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75,590,163 | Sichuan Cookery | Sichuan Cookery, published in the United States as Land of Plenty: A Treasury of Authentic Sichuan Cooking, is a 2001 cook book by Fuchsia Dunlop. It was published in the United States by W. W. Norton.
A new edition of the book, The Food of Sichuan, was published in 2019. This edition was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury.
While Dunlop was in China, a friend from Denmark told her that she should author a book after seeing her copy down recipes. Dunlop decided to pursue this goal since she perceived the Western market for Chinese cookbooks to lack any "researched on the ground" type works. She made proposals to publish the book on two occasions, finding a publisher on the second try. On the first one, publishers felt that the version was not focused broadly enough.
Within China, a Mandarin translation was later published.
Susan Jung of the South China Morning Post wrote that the original 2001 book "established Fuchsia Dunlop as the English-writing authority on Sichuanese cuisine."
Publishers Weekly gave the 2003 American edition a starred review and stated that "the book is a pleasure—both to cook from and to read."
Jay Rayner of The Guardian described the 2019 edition as "a detailed, sometimes nerdy, often romantic guide-cum-travelogue through" Sichuan cuisine. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sichuan Cookery, published in the United States as Land of Plenty: A Treasury of Authentic Sichuan Cooking, is a 2001 cook book by Fuchsia Dunlop. It was published in the United States by W. W. Norton.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A new edition of the book, The Food of Sichuan, was published in 2019. This edition was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While Dunlop was in China, a friend from Denmark told her that she should author a book after seeing her copy down recipes. Dunlop decided to pursue this goal since she perceived the Western market for Chinese cookbooks to lack any \"researched on the ground\" type works. She made proposals to publish the book on two occasions, finding a publisher on the second try. On the first one, publishers felt that the version was not focused broadly enough.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Within China, a Mandarin translation was later published.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Susan Jung of the South China Morning Post wrote that the original 2001 book \"established Fuchsia Dunlop as the English-writing authority on Sichuanese cuisine.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Publishers Weekly gave the 2003 American edition a starred review and stated that \"the book is a pleasure—both to cook from and to read.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
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"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Jay Rayner of The Guardian described the 2019 edition as \"a detailed, sometimes nerdy, often romantic guide-cum-travelogue through\" Sichuan cuisine.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Sichuan Cookery, published in the United States as Land of Plenty: A Treasury of Authentic Sichuan Cooking, is a 2001 cook book by Fuchsia Dunlop. It was published in the United States by W. W. Norton. A new edition of the book, The Food of Sichuan, was published in 2019. This edition was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. | 2023-12-18T03:25:44Z | 2023-12-27T18:29:41Z | [
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75,590,168 | Yusoff Abdul Hamid | Yusoff bin Abdul Hamid (born 1 March 1949) is a retired diplomat and politician from Brunei who served as the Deputy Minister of Communications from 2005 to 2009, the high commissioner and ambassador to several countries, including the United States and United Kingdom.
Yusoff attended college in the United Kingdom, earning a Bachelor of Arts (with honours) in economics from City of Birmingham Polytechnic in 1976. He proceeded to work as an administrative officer in the Treasury Department for four years after finishing his education. He got a Certificate in Financial management from the Royal Institute of Public Administration in London during this time in 1979.
Yusoff worked as a private and confidential secretary to Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, the minister of foreign affairs, for the first half of the 1980s. In 1982, he further completed his study, earning a Diplomacy Certificate from Oxford University and attending a conference on the goals and techniques of development cooperation at the German Foundation in Berlin. He was the director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Economic Department from 1986 to 1988. While obtaining a master's degree in law and diplomacy at Tufts University in the United States in 1987. He was then appointed director of the ASEAN Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a position he held until 1992.
Yusoff was appointed High Commissioner to Australia the following year and served for four years. His first ambassadorship was to Japan in 1996. In 1997, he was appointed deputy permanent secretary in the ministry, and in 2000, he was promoted to high commissioner to the United Kingdom and ambassador to Ireland. He was chairman of the Economic Development Board from 2001 until 2004. He was appointed ambassador to Belgium on 25 October 2004. The following year, he was appointed as the head of the Brunei Mission to the European Union, as well as ambassador to the Netherlands and Hungary, and as Brunei's permanent representative to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Later same year, he was appointed deputy minister of communications, a position he held until he was appointed ambassador to the United States. On 20 August 2009, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah handed Letters of Credentials to newly appointed Brunei envoys at Istana Nurul Iman.
Yusoff was born on 1 March 1949, in Kuala Belait, is married to Datin Mahani bin Dato Haji Abu Zar, and they have three sons and one daughter. He enjoys golf, walking, and jogging while he is not handling foreign affairs for his country.
Yusoff has earned the following honours: | [
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"text": "Yusoff bin Abdul Hamid (born 1 March 1949) is a retired diplomat and politician from Brunei who served as the Deputy Minister of Communications from 2005 to 2009, the high commissioner and ambassador to several countries, including the United States and United Kingdom.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Yusoff attended college in the United Kingdom, earning a Bachelor of Arts (with honours) in economics from City of Birmingham Polytechnic in 1976. He proceeded to work as an administrative officer in the Treasury Department for four years after finishing his education. He got a Certificate in Financial management from the Royal Institute of Public Administration in London during this time in 1979.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Yusoff worked as a private and confidential secretary to Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, the minister of foreign affairs, for the first half of the 1980s. In 1982, he further completed his study, earning a Diplomacy Certificate from Oxford University and attending a conference on the goals and techniques of development cooperation at the German Foundation in Berlin. He was the director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Economic Department from 1986 to 1988. While obtaining a master's degree in law and diplomacy at Tufts University in the United States in 1987. He was then appointed director of the ASEAN Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a position he held until 1992.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Yusoff was appointed High Commissioner to Australia the following year and served for four years. His first ambassadorship was to Japan in 1996. In 1997, he was appointed deputy permanent secretary in the ministry, and in 2000, he was promoted to high commissioner to the United Kingdom and ambassador to Ireland. He was chairman of the Economic Development Board from 2001 until 2004. He was appointed ambassador to Belgium on 25 October 2004. The following year, he was appointed as the head of the Brunei Mission to the European Union, as well as ambassador to the Netherlands and Hungary, and as Brunei's permanent representative to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Later same year, he was appointed deputy minister of communications, a position he held until he was appointed ambassador to the United States. On 20 August 2009, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah handed Letters of Credentials to newly appointed Brunei envoys at Istana Nurul Iman.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Yusoff was born on 1 March 1949, in Kuala Belait, is married to Datin Mahani bin Dato Haji Abu Zar, and they have three sons and one daughter. He enjoys golf, walking, and jogging while he is not handling foreign affairs for his country.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Yusoff has earned the following honours:",
"title": "Honours"
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] | Yusoff bin Abdul Hamid is a retired diplomat and politician from Brunei who served as the Deputy Minister of Communications from 2005 to 2009, the high commissioner and ambassador to several countries, including the United States and United Kingdom. | 2023-12-18T03:26:20Z | 2023-12-26T18:25:48Z | [
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75,590,190 | Cristina Cleghorn | Christine Liana Cleghorn, known as Cristina Cleghorn, is a New Zealand public health and nutrition researcher, and as of 2023 is an academic at the University of Otago in the Department of Public Health.
Cleghorn studied at the University of Otago, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 2000, and a Master of Science degree with distinction in human nutrition in 2002.
After a research assistantship at the University of Otago's Department of Human Nutrition, Cleghorn entered a PhD programme at Leeds University's School of Food Science and Nutrition in 2009, graduating with a 2014 thesis titled Relationships between agrobiodiversity, dietary diversity and nutritional status in Tanzania. She then joined the Department of Public Health at the University of Otago as a nutrition researcher.
Cleghorn's research is focussed on the prevention of chronic disease though diet (ideally sustainable diets), exercise, and reducing tobacco use. She has studied the greenhouse gas emissions of New Zealand dietary interventions, and modelled the effect of replacing meat with alternative protein sources. She leads a project on a sustainable diet for New Zealand health and the climate, funded by Healthier Lives National Science Challenge. Her work on the quantification of greenhouse gases began with the Burden of Disease Epidemiology, Equity and Cost-Effectiveness Programme (BODE), and continued with the Simulation Health Modelling Network (SiHMNet), where she is a senior research fellow. | [
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"text": "Christine Liana Cleghorn, known as Cristina Cleghorn, is a New Zealand public health and nutrition researcher, and as of 2023 is an academic at the University of Otago in the Department of Public Health.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Cleghorn studied at the University of Otago, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 2000, and a Master of Science degree with distinction in human nutrition in 2002.",
"title": "Academic career"
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"text": "After a research assistantship at the University of Otago's Department of Human Nutrition, Cleghorn entered a PhD programme at Leeds University's School of Food Science and Nutrition in 2009, graduating with a 2014 thesis titled Relationships between agrobiodiversity, dietary diversity and nutritional status in Tanzania. She then joined the Department of Public Health at the University of Otago as a nutrition researcher.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Cleghorn's research is focussed on the prevention of chronic disease though diet (ideally sustainable diets), exercise, and reducing tobacco use. She has studied the greenhouse gas emissions of New Zealand dietary interventions, and modelled the effect of replacing meat with alternative protein sources. She leads a project on a sustainable diet for New Zealand health and the climate, funded by Healthier Lives National Science Challenge. Her work on the quantification of greenhouse gases began with the Burden of Disease Epidemiology, Equity and Cost-Effectiveness Programme (BODE), and continued with the Simulation Health Modelling Network (SiHMNet), where she is a senior research fellow.",
"title": "Academic career"
}
] | Christine Liana Cleghorn, known as Cristina Cleghorn, is a New Zealand public health and nutrition researcher, and as of 2023 is an academic at the University of Otago in the Department of Public Health. | 2023-12-18T03:31:42Z | 2023-12-31T06:23:50Z | [
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75,590,198 | Firebird (Copeland novel) | Firebird is a children's picture book written by Misty Copeland and illustrated by Christopher Myers. It was first published on September 4, 2014. This debut book by Copeland aims to inspire young dancers, especially those from underrepresented communities in ballet.
The narrative of Firebird is a poetic dialogue between a young ballet student and her mentor, exploring themes of self-confidence, perseverance, and the transformative power of dance. It has been praised for its lyrical text and vibrant illustrations, which vividly capture the grace and intensity of ballet. "Firebird" has received acclaim for its positive message and representation, making it a significant contribution to children's literature and an inspirational tool for young dancers worldwide.
Misty Copeland, born on September 10, 1982, in Kansas City, Missouri, is a renowned figure in the ballet world. Her journey into ballet began at the relatively late age of 13, which is considered unusual for a professional dancer. Despite her late start, Copeland's talent was quickly recognized, and she rose to prominence in the American Ballet Theatre (ABT), becoming the first African American female principal dancer in 2015. This achievement was a groundbreaking moment in the history of ballet.
Copeland's motivation for writing "Firebird" stemmed from her own experiences in the predominantly white ballet world, where she often felt like an outsider due to her race and body type. She expressed, "when I opened up ballet books, I didn’t see myself. I saw an image of what a ballerina should be, and she wasn’t me, brown with tendrils sweeping her face. I needed to find ME." This reflection motivated her to create "Firebird" for children who dream of gracing the stage, intending to "expand the idea of beauty and art." In collaboration with Christopher Myers, an award-winning illustrator, "Firebird" aims to inspire and empower young readers by showing them that success and excellence in ballet (or any field) are attainable regardless of their background or the challenges they may face.
"Firebird" tells the story of a young, aspiring ballerina who feels overwhelmed and doubtful about her abilities in the world of dance. She looks up to a famous ballerina, seeing her as the embodiment of perfection and success. The protagonist grapples with self-confidence and fears that she may never be able to reach such heights in her dancing career.
As the narrative unfolds, a mentor modeled after Misty Copeland, encourages the young girl to believe in herself. The mentor shares her own experiences, revealing that her path to success was once filled with challenges and moments of insecurity. This revelation is eye-opening for the girl, helping her to understand that perfection is not an instant achievement, but a process that involves persistence and resilience. With her mentor's guidance, the young ballerina learns to see her potential and envisages herself as the Firebird, symbolizing her transformation into an empowered character. The story emphasizes the importance of perseverance, embracing one's individuality, and the value of having a role model.
One of the major themes in "Firebird" is the importance of perseverance and self-belief in the face of challenges. Misty Copeland instills a sense of hope and determination in young readers, encouraging them to dream big and work hard to achieve their goals. This theme is particularly impactful considering Copeland's own journey as a trailblazer in the ballet world, overcoming numerous obstacles to achieve her dreams.
Additionally, "Firebird" addresses the theme of mentorship and its significance in personal growth and professional development. The book illustrates how guidance and support from experienced individuals can help nurture talent and boost confidence in young individuals. This is exemplified in Copeland's life, where she is both a mentor and an inspiration to countless young dancers, particularly those from underrepresented communities.
A critical discussion point in "Firebird" is the racial diversity of members in ballet and the arts. Copeland challenges the traditional white reputation of ballet by featuring a protagonist who is a young girl of color. In doing so, she shifts the narrative and opens a dialogue about the importance of representation in the arts. Copeland's decision to feature such a protagonist offers children from various backgrounds the opportunity to see themselves reflected in literature and ballet.
Christopher Myers' illustrations play a crucial role in complementing the book's narrative. Myers, recognized for his contributions to children's literature, employs a distinct illustration style that integrates painting, photography, and collage. This approach brings a unique visual appeal to the book, aligning with its themes.
Myers' use of collage provides a contemporary and urban feel to the illustrations. This style choice contributes significantly to the narrative's expression, adding layers of depth and emotion to the story. His illustrations are often marked by their dynamic and vibrant nature, which enhances the storytelling in "Firebird."
The book's illustrations are further characterized by their bold use of color. The color palette is a mix of intense and subdued tones, featuring reds, blues, purples, and browns. These colors are thoughtfully selected to parallel the narrative's emotional journey. For instance, the warm tones of reds and yellows symbolize passion and energy, reflecting the protagonist's inner strength, while the cooler tones represent introspection and self-doubt.
Critically, "Firebird" has been recognized with several prestigious awards, underscoring its impact and appeal. In 2015, the book won the Coretta Scott King Award and the Ezra Jack Keats Book Award. The year before, it was voted as NPR's Best Book and Amazon's Best Book of the Year for Ages 6–8. Additionally, it was selected as Amazon's Best Book of the Month in September 2014 and was named Essence Magazine’s Best Children’s Book in 2014.
However, it's important to note that the reception of "Firebird" has not been unanimously positive. Some critics have pointed out aspects of the book they found lacking. For example, a review on KD Did It Edits appreciates the graphical elements of the book, especially noting the portrayal of a young black girl as the protagonist. However, the same review critiques the narrative style, describing it as more of a promotional piece for Copeland rather than a story with a personal connection to the young dancer character. The review acknowledges the excellence of Myers' illustrations but suggests that Copeland's writing did not match up to the visual storytelling. | [
{
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"text": "Firebird is a children's picture book written by Misty Copeland and illustrated by Christopher Myers. It was first published on September 4, 2014. This debut book by Copeland aims to inspire young dancers, especially those from underrepresented communities in ballet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The narrative of Firebird is a poetic dialogue between a young ballet student and her mentor, exploring themes of self-confidence, perseverance, and the transformative power of dance. It has been praised for its lyrical text and vibrant illustrations, which vividly capture the grace and intensity of ballet. \"Firebird\" has received acclaim for its positive message and representation, making it a significant contribution to children's literature and an inspirational tool for young dancers worldwide.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Misty Copeland, born on September 10, 1982, in Kansas City, Missouri, is a renowned figure in the ballet world. Her journey into ballet began at the relatively late age of 13, which is considered unusual for a professional dancer. Despite her late start, Copeland's talent was quickly recognized, and she rose to prominence in the American Ballet Theatre (ABT), becoming the first African American female principal dancer in 2015. This achievement was a groundbreaking moment in the history of ballet.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Copeland's motivation for writing \"Firebird\" stemmed from her own experiences in the predominantly white ballet world, where she often felt like an outsider due to her race and body type. She expressed, \"when I opened up ballet books, I didn’t see myself. I saw an image of what a ballerina should be, and she wasn’t me, brown with tendrils sweeping her face. I needed to find ME.\" This reflection motivated her to create \"Firebird\" for children who dream of gracing the stage, intending to \"expand the idea of beauty and art.\" In collaboration with Christopher Myers, an award-winning illustrator, \"Firebird\" aims to inspire and empower young readers by showing them that success and excellence in ballet (or any field) are attainable regardless of their background or the challenges they may face.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "\"Firebird\" tells the story of a young, aspiring ballerina who feels overwhelmed and doubtful about her abilities in the world of dance. She looks up to a famous ballerina, seeing her as the embodiment of perfection and success. The protagonist grapples with self-confidence and fears that she may never be able to reach such heights in her dancing career.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "As the narrative unfolds, a mentor modeled after Misty Copeland, encourages the young girl to believe in herself. The mentor shares her own experiences, revealing that her path to success was once filled with challenges and moments of insecurity. This revelation is eye-opening for the girl, helping her to understand that perfection is not an instant achievement, but a process that involves persistence and resilience. With her mentor's guidance, the young ballerina learns to see her potential and envisages herself as the Firebird, symbolizing her transformation into an empowered character. The story emphasizes the importance of perseverance, embracing one's individuality, and the value of having a role model.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "One of the major themes in \"Firebird\" is the importance of perseverance and self-belief in the face of challenges. Misty Copeland instills a sense of hope and determination in young readers, encouraging them to dream big and work hard to achieve their goals. This theme is particularly impactful considering Copeland's own journey as a trailblazer in the ballet world, overcoming numerous obstacles to achieve her dreams.",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Additionally, \"Firebird\" addresses the theme of mentorship and its significance in personal growth and professional development. The book illustrates how guidance and support from experienced individuals can help nurture talent and boost confidence in young individuals. This is exemplified in Copeland's life, where she is both a mentor and an inspiration to countless young dancers, particularly those from underrepresented communities.",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "A critical discussion point in \"Firebird\" is the racial diversity of members in ballet and the arts. Copeland challenges the traditional white reputation of ballet by featuring a protagonist who is a young girl of color. In doing so, she shifts the narrative and opens a dialogue about the importance of representation in the arts. Copeland's decision to feature such a protagonist offers children from various backgrounds the opportunity to see themselves reflected in literature and ballet.",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Christopher Myers' illustrations play a crucial role in complementing the book's narrative. Myers, recognized for his contributions to children's literature, employs a distinct illustration style that integrates painting, photography, and collage. This approach brings a unique visual appeal to the book, aligning with its themes.",
"title": "Illustrations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Myers' use of collage provides a contemporary and urban feel to the illustrations. This style choice contributes significantly to the narrative's expression, adding layers of depth and emotion to the story. His illustrations are often marked by their dynamic and vibrant nature, which enhances the storytelling in \"Firebird.\"",
"title": "Illustrations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The book's illustrations are further characterized by their bold use of color. The color palette is a mix of intense and subdued tones, featuring reds, blues, purples, and browns. These colors are thoughtfully selected to parallel the narrative's emotional journey. For instance, the warm tones of reds and yellows symbolize passion and energy, reflecting the protagonist's inner strength, while the cooler tones represent introspection and self-doubt.",
"title": "Illustrations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Critically, \"Firebird\" has been recognized with several prestigious awards, underscoring its impact and appeal. In 2015, the book won the Coretta Scott King Award and the Ezra Jack Keats Book Award. The year before, it was voted as NPR's Best Book and Amazon's Best Book of the Year for Ages 6–8. Additionally, it was selected as Amazon's Best Book of the Month in September 2014 and was named Essence Magazine’s Best Children’s Book in 2014.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "However, it's important to note that the reception of \"Firebird\" has not been unanimously positive. Some critics have pointed out aspects of the book they found lacking. For example, a review on KD Did It Edits appreciates the graphical elements of the book, especially noting the portrayal of a young black girl as the protagonist. However, the same review critiques the narrative style, describing it as more of a promotional piece for Copeland rather than a story with a personal connection to the young dancer character. The review acknowledges the excellence of Myers' illustrations but suggests that Copeland's writing did not match up to the visual storytelling.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Firebird is a children's picture book written by Misty Copeland and illustrated by Christopher Myers. It was first published on September 4, 2014. This debut book by Copeland aims to inspire young dancers, especially those from underrepresented communities in ballet. The narrative of Firebird is a poetic dialogue between a young ballet student and her mentor, exploring themes of self-confidence, perseverance, and the transformative power of dance. It has been praised for its lyrical text and vibrant illustrations, which vividly capture the grace and intensity of ballet. "Firebird" has received acclaim for its positive message and representation, making it a significant contribution to children's literature and an inspirational tool for young dancers worldwide. | 2023-12-18T03:35:31Z | 2023-12-30T18:03:03Z | [
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75,590,206 | GallopAir | GallopAir is a startup airline in Brunei Darussalam owned by Chinese businessman Yang Qiang. The airline plans to commence operations in the third quarter of 2024.
On 20 September 2023, GallopAir placed a US$2 billion order for 15 Comac ARJ21 and 15 Comac C919 aircraft. Once completed, this would make Brunei GallopAir the first operator of C919 outside China. | [
{
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"text": "GallopAir is a startup airline in Brunei Darussalam owned by Chinese businessman Yang Qiang. The airline plans to commence operations in the third quarter of 2024.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On 20 September 2023, GallopAir placed a US$2 billion order for 15 Comac ARJ21 and 15 Comac C919 aircraft. Once completed, this would make Brunei GallopAir the first operator of C919 outside China.",
"title": "Fleet"
}
] | GallopAir is a startup airline in Brunei Darussalam owned by Chinese businessman Yang Qiang. The airline plans to commence operations in the third quarter of 2024. | 2023-12-18T03:38:26Z | 2023-12-19T03:57:59Z | [
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75,590,218 | Igbo Christian music | Igbo gospel music is an Igbo traditional musical genre written, performed, and sung to narrate or express Christian faith, values, or topics. The genre is vibrant and spiritually uplifting. It combines Christian religious themes such as Praise, hymnals, worship, and other Christian themes with traditional Igbo musical or cultural versions or elements. It reflects the fusion of faith, cultural identity, and musical expression within the Igbo Christian community. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Igbo gospel music is an Igbo traditional musical genre written, performed, and sung to narrate or express Christian faith, values, or topics. The genre is vibrant and spiritually uplifting. It combines Christian religious themes such as Praise, hymnals, worship, and other Christian themes with traditional Igbo musical or cultural versions or elements. It reflects the fusion of faith, cultural identity, and musical expression within the Igbo Christian community.",
"title": ""
}
] | Igbo gospel music is an Igbo traditional musical genre written, performed, and sung to narrate or express Christian faith, values, or topics. The genre is vibrant and spiritually uplifting. It combines Christian religious themes such as Praise, hymnals, worship, and other Christian themes with traditional Igbo musical or cultural versions or elements. It reflects the fusion of faith, cultural identity, and musical expression within the Igbo Christian community. | 2023-12-18T03:40:58Z | 2023-12-18T04:33:18Z | [
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75,590,228 | Douglas Jennings Jr. | Douglas Jennings Jr., is an American attorney and politician from South Carolina. Jennings was previously an assistant solicitor for the fourth circuit.
Jennings graduated from Clemson University with a BA in 1978 and with a JD from the University of South Carolina in 1982. He served as a Legislative Assistant in the United States House of Representatives from 1978 to 1979, and as a Research Assistant for the South Carolina Senate Judiciary Committee from 1979 to 1982.
Jennings was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1991 to 2014. He served as House Minority Leader and on the Sentencing Reform Commission. He was a founding member of the North Eastern Strategic Alliance (NESA), and chaired its I-73 Committee. Jennings also served as Chairman of the Marlboro County Election Commission from 1986 to 1991.
Jennings received the Governor's Rural Economic Leadership Award in 1999 and an Honorary Doctorate from Francis Marion University in 2002. When Jennings retired from the South Carolina Legislature in 2010, he received the Order of the Palmetto from Governor Mark Sanford, and a Concurrent Resolution by the House and Senate in recognition of his contributions. A portion of highway in Blenheim, South Carolina was named in his honor. | [
{
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"text": "Douglas Jennings Jr., is an American attorney and politician from South Carolina. Jennings was previously an assistant solicitor for the fourth circuit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Jennings graduated from Clemson University with a BA in 1978 and with a JD from the University of South Carolina in 1982. He served as a Legislative Assistant in the United States House of Representatives from 1978 to 1979, and as a Research Assistant for the South Carolina Senate Judiciary Committee from 1979 to 1982.",
"title": "Early life and education"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Jennings was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1991 to 2014. He served as House Minority Leader and on the Sentencing Reform Commission. He was a founding member of the North Eastern Strategic Alliance (NESA), and chaired its I-73 Committee. Jennings also served as Chairman of the Marlboro County Election Commission from 1986 to 1991.",
"title": "Political Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Jennings received the Governor's Rural Economic Leadership Award in 1999 and an Honorary Doctorate from Francis Marion University in 2002. When Jennings retired from the South Carolina Legislature in 2010, he received the Order of the Palmetto from Governor Mark Sanford, and a Concurrent Resolution by the House and Senate in recognition of his contributions. A portion of highway in Blenheim, South Carolina was named in his honor.",
"title": "Awards"
}
] | Douglas Jennings Jr., is an American attorney and politician from South Carolina. Jennings was previously an assistant solicitor for the fourth circuit. | 2023-12-18T03:42:58Z | 2023-12-27T18:38:00Z | [
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75,590,234 | List of South Carolina State Bulldogs football seasons | The following is a list of South Carolina State Bulldogs football seasons for the football team that has represented South Carolina State University in NCAA competition.
https://stats.ncaa.org/teams/history/MFB/647 | [
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"text": "https://stats.ncaa.org/teams/history/MFB/647",
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] | The following is a list of South Carolina State Bulldogs football seasons for the football team that has represented South Carolina State University in NCAA competition. | 2023-12-18T03:44:03Z | 2023-12-19T08:02:54Z | [
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75,590,237 | David Hemingson | David Hemingson (born July 26, 1964) is an American writer and producer for film and television.
Hemingson was born on July 26, 1964, in New Haven, Connecticut. His father worked both as a teacher and a merchant marine, while his mother was a nurse at Mount Sinai Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut. His parents divorced in 1969.
In 1982, Hemingson graduated from Watkinson School, a boarding school in Hartford. His experiences in boarding school, along with life lessons acquired from an uncle during his youth, informed Hemingson's screenplay for the 2023 Alexander Payne film The Holdovers.
Hemingson earned a bachelor's degree at Yale University and graduated from Columbia Law School in 1990. After graduation, he worked in the entertainment division of the Loeb & Loeb law firm in Los Angeles before deciding to pursue a writing career.
Hemingson's first job after leaving the legal field was as an assistant writer on Nickelodeon's The Adventures of Pete & Pete.
In addition to his television writing career, Hemingson served as a producer on series such as Just Shoot Me!, Kitchen Confidential, The Deep End, Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23, and Whiskey Cavalier.
In 2017, Hemingson wrote a pilot for a series set at a New England boarding school based on his own experiences at the Watkinson School. He was later contacted by director Alexander Payne, who wanted his next film to be set in the prep school environment. Hemingson adapted the pilot script into the screenplay for Payne's 2023 film The Holdovers.
Hemingson married writer and actress Victoria Morsell in 1998. The pair reside in Los Angeles with their son. | [
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"text": "Hemingson was born on July 26, 1964, in New Haven, Connecticut. His father worked both as a teacher and a merchant marine, while his mother was a nurse at Mount Sinai Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut. His parents divorced in 1969.",
"title": "Early life and education"
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"text": "In 1982, Hemingson graduated from Watkinson School, a boarding school in Hartford. His experiences in boarding school, along with life lessons acquired from an uncle during his youth, informed Hemingson's screenplay for the 2023 Alexander Payne film The Holdovers.",
"title": "Early life and education"
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"text": "Hemingson earned a bachelor's degree at Yale University and graduated from Columbia Law School in 1990. After graduation, he worked in the entertainment division of the Loeb & Loeb law firm in Los Angeles before deciding to pursue a writing career.",
"title": "Early life and education"
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"text": "Hemingson's first job after leaving the legal field was as an assistant writer on Nickelodeon's The Adventures of Pete & Pete.",
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"text": "In addition to his television writing career, Hemingson served as a producer on series such as Just Shoot Me!, Kitchen Confidential, The Deep End, Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23, and Whiskey Cavalier.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "In 2017, Hemingson wrote a pilot for a series set at a New England boarding school based on his own experiences at the Watkinson School. He was later contacted by director Alexander Payne, who wanted his next film to be set in the prep school environment. Hemingson adapted the pilot script into the screenplay for Payne's 2023 film The Holdovers.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "Hemingson married writer and actress Victoria Morsell in 1998. The pair reside in Los Angeles with their son.",
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] | David Hemingson is an American writer and producer for film and television. | 2023-12-18T03:44:57Z | 2023-12-24T03:17:49Z | [
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75,590,245 | Matteo De Palo | Matteo De Palo (born 8 November 2007) is an Italian racing driver who is currently set to race in the 2024 Formula Regional European Championship with Saintéloc Racing. He previously competed in the 2023 F4 Spanish Championship with Campos Racing, finishing fifth overall.
De Palo made his car racing debut at the second round in Circuit Ricardo Tormo during the 2023 Formula Winter Series. He won the first race on debut, while taking both poles for the round.
De Palo joined Campos Racing for the 2023 F4 Spanish Championship. He took his only Spanish F4 win of the year, during the first round in Spa-Francorchamps, after original winner Valerio Rinicella received a penalty for track limits. A further podium came the next round in Aragón where he finished third from pole. However, he would next stand on the podium during the penultimate round at Circuit Ricardo Tormo, scoring a double podium. Despite only four podiums, his consistent points scoring saw him fifth in the standings, with 171 points.
De Palo took part in the opening round of the 2023 Italian F4 Championship with R-ace GP at Imola. With ten points, De Palo was ranked 20th in the standings.
De Palo made a cameo appearance in two rounds during the 2023 F4 British Championship.
For 2024, De Palo was promoted to the Formula Regional European Championship with Saintéloc Racing.
In July 2022, De Palo took part in a scouting camp conducted by the Ferrari Driver Academy.
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) | [
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"title": ""
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"text": "De Palo joined Campos Racing for the 2023 F4 Spanish Championship. He took his only Spanish F4 win of the year, during the first round in Spa-Francorchamps, after original winner Valerio Rinicella received a penalty for track limits. A further podium came the next round in Aragón where he finished third from pole. However, he would next stand on the podium during the penultimate round at Circuit Ricardo Tormo, scoring a double podium. Despite only four podiums, his consistent points scoring saw him fifth in the standings, with 171 points.",
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"text": "De Palo took part in the opening round of the 2023 Italian F4 Championship with R-ace GP at Imola. With ten points, De Palo was ranked 20th in the standings.",
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"title": "Racing record"
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] | Matteo De Palo is an Italian racing driver who is currently set to race in the 2024 Formula Regional European Championship with Saintéloc Racing. He previously competed in the 2023 F4 Spanish Championship with Campos Racing, finishing fifth overall. | 2023-12-18T03:47:48Z | 2023-12-23T09:19:12Z | [
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75,590,261 | Matteo de Palo | Matteo De Palo (born 8 November 2007) is an Italian racing driver who is currently set to race in the 2024 Formula Regional European Championship with Saintéloc Racing. He previously compete in the 2023 F4 Spanish Championship with Campos Racing, finishing fifth overall.
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) | [
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] | Matteo De Palo is an Italian racing driver who is currently set to race in the 2024 Formula Regional European Championship with Saintéloc Racing. He previously compete in the 2023 F4 Spanish Championship with Campos Racing, finishing fifth overall. | 2023-12-18T03:51:37Z | 2023-12-18T04:02:28Z | [
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75,590,271 | Line 19 (Wuhan Metro) | Line 19 of the Wuhan Metro is a future metro line in Wuhan, China. It is 23.3 kilometres (14.5 mi) long with seven stations, running between West Square of Wuhan Railway Station and Xinyuexi Park stations.
With an operating speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and plans to increase the speed to 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph), trains on line 19 will run at the highest speed within the Wuhan Metro network.
Line 19 was approved as part of the Wuhan Urban Rail Transit Phase 4 Construction Plan (Chinese: 武汉城市轨道交通第四期建设规划). Construction of Line 19 started on 19 February 2019, making it the first line as part of the plan to start construction.
On 30 December 2020, the first tunnel-boring machine was launched, marking the start of construction for the underground tunnels in which Line 19 will be running.
On 15 December 2022, the laying of tracks began within the completed tunnel sections of the line.
With the capping of the main structure West Square of Wuhan Railway Station station on 18 April 2023, the main structures of all seven stations along Line 19 had been completed. This was soon followed by completion of tunneling works on 23 June and the laying of tracks along the route on 28 July.
On 14 September 2023, with the supervision of the city's Municipal Quality Supervision Authority, a project acceptance meeting was held and the line passed for acceptance by Wuhan Metro. This meant that Line 19 is able to commence trial operations. The line was scheduled to commence operations within that year, and the stations were unveiled on 12 December. A safety evaluation was conducted from 17 to 20 December, with experts concluding that safety works for Line 19 were well-prepared and gave a generally-positive review.
Line 19 started operations on 30 December 2023 at 10:28 am Beijing Time (UTC+8), as announced the day prior.
As of 2022, there are plans to extend Line 19 to Tianhe International Airport station in the future. In addition, the operating speed will be increased from 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), which is tied with Line 16 as the fastest in the Wuhan Metro network, to 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph).
The following are the list of stations which are part of Line 19.
The rolling stock for Line 19 will consist of 15 6-car Type-A trains, for which the tender was won by CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive. Trains will be housed at the newly-constructed Huashan Depot. These trains will be powered by overhead wires at 1500 volts, and are capable of operating at 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph). Delivery started on 31 May 2023, with the last train being delivered by September that year. | [
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"text": "Line 19 of the Wuhan Metro is a future metro line in Wuhan, China. It is 23.3 kilometres (14.5 mi) long with seven stations, running between West Square of Wuhan Railway Station and Xinyuexi Park stations.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "With an operating speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and plans to increase the speed to 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph), trains on line 19 will run at the highest speed within the Wuhan Metro network.",
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"title": "History"
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"text": "On 30 December 2020, the first tunnel-boring machine was launched, marking the start of construction for the underground tunnels in which Line 19 will be running.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "On 15 December 2022, the laying of tracks began within the completed tunnel sections of the line.",
"title": "History"
},
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"text": "With the capping of the main structure West Square of Wuhan Railway Station station on 18 April 2023, the main structures of all seven stations along Line 19 had been completed. This was soon followed by completion of tunneling works on 23 June and the laying of tracks along the route on 28 July.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 14 September 2023, with the supervision of the city's Municipal Quality Supervision Authority, a project acceptance meeting was held and the line passed for acceptance by Wuhan Metro. This meant that Line 19 is able to commence trial operations. The line was scheduled to commence operations within that year, and the stations were unveiled on 12 December. A safety evaluation was conducted from 17 to 20 December, with experts concluding that safety works for Line 19 were well-prepared and gave a generally-positive review.",
"title": "History"
},
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"text": "Line 19 started operations on 30 December 2023 at 10:28 am Beijing Time (UTC+8), as announced the day prior.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "As of 2022, there are plans to extend Line 19 to Tianhe International Airport station in the future. In addition, the operating speed will be increased from 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), which is tied with Line 16 as the fastest in the Wuhan Metro network, to 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph).",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "The following are the list of stations which are part of Line 19.",
"title": "Stations"
},
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"text": "The rolling stock for Line 19 will consist of 15 6-car Type-A trains, for which the tender was won by CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive. Trains will be housed at the newly-constructed Huashan Depot. These trains will be powered by overhead wires at 1500 volts, and are capable of operating at 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph). Delivery started on 31 May 2023, with the last train being delivered by September that year.",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] | Line 19 of the Wuhan Metro is a future metro line in Wuhan, China. It is 23.3 kilometres (14.5 mi) long with seven stations, running between West Square of Wuhan Railway Station and Xinyuexi Park stations. With an operating speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and plans to increase the speed to 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph), trains on line 19 will run at the highest speed within the Wuhan Metro network. | 2023-12-18T03:53:47Z | 2023-12-30T08:52:55Z | [
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75,590,298 | Lenton Malry | Lenton Malry (born September 30, 1931) was an American politician and educator who was the first African American to serve in the New Mexico Legislature. Representing an Albuquerque district as a Democrat, Malry was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives in 1968 and served from 1969 through 1979. He also worked as a schoolteacher, principal, and county commissioner, among other roles.
Malry was born on September 30, 1931, in Keithville, Louisiana, one of three sons of James and Mary Malry. He grew up on a farm. He graduated from Central Colored High School in 1948 and received his BS degree in education from Grambling College in 1952 and enlisted in the U.S. Air Force, serving in the education office at RAF West Drayton. He received his MA degree from Texas College in 1957 and his PhD from the University of New Mexico in 1968, both in educational administration. He was the first African American to earn a doctorate in education from the University of New Mexico.
After receiving his master's degree, Malry worked as a teacher at Douglas High School in Sherman, Texas. For about four years, he worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, teaching first at the Kinlichee School in Arizona and then at the Gallup-McKinley County Schools in New Mexico. In 1962, he began teaching at Lincoln Junior High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He became principal of John Marshall Elementary School in 1964 and principal of La Mesa Elementary School in 1968. He was the first Black male teacher in New Mexico and the first African American principal in the Albuquerque Public Schools. He became the equal opportunity director for Albuquerque Public Schools in 1975 and served in this office until 1987, when he retired to launch his own affirmative action consulting firm.
Malry was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives in 1968, unexpectedly ousting Republican Rep. Edward Dunne in an Albuquerque district that was 99% white. Malry assumed office in 1969, becoming New Mexico’s first African American state legislator. He served five terms through 1979. In the House, he advocated for greater support of public education, including universal kindergarten. In 1980, he was elected county commissioner for Bernalillo County and served two four-year terms. He was the first African American to hold this office.
In 1990, the University of New Mexico Hospital hired Malry to work in its personnel department. In 1991, he became director of New Mexico’s Human Rights Division. Two years later, he became director of personnel at Widow Rock Unified School District in Arizona. From 1995 to 2001, he sold cars at the Lincoln-Mercury dealership in Albuquerque, making top salesman for three of those years. In 2001, Malry was hired as a special projects coordinator for the Bernalillo County Treasurer’s Office. He transitioned to coordinator of the Neighborhood Association Program in 2004 and retired from the county government in 2011 at the age of 80. As of 2019, he lived in Albuquerque with his wife, Joy Malry, whom he met in 1956. They have one son.
In 2016, the University of New Mexico Press published Malry's autobiography Let’s Roll this Train. He won the 2017 New Mexico-Arizona Book Award's Father Thomas Steele History Award. Malry received the University of New Mexico's Living Legend Award in 2007 and induction into Grambling University's Hall of Fame in 2007. Malry has served as president of the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education and on the boards of the United Way, the UNM Cancer Center, Heights Psychiatric Hospital, and the Albuquerque Air Quality Board. | [
{
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"text": "Lenton Malry (born September 30, 1931) was an American politician and educator who was the first African American to serve in the New Mexico Legislature. Representing an Albuquerque district as a Democrat, Malry was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives in 1968 and served from 1969 through 1979. He also worked as a schoolteacher, principal, and county commissioner, among other roles.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Malry was born on September 30, 1931, in Keithville, Louisiana, one of three sons of James and Mary Malry. He grew up on a farm. He graduated from Central Colored High School in 1948 and received his BS degree in education from Grambling College in 1952 and enlisted in the U.S. Air Force, serving in the education office at RAF West Drayton. He received his MA degree from Texas College in 1957 and his PhD from the University of New Mexico in 1968, both in educational administration. He was the first African American to earn a doctorate in education from the University of New Mexico.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
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"text": "After receiving his master's degree, Malry worked as a teacher at Douglas High School in Sherman, Texas. For about four years, he worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, teaching first at the Kinlichee School in Arizona and then at the Gallup-McKinley County Schools in New Mexico. In 1962, he began teaching at Lincoln Junior High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He became principal of John Marshall Elementary School in 1964 and principal of La Mesa Elementary School in 1968. He was the first Black male teacher in New Mexico and the first African American principal in the Albuquerque Public Schools. He became the equal opportunity director for Albuquerque Public Schools in 1975 and served in this office until 1987, when he retired to launch his own affirmative action consulting firm.",
"title": "Career as educator"
},
{
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"text": "Malry was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives in 1968, unexpectedly ousting Republican Rep. Edward Dunne in an Albuquerque district that was 99% white. Malry assumed office in 1969, becoming New Mexico’s first African American state legislator. He served five terms through 1979. In the House, he advocated for greater support of public education, including universal kindergarten. In 1980, he was elected county commissioner for Bernalillo County and served two four-year terms. He was the first African American to hold this office.",
"title": "Career as politician"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1990, the University of New Mexico Hospital hired Malry to work in its personnel department. In 1991, he became director of New Mexico’s Human Rights Division. Two years later, he became director of personnel at Widow Rock Unified School District in Arizona. From 1995 to 2001, he sold cars at the Lincoln-Mercury dealership in Albuquerque, making top salesman for three of those years. In 2001, Malry was hired as a special projects coordinator for the Bernalillo County Treasurer’s Office. He transitioned to coordinator of the Neighborhood Association Program in 2004 and retired from the county government in 2011 at the age of 80. As of 2019, he lived in Albuquerque with his wife, Joy Malry, whom he met in 1956. They have one son.",
"title": "Later life and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2016, the University of New Mexico Press published Malry's autobiography Let’s Roll this Train. He won the 2017 New Mexico-Arizona Book Award's Father Thomas Steele History Award. Malry received the University of New Mexico's Living Legend Award in 2007 and induction into Grambling University's Hall of Fame in 2007. Malry has served as president of the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education and on the boards of the United Way, the UNM Cancer Center, Heights Psychiatric Hospital, and the Albuquerque Air Quality Board.",
"title": "Later life and legacy"
}
] | Lenton Malry was an American politician and educator who was the first African American to serve in the New Mexico Legislature. Representing an Albuquerque district as a Democrat, Malry was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives in 1968 and served from 1969 through 1979. He also worked as a schoolteacher, principal, and county commissioner, among other roles. | 2023-12-18T04:01:35Z | 2023-12-18T13:35:18Z | [
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75,590,324 | Bascombe Race Course | The Bascombe Race Course is a former thoroughbred horseracing track in Mobile, Alabama, built in 1836 that hosted The Mobile Jockey Club.
The Race Course is completed. On Tuesday, March 13th, 1838 races were held, secretary F.K. West. The First Day's Race was a Sweepstakes for colts and fillies, 3 years old, $300 Entrance Fee, $150 Forfeit Fee, four entries, closed. Local Vance Johnson's Melzare, David Stevenson's Frolicsome Fanny, Henry A. Tayloe's Black Maria, and James S. Garrison's Wagner. Day Two Jockey Club Purse, Two Mile Heats, purse $500. Day Three Jockey Club Purse $700, Three Mile Heats. Fourth Day Jockey Club Purse $1000, Four Mile Heats. Fifth Day The Proprietors Purse followed by The Jockey Club Purse, both $300. Results: J.S. Garrison's Charles Magic, beat D. Stephenson's Oseola in the Proprietor's Purse. Henry A. Tayloe's Hortense, beat J.S. Garrison's Pollard, and D. Stephenson's Frolicsome Fanny.
The Mobile Jockey Club announce their races to be held beginning Tuesday, April 4, a special race was held between Col. Vance Johnson's Scarlet and P. B. Starke's Birminghand, four-mile heats, $5,000 aside, the day before. Tuesday featured The Colt Sweepstakes: five entries of $500 each, and closed; that same day the Jockey Club purse of $500, two-mile heats. On Wednesday three mile heats, on Thursday four mile heats, on Friday mile heats, best 3 of 5, and Saturday the Proprietors Purse of $350, at two-mile heats. In attendance were Col. Garrison of Virginia, who would go on to found the Metairie Course in New Orleans, Louisiana with Richard Adams; and Col. Langford of the Canebrake.
(1).jpg|thumb|Bascombe Race Course Spring Races March 1838]] The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club commenced Tuesday, Nov 27th, with a sweepstakes race for colts and fillies, being 2 years old in the Spring of 1838, $250 Entrance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee. There were six entries, three forfeited. J. S. Garrison (C. Robinson's) Martha Robins, D. Stephenson's Amazon, and Doctor Wither's Pulaski, raced.
