrison Theatre, Cairo, Egypt, Winter of 1945)
References
External links
20th-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
1911 births
1975 deaths |
6903423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck%20%28band%29 | Neck (band) | Neck are a six-piece London-Irish Celtic punk band from the North London neighborhood of Holloway. Following their frontman's cathartic 'Tour of Duty' as a member of the original line-up of Shane MacGowan and the Popes, Neck were 'born in a bottle' during late-night drinking sessions in 1994 by a mixture of Irish emigrant and second-generation Irish drinking buddies. The band takes their lead, both musically and ideologically, from two other London bands: The Clash and The Pogues, blending Punk rock with traditional Irish music to play a London-Irish style known as 'Psycho-Ceilídh'.
History
Initially playing exclusively on the London Irish bar circuit, their name was serendipitously gleaned from the reaction to their approach by the exasperated (Irish) landlord at their first ever gig. The landlord cursed them with an old Irish saying using the term "neck" – implying high levels of nerve or impudence.
After this initial period, whereby the band learned their craft and consolidated their line-up, they branched-out considerably, both aspirationally and geographically: touring extensively throughout the US, Europe, UK, and Ireland, leading to them playing a large number of international festivals. Such festivals include: Tantsy festival in Moscow Hermitage Garden; Dublin Irish Festival, Ohio – the second-largest Irish festival in the US; SXSW in Texas & their good friends' Flogging Molly's Salty Dog cruise out of Miami, also in the US; Paas Pop in Holland; The West Belfast Féile an Phobail in The North and The Waterford Spraoi in The Republic in Ireland; Berlin's Punk & Disorderly festival four times, as well as With Full Force in Germany; while, in the UK, they have played their largest festival, Glastonbury, six times, as well as The Levellers own festival Beautiful Days four, Solfest three, Boomtown Fair twice and the Rebellion Festival, ten times.
Their music reflects the life experience of the emigrant and second-generation Irish diaspora, with their frontman's voice and song-writing being considered both faithful to the form, and in direct lineage from his former band-leader and mentor, Shane MacGowan. Neck have released four albums to date, with their third album, Sod 'Em & Begorrah!, being picked out for particularly high praise by being judged, variously, the second and third greatest Celtic punk album of all time, the former above, and the latter behind only The Pogues and Flogging Molly.
They have also appeared on numerous compilation albums, and their natural London inclusiveness and punk sensibilities came well to the fore on their Joe Strummer-inspired anti-racism / pro-inclusiveness anthem "Everybody's Welcome to the Hooley!", which charted in the UK Indie Chart in 2006. Famously, the song was written as an immediate reaction to Far-right Skinheads violently disrupting an ostensibly 'No Politics' festival they were playing at in Belgium. Their frontman, incensed by how wrong these people were about punk rock, and inspired by the incendiary memory of seeing The Clash live in 1977, wrote the song in five minutes, taught it to the band before they went onstage, and played it at the far-right skinheads, invoking the whole crowd to chant Joe Strummer, prior to doing so. Making it clear, in the process, that being a London band, inspired by The Clash and the 1978 Rock Against Racism festival, and being an Irish band having both Catholics and Protestants in the band made them, intrinsically, political. The version of the song on the single also references and is dedicated to, Stephen Lawrence and Anthony Walker, both of them being black British teenagers murdered in racially motivated attacks. Proceeds from the single went to Love Music Hate Racism.
Their music can also be heard on various motion picture soundtracks: on the "surreal" Pirates of the White Sand short (2005); The Emerald Diamond, a 2006 documentary film about the Irish National Baseball Team – contributing four songs, including the traditional "Star of the County Down" and the original "Every Day's Saint Patrick's Day"; the Boston-set Gang War Shoot-'em Up Beantown (2007); and the "Capraesque" homage to 'Small Town America Coming of Age' The Supermarket (2009). They also appear performing two songs, the traditional "Carrickfergus" and the original "The Ferry Fare", in the 1999, Belfast-set, Film 4 romantic comedy-drama With or Without You, directed by Michael Winterbottom.
With over half their members drawn from the renowned London Irish traditional music session scene, their musicianship has earned them much respect and admiration. Staying true to those roots, they often perform acoustic 'Unplugged / Irish traditional music session' sets, at times alongside full electric ones, with one such performance, at 'The Irish House' during the celebrated London 2012 Olympics, enhancing their reputation (of passionate playing, 'knowing how to 'be' and their front-man 'wearing his heart on his sleeve') sufficiently that they were chosen by the Irish Cultural Centre in London to have the honour of performing such a Seisiún at the Reception for the Irish Paralympic team at the London 2012 Paralympics, in order to set the right encouraging Irish tone and ambience prior to them participating in the Opening ceremony. Accordingly, their front-man has also been given the honor by Sinn Féin, to host such sessions for any social functions that they stage in London, including the centenary celebrations for the Easter Rising in Portcullis House.
This reputation has led to various members being invited to collaborate both live and on other band's recordings. The most well known is their front-man guesting, on banjo, with the Alabama 3 (alongside Segs of Ruts DC), and co-writing an original song "That's It, I Quit" on the Hayseed Dixie album No Covers. He has also played in the folk punk supergroup Folk Finger alongside Cush and Ricky McGuire from The Men They Couldn't Hang and his old band-mate Danny Heatley from The Popes – including touring Ireland and an eventful New Year's Eve show in Prague; and also 'depped' for the front-man of Steampunk band The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing at the Glastonbury Festival. Collaboration can work the other way too, with their former member, Leigh Heggarty now of Ruts DC guesting live periodically.
This has all led to them being recognised as one of the leading bands on the international Celtic punk and folk punk scenes, alongside their US contemporaries Dropkick Murphys and Flogging Molly, with the Boston-based website covering the Celtic punk scene, Shite 'n' Onions, being named after one of their tunes, and bands as far flung as in Germany and the United States now cover their songs, while their front-man even gets name-checked in songs by other bands.
Discography
Albums
2001: Necked (A Few Odds From the Oul' Sods)
2004: Here's Mud in Yer Eye!
2005: Sod 'Em & Begorrah!
2009: Come Out Fighting! (UK)
2010: Come Out Fighting! (US & Canada; Europe)
Singles and EPs
1999: The Psycho-Ceilídh EP
2002: The Fields of Athenry 'World Cup single'
2006: Everybody's Welcome to the Hooley! – proceeds go to Love Music Hate Racism
Movie soundtracks
1999: With or Withbout You (+ performance appearance)
2005: Pirates of the White Sand
2006: The Emerald Diamond
2007: Beantown
2009: The Supermarket
References
External links
Neck O'fficial website
Online store
YouTube channel
Celtic punk groups
Folk punk groups
Irish punk rock groups
Musical groups from London
British punk rock groups |
44501269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldron%20%28sex%20club%29 | Caldron (sex club) | The Caldron (often misspelled Cauldron), at 853 Natoma Street in San Francisco, in the South of Market St. area, was a gay sex club which opened in 1980 and closed in 1984. It was called "the epitome of the uninhibited, abandoned, 'sleazy' sex club."
Description
Located in a converted warehouse, the site was unabashedly a place where men went to have sex. Patrons were required to be naked except for footwear; a clothes check was provided. Like other similar venues, it had no alcohol license; patrons brought their own alcohol, usually beer, and this was stored in a cooler and patrons given chits that they could turn in for a can of the brand of beer they had brought. It was described as "exemplary" as one of the first venues to promote safe sex as the AIDS crisis hit.
The owners were Hal Slate and Stephen Gilman. The club had two bathtubs for those who wanted to be urinated on. The lights were not dimmed. There were tables and benches for having sex on, and slings. The Caldron featured thematic nights: Tuesdays were for water sports, Thursday for fisting; it also set aside nights for masturbation. A poster announcing its First Anniversary Orgy has been preserved. The name Caldron, according to owner Gilman, was the I Ching's commentary on itself.
Slate and Gilman were members of the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus, which after Monday chorus rehearsals sometimes repaired to the Caldron for a private party. Opera music was the background. The San Francisco Jacks, a masturbation club, met at the Caldron.
References
1980 establishments in California
1984 disestablishments in California
Entertainment companies established in 1980
Entertainment companies disestablished in 1984
Gay bathhouses in California
Gay male BDSM
History of San Francisco
Sexuality in San Francisco
South of Market, San Francisco |
44501288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%20carne%20propia | En carne propia | En carne propia (English title: In my flesh) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carlos Téllez for Televisa in 1990. The story based by Octavio Muriel, because he had no hand but a metal prosthesis, was nicknamed "The hand squeezes".
Edith González and Eduardo Yáñez starred as protagonists, while Gonzalo Vega as the main antagonist/main villain. Sebastian Ligarde starred as stellar performance. With the special participation of Angélica Aragón.
Cast
Edith González as Estefanía Rafaela Muriel Dumont/Natalia de Jesús Ortega/Maria Estefanía Serret Dumont
Eduardo Yáñez as Leonardo Rivadeneira
Gonzalo Vega as Octavio Muriel
Angélica Aragón as Magdalena Dumont de Muriel
Raúl Meraz as Don Alfonso Dumont
Juan Peláez as Jerónimo Serrano
Mariana Levy as Dulce Olivia Serrano
Martha Roth as Leda Dumont
Sebastián Ligarde as Abigail Jiménez
Cecilia Toussaint as Laura Gamez
Norma Lazareno as Gertrudis de Serrano
Claudio Báez as Father Gerardo Serret
Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Tota de Ortega
Alejandro Tommasi as Alexis Ortega "El Albino"
Susana Alexander as Mother Carolina Jones
Liliana Weimer as Coral Labrada
Oscar Narváez as Agustín Guzmán
Marta Aura as Ángela
Fernando Rubio as Hans
Maya Ramos as Julia
Fernando Amaya as Dr. Reyes
Noé Murayama as Comandante Eusebio Obregón
Manuel López Ochoa as Pacheco
Alexis Ayala as Alejandro Tamaris
Irán Eory as Susana Tamaris
Verónica Terán as Astrid
Carlos Águila as Dr. Murrieta
José Carlos Infante as Enrique
Lourdes Canale as Aurora
Sebastián Rosas as Abel
Joana Brito as Anabel
Adrián Taboada as Manzano
Marifer Malo as Estefanía Muriel (child)
Arturo Romano Orozco as Alfonso Dumont (young)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1990 telenovelas
Mexican telenovelas
1990 Mexican television series debuts
1991 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico
Televisa telenovelas |
44501292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%20Time%3A%20The%20Complete%20Recordings | People Time: The Complete Recordings | People Time: The Complete Recordings is a set of seven CDs of music by saxophonist Stan Getz and pianist Kenny Barron which was recorded in March 1991 at Jazzhus Montmartre in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was released in 2009 (2010 in US).
When this album was recorded, Getz was suffering greatly from the liver cancer that would end his life three months after its completion. There were times that he had to take a break to allow the pain to subside, and he was urged to call a halt. However, he insisted on completing both the engagement at Jazzhus Montmartre and the recording. On the fourth and final night, though, they only played one set. It was announced by the stage manager that Getz was feeling too weak to continue after the break.
Reception
The AllMusic review of the original two-disc set by Scott Yanow said "none of the 14 performances are less than great. A brilliant farewell recording by a masterful jazzman". AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, but scores of AllMusic users have given it a cumulative rating of five stars.
Track listing
Disc 1 (March 3, 1991) – First set
Stan Getz Announcement – 0:47
"I'm Okay" (Eddie del Barrio) – 6:32
"Gone with the Wind" (Allie Wrubel – Herb Magidson) – 6:33
"First Song" (Charlie Haden) – 11:49
"Allison's Waltz" (Alan Broadbent) – 8:38
"Stablemates" (Benny Golson) – 8:38
Disc 2 (March 3, 1991) – Second set
"Autumn Leaves" (Joseph Kosma – Jacques Prévert – Johnny Mercer) – 10:27
"Yours and Mine" (Thad Jones) – 13:45
"(There is No) Greater Love" (Isham Jones – Marty Symes) – 8:56
"People Time" (Benny Carter) – 8:49
"The Surrey with the Fringe on Top" (Richard Rodgers – Oscar Hammerstein II) – 8:02
"Soul Eyes" (Mal Waldron) – 5:45
Disc 3 (March 4, 1991) – First set
Tuning – 0:42
"You Don't Know What Love Is" (Don Raye – Gene DePaul) – 9:51
"You Stepped Out of a Dream" (Nacio Herb Brown – Gus Kahn) – 9:27
"Soul Eyes" (Mal Waldron) – 7:47
"I Wish You Love (Que reste-t-il de nos amours)" (Charles Trenet) (English version Albert A. Beach) – 8:35
"I'm Okay" (Eddie del Barrio) – 5:36
"Night and Day" (Cole Porter) – 8:51
Disc 4 (March 4, 1991) – Second set
"East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)" (Brooks Bowman) – 9:35
"Con Alma" (Dizzy Gillespie) – 10:33
"People Time" (Benny Carter) – 6:34
"Stablemates" (Benny Golson) – 10:12
"I Remember Clifford" (Benny Golson) – 6:07
"Like Someone in Love" (Jimmy van Heusen – Johnny Burke) – 8:40
"First Song" (Charlie Haden) – 8:44
"The Surrey with the Fringe on Top" (Richard Rodgers – Oscar Hammerstein II) – 7:53
"Yours and Mine" (Thad Jones) – 9:21
Disc 5 (March 5, 1991) – First set
"The End of a Love Affair" (Edward C. Redding) – 9:25
"Whisper Not" (Benny Golson) – 8:52
"You Stepped Out of a Dream" (Nacio Herb Brown – Gus Kahn) – 8:47
"I Remember Clifford" (Benny Golson) – 9:39
"I Wish You Love (Que reste-t-il de nos amours)" (Charles Trenet) (English version Albert A. Beach) – 7:51
"Bouncing with Bud" (Bud Powell) – 7:12
"Soul Eyes" (Mal Waldron) – 7:30
"The Surrey with the Fringe on Top" (Richard Rodgers – Oscar Hammerstein II) – 9:49
Disc 6 (March 5, 1991) – Second set
"East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)" (Brooks Bowman) – 9:55
"Night and Day" (Cole Porter) – 9:25
"First Song" (Charlie Haden) – 10:10
"Like Someone in Love" (Jimmy van Heusen – Johnny Burke) – 8:08
"Stablemates" (Benny Golson) – 9:33
"People Time" (Benny Carter) – 6:51
Disc 7 (March 6, 1991)
Stan Getz Announcement – 0:56
"Softly, as in a Morning Sunrise" (Sigmund Romberg – Oscar Hammerstein II) – 8:24
"I Wish You Love (Que reste-t-il de nos amours)" (Charles Trenet) (English version Albert A. Beach) – 8:49
"Hush-A-Bye" (Ambroise Thomas – Sammy Fain – Jerry Seelen) – 10:00
"I'm Okay" (Eddie del Barrio) – 5:54
"Con Alma" (Dizzy Gillespie) – 7:59
"Gone with the Wind" (Allie Wrubel – Herb Magidson) – 7:30
"The Surrey with the Fringe on Top" (Richard Rodgers – Oscar Hammerstein II) – 7:55
Bonus Track (Engineer Soundcheck): "Night and Day" (Cole Porter) – 8:55
Personnel
Performance
Stan Getz – tenor saxophone
Kenny Barron – piano
Production
Jean-Philippe Allard – producer
Johnnie Hjerting – recording and mixing engineer
Jay Newland – mastering and editing
Gorm Valentin – liner photography
Patrice Beauséjour – art direction and cover art
Farida Bachir – box set production manager
References
Further reading
Churchill, Nicholas (2004). Stan Getz: An Annotated Bibliography and Filmography, pp. 138–144. McFarland
External links
Official Stan Getz homepage
Official Kenny Barron homepage
2010 albums
Stan Getz albums
Kenny Barron albums
Sunnyside Records albums |
44501296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABQ%20Uptown | ABQ Uptown | ABQ Uptown is an outdoor luxury shopping mall owned by Simon Property Group in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is one of four malls located in the Albuquerque area, and houses 51 different stores. Its anchor tenants include J.Crew, The North Face, and Lush, as well as the only Apple Store in New Mexico. The outdoor environment of this mall includes music, lights and seasonal decorations.
Background
ABQ Uptown opened in 2006 as an open air lifestyle center. It was developed by Hunt Development Group, a diversified, family-owned holding company that invests in operating businesses, real estate assets, and infrastructure assets with a Southwest Division based in El Paso, and was designed by Dekker/Perich/Sabatini, a local architecture firm that specializes in southwest and green design.
History
The brownfield site was a vacant 20 acre lot between Coronado and Winrock Malls, originally the site of St. Pius X High School. The school was razed in the late 1980s to make room for an ambitious mixed-use development called The Commons, which would have included two 22-story office towers and a 14-story hotel. However, this project fell apart and the land remained vacant. The lot was purchased and designed as a mixed-use development zone by Hunt Building Corporation, including a lifestyle center, housing, offices, and a grocery store. In November 2006, ABQ Uptown was opened, and brought more retail chains to the area, including several stores that previously did not serve Albuquerque or New Mexico, such as the state's only Apple Store. Below the infill site, a three level, 300 space parking garage was built to facilitate extra parking.
Today
ABQ Uptown opened in two phases. Phase one opened in November 2006, and included the shopping centers, parking garage, and the realignment of roads and utilities in the area. Phase two was the development and construction of multi-family housing, and opened in 2008. Simon Property Group, who used to own Cottonwood Mall (the fourth mall in the metropolitan area, and the only one not in the uptown area), purchased ABQ Uptown from Hunt Building Corporation in 2012. Many of the shops and eateries at ABQ Uptown are very popular. The businesses that it currently hosts are Alfred Angelo, Ann Taylor, Anthropologie, Apple, AT&T, Banana Republic, BCBGMAXAZRIA, Bravo Cucina Italiana, California Pizza Kitchen, Charming Charlie, Chico's, Eddie Bauer, Elephant Bar Restaurant, Fidelity Investments, First National Rio Grande, Francesca's, GAP, Gymboree, Jared The Galleria of Jewelry, J. Crew, J.Jill, Jos. A. Bank Clothiers, L'Occitane en Provence, Lucky Brand, Lululemon Athletica, Lush, MAC Cosmetics, McAlister's Deli, Michael Kors, Pottery Barn, Sleep Number, Soma, Starbucks, Sunglass Hut, Sushi Freak, Talbots, Teavana, Mati, The Melting Pot, The North Face, T-Mobile, Toni & Guy Hairdressing Academy, White House Black Market, and Williams Sonoma. This 1,000,000 square foot shopping center is a new main attraction in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Competing Real estate owners Simon Property Group, Brookfield Properties, and Goodman Realty Group own ABQ Uptown, Coronado Center, and Winrock Center respectively, and are making efforts to revitalize the uptown area. New growth includes the removal of the old Winrock Inn and Winrock 6 theater, and the construction of a new Theater, complete with the city's first IMAX theater. New stores and restaurants such as Dave & Busters, BJ's Restaurant, California Pizza Kitchen, Pottery Barn, and H&M are some of the first-to-market offerings that have come to Albuquerque in recent years. Other stores, such as Banana Republic, The Gap and local jeweler Mati have moved from other malls to ABQ Uptown in an effort to boost business and visibility.
Apartments
Along with creating a new shopping center with popular and brand name shops, part of the areas efforts to uplift this uptown area, apartments were added across the street from the ABQ Uptown shopping center. The 198 unit building opened in 2008. These efficient apartments come with several amenities. These amenities include; Energy efficient lighting, energy efficient windows, expansive 9' to 12' ceilings, full sized washer and dryer, granite countertops, modern track lighting, personal balconies and patios, stainless steel appliances, spacious walk-in closets, stained concrete and wood style floor, and wired for technology. The apartments and the area also come with community amenities that include; a fitness center, pool and wellness center, cafe and lounge, recycling program, and wifi. The pricing and availability of these apartments are subject to change depending on the sized added amenities. There are many different sizes of apartments at the ABQ Uptown Village including number of bedrooms and type of apartments such as studios. These apartments allow pets depending on their size. These apartments are a convenient distance to the ABQ uptown shopping center.
Events
Taste of ABQ- A food festival which follows the trend across the U.S. featuring local cuisine. Restaurants based at ABQ Uptown as well as other local restaurants participate in the event, which lasts for one day in early August.
Christmas Tree Lighting- Each year, the mall holds an annual Christmas tree lighting with live music and entertainment as well as many sales throughout stores in the mall. The lighting usually takes place in early December each year. This Christmas tree lighting includes a 45-foot Christmas tree in the middle of all the shops that make a huge attraction for the holidays. This event also includes various performances for entertainment.
Holiday Stroll- The mall also holds a yearly holiday stroll the same night as the Christmas tree lighting. The stroll usually includes free hot chocolate, fondue, and baked goods provided by nearly every store in the mall. Toni and Guys famous "mini manicures" are also given out at various locations around the mall.
References
Shopping malls in New Mexico
Simon Property Group
Shopping malls established in 1965
Buildings and structures in Albuquerque, New Mexico
Tourist attractions in Albuquerque, New Mexico |
6903437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal%20analysis%20of%20products | Temporal analysis of products | Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP), (TAP-2), (TAP-3) is an experimental technique for studying
the kinetics of physico-chemical interactions
between gases and complex solid materials, primarily heterogeneous catalysts.
The TAP methodology is based on short pulse-response experiments at low background pressure (10−6-102 Pa),
which are used to probe different steps in a catalytic process on the surface of a
porous material including diffusion, adsorption,
surface reactions, and desorption.
History
Since its invention by Dr. John T. Gleaves (then at Monsanto Company) in late 1980s,
TAP has been used to study a variety of industrially and academically relevant catalytic reactions, bridging the gap between surface science
experiments and applied catalysis.
The state-of-the-art TAP installations (TAP-3) do not only provide better signal-to-noise ratio than the first generation TAP machines (TAP-1),
but also allow for advanced automation and direct coupling with other techniques.
Hardware
TAP instrument consists of a heated packed-bed microreactor connected to a high-throughput vacuum system,
a pulsing manifold with fast electromagnetically-driven gas injectors, and a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS)
located in the vacuum system below the micro-reactor outlet.
Experiments
In a typical TAP pulse-response experiment, very small (~10−9 mol) and narrow (~100 μs) gas pulses are introduced into the evacuated (~10−6 torr) microreactor
containing a catalytic sample. While the injected gas molecules traverse the microreactor packing through the interstitial voids,
they encounter the catalyst on which they may undergo chemical transformations. Unconverted and newly formed gas molecules eventually
reach the reactor's outlet and escape into an adjacent vacuum chamber, where they are detected with millisecond time resolution
by the QMS. The exit-flow rates of reactants, products and inert molecules recorded by the QMS are then
used to quantify catalytic properties and deduce reaction mechanisms. The same TAP instrument can
typically accommodate other types of kinetic measurements, including atmospheric pressure flow experiments (105 Pa),
Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD), and Steady-State Isotopic Transient Kinetic Analysis (SSITKA).
Data analysis
The general methodology of TAP data analysis, developed in a series of papers by Grigoriy (Gregory) Yablonsky
,
is based on comparing an inert gas response which is controlled only by Knudsen diffusion
with a reactive gas response which is controlled by diffusion as well as adsorption and chemical reactions on the catalyst sample.
TAP pulse-response experiments can be effectively modeled by a one-dimensional (1D) diffusion equation with uniquely simple combination of boundary conditions.
References
Inorganic reactions |
44501304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs%20Ricardo%20Morales%20Manzo | Jesús Ricardo Morales Manzo | Jesús Ricardo Morales Manzo (born 17 February 1982) is a Mexican politician from the Party of the Democratic Revolution. From 2008 to 2009 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guerrero.
References
1982 births
Living people
Politicians from Guerrero
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Guerrero |
44501337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20C.%20Smith | Bernard C. Smith | Bernard C. Smith (July 29, 1923 – October 19, 1993) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
Life
He was born on July 29, 1923, in Barnesboro, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. He attended Northport High School. During World War II he served in the U.S. Army, attaining the rank of lieutenant. After the war he graduated from Cornell University, and in 1949 from Cornell Law School. He practiced law in Northport. In 1949, he married Elizabeth Reynolds (1924–1998), and they had five children.
Smith was an assistant district attorney of Suffolk County from 1951 to 1958, Chief Assistant D.A. from 1959 to 1961; and D.A. from 1962 to 1965.
He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1966 to 1978, sitting in the 176th, 177th, 178th, 179th, 180th, 181st and 182nd New York State Legislatures.
On November 1, 1979, he was appointed by Governor Hugh Carey as a member of the New York State Commission of Investigation.
In 1990, he ran on the Republican ticket for New York Attorney General, but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat Robert Abrams.
Smith died while on vacation in the Catskill Mountains on October 19, 1993, in Kingston Hospital in Kingston, New York, of a brain tumor; and was buried at the Northport Rural Cemetery.
Sources
External links
1923 births
1993 deaths
People from Northport, New York
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
People from Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Cornell Law School alumni
Suffolk County district attorneys
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of World War II |
44501347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colne%20Primet%20Academy | Colne Primet Academy | Colne Primet Academy (formerly Colne Primet High School) is a mixed secondary school located in Colne in the English county of Lancashire.
Previously a community school, administered by Lancashire County Council, Colne Primet High School converted to academy status on 1 January 2013, and was renamed Colne Primet Academy. The school is now sponsored by the Pendle Education Trust, but continues to coordinate with Lancashire County Council for admissions.
Colne Primet Academy offers GCSEs, BTECs and ASDAN courses as programmes of study for pupils.
Notable former staff
Alan Wharton, cricketer
References
External links
Colne Primet Academy official website
Secondary schools in Lancashire
Colne
Academies in Lancashire
Schools in the Borough of Pendle |
6903447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folded%20unipole%20antenna | Folded unipole antenna | The folded unipole antenna is a type of monopole antenna; it consists of a vertical metal rod or mast mounted over and connected at its base to a conductive surface called a ground plane. The mast is surrounded by a "skirt" of vertical wires electrically attached at or near the top of the mast. The skirt wires are connected by a metal ring near the mast base, and the feed line is connected between the ring and the ground.
It has seen much use for refurbishing medium wave (AM broadcast) station towers in the United States and other countries. When an AM station (mediumwave, long antennas) shares a tower with FM transmitters (VHF, short antennas), the folded-unipole is often a good choice. Since the base of the tower connects to the ground system, the transmission lines to any antennas mounted on the tower can run up the side of the tower without requiring isolation, even though the tower itself carries mediumwave current.
Invention
The folded unipole antenna was first devised for broadcast use by John H. Mullaney, an American radio broadcast pioneer, and consulting engineer. It was designed to solve some difficult problems with existing medium wave (MW), frequency modulation (FM), and amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast antenna installations.
Typical installation
Since folded unipoles are most often used for refurbishing old broadcast antennas, the first subsection below describes a typical monopole antenna used as a starting point. The subsection that follows next describes how surrounding skirt wires are added to convert an ordinary broadcast tower into a folded unipole.
The picture at the right shows a small folded unipole antenna constructed from an existing triangular monopole tower; it has only three vertical wires comprising its "skirt".
Conventional monopole antennas
A typical AM broadcast antenna is a series-fed monopole antenna mounted above a ground system, but usually with no direct connection to ground. US FCC regulations require the ground system to have 120 buried copper or phosphor bronze radial wires at least one-quarter wavelength long; there is usually a ground-screen in the immediate vicinity of the tower. To minimize corrosion, all the ground system components are bonded together, usually by using brazing or coin silver solder.