The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club began Wednesday, Dec 14, with the Jockey Club Purse, two mile heats, $250, and a sweepstakes race for four year olds, two mile heats, $300 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, to name and close the Dec. 1, three or more to make a race. Thursday, Dec 15, Jockey Club Purse, three mile heats, $400. Friday, Dec 16, Jockey Club Purse, four mile heats, $700, of which $100 goes to the second best horse. Saturday, Dec 17, Mile Heats, best three in five, Purse $200, and a Sweepstakes race for three year olds, mile heats, $200 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, three or more to make a race, to name and close the Dec. 1. D STEPHENSON Proprietor. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Bascombe Race Course is a former thoroughbred horseracing track in Mobile, Alabama, built in 1836 that hosted The Mobile Jockey Club.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Race Course is completed. On Tuesday, March 13th, 1838 races were held, secretary F.K. West. The First Day's Race was a Sweepstakes for colts and fillies, 3 years old, $300 Entrance Fee, $150 Forfeit Fee, four entries, closed. Local Vance Johnson's Melzare, David Stevenson's Frolicsome Fanny, Henry A. Tayloe's Black Maria, and James S. Garrison's Wagner. Day Two Jockey Club Purse, Two Mile Heats, purse $500. Day Three Jockey Club Purse $700, Three Mile Heats. Fourth Day Jockey Club Purse $1000, Four Mile Heats. Fifth Day The Proprietors Purse followed by The Jockey Club Purse, both $300. Results: J.S. Garrison's Charles Magic, beat D. Stephenson's Oseola in the Proprietor's Purse. Henry A. Tayloe's Hortense, beat J.S. Garrison's Pollard, and D. Stephenson's Frolicsome Fanny.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Mobile Jockey Club announce their races to be held beginning Tuesday, April 4, a special race was held between Col. Vance Johnson's Scarlet and P. B. Starke's Birminghand, four-mile heats, $5,000 aside, the day before. Tuesday featured The Colt Sweepstakes: five entries of $500 each, and closed; that same day the Jockey Club purse of $500, two-mile heats. On Wednesday three mile heats, on Thursday four mile heats, on Friday mile heats, best 3 of 5, and Saturday the Proprietors Purse of $350, at two-mile heats. In attendance were Col. Garrison of Virginia, who would go on to found the Metairie Course in New Orleans, Louisiana with Richard Adams; and Col. Langford of the Canebrake.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "(1).jpg|thumb|Bascombe Race Course Spring Races March 1838]] The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club commenced Tuesday, Nov 27th, with a sweepstakes race for colts and fillies, being 2 years old in the Spring of 1838, $250 Entrance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee. There were six entries, three forfeited. J. S. Garrison (C. Robinson's) Martha Robins, D. Stephenson's Amazon, and Doctor Wither's Pulaski, raced.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club began Wednesday, Dec 14, with the Jockey Club Purse, two mile heats, $250, and a sweepstakes race for four year olds, two mile heats, $300 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, to name and close the Dec. 1, three or more to make a race. Thursday, Dec 15, Jockey Club Purse, three mile heats, $400. Friday, Dec 16, Jockey Club Purse, four mile heats, $700, of which $100 goes to the second best horse. Saturday, Dec 17, Mile Heats, best three in five, Purse $200, and a Sweepstakes race for three year olds, mile heats, $200 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, three or more to make a race, to name and close the Dec. 1. D STEPHENSON Proprietor.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Bascombe Race Course is a former thoroughbred horseracing track in Mobile, Alabama, built in 1836 that hosted The Mobile Jockey Club. | 2023-12-18T04:12:27Z | 2023-12-27T01:09:47Z | [
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75,590,334 | 1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution | From the formal establishment of the People's Movement of Ukraine on 1 July 1989 to the formalisation of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine via referendum on 1 December 1991, a non-violent protest movement worked to achieve Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union. Led by Soviet dissident Viacheslav Chornovil, the protests began as a series of strikes [uk] in the Donbas that led to the removal of longtime communist leader Volodymyr Shcherbytsky. Later, the protests grew in size and scope, leading to a human chain across the country and widespread student protests against the falsification of the 1990 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election. The protests were ultimately successful, leading to the independence of Ukraine amidst the broader dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Marked by widespread displays of support for the cause of Ukrainian independence, the revolution ultimately acquired the support of large numbers of the population and ruling Communist Party elite, allowing Ukraine to become independent from the Soviet Union peacefully. Its causes include a mix of economic and political justifications, primarily relating to economic downturn and mismanagement, Russification, and authoritarianism during the Era of Stagnation and Shcherbytsky's 17-year rule. After the revolution, the democratic movement failed to replicate its successes in independent Ukraine, a fact owed to the splintering of the movement along ideological lines and the achievement of its primary goal. The revolution continues to be celebrated in present-day Ukraine, and the Independence Day of Ukraine is a national holiday.
Ukraine became independent from Russia as the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917. Divided in 1921 between the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Union, the remaining western portion of Ukraine was further annexed by the Soviet Union as part of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and formalised by the 1945 Potsdam Conference. 3.5 to 5 million Ukrainians were killed in the 1932–1933 Holodomor, a famine created by the Soviet government. Present-day historians debate whether the famine was an act of genocide against Ukrainians, a result of collectivisation in the Soviet Union, or an unintentional byproduct of collectivisation that was subsequently weaponised against Ukrainians. Ukrainians fought in both the Red Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (which was at various points allied with or fighting against Nazi Germany) during World War II. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army continued to fight the Soviets after the war until 1949, though some units continued fighting until 1956.
During the Era of Stagnation, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was ruled by First Secretary Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a close ally of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and a member of his Dnipropetrovsk Mafia political clique. Shcherbytsky took aim at nationally minded members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia; a 1973–1975 purge of the Communist Party of Ukraine resulted in the removal of around 5% of the party's members, and every member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group of human rights activists was arrested and deported to labour camps. This was matched by a general crackdown on Ukrainian culture, a purge of Ukrainian academia and cultural institutions, and the systematic targeting of the Ukrainian language by the government. The 1979 removal of Valentyn Malanchuk [uk], who had overseen the purges, did little to stem the tide of Russification, and further events celebrating the Russification of Ukraine occurred in 1982.
On top of political concerns, the Ukrainian economy continued to decline throughout the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the eastern Donbas region, where metallurgy and coal mining were the main economic activities. The shift from coal to nuclear power devastated the local economy, and a combination of overly-centralised collective farms and droughts negatively affected Ukraine's agricultural economy. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster further galvanised growing opposition to the Soviet government in Ukraine. The liberalisation of Soviet society as part of Perestroika allowed greater room for free expression and self-identification, but the majority of these changes did not affect Ukraine to the same extent as other Soviet republics, or other countries within the Eastern Bloc. In 1989, however, Ukrainian pro-independence activity exploded, particularly in Western Ukraine, which had little experience being under Russia compared to other parts of Ukraine.
A series of strikes by coal miners began in the Donbas on 18 July 1989, spurred by simultaneous strikes by miners in the Kuzbass region of Russia. The strikes, while based primarily on economic misfortunes, were also pro-independence in nature; the leaders of the strikes expressed overt support for the independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union, so that the country could better manage its own economy. The response from Shcherbytsky's government was to use state media to discredit the strikers and restrict information about the spread of the strikes. The demands of the strikes became more overtly political, calling for the resignation of Shcherbytsky and Valentyna Shevchenko, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada.
By August 1989, Shcherbytsky's position within the Communist Party was tenuous. On one hand was intense pressures from the strikes, while on the other hand, as one of the last three remaining Brezhnevites to hold office in the Soviet Union, the Central Committee of the CPSU was simultaneously pushing for his resignation. In September 1989 he was removed from the Central Committee, and days later he was replaced as First Secretary of the KPU by Vladimir Ivashko. Shevchenko also later resigned.
Firing Shcherbytsky, however, did not stem the tide of activism. The People's Movement of Ukraine for Perestroika, founded days before Shcherbytsky's ouster by dissident leader Viacheslav Chornovil, was approved on the initiative of Leonid Kravchuk (at the time the only member of the Central Committee of the KPU who could speak Ukrainian). The People's Movement, or Rukh (lit. 'the movement'), was inspired by similar national organisations in other republics, particularly Sąjūdis in Lithuania. An earlier attempt in 1988 had been suppressed, and the name of this attempt had been chosen deliberately to convey the concept that Rukh was not in opposition to the CPSU, but rather in support of it.
Other protests against Shcherbytsky were held throughout the year, including protests against the Chernobyl disaster. The Chernobyl disaster became a rallying cry for protesters, being invoked as an effort to demonstrate the urgency of the situation.
The next year brought increasing protests. On 21 January 1990, the anniversary of the 1919 Unification Act between the Ukrainian People's Republic and West Ukrainian People's Republic, a human chain of three million people linked the western Ukrainian city of Lviv to Kyiv, Ukraine's capital. The human chain, which also drew hundreds of thousands of protesters to Sophia Square in Kyiv, demonstrated the popularity of Ukrainian independence outside of Western Ukraine. It was the largest demonstration in late-Soviet era Ukraine.
The first multi-party elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were held in March 1990. The Democratic Bloc, led by protester Ihor Yukhnovskyi, won 111 seats to the KPU's 331. The new Supreme Soviet in July 1990 passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, by which the Ukrainian SSR gave itself the right to establish an army, central bank, and currency. The declaration further established Ukrainian citizenship, established the supremacy of Ukrainian laws over the laws of the central Soviet government in case of a dispute, and expressed the intentions to become a neutral and non-nuclear state.
However, a group of students led by Oles Donii [uk] protested the results of the election, claiming that the Democratic Bloc had enough support to gain a majority of seats. On 2 October 1990, a group of students began occupying the October Revolution Square in central Kyiv and launched a hunger strike. As part of their demands, they sought free and fair elections to the Supreme Soviet, the nationalisation of property owned by the KPU, and the resignation of Chairman of the Council of Ministers Vitaliy Masol. They also sought to prevent the signing of the New Union Treaty by the Ukrainian SSR and the stationing of Ukrainian conscripts of the Soviet Army outside Ukraine. The protests garnered the attention of the Ukrainian public, and supporters of the protests came to October Revolution Square in a demonstration of solidarity with the students. Other organisations that were not already on strike moved to do so as a further show of support.
Fears held by protesters of a crackdown ultimately failed to emerge, and many of the Supreme Soviet's deputies sided with the students. After Kravchuk allowed Donii to express his demands within the Supreme Soviet on 15 October, the government acquiesced two days later. The same day, Masol resigned as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and was replaced by Vitold Fokin.
At the same time, Ukrainian independence activists were organising in less confrontational ways, including cooperation with the Soviet Ukrainian government on celebrating the 500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich. As part of the three-day celebration in August 1990, soldiers of the Soviet Army helped install the flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and provide accommodations for participants, while events included commemorations of Cossack leader Ivan Sirko and historian Dmytro Yavornytsky, a gathering of Cossack groups from throughout Ukraine, a scientific conference discussing the Zaporozhian Sich, and a 500,000-member march in the city of Zaporizhzhia. These celebrations helped to cement Cossacks as a part of the Ukrainian national consciousness.
1991 brought further victories for Rukh and the protest movement. On 17 March 1991 Ukraine's declaration of state sovereignty was confirmed in a referendum, with 81.69% voting in favour. Another referendum [uk], held in the Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Ternopil oblasts (regions) alongside the sovereignty referendum, demonstrated 88.3% voting in favour. The growing scale of the protests drew the attention of United States President George H. W. Bush, who urged Ukrainians to stop pursuing independence in a 1 August 1991 speech. The speech, which was criticised by Ukrainian nationalists and American conservatives, urged Ukrainians not to pursue "suicidal nationalism", a phrase also used by Gorbachev.
However, the process of independence was rapidly accelerated later that month by the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. After a group of Soviet hardliners attempted to overthrow Gorbachev on 19 August, there were widespread protests against the coup attempt in Ukraine. Gorbachev's return to power failed to stop the ensuing chaos, and on 24 August 1991, the Supreme Soviet ratified the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, written by Chornovil and fellow protest leaders Levko Lukianenko, Mykhailo Horyn, Serhiy Holovatyi, and Ivan Zaiets [uk]. The KPU agreed to the declaration of independence at the urging of Kravchuk, with First Secretary Stanislav Hurenko saying that opposing independence would be a "disaster." In an effort to placate anti-independence communist hardliners, pro-independence deputies Volodymyr Yavorivsky and Dmytro Pavlychko put forward the concept of a referendum to confirm the declaration of independence. The flag of the Soviet Union was removed from government buildings and replaced with the flag of Ukraine, an amnesty for all political prisoners was signed, the KPU was suspended and its assets were frozen in connection with the coup attempt. October Revolution Square was renamed to Maidan Nezalezhnosti (lit. 'Independence Square'), while The referendum proposed by Yavorivsky and Pavlychko ultimately occurred, with 92.26% of votes in favour.
The 1989–1991 revolution led to the establishment of present-day Ukraine. Sometimes referred to as the "National Liberation Revolution" (Ukrainian: Національно-визвольна революція, romanized: Natsionalno-vyzvolna revoliutsiia) within the country, it led to the establishment of the country's political system. Ultimately, however, Rukh (and the broader democratic nationalist movement) failed to replicate the success it achieved in the revolution. Ukrainian politician Volodymyr Filenko [uk] has attributed these later failures to the success of the revolution, saying to Ukrainska Pravda in 2009, "I would attribute this to objective things, namely that we achieved statehood." The Declaration of Independence is celebrated yearly with the Independence Day of Ukraine. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "From the formal establishment of the People's Movement of Ukraine on 1 July 1989 to the formalisation of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine via referendum on 1 December 1991, a non-violent protest movement worked to achieve Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union. Led by Soviet dissident Viacheslav Chornovil, the protests began as a series of strikes [uk] in the Donbas that led to the removal of longtime communist leader Volodymyr Shcherbytsky. Later, the protests grew in size and scope, leading to a human chain across the country and widespread student protests against the falsification of the 1990 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election. The protests were ultimately successful, leading to the independence of Ukraine amidst the broader dissolution of the Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Marked by widespread displays of support for the cause of Ukrainian independence, the revolution ultimately acquired the support of large numbers of the population and ruling Communist Party elite, allowing Ukraine to become independent from the Soviet Union peacefully. Its causes include a mix of economic and political justifications, primarily relating to economic downturn and mismanagement, Russification, and authoritarianism during the Era of Stagnation and Shcherbytsky's 17-year rule. After the revolution, the democratic movement failed to replicate its successes in independent Ukraine, a fact owed to the splintering of the movement along ideological lines and the achievement of its primary goal. The revolution continues to be celebrated in present-day Ukraine, and the Independence Day of Ukraine is a national holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ukraine became independent from Russia as the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917. Divided in 1921 between the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Union, the remaining western portion of Ukraine was further annexed by the Soviet Union as part of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and formalised by the 1945 Potsdam Conference. 3.5 to 5 million Ukrainians were killed in the 1932–1933 Holodomor, a famine created by the Soviet government. Present-day historians debate whether the famine was an act of genocide against Ukrainians, a result of collectivisation in the Soviet Union, or an unintentional byproduct of collectivisation that was subsequently weaponised against Ukrainians. Ukrainians fought in both the Red Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (which was at various points allied with or fighting against Nazi Germany) during World War II. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army continued to fight the Soviets after the war until 1949, though some units continued fighting until 1956.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During the Era of Stagnation, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was ruled by First Secretary Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a close ally of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and a member of his Dnipropetrovsk Mafia political clique. Shcherbytsky took aim at nationally minded members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia; a 1973–1975 purge of the Communist Party of Ukraine resulted in the removal of around 5% of the party's members, and every member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group of human rights activists was arrested and deported to labour camps. This was matched by a general crackdown on Ukrainian culture, a purge of Ukrainian academia and cultural institutions, and the systematic targeting of the Ukrainian language by the government. The 1979 removal of Valentyn Malanchuk [uk], who had overseen the purges, did little to stem the tide of Russification, and further events celebrating the Russification of Ukraine occurred in 1982.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On top of political concerns, the Ukrainian economy continued to decline throughout the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the eastern Donbas region, where metallurgy and coal mining were the main economic activities. The shift from coal to nuclear power devastated the local economy, and a combination of overly-centralised collective farms and droughts negatively affected Ukraine's agricultural economy. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster further galvanised growing opposition to the Soviet government in Ukraine. The liberalisation of Soviet society as part of Perestroika allowed greater room for free expression and self-identification, but the majority of these changes did not affect Ukraine to the same extent as other Soviet republics, or other countries within the Eastern Bloc. In 1989, however, Ukrainian pro-independence activity exploded, particularly in Western Ukraine, which had little experience being under Russia compared to other parts of Ukraine.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "A series of strikes by coal miners began in the Donbas on 18 July 1989, spurred by simultaneous strikes by miners in the Kuzbass region of Russia. The strikes, while based primarily on economic misfortunes, were also pro-independence in nature; the leaders of the strikes expressed overt support for the independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union, so that the country could better manage its own economy. The response from Shcherbytsky's government was to use state media to discredit the strikers and restrict information about the spread of the strikes. The demands of the strikes became more overtly political, calling for the resignation of Shcherbytsky and Valentyna Shevchenko, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "By August 1989, Shcherbytsky's position within the Communist Party was tenuous. On one hand was intense pressures from the strikes, while on the other hand, as one of the last three remaining Brezhnevites to hold office in the Soviet Union, the Central Committee of the CPSU was simultaneously pushing for his resignation. In September 1989 he was removed from the Central Committee, and days later he was replaced as First Secretary of the KPU by Vladimir Ivashko. Shevchenko also later resigned.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Firing Shcherbytsky, however, did not stem the tide of activism. The People's Movement of Ukraine for Perestroika, founded days before Shcherbytsky's ouster by dissident leader Viacheslav Chornovil, was approved on the initiative of Leonid Kravchuk (at the time the only member of the Central Committee of the KPU who could speak Ukrainian). The People's Movement, or Rukh (lit. 'the movement'), was inspired by similar national organisations in other republics, particularly Sąjūdis in Lithuania. An earlier attempt in 1988 had been suppressed, and the name of this attempt had been chosen deliberately to convey the concept that Rukh was not in opposition to the CPSU, but rather in support of it.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Other protests against Shcherbytsky were held throughout the year, including protests against the Chernobyl disaster. The Chernobyl disaster became a rallying cry for protesters, being invoked as an effort to demonstrate the urgency of the situation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The next year brought increasing protests. On 21 January 1990, the anniversary of the 1919 Unification Act between the Ukrainian People's Republic and West Ukrainian People's Republic, a human chain of three million people linked the western Ukrainian city of Lviv to Kyiv, Ukraine's capital. The human chain, which also drew hundreds of thousands of protesters to Sophia Square in Kyiv, demonstrated the popularity of Ukrainian independence outside of Western Ukraine. It was the largest demonstration in late-Soviet era Ukraine.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The first multi-party elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were held in March 1990. The Democratic Bloc, led by protester Ihor Yukhnovskyi, won 111 seats to the KPU's 331. The new Supreme Soviet in July 1990 passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, by which the Ukrainian SSR gave itself the right to establish an army, central bank, and currency. The declaration further established Ukrainian citizenship, established the supremacy of Ukrainian laws over the laws of the central Soviet government in case of a dispute, and expressed the intentions to become a neutral and non-nuclear state.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "However, a group of students led by Oles Donii [uk] protested the results of the election, claiming that the Democratic Bloc had enough support to gain a majority of seats. On 2 October 1990, a group of students began occupying the October Revolution Square in central Kyiv and launched a hunger strike. As part of their demands, they sought free and fair elections to the Supreme Soviet, the nationalisation of property owned by the KPU, and the resignation of Chairman of the Council of Ministers Vitaliy Masol. They also sought to prevent the signing of the New Union Treaty by the Ukrainian SSR and the stationing of Ukrainian conscripts of the Soviet Army outside Ukraine. The protests garnered the attention of the Ukrainian public, and supporters of the protests came to October Revolution Square in a demonstration of solidarity with the students. Other organisations that were not already on strike moved to do so as a further show of support.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Fears held by protesters of a crackdown ultimately failed to emerge, and many of the Supreme Soviet's deputies sided with the students. After Kravchuk allowed Donii to express his demands within the Supreme Soviet on 15 October, the government acquiesced two days later. The same day, Masol resigned as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and was replaced by Vitold Fokin.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "At the same time, Ukrainian independence activists were organising in less confrontational ways, including cooperation with the Soviet Ukrainian government on celebrating the 500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich. As part of the three-day celebration in August 1990, soldiers of the Soviet Army helped install the flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and provide accommodations for participants, while events included commemorations of Cossack leader Ivan Sirko and historian Dmytro Yavornytsky, a gathering of Cossack groups from throughout Ukraine, a scientific conference discussing the Zaporozhian Sich, and a 500,000-member march in the city of Zaporizhzhia. These celebrations helped to cement Cossacks as a part of the Ukrainian national consciousness.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "1991 brought further victories for Rukh and the protest movement. On 17 March 1991 Ukraine's declaration of state sovereignty was confirmed in a referendum, with 81.69% voting in favour. Another referendum [uk], held in the Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Ternopil oblasts (regions) alongside the sovereignty referendum, demonstrated 88.3% voting in favour. The growing scale of the protests drew the attention of United States President George H. W. Bush, who urged Ukrainians to stop pursuing independence in a 1 August 1991 speech. The speech, which was criticised by Ukrainian nationalists and American conservatives, urged Ukrainians not to pursue \"suicidal nationalism\", a phrase also used by Gorbachev.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "However, the process of independence was rapidly accelerated later that month by the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. After a group of Soviet hardliners attempted to overthrow Gorbachev on 19 August, there were widespread protests against the coup attempt in Ukraine. Gorbachev's return to power failed to stop the ensuing chaos, and on 24 August 1991, the Supreme Soviet ratified the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, written by Chornovil and fellow protest leaders Levko Lukianenko, Mykhailo Horyn, Serhiy Holovatyi, and Ivan Zaiets [uk]. The KPU agreed to the declaration of independence at the urging of Kravchuk, with First Secretary Stanislav Hurenko saying that opposing independence would be a \"disaster.\" In an effort to placate anti-independence communist hardliners, pro-independence deputies Volodymyr Yavorivsky and Dmytro Pavlychko put forward the concept of a referendum to confirm the declaration of independence. The flag of the Soviet Union was removed from government buildings and replaced with the flag of Ukraine, an amnesty for all political prisoners was signed, the KPU was suspended and its assets were frozen in connection with the coup attempt. October Revolution Square was renamed to Maidan Nezalezhnosti (lit. 'Independence Square'), while The referendum proposed by Yavorivsky and Pavlychko ultimately occurred, with 92.26% of votes in favour.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The 1989–1991 revolution led to the establishment of present-day Ukraine. Sometimes referred to as the \"National Liberation Revolution\" (Ukrainian: Національно-визвольна революція, romanized: Natsionalno-vyzvolna revoliutsiia) within the country, it led to the establishment of the country's political system. Ultimately, however, Rukh (and the broader democratic nationalist movement) failed to replicate the success it achieved in the revolution. Ukrainian politician Volodymyr Filenko [uk] has attributed these later failures to the success of the revolution, saying to Ukrainska Pravda in 2009, \"I would attribute this to objective things, namely that we achieved statehood.\" The Declaration of Independence is celebrated yearly with the Independence Day of Ukraine.",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] | From the formal establishment of the People's Movement of Ukraine on 1 July 1989 to the formalisation of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine via referendum on 1 December 1991, a non-violent protest movement worked to achieve Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union. Led by Soviet dissident Viacheslav Chornovil, the protests began as a series of strikes in the Donbas that led to the removal of longtime communist leader Volodymyr Shcherbytsky. Later, the protests grew in size and scope, leading to a human chain across the country and widespread student protests against the falsification of the 1990 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election. The protests were ultimately successful, leading to the independence of Ukraine amidst the broader dissolution of the Soviet Union. Marked by widespread displays of support for the cause of Ukrainian independence, the revolution ultimately acquired the support of large numbers of the population and ruling Communist Party elite, allowing Ukraine to become independent from the Soviet Union peacefully. Its causes include a mix of economic and political justifications, primarily relating to economic downturn and mismanagement, Russification, and authoritarianism during the Era of Stagnation and Shcherbytsky's 17-year rule. After the revolution, the democratic movement failed to replicate its successes in independent Ukraine, a fact owed to the splintering of the movement along ideological lines and the achievement of its primary goal. The revolution continues to be celebrated in present-day Ukraine, and the Independence Day of Ukraine is a national holiday. | 2023-12-18T04:15:50Z | 2023-12-30T02:11:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution |
75,590,344 | Alif Bank | Alif Bank (Tajik: Алиф Бонк; formerly Alif Capital or Alif Sarmoya) is a Tajik bank, headquartered in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. It was established as a financial technology company in 2014 and turned into a bank in 2020, undertaking Sharia-compliant financial activities.
Alif was started in Tajikistan on April 29, 2014, by Abdullo Kurbanov, Firdavs Mirzoev and Zuhursho Rahmatulloev, and named after the first letter of the Perso-Arabic script which was used in Central Asia until the late modern period. Alif initially operated as a microfinance company for individuals and SMEs, and later added offerings such as an online marketplace, digital wallet, and buy now pay later services.
In October 2019, Alif established a subsidiary in Uzbekistan called Alif Tech for point-of-sale financing.
In November 2019, Alif Capital Holdings raised funding from Khofiz Shakhidi, a Tajik businessman living in Monaco, as a result of which Shakhidi obtained a 25% stake in the company and became Chairman of the Board of directors.
In January 2020, Alif received a banking license from the National Bank of Tajikistan to carry out banking operations in national and foreign currencies. It commenced banking operations on January 3, 2020, under the license number 0000114 and with an authorized capital of SM 110,597,000.
In July 2020, Alif Bank partnered with Visa, before launching Alif Visa cards in Tajikistan in 2021.
In September 2021, Alif Capital Holdings was valued at over $100 million after raising $8 million in equity and $50 million in debt from UK-based Jefferson Capital Holdings, which was founded by Shakhidi.
In November 2022, Alif Bank appointed Gulanor Atobek as its new chairman.
In September 2023, Alif began operations in the United Arab Emirates with the launch of Alif Pay.
Alif Capital Holdings Ltd (ACHL) is the parent company of Alif Bank and is based in the UK. The major shareholders of ACHL include Jefferson Capital Holdings as well as founders Abdullo Kurbanov, Firdavs Mirzoev and Zuhursho Rahmatulloev. Apart from Alif Bank, ACHL has two other wholly-owned subsidiaries — Alif Tech and Alif Moliya — both of which were acquired from Alif Bank in 2020. | [
{
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"text": "Alif Bank (Tajik: Алиф Бонк; formerly Alif Capital or Alif Sarmoya) is a Tajik bank, headquartered in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. It was established as a financial technology company in 2014 and turned into a bank in 2020, undertaking Sharia-compliant financial activities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Alif was started in Tajikistan on April 29, 2014, by Abdullo Kurbanov, Firdavs Mirzoev and Zuhursho Rahmatulloev, and named after the first letter of the Perso-Arabic script which was used in Central Asia until the late modern period. Alif initially operated as a microfinance company for individuals and SMEs, and later added offerings such as an online marketplace, digital wallet, and buy now pay later services.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In October 2019, Alif established a subsidiary in Uzbekistan called Alif Tech for point-of-sale financing.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In November 2019, Alif Capital Holdings raised funding from Khofiz Shakhidi, a Tajik businessman living in Monaco, as a result of which Shakhidi obtained a 25% stake in the company and became Chairman of the Board of directors.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In January 2020, Alif received a banking license from the National Bank of Tajikistan to carry out banking operations in national and foreign currencies. It commenced banking operations on January 3, 2020, under the license number 0000114 and with an authorized capital of SM 110,597,000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In July 2020, Alif Bank partnered with Visa, before launching Alif Visa cards in Tajikistan in 2021.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In September 2021, Alif Capital Holdings was valued at over $100 million after raising $8 million in equity and $50 million in debt from UK-based Jefferson Capital Holdings, which was founded by Shakhidi.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In November 2022, Alif Bank appointed Gulanor Atobek as its new chairman.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In September 2023, Alif began operations in the United Arab Emirates with the launch of Alif Pay.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Alif Capital Holdings Ltd (ACHL) is the parent company of Alif Bank and is based in the UK. The major shareholders of ACHL include Jefferson Capital Holdings as well as founders Abdullo Kurbanov, Firdavs Mirzoev and Zuhursho Rahmatulloev. Apart from Alif Bank, ACHL has two other wholly-owned subsidiaries — Alif Tech and Alif Moliya — both of which were acquired from Alif Bank in 2020.",
"title": "Alif Capital Holdings"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Alif Bank is a Tajik bank, headquartered in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. It was established as a financial technology company in 2014 and turned into a bank in 2020, undertaking Sharia-compliant financial activities. | 2023-12-18T04:18:29Z | 2023-12-23T05:08:14Z | [
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75,590,345 | West Square of Wuhan Railway Station station | #REDIRECT Wuhan railway station#West Square station | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "#REDIRECT Wuhan railway station#West Square station",
"title": ""
}
] | #REDIRECT Wuhan railway station#West Square station | 2023-12-18T04:19:04Z | 2023-12-18T04:19:04Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Square_of_Wuhan_Railway_Station_station |
75,590,355 | GRE Economics Test | The GRE subject test in economics was a standardized test administered by the Educational Testing Service. It was intended to evaluate applicants seeking admission to a graduate program in economics. It was discontinued in April 2001.
As is the case with many, or even most, standardized tests, males taking the GRE subject test in economics tended to score higher than their female counterparts. Academic investigation looking at evidence of why this occurred on this specific test is inconclusive, finding mixed evidence across multiple hypotheses. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The GRE subject test in economics was a standardized test administered by the Educational Testing Service. It was intended to evaluate applicants seeking admission to a graduate program in economics. It was discontinued in April 2001.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "As is the case with many, or even most, standardized tests, males taking the GRE subject test in economics tended to score higher than their female counterparts. Academic investigation looking at evidence of why this occurred on this specific test is inconclusive, finding mixed evidence across multiple hypotheses.",
"title": ""
}
] | The GRE subject test in economics was a standardized test administered by the Educational Testing Service. It was intended to evaluate applicants seeking admission to a graduate program in economics. It was discontinued in April 2001. As is the case with many, or even most, standardized tests, males taking the GRE subject test in economics tended to score higher than their female counterparts. Academic investigation looking at evidence of why this occurred on this specific test is inconclusive, finding mixed evidence across multiple hypotheses. | 2023-12-18T04:22:58Z | 2023-12-19T09:11:46Z | [
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75,590,357 | The Future (novel) | The Future (French: L'avenir) is a 2020 French-language novel by Catherine Leroux, published by Éditions Alto [fr]. The English translation, published in 2023, was done by Susan Ouriou and published by Biblioasis.
The novel is about a woman named Gloria who is investigating the murder of her daughter, and the disappearance of her two granddaughters. It is an alternate history work where Detroit, in real life a part of the United States, remained French controlled and Francophone.
According to Leroux, she wanted to write in the varieties of French she was familiar with but that it would not "take shape" if her characters were Anglophones with their speech being rendered into French. Therefore, she made it an alternate history so that the character dialog would feel natural.
Kirkus Reviews stated that the work is "atmospheric" and has "a warm and wild portrait". Kirkus criticized the "jarring" frequent modifications in narrative point of view.
Alex Good, in the Toronto Star, described the work as "hopeful", citing "new, organic, co-operative" alternative societies in a fictional time when a government has failed. | [
{
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"text": "The Future (French: L'avenir) is a 2020 French-language novel by Catherine Leroux, published by Éditions Alto [fr]. The English translation, published in 2023, was done by Susan Ouriou and published by Biblioasis.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The novel is about a woman named Gloria who is investigating the murder of her daughter, and the disappearance of her two granddaughters. It is an alternate history work where Detroit, in real life a part of the United States, remained French controlled and Francophone.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "According to Leroux, she wanted to write in the varieties of French she was familiar with but that it would not \"take shape\" if her characters were Anglophones with their speech being rendered into French. Therefore, she made it an alternate history so that the character dialog would feel natural.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews stated that the work is \"atmospheric\" and has \"a warm and wild portrait\". Kirkus criticized the \"jarring\" frequent modifications in narrative point of view.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Alex Good, in the Toronto Star, described the work as \"hopeful\", citing \"new, organic, co-operative\" alternative societies in a fictional time when a government has failed.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | The Future is a 2020 French-language novel by Catherine Leroux, published by Éditions Alto. The English translation, published in 2023, was done by Susan Ouriou and published by Biblioasis. The novel is about a woman named Gloria who is investigating the murder of her daughter, and the disappearance of her two granddaughters. It is an alternate history work where Detroit, in real life a part of the United States, remained French controlled and Francophone. According to Leroux, she wanted to write in the varieties of French she was familiar with but that it would not "take shape" if her characters were Anglophones with their speech being rendered into French. Therefore, she made it an alternate history so that the character dialog would feel natural. | 2023-12-18T04:24:41Z | 2023-12-26T01:01:05Z | [
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75,590,370 | Dessì | Dessì is a surname, and may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dessì is a surname, and may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Dessì is a surname, and may refer to: Daniela Dessì (1957–2016), Italian soprano
Emanuele Dessì, Italian politician
Giuseppe Dessì (1909–1977), Italian writer | 2023-12-18T04:27:24Z | 2023-12-18T09:40:13Z | [
"Template:Surname"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dess%C3%AC |
75,590,392 | 2004 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team | The 2004 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference ("ACC") teams for the 2004 college football season. Selectors in 2004 included the Associated Press (AP).
AP = Associated Press | [
{
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"text": "The 2004 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference (\"ACC\") teams for the 2004 college football season. Selectors in 2004 included the Associated Press (AP).",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "AP = Associated Press",
"title": "Key"
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] | The 2004 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference ("ACC") teams for the 2004 college football season. Selectors in 2004 included the Associated Press (AP). | 2023-12-18T04:32:03Z | 2023-12-18T04:32:03Z | [
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75,590,400 | Taghanic event | Taghanic event (Taghanic Unconformity, Taghanic Crisis and Taghanic Onlap) was extinction event about 386 million years ago during the Givetian faunal stage of the Middle Devonian geologic period in the Paleozoic era. The cuase of the extinction event is from an anoxic event and hypoxia. The event had a time span when the dissolved oxygen (O2) level in the Earth's oceans were depleted. The Taghanic event caused a very high death rate of corals. The loss of the corals reefs, caused a high loss of animals that lived in and around the reefs. The reduced oxygen levels were caused by a period of global-warming. The global-warming was caused by the Milankovitch cycles. In the Taghanic event sea levels were higher. After the Taghanic Event, sea life recovered in the Frasnian faunal stage starting 382.7 million years ago. The two other events near this time span were the Kellwasser event, and the Hangenberg event.
About 50% of coral genera disappear. Brachiopods Mollusca lost about six families of species. About 47% Stromatoporoid sea sponges genera disappeared. Many Bryozoa are also lost. The population of Ammonoids, Tabulata, Trilobites, and Rugosa are reduced.
Old Red Sandstone continent sediments are studied to evaluate the Taghanic extinction event. Taghanic event is found by studying the sudden sedimentary layer changes, faunal changes, and palaeobiogeographic events. The Taghanic event is found in the Tully Formation and Marcellus Formation found in New York and Pennsylvania, including the Windom shale there. Mahantango Formation in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland record the Taghanic event. Taghanic event has also been found in Tafilalt, Morocco in the eastern Anti-Atlas mountain range. Orcadian Basin in Scotland has exposed rocks of the Taghanic event. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Taghanic event (Taghanic Unconformity, Taghanic Crisis and Taghanic Onlap) was extinction event about 386 million years ago during the Givetian faunal stage of the Middle Devonian geologic period in the Paleozoic era. The cuase of the extinction event is from an anoxic event and hypoxia. The event had a time span when the dissolved oxygen (O2) level in the Earth's oceans were depleted. The Taghanic event caused a very high death rate of corals. The loss of the corals reefs, caused a high loss of animals that lived in and around the reefs. The reduced oxygen levels were caused by a period of global-warming. The global-warming was caused by the Milankovitch cycles. In the Taghanic event sea levels were higher. After the Taghanic Event, sea life recovered in the Frasnian faunal stage starting 382.7 million years ago. The two other events near this time span were the Kellwasser event, and the Hangenberg event.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "About 50% of coral genera disappear. Brachiopods Mollusca lost about six families of species. About 47% Stromatoporoid sea sponges genera disappeared. Many Bryozoa are also lost. The population of Ammonoids, Tabulata, Trilobites, and Rugosa are reduced.",
"title": "Extinctions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Old Red Sandstone continent sediments are studied to evaluate the Taghanic extinction event. Taghanic event is found by studying the sudden sedimentary layer changes, faunal changes, and palaeobiogeographic events. The Taghanic event is found in the Tully Formation and Marcellus Formation found in New York and Pennsylvania, including the Windom shale there. Mahantango Formation in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland record the Taghanic event. Taghanic event has also been found in Tafilalt, Morocco in the eastern Anti-Atlas mountain range. Orcadian Basin in Scotland has exposed rocks of the Taghanic event.",
"title": "Sediments"
}
] | Taghanic event was extinction event about 386 million years ago during the Givetian faunal stage of the Middle Devonian geologic period in the Paleozoic era. The cuase of the extinction event is from an anoxic event and hypoxia. The event had a time span when the dissolved oxygen (O2) level in the Earth's oceans were depleted. The Taghanic event caused a very high death rate of corals. The loss of the corals reefs, caused a high loss of animals that lived in and around the reefs. The reduced oxygen levels were caused by a period of global-warming. The global-warming was caused by the Milankovitch cycles. In the Taghanic event sea levels were higher. After the Taghanic Event, sea life recovered in the Frasnian faunal stage starting 382.7 million years ago. The two other events near this time span were the Kellwasser event, and the Hangenberg event. | 2023-12-18T04:34:01Z | 2023-12-18T11:16:25Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghanic_event |
75,590,407 | List of Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series) and Galactica 1980 characters | Battlestar Galactica and Galactica 1980 are American science fiction television series, produced in 1978 and 1980 by Glen A. Larson and starring Lorne Greene, Richard Hatch and Dirk Benedict. | [
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"text": "Battlestar Galactica and Galactica 1980 are American science fiction television series, produced in 1978 and 1980 by Glen A. Larson and starring Lorne Greene, Richard Hatch and Dirk Benedict.",
"title": ""
}
] | Battlestar Galactica and Galactica 1980 are American science fiction television series, produced in 1978 and 1980 by Glen A. Larson and starring Lorne Greene, Richard Hatch and Dirk Benedict. | 2023-12-18T04:36:00Z | 2023-12-18T05:24:16Z | [
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75,590,414 | Kothapalle, NTR district | Kothapalle is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.
According to 2011 census of India, in Kothapalle village, there are 1,378 households with a total population of 4,838 (2,423 males and 2,415 females). The village has 1,395 individuals belonging to Scheduled Castes and 69 individuals from Scheduled Tribes. Out of the total population, 2,285 people are literate and 2,867 are workers in the village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kothapalle is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "According to 2011 census of India, in Kothapalle village, there are 1,378 households with a total population of 4,838 (2,423 males and 2,415 females). The village has 1,395 individuals belonging to Scheduled Castes and 69 individuals from Scheduled Tribes. Out of the total population, 2,285 people are literate and 2,867 are workers in the village.",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] | Kothapalle is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division. | 2023-12-18T04:37:09Z | 2023-12-31T10:50:39Z | [
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75,590,417 | Rafael Landívar | This article is about the poet and Jesuit priest; for the university see Rafael Landívar University
Rafael Landívar, S.J. (Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala, Captaincy General of Guatemala, October 27, 1731 - Bologna, Italy, September 27, 1793) was a Guatemalan poet and Jesuit priest. He is considered among the important authors of the Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century.
Landívar was born in Guatemala on October 27, 1731 in Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala to Pedro Landívar y Caballero a nobleman from Navarra and Doña Juana Xaviera Ruiz de Bustamante a criolla from El Panchoy in a house near the Church and convent of the Society of Jesus.
Rafael earned a Bachelor degree in philosophy in 1746 at the Colegio Mayor Universitario de San Borja. He read theology and earned a Master of Arts at Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo
In 1750 Landívar entered the Jesuit seminary at Tepotzotlán in Mexico. He held various academic posts and was ordained in 1755. Upon his return to Guatemala in 1760 he taught at the Colegio San Borja and eventually served as Rector.
In 1765 he wrote a poem about the 1751 earthquakes in Santiago de los Caballeros which was published along with his Rusticatio Mexicana after the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish possessions in 1767. In 1766 he delivered, in Latin, the funeral oration of the first archbishop of Guatemala, Francisco Pardo y Figueredo.
On April 2 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish Empire. Landívar went first to Mexico and then to Europe, settling in Bologna. There he published his Latin book Rusticatio Mexicana ("Through the Fields of Mexico"). The work achieved such success in its first edition, published in Modena in 1781, that a second was published in 1782 in Bologna, consisting of 15 books and an appendix, with a total of 5,348 verses. Other notable works are A la capital de Guatemala ("To the Capital of Guatemala") and Pelea de gallos ("Cockfight").
Landívar died on September 27 1793 in Bologna, where he was buried in the church of Santa Maria delle Muratelle. In 1950 his remains were found and repatriated to Guatemala, where he was buried in a lavish mausoleum located in Antigua Guatemala.
According to the historian Ramón A. Salazar, writing in 1897, editions of Rusticatio Mexicana were scarce and the work almost unknown in Guatemala. When Salazar was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of General José María Reina Barrios in 1893, he asked the Guatemalan consul in Venice to visit Bologna and find out everything he could about Landívar. Little was found but the consul sent two copies of Rusticatio Mexicana, one of which was translated into Spanish by Dr. Antonio Ramírez Fontecha, who printed it in Madrid, in time to present it at the Central American Exposition of 1897; the other copy was kept in the library of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and then given to the poet Joaquín Yela to make another translation.
The Jesuits returned to Guatemala in 1955. After the overthrow of the Guzmán government in 1956 there was a considerable boom in the creation of Catholic schools and in 1961 the Jesuits founded the Rafael Landívar University.
The house that belonged to Landívar is still identified as his in Antigua Guatemala.
See also note 3. | [
{
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"text": "Rafael Landívar, S.J. (Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala, Captaincy General of Guatemala, October 27, 1731 - Bologna, Italy, September 27, 1793) was a Guatemalan poet and Jesuit priest. He is considered among the important authors of the Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Landívar was born in Guatemala on October 27, 1731 in Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala to Pedro Landívar y Caballero a nobleman from Navarra and Doña Juana Xaviera Ruiz de Bustamante a criolla from El Panchoy in a house near the Church and convent of the Society of Jesus.",
"title": "Early Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Rafael earned a Bachelor degree in philosophy in 1746 at the Colegio Mayor Universitario de San Borja. He read theology and earned a Master of Arts at Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo",
"title": "Early Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1750 Landívar entered the Jesuit seminary at Tepotzotlán in Mexico. He held various academic posts and was ordained in 1755. Upon his return to Guatemala in 1760 he taught at the Colegio San Borja and eventually served as Rector.",
"title": "Landívar and the Jesuits"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1765 he wrote a poem about the 1751 earthquakes in Santiago de los Caballeros which was published along with his Rusticatio Mexicana after the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish possessions in 1767. In 1766 he delivered, in Latin, the funeral oration of the first archbishop of Guatemala, Francisco Pardo y Figueredo.",
"title": "Landívar and the Jesuits"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On April 2 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish Empire. Landívar went first to Mexico and then to Europe, settling in Bologna. There he published his Latin book Rusticatio Mexicana (\"Through the Fields of Mexico\"). The work achieved such success in its first edition, published in Modena in 1781, that a second was published in 1782 in Bologna, consisting of 15 books and an appendix, with a total of 5,348 verses. Other notable works are A la capital de Guatemala (\"To the Capital of Guatemala\") and Pelea de gallos (\"Cockfight\").",
"title": "Expulsion from Guatemala"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Landívar died on September 27 1793 in Bologna, where he was buried in the church of Santa Maria delle Muratelle. In 1950 his remains were found and repatriated to Guatemala, where he was buried in a lavish mausoleum located in Antigua Guatemala.",
"title": "Death and burial"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "According to the historian Ramón A. Salazar, writing in 1897, editions of Rusticatio Mexicana were scarce and the work almost unknown in Guatemala. When Salazar was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of General José María Reina Barrios in 1893, he asked the Guatemalan consul in Venice to visit Bologna and find out everything he could about Landívar. Little was found but the consul sent two copies of Rusticatio Mexicana, one of which was translated into Spanish by Dr. Antonio Ramírez Fontecha, who printed it in Madrid, in time to present it at the Central American Exposition of 1897; the other copy was kept in the library of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and then given to the poet Joaquín Yela to make another translation.",
"title": "Rediscovery in the 19th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The Jesuits returned to Guatemala in 1955. After the overthrow of the Guzmán government in 1956 there was a considerable boom in the creation of Catholic schools and in 1961 the Jesuits founded the Rafael Landívar University.",
"title": "Rediscovery in the 19th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The house that belonged to Landívar is still identified as his in Antigua Guatemala.",
"title": "Notes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "See also note 3.",
"title": "Notes"
}
] | This article is about the poet and Jesuit priest; for the university see Rafael Landívar University Rafael Landívar, S.J. was a Guatemalan poet and Jesuit priest. He is considered among the important authors of the Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century. | 2023-12-18T04:37:44Z | 2023-12-26T13:40:34Z | [
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75,590,420 | Carolina Delgado Ramírez | Carolina Delgado Ramírez (born 12 December 1970) is a Costa Rican politician serving in the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica.