Quarter-wave monopole antennas ordinarily have insulated bases, so the ground system and antenna mast are electrically separate, and the base of the mast and an adjacent ground plane connection point constitute the two electrical contacts for the feedline. If extra stabilization is required, any guy wires used are insulated from both the tower and the ground system; long guy wires are sometimes broken into a series of short, electrically separate segments, linked by insulators, to ensure all segments are too short to resonate at the operating frequency.
Radio frequency power is fed into the quarter-wave monopole system across the base insulator between a feed contact to the tower itself and another feed contact to the ground system. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires that the transmitter power measurements for a single series-fed tower calculated at this feed point as the current squared multiplied by the resistive part of the feed-point impedance.
Electrically short monopole antennas have low resistance and high capacitive (negative) reactance. Longer antennas may have send out signals out in directions that are increasingly more advantageous up to the point that the electrical height exceeds about wavelengths tall. Reactance is zero only for towers slightly shorter than wavelength, but the reactance will in any case rise or fall depending on humidity, dust, or ice collecting on the tower or its feedline.
Regardless of its height, the antenna feed system has an impedance matching system housed in a small shed at the tower's base (called a "tuning hut" or "coupling hut" or "helix hut"). The matching network is adjusted to join the antenna's impedance to the characteristic impedance of its feed line coming from the transmitter. If the tower is too short or too tall for the frequency, the antenna's capacitive or inductive reactance will be counteracted by an opposite reactance in the matching network, as well as raising or lowering the apparent resistance of the antenna to match the feedline. The combined limitations of the matching network, ground wires, and tower can cause the system to have a narrow bandwidth; in extreme cases the effects of narrow bandwidth can be severe enough to detract from the audio fidelity of the radio broadcast.
Electrically short antennas have low radiation resistance, which makes normal loss in other parts of the system relatively more costly in terms of lost broadcast power. The losses in the ground system, matching network(s), feedline wires, and structure of the tower all are in series with the antenna feed current, and each wastes a share of the broadcast power heating the soil or metal in the tower.
Folded unipole antennas
Heuristically, the unipole's outer skirt wires can be thought of as attached segments of several tall, narrow, loop antennas, with the central mast completing the final side of each loop. Equivalently, each skirt wire makes a parallel wire stub, with the mast being the other parallel "wire"; the closed end at the top of the stub, where the skirt connects to the mast, makes a transmission line stub inductor. Either way of looking at it, the effect of the skirt wires is to add inductive reactance to the antenna mast, which helps neutralize a short mast's capacitive reactance.
For the normal case of a short monopole, the inductive reactance introduced by the skirt wires increases as the frequency decreases and the bare mast's reactance becomes more capacitive. (With increasing frequency both the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance drop.) When carefully configured, the two contrary reactances can be made to cancel each other, at least in part, and to rise and fall by approximately the same amount. Approximate balance between the opposing reactances adds up to reduce the total reactance of the whole antenna at the decreased (and increased) frequencies, thus widening the antenna's low-reactance bandwidth.
If the greater part of the unbalanced radio current can be made to flow in the skirt wires, instead of in the mast, the outer ring of skirt wires will also effectively add electrical width to the mast, which also will improve bandwidth by turning the unipole into a "cage antenna".
Usually folded-unipoles are constructed by modifying an existing monopole antenna, and not all possible unipole improvements can be achieved on every monopole.
First one connects the base of the tower directly to the ground system by shorting out the base insulator.
Then a series of vertical wires – typically four to eight – are installed from an attachment at or near the top of the tower; these wires surround the tower and are called a "skirt".
The skirt wires are kept a constant distance from the tower by insulated "stand-off" structural members, and joined to an electrically isolated conductor ring that surrounds the base of the tower, also mounted on insulated stand-offs.
The new antenna feed connects between the common point of the ground system and the ring at the bottom of the skirt wires.
The resulting skirt enveloping the mast connects only at the tower top, or some midpoint near the top, and to the isolated conducting ring that surrounds the tower base; the skirt wires remain insulated from the mast at every other point along its entire length.
Performance comparisons
When a well-made folded-unipole replaces a decrepit antenna, or one with a poor original design, there will of course be an improvement in performance; the sudden improvement may be cause for mistakenly inferred superiority in the design.
Experiments show that folded-unipole performance is the same as other monopole designs: Direct comparisons between folded unipoles and more conventional vertical antennas of the same height, all well-made, show essentially no difference in radiation pattern in actual measurements by Rackley, Cox, Moser, & King (1996) and by Cox & Moser (2002).
The expected wider bandwidth was also not found during antenna range tests of several folded unipoles.
Replaced shunt-fed antenna
Most commonly, folded-unipole designs were used to replace a shunt-fed antenna – a different broadcast antenna design that also has a grounded base. A “shunt-fed” (or “slant-wire”) antenna comprises a grounded tower with the top of a sloping single-wire feed-line attached at a point on the mast that results in an approximate match to the impedance desired at the other end of the sloping feed-wire.
When the well-made folded-unipole antenna replaced the aged-out slant-fed antenna, a marked improvement of performance was often noticed. This improvement gave rise to the supposition that folded-unipole antennas had power gains, or other wonderful characteristics, not supported by radio engineering calculations.
Ground system maintenance
Sites of ground-mounted monopole antennas require landscape maintenance: Keeping weeds and grass covering the antenna's ground plane wires as short as possible, since green plants in between the antenna tower and the antenna ground system will dissipate power of the radio waves passing through them, reducing antenna efficiency. Folded-unipole antenna sites were alleged to be less affected by weeds and long grass on top of the ground wires that cause attenuation in other monopole antenna designs, but measurements show no such advantage.
Self-resonant unipole patents
A possible improvement over the basic folded-unipole antenna is the “self resonant” unipole antenna, described in .
Another possible improvement to the folded unipole is described in , which concerns a more carefully designed form of ground plane for use with all monopole types (only incidentally including folded unipoles).
See also
Driven element
Monopole antenna
Omnidirectional antenna
Footnotes
References
External links
Radio frequency antenna types
Antennas (radio) |
6903454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta%20Kirst | Jutta Kirst | Jutta Kirst (née Krautwurst; born 10 November 1954 in Dresden, Sachsen) is a retired female track and field athlete who competed for East Germany during her career in the women's high jump. She competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Russia where she won the bronze medal in the women's high jump competition.
External links
1954 births
Living people
East German female high jumpers
Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of East Germany
Athletes from Dresden
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for East Germany
Medalists at the 1973 Summer Universiade |
6903459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractor%20ratings | Contractor ratings | Contractor rating systems, also known as contractor prequalifications, are one of the larger cost-saving practices available and more routinely applied by governmental organizations as a means of avoiding the high cost and inflated pricing that results from reduced competition on public work by using bonding and surety to guarantee performance of public work.
Years ago public purchasing officials began applying prequalification and short-listing of pre-selected contractors for bidding on public procurement contracts. A subjective process is in many places the exclusive means of getting on a bidders list for public contract work.
These ratings and processes now make the whole issue of bonding and surety, (that has been around since the late 19th century to guarantee of performance and paying large premiums), obsolete and redundant since the public officials have already reduced risks and are paying premiums associated with reducing competition by using the prequalification process and rating systems.
Construction |
44501358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Satellite%20Corporation | American Satellite Corporation | American Satellite Company (ASC) was one of many Fairchild Industries subsidiary companies and was established in partnership with Continental Telephone in 1972. Emanuel Fthenakis was the President and Chief Executive Officer upon the founding of the corporation. He was replaced in 1976 by Harry Dornbrand, who was President of Fairchild Space and Electronics division at the time. Under their leadership, ASC pioneered advancements in satellite broadcasting both domestically and abroad.
Overview
In June 1973 ASC became the first company to transmit United States domestic television via satellite. The first broadcast was of an address by then Speaker of the House Carl Albert delivered in Washington D.C. and sent to the National Cable Television Association convention in Anaheim, California.
On the same day, they became the first company to broadcast a major sports event via satellite: the fight between Jimmy Ellis and Ernie Shavers in Madison Square Garden.
ASC was headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, and had 4 Earth stations located in SFES - San Francisco, CA (Benicia), LAES - Los Angeles, CA (Nuevo), DAES - Dallas, TX, NYES - New York, NY.
In 1976 ASC began commercially delivering The Wall Street Journal via satellite.
In 1982 ASC began commercially delivering the fledgling USA Today via satellite.
ASC contributed to Department of Defense communications systems and built the first digital satellite route from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland via a land base in California.
The corporation also invented a shipboard antenna that could connect military vessels to satellite communications despite the pitch and yaw motion of the ship.
By 1978 ASC "established the first wideband digital data transmission service via domestic satellite for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program".
In 1984, the corporation control became the largest U.S. transceiver satellite communications network.
The Transmission Operations department was responsible for operations and maintenance. The Network Operations Control Center was located at Vernon, NJ, and was later relocated to Ellenwood, DeKalb County outside of Atlanta, GA.
At the end of 1987, the Southeast Region consisted of the following sites:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD, DOD Ft Meade MD
Fairchild Industries Gaithersberg VA, DOD Ft Belvoir VA, DOD Virginia Beach VA, DOD Damneck VA
NASA Etam WV
Allstate Insurance Charlotte NC, USA Today Greensboro NC, DOD Ft Bragg NC
DOD Shaw AFB SC, Metropolitan Life Insurance Greenville SC
DOD Savannah GA, USA Today Gainesville GA
DOD McDill AFB FL, New York Times Lakeland FL, NASA Merritt Island FL, FAA Miami FL,
DOD Hurlburt Field FL, DOD Eglin AFB FL, DOD NAS Pensacola FL
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville AL, SCI Huntsville AL, Lockheed Martin Huntsville AL
Social Security Birmingham AL
US Pencil and Pen Shelbyville TN, Dept of Energy Oak Ridge TN, Olin Mills Inc Chattanooga TN
Federal Express Memphis TN
DOD Ft Campbell KY
NASA Slidell LA
DOD Hattiesburg MS
Abbott Labs, Puerto Rico.
American Satellite initially leased satellite service on the Western Union WESTAR satellites.
American Satellite contracted with RCA Astro to build the ASC-1 satellite which was launched via NASA space shuttle Discovery mission STS-51-I on August 27, 1985. The satellite has 18 C-band and 6 Ku-band transponders. On C-band, the satellite had 12 each 36 Mhz transponders that used Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPAs) and 6 each 72 Mhz transponders that used Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs). The SSPAs had 8.5 watts of Radio Frequency (RF) power and the TWTAs had 16.2 watts of RF power. On Ku-band the satellite had 6 each 72 Mhz transponders. The satellite had a Horizonal polarity beacon at 4100 Mhz, a Vertical polarity beacon at 3700 Mhz. The Satellite was parked at 81 degrees west. ASC-2 was launch via a Delta-7925 rocket from Cape Canaveral on April 3, 1991 and was parked at 101 degrees west. ASC-3 was not used and sold to PanAmSat.
References
1972 establishments in the United States
Fairchild Corporation
Private spaceflight companies |
6903477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba%20Kingdom | Kuba Kingdom | The Kuba Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Bakuba or Bushongo, is a traditional kingdom in Central Africa. The Kuba Kingdom flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries in the region bordered by the Sankuru, Lulua, and Kasai rivers in the heart of the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The Kuba Kingdom was a conglomerate of several smaller Bushongo-speaking principalities as well as the Kete, Coofa, Mbeengi, and the Kasai Twa Pygmies. The original Kuba migrated during the 16th century from the north. Nineteen different ethnic groups are included in the kingdom, which still exists and is presided over by the King (nyim).
History
Shyaam a-Mbul
The kingdom began as a conglomeration of several chiefdoms of various ethnic groups with no real central authority. In approximately 1625, an individual from outside the area known as Shyaam a-Mbul a Ngoong usurped the position of one of the area rulers and united all the chiefdoms under his leadership. Tradition states that Shyaam a-Mbul was the adopted son of a Kuba queen. He left the Kuba region to find enlightenment in the Pende and Kongo kingdoms to the west. After learning all he could from these states, he returned to Kuba to form the empire's political, social and economic foundations.
A new government
The Kuba government was reorganized toward a merit-based title system, but power still remained firmly in the hands of the aristocracy. The Kuba government was controlled by a king called the nyim who belonged to the Bushoong clan. The king was responsible to a court council of all the Kuba subgroups, who were represented equally before the king by their elites. The kingdom had an unwritten constitution, elected political offices, separation of political powers, a judicial system with courts and juries, a police force, a military, taxation, a significant public goods provision and socially supporting movements.
Growth
As the kingdom matured, it benefited from advanced techniques adopted from neighboring peoples as well as New World crops introduced from the Americas, such as maize, tobacco, cassava and beans. Kuba became very wealthy, which resulted in great artistic works commissioned by the Kuba nobility. The Kuba kings retained the most fanciful works for court ceremony and were also buried with these artifacts.
Apex
The Kuba Kingdom reached its apex during the mid 19th century. Europeans first reached the area in 1884. Because of the kingdom's relative isolation, it was not as affected by the slave trade as were the Kongo and Ndongo kingdoms on the coast.
The current reigning monarch, Kot-a-Mbweeky III, has been on the throne since 1968.
Kuba culture
Kuba art
The Kuba are known for their raffia embroidered textiles, fiber and beaded hats, carved palm wine cups and cosmetic boxes, but they are most famous for their monumental helmet masks, featuring exquisite geometric patterns, stunning fabrics, seeds, beads and shells.
The boxes, known as Kuba Boxes and called ngedi mu ntey by the Kuba, are generally used to hold tukula powder and paste. The boxes are usually in the shape of a square with a faceted lid, a semicircle (sometimes referred to as "half moon"), a rectangle or the shape of a mask. Sometimes they were used for holding razors for cutting raffia, hairpins or ritual objects.
Tukula (called twool by the Kuba) is a red powder made of ground cam wood. The color red is essential to the Kuba concept of beauty and was therefore used to ornament the face, hair and chest during dances and important ceremonies, as well as to anoint bodies for burial. Tukula was also mixed with other pigments to dye raffia cloth.
After 1700, King Misha mi-Shyaang a-Mbul introduced wooden sculptures called ndop figures that were carved to resemble the king and represent his individual reign. These figures always included the king's ibol or personal symbol, akin to a personal standard.
The carved palm-wine drinking cups and ornately carved boxes are identified with competition between titled court members among the Kuba. With half of all Bushoong men holding titles in the 1880s, competition for influence was sometimes fierce, and it found expression in the elaboration of these essentially commonplace household objects into works of extraordinary beauty.
Kuba religion and mythos
The Kuba believed in Bumba the Sky Father who spewed out the sun, moon, stars, and planets. He also created life with the Earth Mother. However these were somewhat distant deities, and the Kuba placed more immediate concern in a supernatural being named Woot, who named the animals and other things. Woot was the first human and bringer of civilization. The Kuba are sometimes known as the "Children of Woot."
See also
Lunda Kingdom
Luba Kingdom
William Henry Sheppard
References
Further reading
External links
An exhibit of Kuba art held at Clemson University in 2002
map of tribes in the area
Photos of Kuba Raffia Cloths
Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Kuba Kingdom
The Bwoom Mask of the Kuba People
Art & Life in Africa
Former countries in Africa
Former monarchies of Africa
Political history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1625 establishments in Africa
States and territories established in 1625
States and territories disestablished in 1900
Kasaï Province |
44501375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Dornbrand | Harry Dornbrand | Harry Dornbrand (November 10, 1922 – May 8, 2022) was an American aerospace engineer, and a leading figure in the development of satellite technologies during the early space race era. He served as Vice President, then President of Fairchild Industries Space and Electronics division, Vice President of Fairchild Industries (the parent corporation), and President of American Satellite Corporation, a Fairchild subsidiary. The technologies and projects he developed and managed for Fairchild and NASA in the 1960s and 1970s were critical for the advancement of satellite technology worldwide and pioneered new applications like geosynchronous satellite television broadcasting and orbital scientific experimentation. He was a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 1974 he was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal for his success managing the ATS-6 satellite program.
Early life
Harry was born in Brooklyn on November 10, 1922, to a family of Jewish European immigrants. His father Morris, age 9, arrived on Ellis Island in 1899 from Rohatyn, in what was then Austria. Like his father Mechal, Morris worked as a seasonal sweatshop machine operator, sewing pockets on vests in Lower Manhattan during the era of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Harry enrolled at City College as a student of engineering, and graduated in 1944 with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. During his time at City College he ran a campus network for delivery of The New York Times.
After graduating he enrolled in the United States Navy and was sent to the Moffett Field Naval Air Station to do research for NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. He published two technical research papers (listed here). While working his first civilian job after World War II, Dornbrand earned a master's degree in thermodynamics from Columbia University in 1953. He married Mildred F. Bernstein, a graduate of Brooklyn College with a degree in Biology, and they had three children, Phyllis, Faith, and Carol Lynn.
Career
During his time in the United States Navy, Dornbrand specialized in heat transfer, thermodynamics, and fluid flow research with NACA, at the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory. In 1946 he began work at Republic Aviation in Long Island, New York, where he was manager of space systems technology. During his 20 years there he held management positions on the FIRE system, Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory, Synchronous Meteorological Satellite and Manned Orbital Laboratory programs. Republic was purchased by Fairchild Hiller in 1965 and Dornbrand moved to Fairchild's Germantown, Maryland facility.
Fairchild and American Satellite Corporation
In 1966, Dornbrand joined Fairchild Industries Space and Electronics and worked as a Project Manager until 1973, when then-President Wilbur Pritchard elevated him to the rank of Vice President. During his time at Fairchild he facilitated the design and launch of multiple aerospace projects, the most notable of which were satellites in the Applications Technology Satellite series commissioned by NASA. Following the success of the ATS-6, Dornbrand became President of Fairchild Space and Electronics in 1975. In 1976 he was appointed President of American Satellite Corporation, a subsidiary company of Fairchild.
While Dornbrand was a Program Manager and Assistant General Manager of Fairchild Space and Electronics Division, NASA contracted Fairchild to oversee the creation of the ATS-6 and ATS-7 (also known as ATS-F and ATS-G) satellites, and he was appointed to be manager of both projects.
The ATS-6 satellite was the most powerful telecommunications satellite of its time, the first Direct Broadcast Satellite, the first educational satellite, and the first 3-axis stabilized spacecraft in geostationary orbit, among other accolades. It received high praise from NASA, and in 1975, Dornbrand along with other chief Fairchild representatives including Wernher von Braun demonstrated its ability to aim broadcast signals at any part of the United States, a technological breakthrough at the time.
NASA originally commissioned a seventh satellite in the ATS series, but despite the construction of an ATS-G prototype, the project was never completed. In a 1976 article of the Fairchild World journal, Dornbrand said that due to the success of ATS-6 and "because the ATS-6 satellite gives promise of lasting for many more years than originally expected, NASA cancelled the second spacecraft". ATS-G (the second satellite) sat for some years in a Fairchild lot, and was later donated to the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
Personal life
Dornbrand died in Rockville, Maryland, on May 8, 2022, at the age of 99. He is survived by his wife Mildred, three children, four grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.
Publications
Technical specifications for the ATS-6 satellite written by Harry Dornbrand. NASA Technical Reports.
Infrared Defrosting and Deicing, 1952. Worldcat.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Vortex Tubes, 1950. Worldcat.
Awards
For his work with NASA leading the ATS-6 project, Dornbrand received the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the highest honor awarded to a non-government employee by that organization.
See also
Fairchild Industries
ATS-6
References
1922 births
2022 deaths
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Military personnel from New York City
Scientists from Brooklyn
American aerospace engineers
City College of New York alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II |
44501377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20record%20progression%20track%20cycling%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20team%20sprint | World record progression track cycling – Men's team sprint | This is an overview of the progression of the world track cycling record of the men's team sprint as recognised by the Union Cycliste Internationale.
Progression
References
Track cycling world record progressions |
44501389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes%20Morales%20Utrera | Mercedes Morales Utrera | Mercedes Morales Utrera (born 24 September 1963) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. From 2008 to 2009 she served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Veracruz.
References
1963 births
Living people
Politicians from Veracruz
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Veracruz |
6903492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egan%20Range | Egan Range | The Egan Range is a line of mountains in White Pine County, in eastern Nevada in the western United States. From Egan Creek near the historic community of Cherry Creek, the range runs south for approximately 108 miles (173 km), extending south of Shingle Peak in the northern part of Lincoln County. To the east are the large Steptoe Valley and the even longer Schell Creek Range. To the west are the White River Valley and the scenic White Pine Range. To the north is the Cherry Creek Range, while to the south is remote Cave Valley and the southern tip of the Schell Creek Range. It is named after the Egan Family that live in Montville.
The southern section of the range rises steadily, climbing to the high ridge of Ward Mountain. This crest is over 3 miles (5 km) long and, at elevations up to 10,936 feet (3333 m), includes the highest point of the range. The mountains then descend rapidly to the north, dropping to elevations below 6200 feet near the community of Ely.
North of Ely the Egan Range rises again at Heusser Mountain (9,411 ft, 2,868 m), approximately 5 miles west of the community of McGill. This northern group of mountains (which might be considered as a separate range) continues to Telegraph Peak (9918 ft, 3023 m), and then descends to Egan Creek, almost merging with the Cherry Creek Range.
See also
Bristlecone Wilderness
South Egan Range Wilderness
References
External links
Mountain ranges of White Pine County, Nevada
Mountain ranges of Nevada |
23574992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20image%20of%20Rudy%20Giuliani | Public image of Rudy Giuliani | Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001, and a candidate for President of the United States in 2008, Rudy Giuliani was both glorified and criticized in the public sphere for his past actions. Many credited him with reducing crime and improving the city's economy and lauded his leadership during the September 11, 2001 attacks and his coordination of the emergency response in the immediate aftermath. Others disapproved of his policies and political positions as Mayor and candidate and criticized the perceived glorification of his role in the aftermath of 9/11 during the 2008 campaign.
Poll numbers throughout 2007 suggested that Giuliani was the front-runner among other Republican candidates for the party's 2008 presidential nomination. Although the status fell with his looming exit from the race, Giuliani continued to be perceived as strong on terrorism.
Philosophy
Giuliani is a Roman Catholic who is pro-choice, supports same-sex civil unions, and embryonic stem cell research. As a candidate in 2008, Giuliani did not stray from his stances, remarking that it is better to make abortion rare and increase the number of adoptions rather than to criminalize the practice. As mayor, the abortion rate in New York City dropped by 16% in comparison to the 12% drop nationally. Adoptions raised by 133% while he was mayor. Some social conservatives accepted this as a reason for their support of Giuliani, contending that his position on abortion was the most pragmatic view taken by an anti-abortion candidate in the 2008 election. They also approved of his pledge as a presidential candidate, that he would nominate Supreme Court Justices in the mold of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy (all Ronald Reagan appointees or former colleagues of Giuliani's from the Reagan Justice Department).
But some anti-abortion groups, such as the Republican National Coalition for Life, strongly opposed Giuliani's positions and campaigns. Some Catholic archbishops came forward arguing that his views on abortion were not consistent with the teachings of the Catholic Church. Joseph Cella, president of a Catholic advocacy group in Michigan stated, "It's becoming ever more clear that Rudy Giuliani suffers from John Kerry syndrome. It's just a matter of time before more bishops step up, because he shares the identical position on abortion as John Kerry and Hillary Clinton." Giuliani declined to discuss his religion when asked if he considered himself a "traditional, practicing Roman Catholic." Giuliani stated that his religion is a personal matter and that there should not be any religious test for public office. He explained further stating:
James Dobson, an influential Christian conservative leader, wrote that he could not fathom Giuliani's stance on the abortion issue and he would not vote for him if he were the Republican presidential nominee. He also cited Giuliani's three marriages and the former mayor's support for civil unions for gays as reasons why he could not support the candidate. Dobson wrote, "I cannot, and will not, vote for Rudy Giuliani in 2008. It is an irrevocable decision."
However, conservative political pundit George Will wrote near the end of Giuliani's time as mayor that he had run the most conservative government in America in the last 50 or 60 years. An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports showed that the American public perceives Giuliani overall to be a moderate. Specifically, of those polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.
Family life
Giuliani has been married three times. The dissolution of his marriage with Donna Hanover was detailed extensively in the news media. The circumstances of the separation along with his previous marriage to his second cousin also caused problems for Giuliani during his presidential run. At a public appearance in Derry, New Hampshire on August 16, 2007 an audience member, Katherine Prudhomme-O'Brien asked him, "[H]ow you could expect the loyal following of Americans when you are not getting it from your own family?"
Giuliani replied, "I love my family very, very much and will do anything for them. ... The best thing I can say is kind of, 'Leave my family alone, just like I'll leave your family alone.' "
Leadership
Supporters of Giuliani claim that while he was mayor of New York he displayed leadership skills in the aftermath of the World Trade Center Attacks. In 2002, Giuliani released a book called Leadership in which he gave techniques that he used while he was mayor. According to a Gallup Poll, taken February 9–11 2007, respondents who supported Giuliani for president were asked why they supported him. The results showed that 13% of supporters did so because of Giuliani's strong leadership and 53% did so because of leadership related topics such as time as mayor and handling of 9/11. Another poll taken by Marist, showed that 42% of Giuliani supporters believed that leadership is the most important quality for a candidate, this is compared to 34% of McCain supporters who believed the same.
However, Giuliani also has been criticized by vocal opponents from his mayoral days, homing in on Giuliani's support for the NYPD during the racially charged cases of Abner Louima and Amadou Diallo and his crackdown on porn shops in Times Square. In November 2006, civil-rights lawyer and frequent Giuliani critic Norman Siegel pledged to "swift boat" the former Mayor by bringing attention to these and other controversies.
A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll conducted November 28, 2007 found that in the state of Florida, where Giuliani campaigned most often during his presidential campaign, 53% of voters found Giuliani to be the best candidate to fight the War on Terrorism. 33% of the Florida voters found Giuliani to be the best to deal with the Iraq conflict and 34% viewed him as the best candidate concerning economic issues.
Crime record
At the time Giuliani became Mayor, 2,000 murders occurred every year and 11,000 crimes occurred every week in New York City. With Giuliani as the mayor the crime rate dropped by 56% and is now considered one of the safest big cities in the country. Supporters of Giuliani contend that this is evidence of his leadership skills and efficiency.
Statistics show that between 1993 and 1997 the decrease New York City crime accounted for 25% of the nation's overall crime decrease.
Giuliani spokeswoman Maria Comella said, "Mayor Giuliani successfully worked to get guns out of the hands of criminals in order to transform a city out of control. By being tough on crime and enforcing the laws on the books, New York City's murder rate was cut by 66 percent."
However, the FBI warned against drawing broad conclusions from the decrease in crime. "These rough rankings provide no insight into the numerous variables that mold crime in a particular city. Consequently they lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions."
9/11
Giuliani is best known for his leadership role during the September 11 attacks. In the aftermath of the attacks, Giuliani gained the moniker "America's Mayor" and was named Time Magazine Person of the Year in 2001. His campaign used this image of leadership during crisis to drive his presidential campaign. Because of this, however, he was sometimes criticized and often parodied for over-emphasizing the importance of 9/11 and terrorism-related issues while campaigning. Joe Biden famously remarked of Giuliani, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence – a noun, a verb, and 9/11.", and Comedy Central's The Daily Show had a recurring animation with an anthropomorphized "9" and "11" that played when lampooning the former mayor's 9/11 use. A BBC associate said, "Mr Giuliani's appeal as the man who led New York through the terrorist attacks is occasionally over-emphasised in his campaign."
The International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter in 2007, accusing Giuliani of "egregious acts" against the 343 firemen who had died in the September 11th attacks. The letter asserted that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill." The Giuliani campaign stated that the union was politically motivated from tough contract negotiations from Giuliani's second term as mayor and quoted a retired firefighter, Lee Ielphi (a father of 9–11 victim who was called to duty as a firefighter that day), saying "Firefighters have no greater friend and supporter than Rudy Giuliani." The union denied political motivation for the criticism. Jim Riches, an official at a firefighters' union and the father of a fallen Ground Zero firefighter, said, "We have all the UFA, the UFOA, and the fire members are all behind us – the International Association of Fire Fighters. ... And we're going to be out there today to let everybody know that he's not the hero that he says he is." The unions' complaints focus on the malfunctioning radios used by the fire department on September 11, 2001 and what they claim was a lack of coordination at the Ground Zero site.
In response to this image, Giuliani stated at a presidential debate that he "...would like people to look at my whole record. Long before September 11, 2001 ... the reason that I believe I'm qualified to be president of the United States is not because of September 11th, 2001. It's because I've been tested ... and I got very, very remarkable results. And that is the evaluation of other people, not me."
Consideration for Secretary of State in Trump Administration
In November 2016, he was under consideration for Secretary of State in the Trump Administration. In terms of public image, he has received negative press for ties to foreign governments and foreign business activities.
Cultural depictions
Giuliani is known for dressing in drag. He did so on three occasions as Mayor of New York City between 1997 and 2000. Two of the appearances were for public roasts, and another was during an appearance on Saturday Night Live. During the 2000 appearance, Giuliani flirted with real estate mogul Donald Trump. Giuliani adviser Elliot Cuker claimed to have persuaded the politician to dress in drag in order to help him with the gay vote.<ref>Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 53</ref>
Giuliani was supposed to appear as himself on a May 2007 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Stop or My Dog Will Shoot", but his role was cut due to his presidential campaign. However, a "Simpsonized" image of the former Mayor was released for promotional purposes.
Giuliani was portrayed in the November 2019 South Park episode "Season Finale". He is referred to as a "treasonous pig" and not a "good lawyer".
Giuliani appeared in the 2020 film Borat Subsequent Moviefilm. His scene in the mockumentary was widely reported in multiple news sources, as Giuliani is shown reclining on a bed with his hands down the front of his pants while in a hotel room with an actress posing as a news reporter. Multiple sources reported on Giuliani's actions in the scene, with The Guardian calling it a "compromising scene". Giuliani denied any wrongdoing, claiming that the scene with him was "a complete fabrication" and that he had only been tucking in his shirt.
After the Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference, Giuliani was portrayed by Saturday Night Live''s Kate McKinnon on the show's "Weekend Update" news segment.
References
Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani, Rudy |
44501391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20Hill%20Historic%20District | Paris Hill Historic District | The Paris Hill Historic District encompasses the historic 19th century village of Paris Hill in Paris, Maine. This village was the primary civic seat in the town, which is also the county seat of Oxford County, and was where county facilities were located until they were moved to South Paris in 1895. The district includes a collection of well-preserved residential, civic, and religious structures dating roughly from 1800 to 1860, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Description
The village of Paris Hill occupies the top of Paris Hill, which at above sea level provides commanding views of the White Mountains to the west. The main road through the district is Paris Hill Road, and its central point is the former county common, which is roughly circumscribed by Hannibal Hamlin Drive. The village extends for a short way along Lincoln and Tremont Streets; the total area of the district is about .
Most of the houses built in the district were built between 1800 and 1860, with almost none coming after the relocation of the county facilities in 1895. The oldest house, the Lemuel Jackson, Jr. House, was built in 1789. Most of the buildings are either Federal or Greek Revival in their styling, although there are a fair number of Italianate houses, as well as one mansard-roofed Second Empire house. Only one commercial building has survived on the hill: it was built c. 1808 by Simeon Cummings, and converted to a residence by his son.
The buildings formerly associated with county functions have been well preserved. Arrayed around the common on Hannibal Hamlin Drive, these include a courthouse, brick office building, and stone jail, the latter now repurposed to house a library. Also on the common is the Baptist Church, a Greek Revival structure built in 1838.
History
Paris Hill was originally known as "Jackson Hill", after the owner of the land at its top. The Paris area was settled beginning about 1780, and the town was incorporated in 1793. Oxford County was established in 1805, and Paris was chosen as its county seat. As Paris Hill was then the civic center of the town, the county infrastructure was built there, as were the Baptist Church and the Paris Hill Academy (the latter in 1856).
Because the village was not near any source of waterpower, needed for industrial activity, economic influence began to shift toward South Paris in the first half of the 19th century, and became more significant on the second half with the arrival of the railroad at South Paris in 1847. Although a number of smaller business flourished in Paris Hill, most of them eventually relocated to South Paris, and the county facilities were relocated there in 1895. The village is now maintained by the efforts of both year-round and summer residents.
A number of politicians notable in Maine history are known to have lived in Paris Hill. The most famous is Hannibal Hamlin (1809-1891), who served as United States Vice President during Abraham Lincoln's first term; he was born in Paris Hill. Hamlin, along with Paris Hill residents Enoch Lincoln, Sidney Perham, and Albion Keith Parris, also served as Governor of Maine.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Oxford County, Maine
References
Federal architecture in Maine
Greek Revival architecture in Maine
Buildings and structures completed in 1789
Paris, Maine
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
1789 establishments in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Oxford County, Maine |
44501396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker%20%28nickname%29 | Joker (nickname) | Joker is a nickname of the following people:
People with the nickname
Joker Arroyo (1927–2015), Filipino lawyer, politician and senator
Jonas Berggren (born 1967), Swedish musician
Novak Djokovic (born 1987), Serbian tennis player
Alex Hall (Australian footballer) (1869–1933), Australian rules footballer
Nikola Jokić (born 1995), Serbian basketball player
Jess Liaudin (born 1973), French mixed martial artist
Joker Phillips (born 1963), American former football player and coach
Joe Randa (born 1969), American retired Major League Baseball player
Yong Jun-hyung (born 1989), South Korean pop singer
Mac Jones (born 1998), American football quarterback
Fictional characters with the nickname
Joker, the protagonist in Stanley Kubrick's 1987 film Full Metal Jacket
Joker (Persona), the protagonist of Persona 5
See also
Lists of people by nickname |
44501423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Mahoney | Chris Mahoney | Chris or Christopher Mahoney or Mahony may refer to:
Chris Mahony (1981-), rugby union player
Chris Mahoney (baseball) (1885–1954), Major League Baseball player
Chris Mahoney (rower) (1959-), British rower
Christopher Mahoney (general), U.S. Marine Corps general |
44501436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda%20Narv%C3%A1ez%20Bravo | Hilda Narváez Bravo | Hilda Areli Narváez Bravo (born 7 October 1974) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. From 2006 to 2009 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Hidalgo.
References
1974 births
Living people
Politicians from Hidalgo (state)
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Hidalgo (state) |
44501440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen%20Heliport%2C%20Gr%C3%B8nneviks%C3%B8ren | Bergen Heliport, Grønneviksøren | Bergen Heliport, Grønneviksøren (; ) is a heliport situated at Grønneviksøren on the shore of Store Lungegårdsvannet in Bergen, Norway. It is solely used for air ambulance services to Haukeland University Hospital. The heliport is owned and operated by Bergen Hospital Trust. It is the base for a Eurocopter EC-135P2+ operated by Norsk Luftambulanse (NLA) for the Norwegian Air Ambulance. Grønneviksøren is also used by the Royal Norwegian Air Force's 330 Squadron's Westland Sea King search and rescue helicopters.
The landing pad measures . Grønneviksøren is located from the hospital and patients must therefore be transported by ambulance to Haukeland. In cases where time is imperative, the helicopters can land at a helipad situated on-site at the hospital.
When the air ambulance service commenced in Bergen in 1987, Bergen Heliport, Nygårdstangen was built. With the lot being sold, the heliport relocated to Grønneviksøren in 2002. Since 2012 it has been supplemented with the helipad at the hospital. There are plans to move the heliport to a new location at Nygårdstangen.
History
Bergen received a helicopter air ambulance service in 1987. It was initially a private initiative operated by NLA, with some grants from the National Insurance Service. This service was initially based at the "Circus lot" at Nygårdstangen. The service was taken over by Airlift in 1994. They started the process of considering Grønneviksøren as a more suitable location.
The original heliport lot was deemed a temporary solution. In 2002 the owner of the lot, Bergen Municipality, signed an option to allow Bergensia Badeland to build a swimming pool at the site. There was a three-month resignation clause in the rental agreement, and Bergen Heath Trust, which had taken over the ownership of the hospital that year, therefore decided that it would need to move the heliport to Grønneviksøren. Also the new lot was municipal. The moving was complicated by the municipality using time on the planning permissions.
The heliport moved from Nygårdstangen to Grønneviksøren in 2002, although this was also stated to be a temporary solution. The same year the ownership of the hospitals in Hordaland, including the base, was transferred to Bergen Hospital Trust. In July the responsibility for the medical staff on the helicopter was moved from NLA to Haukeland. Locating the heliport at Bergen Airport, Flesland was considered, but disregarded due to its remote location form the hospital. In August the municipality gave the go-ahead for the establishment at Grønneviksøren.
Haukeland was the only major hospital without a suitable heliport on-site. They had a temporary structure, although it did not allow good landing conditions and was considered hazardous for flight safety. Only in cases where saving a few minutes was imperative did helicopters call directly at the hospital. The facility lack authorization from the Civil Aviation Authority of Norway, and could only be used on a case-for-case basis when the physician declared necessity.
When the central block was built during the 1980s, there were originally plans to place a helipad on the roof. However, there was uncertainty if there was sufficient support in the structure and the plans were therefore aborted. The Civil Aviation Authority approved the design and construction in 2004, but not until 2008 did Bergen Hospital Trust approve the plans. The official opening of the new pad took place on 12 April 2012.
Originally the new helipad received a concession for 400 aircraft movements per year. Bergen Hospital Trust has applied to increase this to 1,600, after there had been more than 800 movements the first year.
Facilities
The heliport is situated at Grønneviksøren on the southern shore of Store Lungegårdsvannet in the Årstad borough of Bergen. It is situated at an elevation of above mean sea level. The heliport is situated at Møllendalsveien 34. It features a single landing pad, which measures , a hangar, a fuel tank and offices.
The aerodrome is owned by Bergen Health Trust on municipal land. The operation of the heliport is carried out by Norsk Luftambulanse. They have won the tender to operate the ambulances with the Norwegian Air Ambulance. They have a Eurocopter EC-135P2+ based at Grønneviksøren. Bergen Health Trust has the medical responsibility and medical staff are provided by Haukeland University Hospital. The base is on around-the-clock standby. It is situated from the hospital, a distance which must be transported by ambulance.
Bergen Heliport, Grønneviksøren is exclusively used for air ambulance services. In addition to the helicopter based at the heliport, it serves other ambulance helicopters and search and rescue helicopters of the Royal Norwegian Air Force's 330 Squadron. About sixty percent of all air ambulance missions to Haukeland land at Grønneviksøren, the remainder directly targeting the hospital. The ambulance ride increases travel time by ten to fifteen minutes and the physician on board will make the decision based on the condition of the patient.
Because Haukeland is situated in a residential area, the noise pollution for landings is significant. The Civil Aviation Authority has in its concession limited the number of aircraft movements at the hospital to 400 per year, which forces Haukeland to revert the majority of flights to Grønneviksøren. However, helicopters which arrive from Rogaland and Sogn og Fjordane normally need to refuel before returning and therefore have to also land at Grønneviksøren before returning. Local helicopters need to return to base at Grønneviksøren. There is some noise pollution at Grønneviksøren, although it is significantly smaller than at the hospital.
References
Heliports in Norway
Airports in Vestland
Buildings and structures in Bergen
Transport in Bergen
Airports established in 2002
2002 establishments in Norway |
23574994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus%20Revolt%20of%201878 | Epirus Revolt of 1878 | The 1878 revolt in Epirus was the part of a series of Greek uprisings that occurred in various parts of Ottoman-ruled Greece, as in Macedonia and Crete, during the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Although Greek officials individually supported the revolt, the Greek Government, being aware of the international situation in eastern Europe at the time, decided not to do so. With the end of the Russo-Turkish War the revolt was soon suppressed.
Background
On April 24, 1877, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire and soon after a series of battles, the Ottoman defeat was imminent. Meanwhile, unofficial circles in Greece saw the war as a great opportunity to incite revolts in a number of Greek-inhabited regions in the Ottoman Empire: Epirus, Macedonia, Thessalia and Crete.
Preparations
In 1877, two patriotic organizations were formed in Greece in order to organize an upcoming revolt in Epirus: National Defence () and Fraternity (). Soon after, the organizations started to create groups of volunteers and to collect weapons and ammunition. In December, distinguished Epirotes that lived in Athens, including General Michail Spyromilios and Dimitrios Botsaris (son of Notis Botsaris), were ready to lead the uprising, but the Greek Government being aware of that situation intervened and stopped their involvement.
The uprising
First conflicts and declaration of Union with Greece
In February 1878 groups of irregulars passed the Greek-Ottoman border and entered Thessaly and Epirus. The first regions that joined the revolt were Tzoumerka, west of Arta, the region north of Preveza and Radovizio (north Thesprotia). The uprising was however, ill-prepared and the weaknesses were obvious already from the first days. When the first conflicts with Ottoman troops occurred, most of the revolutionaries retreated to Greece. At Plaka, an Ottoman outpost was overcome by an Epirot unit led by a resigned officer of the Greek Army, Hristos Mitsios. However, upon the arrival of 2,000 Ottoman troops from Ioannina, they had to retreat.
Meanwhile, the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878). The sudden end of the Russo-Turkish hostilities had a negative impact on the revolt's outcome. At March 12, representatives of the movement gathered in the village of Botsi (Thesprotia), and declared the Union of Epirus with Greece. Soon after, a significant number of Ottoman troops arrived with troopships in the region and took under control the entire region. The revolutionaries seeing that resistance was futile, retreated behind to the Greek border.
Lappas and Stephanou revolt
Meanwhile, before the revolt in Radovizi was suppressed, a group of 150 armed Epirotes landed in the Saranda region, under the leadership of the guerrilla captains Minoas Lappas and Georgios Stephanou. Soon a greater number of volunteers (700), mainly Epirote refugees from Corfu joined the uprising. Apart from the town of Saranda, they had under control the surrounding regions of Vurgut and Delvina: including the villages of Giasta and Lykoursi, as well as the nearby monastery of St. George.
The Ottoman military commander of Yannina with a force of 6,000 regular troops marched against Saranda. The Ottomans were also supported by irregular bands of Albanians. At March 4, after fierce fighting the revolt ended.
Reprisals
When the revolt in Saranda was finally suppressed, reprisals started. As a result, 20 villages of the region of Delvina were burned while escape routes for the unarmed population were blocked.
Because many distinguished locals (like Kyriakos Kyritsis, later MP in the Greek Parliament) financially supported the revolt, the Ottoman authorities had all their holdings in the Saranda-Butrint region confiscated.
Aftermath
The failure of the 1878 movement in Epirus was mainly due to the unwillingness of the Greek Government to support this initiative actively. On the other hand, the Russo-Turkish War ended too soon, so that the Ottoman troops could quickly move and suppress any form of disturbance.
See also
Cretan revolt (1878)
1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion
Epirus Revolt of 1854
Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)
References
Sources
19th-century rebellions
Conflicts in 1878
1878 in Greece
Epirus 1878
Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
Ottoman Epirus
1878 in the Ottoman Empire
Great Eastern Crisis |
23575026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster%20General%20Act%201782 | Paymaster General Act 1782 | The Paymaster General Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 81) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act abolished the practice of the heads of subordinate Treasuries keeping large sums of public money for long periods, during which they employed them for their own profit. It was repealed by the Paymaster-General Act 1783.
Notes
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
44501442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullacreevie%20ambush | Mullacreevie ambush | The Mullacreevie ambush took place on 1 March 1991, when a mobile patrol of the Ulster Defence Regiment composed of two Land Rover vehicles was attacked with an improvised horizontal mortar by a Provisional IRA active service unit from the North Armagh Brigade while passing near Mullacreevie housing estate, on the west side of Armagh City. One member of the UDR was killed instantly when the leading Land Rover was hit, while another died of wounds two days later. Two other soldiers were maimed for life.
IRA improvised horizontal mortars
According to author Tony Geraghty, British authorities learnt of the first horizontal mortar produced by the Provisional IRA, the Mark 12, in 1985. The weapon was recovered after an incident in which three IRA volunteers were killed by security forces. The launcher suffered from the limitation of a heavy recoil, which made the handling of the device difficult. One British intelligence report say that while the launcher was quite crude, the grenade was made of "a number of components which require a high standard of machine manufacturing." The projectile had a warhead of 40 ounces (1.1 kg) of semtex and TNT. It was used basically as a standoff weapon, in which the grenade was lofted over the security bases' fences or against armoured vehicles. The mortar had an effective range of 70 yards, within which it could pierce an armour plate or destroy a sangar.
Later in the conflict the IRA developed the Mark 16, a new version with improved armour-piercing capabilities, usually referred to as a "projected recoilless improvised grenade".
The ambush
On the evening of 1 March 1991, a two-vehicle mobile patrol belonging to the 2nd Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment was approaching the western outskirts of Armagh city on Killylea road. When driving along Mullacreevie housing estate, the two Land Rovers were held by temporary traffic lights at roadworks. Unknown to them, an IRA unit from the North Armagh Brigade had set a Mark 12 launcher on a hump of earth in the front garden of a house besides the lights. After the incident, IRA sources described the device as a "directional missile".
When the first Land Rover pulled off after the lights turned green, the mortar 's improvised grenade was fired by command-wire from the backyard of the house by IRA members concealed behind a digger. The projectile hit the coachwork, blowing away both sides and the roof of the military vehicle. Witnesses reported that the Land Rover was "ripped apart". The soldiers inside were immediately assisted by fellow UDR members, who helped to drag the wounded out of the shattered wreckage.
Private Paul Sutcliffe, a 32-year-old Englishman who had served for four years with the Duke of Wellington's Regiment before becoming a UDR soldier in 1989, died on the spot. The driver, Private Roger Love, a 20-year-old from Portadown, succumbed to his injuries three days later. Two other servicemen were maimed by the explosion. One of them suffered severe chest wounds, and lost the use of one arm; the other had a leg amputated below the knee.
The ambush at Mullacreevie was the first time that a Mark 12 mortar was used successfully.
Aftermath
Roger Love's family donated the deceased soldier's kidneys after they authorized the medical staff to disconnect the life-supporting machine. A UDR party attended Paul Sutcliffe's funeral at his hometown of Barrowford, Lancashire, the only UDR military funeral held outside Northern Ireland. His ashes were scattered in the Mourne Mountains.
Another horizontal mortar attack on a UDR mobile patrol took place on 6 November, when Private Michael Boxall was killed in Bellaghy after the Land Rover he was riding on was hit by a Mark 12 grenade. A fellow soldier lost one eye in the attack. Incidentally, constable Erik Clarke, another Englishmen who had also served in the British Army in Northern Ireland from 1973 to 1978, was killed that year by the same kind of weapon while riding on a combined Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) – British Army mobile patrol in an early Mark 12 attack. The incident took place on 17 September at Swatragh, County Londonderry. Clarke had married a local woman and later joined the RUC.
The Mark 12 mortar was used by the IRA until 1993, when it was superseded by the Mark 16. The Mark 16 was fired on eleven occasions by the IRA from late 1993 to early 1994.
See also
Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Actions (1990–1999)
Attack on UDR Clogher barracks
Ballygawley land mine attack
1990 Downpatrick roadside bomb
1993 Fivemiletown ambush
Notes
References
McKittrick, David; Kelters, Seamus; Feeney, Brian; Thornton, Chris (2000). Lost Lives. Mainstream Publishing,
Geraghty, Tony (2000) The Irish War, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
Oppenheimer, A. R. (2009). IRA: The Bombs and The Bullets. A History of Deadly Ingenuity. Irish Academic Press.
Potter, John (2008) Testimony to Courage: The History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992. Pen and Sword.
Explosions in 1991
1991 in Northern Ireland
British Army in Operation Banner
Conflicts in 1991
Provisional IRA bombings in Northern Ireland
Military actions and engagements during the Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Military history of County Armagh
The Troubles in County Armagh
Ulster Defence Regiment
March 1991 events in the United Kingdom
Ambushes in Northern Ireland |
44501457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herminio%20Portell%20Vil%C3%A1 | Herminio Portell Vilá | Herminio Portell Vilá (1901-1992) was a Cuban writer and scholar.
Biography
Herminio Portell Vilá was born in Cárdenas, Cuba, in 1901 and died in Miami, Florida, in 1992. He earned a law degree at the University of Havana in 1927 and a degree in philosophy in 1934. He was a Guggenheim fellow from 1931–1933. He was professor of history and military history in Cuba, and during the 1930s he was a visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles; University of Florida; and at Black Mountain College. He also gave lectures at the University of Chicago, George Washington University, the National War College, the Inter-American Defense College, the U.S. Army War College, and the Foreign Service Institute in Washington D.C. Portell Vilá also served as the Latin American Radio Editor for the American Security Council (1967–1982) and writer/editor for The Voice of America and Radio Free Americas, which broadcasts information services to Latin America. As a writer, he wrote more than twenty books about Cuban history and published articles for several magazines such as Bohemia Libre. Even into his late eighties, Portell Vilá was participating in two daily radio programs on international affairs, publishing articles, and giving lectures around the country.
Works or publications
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
The Herminio Portell Vilá papers are available at the Cuban Heritage Collection, University of Miami Libraries. The Herminio Portell Vilá papers include research writings, bibliographic notes, and clippings about events in Cuba and Latin America during his exile time in the United States (1960-1992).
1901 births
1992 deaths
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Cuban exiles
Cuban male writers |
44501473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Helm%20House | Benjamin Helm House | The Benjamin Helm House is a two-story brick house in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, that was built in 1816 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is significant as the home of Benjamin Helm, an early settler of Elizabethtown. He made the first survey of the town and later became a wealthy local businessman, dying in 1858. He was the uncle of Governor John L. Helm, and great uncle of Confederate general Benjamin Hardin Helm.
The house was originally built in the Federal style. Two wings were removed and several additions added such that the house itself is no longer architecturally significant.
See also
Helm Place (Elizabethtown, Kentucky)
Larue-Layman House
LaRue family
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hardin County, Kentucky
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Houses completed in 1816
Houses in Hardin County, Kentucky
LaRue family
1816 establishments in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Hardin County, Kentucky
Elizabethtown, Kentucky |
44501476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20Dolores%20Ortega%20Tzitzihua | María Dolores Ortega Tzitzihua | María Dolores Lucía Ortega Tzitzihua (born 15 September 1956) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. In 2009 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Veracruz.
References
1956 births
Living people
Politicians from Veracruz
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Veracruz |
23575032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo | Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | The Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the east of the country in particular, has been described as the "Rape Capital of the World," and the prevalence and intensity of all forms of sexual violence has been described as the worst in the world. Human Rights Watch defines sexual violence as "an act of a sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion," and rape as "a form of sexual violence during which the body of a person is invaded, resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim, with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or other part of the body."
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had a long history of unrest and instability. Although sexual violence has always occurred in the DRC in some capacity, increased rates of sexual violence coincided with the armed conflicts of the early 1990s and later.
Much of the research conducted about sexual violence in the DRC has focused on violence against and rape of women as related to these armed conflict, mostly occurring in the eastern region of the country. The eastern region of the DRC has the highest rates of sexual violence, and much of it is perpetrated by armed militia groups. However, other studies have begun to show that sexual violence is pervasive in all parts of the DRC and that it is not always related to the conflict.
While there is extensive evidence of the societal and individual ramifications caused by the sexual violence in the country, the government has been criticized for not doing enough to stop it. Although Congolese law criminalizes many forms of sexual violence, these laws are not always enforced.
Historical background
Rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war," and the United Nations officially declared rape a weapon of war in 2008. War rape makes a particularly effective weapon because it not only destroys its physical victims, but entire communities as well. War, violence, and instability have ravaged the DRC for decades, and this has led to a culture of violence in war and civilian life that often takes its form in a sexual nature.
Eleven years after the Republic of the Congo gained independence in 1960, president Mobutu renamed the country Zaire in 1971 and ruled the nation under an autocratic and corrupt regime. Under Mobutu's regime, sexual abuse was used as a method of torture.
Mobutu ruled until 1997, when after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, many génocidaires fled across Rwanda's western border into the DRC in hopes of escaping censure. Hutu extremist militias were reformed across the border, particularly in Kivu, the DRC's easternmost region, bringing crime and violence to the DRC. While the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers attempted to launch large operations, they still ultimately failed to disarm Hutu rebels who often retaliated by performing rapes, kidnappings and murders. This influx of militants and fighting in Burundi catalyzed the First Congo War and the end of Mobutu's regime. Spurred by the violence, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent Kabila, launched a rebellion against Mobutu regime in 1996 in the eastern part of the country.
Wilhelmine Ntakebuka, who coordinates a sexual violence program in Bukavu, believes that the increase in sexual violence started with the inflow of foreign militants:
The epidemic of rapes seems to have started in the mid-1990s. That coincides with the waves of Hutu militiamen who escaped into Congo’s forests after exterminating 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus during Rwanda’s genocide 13 years ago. Mr. Holmes said that while government troops might have raped thousands of women, the most vicious attacks had been carried out by Hutu militias.
The violence from the First Congo War led to the Second Congo War, which officially ended in 2006 with the election of the first democratically elected president, Joseph Kabila. However, there has been no end to the violence. A major confrontation in 2007 between government forces and troops of Tutsi general Laurent Nkunda culminated in another major confrontation in the eastern province of Nord-Kivu. Recently, instability and violence have greatly increased since the mutiny of members of the Government of DRC and the creation of the rebel movement, M23, supported by the Government of Rwanda and individuals of the Government of Uganda. Moreover, as recently as December 2012, the UN accused M23 rebels of raping and killing civilians in eastern DRC. There have also recently been allegations of a military attack and 72 counts of rapes against civilians by M23 in the Minova area.
Much of this continuing violence is a result of long-lasting animosity between the Tutsis, the Hutus, and other groups. Other factors of the continued violence are control of land, control of minerals, and economic tensions. The persistence of rape can also be attributed to misconceptions about rape, such as the myth that having sex with prepubescent girls will give people strength in battle or business dealings. The long history of violence has led to a culture of desensitization, lacking respect for international norms of human rights, and inadequate education.
Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly the eastern region of the country, is known as the rape capital of the world. While "the law specifically prohibits and provides penalties of 10 to 20 years' imprisonment for child and forced prostitution, pimping, and trafficking for sexual exploitation....There were no reported investigations or prosecutions of traffickers during the year [2007]." There is no law against spousal sexual assault.
Forms of sexual violence
Violence against women
Margot Wallström dubbed eastern Congo the "most dangerous place on earth to be a woman" and it is said that rape is simply a fact of life in the DRC. In October 2004 the human rights group Amnesty International said that 40,000 cases of rape had been reported over the previous six years, the majority occurring in South Kivu. This is an incomplete count, as the humanitarian and international organizations compiling the figures do not have access to much of the conflict area; only women who have reported for treatment are included. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.