Delgado Ramírez was born to Gonzalo Delgado Estrada and Florisabel Ramírez Lizano. She went to primary school in Escuela Nueva Laboratorio graduating in 1983 and High school in Colegio Calasanz graduating in 1988. She graduated from the Central University of Costa Rica in 2010 with a Bachelor of Architecture. She played Volleyball for a team called Zepol and was national champion in 1987 and 1988. From 2006 to 2010, she was an advisor to the Minister of Tourism and the Minister of Agriculture. She was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica from 2009 to 2010, 2013–2015, and 2022–2026. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Carolina Delgado Ramírez (born 12 December 1970) is a Costa Rican politician serving in the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Delgado Ramírez was born to Gonzalo Delgado Estrada and Florisabel Ramírez Lizano. She went to primary school in Escuela Nueva Laboratorio graduating in 1983 and High school in Colegio Calasanz graduating in 1988. She graduated from the Central University of Costa Rica in 2010 with a Bachelor of Architecture. She played Volleyball for a team called Zepol and was national champion in 1987 and 1988. From 2006 to 2010, she was an advisor to the Minister of Tourism and the Minister of Agriculture. She was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica from 2009 to 2010, 2013–2015, and 2022–2026.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Carolina Delgado Ramírez is a Costa Rican politician serving in the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica. | 2023-12-18T04:38:09Z | 2023-12-26T16:22:59Z | [
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75,590,429 | Shinkailepadinae | Shinkailepadinae is a subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritoidea. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Shinkailepadinae is a subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritoidea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Shinkailepadinae is a subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritoidea. | 2023-12-18T04:40:35Z | 2023-12-22T19:12:46Z | [
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75,590,434 | Kentucky cream candy | Kentucky cream candy or Kentucky pulled or pull cream candy is a Southern pulled candy from the US state of Kentucky that is usually pulled in cold weather and is made with cream, sugar, and water. It was created by Ruth Hanly Booe and Rebecca Gooch, who were both substitute teachers from Louisville, Kentucky that opened their own business named "Rebecca Ruth Candies" in Frankfort, Kentucky. Ruth Hunt from Mt. Sterling, Kentucky also started making the candy in her basement in 1921. It shares some similarities with taffy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kentucky cream candy or Kentucky pulled or pull cream candy is a Southern pulled candy from the US state of Kentucky that is usually pulled in cold weather and is made with cream, sugar, and water. It was created by Ruth Hanly Booe and Rebecca Gooch, who were both substitute teachers from Louisville, Kentucky that opened their own business named \"Rebecca Ruth Candies\" in Frankfort, Kentucky. Ruth Hunt from Mt. Sterling, Kentucky also started making the candy in her basement in 1921. It shares some similarities with taffy.",
"title": ""
}
] | Kentucky cream candy or Kentucky pulled or pull cream candy is a Southern pulled candy from the US state of Kentucky that is usually pulled in cold weather and is made with cream, sugar, and water. It was created by Ruth Hanly Booe and Rebecca Gooch, who were both substitute teachers from Louisville, Kentucky that opened their own business named "Rebecca Ruth Candies" in Frankfort, Kentucky. Ruth Hunt from Mt. Sterling, Kentucky also started making the candy in her basement in 1921. It shares some similarities with taffy. | 2023-12-18T04:41:37Z | 2023-12-26T18:33:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_cream_candy |
75,590,443 | Summer Street | Summer Street may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Summer Street may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Summer Street may refer to: Summer Street (Boston), a street in Boston, Massachusetts
100 Summer Street, a building on Summer Street
Summer Streets, an annual event in New York City | 2023-12-18T04:43:21Z | 2023-12-18T20:26:19Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Street |
75,590,447 | Taylor Girard | Taylor Girard (born July 17, 1998) is an American professional ice hockey forward for PWHL Boston of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She previously player for the Connecticut Whale of the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF). She was drafted first overall in the 2021 NWHL Draft.
Girard began her collegiate career for Lindenwood during the 2016–17 season. During her freshman year, she recorded three goals and one assist in 33 games. She scored her first career goal and point on October 1, 2016, in a game against Minnesota. She was one of five players to appear in all 33 games and led the team with 80 shots on goal. During the 2017–18 season in her sophomore year, she recorded 13 goals and 11 assists in 25 games. She led the team in goals (13) and points (24). She was named the CHA Player of the Month for the month of December 2017, after she led Lindenwood with three goals and two assists during the Lion's four games in the month. Following the season she was named first-team all-CHA. During the 2018–19 season in her junior year, she recorded three goals and four assists in eight games.
On May 20, 2019, Girard announced she was transferring to Quinnipiac. She finished her career at Lindendwood with 19 goals and 16 assists in 66 games. During the 2019–20 season in her redshirt junior year, she recorded six goals and 12 assists in 24 games. During the 2020–21 season in her senior year, she recorded seven goals and nine assists in 15 games, and ranked second on the team in scoring. She finished her collegiate career with 32 goals and 37 assists in 105 games.
On June 29, 2021, Girard was drafted first overall by the Connecticut Whale in the 2021 NWHL Draft. On July 15, 2021, she signed with the Whale. During the 2021–22 season in her rookie year, she recorded 11 goals and 13 assists in 20 games and was named the PHF Newcomer of the Year. She finished the season tied for third in points (24), sixth in goals (11), tied for fifth in assists (13), and tied for second in game-winning goals (4).
During the 2022–23 season, she recorded ten goals and 18 assists in 24 games. She led the league in short-handed goals (4) and ranked in the top four in the PHF in points (28), assists (18), and power play goals (4). On May 10, 2023, the Whale and Girard renegotiated her contract, agreeing to a $110,000 contract for the 2023–24 season. The PHF ceased operations on June 29, 2023.
On September 18, 2023, Girard was drafted 51st overall by PWHL Boston in the 2023 PWHL Draft. On November 8, 2023, she signed a two-year contract with Boston. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Taylor Girard (born July 17, 1998) is an American professional ice hockey forward for PWHL Boston of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She previously player for the Connecticut Whale of the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF). She was drafted first overall in the 2021 NWHL Draft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Girard began her collegiate career for Lindenwood during the 2016–17 season. During her freshman year, she recorded three goals and one assist in 33 games. She scored her first career goal and point on October 1, 2016, in a game against Minnesota. She was one of five players to appear in all 33 games and led the team with 80 shots on goal. During the 2017–18 season in her sophomore year, she recorded 13 goals and 11 assists in 25 games. She led the team in goals (13) and points (24). She was named the CHA Player of the Month for the month of December 2017, after she led Lindenwood with three goals and two assists during the Lion's four games in the month. Following the season she was named first-team all-CHA. During the 2018–19 season in her junior year, she recorded three goals and four assists in eight games.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On May 20, 2019, Girard announced she was transferring to Quinnipiac. She finished her career at Lindendwood with 19 goals and 16 assists in 66 games. During the 2019–20 season in her redshirt junior year, she recorded six goals and 12 assists in 24 games. During the 2020–21 season in her senior year, she recorded seven goals and nine assists in 15 games, and ranked second on the team in scoring. She finished her collegiate career with 32 goals and 37 assists in 105 games.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On June 29, 2021, Girard was drafted first overall by the Connecticut Whale in the 2021 NWHL Draft. On July 15, 2021, she signed with the Whale. During the 2021–22 season in her rookie year, she recorded 11 goals and 13 assists in 20 games and was named the PHF Newcomer of the Year. She finished the season tied for third in points (24), sixth in goals (11), tied for fifth in assists (13), and tied for second in game-winning goals (4).",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During the 2022–23 season, she recorded ten goals and 18 assists in 24 games. She led the league in short-handed goals (4) and ranked in the top four in the PHF in points (28), assists (18), and power play goals (4). On May 10, 2023, the Whale and Girard renegotiated her contract, agreeing to a $110,000 contract for the 2023–24 season. The PHF ceased operations on June 29, 2023.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On September 18, 2023, Girard was drafted 51st overall by PWHL Boston in the 2023 PWHL Draft. On November 8, 2023, she signed a two-year contract with Boston.",
"title": "Professional career"
}
] | Taylor Girard is an American professional ice hockey forward for PWHL Boston of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She previously player for the Connecticut Whale of the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF). She was drafted first overall in the 2021 NWHL Draft. | 2023-12-18T04:43:38Z | 2023-12-18T18:10:41Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Girard |
75,590,448 | Seal Island (radio drama) | Seal Island is a 1942 Scottish radio play by Ewen MacGregor. It debuted on the BBC in 1942.
On an island on the Hebridies, a man called Neil writes a book on supersititions. He is with his wife Morag.
The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1943.
It was again adapted for Australian radio in 1949 with Grant Taylor and John Bushelle. It played for one hour. One reviewer said it was "worthy of a top spot in any ABC programme". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Seal Island is a 1942 Scottish radio play by Ewen MacGregor. It debuted on the BBC in 1942.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On an island on the Hebridies, a man called Neil writes a book on supersititions. He is with his wife Morag.",
"title": "Premise"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1943.",
"title": "Australian Radio"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It was again adapted for Australian radio in 1949 with Grant Taylor and John Bushelle. It played for one hour. One reviewer said it was \"worthy of a top spot in any ABC programme\".",
"title": "Australian Radio"
}
] | Seal Island is a 1942 Scottish radio play by Ewen MacGregor. It debuted on the BBC in 1942. | 2023-12-18T04:43:39Z | 2023-12-20T17:41:36Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Citation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_(radio_drama) |
75,590,482 | Meduru, NTR district | Meduru is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.
According to the 2011 census of India, in Meduru there are 1,358 households with a total population of 4,924. The Scheduled Castes comprise 2,034 individuals, while Scheduled Tribes number 2. The village has 2,631 literate individuals and 2,818 workers. The male population is 2,516, and the female population is 2,408. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Meduru is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "According to the 2011 census of India, in Meduru there are 1,358 households with a total population of 4,924. The Scheduled Castes comprise 2,034 individuals, while Scheduled Tribes number 2. The village has 2,631 literate individuals and 2,818 workers. The male population is 2,516, and the female population is 2,408.",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Meduru is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division. | 2023-12-18T04:49:05Z | 2023-12-20T12:33:47Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meduru,_NTR_district |
75,590,488 | 1970 in Costa Rica | Events of 1970 in Costa Rica.
1: 1970 Costa Rican general election
American International School of Costa Rica established
Carolina Delgado Ramírez December 12 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events of 1970 in Costa Rica.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "1: 1970 Costa Rican general election",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "American International School of Costa Rica established",
"title": "Events"
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Carolina Delgado Ramírez December 12",
"title": "Births"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "Deaths"
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] | Events of 1970 in Costa Rica. | 2023-12-18T04:50:11Z | 2023-12-26T16:16:58Z | [
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75,590,498 | Muslim Mirror | Muslim Mirror is an independent and non-profit news website founded by Syed Zubair Ahmad in 2012. It is owned and published by the Minorities Media Foundation. The platform works to counter stereotypes about Muslims in India, tracking cases of violence against the Muslim community. It aims to offer a balanced perspective on issues affecting Muslims and disadvantaged groups, challenging mainstream media narratives. It is known for spotlighting flaws in police theories, debunking misrepresentations, and addressing concerns related to Islamophobia and false terror charges against Muslim individuals.
Syed Zubair Ahmad, an MBA graduate from Patna University, transitioned from his role at Two Circles to become the founding editor of Muslim Mirror in 2012. He initiated the website in response to the media's tendency to stereotype terror accused individuals as devout Muslims, often emphasizing their bearded appearance, skullcap, or headscarf. The website has key patrons such as Sajjad Nomani, Prem Shankar Jha and Khaled Al Maeena. Additionally, the advisory board features Ram Puniyani, Om Thanvi and B. G. Kolse Patil. Serving as the legal adviser is Khalid Akhtar from the Supreme Court of India.
The publication has declared an editorial stance free of favoritism towards any group, community, caste, or creed. Grounded in principles of justice and truth, it is dedicated to journalistic ethics, emphasizing instances of injustice, rights violations, and legal transgressions, while also spotlighting the progress and development of diverse communities. A stringent policy against promoting hatred, bias, or activities contrary to national and community interests underscores the publication's commitment to responsible journalism and objective reporting.
The Times has recognized it as an independent media organization. In 2018, Hindustan Times positioned Muslim Mirror as part of the growing alternative media platforms challenging stereotypes about Muslims perpetuated by the mainstream media. The Times of India, in 2017, highlighted the platform's impactful journalism by reporting stories later picked up by mainstream newspapers and TV channels. The Indian Express labeled Muslim Mirror as a successful website. Outlook underscored the platform's origin in response to false terror charges against Muslim youth. The Hindu praised Muslim Mirror for exposing mischievous substitutions by the Special Cell. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Muslim Mirror is an independent and non-profit news website founded by Syed Zubair Ahmad in 2012. It is owned and published by the Minorities Media Foundation. The platform works to counter stereotypes about Muslims in India, tracking cases of violence against the Muslim community. It aims to offer a balanced perspective on issues affecting Muslims and disadvantaged groups, challenging mainstream media narratives. It is known for spotlighting flaws in police theories, debunking misrepresentations, and addressing concerns related to Islamophobia and false terror charges against Muslim individuals.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Syed Zubair Ahmad, an MBA graduate from Patna University, transitioned from his role at Two Circles to become the founding editor of Muslim Mirror in 2012. He initiated the website in response to the media's tendency to stereotype terror accused individuals as devout Muslims, often emphasizing their bearded appearance, skullcap, or headscarf. The website has key patrons such as Sajjad Nomani, Prem Shankar Jha and Khaled Al Maeena. Additionally, the advisory board features Ram Puniyani, Om Thanvi and B. G. Kolse Patil. Serving as the legal adviser is Khalid Akhtar from the Supreme Court of India.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The publication has declared an editorial stance free of favoritism towards any group, community, caste, or creed. Grounded in principles of justice and truth, it is dedicated to journalistic ethics, emphasizing instances of injustice, rights violations, and legal transgressions, while also spotlighting the progress and development of diverse communities. A stringent policy against promoting hatred, bias, or activities contrary to national and community interests underscores the publication's commitment to responsible journalism and objective reporting.",
"title": "Editorial approach"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Times has recognized it as an independent media organization. In 2018, Hindustan Times positioned Muslim Mirror as part of the growing alternative media platforms challenging stereotypes about Muslims perpetuated by the mainstream media. The Times of India, in 2017, highlighted the platform's impactful journalism by reporting stories later picked up by mainstream newspapers and TV channels. The Indian Express labeled Muslim Mirror as a successful website. Outlook underscored the platform's origin in response to false terror charges against Muslim youth. The Hindu praised Muslim Mirror for exposing mischievous substitutions by the Special Cell.",
"title": "Reputation"
}
] | Muslim Mirror is an independent and non-profit news website founded by Syed Zubair Ahmad in 2012. It is owned and published by the Minorities Media Foundation. The platform works to counter stereotypes about Muslims in India, tracking cases of violence against the Muslim community. It aims to offer a balanced perspective on issues affecting Muslims and disadvantaged groups, challenging mainstream media narratives. It is known for spotlighting flaws in police theories, debunking misrepresentations, and addressing concerns related to Islamophobia and false terror charges against Muslim individuals. | 2023-12-18T04:52:25Z | 2023-12-31T20:30:49Z | [
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75,590,501 | The Battling Bensons | The Battling Bensons is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Tony Scott Veitch. It was about a widow who brings up four children. One becomes a football star, another a swimming star, another a boxer.
It starred Grant Taylor as Peter Benson.
The show could be heard until 1956. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Battling Bensons is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Tony Scott Veitch. It was about a widow who brings up four children. One becomes a football star, another a swimming star, another a boxer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It starred Grant Taylor as Peter Benson.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The show could be heard until 1956.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Battling Bensons is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Tony Scott Veitch. It was about a widow who brings up four children. One becomes a football star, another a swimming star, another a boxer. It starred Grant Taylor as Peter Benson. The show could be heard until 1956. | 2023-12-18T04:52:48Z | 2023-12-18T20:28:23Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battling_Bensons |
75,590,518 | 2019 in Greenland | Events in the year 2019 in Greenland.
August 5-11: 2019 Greenlandic Football Championship | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2019 in Greenland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "August 5-11: 2019 Greenlandic Football Championship",
"title": "Events"
}
] | Events in the year 2019 in Greenland. | 2023-12-18T04:55:36Z | 2023-12-18T04:55:36Z | [
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"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_Greenland |
75,590,533 | 2017 in Greenland | Events in the year 2017 in Greenland.
April 4: 2017 Greenlandic local elections
August 5-12: 2017 Greenlandic Football Championship
September 30: Air France Flight 066 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2017 in Greenland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "April 4: 2017 Greenlandic local elections",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "August 5-12: 2017 Greenlandic Football Championship",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "September 30: Air France Flight 066",
"title": "Events"
}
] | Events in the year 2017 in Greenland. | 2023-12-18T04:59:35Z | 2023-12-18T04:59:35Z | [
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"Template:Further",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Greenland |
75,590,545 | Charles A. Pratt | Charles A. Pratt (born April 2, 1909-March 21, 1989) was an American retired judge he was the first black judge in Kalamazoo County elected to the newly created 8th District Court in Kalamazoo County, Michigan.
Charles was born on April 2, 1909 to Otis and Lydia Pratt. He grew up in Kalamazoo he went to Kalamazoo Central High School and grduated in 1928. He attened Howard University where earned his law degree in 1935.
He opened a law practice in Kalmazoo after failing to join a larger firm. He joined the newly established Kalmazoo County Bar association.
During World War II he was called to active duty and was able to put his education and training to good use as a member of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate Generals.
In 1968 Chalres became the first black judge elected in Kalamazoo County.
He served on several local boards Douglass Community Association Kalamazoo YMCA Kalamazoo County Bar Association | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Charles A. Pratt (born April 2, 1909-March 21, 1989) was an American retired judge he was the first black judge in Kalamazoo County elected to the newly created 8th District Court in Kalamazoo County, Michigan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Charles was born on April 2, 1909 to Otis and Lydia Pratt. He grew up in Kalamazoo he went to Kalamazoo Central High School and grduated in 1928. He attened Howard University where earned his law degree in 1935.",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He opened a law practice in Kalmazoo after failing to join a larger firm. He joined the newly established Kalmazoo County Bar association.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During World War II he was called to active duty and was able to put his education and training to good use as a member of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate Generals.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1968 Chalres became the first black judge elected in Kalamazoo County.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He served on several local boards Douglass Community Association Kalamazoo YMCA Kalamazoo County Bar Association",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Charles A. Pratt was an American retired judge he was the first black judge in Kalamazoo County elected to the newly created 8th District Court in Kalamazoo County, Michigan. | 2023-12-18T05:01:36Z | 2023-12-18T19:35:06Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Pratt |
75,590,559 | Vengeance is Mine (radio serial) | Vengeance is Mine is a 1951 Australian radio serial written by Tony Scott Veitch starring Grant Taylor and Muriel Steinbeck.
Episodes went for one hour.
According to ABC Weekly "With the death of Tennyson Grey, a web of intrigue is spun against his wife, Elizabeth. A whispering campaign is started libelling this young and attractive woman. Soon the villagers are showing resentment against the lady whose aloofness is dubbed haughtiness, whose refusal to subscribe to a public monument of Tennyson Grey is called a scandal and a callous disregard for a great man’s memory. Rumours multiply, gossip flies from house to house, and it is only the devotion of Tim Kinnane, who steam-rollers opposition and drags whispers into the open, that clears her name."
Elizabeth | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vengeance is Mine is a 1951 Australian radio serial written by Tony Scott Veitch starring Grant Taylor and Muriel Steinbeck.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Episodes went for one hour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to ABC Weekly \"With the death of Tennyson Grey, a web of intrigue is spun against his wife, Elizabeth. A whispering campaign is started libelling this young and attractive woman. Soon the villagers are showing resentment against the lady whose aloofness is dubbed haughtiness, whose refusal to subscribe to a public monument of Tennyson Grey is called a scandal and a callous disregard for a great man’s memory. Rumours multiply, gossip flies from house to house, and it is only the devotion of Tim Kinnane, who steam-rollers opposition and drags whispers into the open, that clears her name.\"",
"title": "Premise"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Elizabeth",
"title": "Cast"
}
] | Vengeance is Mine is a 1951 Australian radio serial written by Tony Scott Veitch starring Grant Taylor and Muriel Steinbeck. Episodes went for one hour. | 2023-12-18T05:03:54Z | 2023-12-18T14:34:22Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Citation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance_is_Mine_(radio_serial) |
75,590,602 | List of Battlestar Galactica characters | Battlestar Galactica is an American science fiction media franchise created by Glen A. Larson. It began with the original television series in 1978, and was followed by a short-run sequel series , Galactica 1980, a line of book adaptations, original novels, comic books, a board game, and video games. A reimagined version aired as a two-part, three-hour miniseries developed by Ronald D. Moore and David Eick in 2003, followed by a 2004 television series, which aired until 2009. A prequel series, Caprica, aired in 2010.
Characters of the re-imagined version of Battlestar Galactica, with pilot callsigns in parentheses.
Episode counts include the two part mini-series as well as the two television movies Razor and The Plan.
Early in the series, the Colonials learn there are twelve models of Cylon-humanoids among them. The first of them were descendants of the lost thirteenth tribe called the "Final Five", who were not individually numbered and were not discovered until later in the series. The seven Cylon-humanoids first seen in the series are known as the "Significant Seven" and were numbered one to six, then jump to eight. The Number Seven model does not make an appearance, as his entire line had been destroyed prior to the start of the series. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Battlestar Galactica is an American science fiction media franchise created by Glen A. Larson. It began with the original television series in 1978, and was followed by a short-run sequel series , Galactica 1980, a line of book adaptations, original novels, comic books, a board game, and video games. A reimagined version aired as a two-part, three-hour miniseries developed by Ronald D. Moore and David Eick in 2003, followed by a 2004 television series, which aired until 2009. A prequel series, Caprica, aired in 2010.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Characters of the re-imagined version of Battlestar Galactica, with pilot callsigns in parentheses.",
"title": "Re-imagined 2003 miniseries / 2004 series"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Episode counts include the two part mini-series as well as the two television movies Razor and The Plan.",
"title": "Re-imagined 2003 miniseries / 2004 series"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Early in the series, the Colonials learn there are twelve models of Cylon-humanoids among them. The first of them were descendants of the lost thirteenth tribe called the \"Final Five\", who were not individually numbered and were not discovered until later in the series. The seven Cylon-humanoids first seen in the series are known as the \"Significant Seven\" and were numbered one to six, then jump to eight. The Number Seven model does not make an appearance, as his entire line had been destroyed prior to the start of the series.",
"title": "Re-imagined 2003 miniseries / 2004 series"
}
] | Battlestar Galactica is an American science fiction media franchise created by Glen A. Larson. It began with the original television series in 1978, and was followed by a short-run sequel series, Galactica 1980, a line of book adaptations, original novels, comic books, a board game, and video games. A reimagined version aired as a two-part, three-hour miniseries developed by Ronald D. Moore and David Eick in 2003, followed by a 2004 television series, which aired until 2009. A prequel series, Caprica, aired in 2010. | 2023-12-18T05:10:11Z | 2023-12-18T15:44:42Z | [
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"Template:Div col end",
"Template:Col-begin",
"Template:Col-break",
"Template:Col-end",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Battlestar_Galactica_characters |
75,590,611 | Steve Lidbury | Stephen Michael John Lidbury (born 22 May 1960) is an Australian former rugby union international.
Born in Sydney, Lidbury attended Pittwater High School.
Lidbury, a powerful back-row forward, played in the Shute Shield for Warringah. He was capped twice by the Wallabies, as a number eight on the 1987 tour of Argentina, then as a flanker in a home Test against England in 1988.
In October 1988, Lidbury was signed by rugby league club the Canberra Raiders on a two-year contract, but injury would prevent him an opportunity to play first-grade. He suffered a near fatal broken neck in a 1989 reserves game against Penrith while packing a scrum, which ended his career. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Stephen Michael John Lidbury (born 22 May 1960) is an Australian former rugby union international.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Sydney, Lidbury attended Pittwater High School.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Lidbury, a powerful back-row forward, played in the Shute Shield for Warringah. He was capped twice by the Wallabies, as a number eight on the 1987 tour of Argentina, then as a flanker in a home Test against England in 1988.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In October 1988, Lidbury was signed by rugby league club the Canberra Raiders on a two-year contract, but injury would prevent him an opportunity to play first-grade. He suffered a near fatal broken neck in a 1989 reserves game against Penrith while packing a scrum, which ended his career.",
"title": ""
}
] | Stephen Michael John Lidbury is an Australian former rugby union international. Born in Sydney, Lidbury attended Pittwater High School. Lidbury, a powerful back-row forward, played in the Shute Shield for Warringah. He was capped twice by the Wallabies, as a number eight on the 1987 tour of Argentina, then as a flanker in a home Test against England in 1988. In October 1988, Lidbury was signed by rugby league club the Canberra Raiders on a two-year contract, but injury would prevent him an opportunity to play first-grade. He suffered a near fatal broken neck in a 1989 reserves game against Penrith while packing a scrum, which ended his career. | 2023-12-18T05:12:53Z | 2023-12-18T20:39:17Z | [
"Template:Infobox rugby biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:ESPNscrum"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lidbury |
75,590,617 | They Were Champions | They Were Champions is a 1952 Australian radio drama series about sports champions. A different champion was profiled in every new episode. Episodes ran for fifteen minutes and were directed by Don Haring and scripted by Haring and Ross Napier. Grace Gibson Productions made it. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "They Were Champions is a 1952 Australian radio drama series about sports champions. A different champion was profiled in every new episode. Episodes ran for fifteen minutes and were directed by Don Haring and scripted by Haring and Ross Napier. Grace Gibson Productions made it.",
"title": ""
}
] | They Were Champions is a 1952 Australian radio drama series about sports champions. A different champion was profiled in every new episode. Episodes ran for fifteen minutes and were directed by Don Haring and scripted by Haring and Ross Napier. Grace Gibson Productions made it. | 2023-12-18T05:15:20Z | 2023-12-22T15:58:25Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Were_Champions |
75,590,678 | 2005 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team | The 2005 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference ("ACC") teams for the 2005 college football season. Selectors in 2005 included the Associated Press (AP).
AP = Associated Press | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2005 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference (\"ACC\") teams for the 2005 college football season. Selectors in 2005 included the Associated Press (AP).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "AP = Associated Press",
"title": "Key"
}
] | The 2005 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors for their All-Atlantic Coast Conference ("ACC") teams for the 2005 college football season. Selectors in 2005 included the Associated Press (AP). | 2023-12-18T05:29:49Z | 2023-12-18T07:43:34Z | [
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:All-Atlantic Coast Conference football teams"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_All-Atlantic_Coast_Conference_football_team |
75,590,682 | Albertine (given name) | Albertine is a feminine given name, a French feminine form of the name Albert.
Albertine Necker de Saussure (1766-1841), Swiss writer and educationalist, and an early advocate of education for women | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Albertine is a feminine given name, a French feminine form of the name Albert.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Albertine Necker de Saussure (1766-1841), Swiss writer and educationalist, and an early advocate of education for women",
"title": "People"
}
] | Albertine is a feminine given name, a French feminine form of the name Albert. | 2023-12-18T05:30:23Z | 2023-12-18T15:11:12Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_(given_name) |
75,590,685 | Murder of Breanna Schneller | Breanna Marie Schneller was a high school senior living in Wisconsin who was murdered by Raul Ponce-Rocha, a worker at 'El Tequila Salsa' in Rib Mountain.
Breanna Schneller was born to Craig and Lori Schneller on August 14, 1990, in Wausau, Wisconsin. She was a senior at D.C. Everest Senior High and a month away from graduation. Schneller was also about to be married to then fiancée Sebastian Ramirez. She was remembered to have loved Mexican Food, music, dancing, and riding rollercoasters. Breanna planned on taking a college class for restaurant management.
On May 2, 2009, Schneller was in her apartment living with Sebastian and Hugo Ramirez on 12th Avenue in Wausau. At around 10 AM both had to head to work at El Tequila. A while later, Hugo came back from break and discovered her body in a pool of blood. Ramirez, being so in shock, went to a neighbor's apartment and told them to call the police. Detective's arrived and believed she had laid there for some time.
Investigators found bloody knives in the bathroom and an iron rod that was used to beat her, they also found a shoe print similar to what Raul Ponce-Rocha was wearing that day.
According to coroners, she was brutally beaten and stabbed multiple times in the chest, neck, and wrist.
When Police interviewed Ponce-Rocha, he said he saw her texting on the day of the attack. The police, realizing her phone was missing, and the DCI (Department of Criminal Investigation), used GPS equipment to retrieve the phone, which was discovered inside a bag that was thrown behind the restaurant where Ponce-Rocha worked. They also discovered two pairs of underwear and two mismatched gloves with blood on them.
Ponce-Rocha was called in for questioning, stating that he had nothing to do with the attack and that he was grabbing his co-worker Sanchez-Ramos.
Surveillance video showed Ponce-Rocha leaving around 10:19 AM, and not returning until 10:53.
They arrested him for first-degree intentional homicide after finding his DNA on the murder weapon.
After the trials, Craig Schneller stated "Everybody that was on this case has family and they have kids, and so it became a personal issue for a lot of them." Since then he has become a public speaker with the help of "Breanna Smile Foundation" and carries Breanna's last Father's Day card with him. Craig has since moved out of the Wausau area.
Raul Ponce-Rocha was found guilty of the murder and is currently serving life in prison.
"Recipe For Murder," the first episode for season 4 was aired on January 8, 2012, for the documentary series Nightmare Next Door, airing on Investigation Discovery. Actress Virginia Coffield played Breanna.
On April 28, 2019, Investigation Discovery aired 'Deviant Deeds' on season 2, episode 3, for the documentary show, Murder in the Heartland. Craig Schneller was also a part of the episode. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Breanna Marie Schneller was a high school senior living in Wisconsin who was murdered by Raul Ponce-Rocha, a worker at 'El Tequila Salsa' in Rib Mountain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Breanna Schneller was born to Craig and Lori Schneller on August 14, 1990, in Wausau, Wisconsin. She was a senior at D.C. Everest Senior High and a month away from graduation. Schneller was also about to be married to then fiancée Sebastian Ramirez. She was remembered to have loved Mexican Food, music, dancing, and riding rollercoasters. Breanna planned on taking a college class for restaurant management.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On May 2, 2009, Schneller was in her apartment living with Sebastian and Hugo Ramirez on 12th Avenue in Wausau. At around 10 AM both had to head to work at El Tequila. A while later, Hugo came back from break and discovered her body in a pool of blood. Ramirez, being so in shock, went to a neighbor's apartment and told them to call the police. Detective's arrived and believed she had laid there for some time.",
"title": "Murder"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Investigators found bloody knives in the bathroom and an iron rod that was used to beat her, they also found a shoe print similar to what Raul Ponce-Rocha was wearing that day.",
"title": "Murder"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "According to coroners, she was brutally beaten and stabbed multiple times in the chest, neck, and wrist.",
"title": "Murder"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "When Police interviewed Ponce-Rocha, he said he saw her texting on the day of the attack. The police, realizing her phone was missing, and the DCI (Department of Criminal Investigation), used GPS equipment to retrieve the phone, which was discovered inside a bag that was thrown behind the restaurant where Ponce-Rocha worked. They also discovered two pairs of underwear and two mismatched gloves with blood on them.",
"title": "Murder"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Ponce-Rocha was called in for questioning, stating that he had nothing to do with the attack and that he was grabbing his co-worker Sanchez-Ramos.",
"title": "Murder"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Surveillance video showed Ponce-Rocha leaving around 10:19 AM, and not returning until 10:53.",
"title": "Murder"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "They arrested him for first-degree intentional homicide after finding his DNA on the murder weapon.",
"title": "Murder"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "After the trials, Craig Schneller stated \"Everybody that was on this case has family and they have kids, and so it became a personal issue for a lot of them.\" Since then he has become a public speaker with the help of \"Breanna Smile Foundation\" and carries Breanna's last Father's Day card with him. Craig has since moved out of the Wausau area.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Raul Ponce-Rocha was found guilty of the murder and is currently serving life in prison.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "\"Recipe For Murder,\" the first episode for season 4 was aired on January 8, 2012, for the documentary series Nightmare Next Door, airing on Investigation Discovery. Actress Virginia Coffield played Breanna.",
"title": "In Popular Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On April 28, 2019, Investigation Discovery aired 'Deviant Deeds' on season 2, episode 3, for the documentary show, Murder in the Heartland. Craig Schneller was also a part of the episode.",
"title": "In Popular Culture"
}
] | Breanna Marie Schneller was a high school senior living in Wisconsin who was murdered by Raul Ponce-Rocha, a worker at 'El Tequila Salsa' in Rib Mountain. | 2023-12-18T05:30:58Z | 2023-12-22T18:38:35Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Breanna_Schneller |
75,590,695 | When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw | When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw (Yiddish: ווען שלימואל איז געגאנגען קיין ווארשע) is a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer from his cycle about the Fools of Chełm.
The 1968 book When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw and Other Stories was the 1969 Newbery Medal winner. The book contains eight stories: "Shrewd Todie and Lyzer the Miser"; "Tsirtsur and Peziza"; "Rabbi Leib and the Witch Cunegunde"; "The Elders of Chelm and Genendel's Key"; "Shlemiel, the Businessman"; "Utzel and His Daughter Poverty"; "Menaseh's Dream", and "When Shlemiel went to Warsaw".
On his journey from Chelm to Warsaw Shlemiel decides to take a nap by the roadside. To know where to go when he wakes up, he points his boots in the direction of Warsaw. A passer-by turns the boots in the opposite direction, and when Shlemiel is up and on the go, he arrives to a town with striking similarities to his own hometown of Chelm, together with his home, wife (whose husband's name is Shlemiel), and children. But of course it cannot be his Chelm, but rather a second Chelm. When he is going to continue his journey, the city elders persuade him to stay until the "other" Shlemiel returns, to take care of the "other" family. Clearly, the other Shlemiel never returns...
The key points of the plot resemble the story of a rabbi, who sets out in a wagon from Chelm to a nearby city, but while he was asleep, the wagon driver drives around for a while and then deposits the rabby back in Chelm... The early print of this story may be found in the 1887 book Der Khelemer khokhlem by an obscure writer Herts Bik. Only a single copy of the book is known, in the National Library of Jerusalem.
Singer combined this story with others from his Chelm cycle into the play Shlemiel the First, which was adapted into a musical with the same title by Robert Brustein in 1994 (before that he produced the original Singer's play in 1974).
The Real Shlemiel is a European-Israeli animated film loosely based on this and other Singer's stories.
Jelena Sitar Cvetko created the puppet performance "When Shlemiel went to Warsaw" ("Kako je Šlemil šel v Varšavo"), Puppet Theatre Maribor, Slovenia, for which she earned the award for the best direction at the 2014 International Puppetry Festival (Međunarodni festival lutkarstva). It was also awarded at the Polish Eurofest and Serbian The Golden Spark (Zlatna Iskra) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw (Yiddish: ווען שלימואל איז געגאנגען קיין ווארשע) is a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer from his cycle about the Fools of Chełm.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 1968 book When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw and Other Stories was the 1969 Newbery Medal winner. The book contains eight stories: \"Shrewd Todie and Lyzer the Miser\"; \"Tsirtsur and Peziza\"; \"Rabbi Leib and the Witch Cunegunde\"; \"The Elders of Chelm and Genendel's Key\"; \"Shlemiel, the Businessman\"; \"Utzel and His Daughter Poverty\"; \"Menaseh's Dream\", and \"When Shlemiel went to Warsaw\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On his journey from Chelm to Warsaw Shlemiel decides to take a nap by the roadside. To know where to go when he wakes up, he points his boots in the direction of Warsaw. A passer-by turns the boots in the opposite direction, and when Shlemiel is up and on the go, he arrives to a town with striking similarities to his own hometown of Chelm, together with his home, wife (whose husband's name is Shlemiel), and children. But of course it cannot be his Chelm, but rather a second Chelm. When he is going to continue his journey, the city elders persuade him to stay until the \"other\" Shlemiel returns, to take care of the \"other\" family. Clearly, the other Shlemiel never returns...",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The key points of the plot resemble the story of a rabbi, who sets out in a wagon from Chelm to a nearby city, but while he was asleep, the wagon driver drives around for a while and then deposits the rabby back in Chelm... The early print of this story may be found in the 1887 book Der Khelemer khokhlem by an obscure writer Herts Bik. Only a single copy of the book is known, in the National Library of Jerusalem.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Singer combined this story with others from his Chelm cycle into the play Shlemiel the First, which was adapted into a musical with the same title by Robert Brustein in 1994 (before that he produced the original Singer's play in 1974).",
"title": "Adaptations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Real Shlemiel is a European-Israeli animated film loosely based on this and other Singer's stories.",
"title": "Adaptations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Jelena Sitar Cvetko created the puppet performance \"When Shlemiel went to Warsaw\" (\"Kako je Šlemil šel v Varšavo\"), Puppet Theatre Maribor, Slovenia, for which she earned the award for the best direction at the 2014 International Puppetry Festival (Međunarodni festival lutkarstva). It was also awarded at the Polish Eurofest and Serbian The Golden Spark (Zlatna Iskra)",
"title": "Adaptations"
}
] | When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw is a short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer from his cycle about the Fools of Chełm. The 1968 book When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw and Other Stories was the 1969 Newbery Medal winner. The book contains eight stories: "Shrewd Todie and Lyzer the Miser"; "Tsirtsur and Peziza"; "Rabbi Leib and the Witch Cunegunde"; "The Elders of Chelm and Genendel's Key"; "Shlemiel, the Businessman"; "Utzel and His Daughter Poverty"; "Menaseh's Dream", and "When Shlemiel went to Warsaw". | 2023-12-18T05:34:17Z | 2023-12-30T23:41:27Z | [
"Template:Italic title",
"Template:Lang-yi",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Shlemiel_Went_to_Warsaw |
75,590,743 | Frank Sanderson (businessman) | Frank Linton Sanderson OBE (21 November 1933 – 9 November 2023) was a British executive and the third Baronet Sanderson of Malling Deanery.
Frank Linton Sanderson was born on 21 November 1933 to of Sir Bryan Sanderson, 2nd Baronet, and his Polish-born wife Annette Korab-Laskowska. His grandfather, Frank Bernard Sanderson, was awarded a baronetcy for his contributions during the First World War.
Raised in Scaynes Hill, Sussex, Sanderson grew up in a multilingual household, with French and Polish influences. He was educated at Stowe School. His education was followed by National Service in the Royal Navy, where he served in Greece and the Caribbean. He later attended the University of Salamanca.
Sanderson's career primarily revolved around marine insurance, working at Minet and briefly in the hospitality industry with his wife's family business. He served as Master of the Currier's Company from 1993 to 1994.
Sanderson's notable contribution was his role in establishing a First World War museum near the Thiepval Memorial in Thiepval, France. He spearheaded fundraising efforts and engaged in negotiations to overcome resistance and bureaucratic hurdles. The museum, which opened in 2004, provides detailed information on British and Commonwealth soldiers from both world wars.
In 2005, Sanderson was appointed to the Order of the British Empire. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Frank Linton Sanderson OBE (21 November 1933 – 9 November 2023) was a British executive and the third Baronet Sanderson of Malling Deanery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Frank Linton Sanderson was born on 21 November 1933 to of Sir Bryan Sanderson, 2nd Baronet, and his Polish-born wife Annette Korab-Laskowska. His grandfather, Frank Bernard Sanderson, was awarded a baronetcy for his contributions during the First World War.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Raised in Scaynes Hill, Sussex, Sanderson grew up in a multilingual household, with French and Polish influences. He was educated at Stowe School. His education was followed by National Service in the Royal Navy, where he served in Greece and the Caribbean. He later attended the University of Salamanca.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sanderson's career primarily revolved around marine insurance, working at Minet and briefly in the hospitality industry with his wife's family business. He served as Master of the Currier's Company from 1993 to 1994.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sanderson's notable contribution was his role in establishing a First World War museum near the Thiepval Memorial in Thiepval, France. He spearheaded fundraising efforts and engaged in negotiations to overcome resistance and bureaucratic hurdles. The museum, which opened in 2004, provides detailed information on British and Commonwealth soldiers from both world wars.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2005, Sanderson was appointed to the Order of the British Empire.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Frank Linton Sanderson was a British executive and the third Baronet Sanderson of Malling Deanery. | 2023-12-18T05:42:58Z | 2023-12-31T19:38:22Z | [
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Post-nominals",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sanderson_(businessman) |
75,590,801 | Nitratiesulfovibrio vulgaris | Desulfovibrio vulgaris is a species of Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Desulfovibrionaceae family. It is also an anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium that is an important organism involved in the bioremediation of heavy metals in the environment. Desulfovibrio vulgaris is often used as a model organism for sulfur-reducing bacteria and was the first of such bacteria to have its genome sequenced. It is ubiquitous in nature and has also been implicated in a variety of human bacterial infections, although it may only be an opportunistic pathogen. This microbe also has the ability to endure high salinity environments, which is done through the utilization of osmoprotectants and efflux systems.
Desulfovibrio vulgaris is a sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) that plays an important role in cycling elements. The metabolism of SRBs contributes to bioremediation by increasing their pH. SRBs also play a key role in biogeochemical cycles. Studies have shown that SRBs grow best with hydrogen and sulfate.
Desulfovibrio vulgaris can be used to remove metals from the environment due to its production of hydrogen sulfide. It can also carry out this process while being exposed to high concentrations of sodium chloride. During the removal of metals from mine waste piles, there was a removal efficiency of 99% by sulfate-reducing bacteria. However, it has been found that, at high concentrations, heavy metals can be toxic to D. vulgaris. D. vulgaris can also reduce the highly toxic Cr(VI) metal to a less toxic, less soluble Cr(III).
When Desulfovibrio vulgaris is exposed to increased salinity, it responds with the upregulation of chemotaxis genes and the downregulation of flagellar biosynthesis. The upregulation of chemotaxis genes may help move the cells away from the stressful environment. Another common response is the accumulation of neutral, polar, small molecules that serve as osmoprotectants, such as glycine betaine (GB) and proline. These molecules may either be synthesized in the cell or imported in. However, GB is only imported into the cell, and proline is not the preferred molecule to use by Desulfovibrio vulgaris.
This microbe also responds to increased salinity by using its efflux systems to pump excess salt ions out of the cell. This process, as well as GB import, requires more energy than the cells normally require. Desulfovibrio vulgaris also responds by increasing transcript levels of all Hmc operon members, indicating that electron channeling increases during salt stress. One notable characteristic of Desulfovibrio vulgaris is that it changes to have a more elongated structure when exposed to high salinity, possibly caused by inhibition of DNA replication.