A 2011 report recorded that 1,000 women had been raped daily.
A 2014 report by human rights charity Freedom from Torture outlined the usage of rape as a form of torture by security forces, focusing on case studies and accounts from torture survivors.
According to research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010, 39.7% of women in the Eastern Region (North Kivu, South Kivu, and Province Orientale) of the DRC reported to have been exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, most commonly taking its form in rape.
As Noel Rwabirinba, a sixteen-year-old who had been a militiaman for two years said, "If we see girls, it’s our right…we can violate them." This statement reflects the normalization of rape in the DRC. Because of conflicts, between 60 and 90 percent of women are single heads of households. This puts many burdens upon them, such as having to travel long distances to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to violence.
Patricia Rozée identifies different categories of rape, all of which occur in the DRC: punitive rape (used to punish to elicit silence and control); status rape (occurring as a result of acknowledged differences in rank); ceremonial rape (undertaken as part of socially sanctioned rituals); exchange rape (when genital contact is used as a bargaining tool); theft rape (involuntary abduction of individuals as slaves, prostitutes, concubines, or spoils of war); and survival rape (when women become involved with older men to secure goods needed to survive).
Rape, as related to the conflicts, is the most prevalent form of sexual violence in the country, particularly in the eastern region. However, civilians are also the perpetrators of rape. Furthermore, although people might assume that men always perpetrate conflict-related sexual violence against women, women are also perpetrators. In the 2010 study conducted by the American Medical Association, women reported to have perpetrated conflict-related sexual violence in 41.1% of female cases and 10.0% of male cases.
Violence against men and boys
The rape of men is also common. More studies are coming out to show that both women and men are the victims and perpetrators of sexual violence in the DRC.
Research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010 cites that 23.6% of men in the Eastern Region of the country have been exposed to sexual violence. And, a similar study also conducted in 2010 found that 22% of men (as compared to 30% of women) in eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence. A cross-sectional, population-based study found that one in four men living in the eastern region of the country have been the victims of sexual violence. Moreover, at least 4 to 10 percent of all rape victims are male.
The prevalence of rape of men in the country is likely underreported due to extreme stigma attached to sexual abuse of males. Men who admit to being raped risk ostracism by their community and criminal prosecution, because they may be seen as homosexual, which, though legal in the DRC, is socially unacceptable. Male victims are less likely to appear in court, and those who do are cast away in their villages and called "bush wives." According to Denise Siwatula, a programme officer at the Women's Synergy for the Victims of Sexual Violence based in Kivu, many men are victims of sexual violence and they need different assistance than women who come to their center.
Lynn Lawry, a humanitarian expert at the International Health Division of the US Department of Defense, said, "When we are looking at how we are going to address communities, we need to talk to female perpetrators as well as male perpetrators, and we have to include male survivors in our mental health clinics in order to address their issues, which may be very different from female survivors."
The 2020 report by the United Nations Secretary General on conflict related sexual violence covered that a young man from Tanganyika Province was stripped naked, raped and coerced by Twa militia to rape his own mother that led to severe sense of shame and the fear of stigmatization and reprisals for seeking support. Raping of men and boys have been used for degrading societal identities— by attacking family and community "protective" figures through humiliation and ultimately inflicting identity-based vulnerabilities. The report also covered the continuation of sexual violence against men and boys in detention and in several settings.
Violence against children
UNFPA reported that over 65% of victims during the past 15 years were children. The majority of this percentage was adolescent girls and roughly 10% of child victims are said to be under 10 years old. Many child soldiers, after being recruited from refugee camps, are often sexually abused.
Rape of girls and gender-based violence of minors is widespread in the eastern Congo.
Rape
Sexual violence functions as a means of humiliating, not only a female victim, but also her family and/or husband. Once raped, the victim traditionally sends a message to her husband to alert him about the event. He then arms himself and searches for the rapist. Today, most communities also stigmatize women and hold them accountable for being raped. The influx of armed groups from Burundi and Rwanda into the DRC has impacted the frequency of sexual violence in the region.
After the wars of 1996 and 1998 and the displacement of Congolese people, women were forced to turn to "survival sex" with wealthy foreign soldiers and UN peacekeepers. This was seen as emasculating the soldiers who were unable to live up to their expected societal roles. Objectified rape became the expected order in the DRC.
Many rapes occur in public spaces and in the presence of witnesses. These public rapes have become so popular that they have been given a name "la reigne". During these rapes, women are stripped, tied upside down, and gang raped in the middle of a village. The permission to invade and rape a village is often given as a reward to the armed group by the commanders. The government army, FARDC, due to its size and capacity, is the largest perpetrator.
"National Security" Rape
This form of rape is predominately used by governments and militaries to protect its "national security". Additionally, “national security" rape violently imposes many intersecting and mutually fundamental power relations such as nationalism and patriarchy. It is used to humiliate, torture, and punish "rebellious" women for directly challenging what the rapists view as strictly enshrined ideas of femininity and masculinity.
"Systematic Mass" Rape
The systematic rape of women in the DRC is regarded as a tool of oppression focused on a specific ethnic group and . During times of war, mass rape can be seen as an effective way to "feminize" one's enemy by violating “his women, nation and homeland,” thus proving that he is incapable of being an adequate protector. The raping of women in this process seeks to destroy the very "fabric of society, as women are seen as the symbolic bearers of ethno-national identity because of their roles as biological, cultural, and social reproducers of society itself".
Other forms of Sexual Violence
The United Nations includes rape, public rapes, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, gang rape, forced incest, sexual mutilation, disemboweling, genital mutilation, cannibalism, deliberate spread of HIV/AIDS, and forced sterilization as other forms of sexual violence that occur in the DRC that are used as techniques in war against the civilian population.
Other forms of sexual violence reported include: forcing of crude objects such as tree branches and bottles into the vagina, public rape in front of the family and community, forced rape between victims, the introduction of objects into the victims' cavities, pouring melted rubber into women's vaginas, shooting women in the vagina and inducing abortions using sharp objects.
Trafficking and prostitution
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a source and destination for trafficking for forced labor and forced prostitution, much of which is internal and perpetrated by armed groups in the eastern region of the DRC. The DRC is said to be the main regional source, from which women and children are trafficked in large numbers to sex industries in Angola, South Africa, Republic of Congo, and western Europe, particularly Belgium. Prostitution and forced prostitution occurs often in refugee camps in the country. In addition to forced prostitution in refugee camps, many girls are forced into prostitution in tent- or hut-based brothels, markets, and mining areas.
The main perpetrators are the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Patriotes Resistants Congolais (PARECO), various local militia (such as the Mai-Mai), the Alliance des patriots pour un Congo libre et souverain (APCLS), and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). There are many reports of these groups forcibly recruiting women and children to serve in sexual servitude.
Domestic violence
Article 444 of the Congo Family Code states that a wife "owes her obedience to her husband". Marital rape is not considered an offense in the DRC. Similar laws and attitudes are prevalent in countries involved in the DRC conflict. In Zimbabwe one in four women report having experienced sexual violence at the hands of their husbands. Women in the DRC do not have the right to refuse sex, and should they, men have the right to discipline their wives through beating, an act often referred to as “tough love”.
Research Directorate has called domestic violence "very prevalent" in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to several studies conducted in 2011, intimate partner sexual violence is the most pervasive form of violence against women in all areas of the DRC. A 2010 study concluded that intimate partner violence was reported by 31% of women and 17% of men.
Central factors for the high rates of domestic violence are the reintegration of combatants in communities, circulation of arms, and post-traumatic stress in times during and after conflict. However, reporting domestic violence is rare because women have no rights to share property or wealth, fear losing their children or being shunned by the community, or may not even know it is a punishable offense.
Although there are laws against domestic violence, cultural beliefs make it extremely difficult to implement the rules. Because the social status of African women is dependent on their marital status, and because the conflict has drastically reduced the male population, women have no choice but to suffer. Although the status of men is also dependent on their marital status, they are expected to exercise strict control over the wives. Men are seen as being superior in that they are better educated and capable of purchasing property.
Perpetrators
Militia groups
According to Human Rights Watch, while many of the perpetrators of sexual violence are militia groups, some of whom have been known to kidnap women and girls and use them as sex slaves, the Congolese army, Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), is the "single largest group of perpetrators."
In 2007, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) reported that 54% of all recorded sexual violence cases in the first 6 months of that year were committed by FARDC soldiers. Some commanders have been purported to overlook sexual violence perpetrated by those under their command. One investigation found that some commanders ordered their soldiers to commit rape. There are also incidents of rape involving the police, others in authority, civilians, and other opportunistic criminals.
View of masculinity which associate manliness with excessive use of aggression, force and violence contribute to military and militia sexual violence. Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians. Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized.
Many societies, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence military training, and weapons in the hands of men, while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence.
Background
Beginning with colonization, economic factors have contributed to the culture of violence that has dominated the DRC. In 1908, under King Leopold II, the "methodical rape of entire villages" was a popular tactic used by his administration for keeping the local population in order.
After gaining independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of Congo was marked by political and social instability. In 1965, during a coup, Colonel Joseph Mobutu took over and remained in power for the next 32 years.
During the 1990s, Mobutu's regime witnessed a large influx of refugees after the Rwandan genocide, many of which included genocide perpetrators. The perpetrators were able to rearm themselves and were immediately organized by ex-(FARDC) Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo leaders. In an effort to prevent future attacks from the newly formed group, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) soldiers joined together with (AFDL) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire forces under the leadership of Congolese rebel commander, Laurent Desire Kabila. The group was responsible for killing thousands of unarmed civilians.
In 2001, after the assassination of his father, Joseph Kabila took over as leader. A rebellion erupted in the same year. As a result, an estimated 4 million people died in the competition for control over the DRC's natural resources. Attempts to stabilize the peace process have failed. Insecurity is perpetuated by the remaining militia groups, which include the Mai-Mai.
Civilian perpetrators
In June 2010, UK aid group Oxfam reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Contrary to MONUSCO's 2007 report, the study found that 38% of rapes were committed by civilians in 2008. Rapes by civilians are increasing, demonstrating that sexual violence is becoming even more widespread throughout the country. This is a particularly dramatic rise compared to the number of civilian-perpetrated rapes in 2004, which was less than 1%. Researchers from Harvard discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. Consistent with these studies is a statement from Dr. Margaret Agama, the DRC's United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) representative:
Initially, rape was used as a tool of war by all the belligerent forces involved in the country’s recent conflicts, but now sexual violence is unfortunately not only perpetrated by armed factions but also by ordinary people occupying positions of authority, neighbours, friends and family members.
Teachers
A survey by the Brazil-based nonprofit organization Promundo found that 16% of girls in North Kivu said they had been forced to have sex with their teachers. And according to a 2010 UNICEF report, 46% of Congolese schoolgirls in a national study confirmed that they had been victims of sexual harassment, abuse, and violence committed by their teachers or other school personnel.
Female perpetrators
A 2010 survey in over 1,000 households in eastern Congo by a team of researchers led by Harvard academic Lynn Lawry asked victims of sexual violence to specify their assailant's gender. The study found that 40% of the female victims and 10% of male victims said they have been assaulted by a woman. A UN expert on armed groups states, "Women who were raped for years are now raping other women."
Violence in Angola
Congolese women are being systematically raped in Angola as a means of expelling the Congolese living there. With a booming mining trade, Congolese continue migrating into Angola in search of a living. Among some 26,000 people expelled since April 2011, more than 21,000 cases of serious human rights violations, including rape, beating, torture and looting, have been documented by an Italian aid agency that has a UN grant to monitor the border. Human Rights Watch says the goal of the abuse is to instill fear.
Ramifications
Medical ramifications
The medical repercussions of the sexual assault in the DRC vary from severed and broken limbs, burned flesh, rectovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas, STIs, pregnancy, and urinary incontinence to death. Adequate medical care for these injuries is very hard to come by, and many survivors remain ill or disfigured for the rest of their lives.
These are all more severe the younger the victim is. Young girls who are not fully developed are more likely to suffer from obstructed birth, which can lead to fistulas or even death. On a young girl, a pelvis "[hasn't] yet grown large enough to accommodate the baby's head, a common occurrence with young teenagers...[these girls end] up in obstructed birth, with the baby stuck inside [their] birth passage[s]...[often, they can't] walk or stand, a consequence of nerve damage that is a frequent by-product of fistulae."
At the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Eastern DRC, 4,715 of the women reported having suffered sexual violence; 4,009 received medical treatment; 702 had a fistula, 63.4% being traumatic and 36.6% being obstetric.
Sexual assault has also contributed to the HIV rate. Before the conflict in 1997, only 5% of the population was HIV positive; by 2002, there was a 20% HIV positive rate in the eastern region. A study conducted found that sociocultural barriers and strict obedience to Vatican doctrine prevented adolescents from receiving condoms or comprehensive sex education, which contributes to the spread of HIV.
Psychological and social ramifications
There are also many psychological and social consequences to being the victim of sexual violence. Victims often suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide. This can be particularly severe in cases in which men have been forced at gunpoint to sexually assault their daughters, sisters, or mothers. Psychological trauma after experiencing sexual violence can have a negative effect on sexual behavior and relationships, feelings about sex, ability to negotiate safer sex, and increased likelihood of drug abuse.
The most common social consequence for victims of sexual violence is isolation from their families and communities. Raped women are seen as impure, frequently leading to their being abandoned by their husbands or having trouble marrying. The most extreme versions of this stigmatization can lead to "honor killings" in which the victim of sexual violence is murdered by her family or community due to the belief that she has brought them shame and dishonor.
Young women and girls who are cast outside of their homes, or leave due to shame will most likely become even more vulnerable to further abuse. Moreover, the culture of widespread violence often affects children at an early age. Sexual violence is also perpetrated by minors, particularly among those involved with combatant forces. A previous child soldier of the Mai-Mai fighters’ movement, who fought to resist the Interahamwe from Rwanda who took refuge in the DRC after they fled from the Rwandan Patriotic Front, said that reasons that child soldiers and other combatants rape women include: listening to witch doctors’ advice, drug use, long periods in bush, gaining sexual experience, punishment, revenge, and a weapon of war.
In the context of the Congolese society, rape is considered to be an "act of marriage" to the perpetrator. A girl who becomes pregnant as a result of abuse is no longer viewed as a child who needs the care and affection of her parents.
Many women and girls report extreme poverty, being unable to continue with school and an inability to earn a living and pay fees. Additionally, women declare that they are unable to find jobs because of the physical pain and injuries caused by the abuse.
Regional differences
Several reports claim that there are no accurate representative numbers on the prevalence of sexual violence in the DRC because of underreporting and lack of research. Moreover, so far, there are no reports to indicate differences in rates of sexual violence based upon education, income, or residence (urban or rural). However, other research studies have found regional differences in rates and types of sexual violence in the DRC.
According to research done by the American Journal of Public Health in 2011, the highest rates of rape against women occurred in the North Kivu province. The war-torn and mineral-rich areas in the eastern part of the country have very high rates of sexual violence. M23 has recently gained control of territory in North Kivu, the city of Goma, and other areas of the Ruthuru region, and there have been recent reports of sexual violence in those areas.
Anthony Gambino, mission director for the Congo of the United States Agency for International Development, has also said that “shockingly high rape statistics are found in western Congo as well as northern and eastern Congo,” but that conflict-related rape is less prevalent in the west. Although most reports agree that sexual violence related to the armed conflict are most prevalent in North and South Kivu, Maniema, and Katanga, one report found that the highest number of rapes reported in 2007 by women aged 15 to 49 was in the provinces of Orientale, North Kivu and Équateur. They found that sexual violence not related to the armed conflict, such as in Équateur, often takes its form in intimate-partner violence.
Preventative efforts
Increasing awareness regarding the problem of sexual violence in the DRC has led to both national and international efforts to prevent the continuation of the atrocities taking place.
Government policy
According to articles of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, sexual violence is defined and criminalized as a form of gender-based violence and gender discrimination (article 14); a cruel, degrading, and inhuman treatment (article 16); a crime against humanity (article 15); and a violation of an individual's right to peace (article 52). Congolese law draws a distinction between rape and systematic rape, sexual violence being a crime against the state and systematic sexual violence as an international crime.
In 2006, the Palais du Peuple, the Congolese government, enacted sexual violence amendments to the 1940 Penal Code and the 1959 Penal Procedure Code. Part of these changes was criminalizing "insertion of an object into a woman’s vagina, sexual mutilation, and sexual slavery" as well as defining "any sexual relation with a minor as statutory rape."
The Congolese government's department, The Ministry of Gender, Family Affairs and Children, is dedicated to dealing with sexual violence within the nation.
International community and nongovernmental organizations
International human rights organizations began to document sexual violence in 2002.
In September 2009, following her visit to the DRC, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton oversaw the adoption of the U.N Security Council Resolution 1888, which details specific efforts that must be taken to protect women from sexual violence in war-stricken regions, and measures taken to bring perpetrators to justice. Clinton has also urged the Congolese government to personally investigate members of FARDC who have committed crimes of sexual violence, and FARDC generals have declared that they will set up new military tribunals to prosecute soldiers accused of sexual violence. Additionally, she has supported a $17 million plan to combat the sexual violence in the DRC.
USAID/Kinshasa currently provides medical, psycho-social, judicial, and socio-economic support to approximately 8,000 survivors in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Maniema Province. The International Security and Stabilization Support Strategy found that 72 percent of international funds for sexual violence in the DRC are devoted to treating victims of rape and 27 percent to preventing sexual abuse.
DRC vs Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda in March 1999 was the first case the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights heard that discussed violations of human rights, including sexual violence, during an armed conflict. The Commission found that the human rights abuses committed in the eastern provinces of the DRC were not in agreement to Part III of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949, Article 75(2) of Protocol 1, and Articles 2 and 4 of the African Charter.
The International Criminal Court is conducting an ongoing investigation into crimes committed in the DRC during the Second Congo War and afterwards. Several military leaders have been charged with crimes of sexual violence. Germain Katanga, the leader of the Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri (FPRI), and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the leader of the Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI), were charged and indicted with nine crimes against humanity including sexual slavery, a crime against humanity under article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute and a war crime under article 8(2)(b)(xxii) or (e)(vi) of the Rome Statute. Bosco Ntaganda of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC) was charged with rape and sexual slavery. Callixte Mbarushimana of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and Sylvestre Mudacumura have also been charged with rape.
According to Tier Rating, the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo does not comply with minimum standards for efforts to eliminate this problem by prosecuting perpetrators and providing services to victims. The government has not shown evidence in prosecuting sex trafficking perpetrators.
In June 2014, UK-based rehabilitation charity Freedom from Torture published its report "Rape as Torture in the DRC: Sexual Violence Beyond the Conflict Zone, using evidence from 34 forensic medical reports, to show that rape and sexual violence is being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. One of the women mentioned in the report stated:"Now I know, because I have been there, that it is normal for women to be sexually abused in prison..." The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones.
In addition, Eve Ensler's nongovernmental organization, V-Day, has not only been crucial in the growing awareness regarding sexual violence in the DRC, but has also entered into a project with UNICEF and the Panzi Foundation to build The City of Joy, a special facility in Bukavu for survivors of sexual violence in the DRC. The center, which can host up to 180 women a year, has resources such as sexual education courses, self-defense classes, and group therapy, as well as academic classes and courses in the arts. The City of Joy facility opened in February 2011.
Other perspectives
There are others who offer different perspectives to the dominant discourse about sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Many Congolese populations on the ground, Congolese intellectuals, and field-based interveners emphasize that there are many other consequences of the armed conflict that deserve as much attention as sexual violence does, including killings, forced labor, child soldiers, and torture. They also believe that the attention to rape in the DRC contributes to the proliferation of the widespread stereotype of Congolese people as savage and barbaric.
It is also said that the international focus on this problem has led to unintended, negative consequences, including ignoring other forms of violence and rape of men and boys. The worst consequence discussed is the belief that some armed groups think that sexual violence is now an effective bargaining tool. Thus, according to this perspective, the international focus is actually contributing to the increase of sexual violence. It has been said that the mass rapes in Luvungi in 2010, where Mai Mai Sheka gang raped 387 civilians, was partly due to this consequence because Sheka allegedly ordered his soldiers to rape women to draw attention to their group.
Perpetrator testimonies
The voices and testimonies of perpetrators have long been absent. However, during 2005–2006, Maria Erickson of the School of Global Studies at the Gothenburg University in Sweden interviewed soldiers and officers within the integrated armed forces. The interviews were organized in groups made up of 3–4 people and lasted between 3–4 hours.
A large portion of those interviewed were from the previous government forces, the FARDC. The data collected from the interviews provided detailed accounts and useful information on how the soldiers understood their identities, their roles as combatants and the amount of pain they inflicted onto their victims.
View of masculinity
Some of the FARDC soldiers interviewed described the military as a place for the tough and strong and as a place to prove one's manhood. One soldier stated that:
"You have to learn the tough spirit of a soldier. If you do not know that, some beating up is required. Those who are not able to make it, we call them inept, also sometimes the women, the inept will run away'.
He also went on to demonstrate the desensitization that accompanies military macho-violence:
'....A soldier is a soldier. He is not a civilian. Bullets are bullets. It is a war. We are not going there to kill ducks. It is war. You go there to defend. The centre is no place for compassion".
Roles as soldiers
The respondents’ perception of their roles as soldiers was reflected in their notions of what a successful position was within the armed forces. A successful soldier, they said, was an educated one who "sat behind a desk and completed administrative work". However, the soldiers also explained, that although administrative tasks were appealing, their entry into the force was not an active choice, but instead, was done to make money and receive an education.
Because manhood was closely linked to material wealth their choice to join the armed forces was not a vengeful call for violence or revenge but a fall back option because of unfortunate circumstances. Many of the soldiers described that they had not received the education they were promised and instead indicate that their lives had been filled with "ruin" and "tragedy". This discrepancy between a sense of how soldiering “should be” and “the way it was” was the basis for the prevalence of violence among armed forces.
See also
The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo documentary film
Ruined (play) by Lynn Nottage, winner of 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Drama
Sexual slavery
Wartime sexual violence
General:
Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
International:
Sexual violence in Finland
Sexual violence in South Africa
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Rape statistics (worldwide)
Estimates of sexual violence (worldwide)
References
External links
The Advocacy Project 2009 Peace Fellow Elisa Garcia in partnership with BVES
Heal Africa
Rape as torture in the DRC:Sexual violence beyond the conflict zone
AMKENI Action Group: From illiteracy to entrepreneurship for survivors of sexual violence in Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence
Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence against women in Africa
Sex crimes
Sexual violence
International law |
20470908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandants%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Air%20Force%20Test%20Pilot%20School | Commandants of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School | The commanding officer of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (USAF TPS) is known as its Commandant. The commandant manages the school which is a military unit that operates in a distinctly academic atmosphere. The position is usually held by a colonel selected by the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) commander although this authority may be delegated to the commander of the Air Force Flight Test Center (AFFTC). The commandant oversees all flying training, academic instruction, budgeting, and curriculum administration at the school. The commandant also chairs a board of officers that selects the school's students. The selection board consists of flight test squadron commanders with a majority of the board members being TPS graduates. The commandant determines enrollment requirements and associated schedules. Every three years, the commandant conducts a review of the school's curriculum with participation from flight test squadrons, the U.S. Naval TPS, and operational squadrons.
The school's mission is to produce experimental test pilots, flight test engineers, and flight test navigators to lead and conduct test and evaluation of aerospace weapon systems. The school was established on September 9, 1944 as the Flight Test Training Unit at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (AFB) in Dayton, Ohio. To take advantage of the uncongested skies and superb flying weather, the school was moved on February 4, 1951 to its present location at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. Edwards AFB is the home of the Air Force Flight Test Center and has been an integral part of flight testing since the 1940s.
Between 1962 and 1972, the Test Pilot School expanded its role to include astronaut training for military test pilots. Thirty-seven TPS graduates of this era were selected for the U.S. space program, and twenty-six went on to earn astronaut's wings by flying in the X-15, Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs. Although the school no longer trains astronauts, many TPS graduates since 1972 have been selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for duties in space. The school encourages applications from civilians, personnel from other U.S. military services, and individuals from foreign countries. An exchange program allows selected students to attend other test pilot schools including the United States Naval Test Pilot School, the United Kingdom's Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS), and France's École du personnel navigant d'essais et de réception (EPNER).
Commandants
The following list provides a complete list of commandants of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School. The table contains their name, rank, dates as commandant, the TPS class from which they graduated (if applicable), and notable events that occurred during their tenure at the school.
Key
List of Commandants
Individual was killed in an aviation-related accident.
Notable alumni
USAF TPS has produced many notable alumni including astronauts, record-setting aviators, and senior Air Force leaders.
Notes
References
External links
USAF Test Pilot School commandants
USAF Test Pilot School commandants
United States Air Force lists |
20470928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhal%202%20Kalyanam | Kadhal 2 Kalyanam | Kadhal 2 Kalyanam () is an unreleased Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by newcomer Milind Rau that stars debutante Sathya, brother of Tamil actor Arya, and Divya Spandana, whilst, Jayashree, Nagendra Prasad, Kasthuri and Anuja Iyer play pivotal roles. Noted film critic Baradwaj Rangan had written the dialogues, while Yuvan Shankar Raja composed the film's score and soundtrack. The cinematography and editing were handled by P. S. Vinod and Leo John Paul, respectively. Pre-production works began by mid-2008, while the filming continued for over one year, being completed by July 2010. The film was jointly produced by Mirchi Movies and East Coast Entertainment, who are now not in the film-making business. Hence the movie remains unreleased.
Cast
Sathya as Arul
Divya Spandana as Anitha
Anuja Iyer
John Vijay
Jayashree
Nagendra Prasad
Kasthuri
Mouli
Production
Both Arya and Sathya went through many scripts before selecting the script of Kadhal 2 Kalyanam, in which Sathya would be playing the role of a radio jockey. Sathya, after being assigned for the role, had visited Bollywood actor Anupam Kher's acting school in Mumbai to "hone his acting skills", before starting to shoot, besides sitting with and observing professional radio jockeys at a radio station. Divya Spandana signed the film in October 2008, shortly after completing her third Tamil film Vaaranam Aayiram, describing her character as a "career-oriented, independent woman in the corporate world." Further more, former lead actress Jayashree was signed in November 2008 for a significant role, which would mark her comeback to feature films after a decade. In December 2008, Kasthuri was roped in to appear in a supporting role and play the wife to the character played by Nagendra Prasad, while John Vijay accepted to play a drunkard in the film. The film's shooting, however, got stalled midway in 2009 due to unknown reasons and was resumed in 2010 only.
Since a large part of the film would take place at a radio station, art director Rajeevan erected a radio jockey booth in Chennai. The film notably became the first film after 40 years to be shot at all the six most important shrines of the Hindu deity Muruga, the Six Abodes of Murugan ("Arupadaiveedu"), in Tamil Nadu, with a specially designed bus being used for the tour. One of the songs, "Vellai Kodi", was shot in Thiruchendur, one of the six towns of Murugan's abodes, with Nagendra Prasad choreographing the song, besides appearing himself in it, while "Thedi Varuven" was shot in Puducherry. In July 2010, two songs were canned; a "bachelor song" ("Naa Vetta Pora Aadu"), choreographed by Robert, was filmed at a farmhouse near Red Hills, in which Sathya and Divya, along with junior artists, took part, following which the last song ("Idhu Kadhalai Irunthidumo") was shot. Rajeevan had erected a special "jungle set" at AVM Studios for the song, which was choreographed under the direction of Dinesh. With the completion of the song, the shooting was eventually finished after one-and-a-half years.