Desulfovibrio vulgaris has been linked to several human bacterial infections but may just be an opportunistic pathogen. Overall, Desulfovibrio may be a weak pathogen, but D. fairfieldensis has a higher pathogenic potential than most other Desulfovibrio species. Most infections with Desulfovibrio are susceptible to imipenem. These infections are an infrequent cause of diseases in humans. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Desulfovibrio vulgaris is a species of Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Desulfovibrionaceae family. It is also an anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium that is an important organism involved in the bioremediation of heavy metals in the environment. Desulfovibrio vulgaris is often used as a model organism for sulfur-reducing bacteria and was the first of such bacteria to have its genome sequenced. It is ubiquitous in nature and has also been implicated in a variety of human bacterial infections, although it may only be an opportunistic pathogen. This microbe also has the ability to endure high salinity environments, which is done through the utilization of osmoprotectants and efflux systems.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Desulfovibrio vulgaris is a sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) that plays an important role in cycling elements. The metabolism of SRBs contributes to bioremediation by increasing their pH. SRBs also play a key role in biogeochemical cycles. Studies have shown that SRBs grow best with hydrogen and sulfate.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Desulfovibrio vulgaris can be used to remove metals from the environment due to its production of hydrogen sulfide. It can also carry out this process while being exposed to high concentrations of sodium chloride. During the removal of metals from mine waste piles, there was a removal efficiency of 99% by sulfate-reducing bacteria. However, it has been found that, at high concentrations, heavy metals can be toxic to D. vulgaris. D. vulgaris can also reduce the highly toxic Cr(VI) metal to a less toxic, less soluble Cr(III).",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "When Desulfovibrio vulgaris is exposed to increased salinity, it responds with the upregulation of chemotaxis genes and the downregulation of flagellar biosynthesis. The upregulation of chemotaxis genes may help move the cells away from the stressful environment. Another common response is the accumulation of neutral, polar, small molecules that serve as osmoprotectants, such as glycine betaine (GB) and proline. These molecules may either be synthesized in the cell or imported in. However, GB is only imported into the cell, and proline is not the preferred molecule to use by Desulfovibrio vulgaris.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "This microbe also responds to increased salinity by using its efflux systems to pump excess salt ions out of the cell. This process, as well as GB import, requires more energy than the cells normally require. Desulfovibrio vulgaris also responds by increasing transcript levels of all Hmc operon members, indicating that electron channeling increases during salt stress. One notable characteristic of Desulfovibrio vulgaris is that it changes to have a more elongated structure when exposed to high salinity, possibly caused by inhibition of DNA replication.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Desulfovibrio vulgaris has been linked to several human bacterial infections but may just be an opportunistic pathogen. Overall, Desulfovibrio may be a weak pathogen, but D. fairfieldensis has a higher pathogenic potential than most other Desulfovibrio species. Most infections with Desulfovibrio are susceptible to imipenem. These infections are an infrequent cause of diseases in humans.",
"title": "Description"
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] | Desulfovibrio vulgaris is a species of Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Desulfovibrionaceae family. It is also an anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium that is an important organism involved in the bioremediation of heavy metals in the environment. Desulfovibrio vulgaris is often used as a model organism for sulfur-reducing bacteria and was the first of such bacteria to have its genome sequenced. It is ubiquitous in nature and has also been implicated in a variety of human bacterial infections, although it may only be an opportunistic pathogen. This microbe also has the ability to endure high salinity environments, which is done through the utilization of osmoprotectants and efflux systems. | 2023-12-18T05:58:49Z | 2023-12-18T06:02:43Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratiesulfovibrio_vulgaris |
75,590,810 | Jaroslav Blažek | [] | 2023-12-18T06:00:10Z | 2023-12-19T07:31:04Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Bla%C5%BEek |
||
75,590,825 | Designer Beatnik | Designer Beatnik is the only album by English electronic act Dr Calculus, a duo of Stephen Duffy and former Pigbag trombonist Roger Freeman. Released in August 1986 through 10 Records, it was produced by Duffy and Freeman with Paul Staveley O'Duffy. Dr Calculus were inspired the emergent ecstasy culture in London and, in January 1985, released the single "Programme 7", leading to the record's production.
Inspired by 'cut-and-paste' music and fashion, Designer Beatnik is considered a work of funk, rock and experimental music that mixes dance rhythms, rap, found noises, brass and horns, prominent beats, and spoken dialogue and voiceovers. Largely instrumental, the record largely avoids vocal melodies, with nonsensical lyrics being recited by friends of Duffy and Freeman. Aiming to achieve a French New Wave-inspired sound, the duo used the cut-up technique to collage texts from numerous writers. Several of Freeman's former Pigbag bandmates contribute to the recording.
In June 1986, the album was preceded by the single "Perfume from Spain", which mixes numerous genres with Sleng Teng rhythms. Neither the single nor Designer Beatnik itself charted in the United Kingdom, with the album receiving a polarised critical reception. Following its release, Duffy returned to more conventional music. Designer Beatnik has since been discussed as a precursor of acid house and ambient house.
Stephen Duffy and trombonist Roger Freeman originally knew each other when they both lived in Birmingham, but by 1984 they had reacquainted in London. By this point, Duffy had recently launched a solo career for 10 Records, a subsidiary of Virgin Records, whereas Freeman had left the group Pigbag, having tired of playing their hit single "Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag" (1981). In a later interview with Anthony Reynolds, Duffy said that Freeman had been frequenting a nightclub that played "this crazy electronic music" where all the clubbers were taking drugs, believing this to be the start of ecstasy culture in London. "I went along to some of these clubs with him, then one morning after we sat down and said, 'Okay, let'’s do something about this.'" Freeman had been working on a riff that he wanted Duffy to produce, which became "Programme 7" and the beginning of Dr Calculus.
"Programme 7" was one of several concurrent projects from Duffy, who said the track was created "really quickly and drunkenly, not really expecting it to be a record." According to Freeman, it was recorded between sessions for Duffy's album The Ups and Downs (1985), which took place on a narrowboat studio belonging to Richard Branson. Following this, Duffy secured Dr Calculus a record deal with 10 Records, which according to Virgin's managing director Simon Parker was not incongruous, given Virgin's history with "outré" acts like Mike Oldfield and Henry Cow. A well-received dance single, "Programme 7" combined obscure French references with uplifting trombone work and modern production that used editing techniques in a manner comparable to Art of Noise. Howard Marks of Music & Media commented: "If this single doesn't chart, then there is no justice in this industry of ours." Announced in December 1984 and released in early January 1985, it spent a week at number 99 on the UK Singles Chart. Duffy said the track "stopped the people who keep writing me off. I think I'll wear them down eventually by the sheer volume of work." Dr Calculus performed "Honey I'm Home", "Programme 7" and "Killed by Poetry" in a Radio 1 session for John Peel, which was broadcast on 28 January 1985.
The name 'Dr Calculus' refers to the absent-minded Professor Calculus character from Hergé's comic series The Adventures of Tintin. It is a tongue-in-cheek reference to Duffy's 'Tin Tin' alias, another character from the books. The musician considered the running theme to be his response to the name of Duran Duran, of whom he was once a member, and called it "just a joke" as he was not a fan of the series. The use of 'Dr' instead of 'Professor' came when a friend mistakenly used it when referring to the band; Freeman said it was "better because we could then add 'MDMA' after it."
Produced by Duffy and Freeman with Paul Staveley O'Duffy, Designer Beatnik was recorded on a £20,000 budget from 10 Records. Freeman insisted on cutting the album before the label heard it, telling journalist Danny van Emden: "There were no clues. We didn't give them anything". According to Duffy, 10 were "a bit worried" with the project. In March 1985, it was reported that Dr Calculus had already begun working on Designer Beatnik but that it would "take a while" before completion; Duffy told interviewer Di Cross that he and Freeman "sit around and wait for the muse to hit us, we're waiting for divine inspiration! Anyway, Roger takes six weeks to do a trombone solo which still ends up sounding like an elephant receiving drugs anally." Early in the sessions, Duffy achieved a UK Top 5 hit single with "Kiss Me", an early solo song remixed by J. J. Jeczalik of Art of Noise which he promoted concurrently.
According to Freeman, the sessions were "open to all possibilities" because Dr Calculus' contract did not compromise Duffy's solo contract with Virgin, meaning Duffy felt encouraged to get 'wild' and retain various "funny mistakes, accidents, dirty words and moods" on the record, such as mispronounced words. He also recalled the musician encouraging O'Duffy to experiment with any studio effects that he previously felt he had no chance to explore. Duffy has said that ideas incorporated into the sessions include "recording the snare drum with blankets over us", and playing the mixes through headphones and then microphoning them. Some of the sessions were informed by his trip to Japan, where he experienced adoration as a pop star following the success of "Kiss Me"; he used Walkman recorders to document his experience there. Other ex-members of Pigbag appear on the record, namely trumpeter Chris Lee and baritone and tenor saxophonist Olly Moore. As producer, O'Duffy processed Chris Lee's trumpets through the '3D panner' effect, contributing to its trippy sound.
Duffy's brother Nick, who contributed violin, design and photography to the record, commented that project was a reaction to the prevalence of yuppies in the 1980s and how they were undermining the work of "the folk devils of the previous three decades"; he considered the joy in employing then-nascent music technology in the production to stem from "how things could be torn up and re-scattered in spontaneous bricolage", describing it as the reprisal of musique concrète and cut-up poetry which, for Dr Calculus, resulted in a "mélange of synthetic and found sounds, words and trombones." Freeman commented of the final album: "If Pigbag had made Sgt. Peppers it would've sounded like this and put the Beatles out of a job!"
Designer Beatnik was inspired by the "cut-and-paste possibilities" of music and fashion. Considered an album of funk and rock, its music is varied, drawing on many musical styles including rap and disco, and incorporates squawking trombone from Freeman, horns, found noises, voiceovers, and excerpts of Radio 4 presenters. Emden calls it an album of "dance rhythms blown apart in all directions by apparently random snippets of television and soundtracks from Walkman recording holidays in the Far East", while according to reviewer Di Cross, it is a "musical rag bag of eccentric sounds and commentary", spliced together into electro-styled tracks with predominant beats and 'battered' brass. Reynolds refers to it as an experimental tribute to the then-nascent ecstasy culture, elaborating that it combines "cartoon dialogue, drum machines, mournful brass, funky bass and reversed strings", and noting that each track segues into the next, "forming a non-stop 40-minute piece, at times sounding like Madness – the group and the mental state – hijacking a Chicago 808 House party."
Freeman described Designer Beatnik as "a sort of travelogue, like around the world in 40 minutes. It's all on there including the sound of screaming monks in the streets of Tokyo". Though dense with musical elements, the album is unique in Duffy's catalogue in that it lacks lead vocal melodies, with Duffy opting not to sing on the record. The musician commented that the minimal amount of singing that does appear largely stems from female voices, as "any melodies were always going to be on the trombone. Roger was going to come up with the riffs and I was going to do the rest." The record is largely instrumental, and underpinning it is what Reynolds calls "a queasy, dream-like atmosphere provided by the cartoon dialogue samples", a mood inspired by a VHS copy of Jonathan Miller's television play Alice in Wonderland (1966), which the duo would play in the background during recording sessions.
The lyrics have been described as nonsensical and psychedelic, and some are in French. Duffy says that their aim for the lyrics was to "create a French New Wave sound. We were quoting texts by Jacques Tati, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Shakespeare, Jean Cocteau. Quite literally. We were cutting up their actual quotes and collaging them." To this end, lyrics are recited throughout the album by some of Duffy's fashion model friends, as well as Françoise Gigandet, a friend of Freeman's who was asked to speak in her French accent. Other speech was lifted from television and radio and sound effects obtained using the Emulator sampler keyboard; according to Reynolds, the "sounds of walking on gravel, talking and laughing" likely come from Duffy's girlfriend, model Tasmin De Roemer, captured using their Walkman recorder in Japan. The couple's trip to the country also fed into "Man", which samples Japanese television.
Among the album's songs, "Moment of Being (Reprisal)" is a sedate requiem compared by Reynolds to an English summer's day at dusk. The track originated between takes when Freeman and model Caroline Dodd were conversing in front of a microphone and Duffy asked to record them. Duffy then added a reversed orchestral part from his solo song "Julie Christie", found on his album Because We Love You (1986). The title track was constructed by Freeman performing his "Westminster clock chimes impression" on the trombone over a simple drum machine beat, while Lee played a complex chord sequence on trumpet. According to Freeman, O'Duffy was left to record Lee's trumpet playing while Duffy and Freeman played pool in another room, who upon returning noticed that "everyone had a crazed look in their eyes. When it came to mixing, Paul had obviously cracked, which worked in the album's favour."
Featuring vocals from Jenny Innocent, "Perfume from Spain" explores an arty electronic style comparable to Art of Noise and incorporates Sleng Teng rhythms. Contemporary reviewers described it as a "stop-start" mix of rap, special effects and humorous lyrics, a "mish-mash" of many genres, including elements of punk and disco, and an inventive "hotch potch" track which draws on reggae, Eastern and Western musical styles. According to Duffy, the song's ecstasy-inspired lyrics were inspired by Cole Porter referring to cocaine as "perfume from Spain" because he was unable to sing "I get no kick from cocaine" on the radio. The musician elaborated: "We decided that if anyone found out about ecstasy – and we didn't actually think that anybody would – then we’d have to call it 'eggs for tea' or something. Which is a stupid way of thinking – or a stupid inspiration for a song."
Released by 10 Records on 21 June 1986, "Perfume from Spain" was Dr Calculus' second single. An industry reviewer described it as the "colourful forerunner" to the album and commented that it could be the first single to bring Sleng Teng rhythms to the UK Singles Chart. The single topped the Coventry Evening Telegraph weekly top tips, and Duffy expected it to crack Radio 1's newly-reformatted playlists, but the song failed to attract radio play, and did not chart in the UK. Duffy and Freeman were disappointed that Radio 1 did not play it, the latter reasoning that it may have been because disc jockeys could not talk over the intro or end of the song, as they "get used to a certain thing on the radio". As "Programme 7" had been a dance hit in the United States, Duffy wished to sell imported copies of "Perfume from Spain" in the country, jokingly referring to Designer Beatnik as "the perfect college LP – the yuppie Sgt Pepper." Designer Beatnik was released by 10 on 4 August 1986, and did not chart in the UK. Dr Calculus had no plans for live performances, although they did contemplate one large gig with a large personnel.
In his contemporary review for Music Week, Emden described Designer Beatnik as a "curious multi-layered splash of colour" and believed it deserved a better commercial fate than the "Perfume from Spain" single, writing: "Occasionally danceable with sleng teng and jazzy moments, always fun to listen to – with more humour in the editing than a whole month's worth of most releases." Tim Pedley of Newcastle's Evening Chronicle praised it for being an "exploratory rock" album which "refreshingly veers off the straight and narrow to produce an original sound, sometimes brilliant sometimes silly, but never dull." Noel Salzman of LA Weekly also recommended the record.
Reviewing Designer Beatnik for Record Mirror, Di Cross dubbed it a "truly 'modern' record, scratched and sculptured into an aural masterpiece" by Duffy, Freeman and their "equally unorthodox cohorts", including Lee, Moore and Gigandet. She named the two singles and "Killed by Poetry" as highlights, but cautioned that parts of the record which may initially intrigue listeners would not necessarily become "something you're going to want to give continuous rotation to". A reviewer for Middleton Guardian called it "a witty, varied and entertaining debut" that draws on a plethora of musical styles and sounds, and described the lyrics as "total nonsense, and not just because some of them are in French." They wrote: "It's the sort of record you dip into every now and again, because playing the whole thing all at once is too much." John Lee of Huddersfield Daily Examiner calls Dr Calculus an "unlikely" collaboration between Duffy and the former Pigbag horn section, resulting in "a rather unusual album of minority listening." He commented that the album sounds as though it was enjoyable to make, but was less convinced of its musical value or commercial viability.
Robin Denselow of The Guardian recommended the album to those seeking "something a little more quirky and different", but disliked it himself, considering it to be "a collection of unexceptional, half-hearted, light-hearted funk with a few reasonable horn selections thrown in," mixed with found noises, voiceovers and "a few drifting patches from what sounds like mood music from a dull art film." He did however praise the "reasonably amusing title". Graham Moore of Salford City Reporter described it as "an oddball album" that would only appeal to curious record buyers. He initially considered it to be a "load of pretentious nonsense", but conceded that he was "taking it a little seriously", adding: "I still didn't enjoy it but at least I stopped having a fit in the front room." Adrian Booth of Bristol's Evening Post dismissed it as a "fussy, over-elaborate" record that contains "too many ideas for its own good, though there are seductive moments in among all the business."
Following the release of Designer Beatnik, Dr Calculus abandoned work on a new song, "Wild Bohemians", rendering it their final project. Duffy has commented that the album was "too much for people to get their heads around" and that he received no feedback from other musicians, but notes the appearance of the album's snare sound on Swing Out Sister's hit single "Breakout" (1986). In 2007, he described the record as "so of its time – the fact that you’d just be waking down the road recording stuff. It was so left field – too left field, really". In 2022, he reflected that the album was "an amazing thing to do" and that the recording process continued to inform his work, but noted that following its original release, he no longer felt the need to "experiment" and returned to more conventional idioms. He did however consider one of his songs with Robbie Williams, "Tripping" (2005), to be a "speeded up" version of "Perfume from Spain".
Ian Peel of Record Collector describes Designer Beatnik as "proto-acid house", elaborating that it "was acid house (with added trombones) and ambient house, four years before the terms were coined." In a 2014 interview with Classic Pop, Freeman argued that the album inspired The KLF's Chill Out (1990), both musically and in terms of the duo's "floppy-eared Elma Fudd trapper hat and dark glasses look". The magazine noted that the KLF's use of strings, sounds and emergent technology on Chill Out to create a continuous mix bore "uncanny" stylistic and structural similarities to Designer Beatnik. Peel described the ecstasy-themed lyrics of "Perfume from Spain" as a wittier precursor to The Shamen's "Ebeneezer Goode" (1992). Writing in 2022, Reynolds describes Designer Beatnik as a "joyful Jackson Pollock spatter" and "one of the strangest albums of [Duffy's] or anyone else's career".
All songs written by Dr Calculus.
Adapted from the liner notes of Designer Beatnik. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Designer Beatnik is the only album by English electronic act Dr Calculus, a duo of Stephen Duffy and former Pigbag trombonist Roger Freeman. Released in August 1986 through 10 Records, it was produced by Duffy and Freeman with Paul Staveley O'Duffy. Dr Calculus were inspired the emergent ecstasy culture in London and, in January 1985, released the single \"Programme 7\", leading to the record's production.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Inspired by 'cut-and-paste' music and fashion, Designer Beatnik is considered a work of funk, rock and experimental music that mixes dance rhythms, rap, found noises, brass and horns, prominent beats, and spoken dialogue and voiceovers. Largely instrumental, the record largely avoids vocal melodies, with nonsensical lyrics being recited by friends of Duffy and Freeman. Aiming to achieve a French New Wave-inspired sound, the duo used the cut-up technique to collage texts from numerous writers. Several of Freeman's former Pigbag bandmates contribute to the recording.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In June 1986, the album was preceded by the single \"Perfume from Spain\", which mixes numerous genres with Sleng Teng rhythms. Neither the single nor Designer Beatnik itself charted in the United Kingdom, with the album receiving a polarised critical reception. Following its release, Duffy returned to more conventional music. Designer Beatnik has since been discussed as a precursor of acid house and ambient house.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Stephen Duffy and trombonist Roger Freeman originally knew each other when they both lived in Birmingham, but by 1984 they had reacquainted in London. By this point, Duffy had recently launched a solo career for 10 Records, a subsidiary of Virgin Records, whereas Freeman had left the group Pigbag, having tired of playing their hit single \"Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag\" (1981). In a later interview with Anthony Reynolds, Duffy said that Freeman had been frequenting a nightclub that played \"this crazy electronic music\" where all the clubbers were taking drugs, believing this to be the start of ecstasy culture in London. \"I went along to some of these clubs with him, then one morning after we sat down and said, 'Okay, let'’s do something about this.'\" Freeman had been working on a riff that he wanted Duffy to produce, which became \"Programme 7\" and the beginning of Dr Calculus.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "\"Programme 7\" was one of several concurrent projects from Duffy, who said the track was created \"really quickly and drunkenly, not really expecting it to be a record.\" According to Freeman, it was recorded between sessions for Duffy's album The Ups and Downs (1985), which took place on a narrowboat studio belonging to Richard Branson. Following this, Duffy secured Dr Calculus a record deal with 10 Records, which according to Virgin's managing director Simon Parker was not incongruous, given Virgin's history with \"outré\" acts like Mike Oldfield and Henry Cow. A well-received dance single, \"Programme 7\" combined obscure French references with uplifting trombone work and modern production that used editing techniques in a manner comparable to Art of Noise. Howard Marks of Music & Media commented: \"If this single doesn't chart, then there is no justice in this industry of ours.\" Announced in December 1984 and released in early January 1985, it spent a week at number 99 on the UK Singles Chart. Duffy said the track \"stopped the people who keep writing me off. I think I'll wear them down eventually by the sheer volume of work.\" Dr Calculus performed \"Honey I'm Home\", \"Programme 7\" and \"Killed by Poetry\" in a Radio 1 session for John Peel, which was broadcast on 28 January 1985.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The name 'Dr Calculus' refers to the absent-minded Professor Calculus character from Hergé's comic series The Adventures of Tintin. It is a tongue-in-cheek reference to Duffy's 'Tin Tin' alias, another character from the books. The musician considered the running theme to be his response to the name of Duran Duran, of whom he was once a member, and called it \"just a joke\" as he was not a fan of the series. The use of 'Dr' instead of 'Professor' came when a friend mistakenly used it when referring to the band; Freeman said it was \"better because we could then add 'MDMA' after it.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Produced by Duffy and Freeman with Paul Staveley O'Duffy, Designer Beatnik was recorded on a £20,000 budget from 10 Records. Freeman insisted on cutting the album before the label heard it, telling journalist Danny van Emden: \"There were no clues. We didn't give them anything\". According to Duffy, 10 were \"a bit worried\" with the project. In March 1985, it was reported that Dr Calculus had already begun working on Designer Beatnik but that it would \"take a while\" before completion; Duffy told interviewer Di Cross that he and Freeman \"sit around and wait for the muse to hit us, we're waiting for divine inspiration! Anyway, Roger takes six weeks to do a trombone solo which still ends up sounding like an elephant receiving drugs anally.\" Early in the sessions, Duffy achieved a UK Top 5 hit single with \"Kiss Me\", an early solo song remixed by J. J. Jeczalik of Art of Noise which he promoted concurrently.",
"title": "Recording"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "According to Freeman, the sessions were \"open to all possibilities\" because Dr Calculus' contract did not compromise Duffy's solo contract with Virgin, meaning Duffy felt encouraged to get 'wild' and retain various \"funny mistakes, accidents, dirty words and moods\" on the record, such as mispronounced words. He also recalled the musician encouraging O'Duffy to experiment with any studio effects that he previously felt he had no chance to explore. Duffy has said that ideas incorporated into the sessions include \"recording the snare drum with blankets over us\", and playing the mixes through headphones and then microphoning them. Some of the sessions were informed by his trip to Japan, where he experienced adoration as a pop star following the success of \"Kiss Me\"; he used Walkman recorders to document his experience there. Other ex-members of Pigbag appear on the record, namely trumpeter Chris Lee and baritone and tenor saxophonist Olly Moore. As producer, O'Duffy processed Chris Lee's trumpets through the '3D panner' effect, contributing to its trippy sound.",
"title": "Recording"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Duffy's brother Nick, who contributed violin, design and photography to the record, commented that project was a reaction to the prevalence of yuppies in the 1980s and how they were undermining the work of \"the folk devils of the previous three decades\"; he considered the joy in employing then-nascent music technology in the production to stem from \"how things could be torn up and re-scattered in spontaneous bricolage\", describing it as the reprisal of musique concrète and cut-up poetry which, for Dr Calculus, resulted in a \"mélange of synthetic and found sounds, words and trombones.\" Freeman commented of the final album: \"If Pigbag had made Sgt. Peppers it would've sounded like this and put the Beatles out of a job!\"",
"title": "Recording"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Designer Beatnik was inspired by the \"cut-and-paste possibilities\" of music and fashion. Considered an album of funk and rock, its music is varied, drawing on many musical styles including rap and disco, and incorporates squawking trombone from Freeman, horns, found noises, voiceovers, and excerpts of Radio 4 presenters. Emden calls it an album of \"dance rhythms blown apart in all directions by apparently random snippets of television and soundtracks from Walkman recording holidays in the Far East\", while according to reviewer Di Cross, it is a \"musical rag bag of eccentric sounds and commentary\", spliced together into electro-styled tracks with predominant beats and 'battered' brass. Reynolds refers to it as an experimental tribute to the then-nascent ecstasy culture, elaborating that it combines \"cartoon dialogue, drum machines, mournful brass, funky bass and reversed strings\", and noting that each track segues into the next, \"forming a non-stop 40-minute piece, at times sounding like Madness – the group and the mental state – hijacking a Chicago 808 House party.\"",
"title": "Composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Freeman described Designer Beatnik as \"a sort of travelogue, like around the world in 40 minutes. It's all on there including the sound of screaming monks in the streets of Tokyo\". Though dense with musical elements, the album is unique in Duffy's catalogue in that it lacks lead vocal melodies, with Duffy opting not to sing on the record. The musician commented that the minimal amount of singing that does appear largely stems from female voices, as \"any melodies were always going to be on the trombone. Roger was going to come up with the riffs and I was going to do the rest.\" The record is largely instrumental, and underpinning it is what Reynolds calls \"a queasy, dream-like atmosphere provided by the cartoon dialogue samples\", a mood inspired by a VHS copy of Jonathan Miller's television play Alice in Wonderland (1966), which the duo would play in the background during recording sessions.",
"title": "Composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The lyrics have been described as nonsensical and psychedelic, and some are in French. Duffy says that their aim for the lyrics was to \"create a French New Wave sound. We were quoting texts by Jacques Tati, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Shakespeare, Jean Cocteau. Quite literally. We were cutting up their actual quotes and collaging them.\" To this end, lyrics are recited throughout the album by some of Duffy's fashion model friends, as well as Françoise Gigandet, a friend of Freeman's who was asked to speak in her French accent. Other speech was lifted from television and radio and sound effects obtained using the Emulator sampler keyboard; according to Reynolds, the \"sounds of walking on gravel, talking and laughing\" likely come from Duffy's girlfriend, model Tasmin De Roemer, captured using their Walkman recorder in Japan. The couple's trip to the country also fed into \"Man\", which samples Japanese television.",
"title": "Composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Among the album's songs, \"Moment of Being (Reprisal)\" is a sedate requiem compared by Reynolds to an English summer's day at dusk. The track originated between takes when Freeman and model Caroline Dodd were conversing in front of a microphone and Duffy asked to record them. Duffy then added a reversed orchestral part from his solo song \"Julie Christie\", found on his album Because We Love You (1986). The title track was constructed by Freeman performing his \"Westminster clock chimes impression\" on the trombone over a simple drum machine beat, while Lee played a complex chord sequence on trumpet. According to Freeman, O'Duffy was left to record Lee's trumpet playing while Duffy and Freeman played pool in another room, who upon returning noticed that \"everyone had a crazed look in their eyes. When it came to mixing, Paul had obviously cracked, which worked in the album's favour.\"",
"title": "Composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Featuring vocals from Jenny Innocent, \"Perfume from Spain\" explores an arty electronic style comparable to Art of Noise and incorporates Sleng Teng rhythms. Contemporary reviewers described it as a \"stop-start\" mix of rap, special effects and humorous lyrics, a \"mish-mash\" of many genres, including elements of punk and disco, and an inventive \"hotch potch\" track which draws on reggae, Eastern and Western musical styles. According to Duffy, the song's ecstasy-inspired lyrics were inspired by Cole Porter referring to cocaine as \"perfume from Spain\" because he was unable to sing \"I get no kick from cocaine\" on the radio. The musician elaborated: \"We decided that if anyone found out about ecstasy – and we didn't actually think that anybody would – then we’d have to call it 'eggs for tea' or something. Which is a stupid way of thinking – or a stupid inspiration for a song.\"",
"title": "Composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Released by 10 Records on 21 June 1986, \"Perfume from Spain\" was Dr Calculus' second single. An industry reviewer described it as the \"colourful forerunner\" to the album and commented that it could be the first single to bring Sleng Teng rhythms to the UK Singles Chart. The single topped the Coventry Evening Telegraph weekly top tips, and Duffy expected it to crack Radio 1's newly-reformatted playlists, but the song failed to attract radio play, and did not chart in the UK. Duffy and Freeman were disappointed that Radio 1 did not play it, the latter reasoning that it may have been because disc jockeys could not talk over the intro or end of the song, as they \"get used to a certain thing on the radio\". As \"Programme 7\" had been a dance hit in the United States, Duffy wished to sell imported copies of \"Perfume from Spain\" in the country, jokingly referring to Designer Beatnik as \"the perfect college LP – the yuppie Sgt Pepper.\" Designer Beatnik was released by 10 on 4 August 1986, and did not chart in the UK. Dr Calculus had no plans for live performances, although they did contemplate one large gig with a large personnel.",
"title": "Release and promotion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In his contemporary review for Music Week, Emden described Designer Beatnik as a \"curious multi-layered splash of colour\" and believed it deserved a better commercial fate than the \"Perfume from Spain\" single, writing: \"Occasionally danceable with sleng teng and jazzy moments, always fun to listen to – with more humour in the editing than a whole month's worth of most releases.\" Tim Pedley of Newcastle's Evening Chronicle praised it for being an \"exploratory rock\" album which \"refreshingly veers off the straight and narrow to produce an original sound, sometimes brilliant sometimes silly, but never dull.\" Noel Salzman of LA Weekly also recommended the record.",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Reviewing Designer Beatnik for Record Mirror, Di Cross dubbed it a \"truly 'modern' record, scratched and sculptured into an aural masterpiece\" by Duffy, Freeman and their \"equally unorthodox cohorts\", including Lee, Moore and Gigandet. She named the two singles and \"Killed by Poetry\" as highlights, but cautioned that parts of the record which may initially intrigue listeners would not necessarily become \"something you're going to want to give continuous rotation to\". A reviewer for Middleton Guardian called it \"a witty, varied and entertaining debut\" that draws on a plethora of musical styles and sounds, and described the lyrics as \"total nonsense, and not just because some of them are in French.\" They wrote: \"It's the sort of record you dip into every now and again, because playing the whole thing all at once is too much.\" John Lee of Huddersfield Daily Examiner calls Dr Calculus an \"unlikely\" collaboration between Duffy and the former Pigbag horn section, resulting in \"a rather unusual album of minority listening.\" He commented that the album sounds as though it was enjoyable to make, but was less convinced of its musical value or commercial viability.",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Robin Denselow of The Guardian recommended the album to those seeking \"something a little more quirky and different\", but disliked it himself, considering it to be \"a collection of unexceptional, half-hearted, light-hearted funk with a few reasonable horn selections thrown in,\" mixed with found noises, voiceovers and \"a few drifting patches from what sounds like mood music from a dull art film.\" He did however praise the \"reasonably amusing title\". Graham Moore of Salford City Reporter described it as \"an oddball album\" that would only appeal to curious record buyers. He initially considered it to be a \"load of pretentious nonsense\", but conceded that he was \"taking it a little seriously\", adding: \"I still didn't enjoy it but at least I stopped having a fit in the front room.\" Adrian Booth of Bristol's Evening Post dismissed it as a \"fussy, over-elaborate\" record that contains \"too many ideas for its own good, though there are seductive moments in among all the business.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Following the release of Designer Beatnik, Dr Calculus abandoned work on a new song, \"Wild Bohemians\", rendering it their final project. Duffy has commented that the album was \"too much for people to get their heads around\" and that he received no feedback from other musicians, but notes the appearance of the album's snare sound on Swing Out Sister's hit single \"Breakout\" (1986). In 2007, he described the record as \"so of its time – the fact that you’d just be waking down the road recording stuff. It was so left field – too left field, really\". In 2022, he reflected that the album was \"an amazing thing to do\" and that the recording process continued to inform his work, but noted that following its original release, he no longer felt the need to \"experiment\" and returned to more conventional idioms. He did however consider one of his songs with Robbie Williams, \"Tripping\" (2005), to be a \"speeded up\" version of \"Perfume from Spain\".",
"title": "Legacy and influence"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Ian Peel of Record Collector describes Designer Beatnik as \"proto-acid house\", elaborating that it \"was acid house (with added trombones) and ambient house, four years before the terms were coined.\" In a 2014 interview with Classic Pop, Freeman argued that the album inspired The KLF's Chill Out (1990), both musically and in terms of the duo's \"floppy-eared Elma Fudd trapper hat and dark glasses look\". The magazine noted that the KLF's use of strings, sounds and emergent technology on Chill Out to create a continuous mix bore \"uncanny\" stylistic and structural similarities to Designer Beatnik. Peel described the ecstasy-themed lyrics of \"Perfume from Spain\" as a wittier precursor to The Shamen's \"Ebeneezer Goode\" (1992). Writing in 2022, Reynolds describes Designer Beatnik as a \"joyful Jackson Pollock spatter\" and \"one of the strangest albums of [Duffy's] or anyone else's career\".",
"title": "Legacy and influence"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "All songs written by Dr Calculus.",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Adapted from the liner notes of Designer Beatnik.",
"title": "Personnel"
}
] | Designer Beatnik is the only album by English electronic act Dr Calculus, a duo of Stephen Duffy and former Pigbag trombonist Roger Freeman. Released in August 1986 through 10 Records, it was produced by Duffy and Freeman with Paul Staveley O'Duffy. Dr Calculus were inspired the emergent ecstasy culture in London and, in January 1985, released the single "Programme 7", leading to the record's production. Inspired by 'cut-and-paste' music and fashion, Designer Beatnik is considered a work of funk, rock and experimental music that mixes dance rhythms, rap, found noises, brass and horns, prominent beats, and spoken dialogue and voiceovers. Largely instrumental, the record largely avoids vocal melodies, with nonsensical lyrics being recited by friends of Duffy and Freeman. Aiming to achieve a French New Wave-inspired sound, the duo used the cut-up technique to collage texts from numerous writers. Several of Freeman's former Pigbag bandmates contribute to the recording. In June 1986, the album was preceded by the single "Perfume from Spain", which mixes numerous genres with Sleng Teng rhythms. Neither the single nor Designer Beatnik itself charted in the United Kingdom, with the album receiving a polarised critical reception. Following its release, Duffy returned to more conventional music. Designer Beatnik has since been discussed as a precursor of acid house and ambient house. | 2023-12-18T06:05:25Z | 2023-12-18T11:12:25Z | [
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75,590,869 | Frozen conflict zone | [] | redirect[[Frozen conflict] | 2023-12-18T06:15:09Z | 2023-12-18T06:15:09Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_conflict_zone |
|
75,590,894 | Hyongnyon Chong | Hyŏngnyŏn Chŏng (Korean: 혁련정; Hanja: 赫連挺) was a Goryeo scholar and court official who is known for writing the Kyunyŏ-jŏn, a biography on the Goryeo monk Kyunyŏ.
Due to Hyŏngnyŏn Chŏng's non-Korean family name, Hyŏngnyŏn, it is thought that his ancestors were originally nomads, originating from either the Khitans or China, who later naturalized as Koreans. The Hyongnyon family name traced back to the Xiongnu family name Helian, first adopted by Helian Bobo, the founder of Helian Xia.
Sometime prior to 1075, Hyongnyon Chong passed the civil service examination and held the title of chinsa. In 1074, after being dissatisfied with an earlier biography on Kyunyŏ written by a scholar named Kang Yu-hyŏn (강유현; 康惟顯), Hyongnyon began work on his own biography on Kyunyŏ. The following year in 1075, he finished his biography of Kyunyŏ, known as the Taehwaŏm sujwa wŏnt'ong yangjung taesa Kyunyŏ-jŏn, often commonly known by the shortened form of Kyunyŏ-jŏn. In 1100, Hyongnyon was sent to the Liao court as a Goryeo envoy bearing gifts. In November 1105, Hyongnyon was appointed as the Superintendent Examiner of the Scholars of Chang-ak Pavilion (장락전학사; 長樂殿學士; changnakchŏn haksa). | [
{
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"text": "Hyŏngnyŏn Chŏng (Korean: 혁련정; Hanja: 赫連挺) was a Goryeo scholar and court official who is known for writing the Kyunyŏ-jŏn, a biography on the Goryeo monk Kyunyŏ.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Due to Hyŏngnyŏn Chŏng's non-Korean family name, Hyŏngnyŏn, it is thought that his ancestors were originally nomads, originating from either the Khitans or China, who later naturalized as Koreans. The Hyongnyon family name traced back to the Xiongnu family name Helian, first adopted by Helian Bobo, the founder of Helian Xia.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sometime prior to 1075, Hyongnyon Chong passed the civil service examination and held the title of chinsa. In 1074, after being dissatisfied with an earlier biography on Kyunyŏ written by a scholar named Kang Yu-hyŏn (강유현; 康惟顯), Hyongnyon began work on his own biography on Kyunyŏ. The following year in 1075, he finished his biography of Kyunyŏ, known as the Taehwaŏm sujwa wŏnt'ong yangjung taesa Kyunyŏ-jŏn, often commonly known by the shortened form of Kyunyŏ-jŏn. In 1100, Hyongnyon was sent to the Liao court as a Goryeo envoy bearing gifts. In November 1105, Hyongnyon was appointed as the Superintendent Examiner of the Scholars of Chang-ak Pavilion (장락전학사; 長樂殿學士; changnakchŏn haksa).",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Hyŏngnyŏn Chŏng was a Goryeo scholar and court official who is known for writing the Kyunyŏ-jŏn, a biography on the Goryeo monk Kyunyŏ. | 2023-12-18T06:22:11Z | 2023-12-26T15:07:53Z | [
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75,590,902 | Neil Drossman | Neil Drossman (February 26, 1940 - November 25, 2023) was an American advertising writer. He was known for writing memorable witty catchphrases. He wrote successful ad campaigns for Meow Mix cat food, Einstein Moomjy Carpets, Airwick air freshener, Chemical Bank, and Teacher’s scotch. | [
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"text": "Neil Drossman (February 26, 1940 - November 25, 2023) was an American advertising writer. He was known for writing memorable witty catchphrases. He wrote successful ad campaigns for Meow Mix cat food, Einstein Moomjy Carpets, Airwick air freshener, Chemical Bank, and Teacher’s scotch.",
"title": ""
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] | Neil Drossman was an American advertising writer. He was known for writing memorable witty catchphrases. He wrote successful ad campaigns for Meow Mix cat food, Einstein Moomjy Carpets, Airwick air freshener, Chemical Bank, and Teacher’s scotch. | 2023-12-18T06:23:14Z | 2024-01-01T01:09:17Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Drossman |
75,590,923 | Wan Hadfi Lutfan | Wan Hadfi Luftan is a politician from Brunei who is the incumbent ambassador to East Timor since 2022.
Ardasher Qodiri met virtually with Wan Hadfi Lutfan, Director of the Department of Asia-Africa of Brunei Darussalam's Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 30 April 2022. The main topic of discussion was the impending Second High-Level International Conference on the International Decade for Action "Water for Sustainable Development" (2018-2028), which will be place in Dushanbe on 6-9 June 2022.
On the 24 May 2022, Wan Hadfi Lutfan was presented his letter of credentials by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah at Istana Nurul Iman. On the following day, Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah agreed to meet several newly appointed envoys, including him. He would present his letter of credentials to President José Ramos-Horta on 15 July.
Wan Hadfi Lutfan visited the President of the National Council of Islam in Timor–Leste (CONISTIL) in Dili on 14 September 2022, to discuss the position of Timorese Muslims in Timor-Leste. He vowed to inform the Brunei government of the Muslim Authority in Timor-Leste's desire to assist the East Timorese Muslim economy and company in order to strengthen their economy and contribute to the country's economic progress.
Ágio Pereira welcomed Wan Hadfi Latif on 28 September 2023, to deepen and broaden connections of friendship and collaboration between the two nations. He also emphasised the parallels between Brunei and Timor-Leste, noting that both are small and the youngest ASEAN member states. Furthermore, he added both countries' reliance on the gas and oil industries, as well as their determination to diversifying their economies. | [
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"text": "Wan Hadfi Luftan is a politician from Brunei who is the incumbent ambassador to East Timor since 2022.",
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"text": "Ardasher Qodiri met virtually with Wan Hadfi Lutfan, Director of the Department of Asia-Africa of Brunei Darussalam's Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 30 April 2022. The main topic of discussion was the impending Second High-Level International Conference on the International Decade for Action \"Water for Sustainable Development\" (2018-2028), which will be place in Dushanbe on 6-9 June 2022.",
"title": "Diplomatic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On the 24 May 2022, Wan Hadfi Lutfan was presented his letter of credentials by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah at Istana Nurul Iman. On the following day, Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah agreed to meet several newly appointed envoys, including him. He would present his letter of credentials to President José Ramos-Horta on 15 July.",
"title": "Diplomatic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Wan Hadfi Lutfan visited the President of the National Council of Islam in Timor–Leste (CONISTIL) in Dili on 14 September 2022, to discuss the position of Timorese Muslims in Timor-Leste. He vowed to inform the Brunei government of the Muslim Authority in Timor-Leste's desire to assist the East Timorese Muslim economy and company in order to strengthen their economy and contribute to the country's economic progress.",
"title": "Diplomatic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ágio Pereira welcomed Wan Hadfi Latif on 28 September 2023, to deepen and broaden connections of friendship and collaboration between the two nations. He also emphasised the parallels between Brunei and Timor-Leste, noting that both are small and the youngest ASEAN member states. Furthermore, he added both countries' reliance on the gas and oil industries, as well as their determination to diversifying their economies.",
"title": "Diplomatic career"
}
] | Wan Hadfi Luftan is a politician from Brunei who is the incumbent ambassador to East Timor since 2022. | 2023-12-18T06:26:08Z | 2023-12-19T05:32:53Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Hadfi_Lutfan |
75,590,924 | Evan Nelle | Evan Heinrich Nikolai Nelle (born June 8, 1998) is a Filipino college basketball player for the De La Salle Green Archers of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP). He has won championships in the NCAA and in the UAAP.
When he was in grade school, Nelle studied at De La Salle-Zobel. He started playing basketball in Grade 3. His father taught him how to play basketball and he was inspired to play after seeing Derek Fisher's "0.4 shot".
In high school, Nelle transferred to San Beda–Rizal. In his first year on the team, he led the San Beda Red Cubs to a 20–1 record in NCAA Season 91 including the playoffs, and won Finals MVP as the Red Cubs won their seventh straight championship. He also led San Beda to the NBTC Division 1 Finals, where they lost to the NU Bullpups. He then played in the NBTC All-Star Game (in which he won the All-Star Game MVP), and in the SLAM Rising Stars Classic.
Due to the implementation of K-12 in the country, Nelle and most of his teammates got to play for the Red Cubs for two more seasons. In his second season, he started Season 92 with averages of 7.9 points on 34% shooting in the first round of eliminations. He was able to break out of that slump with 27 points, four assists, and three rebounds in a win over the La Salle Greenies, earning a Player of the Week award in the process. Although they lost to the Malayan Red Robins in the Finals, he was second in the league in assists. He got to play in the NBTC All-Star Game once again, and led the Red Cubs to a NBTC Division 1 title.
In NCAA Season 93, Nelle scored 27 points with five triples, and also made six assists in a win over the Red Robins. In a game against the JRU Light Bombers, he made two clutch free throws and a fastbreak layup with .3 seconds remaining to finish with 19 points and a one-point win. The Red Cubs didn't make the Finals after they were upset by the Greenies in triple overtime, despite his 26 points, 11 rebounds, eight assists and all while battling cramps. His cramps affected several of his shots which could have won that game for the Red Cubs. For that season, he averaged 14.2 points, 6.8 assists, 5.0 rebounds and 1.3 steals per game while also leading the league in three-pointers made. He finished 16th out of 24 players in the NBTC rankings, earning him another NBTC All-Star Game selection. He also played in his final SLAM Rising Stars Classic, winning co-MVP honors with a younger Kai Sotto.
In 2018, Nelle stayed with the San Beda program, and joined the San Beda Red Lions. He originally wanted to go to DLSU, but they didn't recruit him. He joined a recruiting class that also included James Kwekuteye and Damie Cuntapay. In his rookie season, although he had little playing time, he served as Robert Bolick's backup, and was part of the San Beda squad that won the NCAA Season 94 title.
In the preseason before Season 95, Nelle and Kwekuteye helped San Beda win the 2019 Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup, finishing the tournament undefeated. The duo, along with teammate Donald Tankoua, were named to the Mythical Team. During the tournament, the duo was referred to as the "Bandana Bros" due to the bandanas they started wearing.
Nelle started San Beda's title defense with a win over the Arellano Chiefs in which he had nine points, five rebounds, and five assists. He then put up a career-high 14 assists in a win over the JRU Heavy Bombers, the most in the league since Jio Jalalon have 16 assists in 2015. The following game, he scored a then college career-high 15 points and added seven assists in a win over the EAC Generals, while Kwekuteye had a season-high 21 points in that win. He then had a double-double of 14 points and a career-high 14 rebounds in a win over the San Sebastian Stags. He broke his career-high with 18 points, seven rebounds, and three assists in a win over the Letran Knights, although he did have eight turnovers, got into foul trouble and missed clutch free throws that almost gave Letran the win. In San Beda's sixth straight win of the season, he scored 12 points and four assists against the Perpetual Altas. In San Beda's seventh straight win, he scored nine of his 14 points in the fourth, along with seven assists and four rebounds to prevent the Lyceum Pirates from breaking the streak. San Beda then won their 10th straight game of the season against EAC in which he had a double-double of 14 points and 11 assists. They extended the streak in a win over the Mapúa Cardinals in which he and Kwekuteye combined for 30 points. They kept winning until the end of the eliminations, completing 18 games without a loss. By that point, he led the league in assists with 6.7 per game, and also averaged 10.2 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 1.6 steals. He joined teammates Kwekuteye and Calvin Oftana (who was awarded as that season's MVP) on the NCAA Mythical Team.
In Game 1 of the Finals against Letran, Nelle scored a NCAA seniors career-high of 20 points, but only had one assist as Letran took the win. In Game 2, he only had five points, but made a clutch rebound that led to two clutch free throws from Kwekuteye and San Beda won by three. With the championship on the line in Game 3, he exchanged clutch shots with Letran's Fran Yu, including a three-pointer that brought San Beda to within two points with 11.5 seconds remaining. San Beda then forced a jump ball, giving him another shot to win the game. However, his three pointer was blocked, and Letran won the championship. In that game, he and Kwekuteye had combined to shoot a combined 7-of-29 from the field. Afterwards, their head coach Boyet Fernandez took the blame for the loss.
In 2020, Nelle decided to transfer. Later that year, he revealed that he transferred because Coach Fernandez had singled him out right after Game 3 as the reason why they lost. He also revealed that the coaching staff also didn't contact him for a month, and that he had also gotten into an argument with the team manager when practices resumed. In his time at San Beda, he averaged 10.5 points, 4.6 rebounds, 6.3 assists, and 1.4 steals in 31.5 minutes of playing time.
On January 21, 2020, Nelle confirmed that he was going to transfer to the DLSU Green Archers of the UAAP. Mark Nonoy, a UAAP Rookie of the Year winner from the UST Growling Tigers, joined him to form a new backcourt tandem. Both were eligible to play beginning in UAAP Season 84.
In his UAAP debut, Nelle had 11 points and three assists in a win over the UE Red Warriors. They lost their first game of Season 84 against the Ateneo Blue Eagles in which he had 10 points, two boards, and two assists, but was a minus-15 on the court. He then had 13 points in a loss to the UP Fighting Maroons. In his first six games with the Green Archers, he struggled with averages of 7.8 points on 23% shooting from threes, to go with 2.8 assists, 1.8 rebounds, and 1.5 steals. Against the Adamson Soaring Falcons, he made a clutch three-pointer that helped La Salle seal the win. In a rematch against Ateneo, he scored 20 points, but Ateneo won once again. In a rematch against UE, he contributed 16 points, and six assists as they won by 29 points. Then they lost to UP once again in which he and Nonoy combined to shoot 5-of-19 from the field and had four of the team's 12 turnovers. In a loss to the FEU Tamaraws, he led with 15 points on four three-pointers along with seven rebounds and five assists. La Salle was able to get back into the Final Four after five seasons with a win over Adamson in which he produced 11 points, five rebounds, two assists, and two steals while limiting Adamson's main scorer Jerom Lastimosa to just 11 points. Entering as the third seed against UP, he led La Salle to a Game One win with a UAAP career-high 26 points on five triples and clutch free throws, plus seven rebounds, assists assists, and three steals. However, he struggled the following game with six points on 2-of-12 shooting from the field, four rebounds, four steals and three assists. He still had a chance to tie the game with 21.5 seconds remaining, but he missed his floater and UP went on to the Finals.
In the offseason, Nelle was originally gonna miss DLSU's inaugural campaign in the 2022 PBA D-League Aspirants' Cup due to personal reasons. However, he was able to make his return to the team in a win over FEU. He also got to faceoff against former teammate James Kwekuteye in a win over San Beda. They went on to win the title over the Marinerong Pilipino Skippers.
Season 85 saw DLSU bolstered by the addition of Kevin Quiambao, who had led them in their PBA D-League title campaign. Nelle missed a game in the first weeks of the elimination rounds due to a fever. He made his return with 10 points in a win over Ateneo. However, he missed another game, this time with Mark Nonoy also joining him on the sidelines. Nelle returned with an all-around eight points, 12 assists, six rebounds, and six steals in a win over FEU. Against Adamson, he had a near triple-double of nine points, eight boards, and nine assists, but got his third unsportsmanlike foul of the season and missed a game-winning layup in double OT. With his third unsportsmanlike foul, he was suspended for one game. La Salle got its fourth straight loss of the season against Ateneo as he was the only one in double-figures in that game with 15 points. They bounced back with a comeback win over UP, with him contributing nine points and seven assists. He then scored eight of his 10 points in the fourth quarter of a win over the NU Bulldogs that evened their record to 6–6. They closed out the elimination rounds 7–7 with a win over UST in which he scored a season-high 25 points along with four rebounds and four assists.
In their playoff game against Adamson for the last spot in the Final Four, Nelle battled Jerom Lastimosa, with Nelle scoring most of his points in the first half to give La Salle the lead, then Lastimosa going on a personal 11–0 run to bring the momentum back to Adamson. Adamson eventually took a three-point lead into the final seconds of the game, but Nelle made a clutch lay-up with 15.4 seconds remaining. After Lastimosa made two free throws, he had a chance to tie the game, but he rushed his three-pointer and the ball hit the side of the backboard. With that, La Salle missed out on the Final Four once again. Lastimosa had 22 points and six assists, while Nelle had 25 points and seven assists, but committed seven turnovers as well.
For that season, Nelle led the league in assists with 5.9, while also leading in free throw percentage with 95.7%. He also had averages of 11.1 points, 4.9 rebounds, and 1.7 steals in 28.1 minutes. Although he finished in the top 5 in statistical points and could have made the Mythical Team, he was disqualified due to his one-game suspension. His teammate Quiambao though, won Rookie of the Year.
After La Salle announced that they would have a new head coach with Topex Robinson replacing Derrick Pumaren, Nelle decided to stay for his final season. In the preseason, he led them to the 2023 Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup Finals, where they lost to UP. He and Quiambao made the tournament's Mythical Team. He also led them to another PBA D-League title despite getting injured with 16 points, 5 rebounds, 7 assists, and 6 steals in the championship game against his former team San Beda.
Nelle started Season 86 with 15 points, 12 assists and eight rebounds in a win over FEU. He got 15 points again against Ateneo, but shot 4-of-16 from the field as they got their first loss of the season. Against Adamson he scored six of his 12 points in a 23–0 third quarter run that led to the Archers' third win of the season and the second seed. Aside from his 12 points, he also contributed 15 rebounds and five assists. He missed a game that season due to a quad contusion. He quickly made his return in a win over UE with 14 points, four rebounds, and four assists but also committed six turnovers. In a win over UST, he had a double-double of 11 points and 10 assists alongside his four steals. In a win over NU, he had 14 points and seven assists, while Quiambao got a triple-double with 17 points, 14 assists, and 11 rebounds. Against UP, he made a clutch triple that sealed the win and finished with 17 points, six rebounds, and four assists. Although he struggled in a rematch with UE, his teammates Quiambao and Nonoy stepped up as the former grabbed his 2nd triple-double of the season while the latter scored a season-high 25 points to win their sixth straight game. They closed out the elimination rounds on an eight-game winning streak with a win over Ateneo in which he made two clutch free throws. As he averaged 11.3 points, 6.9 assists, 5.0 rebounds, and 2.0 steals, he was awarded a spot on the UAAP's Mythical Team alongside Quiambao, who won MVP.
In Game 1 of the Finals against UP, they lost by 30 points as he was held to eight points. He shot a poor 2-of-12 from the field for just four points in Game 2, but still made an impact with 12 rebounds, 10 assists while also getting five steals and was also a plus-20 on the court as DLSU bounced back. In Game 3, he made a deep three-pointer in the last six minutes of the game to cut UP's lead to one before Quiambao took over to get DLSU a lead they never gave up. He finished with 12 points, seven assists, six rebounds, and two steals as he finally won a championship with DLSU.
In 2016, Nelle joined the Philippines' men's national u-19 team that competed in the 10th SEABA Under-18 Championship. They swept that tournament to win their fifth straight title. | [
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"text": "Evan Heinrich Nikolai Nelle (born June 8, 1998) is a Filipino college basketball player for the De La Salle Green Archers of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP). He has won championships in the NCAA and in the UAAP.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "When he was in grade school, Nelle studied at De La Salle-Zobel. He started playing basketball in Grade 3. His father taught him how to play basketball and he was inspired to play after seeing Derek Fisher's \"0.4 shot\".",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In high school, Nelle transferred to San Beda–Rizal. In his first year on the team, he led the San Beda Red Cubs to a 20–1 record in NCAA Season 91 including the playoffs, and won Finals MVP as the Red Cubs won their seventh straight championship. He also led San Beda to the NBTC Division 1 Finals, where they lost to the NU Bullpups. He then played in the NBTC All-Star Game (in which he won the All-Star Game MVP), and in the SLAM Rising Stars Classic.",
"title": "High school career"
},
{
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"text": "Due to the implementation of K-12 in the country, Nelle and most of his teammates got to play for the Red Cubs for two more seasons. In his second season, he started Season 92 with averages of 7.9 points on 34% shooting in the first round of eliminations. He was able to break out of that slump with 27 points, four assists, and three rebounds in a win over the La Salle Greenies, earning a Player of the Week award in the process. Although they lost to the Malayan Red Robins in the Finals, he was second in the league in assists. He got to play in the NBTC All-Star Game once again, and led the Red Cubs to a NBTC Division 1 title.",
"title": "High school career"
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{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In NCAA Season 93, Nelle scored 27 points with five triples, and also made six assists in a win over the Red Robins. In a game against the JRU Light Bombers, he made two clutch free throws and a fastbreak layup with .3 seconds remaining to finish with 19 points and a one-point win. The Red Cubs didn't make the Finals after they were upset by the Greenies in triple overtime, despite his 26 points, 11 rebounds, eight assists and all while battling cramps. His cramps affected several of his shots which could have won that game for the Red Cubs. For that season, he averaged 14.2 points, 6.8 assists, 5.0 rebounds and 1.3 steals per game while also leading the league in three-pointers made. He finished 16th out of 24 players in the NBTC rankings, earning him another NBTC All-Star Game selection. He also played in his final SLAM Rising Stars Classic, winning co-MVP honors with a younger Kai Sotto.",
"title": "High school career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2018, Nelle stayed with the San Beda program, and joined the San Beda Red Lions. He originally wanted to go to DLSU, but they didn't recruit him. He joined a recruiting class that also included James Kwekuteye and Damie Cuntapay. In his rookie season, although he had little playing time, he served as Robert Bolick's backup, and was part of the San Beda squad that won the NCAA Season 94 title.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In the preseason before Season 95, Nelle and Kwekuteye helped San Beda win the 2019 Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup, finishing the tournament undefeated. The duo, along with teammate Donald Tankoua, were named to the Mythical Team. During the tournament, the duo was referred to as the \"Bandana Bros\" due to the bandanas they started wearing.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Nelle started San Beda's title defense with a win over the Arellano Chiefs in which he had nine points, five rebounds, and five assists. He then put up a career-high 14 assists in a win over the JRU Heavy Bombers, the most in the league since Jio Jalalon have 16 assists in 2015. The following game, he scored a then college career-high 15 points and added seven assists in a win over the EAC Generals, while Kwekuteye had a season-high 21 points in that win. He then had a double-double of 14 points and a career-high 14 rebounds in a win over the San Sebastian Stags. He broke his career-high with 18 points, seven rebounds, and three assists in a win over the Letran Knights, although he did have eight turnovers, got into foul trouble and missed clutch free throws that almost gave Letran the win. In San Beda's sixth straight win of the season, he scored 12 points and four assists against the Perpetual Altas. In San Beda's seventh straight win, he scored nine of his 14 points in the fourth, along with seven assists and four rebounds to prevent the Lyceum Pirates from breaking the streak. San Beda then won their 10th straight game of the season against EAC in which he had a double-double of 14 points and 11 assists. They extended the streak in a win over the Mapúa Cardinals in which he and Kwekuteye combined for 30 points. They kept winning until the end of the eliminations, completing 18 games without a loss. By that point, he led the league in assists with 6.7 per game, and also averaged 10.2 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 1.6 steals. He joined teammates Kwekuteye and Calvin Oftana (who was awarded as that season's MVP) on the NCAA Mythical Team.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In Game 1 of the Finals against Letran, Nelle scored a NCAA seniors career-high of 20 points, but only had one assist as Letran took the win. In Game 2, he only had five points, but made a clutch rebound that led to two clutch free throws from Kwekuteye and San Beda won by three. With the championship on the line in Game 3, he exchanged clutch shots with Letran's Fran Yu, including a three-pointer that brought San Beda to within two points with 11.5 seconds remaining. San Beda then forced a jump ball, giving him another shot to win the game. However, his three pointer was blocked, and Letran won the championship. In that game, he and Kwekuteye had combined to shoot a combined 7-of-29 from the field. Afterwards, their head coach Boyet Fernandez took the blame for the loss.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 2020, Nelle decided to transfer. Later that year, he revealed that he transferred because Coach Fernandez had singled him out right after Game 3 as the reason why they lost. He also revealed that the coaching staff also didn't contact him for a month, and that he had also gotten into an argument with the team manager when practices resumed. In his time at San Beda, he averaged 10.5 points, 4.6 rebounds, 6.3 assists, and 1.4 steals in 31.5 minutes of playing time.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On January 21, 2020, Nelle confirmed that he was going to transfer to the DLSU Green Archers of the UAAP. Mark Nonoy, a UAAP Rookie of the Year winner from the UST Growling Tigers, joined him to form a new backcourt tandem. Both were eligible to play beginning in UAAP Season 84.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In his UAAP debut, Nelle had 11 points and three assists in a win over the UE Red Warriors. They lost their first game of Season 84 against the Ateneo Blue Eagles in which he had 10 points, two boards, and two assists, but was a minus-15 on the court. He then had 13 points in a loss to the UP Fighting Maroons. In his first six games with the Green Archers, he struggled with averages of 7.8 points on 23% shooting from threes, to go with 2.8 assists, 1.8 rebounds, and 1.5 steals. Against the Adamson Soaring Falcons, he made a clutch three-pointer that helped La Salle seal the win. In a rematch against Ateneo, he scored 20 points, but Ateneo won once again. In a rematch against UE, he contributed 16 points, and six assists as they won by 29 points. Then they lost to UP once again in which he and Nonoy combined to shoot 5-of-19 from the field and had four of the team's 12 turnovers. In a loss to the FEU Tamaraws, he led with 15 points on four three-pointers along with seven rebounds and five assists. La Salle was able to get back into the Final Four after five seasons with a win over Adamson in which he produced 11 points, five rebounds, two assists, and two steals while limiting Adamson's main scorer Jerom Lastimosa to just 11 points. Entering as the third seed against UP, he led La Salle to a Game One win with a UAAP career-high 26 points on five triples and clutch free throws, plus seven rebounds, assists assists, and three steals. However, he struggled the following game with six points on 2-of-12 shooting from the field, four rebounds, four steals and three assists. He still had a chance to tie the game with 21.5 seconds remaining, but he missed his floater and UP went on to the Finals.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In the offseason, Nelle was originally gonna miss DLSU's inaugural campaign in the 2022 PBA D-League Aspirants' Cup due to personal reasons. However, he was able to make his return to the team in a win over FEU. He also got to faceoff against former teammate James Kwekuteye in a win over San Beda. They went on to win the title over the Marinerong Pilipino Skippers.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Season 85 saw DLSU bolstered by the addition of Kevin Quiambao, who had led them in their PBA D-League title campaign. Nelle missed a game in the first weeks of the elimination rounds due to a fever. He made his return with 10 points in a win over Ateneo. However, he missed another game, this time with Mark Nonoy also joining him on the sidelines. Nelle returned with an all-around eight points, 12 assists, six rebounds, and six steals in a win over FEU. Against Adamson, he had a near triple-double of nine points, eight boards, and nine assists, but got his third unsportsmanlike foul of the season and missed a game-winning layup in double OT. With his third unsportsmanlike foul, he was suspended for one game. La Salle got its fourth straight loss of the season against Ateneo as he was the only one in double-figures in that game with 15 points. They bounced back with a comeback win over UP, with him contributing nine points and seven assists. He then scored eight of his 10 points in the fourth quarter of a win over the NU Bulldogs that evened their record to 6–6. They closed out the elimination rounds 7–7 with a win over UST in which he scored a season-high 25 points along with four rebounds and four assists.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In their playoff game against Adamson for the last spot in the Final Four, Nelle battled Jerom Lastimosa, with Nelle scoring most of his points in the first half to give La Salle the lead, then Lastimosa going on a personal 11–0 run to bring the momentum back to Adamson. Adamson eventually took a three-point lead into the final seconds of the game, but Nelle made a clutch lay-up with 15.4 seconds remaining. After Lastimosa made two free throws, he had a chance to tie the game, but he rushed his three-pointer and the ball hit the side of the backboard. With that, La Salle missed out on the Final Four once again. Lastimosa had 22 points and six assists, while Nelle had 25 points and seven assists, but committed seven turnovers as well.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "For that season, Nelle led the league in assists with 5.9, while also leading in free throw percentage with 95.7%. He also had averages of 11.1 points, 4.9 rebounds, and 1.7 steals in 28.1 minutes. Although he finished in the top 5 in statistical points and could have made the Mythical Team, he was disqualified due to his one-game suspension. His teammate Quiambao though, won Rookie of the Year.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "After La Salle announced that they would have a new head coach with Topex Robinson replacing Derrick Pumaren, Nelle decided to stay for his final season. In the preseason, he led them to the 2023 Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup Finals, where they lost to UP. He and Quiambao made the tournament's Mythical Team. He also led them to another PBA D-League title despite getting injured with 16 points, 5 rebounds, 7 assists, and 6 steals in the championship game against his former team San Beda.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Nelle started Season 86 with 15 points, 12 assists and eight rebounds in a win over FEU. He got 15 points again against Ateneo, but shot 4-of-16 from the field as they got their first loss of the season. Against Adamson he scored six of his 12 points in a 23–0 third quarter run that led to the Archers' third win of the season and the second seed. Aside from his 12 points, he also contributed 15 rebounds and five assists. He missed a game that season due to a quad contusion. He quickly made his return in a win over UE with 14 points, four rebounds, and four assists but also committed six turnovers. In a win over UST, he had a double-double of 11 points and 10 assists alongside his four steals. In a win over NU, he had 14 points and seven assists, while Quiambao got a triple-double with 17 points, 14 assists, and 11 rebounds. Against UP, he made a clutch triple that sealed the win and finished with 17 points, six rebounds, and four assists. Although he struggled in a rematch with UE, his teammates Quiambao and Nonoy stepped up as the former grabbed his 2nd triple-double of the season while the latter scored a season-high 25 points to win their sixth straight game. They closed out the elimination rounds on an eight-game winning streak with a win over Ateneo in which he made two clutch free throws. As he averaged 11.3 points, 6.9 assists, 5.0 rebounds, and 2.0 steals, he was awarded a spot on the UAAP's Mythical Team alongside Quiambao, who won MVP.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In Game 1 of the Finals against UP, they lost by 30 points as he was held to eight points. He shot a poor 2-of-12 from the field for just four points in Game 2, but still made an impact with 12 rebounds, 10 assists while also getting five steals and was also a plus-20 on the court as DLSU bounced back. In Game 3, he made a deep three-pointer in the last six minutes of the game to cut UP's lead to one before Quiambao took over to get DLSU a lead they never gave up. He finished with 12 points, seven assists, six rebounds, and two steals as he finally won a championship with DLSU.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In 2016, Nelle joined the Philippines' men's national u-19 team that competed in the 10th SEABA Under-18 Championship. They swept that tournament to win their fifth straight title.",
"title": "National team career"
}
] | Evan Heinrich Nikolai Nelle is a Filipino college basketball player for the De La Salle Green Archers of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP). He has won championships in the NCAA and in the UAAP. | 2023-12-18T06:26:33Z | 2023-12-22T23:07:31Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Nelle |
75,590,964 | Born to Be XX | Born to Be XX is the second extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Kiss of Life. It was released on November 8, 2023, through S2 Entertainment. The EP contains seven tracks, including the lead singles "Bad News" and "Nobody Knows".
Speaking about the album's name,Member Belle explained that The two ''X'' in the title of the album signify two different concepts: special things that are not welcomed [by others] and our message to reject prejudice, misunderstandings and stereotypes.
On September 28, 2023, S2 Entertainment released a poster indicating that Kiss of Life would make their comeback in November. On October 13, 2023, the group revealed that they would make a comeback on November 8, 2023, by posting a teaser.
On October 16, 2023, a poster was released featuring the members mugshots with the caption 'Who's the villain'. On October 17, the group released the tracklist of the album. From October 19 to 25 the group released various concept photos. On October 27, a trailer for the EP was released. On October 30, the group released the sneak peek of the tracks.
The lead single "Bad News" is a groovy mid-tempo that blends elements of pop, hip-hop, and rock, which makes this feel like the most natural evolution of the burgeoning band's sound, whereas "Nobody Knows" is a slick, upbeat slice of R&B influenced by the 1970s. "TTG" was described as a R&B track which reminds music from 2000s, and "Gentleman" is a song which has a unique sound with Afro rhythm, reggae patterns, and soul gospel. "Says It" is a track dedicated to fans written by member Belle captures the emotions of unrequited love.
Carmen Chin writing for NME described the extended play as "as a diamond in the rough" and is a sophomore album, which certainly has some gigantic shoes to fill after their debut which exceeds all expectations. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Born to Be XX is the second extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Kiss of Life. It was released on November 8, 2023, through S2 Entertainment. The EP contains seven tracks, including the lead singles \"Bad News\" and \"Nobody Knows\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Speaking about the album's name,Member Belle explained that The two ''X'' in the title of the album signify two different concepts: special things that are not welcomed [by others] and our message to reject prejudice, misunderstandings and stereotypes.",
"title": "Title"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On September 28, 2023, S2 Entertainment released a poster indicating that Kiss of Life would make their comeback in November. On October 13, 2023, the group revealed that they would make a comeback on November 8, 2023, by posting a teaser.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On October 16, 2023, a poster was released featuring the members mugshots with the caption 'Who's the villain'. On October 17, the group released the tracklist of the album. From October 19 to 25 the group released various concept photos. On October 27, a trailer for the EP was released. On October 30, the group released the sneak peek of the tracks.",
"title": "Promotion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The lead single \"Bad News\" is a groovy mid-tempo that blends elements of pop, hip-hop, and rock, which makes this feel like the most natural evolution of the burgeoning band's sound, whereas \"Nobody Knows\" is a slick, upbeat slice of R&B influenced by the 1970s. \"TTG\" was described as a R&B track which reminds music from 2000s, and \"Gentleman\" is a song which has a unique sound with Afro rhythm, reggae patterns, and soul gospel. \"Says It\" is a track dedicated to fans written by member Belle captures the emotions of unrequited love.",
"title": "Composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Carmen Chin writing for NME described the extended play as \"as a diamond in the rough\" and is a sophomore album, which certainly has some gigantic shoes to fill after their debut which exceeds all expectations.",
"title": "Critical reception"
}
] | Born to Be XX is the second extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Kiss of Life. It was released on November 8, 2023, through S2 Entertainment. The EP contains seven tracks, including the lead singles "Bad News" and "Nobody Knows". | 2023-12-18T06:31:39Z | 2023-12-30T07:52:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Be_XX |
75,590,974 | List of years in Comoros | This is a timeline of Comoros history. Each article deals with events in Comoros in a given year. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is a timeline of Comoros history. Each article deals with events in Comoros in a given year.",
"title": ""
}
] | This is a timeline of Comoros history. Each article deals with events in Comoros in a given year. | 2023-12-18T06:32:59Z | 2023-12-18T08:17:06Z | [
"Template:Comoros topics",
"Template:Africa topic",
"Template:Years in decade"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_Comoros |
75,590,978 | Owiny Akullu | Owiny Akullu (born in 1845) was a Lango warrior who played a significant role in the resistance against colonialism in Uganda. He was born in Acutanana, Kamdini sub-county, Oyam District to Ogwang Akota and his wife Akullu. Owiny rose to prominence as a military leader, amassing a private battalion of more than 150 troops and conquering the entire region of Lango. He was so skilled in javelin that he would throw a spear at a thin line of rope from a distance and would hardly miss. In a singular engagement known as the Battle of Minakulu, Owiny achieved a significant victory in the battle of Minakulu, where he defeated the Acholi and seized the area between Kamdini and Bobi in present-day Gulu District.
Owiny Akullu was born in 1845 in Acutanana, Kamdini sub-county, Oyam District to Ogwang Akota and his wife. Akullu grew up to become a formidable military leader. He was able to assemble a private battalion of over 150 troops, with whom he successfully conquered the entirety of Lango.
Owiny Akullu is best known for his military contribution to the resistance against colonialism in Uganda. He defended Omukama Kabalega, the former King of the Bunyoro kingdom, up to when he was captured in 1899.
Owiny's remarkable military prowess and invaluable contribution to the resistance against colonialism in Uganda merit perpetual remembrance. Despite the limited documentation regarding his notable achievements, his unwavering courage and formidable military capabilities continue to be revered not only in Lango but also beyond its borders. To honor his legacy, a statue commemorating Owiny Akullu was erected in Kamdini sub-county, Oyam District in 2019.
Owiny passed away in 1947 at the age of 102. Despite the limited documentation of his contributions, it is important to acknowledge his exceptional military skills and significant role in the resistance against colonialism in Uganda. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Owiny Akullu (born in 1845) was a Lango warrior who played a significant role in the resistance against colonialism in Uganda. He was born in Acutanana, Kamdini sub-county, Oyam District to Ogwang Akota and his wife Akullu. Owiny rose to prominence as a military leader, amassing a private battalion of more than 150 troops and conquering the entire region of Lango. He was so skilled in javelin that he would throw a spear at a thin line of rope from a distance and would hardly miss. In a singular engagement known as the Battle of Minakulu, Owiny achieved a significant victory in the battle of Minakulu, where he defeated the Acholi and seized the area between Kamdini and Bobi in present-day Gulu District.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Owiny Akullu was born in 1845 in Acutanana, Kamdini sub-county, Oyam District to Ogwang Akota and his wife. Akullu grew up to become a formidable military leader. He was able to assemble a private battalion of over 150 troops, with whom he successfully conquered the entirety of Lango.",
"title": "Early Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Owiny Akullu is best known for his military contribution to the resistance against colonialism in Uganda. He defended Omukama Kabalega, the former King of the Bunyoro kingdom, up to when he was captured in 1899.",
"title": "Military Contribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Owiny's remarkable military prowess and invaluable contribution to the resistance against colonialism in Uganda merit perpetual remembrance. Despite the limited documentation regarding his notable achievements, his unwavering courage and formidable military capabilities continue to be revered not only in Lango but also beyond its borders. To honor his legacy, a statue commemorating Owiny Akullu was erected in Kamdini sub-county, Oyam District in 2019.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Owiny passed away in 1947 at the age of 102. Despite the limited documentation of his contributions, it is important to acknowledge his exceptional military skills and significant role in the resistance against colonialism in Uganda.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | Owiny Akullu was a Lango warrior who played a significant role in the resistance against colonialism in Uganda. He was born in Acutanana, Kamdini sub-county, Oyam District to Ogwang Akota and his wife Akullu. Owiny rose to prominence as a military leader, amassing a private battalion of more than 150 troops and conquering the entire region of Lango. He was so skilled in javelin that he would throw a spear at a thin line of rope from a distance and would hardly miss. In a singular engagement known as the Battle of Minakulu, Owiny achieved a significant victory in the battle of Minakulu, where he defeated the Acholi and seized the area between Kamdini and Bobi in present-day Gulu District. | 2023-12-18T06:33:55Z | 2023-12-26T19:59:40Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owiny_Akullu |
75,590,999 | Jr. Selvy | Myron Shawn Correia (born 24 January 2002), known professionally as Jr. Selvy or Com. Myron, is an Indian comedian, singer, and former amateur footballer who works on the Konkani stage. The son of Konkani actor Comedian Selvy, he began his career as a singer alongside his father in khell tiatrs before transitioning into commercial tiatrs as a comedian and singer in the mid-2010s.
Myron Shawn Correia was born on 24 January 2002 in Margao, Goa, to Konkani actor Comedian Selvy and homemaker Candolina Fernandes. He has a younger brother, Ryan.
In October 2017, during the Reliance Foundation Youth Sports tournament held at the Ambelim football ground, Correia scored a crucial goal in the 58th minute. This goal helped his team secure a 5–5 draw against Rosary Higher Secondary School, Navelim.
Correia embarked on his artistic journey at a young age, starting as a singer participating in khell tiatrs during the Carnival season in Goa. His father Comedian Selvy played a significant role in shaping his early career, as they performed together and received acclaim from the public. As Correia transitioned into his late teens, approximately 17–18 years old, he ventured into the realm of commercial tiatrs and was cast by his father. This experience exposed him to his father's popularity, which sparked his own interest in the field.
Initially, Correia actively contributed to his father's theatrical productions. However, his potential caught the attention of Konkani director Mario Menezes, who invited him to work on his projects. During their time together, Correia's father imparted his teachings, including specific techniques and steps, to nurture his skills. As a consequence, the public often drew comparisons between Correia and his father, leading him to adopt the stage name "Jr. Selvy."
In May 2018, Correia joined the cast of Mario Menezes' tiatr production titled 100% (Hundred Percent). This particular production garnered attention as it marked a historic moment in the tiatr industry, with a total of 25 children of prominent tiatrists in Goa taking the stage, many of whom were making their debut performances.
Following Correia's performance in Mario Menezes' tiatr 100%, he was subsequently cast in Menezes' production titled College Life. Later on, he was also selected to participate in his father's tiatr called Raza Jieta Combo Choita, where he showcased his role alongside his father, earning him further acclaim.
In November 2019, Correia secured a role in his father's tiatr Raza Jeita Combo Choita, portraying a comedic character with the support of three other comedians. JP Pereira from The Navhind Times praised Correia's entertaining solo act, noting his singing abilities. However, Pereira suggested that some adjustments should be made to the final verse of the performance.
In May 2022, Correia became involved in the tiatr production titled 8 Dis (8 Days) organized by his father, Comedian Selvy. During the production, Correia made contributions to the comedic aspect of the show, working alongside his father, Cassy, and Caetan. Additionally, he showcased his singing abilities through solo performances alongside Mita, Myron, Pascoal Rodrigues, and Remson. Correia also formed comedic duos with his father, Comedian Selvy, and participated in a trio with Francis and Remson.
In June 2022, a review by Mario Pires highlighted Correia's support to his father in eliciting laughter from the audience. The reviewer noted Correia's ability to effectively contribute to the comedic atmosphere of the production.
In August 2022, Correia took part in two performances of the tiatr 8 Dis (8 Days) at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao. These shows were dedicated to the memory of his father, Comedian Selvy. Reflecting on the portrayal of his father's character by Comedian Joyel, Correia expressed his satisfaction, stating that the performer's stage presence evoked memories of his father and even moved him to tears. Recognizing the fanbase his father had amassed, Correia emphasized the importance of continuing the show in his father's honor, stating that it was a way to pay tribute to his legacy.
In September 2022, during an interview with Prudent Media, Correia shared the reason behind staging his father's final tiatr production, 8 Dis, following his father's passing. He revealed that during his father's hospitalization, Comedian Selvy would inform fellow patients about his upcoming show schedules, expressing his determination to complete the shows and be discharged. After his father's funeral, Comedian Agostinho decided to fulfill his father's last wish by staging the tiatr production, which received a good response from the public, resulting in sold-out shows. The performances continued with Comedian Joyel taking on the role previously played by Correia's father.
In February 2023, Correia was chosen to join the cast of the tiatr production titled Inas. The play, written by Comedian Agostinho and directed by Comedian Joyel, featured Correia in the role of a comedian alongside fellow comedians Joyel, David, and Classy. Mario Pires, a critic from the Gomatak Times, commended the ensemble for their entertaining performances, noting the presence of clean comedy, which is not commonly found in many tiatrs. While Correia attempted various stage stunts, he was unable to match the prowess of his father. Additionally, Correia showcased his vocal abilities through a solo singing performance, sharing the spotlight with Benny de Aldona, Mita, and Pascoal Rodrigues. Furthermore, he participated in a trio song centered around football, collaborating with Francis, Joyel, and David.
In March 2023, Correia secured a role in Comedian Richard's tiatr production titled Ghov Khevta Jugar Bail Zata Fugar. Within this production, he portrayed a comedian alongside Comedian Richard, Comedian Sally, Agnelo, Rizton, and Princy. Correia's ability as a singer were also highlighted as he delivered a solo singing performance, sharing the stage with Lawry Travasso, Pascoal Rodrigues, Rosario de Benaulim, Peter de Arambol, Junior Reagan, and Roma. Mario Pires praised the quintet composed of Jr Reagan, Rizton, Richard, Correia, and Vilber, acknowledging their favorable reception by the audience.
As of March 2023, Correia continued to actively participate in various tiatr productions, including Comedian Richard's Ghov Khevta Jugar Bail Zata Fugar, Lawry Travasso's Sopnantlim Fulam, and the upcoming tiatr Chor by Com. Agostinho and Com. Joyel.
In August 2023, Correia secured a role as a singer in the tiatr production titled Panvlam, directed by Francis de Dicarpale. Within the production, Correia showcased his vocal abilities through a solo performance, sharing the stage with artists such as Rosario de Benaulim, Rons, Tony de Ribandar, Celeste, and Pascoal Rodrigues. Mario Pires, a critic from the Gomatak Times, highlighted the songs composed by Francisco/Meena and Correia/Tony de Ribandar/Agnelo/Rons for their messages intended for the audience.
In September 2023, Correia was cast as a comedian in Mutt Bhor Mati, a comedic tiatr production led by Comedian Sally. Alongside Correia, the production featured comedic talents including Dominic, Richard, Semenca, and Rizton. Furthermore, Correia exhibited his versatility by assuming the role of a singer, delivering a solo performance. Joining him on stage were Joylita, Pascoal Rodrigues, Lawry Travasso, Saby de Divar, and Joane, a child artist.
In October 2023, Correia secured a role in the comedic tiatr production Chor (Thief), directed by the Comedian Agostinho. Within the production, Correia performed as a comedian, sharing the stage with fellow comedians Joyel, David, Fiona, and Defny. Correia also displayed his singing skills with a solo performance alongside Pascoal Rodrigues, Benny de Aldona, Mita, and Daniel. Once again, Mario Pires of the Gomatak Times praised the nature of two songs composed by Francisco, David, Joyel, and Correia, as well as Benny, David, and Francisco, which received applause from the audience. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Myron Shawn Correia (born 24 January 2002), known professionally as Jr. Selvy or Com. Myron, is an Indian comedian, singer, and former amateur footballer who works on the Konkani stage. The son of Konkani actor Comedian Selvy, he began his career as a singer alongside his father in khell tiatrs before transitioning into commercial tiatrs as a comedian and singer in the mid-2010s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Myron Shawn Correia was born on 24 January 2002 in Margao, Goa, to Konkani actor Comedian Selvy and homemaker Candolina Fernandes. He has a younger brother, Ryan.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In October 2017, during the Reliance Foundation Youth Sports tournament held at the Ambelim football ground, Correia scored a crucial goal in the 58th minute. This goal helped his team secure a 5–5 draw against Rosary Higher Secondary School, Navelim.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Correia embarked on his artistic journey at a young age, starting as a singer participating in khell tiatrs during the Carnival season in Goa. His father Comedian Selvy played a significant role in shaping his early career, as they performed together and received acclaim from the public. As Correia transitioned into his late teens, approximately 17–18 years old, he ventured into the realm of commercial tiatrs and was cast by his father. This experience exposed him to his father's popularity, which sparked his own interest in the field.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Initially, Correia actively contributed to his father's theatrical productions. However, his potential caught the attention of Konkani director Mario Menezes, who invited him to work on his projects. During their time together, Correia's father imparted his teachings, including specific techniques and steps, to nurture his skills. As a consequence, the public often drew comparisons between Correia and his father, leading him to adopt the stage name \"Jr. Selvy.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In May 2018, Correia joined the cast of Mario Menezes' tiatr production titled 100% (Hundred Percent). This particular production garnered attention as it marked a historic moment in the tiatr industry, with a total of 25 children of prominent tiatrists in Goa taking the stage, many of whom were making their debut performances.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Following Correia's performance in Mario Menezes' tiatr 100%, he was subsequently cast in Menezes' production titled College Life. Later on, he was also selected to participate in his father's tiatr called Raza Jieta Combo Choita, where he showcased his role alongside his father, earning him further acclaim.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In November 2019, Correia secured a role in his father's tiatr Raza Jeita Combo Choita, portraying a comedic character with the support of three other comedians. JP Pereira from The Navhind Times praised Correia's entertaining solo act, noting his singing abilities. However, Pereira suggested that some adjustments should be made to the final verse of the performance.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In May 2022, Correia became involved in the tiatr production titled 8 Dis (8 Days) organized by his father, Comedian Selvy. During the production, Correia made contributions to the comedic aspect of the show, working alongside his father, Cassy, and Caetan. Additionally, he showcased his singing abilities through solo performances alongside Mita, Myron, Pascoal Rodrigues, and Remson. Correia also formed comedic duos with his father, Comedian Selvy, and participated in a trio with Francis and Remson.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In June 2022, a review by Mario Pires highlighted Correia's support to his father in eliciting laughter from the audience. The reviewer noted Correia's ability to effectively contribute to the comedic atmosphere of the production.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In August 2022, Correia took part in two performances of the tiatr 8 Dis (8 Days) at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao. These shows were dedicated to the memory of his father, Comedian Selvy. Reflecting on the portrayal of his father's character by Comedian Joyel, Correia expressed his satisfaction, stating that the performer's stage presence evoked memories of his father and even moved him to tears. Recognizing the fanbase his father had amassed, Correia emphasized the importance of continuing the show in his father's honor, stating that it was a way to pay tribute to his legacy.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In September 2022, during an interview with Prudent Media, Correia shared the reason behind staging his father's final tiatr production, 8 Dis, following his father's passing. He revealed that during his father's hospitalization, Comedian Selvy would inform fellow patients about his upcoming show schedules, expressing his determination to complete the shows and be discharged. After his father's funeral, Comedian Agostinho decided to fulfill his father's last wish by staging the tiatr production, which received a good response from the public, resulting in sold-out shows. The performances continued with Comedian Joyel taking on the role previously played by Correia's father.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In February 2023, Correia was chosen to join the cast of the tiatr production titled Inas. The play, written by Comedian Agostinho and directed by Comedian Joyel, featured Correia in the role of a comedian alongside fellow comedians Joyel, David, and Classy. Mario Pires, a critic from the Gomatak Times, commended the ensemble for their entertaining performances, noting the presence of clean comedy, which is not commonly found in many tiatrs. While Correia attempted various stage stunts, he was unable to match the prowess of his father. Additionally, Correia showcased his vocal abilities through a solo singing performance, sharing the spotlight with Benny de Aldona, Mita, and Pascoal Rodrigues. Furthermore, he participated in a trio song centered around football, collaborating with Francis, Joyel, and David.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In March 2023, Correia secured a role in Comedian Richard's tiatr production titled Ghov Khevta Jugar Bail Zata Fugar. Within this production, he portrayed a comedian alongside Comedian Richard, Comedian Sally, Agnelo, Rizton, and Princy. Correia's ability as a singer were also highlighted as he delivered a solo singing performance, sharing the stage with Lawry Travasso, Pascoal Rodrigues, Rosario de Benaulim, Peter de Arambol, Junior Reagan, and Roma. Mario Pires praised the quintet composed of Jr Reagan, Rizton, Richard, Correia, and Vilber, acknowledging their favorable reception by the audience.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "As of March 2023, Correia continued to actively participate in various tiatr productions, including Comedian Richard's Ghov Khevta Jugar Bail Zata Fugar, Lawry Travasso's Sopnantlim Fulam, and the upcoming tiatr Chor by Com. Agostinho and Com. Joyel.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In August 2023, Correia secured a role as a singer in the tiatr production titled Panvlam, directed by Francis de Dicarpale. Within the production, Correia showcased his vocal abilities through a solo performance, sharing the stage with artists such as Rosario de Benaulim, Rons, Tony de Ribandar, Celeste, and Pascoal Rodrigues. Mario Pires, a critic from the Gomatak Times, highlighted the songs composed by Francisco/Meena and Correia/Tony de Ribandar/Agnelo/Rons for their messages intended for the audience.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "In September 2023, Correia was cast as a comedian in Mutt Bhor Mati, a comedic tiatr production led by Comedian Sally. Alongside Correia, the production featured comedic talents including Dominic, Richard, Semenca, and Rizton. Furthermore, Correia exhibited his versatility by assuming the role of a singer, delivering a solo performance. Joining him on stage were Joylita, Pascoal Rodrigues, Lawry Travasso, Saby de Divar, and Joane, a child artist.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "In October 2023, Correia secured a role in the comedic tiatr production Chor (Thief), directed by the Comedian Agostinho. Within the production, Correia performed as a comedian, sharing the stage with fellow comedians Joyel, David, Fiona, and Defny. Correia also displayed his singing skills with a solo performance alongside Pascoal Rodrigues, Benny de Aldona, Mita, and Daniel. Once again, Mario Pires of the Gomatak Times praised the nature of two songs composed by Francisco, David, Joyel, and Correia, as well as Benny, David, and Francisco, which received applause from the audience.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Myron Shawn Correia, known professionally as Jr. Selvy or Com. Myron, is an Indian comedian, singer, and former amateur footballer who works on the Konkani stage. The son of Konkani actor Comedian Selvy, he began his career as a singer alongside his father in khell tiatrs before transitioning into commercial tiatrs as a comedian and singer in the mid-2010s. | 2023-12-18T06:38:38Z | 2023-12-20T15:54:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jr._Selvy |
75,591,063 | 1984 Chester City Council election | The 1984 Chester City Council election took place on 3 May 1984 to elect members of Chester City Council in Cheshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1984 Chester City Council election took place on 3 May 1984 to elect members of Chester City Council in Cheshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 1984 Chester City Council election took place on 3 May 1984 to elect members of Chester City Council in Cheshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | 2023-12-18T06:49:51Z | 2023-12-30T19:35:57Z | [
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"Template:Election box gain with party link no swing"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Chester_City_Council_election |
75,591,140 | Rami (BabyMonster) | [] | 2023-12-18T07:06:42Z | 2023-12-18T07:06:56Z | [
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_(BabyMonster) |
||
75,591,141 | Christoph Zimmermann (engineer) | Christoph Zimmermann (born 7 June 1968) is a Swiss engineer and former chief designer of the BMW Sauber Formula One team.
Zimmermann completed an apprenticeship at ABB and is a mechanical engineer by profession. He worked as a composite and model designer at Sauber in Hinwil from 1989 before moving to Swift Engineering in 1999. He returned to Sauber as head of composite design in 2000. In October 2007, Zimmermann was confirmed as chief designer at BMW Sauber. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Christoph Zimmermann (born 7 June 1968) is a Swiss engineer and former chief designer of the BMW Sauber Formula One team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Zimmermann completed an apprenticeship at ABB and is a mechanical engineer by profession. He worked as a composite and model designer at Sauber in Hinwil from 1989 before moving to Swift Engineering in 1999. He returned to Sauber as head of composite design in 2000. In October 2007, Zimmermann was confirmed as chief designer at BMW Sauber.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Christoph Zimmermann is a Swiss engineer and former chief designer of the BMW Sauber Formula One team. | 2023-12-18T07:06:56Z | 2023-12-18T07:21:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Zimmermann_(engineer) |
75,591,229 | Ashgabat Power Plant | The Ashgabat Power Plant is a gas-fired power plant in Ahal Region, Turkmenistan
The power plant was commissioned in February 2006. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Ashgabat Power Plant is a gas-fired power plant in Ahal Region, Turkmenistan",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The power plant was commissioned in February 2006.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Ashgabat Power Plant is a gas-fired power plant in Ahal Region, Turkmenistan | 2023-12-18T07:21:03Z | 2023-12-18T11:06:58Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Power_Plant |
75,591,235 | Tsai In-tang | Tsai In-tang (Chinese: 蔡蔭棠, 1909–1998) was an artist born in Xinpu, Hsinchu, Taiwan, known for his paintings. He was born into a prominent family in the area.