After a long setback the film's producers, Mirchi Movies announced that shooting has been fully completed on 29 May. The film began their promotional activity in June 2013 with the film's trailer was released 1 June 2013, while the film's release was anticipated to be around September. As of May 2019, it remains unreleased.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack to the film was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The songs were composed and recorded in 2009 and 2010, with Chinmayi during the release time stating that she had recorded her song more than two years back, and Yuvan Shankar citing that he had handed over the Master recording in September 2010. However, due to the long delay in the making of the film, the soundtrack album was released in March 2011 only, after several postponements. Though Sony Music released the album in a "soft audio launch" directly to stores on 18 March, a special launch was later held on Radio Mirchi where all songs were unveiled and airplayed, with Arya, Sathya and Milind participating.
The album features six songs overall, with Yuvan Shankar Raja himself, who stated on Twitter that the songs would be "young and fresh", having lent his voice for one of the songs. The album also features singer-composer Toshi Sabri's first song in Tamil, which was his second collaboration with Yuvan Shankar after the song "Seheri" in Oy!. Telugu singer-actor Anuj Gurwara was also supposed to have to sing one song in the film, which however, was not featured in the soundtrack album. The song "Naa Vetta Pora Aadu" was co-sung by Ragini Sri, a participant in the second season of the reality-based singing competition Airtel Super Singer, however, she was falsely credited as Roshini in the first batch of CDs.
The soundtrack opened to positive reviews. Behindwoods rated 3 out of 5 stars to the album stating it as "One more treat from Yuvan!" Indiaglitz rated 2.75 out of 5 to the album stating "`Kadhal 2 Kalyanam' is an energetic album that would appease youngsters." Milliblog reviewed it as "Kadhal 2 Kalyanam is a perfectly balanced soundtrack in an ideal mixed bag!" Music Aloud gave 7.25 out of 10 stating "Strictly run-of-the-mill stuff from Yuvan Shankar Raja for Kadhal 2 Kalyanam with couple of enjoyable, but zero exceptional tracks." The Times of India gave the album 3 out of 5 stars.
References
External links
Films shot in Puducherry
Indian romantic comedy films
Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja
Unreleased Tamil-language films |
44501478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll%20bonding | Roll bonding | Roll bonding is a solid state, cold welding process, obtained through flat rolling of sheet metals. In roll bonding, two or more layers of different metals are passed through a pair of flat rollers under sufficient pressure to bond the layers. The pressure is high enough to deform the metals and reduce the combined thickness of the clad material. The mating surfaces must be previously prepared (scratched, cleaned, degreased) in order to increase their friction coefficient and remove any oxide layers.
The process can be performed at room temperature or at warm conditions. In warm roll bonding, heat is applied to pre-heat the sheets just before rolling, in order to increase their ductility and improve the strength of the weld. The strength of the rolled bonds depends on the main process parameters, including the rolling conditions (entry temperature of the sheets, amount of thickness reduction, rolling speed, etc.), the pre-rolling treatment conditions (annealing temperature and time, surface preparation techniques, etc.) and the post-rolling heat treatments.
Applications
The applications of roll bonding can be used for cladding of metal sheets, or as a sub-step of the accumulative roll bonding. Bonding of the sheets can be controlled by painting a pattern on one sheet; only the bare metal surfaces bond, and the un-bonded portion can be inflated if the sheet is heated and the coating vaporizes. This is used to make heat exchangers for refrigeration equipment.
References
Industrial processes
Joining
Welding
Metalworking
Metal forming |
44501485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleaford%20Mere | Sleaford Mere | Sleaford Mere (alternative name: Kuyabidni) is a permanent saline lake, located on the Jussieu Peninsula on the south eastern tip of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia about south west of Port Lincoln. The lake was given its modern name by the British explorer, Matthew Flinders, on 26 February 1802. Since 1969, the lake has been part of the Sleaford Mere Conservation Park and since 2005, it has been listed as a nationally important wetland. The lake and its environs are notable as a venue for recreational pursuits such as canoeing.
Description
Sleaford Mere is a permanent salt lake with an area of . It is about to long in the north-south direction and about wide from west to east. It is reported as being ‘a few feet deep’ and as having ‘some small islands.’
Since 2003, the lake has been located within the locality of Sleaford.
Hydrology
Sleaford Mere is supplied directly by local runoff and indirectly by groundwater sources. In respect to local runoff, the locality around the lake receives of rainfall per annum. As of 2005, it was reported that it was not known if groundwater was being supplied from a single basin or multiple basins. In respect to groundwater, the lake is part of a potable water administration area known as the Southern Basins Prescribed Wells Area which covers the area of Eyre Peninsula between the city of Port Lincoln and the town of Coffin Bay.
Geology
Sleaford Mere was formed within a depression in a limestone strata known as the Bridgewater Formation.
Natural history
Flora
Stromatolites are present at the lake's edge. Land immediately adjoining the lake supports tall open shrubland dominated by dryland tea-tree and a sedgeland of Gahnia trifida. Species of conservation significance include the common spleenwort and Eyre Peninsula bitter-pea. As of 2009, Aleppo pine, an introduced species, was considered to an infestation risk.
Fauna
The lake is notable as a bird habitat. The northern end of the lake has been identified as being suitable habitat for southern emu-wren. The lake supports food sources such as fish species such as ‘hardy heads’ (sp: Atherinosoma) which are consumed by bird species such as Pacific gull, pied cormorant, pied oystercatcher, red-capped plover, silver gull and the two following species protected by the Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement and the China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement: sharp-tailed sandpiper and curlew sandpiper. Species of conservation significance known to visit the lake include fairy tern, hooded plover and musk duck. The lake is reported as containing marine species of fish, including ‘a large, land-locked population of skates’. Western grey kangaroo is reported as being within the vicinity of the lake. The land surrounding the lake supports foxes, an introduced species which is the subject of ongoing pest animal control programs.
History
Aboriginal use
The lake and adjoining land is reported in 2009 as being associated with the Barngala and Nauo peoples. As of 2009, there was no record of the lake or an object discovered in or near the lake being of ‘significance according to Aboriginal tradition or of significance to Aboriginal archaeology, anthropology or history.’ The native name for the lake was reported in 1908 as being Kuyabidni (also spelt as Kujabidni).
European use
The lake was seen by Matthew Flinders on Friday 26 February 1802 and named after a parish in Lincolnshire, England. Flinders visited the lake to investigate it as a source of water but found that its water was undrinkable. He described the lake as follows:
Economy
Economic activity is mainly associated with the use of the Sleaford Mere Conservation Park and the adjoining Lincoln National Park for recreational and leisure purpose by persons either resident in the lower Eyre Peninsula or visiting from elsewhere. As of 2007, a walking trail associated with the Lincoln National Park passes the east side of the lake. As of 2009, the lake was being used occasionally as a canoeing venue, particularly by school and holiday groups. Also, the lake can be used as a swimming venue, however this use may be discouraged by the lake’s relative shallow depth and high salinity. As of 1980, ‘a holiday complex’ was reported as being ‘situated on the southern shore of the Lake.’
Protected area status
Sleaford Mere and some adjoining land was proclaimed as a national park in January 1969 for the purpose of conserving ‘conserve important lake feeding habitat for wader birds.‘ In 2005, Sleaford Mere was included in a non-statutory listing of nationally important wetlands located in South Australia as part of A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia.
See also
Mere (lake)
Mikkira
References
Endorheic lakes of Australia
Saline lakes of South Australia
Eyre Peninsula
Wetlands of South Australia
DIWA-listed wetlands
Canoeing and kayaking venues in Australia |
17334863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Pittsburgh%20buildings | List of University of Pittsburgh buildings | The lists of University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) buildings catalog only the currently-existing Pitt- and UPMC-owned buildings and structures that reside within the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the home of the university's and medical center's main campuses. Although the University and the closely affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) are tightly intertwined both institutionally and geographically, including the sharing and leasing arrangements of resources and facilities (such as Forbes Tower, Thomas Detre Hall, the Carrillo Street Steam Plant, Hillman Cancer Center, etc.), buildings primarily owned by UPMC are listed separately because the University and UPMC are technically separate legal entities.
University of Pittsburgh
The major concentration of buildings that comprise Pitt's main campus is centered in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, however a few facilities are scattered elsewhere throughout the city, including the adjacent Shadyside neighborhood. Along with regional campuses in Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville, Pitt also has a Computer Center in RIDC Park in Blawnox, the Plum Boro Science Center in Plum, the University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center (U-PARC) in Harmarville, Pennsylvania, the Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology in Linesville, Pennsylvania, and the Allen L. Cook Spring Creek Preserve archeological research site in Spring Creek, Wyoming.
Table of Pitt-owned buildings in Pittsburgh
Buildings in the sortable table below are initially listed alphabetically.
Table of former Pitt-owned buildings in Pittsburgh
The following table lists buildings that were owned and utilized by the university but have subsequently been either sold or demolished.
UPMC
The flagship of UPMC's hospital network is centered in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh within, and adjacent to, the campus of the University of Pittsburgh. Many university departments, institutes and programs are housed within UPMC facilities and vice versa. The administrative headquarters of UPMC are moving into the top floors of the U.S. Steel Tower in downtown Pittsburgh. In Pennsylvania, UPMC also owns and operates facilities outside Pittsburgh including hospitals in Aspinwall (UPMC St. Margaret), Bedford (UPMC Bedford), Braddock (UPMC Braddock), Cranberry (UPMC Passavant – Cranberry Campus), Greenville (UPMC Horizon: Greenville), McCandless (UPMC Passavant – McCandless campus), (UPMC McKeesport), Seneca (UPMC Northwest), and Farrell (UPMC Horizon: Shenango Valley), as well as operating ISMETT, located in Palermo, Sicily. UPMC also owns and operates a variety of other facilities inside Pennsylvania including cancer centers (also internationally in Ireland and the United Kingdom), retirement and long-term care facilities, and community and medical and surgical facilities.
Table of UPMC-owned buildings in Pittsburgh
The sortable table below has its included buildings initially listed alphabetically.
See also
Oakland - the neighborhood of the main Pitt campus
Schenley Farms Historic District - the historic district in Oakland which the main campus is located. Many other historic buildings in this district are scattered among the Pitt campus and are utilized for various school functions.
Notes
References
External links
Financial Records Services Building List
Allegheny County Assessment Real Estate Search
Emporis Pittsburgh buildings
Images of America: Oakland
Building List
Pittsburgh, University of
University of Pittsburgh buildings
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
University of Pittsburgh |
44501495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tos%20Chirathivat | Tos Chirathivat | Tos Chirathivat (born 23 November 1964) is the executive chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Central Group and head of one of Thailand's leading family business groups. The Central Group owns more than 100 department stores and shopping malls. It also operates hotels and restaurants, with a total of 5,000 outlets. He and his family are among the richest families in Thailand.
Career
Tos became CEO of the Central Group on 29 November 2013.
From 2002 through 2013, Tos was CEO of Central Retailing, the group’s retail-development arm. In this role, Tos focused on international expansion. The company opened three department stores in China in 2010 and 2011. They also made several key acquisitions in Europe, purchasing the Italian retailer La Rinascente in 2011, the Illum department store in Copenhagen, and Germany's KaDeWe. International operations now account for roughly 30 percent of group revenue.
Tos Chirathivat also served in several executive director roles at Big C Super Center, Robinson Department Store, and B2S Company Ltd.
He briefly worked at Citibank after university.
Family
Tos comes from the well-known Chirathivat clan. His grandfather, Tiang, was a member of Thailand's commercially prominent Thai-Chinese community and founded the Central Group in 1947. His father, Samrit, served as chairman of the Central Group for 21 years and opened the first shopping center in Thailand in 1957.
Tos, born in 1964, is the youngest of eight children. Growing up, he was very quiet and considered designing cars as a profession. He and his close-knit family lived on a 12-house compound in Bangkok.
He and his wife Sookta have 2 sons.
Education
Tos earned an economics degree from Wesleyan University in Connecticut in 1985 and received his MBA from Columbia University in New York in 1988. He spent a year of high school studying at a private school in Miami.
References
Tos Chirathivat
Tos Chirathivat
Living people
1964 births
Wesleyan University alumni
Columbia Business School alumni |
44501519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela%20Ortiz%20Mart%C3%ADnez | Gabriela Ortiz Martínez | Gabriela Ortiz Martínez de Kores (born 15 November 1973) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. In 2009 she served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.
References
1973 births
Living people
Politicians from the State of Mexico
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for the State of Mexico |
20470929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Guilleray | Marie Guilleray | Marie Guilleray (born August 1978) is a vocal performer, improviser and composer currently based in The Hague, Netherlands.
She performs mainly in free improvisation, experimental and contemporary music. Her work focuses on vocal extended techniques, sound poetry, and the combination of voice and electronics. Currently she is a member of Royal improvisers Orchestra and works on various experimental, improvised and electronic music projects.
Discography
Albums
"Hijas", Heyoky (2004)
"It's over", Ladies and Jazzwomen (2006)
"Lady blues", Ladies and Jazzwomen (2007)
External links
Official Site
Official Myspace
1978 births
Living people
21st-century French singers
21st-century French women singers |
17334869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressie | Cressie | In Canadian folklore, Cressie is the nickname given to an eel-like lake monster said to reside in Crescent Lake, Robert's Arm, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The name is a portmanteau of Crescent Lake and Nessie, the nickname given to the Loch Ness Monster. The monster has been described as resembling a large dark brown eel around 15 feet in length with a long, sleek body and as "looking long and shiny, and having a fish-like head." Claims of Cressie being sighted began in the 1950s, and continue to the present day.
History
Though there are reported sightings of Cressie as early as the 1950s, some have linked the legends to earlier Indigenous legends of the woodum haoot ("pond devil") or haoot tuwedyee ("swimming demon"), however others caution that this attribution has seemingly been copied from source to source without any verification of its connection to Cressie or the area of Newfoundland and Labrador in which Cressie is found.
There have been no photographs of Cressie, and all information relies on local oral history. According to local folklore, an elderly resident of Robert's Arm known as Grandmother Anthony was startled while berry-picking by a giant serpent in the lake. In one of the earliest dated sightings in the 1950s, two woodsmen were on the shores of the lake when they noticed an upturned boat, and fearing for its occupants, they hurried towards it. However, as they approached, the boat turned out to be something large and slick which slipped below the waters of the lake.
A local resident reported a slim, black shape rise five feet from a patch of churning water before sinking out of sight, in early spring 1990.
On July 9, 1991, Fred Parsons and his wife reported seeing a large snakelike creature swimming in Crescent Lake. He described it as a long, sleek body without a significantly large head, which was laying level with the water. In September of that same year, a resident of Robert's Arm was returning to town when he noticed a disturbance on the surface of the lake. As he watched, the object dropped beneath the surface and then rose again. He described it as "a black, fifteen foot long shape pitching forward in a rolling motion much as a whale does but with no sign of a fin." It sank out of sight and did not reappear.
There were several sightings in 1995, and a summer student crew working on the boardwalk along the lake spotted the monster in 2000.
During the summer of 2003, several town residents say they saw the creature swimming after at least a year with no reports, which had led some residents to speculate whether Cressie had died. In these reports, Cressie was said to resemble a snake-like creature with a fish-like head:A passenger in a passing car shrieked at the driver as she looked out towards the lake and watched as the monster surfaced, its skin shiny and slick under the summer sun. Both watched water pour from the monster's gaping mouth. It was about 20 feet in length and swam silently across the top of the lake before diving down into the cool depths once more.There are other reports that divers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have allegedly described seeing "giant eels as thick as a man's thigh" in the lake while investigating a drowning death. According to reports, scuba divers conducting an underwater search for the body of a downed pilot in the mid-80s found themselves surrounded by a school of vicious gigantic eels, though they were able to escape, leading some to believe that perhaps these eels were Cressie's babies.
In the winter, large holes often appear in the ice that covers Crescent Lake, leading some to speculate that the holes were created not by something falling into the lake, but by something bursting through the ice.
Explanations
According to skeptics there are several natural occurrences that can explain "Cressie" sightings.Giant eels have been touted as one of the most likely candidates. Several Robert's Arm residents offer as evidence of the eel hypothesis previous sightings of giant eels, and high numbers of eels appearing in eel traps in the lake. In an article from 1993 called Have You Seen Cressie?, author R.A. Bragg suggests that eels do not stop growing during their lifetime, and perhaps this is the cause of Cressie's size.
Others, such as skeptical investigator Joe Nickell speculate that perhaps the dark-colored northern river otter is responsible. He claims the river otter"swims both under water and at the surface where its wake can make it appear much longer, and moves in an undulating (rising and falling) manner...In addition, multiple otters swimming in a line can give the effect of a single giant serpentine creature slithering with an up-and-down movement through water".Still others suggest that Cressie is not a living creature at all, but instead a large log. The bottom of Crescent Lake is reported to be covered in wooden logs from when logging took place in the community. For decades, Crescent Lake was used to transport more than half a million cords of pulpwood that was harvested from the surrounding areas and shipped to paper mills. Some speculate that bubbles of gas from the decomposing wood lifts these logs to the surface of the lake.
Tourism and popular culture
In 1991, the town of Robert's Arm erected a statue of Cressie at the entrance to the community, along with a storyboard which describes the alleged sightings. This statue greets tourists to the area, and is depicted with distinctly dragonlike features including green scales, a row of plates along its back, and fearsome teeth. The statue and signs have been part of a deliberate attempt by the community to promote the monster in hopes of boosting tourism and the local economy:In 1992 Roberts Arm was the principal supply and service centre for communities on several nearby islands. However, the town's major source of employment — cutting pulpwood for local contractors — was in crisis, after having been in decline for some years. It was also hoped that the community would benefit from efforts to promote tourism along the "Beothuk Trail". Perhaps this hope is strengthened by the old, local tradition that a 'monster', named Cressie, inhabits Crescent Lake.
A local gas station is named "Cressie's Gas Bar & Supplies." A 2012 newspaper article promoting local hiking spots used the monster as a potential attraction for hikers:The area is blazing with color in the fall when the birches, aspens and maples are changing colour. If you are lucky maybe you will even catch a glimpse of 'cressie', the lake monster that lurks beneath the waters of Crescent Lake.
Cressie has featured in several of Robert's Arm's Come Home Year celebrations. The 1995 Come Home Year commemorative book includes several poems which refer to Cressie, including this passage by Jim Payne:"I suppose you've heard of Cressie the monster in the lake
If you get too handy she'll give her tail a shake
She'll set you boat a-rocking and you won't believe your eyes
And people will make fun of you and say you're telling lies"In May 2008, local media reported that a production company from Montreal would travel to Robert's Arm to produce a show for the History Channel. On 17 September 2008, History Channel’s Monster Quest broadcast an episode entitled “Lake Monsters of the North,” which focused on the legends of the monster eels in the lake.
In October 2019, a group exhibition entitled “Crafted Beasts” opened at the Craft Council of NL Gallery in St. John's, which examined provincial, indigenous, and Western European folklore, and which "started from the desire to see the transformation of traditional beliefs, customs and stories that have been passed through word of mouth, into a physical object." The show included a sculpture inspired by tales of the lake monster:For “Cressie,” Michael Harlick combined forged metal and found bone to build a spooky sculpture one certainly would not want to encounter in the deep, dark waters.
References
Canadian folklore
Canadian legendary creatures
Water monsters
Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador |
17334913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNU | BNU | BNU may refer to:
BNU (software), a communications driver.
Banco Nacional Ultramarino, a Portuguese and Macanese bank
Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
Beijing Normal University, a university in Beijing, China
Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, public library in Strasbourg
Brooklyn Northern United AFC, a New Zealand football team
Buckinghamshire New University, a university in Buckinghamshire, England
Bengaluru North University, a university in Karnataka, India |
20470932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstormers%20Theatre | Barnstormers Theatre | The Barnstormers Theatre is located in Tamworth, New Hampshire, and is the oldest ongoing professional summer theatre in the United States. It was founded in 1931 by Francis Cleveland, the son of 22nd president Grover Cleveland. It is one of the only professional theatres in the United States that performs eight shows in eight consecutive weeks every summer.
History
In 1931 Francis and Alice Cleveland founded the theatre company, along with their friend, Ed Goodnow. During the summer they would lead a company of resident actors around the region, performing different plays each night. In some cases they would literally storm barns, arriving in the afternoon to set up their scenery and lights in time for an evening performance.
After World War II the acting company purchased Kimball's Store on Main Street, across from the Tamworth Inn, and transformed the building into a theatre. Since then the theatre's acting company has kept the rigorous schedule of rehearsing one play by day, and performing another by night, from the end of June to the beginning of September. Francis Cleveland acted as Artistic Director until his death in 1995.
The theatre
In 1998 The Barnstormers Theatre was renovated and winterized. It now seats 282 patrons, is heated and air conditioned, and hosts touring performances as well as producing summer theatre. Many of The Barnstormers' performances are classic comedies, murder mysteries, and musicals from the British and American stage. In 2006 the Barnstormers celebrated its 75th anniversary.
See also
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 90: First Summer Playhouse
References
External links
The Barnstormers Theatre website
Buildings and structures in Carroll County, New Hampshire
Theatres in New Hampshire
Arts organizations established in 1931
Tourist attractions in Carroll County, New Hampshire
Tamworth, New Hampshire |
17334928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghukasyan | Ghukasyan | Ghukasyan () ) is an Armenian surname, meaning 'son of Ghukas', the Armenian equivalent of Luke. In Russia, Azerbaijan and other countries, some holders of this surname changed the spelling to Gukasov ().
People with the surname include:
Arkadi Ghukasyan (born 1957), second president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Siranush Ghukasyan (born 1998), Armenian chess master
Hovhannes Ghukasyan (1822–1882), Polish-Armenian pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer, inventor of the modern kerosene lamp
See also
Arshak Ter-Gukasov (1819–1881), Yerevan Forces commander of Russia's army during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
Voroshil Gukasyan (1932–1986), Soviet linguist
Armenian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names |
23575035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service.
Statistics
Official police statistics
South Africa's Police Service releases the country's crime statistics. The crime category "sexual offences" includes a wide range of sexual offences, including rape, sexual assault, incest, bestiality, flashing and other crimes.
The South African Police Service releases rape statistics every quarter of the year as well as an annual report.
Prevalence
According to the report by the United Nations Office on Crimes and Drugs for the period 1998–2000, South Africa was ranked first for rapes per capita. In 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women questioned in Johannesburg had been raped, according to Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa. While women's groups in South Africa estimate that a woman is raped every 26 seconds, the South African police estimates that a woman is raped every 36 seconds.
A survey from the comprehensive study "Rape in South Africa" from 2000 indicated that 2.1% of women aged 16 years or older across population groups reported that they had been sexually abused at least once between the beginning of 1993 and March 1998, results which seem to starkly conflict the MRC survey results. Similarly, The South African demographic and health survey of 1998 gave results of rape prevalence at 4.0% of all women aged between 15 and 49 years in the sampled households (a survey also performed by the Medical Research Council and Department of Health). So far no attempts have been made to address these large statistical disparities.
Regional differences
There are deviations in sexual violence rates in different provinces of South Africa.
In a study of three South African provinces (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo) in 1997, 6.8% of women surveyed in Mpumalanga said they had been raped during their lifetime, 5.0% of women surveyed in Limpopo had been raped, and 4.5% of women in Eastern Cape had been raped. In 1998, the region of Gauteng accounted for the largest percentage of prisoners in custody for sexual offences with 20.6% and Western Cape had the second largest percentage with 17.3%. The province with the least percentage of prisoners convicted of sexual offences was Northern Cape with 3.8% and Limpopo with 2.6%.
The South African Crime Survey 2003 highlights the regional differences of citizens' perceptions and fears. Surveying what type of crime respondents thought occurred most in their area of residence, 14.6% of Northern Cape respondents reported that they believed rape to be the most prevalent type of crime. While the Northern Cape had the largest percentage of respondents who believed rape to be most prevalent, the province of KwaZulu-Natal had the least with 1.7%.
Averaging all provinces, rape ranked 7th in the crime that respondents thought was most prevalent, after housebreaking, property theft, robbery, murder, livestock theft, and assault. This survey also investigated what type of crime respondents feared most in their area. Rape ranked third in this category after only murder and housebreaking. 40.8% of respondents in the Northern Cape and 31.8% of respondents in Free State feared rape the most. On the other side of the spectrum, 11.6% of KwaZulu-Natal and 12.1% of respondents in Mpumalanga stated rape as the crime they were most afraid of in their area.
By September 2019, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged that sexual violence against women had grown in South Africa, The nation's "Mother City" Cape Town has seen an extended use of military deployment to combat sexual violence against women as well.
Types
Violence against women
The South African government reports that one of these reasons is the culture of patriarchy in South Africa. Its report states that patriarchy is firmly rooted in black and white culture and fighting it is seen as attempting to destroy South African tradition or South African ideals.
The danger from rape and sexual assault is compounded because of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in South African townships. A woman being raped over the age of 25 has a one in four chance that her attacker is HIV positive and more women than men are affected from HIV/AIDS.
The perpetrators of rape in South Africa tend to be men known to the victim. It is reported that a husband or boyfriend kills a woman every six hours in South Africa. Many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner. In 1993 South Africa outlawed marital rape. In September 2019, President Ramaphosa responded to a surge in violence against women by calling for the passage of laws making rape punishable by death and called an emergency session of the South African Parliament.
Violence against infants and children
South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and infant rape in the world. The Tears Foundation and the MRC stated 50% of South Africa's children will be abused before the age of 18. The MRC study stated that, in 2009, 15% were under 12 years old. In 2017, the police reported that 9% of reported rape are those of 9 years old or younger with agencies reporting an increase throughout the country. Although there are varying numbers on the number of reported rapes of children, one report states that in 2000, 21,538 rapes and attempted rapes of children under the age of 18 were reported and another from 2001 states that there were 24,892 rapes. Child welfare groups believe that the number of unreported incidents could be up to 10 times that number. The largest increase in attacks was against children under seven. A trade union report said a child was being raped in South Africa every three minutes. Some cite a 400% increase in sexual violence against children in the decade preceding 2002 and that it may still be on the rise. A third of the cases are committed by a family member or close relative.
A number of high-profile infant rapes appeared since 2001 (including the fact that they required extensive reconstructive surgery to rebuild urinary, genital, abdominal, or tracheal systems). In October 2001, a 9-month-old girl named Tshepang was raped by an HIV-positive man and had to undergo extensive reconstructive surgery in Cape Town. In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang raped by four men. One has been charged. The infant has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.
A significant contributing factor for the escalation in child abuse is the widespread myth in HIV ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin will cure a man of AIDS. This virgin cleansing myth exists in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. The child abusers are often relatives of their victims and are at times their fathers or providers.
Corrective rape
Lesbians in certain parts of South Africa also face a dangerous environment. Raping lesbians (a practice referred to as corrective rape) is believed to convert them to heterosexuality. The South African government reported to CEDAW that lesbians and gays are discriminated against in many spheres. The government has been accused of condoning the practice for fear of not appearing "macho."