Tsai was born in the wealthy area of Xinpu Street (新埔庄街) in 1909. He was introduced to oil painting by his teacher, Nanjyo Hiroaki (南條博明), while attending Hsinchu State High School (新竹州立新竹中學校, now "National Hsinchu Senior High School").
After graduating from high school, he was admitted to Taipei High School (臺灣總督府臺北高等學校), where he received guidance from Shiotsuki Toho (塩月桃甫). After graduation, he studied at the Economics Department of Kyoto Imperial University (now "Kyoto University"). In 1935, he returned to his hometown after graduating from Kyoto Imperial University and began working while maintaining his interest in art.
In 1946, he became the director of teaching at Taiwan Provincial Hsinchu High School (臺灣省立新竹中學, now "National Hsinchu Senior High School") and frequently exchanged ideas with artist Chen Jin. In 1953, he was hired as the director of teaching affairs at Taipei Municipal Datong High School (臺北市立大同中學) and moved his family there. He began to establish relationships with local artists, especially art teachers at the school, such as Chang Wan-chuan, Wu Dong-tsai (吳棟材, 1910–1981), and Chen Te-wang (陳德旺, 1910–1984). During that time, he participated in the Taiwan Provincial Fine Arts Exhibition (臺灣省全省美術展覽會), the Taiyang Art Exhibition (臺陽美展), and the Taiwan Provincial Teachers' Art Exhibition (臺灣省全省教員美展). From 1955 to 1960, he and his friends founded the "Sunday Painting Association" (星期日畫會, which was later reorganized into the "Imagery Painting Association" (心象畫會) in 1965, and later renamed "Century Painting Association" (世紀畫會) and "Century Art Association" (世紀美術協會) through various reorganizations). In 1977, he moved from Taiwan to Fremont, California, US.
Tsai In-tang employed watercolor, oil painting, and sketching as his primary creative media, exploring both abstract and representational themes. Throughout his artistic career, he continuously engaged in learning and observation, drawing inspiration from Western art movements such as Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism. Through peer exchanges, art society participation, and exhibition involvement, he expanded his experiences and artistic perspectives. In his works, Tsai aimed to showcase experimentation with painting elements like form, color, and lines. Scholar Lai Ming-chu (賴明珠) analyzed that in his later years, Tsai's style tended towards freedom, characterized by subjective use of color, flowing and unrestrained lines, vibrant hues, expressing the vitality of landscapes or figures. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tsai In-tang (Chinese: 蔡蔭棠, 1909–1998) was an artist born in Xinpu, Hsinchu, Taiwan, known for his paintings. He was born into a prominent family in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Tsai was born in the wealthy area of Xinpu Street (新埔庄街) in 1909. He was introduced to oil painting by his teacher, Nanjyo Hiroaki (南條博明), while attending Hsinchu State High School (新竹州立新竹中學校, now \"National Hsinchu Senior High School\").",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After graduating from high school, he was admitted to Taipei High School (臺灣總督府臺北高等學校), where he received guidance from Shiotsuki Toho (塩月桃甫). After graduation, he studied at the Economics Department of Kyoto Imperial University (now \"Kyoto University\"). In 1935, he returned to his hometown after graduating from Kyoto Imperial University and began working while maintaining his interest in art.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1946, he became the director of teaching at Taiwan Provincial Hsinchu High School (臺灣省立新竹中學, now \"National Hsinchu Senior High School\") and frequently exchanged ideas with artist Chen Jin. In 1953, he was hired as the director of teaching affairs at Taipei Municipal Datong High School (臺北市立大同中學) and moved his family there. He began to establish relationships with local artists, especially art teachers at the school, such as Chang Wan-chuan, Wu Dong-tsai (吳棟材, 1910–1981), and Chen Te-wang (陳德旺, 1910–1984). During that time, he participated in the Taiwan Provincial Fine Arts Exhibition (臺灣省全省美術展覽會), the Taiyang Art Exhibition (臺陽美展), and the Taiwan Provincial Teachers' Art Exhibition (臺灣省全省教員美展). From 1955 to 1960, he and his friends founded the \"Sunday Painting Association\" (星期日畫會, which was later reorganized into the \"Imagery Painting Association\" (心象畫會) in 1965, and later renamed \"Century Painting Association\" (世紀畫會) and \"Century Art Association\" (世紀美術協會) through various reorganizations). In 1977, he moved from Taiwan to Fremont, California, US.",
"title": "Career and contributions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Tsai In-tang employed watercolor, oil painting, and sketching as his primary creative media, exploring both abstract and representational themes. Throughout his artistic career, he continuously engaged in learning and observation, drawing inspiration from Western art movements such as Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism. Through peer exchanges, art society participation, and exhibition involvement, he expanded his experiences and artistic perspectives. In his works, Tsai aimed to showcase experimentation with painting elements like form, color, and lines. Scholar Lai Ming-chu (賴明珠) analyzed that in his later years, Tsai's style tended towards freedom, characterized by subjective use of color, flowing and unrestrained lines, vibrant hues, expressing the vitality of landscapes or figures.",
"title": "Artistic style"
}
] | Tsai In-tang was an artist born in Xinpu, Hsinchu, Taiwan, known for his paintings. He was born into a prominent family in the area. | 2023-12-18T07:23:39Z | 2023-12-26T18:09:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_In-tang |
75,591,267 | The Mobile Jockey Club | The Mobile Jockey Club was an American sporting organization founded prior to 1836 in Mobile, Alabama.
As early as 1836 Major Kenan's "Birmingham" raced Col. Johnston's "Joe Swiler" for $5,000.
In 1837 the Club built the Bascombe Race Course. The first race was held Monday, April 3rd, a closed competition between two local Mobilians, Col. Vance Johnson's Scarlet and P. B. Starke's Birminghand, four-mile heats, $5,000 aside. Tuesday featured The Colt Sweepstakes: five entries of $500 each, and closed; that same day the Jockey Club purse of $500, two-mile heats. On Wednesday three mile heats, on Thursday four mile heats, on Friday mile heats, best 3 of 5, and Saturday the Proprietors Purse of $350, at two-mile heats. In attendance were Col. Garrison of Virginia, who would go on to found the Metairie Course in New Orleans, Louisiana with Richard Adams; and Col. Langford of the Canebrake.
The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club commenced Tuesday, Nov 27th, with a sweepstakes race for colts and fillies, being 2 years old in the Spring of 1838, $250 Entrance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee. There were six entries, three forfeited. J. S. Garrison (C. Robinson's) Martha Robins, D. Stephenson's Amazon, and Doctor Wither's Pulaski, raced.
The Fall Meeting began Wednesday, Dec 14, with the Jockey Club Purse, two mile heats, $250, and a sweepstakes race for four year olds, two mile heats, $300 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, to name and close the Dec. 1, three or more to make a race. Thursday, Dec 15, Jockey Club Purse, three mile heats, $400. Friday, Dec 16, Jockey Club Purse, four mile heats, $700, of which $100 goes to the second best horse. Saturday, Dec 17, Mile Heats, best three in five, Purse $200, and a Sweepstakes race for three year olds, mile heats, $200 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, three or more to make a race, to name and close the Dec. 1. D STEPHENSON Proprietor.
There is a note in the Times Picayune announcing the Spring Races to begin March 8th, with an allusion to a newly elected board of governors. This is when Richard Ten Broeck, proprietor of the Metairie Course in New Orleans, became involved in The Mobile Jockey Club as its Treasurer. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Mobile Jockey Club was an American sporting organization founded prior to 1836 in Mobile, Alabama.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "As early as 1836 Major Kenan's \"Birmingham\" raced Col. Johnston's \"Joe Swiler\" for $5,000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1837 the Club built the Bascombe Race Course. The first race was held Monday, April 3rd, a closed competition between two local Mobilians, Col. Vance Johnson's Scarlet and P. B. Starke's Birminghand, four-mile heats, $5,000 aside. Tuesday featured The Colt Sweepstakes: five entries of $500 each, and closed; that same day the Jockey Club purse of $500, two-mile heats. On Wednesday three mile heats, on Thursday four mile heats, on Friday mile heats, best 3 of 5, and Saturday the Proprietors Purse of $350, at two-mile heats. In attendance were Col. Garrison of Virginia, who would go on to found the Metairie Course in New Orleans, Louisiana with Richard Adams; and Col. Langford of the Canebrake.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club commenced Tuesday, Nov 27th, with a sweepstakes race for colts and fillies, being 2 years old in the Spring of 1838, $250 Entrance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee. There were six entries, three forfeited. J. S. Garrison (C. Robinson's) Martha Robins, D. Stephenson's Amazon, and Doctor Wither's Pulaski, raced.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Fall Meeting began Wednesday, Dec 14, with the Jockey Club Purse, two mile heats, $250, and a sweepstakes race for four year olds, two mile heats, $300 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, to name and close the Dec. 1, three or more to make a race. Thursday, Dec 15, Jockey Club Purse, three mile heats, $400. Friday, Dec 16, Jockey Club Purse, four mile heats, $700, of which $100 goes to the second best horse. Saturday, Dec 17, Mile Heats, best three in five, Purse $200, and a Sweepstakes race for three year olds, mile heats, $200 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, three or more to make a race, to name and close the Dec. 1. D STEPHENSON Proprietor.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "There is a note in the Times Picayune announcing the Spring Races to begin March 8th, with an allusion to a newly elected board of governors. This is when Richard Ten Broeck, proprietor of the Metairie Course in New Orleans, became involved in The Mobile Jockey Club as its Treasurer.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Mobile Jockey Club was an American sporting organization founded prior to 1836 in Mobile, Alabama. | 2023-12-18T07:33:02Z | 2023-12-20T00:38:35Z | [
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75,591,284 | 2024 Special Honours (Australia) | The Special Honours Lists for Australia are announced by the Sovereign and Governor-General at any time.
Some honours are awarded by other countries where King Charles III is the Head of State, Australians receiving those honours are listed here with the relevant reference.
This list also incorporates the Mid Winters Day honours list and the Bravery honours lists. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Special Honours Lists for Australia are announced by the Sovereign and Governor-General at any time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Some honours are awarded by other countries where King Charles III is the Head of State, Australians receiving those honours are listed here with the relevant reference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This list also incorporates the Mid Winters Day honours list and the Bravery honours lists.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Special Honours Lists for Australia are announced by the Sovereign and Governor-General at any time. Some honours are awarded by other countries where King Charles III is the Head of State, Australians receiving those honours are listed here with the relevant reference. This list also incorporates the Mid Winters Day honours list and the Bravery honours lists. | 2023-12-18T07:39:08Z | 2023-12-30T21:48:55Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Special_Honours_(Australia) |
75,591,300 | Keluang Man (film) | Keluang Man is an upcoming 2025 Malaysian live-action superhero film based on the eponymous Malaysian animated series. Produced by Astro Shaw and Pasal Productions, it's a live-action film based on the animated series created by the late Kamn Ismail, and will be the first fully live-action film from a Malaysian animation series of the 1990s. The film will be directed by Anwari Ashraf, who co-wrote it with Roshfaizal Ariffin and Luqman Sheikh Ghazali. It stars Nas-T as Keluang Man, Remy Ishak as Shamsir, Rosyam Nor as Ahmad and Anwaar Beg Moghal as Inspector Sahab.
The film was planned by Astro Shaw Writers' Room since 2019, led by Anwari and Roshfaizal. Development began in May 2023 when Anwari revealed the front page of the script through his social media. Nas was chosen as the main character through casting on social media from July to August 2023. Principal photography will begin in April 2024 after the Eid al-Fitr month.
Official development begins in 2019 when Astro Shaw Writers' Room planned to make a live-action film led by Anwari Ashraf who know written Polis Evo's franchise and created two Astro Original Series, Projek: High Council and Projek: Anchor SPM together with Roshfaizal Ariffin who known for written and directed Didi & Friends The Movie. Nas Muammar Zar was confirmed as Keluang Man through casting by Astro Shaw through social media in July 2023 while it got high volume of auditions and reaction such from Nizam Razak, Naim Daniel and media outlet. The audition were later extended until August 2023. Anwari was hired as director and main writer of the film. The film will set on origin Keluang Man and will aiming for a 2025 release together with BoBoiBoy Movie 3 that was scheduled in December same year.
Before Astro Shaw continue their project, Astro Shaw struck a partnership with Iconic Animation Studio, the original IP of Keluang Man. The partnership were concluded in Astro's HQ in Bukit Jalil in May 2022 with the attendance of Raja Jastina Raja Arshad, Head of Astro Shaw and Nusantara. Raja Jastina told The Vibes;
"We trust that the Keluang Man brand is highly esteemed in the local animation scene and has its loyal following, many of which who grew up with the animation series.
"Even though the series first aired a long time ago, it is still beloved by many Malaysians, and we see high demand and huge anticipation from the fans for the return of Keluang Man, proving that this superhero has a special place in the audiences’ hearts and is indeed evergreen.
"We hope that this good news would excite the fans and show that local animation has the potential to be elevated to greater heights.”
The film was announced on 28 November 2023 by Astro Shaw that the film will release on 2025 together with BoBoiBoy Movie 3, produced by Animonsta Studios that will distribute by them too.
Pre-production was starting by May 2023, when Anwari reveals front cover of the script. Later, Astro Shaw casting the main character by 3 phase of cast watched by Anwari on Astro's HQ where the first phase received over 300 submissions in Internet. Besides Nas, Remy Ishak, Rosyam Nor and Anwaar Beg Moghal were casting by Anwari himself. Anwari tol the media that there will be other casts time by time through filming session. Astro are planning to make Keluang Man into a cinematic universe inspired by Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), won't be limited to just a film. Tiong Man, sidekick for Keluang Man didn't reveal even though receive demand from fans about that character.
Principal photography will begin in April 2024 for 2 months, after Eid al-Fitr. The stunt training will lead by Reza Shukor, stunt coordinator of Projek: High Council. | [
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"title": "Production"
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"text": "Before Astro Shaw continue their project, Astro Shaw struck a partnership with Iconic Animation Studio, the original IP of Keluang Man. The partnership were concluded in Astro's HQ in Bukit Jalil in May 2022 with the attendance of Raja Jastina Raja Arshad, Head of Astro Shaw and Nusantara. Raja Jastina told The Vibes;",
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"text": "\"Even though the series first aired a long time ago, it is still beloved by many Malaysians, and we see high demand and huge anticipation from the fans for the return of Keluang Man, proving that this superhero has a special place in the audiences’ hearts and is indeed evergreen.",
"title": "Production"
},
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"text": "\"We hope that this good news would excite the fans and show that local animation has the potential to be elevated to greater heights.”",
"title": "Production"
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"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Pre-production was starting by May 2023, when Anwari reveals front cover of the script. Later, Astro Shaw casting the main character by 3 phase of cast watched by Anwari on Astro's HQ where the first phase received over 300 submissions in Internet. Besides Nas, Remy Ishak, Rosyam Nor and Anwaar Beg Moghal were casting by Anwari himself. Anwari tol the media that there will be other casts time by time through filming session. Astro are planning to make Keluang Man into a cinematic universe inspired by Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), won't be limited to just a film. Tiong Man, sidekick for Keluang Man didn't reveal even though receive demand from fans about that character.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
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"text": "Principal photography will begin in April 2024 for 2 months, after Eid al-Fitr. The stunt training will lead by Reza Shukor, stunt coordinator of Projek: High Council.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | Keluang Man is an upcoming 2025 Malaysian live-action superhero film based on the eponymous Malaysian animated series. Produced by Astro Shaw and Pasal Productions, it's a live-action film based on the animated series created by the late Kamn Ismail, and will be the first fully live-action film from a Malaysian animation series of the 1990s. The film will be directed by Anwari Ashraf, who co-wrote it with Roshfaizal Ariffin and Luqman Sheikh Ghazali. It stars Nas-T as Keluang Man, Remy Ishak as Shamsir, Rosyam Nor as Ahmad and Anwaar Beg Moghal as Inspector Sahab. The film was planned by Astro Shaw Writers' Room since 2019, led by Anwari and Roshfaizal. Development began in May 2023 when Anwari revealed the front page of the script through his social media. Nas was chosen as the main character through casting on social media from July to August 2023. Principal photography will begin in April 2024 after the Eid al-Fitr month. | 2023-12-18T07:44:05Z | 2023-12-20T14:36:48Z | [
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75,591,311 | Quar Park Rangers F.C. | Quar Park Rangers F.C. was a Welsh football club based in Merthyr Tydfil. The team last played in the Aberdare Valley League Division One (A), which is at the eighth tier of the Welsh football league system.
The club was founded in 2005, joining the Merthyr & District League.
The club reached the final of the 2018–19 South Wales FA Senior Cup, losing to Llanrumney United.
The club competed in the 2019–20 Welsh Cup, losing to Merthyr Saints in the first qualifying round.
The club was admitted to the Aberdare Valley League for the 2020–21 season, but the season was cancelled due the COVID-19 pandemic. The club folded in 2021. | [
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"title": "Background"
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"text": "The club was admitted to the Aberdare Valley League for the 2020–21 season, but the season was cancelled due the COVID-19 pandemic. The club folded in 2021.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | Quar Park Rangers F.C. was a Welsh football club based in Merthyr Tydfil. The team last played in the Aberdare Valley League Division One (A), which is at the eighth tier of the Welsh football league system. | 2023-12-18T07:47:16Z | 2023-12-29T12:34:51Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quar_Park_Rangers_F.C. |
75,591,317 | Detroit Lake (Minnesota) | Detroit Lake is a lake, locally known as Big Detroit and Little Detroit, has two distinct basins that are separated by a shallow gravel bar. At 3,067 acres, Detroit Lake is the largest lake within the Pelican River Watershed District and lies entirely within the city of Detroit Lakes, Minnesota municipal boundaries.
Detroit Lake was created about 10,000 years ago as the receding glaciers left thick deposits of gravel, sand and clay. Broken from the glacier and imbedded in these deposits were large chunks of ice which, when melted, left depressions to become lakes, including Detroit.
black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, brown bullhead, brown trout, bullheads, channel catfish, green sunfish, hybrid sunfish, lake sturgeon, largemouth bass, muskellunge, northern pike, pumpkinseed, rock bass, smallmouth bass, sunfish, tullibee (cisco), walleye, yellow bullhead, yellow perch, bowfin (dogfish), white sucker, banded killifish, blackchin shiner, blacknose shiner, bluntnose minnow, brook stickleback, central mudminnow, common shiner, creek chub, golden shiner, Iowa darter, Johnny darter, logperch, minnows, pugnose shiner, shiners, spottail shiner, tadpole madtom. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Detroit Lake is a lake, locally known as Big Detroit and Little Detroit, has two distinct basins that are separated by a shallow gravel bar. At 3,067 acres, Detroit Lake is the largest lake within the Pelican River Watershed District and lies entirely within the city of Detroit Lakes, Minnesota municipal boundaries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Detroit Lake was created about 10,000 years ago as the receding glaciers left thick deposits of gravel, sand and clay. Broken from the glacier and imbedded in these deposits were large chunks of ice which, when melted, left depressions to become lakes, including Detroit.",
"title": "Geological history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, brown bullhead, brown trout, bullheads, channel catfish, green sunfish, hybrid sunfish, lake sturgeon, largemouth bass, muskellunge, northern pike, pumpkinseed, rock bass, smallmouth bass, sunfish, tullibee (cisco), walleye, yellow bullhead, yellow perch, bowfin (dogfish), white sucker, banded killifish, blackchin shiner, blacknose shiner, bluntnose minnow, brook stickleback, central mudminnow, common shiner, creek chub, golden shiner, Iowa darter, Johnny darter, logperch, minnows, pugnose shiner, shiners, spottail shiner, tadpole madtom.",
"title": "Fish species"
}
] | Detroit Lake is a lake, locally known as Big Detroit and Little Detroit, has two distinct basins that are separated by a shallow gravel bar. At 3,067 acres, Detroit Lake is the largest lake within the Pelican River Watershed District and lies entirely within the city of Detroit Lakes, Minnesota municipal boundaries. | 2023-12-18T07:48:29Z | 2023-12-22T19:44:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lake_(Minnesota) |
75,591,323 | Gabito Ballesteros | Gabriel "Gabito" Ballesteros Abril (born 23 July 1999) is a Mexican singer-songwriter and record producer. He is considered one of the rising acts in the corridos tumbados movement, following in the footsteps of artists such as Peso Pluma, Natanael Cano, and Junior H. He is best known for collaborating with these artists on singles such as "AMG" in 2022 and "Lady Gaga" in 2023, both of which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number 1 in Mexico. Ballesteros also collaborated with Becky G in the 2023 single, "La Nena".
Gabito Ballesteros Abril was born on 23 July 1999 in Cumpas, Sonora, to Gabriel Ballesteros Guzmán and Mónica Abril Medina, both from Cumpas. He has two sisters. At the age of eight, Ballesteros was taught to play guitar by his mother and he began playing in a choir at the local Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe church. When he was nine, he joined a children's mariachi formed by the priest that played at religious celebrations in town. Ballesteros soon learned to play other instruments such as the trumpet, the violin, and the vihuela, but was chosen as the group's lead vocalist after a rendition of "El Rey". He led the group to local notoriety as they began playing at a wide variety of events in the region.
Ballesteros attended the Escuela Secundaria Prof. Rafael N. Varela for secondary school and won first place in many musical competitions. At the age of 14, he took a music course in Hermosillo over the summer, which motivated him to begin uploading covers to Facebook and YouTube. Ballesteros also learned to play bass guitar from the parish priest and formed part of a group called Diamante Norteño. He has stated that he drew inspiration from artists such as Joan Sebastian, Remmy Valenzuela, and Julión Álvarez.
Ballesteros first went viral when his cover of the song "Apagaré La Luz" was reposted by the original artist, Los Hermanos Vega Jr. In September 2014, he performed alongside Apache Nueva Imagen at the Tucson Expo Center in Tucson, Arizona. Ballesteros also joined Grupo Laberinto [es] on stage at another event. The following month, he signed a deal with No Name Records and New Generation Music. Ballesteros recorded professionally for the first time in January 2015. Soon thereafter he released his debut single, "Yo Quiero Ser" featuring La Destructiva Norteño Banda, which received some regional airplay. However, he decided to put a pause on his musical career in order to fulfill his parents' wishes and pursue his education, as he later explained in an interview with Billboard; Ballesteros earned his degree in industrial engineering in 2022. During this time, he developed a friendship with Natanael Cano and eventually signed to his record label, Los CT.
Ballesteros released his second single, a collaboration with Aldo Trujillo titled "El Rompecabezas", in August 2020, followed by a solo single called "Fuentes de Ortiz" the following month. In March 2022, he released his breakout single, "El Chamán". The song, which he co-produced with José Ángel Félix, surpassed three million streams on Spotify within a few weeks of its release. Ballesteros followed this with a single titled "El Sereno" in May. He then collaborated with Junior H on the single "Vamos Para Arriba" in June, followed by a duet with Iván Orozco titled "El Piquetito" in July.
On 24 November 2022, Ballesteros collaborated with Natanael Cano and Peso Pluma to release "AMG", a single named after the Mercedes-AMG G 63. A music video was uploaded to Cano's YouTube channel the next day featuring the trio partying in the Mexican city nightlife, splicing in between footage of Mexican brass players. "AMG" was Ballesteros' first entry in Billboard Hot Latin Songs, debuting at number 41 on the week dated 10 December. It also debuted at number 25 on Mexico Songs the next week. "AMG" climbed to number 10 in Mexico Songs on the chart dated 14 January 2023, becoming Ballesteros' first top-ten hit, before reaching number 3 the following week. He earned his second entry in Hot Latin Songs when "Vamos Para Arriba" appeared at number 32 on the chart dated 28 January. With 5.8 million US streams, "AMG" debuted at number 92 in the Billboard Hot 100 chart ending on 4 February, marking the singer's first Hot 100 entry of his career. It also rose to number 10 in Hot Latin Songs, becoming his first top-ten hit on that chart. "AMG" later surged to number one on the Mexico Songs chart and peaked at number 6 in Hot Latin Songs on 25 February.
He joined Natanael Cano on his Tumbado Tour in 2023.
He was named the Billboard Latin Artist on the Rise for July 2023.
In December 2023, he signed a publishing deal with Warner Chappell Music (WCM). "Gabito is shaping the future of Latin music by blending traditional Mexican rhythms with modern melodies and production," said Gustavo Menéndez, president of the WCM U.S. Latin & Latin America division. "His talent has reminded us that music and songwriting are universal, and we’re so proud to partner with him as he continues to cement his place as one of Latin’s top acts." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gabriel \"Gabito\" Ballesteros Abril (born 23 July 1999) is a Mexican singer-songwriter and record producer. He is considered one of the rising acts in the corridos tumbados movement, following in the footsteps of artists such as Peso Pluma, Natanael Cano, and Junior H. He is best known for collaborating with these artists on singles such as \"AMG\" in 2022 and \"Lady Gaga\" in 2023, both of which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number 1 in Mexico. Ballesteros also collaborated with Becky G in the 2023 single, \"La Nena\".",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Gabito Ballesteros Abril was born on 23 July 1999 in Cumpas, Sonora, to Gabriel Ballesteros Guzmán and Mónica Abril Medina, both from Cumpas. He has two sisters. At the age of eight, Ballesteros was taught to play guitar by his mother and he began playing in a choir at the local Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe church. When he was nine, he joined a children's mariachi formed by the priest that played at religious celebrations in town. Ballesteros soon learned to play other instruments such as the trumpet, the violin, and the vihuela, but was chosen as the group's lead vocalist after a rendition of \"El Rey\". He led the group to local notoriety as they began playing at a wide variety of events in the region.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ballesteros attended the Escuela Secundaria Prof. Rafael N. Varela for secondary school and won first place in many musical competitions. At the age of 14, he took a music course in Hermosillo over the summer, which motivated him to begin uploading covers to Facebook and YouTube. Ballesteros also learned to play bass guitar from the parish priest and formed part of a group called Diamante Norteño. He has stated that he drew inspiration from artists such as Joan Sebastian, Remmy Valenzuela, and Julión Álvarez.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Ballesteros first went viral when his cover of the song \"Apagaré La Luz\" was reposted by the original artist, Los Hermanos Vega Jr. In September 2014, he performed alongside Apache Nueva Imagen at the Tucson Expo Center in Tucson, Arizona. Ballesteros also joined Grupo Laberinto [es] on stage at another event. The following month, he signed a deal with No Name Records and New Generation Music. Ballesteros recorded professionally for the first time in January 2015. Soon thereafter he released his debut single, \"Yo Quiero Ser\" featuring La Destructiva Norteño Banda, which received some regional airplay. However, he decided to put a pause on his musical career in order to fulfill his parents' wishes and pursue his education, as he later explained in an interview with Billboard; Ballesteros earned his degree in industrial engineering in 2022. During this time, he developed a friendship with Natanael Cano and eventually signed to his record label, Los CT.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ballesteros released his second single, a collaboration with Aldo Trujillo titled \"El Rompecabezas\", in August 2020, followed by a solo single called \"Fuentes de Ortiz\" the following month. In March 2022, he released his breakout single, \"El Chamán\". The song, which he co-produced with José Ángel Félix, surpassed three million streams on Spotify within a few weeks of its release. Ballesteros followed this with a single titled \"El Sereno\" in May. He then collaborated with Junior H on the single \"Vamos Para Arriba\" in June, followed by a duet with Iván Orozco titled \"El Piquetito\" in July.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 24 November 2022, Ballesteros collaborated with Natanael Cano and Peso Pluma to release \"AMG\", a single named after the Mercedes-AMG G 63. A music video was uploaded to Cano's YouTube channel the next day featuring the trio partying in the Mexican city nightlife, splicing in between footage of Mexican brass players. \"AMG\" was Ballesteros' first entry in Billboard Hot Latin Songs, debuting at number 41 on the week dated 10 December. It also debuted at number 25 on Mexico Songs the next week. \"AMG\" climbed to number 10 in Mexico Songs on the chart dated 14 January 2023, becoming Ballesteros' first top-ten hit, before reaching number 3 the following week. He earned his second entry in Hot Latin Songs when \"Vamos Para Arriba\" appeared at number 32 on the chart dated 28 January. With 5.8 million US streams, \"AMG\" debuted at number 92 in the Billboard Hot 100 chart ending on 4 February, marking the singer's first Hot 100 entry of his career. It also rose to number 10 in Hot Latin Songs, becoming his first top-ten hit on that chart. \"AMG\" later surged to number one on the Mexico Songs chart and peaked at number 6 in Hot Latin Songs on 25 February.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He joined Natanael Cano on his Tumbado Tour in 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "He was named the Billboard Latin Artist on the Rise for July 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In December 2023, he signed a publishing deal with Warner Chappell Music (WCM). \"Gabito is shaping the future of Latin music by blending traditional Mexican rhythms with modern melodies and production,\" said Gustavo Menéndez, president of the WCM U.S. Latin & Latin America division. \"His talent has reminded us that music and songwriting are universal, and we’re so proud to partner with him as he continues to cement his place as one of Latin’s top acts.\"",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Gabriel "Gabito" Ballesteros Abril is a Mexican singer-songwriter and record producer. He is considered one of the rising acts in the corridos tumbados movement, following in the footsteps of artists such as Peso Pluma, Natanael Cano, and Junior H. He is best known for collaborating with these artists on singles such as "AMG" in 2022 and "Lady Gaga" in 2023, both of which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number 1 in Mexico. Ballesteros also collaborated with Becky G in the 2023 single, "La Nena". | 2023-12-18T07:49:04Z | 2023-12-27T07:25:36Z | [
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75,591,342 | Alliance Towards the Future | The Alliance Towards the Future (Khmer: សម្ព័ន្ធភាពឆ្ពោះទៅអនាគត,UNGEGN: Sampnthopheap Chhpaohtow Aneakot) is an opposition alliance in Cambodia. The opposition alliance includes the Candlelight Party and three minor parties, the Khmer Will Party, the Grassroots Democratic Party, and the Cambodia Reform Party, with its main focus is to field candidates in the 2024 senate and provincial elections and the general election of 2028 as well as the local commune elections of 2027.
After the Candlelight Party was officially denied registration by the National Election Committee, meaning that they were disqualified from participating in the election. The reason given was a failure to submit proper registration documents, which the party said it would appeal. The representatives of the Candlelight Party (CP) have agreed to meet with the Ministry of Interior to resolve issues with the party's misplaced original registration papers. Parties are only permitted to take part in national elections under the rules set forth by the National Election Committee if they present the identical original document that was shared with the Interior Ministry at the time of the party's registration. In the most recent National Election, the CLP was disqualified from running for office after failing to present it. In order to restore its status as a duly registered party with the ministry, the opposition party requested the meeting in order to obtain a copy of the original paperwork from the ministry. The ministry however stated that they must retain a copy of the original document for their records and that they are unable to give it to the CLP.
After getting denied the documents by the Ministry of Interior, in order to challenge the ruling party's dominance in the next elections forward, the Candlelight party has teamed up with three minority parties that were unable to win any seats: Khmer Will Party, Grassroots Democratic group, and Cambodia Reform Party. The alliance known as "Alliance Towards The Future" was unveiled, with its goal is to unite power through collective democracy in order to challenge the CPP in the commune elections of 2027 and the national elections of 2028. All four parties will keep their own parties, but a working group will be established to oversee the Alliance Towards the Future process. Additionally, they will designate districts to which candidates from each party will run in the election. Some political analysts expressing concern over whether the alliance will face the same fate as of CNRP.
On 8 November 2023, the Alliance had chosen to support the Khmer Will Party list for the 2024 senate and provincial elections, members of CLP are welcome to join the KWP to contest in the elections. The NEC later which approved the list of KWP candidates for the 2024 senate election. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Alliance Towards the Future (Khmer: សម្ព័ន្ធភាពឆ្ពោះទៅអនាគត,UNGEGN: Sampnthopheap Chhpaohtow Aneakot) is an opposition alliance in Cambodia. The opposition alliance includes the Candlelight Party and three minor parties, the Khmer Will Party, the Grassroots Democratic Party, and the Cambodia Reform Party, with its main focus is to field candidates in the 2024 senate and provincial elections and the general election of 2028 as well as the local commune elections of 2027.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After the Candlelight Party was officially denied registration by the National Election Committee, meaning that they were disqualified from participating in the election. The reason given was a failure to submit proper registration documents, which the party said it would appeal. The representatives of the Candlelight Party (CP) have agreed to meet with the Ministry of Interior to resolve issues with the party's misplaced original registration papers. Parties are only permitted to take part in national elections under the rules set forth by the National Election Committee if they present the identical original document that was shared with the Interior Ministry at the time of the party's registration. In the most recent National Election, the CLP was disqualified from running for office after failing to present it. In order to restore its status as a duly registered party with the ministry, the opposition party requested the meeting in order to obtain a copy of the original paperwork from the ministry. The ministry however stated that they must retain a copy of the original document for their records and that they are unable to give it to the CLP.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After getting denied the documents by the Ministry of Interior, in order to challenge the ruling party's dominance in the next elections forward, the Candlelight party has teamed up with three minority parties that were unable to win any seats: Khmer Will Party, Grassroots Democratic group, and Cambodia Reform Party. The alliance known as \"Alliance Towards The Future\" was unveiled, with its goal is to unite power through collective democracy in order to challenge the CPP in the commune elections of 2027 and the national elections of 2028. All four parties will keep their own parties, but a working group will be established to oversee the Alliance Towards the Future process. Additionally, they will designate districts to which candidates from each party will run in the election. Some political analysts expressing concern over whether the alliance will face the same fate as of CNRP.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 8 November 2023, the Alliance had chosen to support the Khmer Will Party list for the 2024 senate and provincial elections, members of CLP are welcome to join the KWP to contest in the elections. The NEC later which approved the list of KWP candidates for the 2024 senate election.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The Alliance Towards the Future is an opposition alliance in Cambodia. The opposition alliance includes the Candlelight Party and three minor parties, the Khmer Will Party, the Grassroots Democratic Party, and the Cambodia Reform Party, with its main focus is to field candidates in the 2024 senate and provincial elections and the general election of 2028 as well as the local commune elections of 2027. | 2023-12-18T07:53:40Z | 2023-12-21T15:59:57Z | [
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75,591,358 | Boron neutron capture therapeutics | Boron neutron capture therapeutics are pharmaceuticals used to deliver boron-10 to cancerous cells as part of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Boron-10 atoms strongly absorb neutrons to form a metastable state of boron-11, which undergoes α-decay. By accumulating boron-10 in cancerous cells and subjecting the tumor to neutron radiation, high-energy α particles are selectively delivered only to the target cells. In order for BNCT to be effective, safe, and successful, therapeutic candidates must be non-toxic, must selectively accumulate in target tissue and not normal tissue, and must remain in target tissue while fading from the blood stream. As of 2023, the technology is available in Japan only, and even there few implementations have been reported.
Neutron capture therapy was first proposed in the literature in 1936 by Gordon L. Locher, who observed that isotopes with large neutron capture cross sections, such as boron-10, could be accumulated in cancerous tissue and bombarded with thermal neutrons to induce destruction of the cancerous cells. This idea was attractive because it had the potential to be more selective than traditional chemo- and radiotherapies. However, BNCT requires a neutron beam to act as a source of thermal neutrons and a suitable boron-delivery agent; neither was available at the time of Locher's suggestion. Therefore, it was not until the 1950s, when nuclear reactors were available to medical researchers, that Locher's proposal was put into practice.
A BNCT therapeutic candidate must selectively accumulate in target tissue without significant uptake in normal tissue. If selectivity is low and boron accumulates in both, irradiation with thermal neutrons will cause significant damage to healthy tissue; if boron accumulates in neither, the treatment will be ineffective. Selectivity is quantified by the tumor:normal tissue boron ratio, which compares the concentration of boron atoms in tumor cells with that in the patient's healthy cells. A large tumor:normal tissue ratio (~3 or greater) is necessary. In addition, boron must remain in target tissue at significant concentrations (~20 μg/g) for long enough that concentration in the blood drops to low levels (generally several hours).
Early work in the 1950s made use of widely available non-toxic boron compounds such as sodium borate (also known as borax) and boric acid. Sodium borate was used to treat nearly a dozen patients with BNCT through a collaboration between Massachusetts General Hospital and Brookhaven National Laboratory. The results were inconclusive and lack of success was blamed on the short lifetime of the tumor:normal tissue differential.
Seeking to improve selectivity through chemical modification, studies were performed to correlate lipid solubility with penetration of the blood-brain barrier in mice. It was determined that compounds with high solubility in benzene are more capable of penetrating the brain, and should thus be avoided as BNCT therapeutics. Based on this data, boron-10 enriched samples of p-carboxyphenylboronic acid (PCPB) and sodium decahydrodecaborate (Na2B10H10) were selected for BNCT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology research reactor. The therapy was performed on eighteen patients before the realization that patients were receiving severe radiation damage to normal tissue ended the trial. Later analysis established the likely cause of death as radiation necrosis for at least nine patients, and the study has been described as a “total failure”. Radiation necrosis was attributed to fission of boron-10 atoms in the bloodstream, damaging adjacent blood vessels. PCPB and Na2B10H10 had been selected for their promising tumor:normal tissue differentials; however, the concentration of boron-10 in patients’ blood was not considered as significant a concern until after these results.
Building on the dodecaborane anion ([B12H12]) discovered in part by M. Frederick Hawthorne, Earl Muetterties et al. developed the monosubstituted derivative sodium borocaptate (BSH, Na2B12H11SH). While screening boron compounds for use in BNCT, it was discovered that BSH and other monosubstituted sulfhydryl boron hydride clusters accumulate in cancerous cells without lingering in the blood stream — exactly the properties needed for new BNCT therapeutics. It has been theorized that the thiol moiety present in BSH plays a role in the differing biological uptake properties between [B12H12] and BSH, though more research must be done to understand the relevant biochemistry.
Although clinical work with BNCT in the United States was paused for decades after the MIT reactor experiments, BNCT continued in Japan. Using BSH synthesized by the Shionogi pharmaceutical company, BNCT was used to treat over 200 patients by Hiroshi Hatanaka, Yoshinobu Nakagawa, and their colleagues. The success and efficacy of the Hatanaka/Nakagawa work has been debated, with some arguing that there was no significant improvement in patient outcomes; others argue, however, that critics are focusing on small subsamples of the patient population, and are not taking into account that neutron beams accessible to Hatanaka were much less powerful than those at Brookhaven and at MIT. Further studies have been carried out in the Netherlands and the Czech Republic, and BSH continues to be tested for BNCT.
First synthesized in 1958 by Snyder et al., boronophenylalanine (BPA) and its more water-soluble fructose complex (BPA-F) were not initially acknowledged as potential BNCT therapeutics. In the 1970s, however, researchers in Japan proposed that BPA could be used to target malignant melanomas with BNCT. Previous work on BNCT had only targeted cancers of the brain, using the blood-brain barrier to improve tumor:normal tissue differentials. Researchers argued, however, that similarities between BPA and the precursor amino acids to melanin meant that melanomas may selectively accumulate BPA. Clinical trials began again in the United States in the 1990s at Brookhaven and at MIT using BPA, both for melanomas and glioblastomas. In contrast with the Japanese BSH trials, higher-energy epithermal neutrons were used in place of thermal neutrons, allowing for deeper penetration into the brain without the need for neurosurgery during treatment. Further trials with BPA have been carried out in Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Taiwan, and Japan. In some trials, both BPA and BSH were used as the delivery agent, and some studies have tested the effectiveness of BNCT in conjunction with traditional chemo- and radiotherapies. The primary flaw with both BSH and BPA/BPA-F seems to be heterogeneity in distribution of boron-10 throughout the tumors.
Despite some successes with BSH and BPA, broad variability in tumor uptake and heterogeneous distribution within tumors have led researchers to pursue updated alternatives. Third-generation boron delivery agents are marked by inclusion of a specific chemical tumor-targeting moiety, often borrowed from those established in chemotherapy, linked to a boron-carrying compound. These targeted drug delivery systems are designed to bind the delivery agent to chemical sites found in tumor cells, rather than relying on secondary properties such as hydrophilicity; the use of BPA to target melanomas was an early example. Examples of compounds derivativized for BNCT include "peptides, proteins, antibodies, nucleosides, sugars, porphyrins, liposomes and nanoparticles." While animal and in vitro studies have shown potential, no third-generation boron delivery agent has yet been used in a clinical trial. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Boron neutron capture therapeutics are pharmaceuticals used to deliver boron-10 to cancerous cells as part of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Boron-10 atoms strongly absorb neutrons to form a metastable state of boron-11, which undergoes α-decay. By accumulating boron-10 in cancerous cells and subjecting the tumor to neutron radiation, high-energy α particles are selectively delivered only to the target cells. In order for BNCT to be effective, safe, and successful, therapeutic candidates must be non-toxic, must selectively accumulate in target tissue and not normal tissue, and must remain in target tissue while fading from the blood stream. As of 2023, the technology is available in Japan only, and even there few implementations have been reported.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Neutron capture therapy was first proposed in the literature in 1936 by Gordon L. Locher, who observed that isotopes with large neutron capture cross sections, such as boron-10, could be accumulated in cancerous tissue and bombarded with thermal neutrons to induce destruction of the cancerous cells. This idea was attractive because it had the potential to be more selective than traditional chemo- and radiotherapies. However, BNCT requires a neutron beam to act as a source of thermal neutrons and a suitable boron-delivery agent; neither was available at the time of Locher's suggestion. Therefore, it was not until the 1950s, when nuclear reactors were available to medical researchers, that Locher's proposal was put into practice.",
"title": "Initial proposal and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A BNCT therapeutic candidate must selectively accumulate in target tissue without significant uptake in normal tissue. If selectivity is low and boron accumulates in both, irradiation with thermal neutrons will cause significant damage to healthy tissue; if boron accumulates in neither, the treatment will be ineffective. Selectivity is quantified by the tumor:normal tissue boron ratio, which compares the concentration of boron atoms in tumor cells with that in the patient's healthy cells. A large tumor:normal tissue ratio (~3 or greater) is necessary. In addition, boron must remain in target tissue at significant concentrations (~20 μg/g) for long enough that concentration in the blood drops to low levels (generally several hours).",
"title": "Boron delivery agents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Early work in the 1950s made use of widely available non-toxic boron compounds such as sodium borate (also known as borax) and boric acid. Sodium borate was used to treat nearly a dozen patients with BNCT through a collaboration between Massachusetts General Hospital and Brookhaven National Laboratory. The results were inconclusive and lack of success was blamed on the short lifetime of the tumor:normal tissue differential.",
"title": "Boron delivery agents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Seeking to improve selectivity through chemical modification, studies were performed to correlate lipid solubility with penetration of the blood-brain barrier in mice. It was determined that compounds with high solubility in benzene are more capable of penetrating the brain, and should thus be avoided as BNCT therapeutics. Based on this data, boron-10 enriched samples of p-carboxyphenylboronic acid (PCPB) and sodium decahydrodecaborate (Na2B10H10) were selected for BNCT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology research reactor. The therapy was performed on eighteen patients before the realization that patients were receiving severe radiation damage to normal tissue ended the trial. Later analysis established the likely cause of death as radiation necrosis for at least nine patients, and the study has been described as a “total failure”. Radiation necrosis was attributed to fission of boron-10 atoms in the bloodstream, damaging adjacent blood vessels. PCPB and Na2B10H10 had been selected for their promising tumor:normal tissue differentials; however, the concentration of boron-10 in patients’ blood was not considered as significant a concern until after these results.",
"title": "Boron delivery agents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Building on the dodecaborane anion ([B12H12]) discovered in part by M. Frederick Hawthorne, Earl Muetterties et al. developed the monosubstituted derivative sodium borocaptate (BSH, Na2B12H11SH). While screening boron compounds for use in BNCT, it was discovered that BSH and other monosubstituted sulfhydryl boron hydride clusters accumulate in cancerous cells without lingering in the blood stream — exactly the properties needed for new BNCT therapeutics. It has been theorized that the thiol moiety present in BSH plays a role in the differing biological uptake properties between [B12H12] and BSH, though more research must be done to understand the relevant biochemistry.",
"title": "Boron delivery agents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Although clinical work with BNCT in the United States was paused for decades after the MIT reactor experiments, BNCT continued in Japan. Using BSH synthesized by the Shionogi pharmaceutical company, BNCT was used to treat over 200 patients by Hiroshi Hatanaka, Yoshinobu Nakagawa, and their colleagues. The success and efficacy of the Hatanaka/Nakagawa work has been debated, with some arguing that there was no significant improvement in patient outcomes; others argue, however, that critics are focusing on small subsamples of the patient population, and are not taking into account that neutron beams accessible to Hatanaka were much less powerful than those at Brookhaven and at MIT. Further studies have been carried out in the Netherlands and the Czech Republic, and BSH continues to be tested for BNCT.",
"title": "Boron delivery agents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "First synthesized in 1958 by Snyder et al., boronophenylalanine (BPA) and its more water-soluble fructose complex (BPA-F) were not initially acknowledged as potential BNCT therapeutics. In the 1970s, however, researchers in Japan proposed that BPA could be used to target malignant melanomas with BNCT. Previous work on BNCT had only targeted cancers of the brain, using the blood-brain barrier to improve tumor:normal tissue differentials. Researchers argued, however, that similarities between BPA and the precursor amino acids to melanin meant that melanomas may selectively accumulate BPA. Clinical trials began again in the United States in the 1990s at Brookhaven and at MIT using BPA, both for melanomas and glioblastomas. In contrast with the Japanese BSH trials, higher-energy epithermal neutrons were used in place of thermal neutrons, allowing for deeper penetration into the brain without the need for neurosurgery during treatment. Further trials with BPA have been carried out in Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Taiwan, and Japan. In some trials, both BPA and BSH were used as the delivery agent, and some studies have tested the effectiveness of BNCT in conjunction with traditional chemo- and radiotherapies. The primary flaw with both BSH and BPA/BPA-F seems to be heterogeneity in distribution of boron-10 throughout the tumors.",
"title": "Boron delivery agents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Despite some successes with BSH and BPA, broad variability in tumor uptake and heterogeneous distribution within tumors have led researchers to pursue updated alternatives. Third-generation boron delivery agents are marked by inclusion of a specific chemical tumor-targeting moiety, often borrowed from those established in chemotherapy, linked to a boron-carrying compound. These targeted drug delivery systems are designed to bind the delivery agent to chemical sites found in tumor cells, rather than relying on secondary properties such as hydrophilicity; the use of BPA to target melanomas was an early example. Examples of compounds derivativized for BNCT include \"peptides, proteins, antibodies, nucleosides, sugars, porphyrins, liposomes and nanoparticles.\" While animal and in vitro studies have shown potential, no third-generation boron delivery agent has yet been used in a clinical trial.",
"title": "Boron delivery agents"
}
] | Boron neutron capture therapeutics are pharmaceuticals used to deliver boron-10 to cancerous cells as part of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Boron-10 atoms strongly absorb neutrons to form a metastable state of boron-11, which undergoes α-decay. By accumulating boron-10 in cancerous cells and subjecting the tumor to neutron radiation, high-energy α particles are selectively delivered only to the target cells. In order for BNCT to be effective, safe, and successful, therapeutic candidates must be non-toxic, must selectively accumulate in target tissue and not normal tissue, and must remain in target tissue while fading from the blood stream. As of 2023, the technology is available in Japan only, and even there few implementations have been reported. | 2023-12-18T07:56:23Z | 2023-12-29T21:35:31Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Citation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_neutron_capture_therapeutics |
75,591,372 | Petr Popelka | Petr Popelka (born 1986, Prague) is a Czech conductor and composer.
Popelka studied music and played the double bass at the Prague Conservatory. He continued his studies at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg, where his teachers included Božo Paradžik. At age 19, Popelka became a member of the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra, and in 2009 joined the academy of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. From 2010 to 2019, Popelka was deputy principal double bassist of the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden. Popelka was composer-in-residence at the PODIUM festival in Mödling in 2015.
During his orchestral tenure in Dresden, Popelka developed an increased interest in conducting. His conducting mentors have included Vladimir Kiradjiev, Péter Eötvös, Alan Gilbert, Jaap van Zweden and Johannes Schlaefli. He was a recipient of the Neeme Järvi Prize in 2017. In the 2019–2020 season, he was the first conducting fellow at the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. From 2020 to 2023, Popelka was chief conductor of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, his first chief conductorship. He has served as principal guest conductor of the Janáček Philharmonic Ostrava.
Popelka became chief conductor and artistic director of the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra as of the 2022–2023 season. He first guest-conducted the Vienna Symphony in May 2022. In June 2023, the Vienna Symphony announced the appointment of Popelka as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2024–2025 season, with an initial contract of five seasons. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Petr Popelka (born 1986, Prague) is a Czech conductor and composer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Popelka studied music and played the double bass at the Prague Conservatory. He continued his studies at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg, where his teachers included Božo Paradžik. At age 19, Popelka became a member of the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra, and in 2009 joined the academy of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. From 2010 to 2019, Popelka was deputy principal double bassist of the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden. Popelka was composer-in-residence at the PODIUM festival in Mödling in 2015.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During his orchestral tenure in Dresden, Popelka developed an increased interest in conducting. His conducting mentors have included Vladimir Kiradjiev, Péter Eötvös, Alan Gilbert, Jaap van Zweden and Johannes Schlaefli. He was a recipient of the Neeme Järvi Prize in 2017. In the 2019–2020 season, he was the first conducting fellow at the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. From 2020 to 2023, Popelka was chief conductor of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, his first chief conductorship. He has served as principal guest conductor of the Janáček Philharmonic Ostrava.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Popelka became chief conductor and artistic director of the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra as of the 2022–2023 season. He first guest-conducted the Vienna Symphony in May 2022. In June 2023, the Vienna Symphony announced the appointment of Popelka as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2024–2025 season, with an initial contract of five seasons.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Petr Popelka is a Czech conductor and composer. | 2023-12-18T08:02:58Z | 2023-12-19T08:02:49Z | [
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75,591,386 | Tarmo Peltokoski | Tarmo Peltokoski (born 2000, Vaasa) is a Finnish conductor and pianist.
Peltokoski is of Finnish ancestry on his father's side and Filipino ancestry on his mother's side. He began piano studies at age 8. At age 14, Peltokoski's father contacted Jorma Panula about accepting his son for conducting studies. At his annual master class in Vaasa, Panula met Peltokoski, and subsequently accepted him as a private conducting student for the next four years. Peltokoski continued his music studies at the Sibelius Academy, where his conducting instructors included Sakari Oramo, before leaving the institution without a degree. His other conducting mentors have included Hannu Lintu.
During the COVID-19 lockdown, the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen invited Peltokoski for a guest-conducting engagement in late 2020, at the suggestion of Pekka Kuusisto and Iiro Rantala. Peltokoski first guest-conducted the orchestra in a public concert in June 2021. In January 2022, the orchestra appointed Peltokoski its principal guest conductor, the first conductor to be granted that title in the orchestra's history.
In January 2022, Peltokoski first guest-conducted the Latvian National Symphony Orchestra (LNSO). In May 2022, the LNSO announced the appointment of Peltokoski as its next music director and artistic director, effective with the 2022-2023 season.
In May 2022, Peltokoski first guest-conducted the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra (RPhO). On the basis of this appearance, the RPhO announced the appointment of Peltokoski as its next principal guest conductor, effective with the 2023-2024 season, with an initial contract of 4 years.
In September 2022, Peltokoski first guest-conducted the Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse. He returned for an additional guest-conducting appearance in October 2022. In December 2022, the orchestra announced the appointment of Peltokoski as its next music director, effective with the 2024-2025 season, with an initial contract of five seasons.
In January 2023, Peltokoski made his US guest-conducting debut with the San Diego Symphony. In October 2023, Peltokoski signed a recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon. | [
{
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"text": "Tarmo Peltokoski (born 2000, Vaasa) is a Finnish conductor and pianist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Peltokoski is of Finnish ancestry on his father's side and Filipino ancestry on his mother's side. He began piano studies at age 8. At age 14, Peltokoski's father contacted Jorma Panula about accepting his son for conducting studies. At his annual master class in Vaasa, Panula met Peltokoski, and subsequently accepted him as a private conducting student for the next four years. Peltokoski continued his music studies at the Sibelius Academy, where his conducting instructors included Sakari Oramo, before leaving the institution without a degree. His other conducting mentors have included Hannu Lintu.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "During the COVID-19 lockdown, the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen invited Peltokoski for a guest-conducting engagement in late 2020, at the suggestion of Pekka Kuusisto and Iiro Rantala. Peltokoski first guest-conducted the orchestra in a public concert in June 2021. In January 2022, the orchestra appointed Peltokoski its principal guest conductor, the first conductor to be granted that title in the orchestra's history.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In January 2022, Peltokoski first guest-conducted the Latvian National Symphony Orchestra (LNSO). In May 2022, the LNSO announced the appointment of Peltokoski as its next music director and artistic director, effective with the 2022-2023 season.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In May 2022, Peltokoski first guest-conducted the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra (RPhO). On the basis of this appearance, the RPhO announced the appointment of Peltokoski as its next principal guest conductor, effective with the 2023-2024 season, with an initial contract of 4 years.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "In September 2022, Peltokoski first guest-conducted the Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse. He returned for an additional guest-conducting appearance in October 2022. In December 2022, the orchestra announced the appointment of Peltokoski as its next music director, effective with the 2024-2025 season, with an initial contract of five seasons.",
"title": "Biography"
},
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] | Tarmo Peltokoski is a Finnish conductor and pianist. | 2023-12-18T08:06:28Z | 2023-12-18T11:16:37Z | [
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75,591,390 | NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir | The NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir was a Soviet war crime conducted by the NKVD in the city of Sambir, then located in occupied Poland (now in Ukraine). In the last days of June 1941, following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 700 prisoners held in the Sambir prison. The majority of those executed were Ukrainians and Poles. During the latter stage of the massacre, some prisoners actively resisted, which resulted in saving their lives. This atrocity was one of several prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviet secret police and army during the summer of 1941.
During the interwar period, Sambir (Ukrainian: Самбір, Polish: Sambor) was located within the borders of the Second Polish Republic and served as the center of the Sambir county in Lwów Voivodeship. After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, the city fell under Soviet occupation.
The NKVD detained individuals were held in the cells of the local prison situated on Drohobycka Street, in very close proximity to the pre-war district court building. The prison in Sambir was one of four Soviet prisons operating in the Drohobych Oblast. It was referred to as 'Prison No. 3' in Soviet official documents. Milchenko, an NKVD official, served as the prison warden. Near the prison also stood a building that had previously housed the pre-war county office, repurposed to accommodate the local NKVD post after the occupation began.
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany initiated an invasion of the Soviet Union. Owing to the swift progression of the German offensive, the NKVD began the process of exterminating political prisoners held within the war zone. In the summer of 1941, within the part of Poland occupied by the USSR, an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 individuals in prisons and detention centers were murdered.
According to documents from Soviet archives, as of June 10, 1941, the prison in Sambir held 1310 inmates. However, it is difficult to determine exactly how many prisoners were in their cells when the massacre commenced. Bogdan Musiał estimated that around 600–700 people were confined in the cells of Sambir prison when the German-Soviet war began. On the other hand, the reports prepared by the NKVD after the liquidation of the prisons in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR provide only summary information about the fate of inmates from prisons in Sambir and Stryi. Their content shows that on June 22, 1941, a total of 2,242 people were detained in both prisons. However, after the German invasion began, the NKVD began mass arrests of alleged 'enemies of the people.' These individuals were not registered in the prison records.
The massacre probably began on the first day of the German–Soviet war. Initially, the Soviets tried to give the executions an appearance of lawfulness. For this reason, the victims were called out of their cells in groups of 5–10 and then taken to the one of the prison’s building where the court-martial was held. After a quick "trial", the victims were taken to the prison basement and murdered there with a shot to the back of the head. The bodies were placed in layers in basement cells. Prisoners were continuously executed in this way for about 4–5 days. Some witnesses claimed that in that period of time about half of the inmates’ population was taken from their cells and murdered.
On June 25 or 26, the guards unexpectedly ordered the prisoners to pack their personal belongings and then took them out to the inner courtyard. It was probably a prelude to the planned evacuation deep into USSR. In the meantime, however, a local prosecutor named Stupakov arrived at the prison by car and, in harsh words, ordered prison warden Milchenko to continue "destroying the enemy". After Stupakov's departure, the prisoners were herded back into their cells and executions resumed.
On an unspecified day – probably June 26 or 27, although witnesses also gave later dates – the perpetrators decided to rapidly accelerate the liquidation of the prisoners. A group of about 50 people was taken to the inner courtyard, and then the NKVDs stationed in the guard towers and in the windows on the first and second floors opened fire with machine guns and started throwing grenades at them. Most of the prisoners were killed. However, at least a few managed to dodge the bullets and escape back into the building. They alerted the other prisoners, who broke the cell doors and escaped into the corridors. Stefan Duda, one of the survivors, claimed that prisoners armed with boards, buckets and other metal objects attacked the guards in the prison building.
Due to the prisoners' determined resistance, the NKVD personnel hesitated to retake the building. They only resorted to shooting at its windows and targeting those attempting to escape. Meanwhile, Prosecutor Stupakov attempted to halt a passing Red Army artillery unit and ordered its commander to fire at the prison building. However, the officer refused and proceeded eastward with his soldiers. After hours of gunfire, the NKVD forces broke the siege and withdrew, likely fearing the advancing German troops. As a result, several hundred prisoners survived; German sources estimated their number at around four hundred. With the departure of their would-be executioners, the prisoners fled through an unlocked gate and sought refuge in the city. According to one of the Polish survivors, the retreating Red Army soldiers did not impede the escapees, although they had to avoid the NKVD border troops.
After the Soviet evacuation from Sambir, residents visited the prison on Drohobycka Street. The bodies of prisoners killed in the latter phase of the massacre were discovered in the inner yard. Additionally, six cells filled with corpses were found in the building's basement. In three rooms, the bodies were relatively fresh and stacked to the ceiling, while in the other bricked-up rooms, they were in an advanced state of decomposition. Some bodies might have been taken outside the city by the NKVD. In early August 1941, or shortly after the massacre (accounts vary), approximately 116-118 bodies were accidentally uncovered on the banks of the Dniester. A preliminary examination led to their reburial, and the remains were not exhumed until 1991. The identities of those in this grave, whether victims of the prison massacre or of NKVD killings in 1939–1941, remain undetermined.
The exact number of victims remains difficult to determine. The preserved NKVD reports only inform that in the prisons in Sambir and Stryi a total of 1,101 inmates "decreased according to the first category" (meaning were executed). "List of departures and movements of transports from NKVD prisons of the Ukrainian SSR" also informs that on July 17, 1941, a transport with 210 prisoners from Sambir arrived in Zlatoust.
Eyewitnesses estimated the number of those murdered at approximately 616–720. Polish researcher Paweł Kostrzewa estimated that the number of victims was no less than 500 and no more than 700. According to findings by the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Łódź, the number of murdered people was around 600. The victims included prisoners of Ukrainian, Polish and Jewish nationality.
Witnesses to the exhumation carried out within the prison claimed that some of the bodies showed signs of severe torture. Among the accounts, there were allegations of atrocities, including the discovery of bodies of girl scouts that were reportedly subjected to brutal acts, including of rape and mutilation, like the cutting off of breasts. Additionally, there were gruesome but highly unreliable rumors within the city suggesting that the Soviets fed prisoners the remains of their murdered fellow inmates.
A few days following the Soviet evacuation from Sambir, a ceremonial funeral was held for the victims of the massacre. Identified victims were taken by their families, while the remaining bodies were laid to rest in a mass grave at the city cemetery.
Similar to other instances of prison massacres, accusations for the NKVD's crimes were directed at the local Jewish community. As per the antisemitic canard of Jewish Bolshevism, non-Jewish inhabitants perceived Jews as synonymous with the Soviet regime and its policies of terror. Upon the entry of German troops into Sambir on June 29, Ukrainian militiamen coerced a group of local Jews into participating in the exhumation of the prison massacre victims. Throughout several days of labor, these workers faced abuse and humiliation, including being forced to drink water used to wash the victims' bodies and being confined overnight in rooms with decomposing corpses. Attacks on Jews continued after the victims' funeral. These acts of violence resulted in the death of approximately 50 Jews from Sambir. The spontaneity of this pogrom and the extent of Nazi involvement remain unclear.
The Sambir prison massacre became a tool for Nazi propaganda. In an attempt to draw international attention to the NKVD's crimes, the Germans involved International Committee of the Red Cross personnel as observers during the exhumation of the victims.
{{Joseph Stalin} {{Massacres of Poles}
[[Category:1941 in Poland] [[Category:June 1941 events] [[Category:Massacres in the Soviet Union] [[Category:Massacres in Ukraine] [[Category:Massacres in Poland] [[Category:NKVD] [[Category:Sambir] [[Category:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941] [[Category:Soviet World War II crimes in Poland] | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir was a Soviet war crime conducted by the NKVD in the city of Sambir, then located in occupied Poland (now in Ukraine). In the last days of June 1941, following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 700 prisoners held in the Sambir prison. The majority of those executed were Ukrainians and Poles. During the latter stage of the massacre, some prisoners actively resisted, which resulted in saving their lives. This atrocity was one of several prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviet secret police and army during the summer of 1941.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "During the interwar period, Sambir (Ukrainian: Самбір, Polish: Sambor) was located within the borders of the Second Polish Republic and served as the center of the Sambir county in Lwów Voivodeship. After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, the city fell under Soviet occupation.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The NKVD detained individuals were held in the cells of the local prison situated on Drohobycka Street, in very close proximity to the pre-war district court building. The prison in Sambir was one of four Soviet prisons operating in the Drohobych Oblast. It was referred to as 'Prison No. 3' in Soviet official documents. Milchenko, an NKVD official, served as the prison warden. Near the prison also stood a building that had previously housed the pre-war county office, repurposed to accommodate the local NKVD post after the occupation began.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany initiated an invasion of the Soviet Union. Owing to the swift progression of the German offensive, the NKVD began the process of exterminating political prisoners held within the war zone. In the summer of 1941, within the part of Poland occupied by the USSR, an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 individuals in prisons and detention centers were murdered.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "According to documents from Soviet archives, as of June 10, 1941, the prison in Sambir held 1310 inmates. However, it is difficult to determine exactly how many prisoners were in their cells when the massacre commenced. Bogdan Musiał estimated that around 600–700 people were confined in the cells of Sambir prison when the German-Soviet war began. On the other hand, the reports prepared by the NKVD after the liquidation of the prisons in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR provide only summary information about the fate of inmates from prisons in Sambir and Stryi. Their content shows that on June 22, 1941, a total of 2,242 people were detained in both prisons. However, after the German invasion began, the NKVD began mass arrests of alleged 'enemies of the people.' These individuals were not registered in the prison records.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The massacre probably began on the first day of the German–Soviet war. Initially, the Soviets tried to give the executions an appearance of lawfulness. For this reason, the victims were called out of their cells in groups of 5–10 and then taken to the one of the prison’s building where the court-martial was held. After a quick \"trial\", the victims were taken to the prison basement and murdered there with a shot to the back of the head. The bodies were placed in layers in basement cells. Prisoners were continuously executed in this way for about 4–5 days. Some witnesses claimed that in that period of time about half of the inmates’ population was taken from their cells and murdered.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On June 25 or 26, the guards unexpectedly ordered the prisoners to pack their personal belongings and then took them out to the inner courtyard. It was probably a prelude to the planned evacuation deep into USSR. In the meantime, however, a local prosecutor named Stupakov arrived at the prison by car and, in harsh words, ordered prison warden Milchenko to continue \"destroying the enemy\". After Stupakov's departure, the prisoners were herded back into their cells and executions resumed.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On an unspecified day – probably June 26 or 27, although witnesses also gave later dates – the perpetrators decided to rapidly accelerate the liquidation of the prisoners. A group of about 50 people was taken to the inner courtyard, and then the NKVDs stationed in the guard towers and in the windows on the first and second floors opened fire with machine guns and started throwing grenades at them. Most of the prisoners were killed. However, at least a few managed to dodge the bullets and escape back into the building. They alerted the other prisoners, who broke the cell doors and escaped into the corridors. Stefan Duda, one of the survivors, claimed that prisoners armed with boards, buckets and other metal objects attacked the guards in the prison building.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Due to the prisoners' determined resistance, the NKVD personnel hesitated to retake the building. They only resorted to shooting at its windows and targeting those attempting to escape. Meanwhile, Prosecutor Stupakov attempted to halt a passing Red Army artillery unit and ordered its commander to fire at the prison building. However, the officer refused and proceeded eastward with his soldiers. After hours of gunfire, the NKVD forces broke the siege and withdrew, likely fearing the advancing German troops. As a result, several hundred prisoners survived; German sources estimated their number at around four hundred. With the departure of their would-be executioners, the prisoners fled through an unlocked gate and sought refuge in the city. According to one of the Polish survivors, the retreating Red Army soldiers did not impede the escapees, although they had to avoid the NKVD border troops.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "After the Soviet evacuation from Sambir, residents visited the prison on Drohobycka Street. The bodies of prisoners killed in the latter phase of the massacre were discovered in the inner yard. Additionally, six cells filled with corpses were found in the building's basement. In three rooms, the bodies were relatively fresh and stacked to the ceiling, while in the other bricked-up rooms, they were in an advanced state of decomposition. Some bodies might have been taken outside the city by the NKVD. In early August 1941, or shortly after the massacre (accounts vary), approximately 116-118 bodies were accidentally uncovered on the banks of the Dniester. A preliminary examination led to their reburial, and the remains were not exhumed until 1991. The identities of those in this grave, whether victims of the prison massacre or of NKVD killings in 1939–1941, remain undetermined.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The exact number of victims remains difficult to determine. The preserved NKVD reports only inform that in the prisons in Sambir and Stryi a total of 1,101 inmates \"decreased according to the first category\" (meaning were executed). \"List of departures and movements of transports from NKVD prisons of the Ukrainian SSR\" also informs that on July 17, 1941, a transport with 210 prisoners from Sambir arrived in Zlatoust.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Eyewitnesses estimated the number of those murdered at approximately 616–720. Polish researcher Paweł Kostrzewa estimated that the number of victims was no less than 500 and no more than 700. According to findings by the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Łódź, the number of murdered people was around 600. The victims included prisoners of Ukrainian, Polish and Jewish nationality.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Witnesses to the exhumation carried out within the prison claimed that some of the bodies showed signs of severe torture. Among the accounts, there were allegations of atrocities, including the discovery of bodies of girl scouts that were reportedly subjected to brutal acts, including of rape and mutilation, like the cutting off of breasts. Additionally, there were gruesome but highly unreliable rumors within the city suggesting that the Soviets fed prisoners the remains of their murdered fellow inmates.",
"title": "The massacre"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "A few days following the Soviet evacuation from Sambir, a ceremonial funeral was held for the victims of the massacre. Identified victims were taken by their families, while the remaining bodies were laid to rest in a mass grave at the city cemetery.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Similar to other instances of prison massacres, accusations for the NKVD's crimes were directed at the local Jewish community. As per the antisemitic canard of Jewish Bolshevism, non-Jewish inhabitants perceived Jews as synonymous with the Soviet regime and its policies of terror. Upon the entry of German troops into Sambir on June 29, Ukrainian militiamen coerced a group of local Jews into participating in the exhumation of the prison massacre victims. Throughout several days of labor, these workers faced abuse and humiliation, including being forced to drink water used to wash the victims' bodies and being confined overnight in rooms with decomposing corpses. Attacks on Jews continued after the victims' funeral. These acts of violence resulted in the death of approximately 50 Jews from Sambir. The spontaneity of this pogrom and the extent of Nazi involvement remain unclear.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The Sambir prison massacre became a tool for Nazi propaganda. In an attempt to draw international attention to the NKVD's crimes, the Germans involved International Committee of the Red Cross personnel as observers during the exhumation of the victims.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "{{Joseph Stalin} {{Massacres of Poles}",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "[[Category:1941 in Poland] [[Category:June 1941 events] [[Category:Massacres in the Soviet Union] [[Category:Massacres in Ukraine] [[Category:Massacres in Poland] [[Category:NKVD] [[Category:Sambir] [[Category:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941] [[Category:Soviet World War II crimes in Poland]",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] | The NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir was a Soviet war crime conducted by the NKVD in the city of Sambir, then located in occupied Poland. In the last days of June 1941, following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 700 prisoners held in the Sambir prison. The majority of those executed were Ukrainians and Poles. During the latter stage of the massacre, some prisoners actively resisted, which resulted in saving their lives. This atrocity was one of several prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviet secret police and army during the summer of 1941. | 2023-12-18T08:08:56Z | 2023-12-21T08:58:42Z | [
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75,591,439 | Zhang Wanyi | Zhang Wanyi (Chinese: 张晚意; born 22 April 1994), is a Chinese actor. Born in Shiyan City, Hubei, his parents had him at a late age, thus named him 晚 (late) 意 (affection/meaning), meaning he is a late gift to them and they cherish him very dearly. He is best known for his roles in The Awakening Age, The Bond, and Lost You Forever.
Zhang Wanyi learned to play the piano from second grade. In 2013, he entered Beijing Film Academy.
In 2016, Zhang Wanyi starred as "Wang Fugui" in the youth comedy series Let's Fashion Together, making his debut in the acting industry. In 2017, he starred as "Gao Bo" in Tracks in the Snow Forest, and made an appearance on the variety show Super Music to promote the drama. In 2018, he starred as "Kong Jie" in Operation Moscow, and made his cinematic debut in the Chinese film Really?. In 2019, he starred in The Communist Liu Shaoqi and My True Friend.
In 2021, Zhang Wanyi took on his first antagonist role, starring as "Prince Cao" in Weaving A Tale of Love. He then starred as "Chen Yannian" (Chinese: 陈延年) in The Awakening Age, a historical and political drama that celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party. His role and acting left a lasting impression on viewers, and he went on to receive many awards with this role, including Best Youth Actor (Drama Series) at the 8th Wen Rong Awards. He also starred as "Qiao Erqiang" in The Bond, which won him the Best Actor award at the 32nd Huading Awards.
In 2022, Zhang Wanyi's roles in The Awakening Age and The Bond won him more awards, and he went on to star as the male lead in PLA Air Force. This was his first lead role in his career.
In 2023, he starred as Cang Xuan in Lost You Forever S1. The series broke records and generated buzz on the national and international scale, including winning 9 awards at the Tencent Video Golden Penguin Awards 2023. This role also earned him a nomination for Best Actor at the 28th Asian Television Awards. He also starred as "Chen Xingjie" in A Long Way Home and Chen Hui in the medical drama Fantastic Doctors. His roles in Lost You Forever S1 and A Long Way Home won him the Most Popular Actor (TV Series) at the Tencent Video All Star Night 2023. He was also one of the winners of VIP Star of the Year. | [
{
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"text": "Zhang Wanyi (Chinese: 张晚意; born 22 April 1994), is a Chinese actor. Born in Shiyan City, Hubei, his parents had him at a late age, thus named him 晚 (late) 意 (affection/meaning), meaning he is a late gift to them and they cherish him very dearly. He is best known for his roles in The Awakening Age, The Bond, and Lost You Forever.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Zhang Wanyi learned to play the piano from second grade. In 2013, he entered Beijing Film Academy.",
"title": "Early life"
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"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2016, Zhang Wanyi starred as \"Wang Fugui\" in the youth comedy series Let's Fashion Together, making his debut in the acting industry. In 2017, he starred as \"Gao Bo\" in Tracks in the Snow Forest, and made an appearance on the variety show Super Music to promote the drama. In 2018, he starred as \"Kong Jie\" in Operation Moscow, and made his cinematic debut in the Chinese film Really?. In 2019, he starred in The Communist Liu Shaoqi and My True Friend.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2021, Zhang Wanyi took on his first antagonist role, starring as \"Prince Cao\" in Weaving A Tale of Love. He then starred as \"Chen Yannian\" (Chinese: 陈延年) in The Awakening Age, a historical and political drama that celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party. His role and acting left a lasting impression on viewers, and he went on to receive many awards with this role, including Best Youth Actor (Drama Series) at the 8th Wen Rong Awards. He also starred as \"Qiao Erqiang\" in The Bond, which won him the Best Actor award at the 32nd Huading Awards.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2022, Zhang Wanyi's roles in The Awakening Age and The Bond won him more awards, and he went on to star as the male lead in PLA Air Force. This was his first lead role in his career.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2023, he starred as Cang Xuan in Lost You Forever S1. The series broke records and generated buzz on the national and international scale, including winning 9 awards at the Tencent Video Golden Penguin Awards 2023. This role also earned him a nomination for Best Actor at the 28th Asian Television Awards. He also starred as \"Chen Xingjie\" in A Long Way Home and Chen Hui in the medical drama Fantastic Doctors. His roles in Lost You Forever S1 and A Long Way Home won him the Most Popular Actor (TV Series) at the Tencent Video All Star Night 2023. He was also one of the winners of VIP Star of the Year.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Zhang Wanyi, is a Chinese actor. Born in Shiyan City, Hubei, his parents had him at a late age, thus named him 晚 (late) 意 (affection/meaning), meaning he is a late gift to them and they cherish him very dearly. He is best known for his roles in The Awakening Age, The Bond, and Lost You Forever. | 2023-12-18T08:30:05Z | 2023-12-29T12:14:16Z | [
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75,591,440 | William Brockman (MP) | William Brockman (1658-by 1742), of Beachborough, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe 1690 to 1695.
Category:17th-century English people Category:People from Kent Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "William Brockman (1658-by 1742), of Beachborough, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe 1690 to 1695.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Category:17th-century English people Category:People from Kent Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707)",
"title": "References"
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] | William Brockman, of Beachborough, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe 1690 to 1695. | 2023-12-18T08:30:36Z | 2023-12-18T08:36:23Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brockman_(MP) |
75,591,446 | President Gay | President Gay may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "President Gay may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | President Gay may refer to: Claudine Gay, president of Harvard University since 2023
Connie B. Gay (1914–1989, founding president of the Country Music Association | 2023-12-18T08:32:11Z | 2023-12-18T08:37:45Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Gay |
75,591,463 | 2024 Missouri Tigers football team | The 2024 Missouri Tigers football team represents the University of Missouri in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers are led by Eliah Drinkwitz in his fifth season as their head coach.
The Missouri football team plays its home games at Faurot Field in Columbia, Missouri. The SEC has eliminated the divisions format this season with the additions of the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma.
at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri
at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri
at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri
at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri
at Kyle Field • College Station, Texas
at McGuirk Alumni Stadium • Amherst, Massachusetts
at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri
at Bryant-Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, Alabama
at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri
at Williams-Brice Stadium • Columbia, South Carolina
at Davis Wade Stadium • Starkville, Mississippi
at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Missouri Tigers football team represents the University of Missouri in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers are led by Eliah Drinkwitz in his fifth season as their head coach.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Missouri football team plays its home games at Faurot Field in Columbia, Missouri. The SEC has eliminated the divisions format this season with the additions of the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma.",
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},
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"title": "Offseason"
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"text": "at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri",
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"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri",
"title": "Game summaries"
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{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri",
"title": "Game summaries"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri",
"title": "Game summaries"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "at Kyle Field • College Station, Texas",
"title": "Game summaries"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "at McGuirk Alumni Stadium • Amherst, Massachusetts",
"title": "Game summaries"
},
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"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri",
"title": "Game summaries"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "at Bryant-Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, Alabama",
"title": "Game summaries"
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"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri",
"title": "Game summaries"
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{
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"text": "at Williams-Brice Stadium • Columbia, South Carolina",
"title": "Game summaries"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "at Davis Wade Stadium • Starkville, Mississippi",
"title": "Game summaries"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "at Faurot Field • Columbia, Missouri",
"title": "Game summaries"
}
] | The 2024 Missouri Tigers football team represents the University of Missouri in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers are led by Eliah Drinkwitz in his fifth season as their head coach. The Missouri football team plays its home games at Faurot Field in Columbia, Missouri. The SEC has eliminated the divisions format this season with the additions of the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma. | 2023-12-18T08:37:16Z | 2023-12-31T22:29:01Z | [
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75,591,474 | Jacob des Bouverie | Jacob des Bouverie (1659-1722), of Allhallows, Barking, London and Terlingham, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe 1695 - 1700 and 1713 - 1722. The Bouverie family were Hugenots who had come over from FLanders. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jacob des Bouverie (1659-1722), of Allhallows, Barking, London and Terlingham, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe 1695 - 1700 and 1713 - 1722. The Bouverie family were Hugenots who had come over from FLanders.",
"title": ""
}
] | Jacob des Bouverie (1659-1722), of Allhallows, Barking, London and Terlingham, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe 1695 - 1700 and 1713 - 1722. The Bouverie family were Hugenots who had come over from FLanders. | 2023-12-18T08:41:01Z | 2023-12-18T08:45:12Z | [
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75,591,482 | Avaza Power Plant | The Avaza Power Plant is a gas-fired power plant in Awaza, Türkmenbaşy, Balkan Region, Turkmenistan
The construction of the power plant started in May 2008. It was then commissioned in 2010.
The power plant has an installed generation capacity of 254 MW from two 127 MW generation units. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Avaza Power Plant is a gas-fired power plant in Awaza, Türkmenbaşy, Balkan Region, Turkmenistan",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The construction of the power plant started in May 2008. It was then commissioned in 2010.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The power plant has an installed generation capacity of 254 MW from two 127 MW generation units.",
"title": "Technical specifications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Avaza Power Plant is a gas-fired power plant in Awaza, Türkmenbaşy, Balkan Region, Turkmenistan | 2023-12-18T08:42:57Z | 2023-12-18T11:07:00Z | [
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75,591,486 | Jacob Bouverie | Jacob Bouverie may refer to: | [
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"text": "Jacob Bouverie may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Jacob Bouverie may refer to: Jacob des Bouverie
Jacob des Bouverie, 1st VIscount Folkestone | 2023-12-18T08:43:39Z | 2023-12-18T08:45:36Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bouverie |
75,591,529 | Nirmal Maji | Nirmal Maji (born 15 September 1960) is an Indian medical administrator, practitioner and politician from West Bengal, who served as president of Indian Medical Association from Bengal branch. A member of Trinamool Congress, he is currently serving as member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Uluberia Uttar constituency since 2011. He also served as Cabinet Minister of State for Labour in West Bengal from 2018 till 2021. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nirmal Maji (born 15 September 1960) is an Indian medical administrator, practitioner and politician from West Bengal, who served as president of Indian Medical Association from Bengal branch. A member of Trinamool Congress, he is currently serving as member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Uluberia Uttar constituency since 2011. He also served as Cabinet Minister of State for Labour in West Bengal from 2018 till 2021.",
"title": ""
}
] | Nirmal Maji is an Indian medical administrator, practitioner and politician from West Bengal, who served as president of Indian Medical Association from Bengal branch. A member of Trinamool Congress, he is currently serving as member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Uluberia Uttar constituency since 2011. He also served as Cabinet Minister of State for Labour in West Bengal from 2018 till 2021. | 2023-12-18T08:54:08Z | 2023-12-18T16:07:13Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Maji |
75,591,541 | 28th Satellite Awards | The 28th Satellite Awards is an upcoming award ceremony that will honor the year's outstanding performers, films and television shows, presented by the International Press Academy.
The nominations were announced on December 18, 2023. The winners will be announced on February 18, 2024.
The special achievement award recipients will be announced on January 15, 2024.
Oppenheimer led the film nominations with thirteen, followed by Killers of the Flower Moon and Barbie with twelve and eleven, respectively; Succession received the most nominations for television with six.
Auteur Award (for singular vision and unique artistic control over the elements of production) – TBA
Honorary Satellite Award – TBA
Humanitarian Award (for making a difference in the lives of those in the artistic community and beyond) – TBA
Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding artistic contribution to the entertainment industry) – TBA
Nikola Tesla Award (for visionary achievement in filmmaking technology) – TBA
Breakthrough Performance Award – TBA
Stunt Performance Award – TBA
Ensemble: Motion Picture – Oppenheimer
Ensemble: Television – Succession
Winners will be listed first and highlighted in bold.
Winners will be listed first and highlighted in bold. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 28th Satellite Awards is an upcoming award ceremony that will honor the year's outstanding performers, films and television shows, presented by the International Press Academy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The nominations were announced on December 18, 2023. The winners will be announced on February 18, 2024.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The special achievement award recipients will be announced on January 15, 2024.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Oppenheimer led the film nominations with thirteen, followed by Killers of the Flower Moon and Barbie with twelve and eleven, respectively; Succession received the most nominations for television with six.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Auteur Award (for singular vision and unique artistic control over the elements of production) – TBA",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
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{
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"text": "Honorary Satellite Award – TBA",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
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"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Humanitarian Award (for making a difference in the lives of those in the artistic community and beyond) – TBA",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
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{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding artistic contribution to the entertainment industry) – TBA",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Nikola Tesla Award (for visionary achievement in filmmaking technology) – TBA",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Breakthrough Performance Award – TBA",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Stunt Performance Award – TBA",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Ensemble: Motion Picture – Oppenheimer",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Ensemble: Television – Succession",
"title": "Special achievement awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Winners will be listed first and highlighted in bold.",
"title": "Motion picture nominees"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Winners will be listed first and highlighted in bold.",
"title": "Television nominees"
}
] | The 28th Satellite Awards is an upcoming award ceremony that will honor the year's outstanding performers, films and television shows, presented by the International Press Academy. The nominations were announced on December 18, 2023. The winners will be announced on February 18, 2024. The special achievement award recipients will be announced on January 15, 2024. Oppenheimer led the film nominations with thirteen, followed by Killers of the Flower Moon and Barbie with twelve and eleven, respectively; Succession received the most nominations for television with six. | 2023-12-18T08:58:01Z | 2023-12-30T03:30:01Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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"Template:Flag",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Satellite_Awards |
75,591,544 | Sergo Abramishvili | Sergo Abramishvili is a Georgian rugby union player who plays as a prop both for Stade Français Paris and internationally for Georgia U20. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sergo Abramishvili is a Georgian rugby union player who plays as a prop both for Stade Français Paris and internationally for Georgia U20.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sergo Abramishvili is a Georgian rugby union player who plays as a prop both for Stade Français Paris and internationally for Georgia U20. | 2023-12-18T08:59:06Z | 2023-12-21T06:28:54Z | [
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"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergo_Abramishvili |
75,591,602 | Battle of Maturín | The Battle of Maturín can refer to one of five battles of the Venezuelan War of Independence around the city of Maturín in Eastern Venezuela : | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Battle of Maturín can refer to one of five battles of the Venezuelan War of Independence around the city of Maturín in Eastern Venezuela :",
"title": ""
}
] | The Battle of Maturín can refer to one of five battles of the Venezuelan War of Independence around the city of Maturín in Eastern Venezuela : First Battle of Maturín : 20 March 1813, Patriot victory.
Second Battle of Maturín : 11 April 1813, Patriot victory.
Third Battle of Maturín a.k.a. Battle of Alto de los Godos : 25 May 1813, Patriot victory.
Fourth Battle of Maturín : 12 September 1814, Patriot victory.
Fifth Battle of Maturín : 11 December 1814, Royalist victory. | 2023-12-18T09:15:04Z | 2023-12-27T08:42:57Z | [
"Template:Disambig"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Matur%C3%ADn |
75,591,603 | 2003 Northern Mariana Islands general election | General elections were held in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) on Monday, 3 November 2003, electing members to the legislature.
The Northern Mariana Islands Senate is the upper house of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature, consisting of nine senators representing three senatorial districts (Saipan & the Northern Islands, Tinian & Aguijan, and Rota), each a Multi-member district with three senators. Each district had one seat open for the 2003 elections.
The Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives is the lower house of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature. The house has six districts, several of which are Multi-member district. All 18 seats in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives were contested in the 2003 election. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "General elections were held in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) on Monday, 3 November 2003, electing members to the legislature.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Northern Mariana Islands Senate is the upper house of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature, consisting of nine senators representing three senatorial districts (Saipan & the Northern Islands, Tinian & Aguijan, and Rota), each a Multi-member district with three senators. Each district had one seat open for the 2003 elections.",
"title": "Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives is the lower house of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature. The house has six districts, several of which are Multi-member district. All 18 seats in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives were contested in the 2003 election.",
"title": "Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature"
}
] | General elections were held in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) on Monday, 3 November 2003, electing members to the legislature. | 2023-12-18T09:15:16Z | 2023-12-24T18:50:44Z | [
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75,591,618 | Indira Thapa | Indira Thapa (Nepali: इन्दिरा थापा) is a Nepalese politician and member of the Nepali Congress Party. She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Koshi Provincial Assembly. In the 2022 Nepalese provincial election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Indira Thapa (Nepali: इन्दिरा थापा) is a Nepalese politician and member of the Nepali Congress Party. She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Koshi Provincial Assembly. In the 2022 Nepalese provincial election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | Indira Thapa is a Nepalese politician and member of the Nepali Congress Party. She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Koshi Provincial Assembly. In the 2022 Nepalese provincial election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category. | 2023-12-18T09:18:21Z | 2023-12-30T22:09:00Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Thapa |
75,591,621 | Snorre Gundersen | Snorre Gundersen (born 8 April 1947) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.
He was born in Skogn. After finishing his secondary education in 1967, he graduated from teacher's college in 1972 and did undergraduate studies in biology in 1973. He was hired as a teacher, advancing to school inspector in Follafoss in 1976.
Gundersen was a member of Verran municipal council for two terms from 1979 to 1987, later Nord-Trøndelag county council from 1991 to 2003. He was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway for Nord-Trøndelag in 1989. Since Wenche Frogn Sellæg was named to Syse's Cabinet, Gundersen took a regular seat in Parliament and was a member of the Standing Committee on Defence. Gundersen was also the leader of Nord-Trøndelag Conservative Party from 1985 to 2000, serving concurrently on the Conservative Party's central board.
In 1991, Gundersen was hired as school director of Verran municipality, advancing to assisting chief administrative officer in 1995. He was the chairman of the Norges Bygdeungdomslag from 1999 to 2003, and also chaired the board of the Norwegian Industrial and Regional Development Fund during the same period. From 2005 to 2007 he was the president of Nord-Trøndelag Red Cross, later becoming vice president of the Norwegian Red Cross in 2014. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Snorre Gundersen (born 8 April 1947) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was born in Skogn. After finishing his secondary education in 1967, he graduated from teacher's college in 1972 and did undergraduate studies in biology in 1973. He was hired as a teacher, advancing to school inspector in Follafoss in 1976.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Gundersen was a member of Verran municipal council for two terms from 1979 to 1987, later Nord-Trøndelag county council from 1991 to 2003. He was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway for Nord-Trøndelag in 1989. Since Wenche Frogn Sellæg was named to Syse's Cabinet, Gundersen took a regular seat in Parliament and was a member of the Standing Committee on Defence. Gundersen was also the leader of Nord-Trøndelag Conservative Party from 1985 to 2000, serving concurrently on the Conservative Party's central board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1991, Gundersen was hired as school director of Verran municipality, advancing to assisting chief administrative officer in 1995. He was the chairman of the Norges Bygdeungdomslag from 1999 to 2003, and also chaired the board of the Norwegian Industrial and Regional Development Fund during the same period. From 2005 to 2007 he was the president of Nord-Trøndelag Red Cross, later becoming vice president of the Norwegian Red Cross in 2014.",
"title": ""
}
] | Snorre Gundersen is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was born in Skogn. After finishing his secondary education in 1967, he graduated from teacher's college in 1972 and did undergraduate studies in biology in 1973. He was hired as a teacher, advancing to school inspector in Follafoss in 1976. Gundersen was a member of Verran municipal council for two terms from 1979 to 1987, later Nord-Trøndelag county council from 1991 to 2003. He was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway for Nord-Trøndelag in 1989. Since Wenche Frogn Sellæg was named to Syse's Cabinet, Gundersen took a regular seat in Parliament and was a member of the Standing Committee on Defence. Gundersen was also the leader of Nord-Trøndelag Conservative Party from 1985 to 2000, serving concurrently on the Conservative Party's central board. In 1991, Gundersen was hired as school director of Verran municipality, advancing to assisting chief administrative officer in 1995. He was the chairman of the Norges Bygdeungdomslag from 1999 to 2003, and also chaired the board of the Norwegian Industrial and Regional Development Fund during the same period. From 2005 to 2007 he was the president of Nord-Trøndelag Red Cross, later becoming vice president of the Norwegian Red Cross in 2014. | 2023-12-18T09:19:44Z | 2023-12-19T08:16:34Z | [
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"Template:Authority control",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorre_Gundersen |
75,591,631 | Michigan Circuit Courts | Circuit courts are the trial courts with the broadest powers in Michigan. In Michigan, circuit courts handle all felony Criminal cases that could result in confinement to prison. They also deal with all civil cases for claims in excess of $25,000.00. There are 57 circuit courts in the state of Michigan. Judges are elected for six-year terms. In Michigan, circuit courts are divided into two divisions. General division and then family division.