One notable case of this was the gang-rape and murder of Eudy Simelane, a member of the South African football team and LGBT-rights activist. 31 lesbians have died from these attacks in the last 10 years and more than 10 lesbians per week are raped or gang-raped in Cape Town alone.
Corrective rape is also perpetrated against gay men. A 2003 study conducted by Out LGBT Well-Being (Out) and the University of South Africa Centre for Applied Psychology (UCAP) discovered that the percentage of black gay men who said they have experienced corrective rape matched that of the black lesbians who partook in the study. Stigmatization of male victims was said to be the cause of low reporting rates for corrective gay rape.
Violence against men
About 3.5% of men have been forced to have sex with other men in a 2009 Medical Research Council survey. About 19.4% of all adult victims of sexual assault in South Africa in 2012 were male. Another group's survey estimates that one in five adult males become victims of sexual offences, and this figure could be much higher as a male is 10 times less likely to report a sexual violation than a woman. There are very few support networks for male victims of rape in the country, which makes it difficult for men to report being raped.
Prison rape
Nearly half of all South African inmates surveyed by the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services reported that sexual abuse happens "sometimes", "often" or "very often". Sexual violence in prisons is linked to gang violence and its power structures, and inmates who are sexually abused are targets for repeated abuse, and usually are victimized again and again. Survivors of prison rape have told that officials in the country are of the opinion that "[males should] expect this treatment in prison," and scholarship has found that "new inmates in male prisons are raped upon arrival by all members of any given cell." The high prevalence of prison rape has been tied to the high rate of HIV infection in the country.
Perpetrators
Men
In 2014 and 2015, a Western Cape study estimated that 15% of men had raped a woman who was not their partner. A Gauteng study conducted in 2010 revealed that 37.4% of men admitted to raping a woman. More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces admitted to raping someone when anonymously questioned in 2009; of these, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Several news publications wrongly extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population, giving reported rape prevalence several times higher in the two provinces in question. Nearly three out of four men who admitted rape stated they had first forced a woman or girl into sex before the men were the age of 20, and nearly one in ten admitted to doing so before the age of 10.
The Medical Research Council states, "Many forms of sexual violence, particularly sexual harassment and forms of sexual coercion that do not involve physical force are widely viewed as normal male behaviour." It also said practices such as gang rape were common because they were considered a form of male bonding. Market Research Africa, a Johannesburg-based market research agency, reported in 1994 that 76% of men felt that women had a right to say no to sex, one third thought that women could not decide for themselves on abortion, and 10% condoned a man beating a woman or his wife.
Children and adolescents
Among children, a 2007 survey by CIET found 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth.
In a related survey conducted among 1,500 school children in the Johannesburg township of Soweto, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun. Furthermore, more than half the interviewees insisted that when a girl says no to sex she really means yes. It is also noteworthy that those in this study were school children as age is significantly associated with rape. Men from ages 20–40 are more likely to have raped younger or older men.
Teachers
Another issue with sexual violence against minors in South Africa is the sexual abuse and harassment that is reported to occur in schools by teachers and other students. According to the Human Rights Watch, girls from all levels of society and ethnic groups have been subjected to sexual violence at school in bathrooms, empty classrooms, dormitories, and more. Police, prosecutors, and social workers have also complained that many incidents of sexual violence in schools are not reported to them because schools often prefer to deal with it internally, thus hindering justice against the perpetrators. The danger of sexual violence in schools has created a barrier for girls to seek education. HRW also reported that South African girls' school performance suffers after an incident of sexual violence.
Law
The government of the Republic of South Africa is cognizant of this problem. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa sets to ensure rights of all of the people in South Africa with the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Furthermore, it calls for the right to freedom and security, including freedom from all forms of violence by either public or private sources and the right to bodily and psychological integrity, including reproduction and bodily security. South Africa is also a member of the UN Convention for the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women, where it reported on some issues of sexual violence. It reported about how the Truth and Reconciliation Commission offered a platform for the voices of victims of violence and sexual violence during the Apartheid. It also reported details on the Judicial Authority of South Africa, where the lower courts are responsible for important issues such as sexual assault and family violence.
The Parliament of South Africa has enacted the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, which has been in effect since 16 December 2007. The comprehensive act looks to review and amend all laws dealing with sexual offences and strengthening them. The preamble of the amendment calls to scrutinize the problem in South Africa, noting that the problem "is reflective of deep-seated, systemic dysfunctionality in our society". The amendment defines sexual violence as including, but not limited to, the following forms:
rape and compelled rape
sexual assault
compelled assault and compelled self-sexual assault
forced witness of sexual body parts
child pornography
incest
bestiality
acts of necrophilia
It also adds measures in the matters of sexual offences against children (including consensual sexual acts), sexual exploitation, exposure to pornography, forced witness of sexual acts, and sexual offences against mentally disabled. Furthermore, the amendment provides services for victims of sexual offences and compulsory HIV testing of alleged sex offenders and creates a national registry for sex offenders. The Department of Justice also conducted a major national Campaign on Prevention of Violence Against Women, launched on 25 November 1996, as an education campaign.
The offense of rape is defined by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007. This act has repealed the common law offence of rape, replacing it with a broader statutory offense which is defined in section 3 of the act as follows:
and "sexual penetration" is defined as:
Marital rape is illegal; section 56 of the act provides that:
With regard to sentencing, S.3(aA) of the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Amendment Act 2007 provides that:
Report and conviction rates
It is estimated that over 40% of South African women will be raped in their lifetime and that only 1 in 9 rapes are reported. It is also estimated that 14% of perpetrators of rape are convicted in South Africa. In 1997, violence against women was added as one of the priority crimes under the National Crime Prevention Strategy; nevertheless, the rates of reported rape, sexual abuse of children and domestic violence continue to rise.
The South African report to CEDAW partly attributes the low report and conviction rate to the post-apartheid public perception of the police force. Moreover, the report states that the attitudes and prejudices of law enforcement agencies and other government personnel and the inaccessibility of services, particularly in rural areas, are also part of the problem. Much of the South African public regard the police as symbols of the oppressors during the apartheid; thus, poor faith in the police is still instituted in the post-apartheid country.
Other institutional barriers contribute to lack of report and conviction rates. The "cautionary rule" is a law that requires that a judge must show awareness to special dangers on relying on uncorroborated evidence of a complainant, lowering this rate and making victims of sexual violence feel as if the court will deem them untrustworthy. According to a survey that questioned rape victims who did not report the crime to the police, 33.3% of victims cited they feared reprisals, 9.6% cited that they felt the police would not be able to solve the crime, and 9.2% cited embarrassment as their reasons for not reporting the crime.
Media portrayal
This problem is portrayed in the media to the public through different avenues. Media reports documenting high levels of sexual violence in South Africa have increased in the media since the 1990s.
Others have condemned South African sexual violence in the media as fitting into a specific narrative of only broadcasting incidents where the victims are white, middle-class and educated and are not attacked by their peers or family members.
News and events
However, there are many news stories and events dealing with sexual violence in South Africa that have garnered a lot of international attention.
In April 1999, a female American UNICEF official visiting South Africa on business was gang raped during a robbery of the home where she was staying.
The former president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, was accused of raping the HIV-positive 31-year-old daughter of a family friend in November 2005 before he was president. He was acquitted by the court in 2006, yet he did admit to consensual unprotected sex with the woman. This event was widely covered by the press.
One particularly well-known publication of rape in South Africa was Charlene Leonora Smith's report of her own rape. As a journalist of the Mail and Guardian and having contributed to articles for the Washington Post and BBC, Smith claimed that 'rape is endemic' in the culture of South Africa.
Another scandal of sexual violence in South Africa involved the media tycoon Oprah Winfrey's, school, Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The dormitory matron, Tiny Virginia Makopo, was charged with 13 separate counts of abuse against students at the school.
A particularly controversial issue was an episode of Big Brother Africa in South Africa where Richard Bezuidenhout, a 24-year-old film student, allegedly sexually assaulted his housemate, Ofunneka Molokwu, a 29-year-old medical assistant. While many watchers disagree on what was actually shown, some saw Bezuidenhout manually penetrating Molokwu while she was unconscious or intoxicated while another housemate pleaded with him to stop. After the contested un-consensual act ceased, the producers intervened, sending paramedics into the house and cutting the live feed. News publications and blogs have widely discussed this controversy.
Another contentious issue was when the only black player in the South African cricket team, Makhaya Ntini, was convicted of the rape of a 22-year-old student. This was particularly controversial as Ntini was the first black cricketer to represent South Africa on an international level and was viewed as a role model. However, Ntini won his appeal against his rape conviction and had his six-year jail sentence overturned.
In contrast to these scandals of sexual violence, action against sexual violence in South Africa has also been featured in the news and media.
A protest against sexual violence that was portrayed in the media occurred in 2012, when the African National Congress Women's League called on hundreds of South Africans to engage in a "mini-skirt march" to protest the attack of two women in Johannesburg for wearing short skirts. In response to corrective rape, the New York Festivals Television and Film Awards Gala at the NAB Show in Las Vegas will award ESPN for their E:60 production, "Corrective Rape," with the Gold Award. This award was established in 1990 to films that reflected the ideals of the United Nations and signifies that the issue of corrective rape is becoming more discussed on an international level.
In late August 2019, student Uyinene Mrwetyana was raped and murdered by a post office attendant who was working in Claremont, Cape Town. Her death highlighted the broader national problem of gender based violence and femicide in South Africa, and is credited with "shifting the South African collective consciousness" and "igniting a movement".
Literature and fiction
Some novels and movies have also delved into this issue in its connection to the Apartheid. Antjie Krog's Country of My Skull delves into the Truth and Reconciliatory Commission and the reports of women that were victims of sexual violence during the Apartheid. J.M. Coetzee's novel, Disgrace, has been accused of racism as it depicts a young white woman being raped by three black men in her house in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The book, The Writing Circle, by Rozena Maart, depicts a group of young women's experiences with rape and other forms of violence living in Cape Town, South Africa. The 2006 documentary, Rape for Who I Am, delves into the lives of black lesbians living in South Africa.
See also
RapeaXe, an anti-rape device which was invented in South Africa
Rape statistics
Estimates of sexual violence
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Crime in South Africa
Corrective rape
HIV/AIDS in South African townships
Further reading
Pamela Scully. "Rape, Race, and Colonial Culture: The Sexual Politics of Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony, South Africa" The American Historical Review, 100, 2 (1995): 335-359 Academia.edu
References
South Africa
South Africa
Violence
Violence in South Africa
Human rights abuses in South Africa |
17334931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1muel%20Brassai | Sámuel Brassai | Sámuel Brassai (15 June 1797 – 24 June 1897) was a Hungarian linguist and teacher sometimes called "The Last Transylvanian Polymath." In addition to being a linguist and pedagogue he was also a natural scientist, mathematician, musician, philosopher, essay writer, and a regular member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He is perhaps best known for teaching methods.
Notes
References
É. Kiss, Katalin. 2008. A Pioneering Theory Of Information Structure. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, Vol. 55 (1–2), pp. 23–40.
External links
1797 births
1897 deaths
Hungarian centenarians
Men centenarians
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
People from Alba County
Rectors of the Franz Joseph University |
20470941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floe%20Lake | Floe Lake | Floe Lake is a lake in Kootenay National Park, British Columbia, Canada. The lake is only accessible by a 10.7 km hiking trail that leaves from a marked trailhead on highway 93.
There is a backcountry campground at the lake as well as a Warden's cabin staffed by Parks Canada.
An image of Floe Lake appears on the wall of the International Arrivals at Customs Canada in the Calgary International Airport.
References
Lakes of British Columbia
Kootenay National Park |
17334941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon%20Patton | Brandon Patton | Brandon Patton is an American game designer and musician.
Games
Game Design
Mycology (board game, in-development)
Super PACS: The Game of Politics About the Game of Politics (2016, TableTip Games)
Healing Blade: Defenders of Soma (2016, Nerdcore Medical)
Occam's Razor: The Diagnostician's Dilemma (2013, Nerdcore Medical)
Music
Awards
Winner of the Vox Populi for Best Story Song of 2009 (for "Mixed-Up Modern Family") by the 9th Annual Independent Music Awards,
2009 Finalist in the USA Songwriting Competition in the Rock / Alternative category.
Featured on NPR's song of the day Oct. 8, 2009.
"Top Music Artist" at the 2005 Temecula Film and Music Festival.
The album Should Confusion was a finalist for "Album of the Year" in the 2004 Independent Music Awards.
Finalist in the 2004 Newport Folk Festival New Talent Showcase.
Solo albums
How I Allegedly Bit a Man in Gloucestershire (2011)
Underhill Downs (2009)
Should Confusion (2004)
Nocturnal (1997)
Other albums
Jukebox Stories, The Official Bootleg (2008)
three against four, Hey Sparkle Eyes (2002)
three against four, Some of Us Are Here (1998)
Compilations featuring Patton
Nerdcore Rising: Music From the Motion Picture (2008)
Indie Pop Cares A lot (2005)
Temecula Valley International Film & Music Festival 2005 Compilation (2005)
The WSVNRadio Hall of Fame, Vol. 14 (2004)
Oasis Acoustic Vol. 47 (2004) note: due to a printing error, he is listed only as Brandon
Music festival appearances
SXSW Music Festival (2012)
Truck America (2010)
Heart of Texas Quadruple Bypass Music Festival (2008)
Newport Folk Festival New Talent Showcase (2005)
Temecula Film and Music Festival (2005)
NXNE Toronto (2005)
Musical groups
MC Frontalot (2006–2016)
Futureboy
Jonathan Coulton
The Famous
MC Lars
Steve Songs
Solea
three against four (1997-2000)
Theater and film
Theater
Jukebox Stories 3: The Secrets of Forking (2013, performer)
Jukebox Stories 2: The Case of the Creamy Foam (2008, performer)
Love Sucks! A Punk Rock Musical (2007, composer)
Jukebox Stories (2006,2007, performer)
The AtrainPlays (2005–2007, composer)
Young Zombies in Love (2004, bassist)
Film
Remedy (2013) background music
The Muslims Are Coming (2012) background music
Nerdcore Rising (2008) as himself
References
External links
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
American multi-instrumentalists
Living people
Wesleyan University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
23575050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Zbik | Sebastian Zbik | Sebastian Zbik (born 17 March 1982) is a German professional boxer and the former WBC middleweight Champion of the world. He resides in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Professional career
Zbik won the interim WBC middleweight title against Italian Domenico Spada on 11 July 2009. He was given the full title in January 2011 when the WBC promoted Sergio Martínez to Emeritus champion.
Zbik lost his newly awarded WBC Middleweight Championship against undefeated Mexican Julio César Chávez Jr. at Staples Center Los Angeles, California on 4 June 2011.
On 13 April 2012, Zbik went to Cologne, Germany, to face fellow German and current WBA Super World Middleweight Champion Felix Sturm in a German world title showdown. Sturm would go on to earn his 16th KO in his 37 wins with a 9th round TKO stoppage of Zbik.
See also
List of WBC world champions
List of middleweight boxing champions
References
External links
Boxing-Encyclopedia
1982 births
Living people
People from Neubrandenburg
World boxing champions
World middleweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
Middleweight boxers
German male boxers
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
6903501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill%20Navy | Schuylkill Navy | The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur rowing clubs of Philadelphia. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The member clubs are all on the Schuylkill River where it flows through Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic Boathouse Row.
By charter, the Schuylkill Navy’s object is "to secure united action among the several Clubs and to promote amateurism on the Schuylkill River." Over the years, the group has had a role in certain ceremonial and state functions. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing and the sport's current status as an amateur sport.
At its founding, it had nine clubs; today, there are 16: Fairmount Rowing Association, Crescent Boat Club, Bachelors Barge Club, University Barge Club, Malta Boat Club, Vesper Boat Club, College Boat Club, Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association (Penn AC), Undine Barge Club (Undine), Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club (PGRC), Gillin Boat Club, Conshohocken Rowing Center, Pennsylvania Barge Club, Whitemarsh Boat Club, Sedgeldy, and Pennsylvania Center for Adapted Sports. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times. Many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors.
Origins
The Schuylkill Navy was founded by nine Philadelphia rowing clubs seeking a governing body to prevent fixed races. Once formed, the Navy enacted a code of conduct that prohibited wagering on races.
These clubs were present at the founding of the society in October 1858: America, Camilla, Chebucto, Falcon, Independent, Keystone (the 1st), Neptune (the 1st), Pennsylvania (the 1st), and University. Later that month, Amateurs, Nautilus, and Quaker City joined. While not at that first meeting, Undine and Bachelors joined the Navy soon after its founding. Bachelors absorbed member, Amateurs, in December 1858, and became a member in March 1859. While Undine was not initially listed as a founder, it is considered a founder of the Navy because one of Undine's members was the Secretary Treasurer of the Navy at its inception.
In March 1860, Union Boat Club and Atlantic Barge Club (the 1st) joined the Schuylkill Navy. In September 1860 the founding club, Camilla Boat Club, resigned. By June 1861, Falcon, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic had dissolved. Half of the remaining Schuylkill Navy clubs lapsed during the Civil War. As of August 1865 Chebutco, Excelsior, Union, Independent, and Keystone no longer existed.
After the Civil War
Rowing resumed at the end of the Civil War, but many of the fledgling post-war clubs did not last. On August 17, 1865, Pennsylvania Barge Club (the 2nd) and Philadelphia Barge Club were elected to the Navy. Five days later Malta Boat Club and Washington Boat Club (now known as Vesper) joined.
In 1867 the Navy admitted Iona (the 1st), but Iona terminated its membership after it became part of Crescent Boat Club, which joined in 1868. In April 1868 rowers split from Neptune to form the second Atlantic Boat Club. Keystone (the 2nd) joined the Navy in February 1870, but resigned by the end of the year. Washington Boat Club was renamed Vesper Boat Club in 1870, then resigned in 1871, and was not a member again until 1879. Bachelors resigned in 1870 and did not rejoin until 1882. West Philadelphia Barge Club and College Boat Club joined in 1873 and 1875 respectively.
On November 11, 1872, the Navy composed the funeral solemnities of General George Meade. In 1876, it held an international regatta in connection with the Centennial Exposition, the largest of its kind to that point. On April 27, 1878, crews from various clubs of the Navy staged a demonstration to honor President Rutherford B. Hayes's visit to Philadelphia.
A new Iona Boat Club, chartered in 1876, joined the Navy in 1884, and lasted until 1895. Fairmount Rowing Association, in existence since 1877, was admitted in 1916. In 1924, Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association absorbed West Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1932, under the pressures of the Great Depression, Quaker City Barge Club and Philadelphia Barge Club closed their doors.
After World War II
World War II dramatically reduced the membership rolls of the clubs of the Schuylkill Navy. As a result, Crescent Boat Club resigned and leased its boathouse to LaSalle Rowing Association from 1951 until 1960. Pennsylvania Barge Club (the 2nd) ceased rowing in 1955. Pennsylvania turned its boathouse over to the Navy until its membership was reinstated in 2009.
In 1968, Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club, a women-only club, became a member of the Schuylkill Navy. Most recently, Gillin Boat Club was elected to the Navy by unanimous vote in 2004.
21st century
The Schuylkill Navy is the organizer of the Philadelphia Classic Regatta Series. With three of the largest regattas in the mid-Atlantic region on the schedule as well as two of the nation's oldest regattas, the Philadelphia Classic Regatta Series connects the rowing competitors of today to the historic home of the international rowing elite. It is built on a tradition that launched November 12, 1835, with the first organized regatta on Philadelphia's historic Schuylkill River (a full eight years before the start of the rowing program at Harvard University).
In 2010, USRowing, the national governing body for rowing, announced the launch of a new Training Center Partner Program in order to create partnerships with clubs across the country interested in collaborating in the development of athletes who could potentially represent the United States in international races. The partner program places an emphasis on training athletes in small boat development and incorporating athletes in senior and under-23 camps and trials. Partners include Schuylkill Navy's Penn AC and Vesper Boat Club. Partner programs will have access to national team training programs, and have the opportunity to consult with USRowing National Team staff and the Director of Coaching Education, Kris Korzeniowski.
In 2016, the composite crew racing as Schuylkill Navy won the Prince of Wales Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta.
Traditions
Regattas
Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta: Held annually since 1953, this is the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the United States. Named for Harry Emerson “Dad” Vail, a crew coach at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, it was created to involve and support schools whose rowing programs were too small to compete in major races against larger institutions.
Head of the Schuylkill: Founded in 1971 by three members of the University Barge Club, it was intended to open up the head-racing season to Club rowers in an era when most headraces were held for Junior, University, and Elite rowers. By 2013, more than 6,500 athletes competed over the 2.5-mile course.
Independence Day Regatta: Originally called “The People's Regatta” and first held around 1880, the Independence Day Regatta was given its current name in 1958 to recognize the Schuylkill Navy’s 100th anniversary. It is a 2000m race held on the Sunday of the week of the Fourth of July. There are races for juniors, intermediate club, senior club, and masters.
Navy Day Regatta: It was founded in 1986 by two former United States Navy members who wanted to sponsor a regatta to promote and support U. S. Navy and Marine Corps awareness. A 700-meter trial race was held in 1986, and in 1987 the course was moved to the 2000-meter course above the Columbia Avenue Bridge. After the United States Naval Academy began attending the regatta, the race was lengthened to 2.5 miles as a preparation for the Head of the Charles Regatta and Head of the Schuylkill regattas held later in the fall season.
Stotesbury Cup: This regatta has been held continuously since 1927, with women's events starting in 1974. Edward T. Stotesbury fronted the cost for the regatta to make a championship race for the Boys' Senior Eight, which is held over 1500 meters. The Stotesbury is the largest high school regatta in the world with over 5000 competitors and 10,000 spectators in attendance at the Athlete Village.
Events
The Navy also sponsors other athletic endeavors including a basketball league and an annual cross country race.
Schuylkill Navy Run
The Schuylkill Navy Run, also known as the Turkey Trot, began in 1899. Held on Thanksgiving Day, the race has been a tradition for rowers in the Philadelphia region ever since, with the exception of two years during World War I and two years during World War II. It begins at Malta Boat Club on Kelly Drive, and continues over 5 5/8 miles of hilly terrain. The runners go inbound on Kelly Drive to the traffic light in front of Lloyd Hall, turn left and go up Lemon Hill and over the Girard Avenue Bridge, then right onto Lansdowne Avenue. Just past Sweetbriar Cutoff, the course turns right and starts the true “cross country” segment across grassy surfaces. Runners go to the General Meade Monument, then follow to the Pagoda entrance gate to Belmont Plateau, up the hill to Belmont Mansion, and return by way of Brewery Hill down Kelly Drive back to Malta Boat Club.
Any and all members of The Schuylkill Navy clubs and its affiliates are eligible to compete, as well as friend and family guest runners. The classifications include the following categories: Open, Masters, Juniors, Guests, and Novices.
Member clubs
Current members
Fairmount Rowing Association
Established in 1877 and located at No. 2 Boathouse Row, Fairmount is on the National Register of Historic Places. Fairmount gained admission to the Schuylkill Navy in 1916 after it had been rejected for decades. In 1945 the boathouse underwent a huge expansion in which it merged with what was No. 3 on Boathouse Row to create the current Fairmount Rowing Association boathouse. Fairmount has called itself the "premiere club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region". Recently the club has produced several world class rowers. The club is currently coached by Ahsan Iqbal and is affiliated with La Salle University and Episcopal Academy.
Pennsylvania Barge Club
Founded in 1861 and located at No. 4 Boathouse Row, the Pennsylvania Barge Club is also known as the Hollenback House, after William M. Hollenback Jr., who from 1979 to 1985 served as the president of the governing body of rowing, USRowing. It is alleged that painter Thomas Eakins was a member of the Pennsylvania Barge Club as he frequently painted rowers, and one of his close friends, Max Schmitt, is known to have rowed for the club and won the single sculls national championship 6 times. Pennsylvania Barge Club represented the United States at the Summer Olympic Games in 1920 (coxed four), 1924 (coxed four), 1928 (coxed four and four without coxswain) and 1932 (pair with coxswain). In 1955, due to World War II the boathouse suffered a severe decrease in membership and turned its facility over to the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, which would later become USRowing, to serve as their headquarters. In 2009 Pennsylvania Barge Club was reinstated as a member of the Schuylkill Navy; the club's current president is Michael Ragan, and it is affiliated with La Salle College High School.
Crescent Boat Club
Established in 1867 and located at No. 5 Boathouse Row, Crescent Boat Club was one of the first members of the Schuylkill Navy. The club began to be known as Crescent when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged. Crescent won the double sculls in the first National Association of Amateur Oarsmen regatta, currently known as the USRowing Club National Championships. After World War II, the club, like many others on Boathouse Row, suffered a dramatic decrease in membership and turned the operation of the boathouse over to the La Salle Rowing Association, which controlled it from 1951 to 1960. By 1974 the boathouse was vacant, and was not returned to prosperity until it came under the reins of John Wilkins. The club is now affiliated with Philadelphia University's rowing team and Roman Catholic High School rowing team, which supplies most of Crescent's summer rowing membership. Crescent has the smallest membership to the Schuylkill Navy on Boathouse Row.
Bachelors Barge Club
Located at No. 6 Boathouse Row, Bachelors was founded in 1853 and is the oldest continuously operating boathouse in the United States. Founding members of Bachelors were members of a volunteer fire-fighting club called the Phoenix Engine Company. Israel Morris is credited with founding the club, and was elected as its second president. As the name of the club suggests, membership was restricted to "Bachelors"; however shortly after its founding Bachelors opened its doors to married men. Now the vast majority of the club's 150 members are women. Bachelors medaled at the Summer Olympic Games in the single sculls and the coxed four in 1924, the single sculls in 1928, and the double sculls in 1932. More recently Bachelors sent Cody Lowry to the World Rowing Championships in 2009 in the lightweight men's single sculls. Bachelors is currently affiliated with the Conestoga High School, Lower Merion High School, and Radnor High School Men's and Women's teams, along with the Drexel University Men's and Women's teams and a number of smaller programs and independent high school scullers.
University Barge Club
Commonly referred to as UBC, the club is located at No. 7 Boathouse Row, and is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Established in 1854 by 10 members of the University of Pennsylvania's freshman rowing class, UBC founded the Schuylkill Navy in 1858. The club's beginnings are considered to be "the dawn of organized athletics at the University of Pennsylvania" as at first membership was restricted solely to University of Pennsylvania students, later opening to alumni in 1867. UBC is known as "the upper-class rowing club", as when it opened to the public most of its members were aristocracy and upper class citizens of the city of Philadelphia. UBC is currently affiliated with the Chestnut Hill Academy high school boys' rowing team and the Springside School high school women's rowing team.
Malta Boat Club
The Malta Boat Club is located at No. 9 Boathouse Row and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1865, after its establishment in 1860 when it relocated from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill River, occupying what was the Excelsior Club boathouse.
In 1901 Malta became the tallest boathouse on Boathouse Row after George W. and William D. Hewitt designed the third story of the boathouse. Malta currently does not have any strong affiliations, although some boats from The Shipley School are stored there.
Vesper Boat Club
Established in 1865 and located at No. 10 Boathouse Row, Vesper joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1870. In 1873 Vesper built, in conjunction with Malta, a 1 1/2 story boathouse. The boathouse has since been renovated, largely based ondesigns by Howard Egar in 1898.
Vesper's stated goal is "to produce Olympic champions." This was most recently accomplished by Andrew Byrnes, Gold for Canada, and Josh Inman, Bronze for the United States, both in the Men's 8+ 2008 Summer Olympics. Vesper, along with its national team and Olympic aspirations, is affiliated with several high schools including Archbishop Prendergast, Friends Select School, and Sacred Heart.
College Boat Club (University of Pennsylvania)
Located at No. 11 Boathouse Row, College Boat Club houses the University of Pennsylvania rowing teams. College Boat Club houses the Men's, Women's and Lightweight squads, and its constituency is entirely made up of past rowers. The boathouse was established in 1872 after the University of Pennsylvania moved its campus from Center City to West City, and became a member of the Schuylkill Navy in 1875. College Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 1875. It was initially founded to give University of Pennsylvania students an alternative to the school's original Boathouse, University Barge Club. In 1877 University of Pennsylvania rowers from the club beat the University of Pennsylvania rowers from University Barge Club, making College Boat Club the official hub for most University of Pennsylvania rowers by 1879. By 1893 membership was opened to alumni and enrolled students.
Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association
Otherwise known as Penn AC, the club is located at No. 12 Boathouse Row and was founded in 1871 as the West Philadelphia Boat Club. The club became known as Penn AC in 1924, and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1925. Penn AC has been a hub for elite and US National Team rowers since John B. Kelly Sr. joined the club after a falling out with his former club, Vesper. The club is currently affiliated with the Shipley School boys' and girls' rowing teams and the Monsignor Bonner High School boys' team, both of which have brought Stotesbury Cup wins back to the club in recent years.
Undine Barge Club
Established in 1856 and located at No. 13 Boathouse Row, Undine joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1858 and is considered a founding member. Both the boathouse (1882–83) and the clubhouse upstream, Castle Ringstetten (1875), were designed by architect Frank Furness. The club is currently affiliated with the rowing teams from Penn Charter and the Baldwin School. The club is also known for its motto "Labor ipse voluptas" (in English: Labor itself is a pleasure).
Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club
Otherwise known as PGRC, the club is located at No. 14 Boathouse Row and is the oldest all-female rowing club in the world. Built in 1860, it is the oldest structure on Boathouse Row, and was originally constructed for the purpose of housing the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society. Although not formally established until 1938, PGRC was formed by 17 women (mainly wives of rowers at other clubs who wished to partake in the activity of rowing). PGRC was formally admitted into the Schuylkill Navy in 1967, and currently hosts the girls' rowing team from the Agnes Irwin School.
Gillin Boat Club (St. Joseph's University and St. Joe's Prep)
Although not on historic Boathouse Row, Gillin Boat Club sits on the 1,000 meter mark of the famous Schuylkill River 2,000 meter race course. Admitted into the Schuylkill Navy in 2004, Gillin hosts the St. Joseph's University and St. Joe's Prep rowing teams. The boathouse was the first built on this up-river portion of the Schuylkill River in 98 years.
Membership history timeline
Notes
Quaker City formed from the remnants of Camilla (1858)
Bachelors Barge Club absorbed Amateurs Barge Club (1858)
Crescent formed when Iona (1st) and Pickwick merged (1867)
Washington became Vesper (1870)
Penn AC absorbed West Philadelphia (1925)
University Barge absorbed Philadelphia Barge (1932)
Fairmount absorbed Quaker City (1945)
Crescent turned over its boathouse to LaSalle (1951–1960)
Pennsylvania turned over its boathouse to the Navy (1955–2009)
Photo gallery
See also
John B. Kelly Sr.
John B. Kelly Jr.
Joe Burk
Paul Costello
References
Bibliography
History of rowing
Sports in Philadelphia
Rowing in the United States
Schuylkill River
1858 establishments in Pennsylvania
Rowing associations |
17334966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent%20neutral%20amino%20acid%20transporter%20B%280%29AT1 | Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 | Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A19 gene.
Function
SLC6A19 is a system B(0) transporter that mediates epithelial resorption of neutral amino acids across the apical membrane in the kidney and intestine.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the SLC6A19 gene cause Hartnup disease.
References
Further reading
Solute carrier family |
6903502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca%20Express%20Train%20Museum | Boca Express Train Museum | The Boca Express Train Museum, operated by the Boca Raton Historical Society, is housed in a restored 1930 Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) train station in Boca Raton, Florida. designed by Chester G. Henninger, built for Clarence H. Geist. It is located at 747 South Dixie Highway, off U.S. 1 (Federal Highway). On October 24, 1980, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Use as a passenger train station
Historically, the station served several long-distance trains and one or two local trains. Into the early 1960s, passengers could take one of two Chicago-bound trains (on alternating days), the City of Miami or the South Wind (both via Birmingham) and the New York City-bound East Coast Champion, Havana Special, and Miamian from the FEC's station. Into the latter 1950s, passengers could take the Dixie Flagler to Chicago via Atlanta from the station. The FEC operated local passenger service between Jacksonville and the Miami area until July 31, 1968.
Service on the line is planned to be restored by Brightline, with a station north of the museum, scheduled to open in 2021. However, Brightline shut down operations during the 2020–2021 Covid pandemic.
Exhibits
The Museum contains two restored and unique 1947 Seaboard Air Line streamlined rail cars, a dining and a lounge car, built by the Budd Company and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Boca Express Train Museum also includes a 1946 Atlantic Coast Line caboose and a 1930 Baldwin steam switch engine.
For sale
The Boca Raton Historical Society put the Train Museum up for sale in 2017, saying that maintaining two historic buildings (the other is the Society's home, Boca Raton's first city hall) is draining the nonprofit's resources.
See also
Seaboard Air Line 6113
Seaboard Air Line 6603
South Florida Railway Museum
References
Palm Beach County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Palm Beach County listings
Palm Beach County markers
Count de Hoernle Pavilion
External links
Boca Express Train Museum - Boca Raton Historical Society
Boca Raton
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Buildings and structures in Boca Raton, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Palm Beach County, Florida
Museums in Palm Beach County, Florida
Railroad museums in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Palm Beach County, Florida
Florida East Coast Railway
Preserved steam locomotives of the United States
1930 establishments in Florida
Seaboard Air Line Railroad
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
Budd Company
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1930 |
6903511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%20Mountain%20%28Nevada%29 | Ward Mountain (Nevada) | Ward Mountain is the high point of the Egan Range in south-central White Pine County of eastern Nevada. It ranks thirty-fourth among the most topographically prominent peaks in the state. The summit, part of a three mile long crest, is located just south of the city of Ely. The Ward Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park is located on the mountain's eastern flank.
References
External links
Ward Mountain Recreation Area, photos and info, by BLM
Ward Mountain Recreation Area, map & information
Mountains of Nevada
Mountains of White Pine County, Nevada
Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest |
44501523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Beautyman | Harry Beautyman | Harry Beautyman (born 1 April 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Sutton United.
Club career
Leyton Orient
Born in Newham, London, Beautyman was a regular in Leyton Orient's youth and reserve teams before being called up to the first team squad to cover for injuries during the 2009–10 season. He was retained in the Orient squad by new manager Russell Slade for the following season, and went on a month's loan to St Albans City on 22 October 2010. He featured in St Albans' 4–0 FA Cup defeat at Luton Town on 23 October, and made his league debut in the 2–1 defeat at Ebbsfleet United on 30 October. He scored his first senior goal in his next game, a 1–1 draw at Chelmsford City on 2 November.
On 30 December 2010, Beautyman signed on loan for Hastings United until the end of the 2010–11 season. He made his debut for the Us in the 2–1 defeat at home to Maidstone United on 8 January 2011, scoring his first goal on 11 January in the 2–1 home defeat to Fleet Town in the Isthmian League Cup.
Sutton United
Beautyman was released by Orient in May 2011, and subsequently joined Sutton United on a short-term deal in August. After impressing at Sutton and scoring on his debut in a 4–1 win at Tonbridge Angels, he signed an 18-month contract in December.
Welling United
At the end of the 2012–13 season, Beautyman left Sutton in order to play at a higher level, and he signed for Welling United in August.
Peterborough United
On 24 November 2014, Beautyman signed on loan with Football League One club Peterborough United, with a view to a permanent move in January 2015. He made his Football League debut as a substitute in the 3–0 home defeat to Bristol City on 28 November. He signed a permanent deal with Peterborough in the January transfer window.
Northampton Town
On 21 July 2016, Beautyman signed for Northampton Town on a two-year deal from Peterborough United for a nominal fee.
Stevenage
In June 2017, Beautyman joined League Two side Stevenage on a free transfer. He scored his first goal for Stevenage in an EFL Trophy tie against Oxford United on 29 August 2017.
Return to Sutton
Beautyman re-joined his former club, National League side Sutton United, on a permanent deal on 4 January 2018. He signed for Sutton for an undisclosed fee and on a -year contract.
He made his first appearance on 6 January 2018 in a 2–0 away victory over Gateshead.
International career
While at Sutton United, Beautyman was selected for the England C team, and made his debut in the 6–1 victory over Bermuda on 4 June 2013. After joining Welling United, he was called up again for a match against an Estonia U23 side at The Shay in Halifax on 18 November 2014. He scored England's second goal in their 4–2 victory.
Career statistics
Honours
Club
Sutton United
National League: 2020–21
Individual
2020–21 National League Team of the Year
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Footballers from the London Borough of Newham
English footballers
England semi-pro international footballers
Association football midfielders
Leyton Orient F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Hastings United F.C. players
Sutton United F.C. players
Welling United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players |
6903517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Rondo%20%C3%A0%20la%20Turk | Blue Rondo à la Turk | "Blue Rondo à la Turk" is a jazz standard composition by Dave Brubeck. It appeared on the album Time Out in 1959. It is written in time, with one side theme in and the choice of rhythm was inspired by the Turkish aksak time signatures. It was originally recorded by the Dave Brubeck Quartet with Dave Brubeck on piano, Paul Desmond on alto saxophone, Eugene Wright on bass, and Joe Morello on drums.
History
Brubeck heard this unusual rhythm performed by Turkish musicians on the street. Upon asking the musicians where they got the rhythm, one replied "This rhythm is to us what the blues is to you." Hence the title "Blue Rondo à la Turk."
Contrary to popular belief, the piece is neither inspired by nor related to the last movement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 11, known by the near-identical title "Rondo Alla Turca".
The rhythm is an additive rhythm that consists of three measures of followed by one measure of and the cycle then repeats. Taking the smallest time unit as eighth notes, then the main beats are:
Derivative pieces
Rock keyboardist Keith Emerson used this piece (uncredited) as a foundation of his "Rondo" beginning when he was with the progressive rock band The Nice; it appeared on the album The Thoughts of Emerlist Davjack. Emerson's version was in time and Brubeck, meeting with Emerson in 2003, described it to him as "your 4/4 version which I can't play." Emerson, a great admirer of Brubeck, took this to mean that Brubeck preferred his own version, as Brubeck would have had no difficulty in playing Emerson's interpretation.
Later, Emerson folded the melody into the 14-minute "Finale (Medley)" on the 1993 Emerson, Lake & Palmer (ELP) release Live at the Royal Albert Hall, as well as improvisations on "Fanfare for the Common Man". Those medleys also included themes from other well-known tunes including "America" from West Side Story, "Toccata and Fugue in D", and "Flight of the Bumblebee".
Emerson frequently used "Rondo" as a closing number during performances both with The Nice and ELP.
On his 1981 album Breakin' Away, Al Jarreau performed a vocal version of the song, with lyrics by himself.
References
1950s jazz standards
Cool jazz standards
Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male
Compositions by Dave Brubeck
Jazz compositions in F major
Articles containing video clips
1959 songs |
23575051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20Giro%20d%27Italia | 1922 Giro d'Italia | The 1922 Giro d'Italia was the tenth edition of the Giro d'Italia, a Grand Tour organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched to Padua, finishing back in Milan on 11 June after a stage and a total distance covered of . The race was won by the Italian rider Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Bartolomeo Aymo and Giuseppe Enrici.
Participants
Of the 75 riders that began the Giro d'Italia on 24 May, fifteen of them made it to the finish in Milan on 11 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were four teams that competed in the race: Bianchi-Salga, Ganna-Dunlop, Legnano-Pirelli, and Maino-Bergougnan.
The peloton was almost completely composed of Italians. The field featured one former Giro d'Italia champion in the 1919 Giro d'Italia winner Costante Girardengo. Other notable Italian riders that started the race included Giovanni Brunero, Bartolomeo Aymo, and Gaetano Belloni.
Final standings
Stage results
General classification
There were fifteen cyclists who had completed all ten stages. For these cyclists, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner.
Other classifications
There were two other classifications contested at the race. A juniors classification was won Giuseppe Enrici and the isolati classification was won by Domenico Schierano. Each of these classifications were calculated like the general classification.
References
Notes
Citations
1922
Giro d'Italia
Giro d'Italia
Giro d'Italia
Giro d'Italia |
20470945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20New%20Orleans%20Saints%20season | 1980 New Orleans Saints season | The 1980 New Orleans Saints season was the team's 14th as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The Saints failed to improve on the previous season's output of 8–8, winning only one game. The team missed the playoffs for the fourteenth consecutive season and had the dubious distinction not only of winning only a single game, but winning it by a single point against the similarly struggling New York Jets, who like the Saints had widely been predicted before the season to advance to their first playoff appearance in team history. The main culprit of the collapse was the defense, ranking last in yards and points (487) allowed.
The team's only bright spot was tenth-year quarterback Archie Manning who proceeded to have the best year of his career throwing for 3,716 yards, 23 touchdowns and 20 interceptions.
Season in review
Disgruntled fans called their team “the Aints”, going so far as to show up to games wearing brown paper bags over their heads after their team was 0–12 and playing the Los Angeles Rams, to whom they lost 27–7 on Monday Night Football. In embarrassment they called themselves the Unknown Fan (a spinoff from The Unknown Comic) in a practice that would become the trademark of disgruntled fans across various sports in the United States. Coach Dick Nolan was fired after this game, replaced by Dick Stanfel, and then a most notable loss occurred in Week 14. Playing the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park, the Saints charged out to a 35–7 lead at halftime, led by three touchdown passes from Archie Manning and a pair of one-yard touchdown runs from Jack Holmes. However, the 49ers would rally behind quarterback Joe Montana, who would rush for a touchdown and pass for two more. The 49ers would tie the game 35–35 on a fourth-quarter touchdown run by Lenvil Elliott and go on to win in overtime, 38–35, on a Ray Wersching field goal. The 28-point comeback by the 49ers was, at the time, the greatest comeback in NFL history, and was the greatest comeback in regular season history until it was eclipsed in 2022 by the Minnesota Vikings, who rallied from a 33-0 halftime deficit vs. the Indianapolis Colts to win 39-36 in overtime.
After equalling the 1976 Buccaneers’ single season losing streak and looking likely to become the first team to finish 0–16 when down 7–13 after three quarters against the New York Jets on a day of winds and a wind chill-adjusted temperature of , quarterback Archie Manning threw a touchdown pass into the gale to Tony Galbreath to go ahead 14–13 and then another to win 21–20.
The 2013 Houston Texans matched the 14 game losing streak of both the 1980 Saints and the 1976 Buccaneers after starting 2–0.
The 1980 Saints were the first team to end the season at 1–15.
The 1989 Dallas Cowboys, 1990 New England Patriots, 1991 Indianapolis Colts, 1996 New York Jets, 2000 San Diego Chargers, 2001 Carolina Panthers, 2007 Miami Dolphins, 2009 St. Louis Rams, 2016 Cleveland Browns, and 2020 Jacksonville Jaguars later matched the 1980 Saints by finishing 1–15, but the 2008 Detroit Lions and 2017 Cleveland Browns both exceeded it by finishing with an 0–16 record. The 1991 Colts (vs. Jets) and 2000 Chargers (vs. Chiefs) also won their lone games by a single point.
Offseason
NFL draft
Personnel
Staff
Roster
Schedule
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Game summaries
Week 3 vs Bills
Week 15
Standings
References
New Orleans Saints seasons
New Orleans
New |
23575061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde | Lyantonde | Lyantonde is a town in the southern part of the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Lyantonde District.
Location
Lyantonde is approximately , by road, west of Masaka, the nearest large city, on the all-weather Masaka–Mbarara Road. This is approximately , by road, south-west of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The coordinates of the town are 0°24'25.0"S, 31°09'27.0"E (Latitude:-0.406944; Longitude:31.157500). Lyantonde Town sits at an average elevation of above mean sea level.
Population
In 2002, the national population census estimated the population of the town to be 7,500. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population at 8,700. In 2011, UBOS estimated the mid-year population at 8,900. During the national census and household survey of 27 and 28 August 2014, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), enumerated the population of Lyantonde Town at 13,586 people.
In 2015 UBOS estimated the population of the town at 14,100. In 2020, the population agency estimated the mid-year of Lyantonde Town at 16,300. Of these, 8,500 (52.1 percent) were female and 7,800 (47.9 percent) were male. UBOS calculated the growth rate of the town between 2015 until 2020 to average 2.9 percent annually.
Overview
The town lies along the Masaka-Mbarara Road which connects to Kampala, Uganda's capital to the east and Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda to the southwest. Lyantonde serves as a stop-over for long-distance truck drivers plying this route. Although prostitution is illegal in Uganda, prostitutes are readily available in Lyantonde town.
Points of interest
The following points of interest lie within the town limits or near the town edges: (a) The headquarters of Lyantonde District Administration (b)
Lyantonde General Hospital, a 100-bed public hospital administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health (c) Offices of Lyantonde Town Council (d) Lyantonde central market (e) Masaka-Mbarara Road, which passes through the middle of town in a general east/west direction (f) Salaama Vocational Education Centre (SVEC).
See also
List of cities and towns in Uganda
References
External links
Meeting the Truck Stop Prostitutes of Uganda's HIV Capital
Populated places in Central Region, Uganda
Cities in the Great Rift Valley
Lyantonde District |
20470948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Legislative%20Affairs | Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs | The Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs is the head of the Bureau of Legislative Affairs within the United States Department of State.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Legislative Affairs
External links
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Legislative Affairs by the State Department Historian
Bureau of Legislative Affairs Website
References |
17335005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20community%20college%20football%20programs | List of community college football programs | This is a list of schools of United States community colleges that offer a football program. The two largest associations are the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA).
In the NJCAA, of 512 member colleges, 53 sponsored a football program, as of November, 2021. This reflects the elimination of football at seven Arizona community colleges in 2018; one in Minnesota and one in North Dakota in 2019; and one in Kansas in 2021.
In California, of 114 community colleges in the state, 66 sponsored a football program under the auspices of the CCCAA, as of November, 2021. This reflects the suspension of football at two CCCAA member institutions in 2020.
As shown below, the NJCAA is organized into five conferences (or leagues): Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference; Minnesota College Athletic Conference; Mississippi Association of Community & Junior Colleges; Northeast JC Football Conference; Southwest Junior College Football Conference; as well as Independents (no conference/league affiliation.)
The CCCAA divides its membership into two regions: Northern and Southern. Each region is divided into the National Conference and the American Conference. In Northern California, there are three conferences/leagues in the National and two in the American; in Southern California, there are three conferences/leagues in both the National and the American.
NJCAA football programs
New Members
CCCAA Football Programs
Northern California Football Association programs
Southern California Football Association programs
See also
List of Division 1 NJCAA schools
List of Division 2 NJCAA schools
List of Division 3 NJCAA schools
References
External links
Football at the website of the National Junior College Athletic Association
Football at the website of California Community College Athletic Association
Community College |
6903532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligustrum%20sinense | Ligustrum sinense | Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet; syn. L. villosum; in Mandarin: 杻; pinyin: chǒu) is a species of privet native to China, Taiwan and Vietnam, and naturalized in Réunion, the Andaman Islands, Norfolk Island, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panamá and much of the eastern and southern United States (from Texas and Florida north to Kansas, Illinois, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Connecticut). The name "Chinese privet" may also refer to Ligustrum lucidum.
Description
Ligustrum sinense is a deciduous shrub growing to 2–7 m tall, with densely hairy shoots. The leaves are opposite, 2–7 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, rarely larger, with an entire margin and a 2–8 mm petiole. The flowers are white, with a four-lobed corolla 3.5–5.5 mm long. The fruit is subglobose, 5–8 mm diameter, and considered poisonous.
Varieties
The following varieties are accepted by the Flora of China:
Ligustrum sinense var. sinense
Ligustrum sinense var. concavum
Ligustrum sinense var. coryanum
Ligustrum sinense var. dissimile
Ligustrum sinense var. luodianense
Ligustrum sinense var. myrianthum
Ligustrum sinense var. opienense
Ligustrum sinense var. rugosulum
Cultivation and uses
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges. Several cultivars have been selected, including the very floriferous 'Multiflorum', the variegated cultivar 'Variegatum', and the dwarf cultivar 'Wimbei' growing to 0.5 m and with leaves only 6 mm long.
It was introduced to North America to be used for hedges and landscaping where it has now escaped from cultivation and is listed as an invasive plant in southeastern states. It is estimated that Chinese privet now occupies over one million hectares of land across 12 states ranging from Virginia to Florida and west to Texas, with detrimental effects to biodiversity and forest health.
Etymology
Ligustrum means 'binder'. It was named by Pliny and Virgil.
See also
Privet as an invasive plant
References
External links
Species Profile - Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library
sinense
Flora of China
Flora of Taiwan
Flora of Vietnam
Bonsai
Plants described in 1790 |
20470961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly%20Erdman | Molly Erdman | Molly Erdman (born 1974) is an American actress, author and improvisational comedian. She is most recognizable for her portrayal of Molly the "snarky wife" in Sonic television commercials. Erdman grew up in Dallas and attended Greenhill School (Addison, Texas), she is a graduate of Tufts University, where she received a degree in Drama minoring in Political Science. She worked with the Tufts improv group Cheap Sox while attending the university. After graduating, she moved to Chicago to work with The Second City, where she appeared in three mainstage revues. She currently lives in LA and writes two blogs devoted to catalog parody, Catalog Living and its spin-off Magazine Living, and in 2012 published the coffee-table book Catalog Living at Its Most Absurd: Decorating Takes (Wicker) Balls.
Filmography
The Bobby Lee Project (2008)
According to Jim (1 episode, 2008)
The Goods: The Don Ready Story (2009)
In the Flow with Affion Crockett (2011)
References
External links
Profile at Sirens Improv
Cheap Sox website
American film actresses
Living people
1974 births
American television actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Greenhill School alumni
21st-century American women |
20470972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Stone%20Martin | David Stone Martin | David Stone Martin, born David Livingstone Martin (June 13, 1913 – March 6, 1992 in New London, Connecticut) was an American artist best known for his illustrations on jazz record albums.
Biography
David Stone Martin was born June 13, 1913, in Chicago and attended evening classes at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He was greatly influenced by the line art of Ben Shahn. During World War II, Martin was an art director for the United States Office of War Information.
By 1950, Martin had produced more than 100 covers for Mercury, Asch, Disc and Dial record albums. Many assignments came from his longtime friend, record producer Norman Granz.
For various companies, Martin eventually created illustrations for more than 400 record albums. Many of these were simply line art combined with a single color. Martin's favorite tool was a crowquill pen which enabled him to do delicate line work. CBS-TV art director William Golden gave Martin many print ad assignments during the 1950s, and Martin soon expanded into illustration for Seventeen, The Saturday Evening Post and other slick magazines of the 1950s and 1960s. His studio was located in Roosevelt, New Jersey, near his home there.
Martin is represented in the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Smithsonian Institution.
Martin was the husband of muralist Thelma Martin, who painted the post office mural for the facility in Sweetwater, Tennessee. He was the father of graphic artist Stefan Martin (born 1936) and painter Tony Martin. He died March 6, 1992, in New London, Connecticut, where he had lived in his old age.
Notable album covers
All or Nothing at All, Billie Holiday, Verve
The Astaire Story, Fred Astaire, Clef
Billie Holiday Sings, Clef
Bird & Diz, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, Clef
Buddy and Sweets, Harry "Sweets" Edison and Buddy Rich, Norgran
An Evening with Billie Holiday, Clef
Jazz Giant, Bud Powell, Norgran
Lester Young Trio, Mercury
Lester Young with the Oscar Peterson Trio, Norgran
Love Is a Gentle Thing, Harry Belafonte, RCA
Oscar Peterson Plays Duke Ellington, Clef
Oscar Peterson Plays Porgy & Bess, Verve
Piano Interpretations by Bud Powell, Norgran
Piano Solos, Bud Powell, Clef
Piano Solos #2, Bud Powell, Clef
Sing and Swing with Buddy Rich, Norgran
Struggle, Woody Guthrie, Smithsonian Folkways
Swinging Brass with the Oscar Peterson Trio, Verve
The Tal Farlow Album, Tal Farlow, Norgran
These Are the Blues, Ella Fitzgerald, Verve
Toshiko's Piano, Toshiko Akiyoshi, Norgran
Urbanity, Hank Jones, Clef
Time magazine covers
David Merrick, 25 March 1966
Robert F. Kennedy, 16 September 1966
Inside the Viet Cong, 25 August 1967
Mayor Carl Stokes, 17 November 1967
Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, 9 February 1968
Sen. Eugene McCarthy, 22 March 1968
Nguyen Van Thieu, 28 March 1969
Gov. George Wallace, 27 March 1972
References
External links
U.S. Navy Art Collection: David Stone Martin
David Stone Martin album covers at:
Birkajazz.com
LP Cover Lover
Vinyl Culture Quarterly
Jazz at First Sight: The Art of David Stone Martin (July–December 2010, Jazz at Lincoln Center)
1913 births
1992 deaths
American illustrators
People from Roosevelt, New Jersey
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
People of the United States Office of War Information |
20471014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT3 | CT3 | CT3 or CT-3 may refer to:
Chris Taylor (baseball) (born 1990), American baseball player
Connecticut's 3rd congressional district
Connecticut Route 3, state route
Crazy Taxi 3: High Roller
CT-3 needle for surgical suturing |
23575087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beware%20of%20the%20Dog%20%28short%20story%29 | Beware of the Dog (short story) | "Beware of the Dog" is a 1944 World War II story by Roald Dahl which was originally published in Harper's Magazine and later appeared in his Over to You collection. Its basic plot was adapted into the 1965 movie 36 Hours, starring James Garner and Rod Taylor, and the TV movie Breaking Point in 1989.
Story
RAF pilot Peter Williamson sustains a serious injury (the loss of a leg from a cannon shell) while flying a mission over German-controlled Vichy France. He bails out of his plane and later awakes to find himself in a hospital bed in Brighton, on the English coast. As he recovers, strange things keep happening, such as hearing the sound of German warplanes through the window when none would have been nearby. The nurse also mentions that the hospital water is very hard, when Williamson knows the water in Brighton is famous for being soft.
Suspicious and frightened, Williamson drags himself to the window and sees a wooden sign, "GARDE AU CHIEN" (French for “Beware of the Dog”). He now knows that he is actually in Vichy France, and that the English caregivers are Germans in disguise. When they send in a fake RAF commander to convince him to divulge his squadron's location, he stares him straight in the eye and says nothing more than "My name is Peter Williamson. My rank is Squadron Leader and my number is nine, seven, two, four, five, seven."
References
1944 short stories
Prisoners of war in popular culture
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Roald Dahl
Works originally published in Harper's Magazine
World War II short stories |
23575096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20Stations%20of%20Oahu | Fire Stations of Oahu | The Honolulu Fire Department (HFD) operates their 44 Fire Stations on the Island of Oahu, and in and around Honolulu. Seven current or former stations are on the National Register of Historic Places, of which five are still in use today as fire stations.
By the 1920s, the accepted style for most public architecture in Honolulu, Hawaii, was Spanish Mission Revival or, more broadly, Mediterranean Revival. Five fire stations built on Oahu between 1924 and 1932 illustrate this stylistic congruence, despite being designed by three different architects. The prototype for all five appears to have been Palama Fire Station, built in 1901 and designed by Oliver G. Traphagen. Honolulu's Central Fire Station, remodeled in 1934, is larger but somewhat similar in style, although with Art Deco embellishments. All seven buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on 2 December 1980, even though Palama Fire Station had been added separately on 21 April 1976.
All seven fire stations are box-shaped, two-story structures, with engine bays on the ground floor and dormitories upstairs. All have drying towers, which were required for the cloth-covered rubber hoses of the era in which they were built, but which also serve as visual landmarks and decorative elements. The buildings are all of sturdy masonry, with white stucco walls and tiled roofs, in a Mediterranean style. The Waikiki Fire Station on Kapahulu Avenue followed a similar model when it was built in 1927, but it was extensively remodeled in 1963 to fit an evolving Hawaiian rather than Mediterranean style, so it was excluded from the National Register application.
History
In 1901, just after the devastating Chinatown fire of 1900, the city of Honolulu had three fire stations. The Central Fire Station at that time was a lava-rock building of two-and-a-half stories designed in 1896 by Clinton Briggs Ripley and C.W. Dickey in the Richardsonian Romanesque style that dominated the downtown area at that time. The Makiki Fire Station was a two-story wooden building designed by Ripley and Dickey in 1899. At the time he relocated to Honolulu in 1897, Oliver G. Traphagen had already designed many public buildings in Duluth, Minnesota. During the turn-of-the-century building boom after annexation, he soon became one of the busiest architects in the Territory. When he was commissioned to design the Palama Fire Station in 1901, he gave it a Mediterranean look very different from that of the Romanesque Kakaako Pumping Station he had designed the previous year.
However, the building boom faded soon afterward. Dickey relocated to Oakland, California in 1905, and Traphagen followed in 1907, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 set the stage for another building boom, as both tourism and migration helped fuel rapid growth during the 1920s. Many nationally known architects opened offices in the islands, and their designs often reflected a California regional style heavily influenced by the work of Bertram Goodhue at the 1915 Panama-California Exposition in San Diego. Dickey reopened an office in Honolulu in 1920 and moved back to the islands in 1925. The new fire stations of the 1920s and 1930s more closely reflected California regional styles than did Traphagen's prototype in 1901.
A new Central Fire Station was built in 1934, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Gallery
Notes
References
Neil, J. Meredith (1975). "The Architecture of C.W. Dickey in Hawai‘i." Hawaiian Journal of History 9:101-113.
Penkiunas, Daina Julia (1990). American Regional Architecture in Hawaii: Honolulu, 1915–1935. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia. (Published by UMI, Ann Arbor, in 1993.)
Report of the Governor of the Territory of Hawaii to the Secretary of the Interior (1901). Washington: Government Printing Office.
External links
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Hawaiian architecture
History of Oahu
Fire stations in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Honolulu
Historic American Buildings Survey in Hawaii
National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu |
17335009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20van%20Koningsveld | Jan van Koningsveld | Jan van Koningsveld (born 1969 in Emden) is a mental calculator. He is the champion of Extracting Square Roots of 2004 and 2008 as well as the champion of Calendar Calculation of 2008 at the Mental Calculation World Cups. In addition, he finished second in the overall rankings of 2004, 2006 and 2008.
During the first Memoriad 2008, the Olympiad for Mental Calculation and Memory held in İstanbul, Turkey, Jan van Koningsveld won the gold medals in the categories Multiplication as well as Calendar Calculation. After the competition he was also able to even the world record in the category Calendar Calculation by calculating 56 days of the week (range 1600–2100) in 1 minute.
Jan van Koningsveld also held the world record for multiplying two five-digit numbers. He solved ten tasks correctly in 3:06 minutes on 25 November 2005. That record was broken by Marc Jornet Sanz during world record attempts at the 2010 Mental Calculation World Cup
References
External links
http://memoriad.com/ MEMORIAD
http://www.recordholders.org/en/list/memory.html Memory and Mental Calculation World Records
http://www.recordholders.org/en/events/worldcup/index.html Mental Calculation World Cup Site
1969 births
Living people
Mental calculators
People from Emden |
17335011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%20acid%20transport%20disorder | Amino acid transport disorder | Amino acid transport disorders are medical conditions associated with a failure of amino acids to be absorbed from the kidney or intestine.
An example is Hartnup disease.
Reference
External links |
17335012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courser%20%28disambiguation%29 | Courser (disambiguation) | Courser may refer to:
Courser – group of birds which together with the pratincoles make up the family Glareolidae
Courser (horse) – a swift and strong horse, frequently used during the Middle Ages for hunting or as a warhorse
Horse courser – early term for a horse dealer
Or to someone who engages in:
Coursing – the pursuit of game or other animals by dogs
Hare coursing – the hunting of hares with dogs
Lure coursing – a sport for dogs that involves chasing a mechanically operated lure
Or to persons named Courser:
Todd Courser,- Michigan state representative
Transportation:
Chrysler 26 Courser, an American sailboat design |
23575126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Exchequer%20Dam | New Exchequer Dam | New Exchequer Dam is a concrete–faced, rock-fill dam on the Merced River in central California in the United States. It forms Lake McClure, which impounds the river for irrigation and hydroelectric power production and has a capacity of more than . The Merced Irrigation District (MID) operates the dam and was also responsible for its construction.
Built between 1964 and 1967, the dam replaced the old arch type Exchequer Dam and stands high. At the time of completion, it was the largest dam of its kind in the world. The dam is named for the town of Exchequer which now lies under the reservoir, while the reservoir is named for Wilbur F. McClure, the State Engineer of California during construction.
History
In 1926, after five years of planning and construction, MID completed the Exchequer or "Great Exchequer" Dam across the Merced River six miles (9.7 km) above the town of Merced Falls. The dam was a concrete gravity–arch structure high, holding a lake with a capacity of of water. Although the dam was to serve primarily for irrigation, power production began ceremoniously on June 23, 1926 with a press of a telegraph key by President Calvin Coolidge, starting the turbines at a 31 megawatt hydroelectric plant.
By the 1950s, it became apparent that the limited storage capacity at Exchequer was no longer enough to serve the needs of farmers in the Merced River valley. A high dam was proposed to be built just downstream, creating a reservoir nearly four times the size of Exchequer.
Construction of New Exchequer Dam began on July 8, 1964, directly downstream from the old concrete arch dam. Tudor Engineering Company of San Francisco was responsible for the design of the new dam. The dam wall was constructed in vertical zones, which consisted of compacted, alternating layers of coarse and fine material ranging in thickness from . The old Exchequer Dam was incorporated as an upstream toe to help support the rock-fill embankment, which was then armored with a layer of reinforced concrete. The dam was topped out in early 1967 and the power plant went into commercial operation by July.
As the new reservoir filled, it inundated an additional of the Merced River canyon and buried sections of the historic Yosemite Valley Railroad and the mining town of Bagby under of water. New Exchequer was among the first high concrete–faced rock-fill dams in the world, and its untested design resulted in significant leakage, sometimes up to . MID began to repair the leaks in the fall of 1985 under orders from the California Division of Safety of Dams.
The dam has been able to halt major floods in many instances, such as the New Year's Day Flood of 1997. However, it has not always been able to weather the worst droughts – such as in 1977, when the reservoir fell to just , a fourteenth of capacity, and in 1991, which saw historic low water levels of . In February 2015, the reservoir reached its lowest level on record, at or less than 7 percent of total capacity, due to three years of persistent drought.
Dimensions and usage
New Exchequer Dam stands high from the foundations and above the Merced River. The dam is long, wide at the crest, wide at the base and is composed of of fill. High water releases are controlled by an ogee-type, gated overflow spillway located about north of the dam. The dam's power station has a capacity of 94.5 megawatts and generates about 316 million kilowatt hours annually.
The reservoir has a storage capacity of , of which is reserved for flood control. At full pool, the reservoir has an elevation of , with of water and of shoreline. To fulfill downstream flood control requirements, the reservoir will only be allowed to rise into the flood-control pool if the flow downstream at Stevinson is forecast to exceed .
MID has proposed raising the spillway gates of the dam, which would provide up to of additional storage. However, this has met with controversy because it would result in part-time flooding of a portion of the Merced River designated Wild and Scenic. Opponents also point out that the raise is unnecessary, since the reservoir has never overflowed due to flooding since its completion in the mid-1960s.
Lake McClure is also extensively developed for recreational activities, with 515 campsites, four boat ramps and two marinas. In 1992, the lake received 606,000 visitor-days, mostly from May to September.
See also
List of dams and reservoirs in California
List of largest reservoirs of California
List of power stations in California
List of reservoirs and dams in California
List of the tallest dams in the United States
Water in California
References
External links
Photos of original Exchequer Dam
Dams in California
Dams in the San Joaquin River basin
Merced River
Buildings and structures in Mariposa County, California
United States local public utility dams
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Dams completed in 1967
1967 establishments in California
Hydroelectric power plants in California |
17335018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strule%20Arts%20Centre | Strule Arts Centre | Strule Arts Centre (; Ulster-Scots: Strule Hoose o Airts) is a multi-purpose arts venue in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The Omagh tourist information office is located on the ground floor. The centre is owned and run by Omagh District Council.
History
In 2003 Omagh's Town Hall was demolished to make way for the new Strule Arts Centre Arts. It cost £10.5 million and opened on 8 June 2007, overlooking the River Strule which flows through the town centre. It is part of a wider regeneration project for the High Street, George Street and Riverside area of Omagh. It was designed by architects Kennedy Fitzgerald and Associates. The centre was officially opened in January 2008 by Edwin Poots, then Minister for Culture, Arts and Leisure, and Margaret Ritchie, Minister for Social Development.
References
External links
Omagh
Arts centres in Northern Ireland
Buildings and structures in County Tyrone
Tourist attractions in County Tyrone
Art museums and galleries in Northern Ireland |
17335019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois%20Blanc%20Lighthouse | Bois Blanc Lighthouse | Bois Blanc Lighthouse may refer to
Bois Blanc Island Lighthouse and Blockhouse, a National Historic Site of Canada, on Bois Blanc Island, Ontario
Bois Blanc Light, on Bois Blanc Island, Michigan, United States |
6903547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Gilbert%20%28politician%29 | Thomas Gilbert (politician) | Thomas Gilbert ( – 18 December 1798) was a British lawyer, soldier, land agent and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1773 to 1794. As one of the earliest advocates of poor relief, he played a major part in the Relief of the Poor Act of 1782.
Early life
Gilbert was the son of Thomas Gilbert of Cotton, Staffordshire. He entered Inner Temple in 1740 and was called to the bar in 1744. In 1745 he accepted a position in the regiment created by Lord Gower, the brother-in-law of the Duke of Bridgewater. His first wife was named Miss Phillips whom he married between December 1761 and January 1762. When he married her he bought her a lottery ticket, and she won one of the largest prizes in the country. She died on 22 April 1770 and he married secondly to Mary Crauford daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel George Crauford.
Political career
Gilbert was a Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme from 1763 to 1768 and for Lichfield from 1768 to 1795. He held many titles throughout his career in parliament and was a very active member. In 1765 the title Sinecure Place of Comptroller of the Great Wardrobe was given to him, and he kept it until it was eliminated by Burke's bill which reformed the civil list. Gilbert also held the long named office of Paymaster of the Fund for Securing Pensions to the Widows of Officers in the Navy. On 31 May 1784 he received his most important post, the Chairmanship of Committees of Ways and Means. Although he became the chairman of these offices, his passion was helping the poor. He dedicated the majority of his life's work to aiding the less fortunate. In 1765 he brought to the House of Commons a bill that would group parishes for poor-law purposes in greatly populated districts, but it was rejected in the House of Lords by 66 votes to 59. In 1778, while Britain was still at war with the American colonies, he proposed to parliament a tax of twenty-five per cent should be enforced upon all government places and pensions. Many people were against a tax this high and called it absurd but it was still carried in the committee but later turned down.
Relief of the poor
Gilbert then turned his attention to improved highways, but was only able to pass acts for local roads. In 1776 a committee of the House of Commons wrote a report on conditions in factories and workhouses. During the 1780s there was an increase in unemployment which was attributed to an increase in food prices, low wages, and a decrease in available land. These factors led to an increase in the poor population and wealthy landowners turned to Gilbert. In 1782, his name was given to the Relief of the Poor Act 1782
In 1787 Gilbert introduced another bill related to poor relief. It proposed grouping many parishes together, for tax purposes, and imposing an additional charge for the use of turnpikes on Sundays. He also advocated the abolition of ale-houses in the country districts, except for the use of travellers, and their stricter supervision. He also wished to do away with imprisonment for small debts, implemented by a bill passed in 1793.
Later life and legacy
Gilbert died at Cotton in Staffordshire on 18 December 1798. His friend John Holliday printed anonymously a monody on his death, praising his generosity in building and endowing in 1795 the chapel of ease of St. John the Baptist at Lower Cotton. Gilbert and his first wife had two sons, one joined the navy and the other became a clerk to the privy council.
Gilbert's publications on his schemes of reform
1775 – Observations upon the Orders and Resolutions of the House of Commons with respect to the Poor and A Bill intended to be offered to Parliament for the better Relief and Employment of the Poor in England
1781 – Plan for the better Relief and Employment of the Poor
1781 – Plan of Police
1782 – Observations on the Bills for amending the Laws relative to Houses of Correction
References
Further reading
A study of Thomas Gilbert (and his younger brother John) is in Agents of Revolution, written by Peter Lead and published by the Centre for Local History, University of Keele in 1989. ( )
External links
Victorianweb.org article on Gilbert
https://web.archive.org/web/20090504111530/http://institutions.org.uk/poor_law_unions/the_poor_law1.htm
1720 births
1798 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Newcastle-under-Lyme
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796 |
6903557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhmenevo | Tikhmenevo | Tikhmenevo may refer to:
Tikhmenevo, Sakhalin Oblast, a former urban-type settlement in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia; since 2005—a settlement of rural type
Tikhmenevo, Yaroslavl Oblast, a former urban-type settlement in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia; since 1999—a settlement of rural type
Tikhmenevo, name of several other rural localities in Russia |
17335028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay%20a%20Little%20Longer | Stay a Little Longer | "Stay a Little Longer" is a Western swing dance tune written by Bob Wills and Tommy Duncan. The title comes from a refrain in the chorus:
The song consists of a number of unrelated verses, one of which (verse three) comes from an old folk song"Shinbone Alley":
Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys recorded it in 1945 and it reached number three in 1946. Willie Nelson (number 22 in 1973) and Mel Tillis (number 17 in 1982) also charted Top 40 hits. The song has been recorded numerous times.
In The Andy Griffith Show episode "The Darling Baby", the lyrics went like this:
References
Bibliography
Cohen, Norm. Folk Music: A Regional Exploration. Greenwood Press, 2005.
Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits. Billboard Books, 2006.
Western swing songs
1946 songs
Bob Wills songs
Mel Tillis songs
Willie Nelson songs
Songs written by Bob Wills
Songs written by Tommy Duncan |
6903561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Vlassov | Julia Vlassov | Julia Vlassov (born August 29, 1990) is an American retired pair skater. She and partner Drew Meekins are the 2006 World Junior Champions.
Personal life
Vlassov was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the daughter of Aleksandr Vlasov, the 1977 World silver medalist and European bronze medalist in pairs. The family moved to the United States in 1994.
Career
Vlassov started skating at the age of 5. She competed as a single skater on the Juvenile and Intermediate levels before switching to pairs skating. She teamed up with Drew Meekins in 2002.
Following a successful junior career that was highlighted by medaling in every event they entered including Junior Grand Prix's, Junior Grand Prix Final, and the US National Championships, Vlassov and Meekins made their senior Grand Prix debut in the 2006-2007 season at 2006 Cup of China and 2006 NHK Trophy. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events for the 2007-2008 season; however, they were forced to withdraw from the 2007 Skate Canada International before the event began due to an injury to Meekins's shoulder which occurred during an attempted lift in practice. Vlassov and Meekins announced the end of their partnership on November 8, 2007.
Programs
(with Meekins)
Competitive highlights
(with Meekins)
References
External links
Official Site
American female pair skaters
1990 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Russian emigrants to the United States
21st-century American women |
17335062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Banner%20discography | David Banner discography | The following is a select discography of albums and singles released by or featuring American rapper, producer, and actor, David Banner.
Albums
Studio albums
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
Guest appearances
See also
David Banner production discography
Crooked Lettaz discography
References
External links
David Banner at AllMusic
David Banner at Discogs
Banner, David
Discographies of American artists |
6903562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmikud | Kosmikud | Kosmikud are an Estonian alternative rock group founded in 1999. They released their first album Ei roosid in 2000, after their singer Taavi Pedriks died. The remaining three members of the band – Aleksander Vana (guitar), Kristo Rajasaare (drums) and Kõmmari (bass) – decided to take a time out, rehearse and try new singers. They finally chose Meelis Hainsoo (Hainz), violinist in Eriti Kurva Muusika Ansambel ('Ensemble of Especially Sad Music') and also a friend of their previous singer.
Their second album Kuidas tuli pimedus... ('How Darkness Came...'), which was released in 2003, includes songs that talk about love, death, depression, etc. Their biggest influences have been Joy Division, Nick Cave, and Кино.
In 2004 they did an album with Estonian industrial metal band No-Big-Silence called Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus.
In 2006 they released Pulmad ja matused ('Weddings and Funerals') and in 2008 Ainus, mis jääb, on beat ('Only Beat Endures').
On 18 July 2018, Raivo Rätte was killed when he was hit by a car apparently driven by his former wife's new partner. Criminal investigation is ongoing.
Line-up
Original line-up (1999–2000)
Taavi Pedriks (1971–2000) – vocals
Andres alias Aleksander Vana – guitar
Raivo "Kõmmari" Rätte – bass (died 18 July 2018)
Kristo Rajasaare – drums
Second line-up (2001–present)
Meelis "Hainz" Hainsoo – vocals
Andres alias Aleksander Vana – guitar
Raivo "Kõmmari" Rätte – bass (died 18 July 2018)
Kristo Rajasaare – drums
Discography
Ei roosid (2000)
Kuidas tuli pimedus... (2003)
Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus (2004), with No-Big-Silence
Pulmad ja matused (2006)
Ainus, mis jääb, on beat (2008)
Öö ei lase magada (2011)
Sügis sanatooriumis (2017)
External links
Entry at Estmusic.com
References
Estonian alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Estonia |
6903566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%20Yuan | Wei Yuan | Wei Yuan (; April23, 1794March26, 1857), born Wei Yuanda (), courtesy names Moshen () and Hanshi (), was a Chinese scholar from Shaoyang, Hunan. He moved to Yangzhou, Jiangsu in 1831, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wei obtained the provincial degree (juren) in the Imperial examinations and subsequently worked in the secretariat of several statesmen such as Lin Zexu. Wei was deeply concerned with the crisis facing China in the early 19th century; while he remained loyal to the Qing Dynasty, he also sketched a number of proposals for the improvement of the administration of the empire.
Biography
From an early age, Wei espoused the New Text school of Confucianism and became a vocal member of the statecraft school, which advocated practical learning in opposition to the allegedly barren evidentiary scholarship as represented by scholars like Dai Zhen. Among other things, Wei advocated sea transport of grain to the capital instead of using the Grand Canal and he also advocated a strengthening of the Qing Empire's frontier defense. In order to alleviate the demographic crisis in China, Wei also spoke in favor of large scale emigration of Han Chinese into Xinjiang.
Later in his career he became increasingly concerned with the threat from the Western powers and maritime defense. He wrote A Military History of the Holy Dynasty (《聖武記》, Shèngwǔjì, known at the time as the Shêng Wu-ki), the last two chapters of which were translated by Edward Harper Parker as the Chinese Account of the Opium War. Wei also wrote a separate narrative on the First Opium War (《道光洋艘征撫記》, Dàoguāng Yángsōu Zhēngfǔ Jì). Today, he is mostly known for his 1844 work, Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, which contains Western material collected by Lin Zexu during and after the First Opium War.
British India was suggested as a potential target by Wei Yuan after the Opium War.
The creation of a government organ for translation was proposed by Wei.
References
Citations
Sources
Leonard, Jane Kate. Wei Yüan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, 1984.
Mitchell, Peter M. "The Limits of Reformism: Wei Yuan's Reaction to Western Intrusion." Modern Asian Studies 6:2 (1972), pp. 175–204.
Tang, Xiren, "Wei Yuan". Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
.
See also
Chinese Learning as Substance, Western Learning for Application
Self-Strengthening Movement
1794 births
1856 deaths
Chinese Confucianists
Chinese scholars
People from Shaoyang
Historians from Hunan
Qing dynasty historians
Chinese social scientists
Chinese spiritual writers
19th-century Chinese philosophers
Qing dynasty classicists |
6903567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20to%20Get%20Ready | Three to Get Ready | Three to Get Ready may refer to:
Three to Get Ready, a documentary film about Duran Duran
Three to Get Ready, sometimes billed as 3 to Get Ready, TV series featuring Ernie Kovacs
"Three to Get Ready", a jazz instrumental by Dave Brubeck from the 1959 album Time Out
"Three to Get Ready", an I Can Read! children's book by Betty Boegehold, with pictures by Mary Chalmers |
6903579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20supervision%20system | Performance supervision system | A performance supervision system (PSS) is a software system used to improve the performance of a process plant. Typical process plants include oil refineries, paper mills, and chemical plants.
The PSS gathers real-time data from the process control system, typically a distributed control system. Using this data, the PSS can calculate performance metrics for process equipment, controls, and operations.
References
Business software
Industrial automation
Computing terminology |
6903592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Mieuli | Franklin Mieuli | Franklin Mieuli ( ; September 14, 1920 – April 25, 2010) was a San Francisco Bay Area radio and television producer who was best known as the principal owner of the San Francisco / Golden State Warriors from 1962 to 1986. The pinnacle of his 24 years with the franchise was its National Basketball Association (NBA) Championship in 1975. He was also a minority shareholder in both the San Francisco 49ers and Giants.
An eccentric personality, Mieuli eschewed formal attire and conservative grooming in favor of a casual wardrobe and his ever-present full beard and deerstalker. His preferred mode of transportation was the motorcycle.
Early years
Mieuli, the second son of Italian immigrants from Lazio, was born in San Jose, California on September 14, 1920. His father Giacomo and older brother Jack Jr. owned and operated Navlet's Nursery in the East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area).
Mieuli graduated from San Jose High School and the University of Oregon, in 1940 and 1944, respectively.
In the early 1950s, Mieuli was the local promotions man for Burgermeister Beer ("Burgie"). His association with the 49ers led him to land the team's star fullback, Joe "The Jet" Perry, on his own sports and music radio program, "Both Sides Of The Record", sponsored by Burgie, on R&B-formatted KWBR (1310 AM; later known as KDIA) beginning in 1954.
Mieuli also produced the 49ers radio broadcasts on KSFO beginning in the 1950s, and produced the first televised 49ers game in 1954. He subsequently produced Giants radio broadcasts, hosted by Russ Hodges and Lon Simmons upon the team's move from New York by owner Horace Stoneham in 1958.
Mieuli was influential in the hiring of sportscaster Bill King, initially the third man in the Giants broadcast booth in 1958, behind Hodges and Simmons. Upon Mieuli's purchase of the Warriors in 1962, King left Giants radio to become play-by-play voice of the newly minted "San Francisco Warriors". Coincidentally, at the time of Mieuli's purchase of the team, he was still producing the KSFO broadcasts of the Giants, 49ers, and the Warriors.
In 1956, Mieuli purchased five reel-to-reel audiotape duplicators from Ampex for use in distributing sports and music programming to radio stations. The venture led him to create Hi*Speed Duplicating Company, the first business of its kind in Northern California. In 1960, Mieuli produced national radio coverage of the VIII Winter Olympic Games at Squaw Valley. This was the start of his long-standing radio and television production company, Franklin Mieuli & Associates.
On January 8, 1958, Mieuli was granted a construction permit for a new FM radio station in San Francisco, which went on the air on Thursday, December 10, 1959, as KPUP (106.9 FM); the station is now the FM portion of all-news KCBS radio's simulcast. Reflecting Mieuli's love for the style of music, KPUP programmed a Jazz music format, drawing from the rich variety of artists and recordings that were popular at the time, as well as Mieuli's friendship with Saul Zaentz of Fantasy Records. (The San Francisco Giants' 1962 season highlights, narrated by Russ Hodges and Lon Simmons and produced by Mieuli, were released on a long-playing record by Fantasy, catalog number GB-1962.)
KPUP's call letters were changed to the jazzier-sounding KHIP in July 1960. To help finance his purchase of the Warriors, Mieuli sold KHIP to Leon Crosby in June 1962 for $146,000; Crosby renamed the station KMPX.
Golden State Warriors
Mieuli, along with 32 other local investors, was part of a joint venture headed by Diners Club that purchased the Philadelphia Warriors from Eddie Gottlieb for $850,000 and moved the ballclub to the Bay Area following the 1961–62 NBA season. After drawing 5,579 per home game in the prior year, the Warriors fell to the bottom of the league in attendance average with 3,067 in 1962–63, its first season in San Francisco. When Diners Club and other stockholders threatened to bail out from the franchise, Mieuli simply purchased their shares until he eventually became the sole owner.
His 24-year ownership of the Warriors was moderately successful on the court, as the team made the playoffs ten times with three NBA Finals appearances. The first two trips to the championship series resulted in defeats to the Boston Celtics in 1964 and the Philadelphia 76ers in 1967. The third one in 1975 was a four-game sweep of the Washington Bullets and the first time the franchise won the title after its move to the Bay Area. Home attendance was a different story as the Warriors averaged more than 10,000 a game only five times (1976–1979, 1981).
Mieuli played a major role in breaking down racial barriers in the NBA by encouraging his team's front office to sign players regardless of color. Ten of the twelve players on the Warriors' championship roster during the 1975 Finals were African American, as was head coach Al Attles and his assistant Joe Roberts.
Mieuli sold the Warriors to Jim Fitzgerald and Daniel Finnane on May 23, 1986.
Later career
Until his death in 2010, Mieuli retained a 10% share of the 49ers, an investment that dates back to 1954. In addition to his role with Franklin Mieuli & Associates, which handles broadcast engineering for thirty pro and college sports teams, he was an active member of the San Francisco chapter of Broadcast Legends, and was inducted into the National Television Academy/Northern California Chapter's Gold Circle in 2006, honoring him for his significant contributions to local television during a career spanning more than fifty years.
In 2007, Mieuli was inducted into the Bay Area Radio Hall of Fame as a member of the second class to be honored. He was the recipient of five Super Bowl rings as a part-owner of the 49ers, as well as one NBA Championship trophy as the owner of the Warriors. He died at a hospital in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2010.
His firm, Franklin Mieuli & Associates, continues to produce radio broadcasts for many professional teams in the NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB; as well as NCAA teams.
References
1920 births
2010 deaths
People from San Jose, California
American people of Italian descent
Golden State Warriors owners
National Basketball Association owners
National Basketball Association executives
San Francisco 49ers owners
San Francisco Giants owners
Major League Baseball owners
Major League Baseball executives
University of Oregon alumni |
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