As of 2023, there are 57 judicial circuits that are set by the legislature. The number of judges in each circuit is set by the legislature. Michigan has 83 counties, so some circuit courts cover several counties. So judges elected in multicounty circuits must travel from one county to another to hold court.
To be eligible to be elected as a circuit court judge in Michigan, the person must be a qualified elector, a resident of the judicial circuit, a member of the Michigan Bar in good standing, and under the age of 70 years old.
The family division of the circuit court has exclusive jurisdiction over all family matters in the circuit adoptions,child support, custody, divorce, Juvenile proceedings, name changesparenting time, paternity, and personal protection orders.
In 1833, all the county courts in all counties in the territory of Michigan, except Wayne were abolished and replaced by one circuit court of the territory of Michigan. In 1836, the state was divided into 3 circuits. The 1850 Michigan Constitution made the office of circuit court judges elected officials and set the term of office to six (6) years.
In 1908, the Constitution provided for judicial circuits which are drawn around county lines. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Circuit courts are the trial courts with the broadest powers in Michigan. In Michigan, circuit courts handle all felony Criminal cases that could result in confinement to prison. They also deal with all civil cases for claims in excess of $25,000.00. There are 57 circuit courts in the state of Michigan. Judges are elected for six-year terms. In Michigan, circuit courts are divided into two divisions. General division and then family division.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "As of 2023, there are 57 judicial circuits that are set by the legislature. The number of judges in each circuit is set by the legislature. Michigan has 83 counties, so some circuit courts cover several counties. So judges elected in multicounty circuits must travel from one county to another to hold court.",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "To be eligible to be elected as a circuit court judge in Michigan, the person must be a qualified elector, a resident of the judicial circuit, a member of the Michigan Bar in good standing, and under the age of 70 years old.",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The family division of the circuit court has exclusive jurisdiction over all family matters in the circuit adoptions,child support, custody, divorce, Juvenile proceedings, name changesparenting time, paternity, and personal protection orders.",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1833, all the county courts in all counties in the territory of Michigan, except Wayne were abolished and replaced by one circuit court of the territory of Michigan. In 1836, the state was divided into 3 circuits. The 1850 Michigan Constitution made the office of circuit court judges elected officials and set the term of office to six (6) years.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1908, the Constitution provided for judicial circuits which are drawn around county lines.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Circuit courts are the trial courts with the broadest powers in Michigan. In Michigan, circuit courts handle all felony Criminal cases that could result in confinement to prison. They also deal with all civil cases for claims in excess of $25,000.00. There are 57 circuit courts in the state of Michigan. Judges are elected for six-year terms. In Michigan, circuit courts are divided into two divisions. General division and then family division. | 2023-12-18T09:21:13Z | 2023-12-26T16:41:07Z | [
"Template:Michigan law",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Circuit_Courts |
75,591,638 | John Boteler (died 1746) | John Boteler (born after 1668 - died 1746), of Teston, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe January 1701 - 1710 and 27 January 1711 - 1715. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John Boteler (born after 1668 - died 1746), of Teston, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe January 1701 - 1710 and 27 January 1711 - 1715.",
"title": ""
}
] | John Boteler, of Teston, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hythe January 1701 - 1710 and 27 January 1711 - 1715. | 2023-12-18T09:22:23Z | 2023-12-18T09:23:57Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:England-pre1707-MP-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boteler_(died_1746) |
75,591,646 | Ackworth Hoard | The Ackworth Hoard is a Post-Medieval hoard dating from the English Civil War.
The hoard was found by Dr Owen Johnson in his garden in 2011. In his own words he pulled at the ceramic vessel and the coins spilled out "like coins from a slot machine." The coins were reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme and subsequently declared as treasure.
The hoard comprises a ceramic vessel containing a hoard of 591 coins, a gold finger ring, and a piece of leather. A smaller ceramic vessel was found nearby and might have been associated. Of the 591 coins, 52 are gold and includes the earliest coin minted in 1547-1549. 523 are silver issues of English and Scottish monarchs, 4 are Irish, and 12 are from the Netherlands. The group of coins has been interpreted as a single deposition made in the 17th century rather than something added to over time. The assemblage is consistent as a group of coins and other objects deposited in the mid-1640s during the English Civil War. When it was deposited, the total value of the coinage was £85 and 12 shillings. The latest dateable coin in the hoard is from 1645-1646.
Other than coins the hoard includes a gold finger ring and two ceramic vessels. The ring is a posy ring dated to the late 16th-early 17th century and bears an inscription on the interior of band which reads: 'When this you see remember me'. The pots are both made from a dark earthenware with a dark brown glaze, probably Black Ware or Cisterican Ware, and the coins were all found in the larger of the two.
The hoard was valued at £54,492. Wakefield Council was able to raise this money through a combination of grants and public donations. The council received £27,000 from the Victoria and Albert Museum Purchase Grant, £10,000 from the Headley Trust, and £25,500 from the Heritage Lottery Fund (which includes money towards a programme of events as well as acquisition. A public funding campaign was started in Autumn 2012 to raise the remainder of the funds. A selection of the hoard first went on public display during this fundraising campaign in January 2013 at Pontefract Museum. The hoard was fully funded and acquired by Pontefract Museum in April 2013. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Ackworth Hoard is a Post-Medieval hoard dating from the English Civil War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The hoard was found by Dr Owen Johnson in his garden in 2011. In his own words he pulled at the ceramic vessel and the coins spilled out \"like coins from a slot machine.\" The coins were reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme and subsequently declared as treasure.",
"title": "Discovery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The hoard comprises a ceramic vessel containing a hoard of 591 coins, a gold finger ring, and a piece of leather. A smaller ceramic vessel was found nearby and might have been associated. Of the 591 coins, 52 are gold and includes the earliest coin minted in 1547-1549. 523 are silver issues of English and Scottish monarchs, 4 are Irish, and 12 are from the Netherlands. The group of coins has been interpreted as a single deposition made in the 17th century rather than something added to over time. The assemblage is consistent as a group of coins and other objects deposited in the mid-1640s during the English Civil War. When it was deposited, the total value of the coinage was £85 and 12 shillings. The latest dateable coin in the hoard is from 1645-1646.",
"title": "Contents and interpretation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Other than coins the hoard includes a gold finger ring and two ceramic vessels. The ring is a posy ring dated to the late 16th-early 17th century and bears an inscription on the interior of band which reads: 'When this you see remember me'. The pots are both made from a dark earthenware with a dark brown glaze, probably Black Ware or Cisterican Ware, and the coins were all found in the larger of the two.",
"title": "Contents and interpretation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The hoard was valued at £54,492. Wakefield Council was able to raise this money through a combination of grants and public donations. The council received £27,000 from the Victoria and Albert Museum Purchase Grant, £10,000 from the Headley Trust, and £25,500 from the Heritage Lottery Fund (which includes money towards a programme of events as well as acquisition. A public funding campaign was started in Autumn 2012 to raise the remainder of the funds. A selection of the hoard first went on public display during this fundraising campaign in January 2013 at Pontefract Museum. The hoard was fully funded and acquired by Pontefract Museum in April 2013.",
"title": "Acquisition and display"
}
] | The Ackworth Hoard is a Post-Medieval hoard dating from the English Civil War. | 2023-12-18T09:24:09Z | 2023-12-18T11:11:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackworth_Hoard |
75,591,655 | Naoki Tokunaga | Naoki Tokunaga (born 1965/1966) is the Japanese former technical director of Renault Sport F1.
Tokunaga studied in Japan. He was a software engineer at Nissan. In 2000, he started working at Enstone as a vehicle dynamics engineer in the Benetton Formula team. In 2002, he was promoted to the position of head of systems control. He designed the electronic systems that are used by the Renault F1 team. Tokunaga worked at Nissan Motorsports. He worked in the KERS system development program. In 2010, he became deputy technical director at Lotus, but in 2012 he moved to Renault Sport F1, where he became technical director. He supervised the design and development of new V6 units for the 2014 season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Naoki Tokunaga (born 1965/1966) is the Japanese former technical director of Renault Sport F1.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Tokunaga studied in Japan. He was a software engineer at Nissan. In 2000, he started working at Enstone as a vehicle dynamics engineer in the Benetton Formula team. In 2002, he was promoted to the position of head of systems control. He designed the electronic systems that are used by the Renault F1 team. Tokunaga worked at Nissan Motorsports. He worked in the KERS system development program. In 2010, he became deputy technical director at Lotus, but in 2012 he moved to Renault Sport F1, where he became technical director. He supervised the design and development of new V6 units for the 2014 season.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Naoki Tokunaga is the Japanese former technical director of Renault Sport F1. | 2023-12-18T09:26:14Z | 2023-12-29T03:36:31Z | [
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75,591,656 | Pakistan Machine Tool Factory | Pakistan Machine Tool Factory (PMTF) is a high-tech engineering goods manufacturing enterprise in Pakistan. It was established in Karachi in 1968, the facility was built for the local manufacture of machine tools under technical cooperation and technology transfer agreements with Oerlikon-Bührle of Switzerland.
Established in Karachi in 1968, PMTF has faced many challenges over the years. Despite completing contracts worth Rs 7.5 billion in 2019, over 700 PMTF employees have gone without salaries for four months. The factory is on the brink of collapse due to financial constraints. Short-sighted government policies and a long and failed privatization process over decades have adversely affected the company's performance and turned it into an ailing unit.
In February 2019, the government approved a recovery plan for the PMTF and decided to rehabilitate and restructure the collapsing PMTF, excluding it from the privatization process for state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The government approved handing over the PMTF to the Strategic Plans Division to replace the ailing government tools manufacturing unit.
PMTF and Sui Southern Gas Company Alternate Energy Limited (SSGC-AE) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to unlock "Green Molecules" renewable natural gas potential. As a result, PMTF will supply biogas/biomethane, a renewable natural gas, to SSGC-AE. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pakistan Machine Tool Factory (PMTF) is a high-tech engineering goods manufacturing enterprise in Pakistan. It was established in Karachi in 1968, the facility was built for the local manufacture of machine tools under technical cooperation and technology transfer agreements with Oerlikon-Bührle of Switzerland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Established in Karachi in 1968, PMTF has faced many challenges over the years. Despite completing contracts worth Rs 7.5 billion in 2019, over 700 PMTF employees have gone without salaries for four months. The factory is on the brink of collapse due to financial constraints. Short-sighted government policies and a long and failed privatization process over decades have adversely affected the company's performance and turned it into an ailing unit.",
"title": "History and challenges"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In February 2019, the government approved a recovery plan for the PMTF and decided to rehabilitate and restructure the collapsing PMTF, excluding it from the privatization process for state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The government approved handing over the PMTF to the Strategic Plans Division to replace the ailing government tools manufacturing unit.",
"title": "History and challenges"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "PMTF and Sui Southern Gas Company Alternate Energy Limited (SSGC-AE) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to unlock \"Green Molecules\" renewable natural gas potential. As a result, PMTF will supply biogas/biomethane, a renewable natural gas, to SSGC-AE.",
"title": "History and challenges"
}
] | Pakistan Machine Tool Factory (PMTF) is a high-tech engineering goods manufacturing enterprise in Pakistan. It was established in Karachi in 1968, the facility was built for the local manufacture of machine tools under technical cooperation and technology transfer agreements with Oerlikon-Bührle of Switzerland. | 2023-12-18T09:26:29Z | 2023-12-21T18:35:38Z | [
"Template:Infobox company",
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"Template:Url"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Machine_Tool_Factory |
75,591,680 | Ammamma | Ammamma (also Amamma or Mamma) was the name of multiple Hattian and Hittite goddesses worshiped in central and northern Anatolia in the Bronze Age. The best attested Ammamma served as the tutelary goddess of Taḫurpa [de] near Hattusa, and appears in multiple treaties between Hittite kings and foreign rulers.
Attested forms of Ammamma's name in cuneiform include am-ma-am-ma, am-ma-ma, ma-am-ma and logographic DÌM.NUN.ME. The name of the deity Kammamma [de] is likely etymologically related and can be translated from Hattic as "high Mamma". The personal name Mamma and the cultic term ammama- might be related to this name too. Volkert Haas argued that Mamma is the base form and that it can be translated as "mother". However, according to Ingeborg Hoffmann a connection between this goddess and motherhood cannot be established.
According to Piotr Taracha [de], the theonym Ammamma and its variants might have originated as a Hattic term referring to an entire category of goddesses associated with individual locations in the proximity of Hattusa and in the north of the Hittite Empire. For instance, in a ritual dealing with the deities of Zalpa, three separate Ammmammas said to reside in the Black Sea are mentioned at once. He proposes the individual Ammammas were similar to the various goddesses designated by the epithet Kataḫḫa, "queen". Both groups according to him can be considered a class of nature deities, though ultimately their role is not clear. Volkert Haas instead described Ammamma as a "divine grandmother", and interpreted her as a deity associated with the earth comparable to Ḫannaḫanna, Ḫuḫḫa (a "divine grandfather") and the primeval deities inhabiting the underworld. He also suggested she might have had a negative demonic aspect.
Ammamma was particularly closely associated with the city of Taḫurpa [de], according to textual sources located in the immediate proximity of Hattusa. Priestesses associated with this settlement referred to as ammama might have been involved in her cult, though they are also attested in association with rites performed in Arinna. As the tutelary goddess of Taḫurpa Ammamma appears in standardized lists of deities invoked as witnesses in Hittite treaties alongside a number of other city goddesses (Abara of Šamuḫa, Ḫantitaššu of Ḫurma, the divine "queens" of Ankuwa and Katapa, Ḫallara of Dunna, Ḫuwaššanna of Ḫubešna, Tapišuwa of Išḫupitta, Kuniyawanni of Landa and NIN.ŠEN.ŠEN of Kinza). Examples include Šuppiluliuma I's treaties with Huqqana of Hayasa, Šattiwaza of Mitanni, and Tette of Nuḫašše, between Muršili II and Duppi-Teššup [de] of Amurru, Niqmepa of Ugarit, and Manapa-Tarhunta of the Seha River Land, between Muwatalli II and Alaksandu of Wilusa, and between Ḫattušili III and Ulmi-Teshub of Tarḫuntašša.
There is also evidence that a goddess or goddesses referred to with the name or epithet Ammamma were worshiped elsewhere across central and northern Anatolia, in cities such as Ḫanḫana, Kašḫa and Zalpa. A temple dedicated to her existed in the last of these three locations, and it is presumed the well attested priestesses referred to with the sumerogram AMA.DINGIR (literally "mother of the deity") were involved in her cult. A poorly preserved ritual text dealing with a festival celebrated in Zalpa, KUB 59.17 + Bo 3990, might recollect a mythological narrative about the local Ammamma and her three daughters, all bearing the same name. Ammamma is also attested in a single ritual text as the head of the pantheon of an unknown city, alongside a local weather god and a group of deities of mostly Luwian origin (Tiwaz, Kamrušepa, a tutelary LAMMA deity, Ala, Telipinu, Maliya, the earth and the Sun goddess of the Earth). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ammamma (also Amamma or Mamma) was the name of multiple Hattian and Hittite goddesses worshiped in central and northern Anatolia in the Bronze Age. The best attested Ammamma served as the tutelary goddess of Taḫurpa [de] near Hattusa, and appears in multiple treaties between Hittite kings and foreign rulers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Attested forms of Ammamma's name in cuneiform include am-ma-am-ma, am-ma-ma, ma-am-ma and logographic DÌM.NUN.ME. The name of the deity Kammamma [de] is likely etymologically related and can be translated from Hattic as \"high Mamma\". The personal name Mamma and the cultic term ammama- might be related to this name too. Volkert Haas argued that Mamma is the base form and that it can be translated as \"mother\". However, according to Ingeborg Hoffmann a connection between this goddess and motherhood cannot be established.",
"title": "Name and character"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to Piotr Taracha [de], the theonym Ammamma and its variants might have originated as a Hattic term referring to an entire category of goddesses associated with individual locations in the proximity of Hattusa and in the north of the Hittite Empire. For instance, in a ritual dealing with the deities of Zalpa, three separate Ammmammas said to reside in the Black Sea are mentioned at once. He proposes the individual Ammammas were similar to the various goddesses designated by the epithet Kataḫḫa, \"queen\". Both groups according to him can be considered a class of nature deities, though ultimately their role is not clear. Volkert Haas instead described Ammamma as a \"divine grandmother\", and interpreted her as a deity associated with the earth comparable to Ḫannaḫanna, Ḫuḫḫa (a \"divine grandfather\") and the primeval deities inhabiting the underworld. He also suggested she might have had a negative demonic aspect.",
"title": "Name and character"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Ammamma was particularly closely associated with the city of Taḫurpa [de], according to textual sources located in the immediate proximity of Hattusa. Priestesses associated with this settlement referred to as ammama might have been involved in her cult, though they are also attested in association with rites performed in Arinna. As the tutelary goddess of Taḫurpa Ammamma appears in standardized lists of deities invoked as witnesses in Hittite treaties alongside a number of other city goddesses (Abara of Šamuḫa, Ḫantitaššu of Ḫurma, the divine \"queens\" of Ankuwa and Katapa, Ḫallara of Dunna, Ḫuwaššanna of Ḫubešna, Tapišuwa of Išḫupitta, Kuniyawanni of Landa and NIN.ŠEN.ŠEN of Kinza). Examples include Šuppiluliuma I's treaties with Huqqana of Hayasa, Šattiwaza of Mitanni, and Tette of Nuḫašše, between Muršili II and Duppi-Teššup [de] of Amurru, Niqmepa of Ugarit, and Manapa-Tarhunta of the Seha River Land, between Muwatalli II and Alaksandu of Wilusa, and between Ḫattušili III and Ulmi-Teshub of Tarḫuntašša.",
"title": "Worship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "There is also evidence that a goddess or goddesses referred to with the name or epithet Ammamma were worshiped elsewhere across central and northern Anatolia, in cities such as Ḫanḫana, Kašḫa and Zalpa. A temple dedicated to her existed in the last of these three locations, and it is presumed the well attested priestesses referred to with the sumerogram AMA.DINGIR (literally \"mother of the deity\") were involved in her cult. A poorly preserved ritual text dealing with a festival celebrated in Zalpa, KUB 59.17 + Bo 3990, might recollect a mythological narrative about the local Ammamma and her three daughters, all bearing the same name. Ammamma is also attested in a single ritual text as the head of the pantheon of an unknown city, alongside a local weather god and a group of deities of mostly Luwian origin (Tiwaz, Kamrušepa, a tutelary LAMMA deity, Ala, Telipinu, Maliya, the earth and the Sun goddess of the Earth).",
"title": "Worship"
}
] | Ammamma was the name of multiple Hattian and Hittite goddesses worshiped in central and northern Anatolia in the Bronze Age. The best attested Ammamma served as the tutelary goddess of Taḫurpa near Hattusa, and appears in multiple treaties between Hittite kings and foreign rulers. | 2023-12-18T09:34:54Z | 2023-12-21T11:28:22Z | [
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"Template:Cite journal",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammamma |
75,591,681 | Global access to cataract surgery | Access to cataract surgery is very variable by country and region. Even in developed countries availability may vary significantly between rural and more densely populated areas.
Cataract surgery, is the removal of the natural lens of the eye that has developed a cataract, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implant.
Over time, metabolic changes of the crystalline lens fibres lead to the development of a cataract, causing impairment or loss of vision. Some infants are born with congenital cataracts, and environmental factors may lead to cataract formation. Early symptoms may include strong glare from lights and small light sources at night and reduced visual acuity at low light levels.
During cataract surgery, the cloudy natural lens is removed from the posterior chamber, either by emulsification in place or by cutting it out. An IOL is usually implanted in its place (PCIOL), or less frequently in front of the chamber, to restore useful focus. Cataract surgery is generally performed by an ophthalmologist in an out-patient setting at a surgical centre or hospital. Local anaesthesia is normally used; the procedure is usually quick and causes little or no pain and minor discomfort. Recovery sufficient for most daily activities usually takes place in days, and full recovery about a month.
Well over 90% of operations are successful in restoring useful vision, and there is a low complication rate. Day care, high-volume, minimally invasive, small-incision phacoemulsification with quick post-operative recovery has become the standard of care in cataract surgery in the developed world. Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS), which is considerably more economical in time, capital equipment, and consumables, but provides comparable results, is popular in the developing world. Both procedures have a low risk of serious complications, and are the definitive treatment for vision impairment due to lens opacification.
The global health situation of cataracts is improving but this progress has not reduced the need for cataract surgery. Older people, women, and lower socioeconomic status are associated with higher untreated cataract numbers.
Cataracts have the most uneven global distribution of non-communicable eye diseases, with the burden of cataracts more concentrated in countries with lower socioeconomic status. Blindness is also correlated with a lack of ophthalmologists, and density of ophthalmologists correlates with a higher national income. High-income countries had an average of 76.2 ophthalmologists, and low income countries an average of 3.7 ophthalmologists per million inhabitants. The countries with highest socioeconomic levels tend to have the best cataract surgery outcomes. Low income countries also tend to lack adequate training facilities for surgeons.
Cataract is globally the most common cause of blindness in people older than 50 years. It impairs vision and lowers quality of life. Improvements in vision help with daily activities, including work productivity and education. Cataract surgery reduces risk of falling and of dementia. It can prevent disability and is very cost effective, so it has large socioeconomic benefits, but the demand is great and the cost remains a large financial burden to public health systems.
In addition to the direct costs, associated surgical complications may require further intervention. In high income countries the environmental costs also tend to be higher. A phacoemulsification surgery in a UK hospital was estimated to cost more than 20 times the greenhouse gas emission of an equivalent surgery in an Indian hospital.
Cataracts are the main cause of blindness in Africa, and affect approximately half of the estimated seven million blind people on the continent, a number that is expected to increase with population growth by about 600,000 people per year. As of 2005, the estimated cataract-surgery rate was about 500 operations per million people per year. Progress on gathering information on epidemiology, distribution and impact of cataracts within the African continent has been made, but significant problems and barriers limiting further access to reliable data remain.
These barriers relate to awareness, acceptance, and cost; some studies also reported community and family dynamics as discouraging factors. Most of the studies held locally reported that cataract-surgical rate was lower in females. The higher cataract-surgery coverage found in some settings in South Africa, Libya, and Kenya suggest many barriers to surgery can be overcome.
According to the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, some sub-Saharan African countries have about one ophthalmologist per million people, while the National Center for Biotechnology Information stated the percentage of adults above the age of 50 in western sub-Saharan Africa who have developed cataract-induced blindness is about 6%—the highest rate in the world.
A mathematical model using survey data from sub-Saharan Africa showed the incidence of cataracts varies significantly across the continent, with the required rate of surgery to maintain a visual acuity level of 6/18 (20/60) ranging from about 1,200 to about 4,500 surgeries per year per million people, depending on the area. Such variations may relate to genetic or cultural differences, as well as life expectancy.
In 2011, 0.78% of the population of Nigeria were blind; more than 43% of these developed the condition from cataracts, whereas another 9% was a result of aphakia and complications from couching performed by itinerant practitioners. Although there are about 2.8 ophthalmologists per million population in Nigeria, the cataract-surgery rate is only 300 operations per million per year (compared with the WHO recommendation of 3,000 per million per year). Reasons cited for this situation include inadequate blindness prevention programs, shortage of funding and lack of government-led investments in training and services. Teaching hospitals do not have enough patient-surgical load to support training.
In South Africa, facilities vary from government hospitals, where subsidised operations for the disadvantaged may be charged at rates that cover the consumables, to private clinics in which up-to-date equipment is used and patients are charged at premium rates. Waiting times in government hospitals may be up to two years, whereas they are much shorter at private clinics. Some hospitals use a system in which two patients are operated upon for cataracts in the theatre at the same time, increasing the efficiency of facilities. Some charitable organisations in the country provide pro bono cataract surgery in rural areas by using mobile clinics.
As of 2023, the cataract-surgery rate in South Africa is less than half of the estimated requirement of at least 2,000 per million population per year needed to eliminate cataract blindness. In 2011, Lecuona and Cook identified an inadequate level of human resources in the public sector to provide care for the indigent population. The main barrier to increasing South Africa's rate of cataract surgery is inadequate surgery capacity: a higher annual rate of cataract surgeries by individual surgeons would improve cost effectiveness and personal skills, and also contribute towards an overall reduction of risk.
South Asia has the highest global age-standardized prevalence of moderate-to-severe visual impairment (17.5%) and mild visual impairment (12.2%). The estimated distribution of ophthalmologists ranges from more than 114 per million of population in Japan, to none in Micronesia. Cataract has traditionally been a major cause of blindness in less-developed countries in the region, and in spite of improvements to the volume and quality of cataract surgeries, the success rate (CSR) remains low for some of these nations.
Cataracts are common in China; as of 2022, their estimated overall prevalence in Chinese people over 50 years old was 27.45%. The environment was an influential factor, with the prevalence being 28.79% in rural areas, and 26.66% in urban areas. Prevalence of cataract considerably varies by age group, as well: for ages 50–59, it is 7.88%; for ages 60–69, it is 24.94%; for ages 70–79, it is 51.74%; in people over 80 years old, it is 78.43%. The overall cataract-surgery coverage rate was 9.19%. The prevalence of cataract and cataract surgical coverage also significantly varies by region.
India's cataract-surgical rate rose from just over 700 operations per million people per year in 1981, to 6,000 per million per year in 2011, thus getting increasingly closer to the estimated requirement of 8,000-8,700 operations per million per year needed to eliminate cataract blindness in the country. The rate's rise was partly linked to factors such as increased efficiency due to improved surgical techniques, application of day-case surgery, improvements in operating theatre design, and efficient teamwork with sufficient staff.
In India, the pool of people applying for cataract surgery has been widened through social marketing methods aimed to raise awareness about the condition and access to effective surgical treatments. The non-governmental organization (NGO) sector and Indian ophthalmologists have developed methods to deal with several problems affecting local communities, including outreach camps to find those needing surgery, counsellors to explain the system, locally manufactured equipment and consumables, and a tiered pricing structure using subsidies where appropriate.
There have been occasional incidents in which several patients have been infected and developed endophthalmitis on the same day at some hospitals associated with eye camps in India. Journalists have reported blame being placed on the surgeons, the hospital administration, and other persons, but have not reported on those responsible for sterilizing the surgical instruments and operating theatres involved, whether all infections involved the same micro-organisms, the same theatres, or the same staff. One investigation found bacteria known to be associated with endophthalmia in the theatre and in the eyes of affected patients, and it was claimed the hospital had not followed the required protocol for infection control, but the investigation was ongoing and no findings were reported. Several instances of surgeons performing more operations per day than officially allowed have been reported, but the effects upon sterility of equipment or plausible infection pathways have not been explained.
In 2022, digital news portal Scroll.in contacted the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, requesting official data on the number of patients who had contracted infections following surgery; according to their researches, since 2006, 469 people had either been blinded in one eye or had their vision seriously affected after undergoing surgery at eye camps. Further inquiries found at least 519 patients were involved, but the total number of surgeries for that period was not mentioned. As of 2017, India is claimed to be performing about 6.5 million cataract surgeries per year, more than the US, Europe and China together.
About 4.5 million cataract surgeries were done in the EU Member States in 2016. The rate of surgeries generally varied between 12000 and 4000 per million inhabitants. The highest rate was in Portugal, at 14000 per million and the lowest were Ireland and Slovakia at 2000 per million. The figures are not altogether comparable, as in some countries only surgeries at hospitals are included in the counts. The proportion of out-patient surgeries increased in almost all EU states between 2011 and 2016.
In the UK, the practice of NHS healthcare providers referring people with cataracts to surgery widely varied as of 2017; many of the providers were only referring patients with moderate or severe vision loss, often with delays. This practise occurred despite guidance issued by the NHS Executive in 2000, which urged providers to standardize care, streamline the process and increase the number of cataract surgeries performed, in order to meet the needs of the aging population. In 2019, the national ophthalmology outcomes audit found five NHS trusts had complication rates of between 1.5% and 2.1%: however, since the first national cataract audit (held in 2010), there had been a 38% reduction in posterior capsule rupture complications.
A four-year longitudinal study of 19 Latin American countries published in 2010 showed most of the countries had increased their surgery rates over that period, with increases of up to 186%, but still failed to provide adequate surgical coverage. The study also shown a significant correlation between gross national income per capita and cataract-surgery rate in the countries involved.
In a study published in 2014, the weighted-mean regional surgery rate was found to have increased by 70% from 2005 to 2012, rising from 1,562 to 2,672 cataract surgeries per million inhabitants. The weighted mean number of ophthalmologists per million inhabitants in the region was approximately 62. Cataract-surgery coverage widely varied across Latin America, ranging from 15% in El Salvador, to 77% in Uruguay. Barriers cited included cost of surgery and lack of awareness about available surgical treatment. The number of available ophthalmologists appeared to be adequate, but the number of those who practised eye surgery was unknown.
A 2009 study showed that the prevalence of cataract blindness in people 50 years and older ranged from 0.5% in Buenos Aires, to 2.3% in parts of Guatemala. Poor vision due to cataracts ranged from 0.9% in Buenos Aires, to 10.7% in parts of Peru. Cataract-surgical coverage ranged from good in parts of Brazil to poor in Paraguay, Peru, and Guatemala. Visual outcome after cataract surgery was close to conformity with WHO guidelines in Buenos Aires, where more than 80% of post-surgery eyes had visual acuity of 6/18 (20/60) or better, but ranged between 60% and 79% in most of the other regions, and was less than 60% in Guatemala and Peru.
As of 2011, cataract surgery is the most frequently performed surgical procedure in the United States, with 1.8 million Medicare beneficiaries undergoing the procedure in 2004. This rate is expected to increase as the population ages. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Access to cataract surgery is very variable by country and region. Even in developed countries availability may vary significantly between rural and more densely populated areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cataract surgery, is the removal of the natural lens of the eye that has developed a cataract, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implant.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Over time, metabolic changes of the crystalline lens fibres lead to the development of a cataract, causing impairment or loss of vision. Some infants are born with congenital cataracts, and environmental factors may lead to cataract formation. Early symptoms may include strong glare from lights and small light sources at night and reduced visual acuity at low light levels.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During cataract surgery, the cloudy natural lens is removed from the posterior chamber, either by emulsification in place or by cutting it out. An IOL is usually implanted in its place (PCIOL), or less frequently in front of the chamber, to restore useful focus. Cataract surgery is generally performed by an ophthalmologist in an out-patient setting at a surgical centre or hospital. Local anaesthesia is normally used; the procedure is usually quick and causes little or no pain and minor discomfort. Recovery sufficient for most daily activities usually takes place in days, and full recovery about a month.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Well over 90% of operations are successful in restoring useful vision, and there is a low complication rate. Day care, high-volume, minimally invasive, small-incision phacoemulsification with quick post-operative recovery has become the standard of care in cataract surgery in the developed world. Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS), which is considerably more economical in time, capital equipment, and consumables, but provides comparable results, is popular in the developing world. Both procedures have a low risk of serious complications, and are the definitive treatment for vision impairment due to lens opacification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The global health situation of cataracts is improving but this progress has not reduced the need for cataract surgery. Older people, women, and lower socioeconomic status are associated with higher untreated cataract numbers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Cataracts have the most uneven global distribution of non-communicable eye diseases, with the burden of cataracts more concentrated in countries with lower socioeconomic status. Blindness is also correlated with a lack of ophthalmologists, and density of ophthalmologists correlates with a higher national income. High-income countries had an average of 76.2 ophthalmologists, and low income countries an average of 3.7 ophthalmologists per million inhabitants. The countries with highest socioeconomic levels tend to have the best cataract surgery outcomes. Low income countries also tend to lack adequate training facilities for surgeons.",
"title": "General trends"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Cataract is globally the most common cause of blindness in people older than 50 years. It impairs vision and lowers quality of life. Improvements in vision help with daily activities, including work productivity and education. Cataract surgery reduces risk of falling and of dementia. It can prevent disability and is very cost effective, so it has large socioeconomic benefits, but the demand is great and the cost remains a large financial burden to public health systems.",
"title": "General trends"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In addition to the direct costs, associated surgical complications may require further intervention. In high income countries the environmental costs also tend to be higher. A phacoemulsification surgery in a UK hospital was estimated to cost more than 20 times the greenhouse gas emission of an equivalent surgery in an Indian hospital.",
"title": "General trends"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Cataracts are the main cause of blindness in Africa, and affect approximately half of the estimated seven million blind people on the continent, a number that is expected to increase with population growth by about 600,000 people per year. As of 2005, the estimated cataract-surgery rate was about 500 operations per million people per year. Progress on gathering information on epidemiology, distribution and impact of cataracts within the African continent has been made, but significant problems and barriers limiting further access to reliable data remain.",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "These barriers relate to awareness, acceptance, and cost; some studies also reported community and family dynamics as discouraging factors. Most of the studies held locally reported that cataract-surgical rate was lower in females. The higher cataract-surgery coverage found in some settings in South Africa, Libya, and Kenya suggest many barriers to surgery can be overcome.",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "According to the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, some sub-Saharan African countries have about one ophthalmologist per million people, while the National Center for Biotechnology Information stated the percentage of adults above the age of 50 in western sub-Saharan Africa who have developed cataract-induced blindness is about 6%—the highest rate in the world.",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "A mathematical model using survey data from sub-Saharan Africa showed the incidence of cataracts varies significantly across the continent, with the required rate of surgery to maintain a visual acuity level of 6/18 (20/60) ranging from about 1,200 to about 4,500 surgeries per year per million people, depending on the area. Such variations may relate to genetic or cultural differences, as well as life expectancy.",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In 2011, 0.78% of the population of Nigeria were blind; more than 43% of these developed the condition from cataracts, whereas another 9% was a result of aphakia and complications from couching performed by itinerant practitioners. Although there are about 2.8 ophthalmologists per million population in Nigeria, the cataract-surgery rate is only 300 operations per million per year (compared with the WHO recommendation of 3,000 per million per year). Reasons cited for this situation include inadequate blindness prevention programs, shortage of funding and lack of government-led investments in training and services. Teaching hospitals do not have enough patient-surgical load to support training.",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In South Africa, facilities vary from government hospitals, where subsidised operations for the disadvantaged may be charged at rates that cover the consumables, to private clinics in which up-to-date equipment is used and patients are charged at premium rates. Waiting times in government hospitals may be up to two years, whereas they are much shorter at private clinics. Some hospitals use a system in which two patients are operated upon for cataracts in the theatre at the same time, increasing the efficiency of facilities. Some charitable organisations in the country provide pro bono cataract surgery in rural areas by using mobile clinics.",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "As of 2023, the cataract-surgery rate in South Africa is less than half of the estimated requirement of at least 2,000 per million population per year needed to eliminate cataract blindness. In 2011, Lecuona and Cook identified an inadequate level of human resources in the public sector to provide care for the indigent population. The main barrier to increasing South Africa's rate of cataract surgery is inadequate surgery capacity: a higher annual rate of cataract surgeries by individual surgeons would improve cost effectiveness and personal skills, and also contribute towards an overall reduction of risk.",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "South Asia has the highest global age-standardized prevalence of moderate-to-severe visual impairment (17.5%) and mild visual impairment (12.2%). The estimated distribution of ophthalmologists ranges from more than 114 per million of population in Japan, to none in Micronesia. Cataract has traditionally been a major cause of blindness in less-developed countries in the region, and in spite of improvements to the volume and quality of cataract surgeries, the success rate (CSR) remains low for some of these nations.",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Cataracts are common in China; as of 2022, their estimated overall prevalence in Chinese people over 50 years old was 27.45%. The environment was an influential factor, with the prevalence being 28.79% in rural areas, and 26.66% in urban areas. Prevalence of cataract considerably varies by age group, as well: for ages 50–59, it is 7.88%; for ages 60–69, it is 24.94%; for ages 70–79, it is 51.74%; in people over 80 years old, it is 78.43%. The overall cataract-surgery coverage rate was 9.19%. The prevalence of cataract and cataract surgical coverage also significantly varies by region.",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "India's cataract-surgical rate rose from just over 700 operations per million people per year in 1981, to 6,000 per million per year in 2011, thus getting increasingly closer to the estimated requirement of 8,000-8,700 operations per million per year needed to eliminate cataract blindness in the country. The rate's rise was partly linked to factors such as increased efficiency due to improved surgical techniques, application of day-case surgery, improvements in operating theatre design, and efficient teamwork with sufficient staff.",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In India, the pool of people applying for cataract surgery has been widened through social marketing methods aimed to raise awareness about the condition and access to effective surgical treatments. The non-governmental organization (NGO) sector and Indian ophthalmologists have developed methods to deal with several problems affecting local communities, including outreach camps to find those needing surgery, counsellors to explain the system, locally manufactured equipment and consumables, and a tiered pricing structure using subsidies where appropriate.",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "There have been occasional incidents in which several patients have been infected and developed endophthalmitis on the same day at some hospitals associated with eye camps in India. Journalists have reported blame being placed on the surgeons, the hospital administration, and other persons, but have not reported on those responsible for sterilizing the surgical instruments and operating theatres involved, whether all infections involved the same micro-organisms, the same theatres, or the same staff. One investigation found bacteria known to be associated with endophthalmia in the theatre and in the eyes of affected patients, and it was claimed the hospital had not followed the required protocol for infection control, but the investigation was ongoing and no findings were reported. Several instances of surgeons performing more operations per day than officially allowed have been reported, but the effects upon sterility of equipment or plausible infection pathways have not been explained.",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In 2022, digital news portal Scroll.in contacted the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, requesting official data on the number of patients who had contracted infections following surgery; according to their researches, since 2006, 469 people had either been blinded in one eye or had their vision seriously affected after undergoing surgery at eye camps. Further inquiries found at least 519 patients were involved, but the total number of surgeries for that period was not mentioned. As of 2017, India is claimed to be performing about 6.5 million cataract surgeries per year, more than the US, Europe and China together.",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "About 4.5 million cataract surgeries were done in the EU Member States in 2016. The rate of surgeries generally varied between 12000 and 4000 per million inhabitants. The highest rate was in Portugal, at 14000 per million and the lowest were Ireland and Slovakia at 2000 per million. The figures are not altogether comparable, as in some countries only surgeries at hospitals are included in the counts. The proportion of out-patient surgeries increased in almost all EU states between 2011 and 2016.",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "In the UK, the practice of NHS healthcare providers referring people with cataracts to surgery widely varied as of 2017; many of the providers were only referring patients with moderate or severe vision loss, often with delays. This practise occurred despite guidance issued by the NHS Executive in 2000, which urged providers to standardize care, streamline the process and increase the number of cataract surgeries performed, in order to meet the needs of the aging population. In 2019, the national ophthalmology outcomes audit found five NHS trusts had complication rates of between 1.5% and 2.1%: however, since the first national cataract audit (held in 2010), there had been a 38% reduction in posterior capsule rupture complications.",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "A four-year longitudinal study of 19 Latin American countries published in 2010 showed most of the countries had increased their surgery rates over that period, with increases of up to 186%, but still failed to provide adequate surgical coverage. The study also shown a significant correlation between gross national income per capita and cataract-surgery rate in the countries involved.",
"title": "Latin America"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "In a study published in 2014, the weighted-mean regional surgery rate was found to have increased by 70% from 2005 to 2012, rising from 1,562 to 2,672 cataract surgeries per million inhabitants. The weighted mean number of ophthalmologists per million inhabitants in the region was approximately 62. Cataract-surgery coverage widely varied across Latin America, ranging from 15% in El Salvador, to 77% in Uruguay. Barriers cited included cost of surgery and lack of awareness about available surgical treatment. The number of available ophthalmologists appeared to be adequate, but the number of those who practised eye surgery was unknown.",
"title": "Latin America"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "A 2009 study showed that the prevalence of cataract blindness in people 50 years and older ranged from 0.5% in Buenos Aires, to 2.3% in parts of Guatemala. Poor vision due to cataracts ranged from 0.9% in Buenos Aires, to 10.7% in parts of Peru. Cataract-surgical coverage ranged from good in parts of Brazil to poor in Paraguay, Peru, and Guatemala. Visual outcome after cataract surgery was close to conformity with WHO guidelines in Buenos Aires, where more than 80% of post-surgery eyes had visual acuity of 6/18 (20/60) or better, but ranged between 60% and 79% in most of the other regions, and was less than 60% in Guatemala and Peru.",
"title": "Latin America"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "As of 2011, cataract surgery is the most frequently performed surgical procedure in the United States, with 1.8 million Medicare beneficiaries undergoing the procedure in 2004. This rate is expected to increase as the population ages.",
"title": "North America"
}
] | Access to cataract surgery is very variable by country and region. Even in developed countries availability may vary significantly between rural and more densely populated areas. Cataract surgery, is the removal of the natural lens of the eye that has developed a cataract, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implant. Over time, metabolic changes of the crystalline lens fibres lead to the development of a cataract, causing impairment or loss of vision. Some infants are born with congenital cataracts, and environmental factors may lead to cataract formation. Early symptoms may include strong glare from lights and small light sources at night and reduced visual acuity at low light levels. During cataract surgery, the cloudy natural lens is removed from the posterior chamber, either by emulsification in place or by cutting it out. An IOL is usually implanted in its place (PCIOL), or less frequently in front of the chamber, to restore useful focus. Cataract surgery is generally performed by an ophthalmologist in an out-patient setting at a surgical centre or hospital. Local anaesthesia is normally used; the procedure is usually quick and causes little or no pain and minor discomfort. Recovery sufficient for most daily activities usually takes place in days, and full recovery about a month. Well over 90% of operations are successful in restoring useful vision, and there is a low complication rate. Day care, high-volume, minimally invasive, small-incision phacoemulsification with quick post-operative recovery has become the standard of care in cataract surgery in the developed world. Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS), which is considerably more economical in time, capital equipment, and consumables, but provides comparable results, is popular in the developing world. Both procedures have a low risk of serious complications, and are the definitive treatment for vision impairment due to lens opacification. The global health situation of cataracts is improving but this progress has not reduced the need for cataract surgery. Older people, women, and lower socioeconomic status are associated with higher untreated cataract numbers. | 2023-12-18T09:35:07Z | 2023-12-29T03:36:16Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_access_to_cataract_surgery |
75,591,686 | Saint Chayna | Saint Chayna (Arabic: مار شَيْنَا, romanized: Mar Chayna), also known as Saint Abraham the Brigand, was a Maronite saint.
Saint Chayna, whose birth name was Abraham, was originally the leader of a gang of thieves. The gang reached a decision to rob a nunnery and planned to disguise themselves as monks in order to sneak into the convent. Upon entry, the nuns received Chayna and his men with hospitality and washed Chayna's feet as was the custom at the time. Another nun, who was sick and paralyzed, anointed herself with the dirty water used to wash Chayna's feet and was miraculously healed. When Chayna saw this, as well as the righteousness and holiness of the convent, he was moved and immediately touched by grace and decided to repent and give up his old sinful life. Chayna revealed his identity to the nuns and told them his purpose for entering their convent. He revealed his concealed sword and placed it in the hands of the nuns as a sign of his protection of them. Thus, the nuns gave him the name "Chayna", meaning protection. Chayna and his criminal entourage then adopted a life of monasticism and lived the rest of their lives through works of repentance and asceticism. Chayna became the prior to the monastery and converted a large number of pagans, spending the rest of his life guiding others until he peacefully reposed. His feast day lies on the fifteenth of September.
The Maronite bishop and poet Gabriel ibn al-Qilai recorded a poem dedicated to Saint Chayna. It contains 21 couplets and each verse has 2 hemistiches, of 10 syllables each. It is unknown if the author of the poem is ibn al-Qilai himself or not as he does not take credit for it. It was possibly written by a certain Ḍaw of Lehfed, however, it has been argued whether this refers to ibn al-Qilai's first name before he entered into the clergy or if it was a different author from the same village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Saint Chayna (Arabic: مار شَيْنَا, romanized: Mar Chayna), also known as Saint Abraham the Brigand, was a Maronite saint.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Saint Chayna, whose birth name was Abraham, was originally the leader of a gang of thieves. The gang reached a decision to rob a nunnery and planned to disguise themselves as monks in order to sneak into the convent. Upon entry, the nuns received Chayna and his men with hospitality and washed Chayna's feet as was the custom at the time. Another nun, who was sick and paralyzed, anointed herself with the dirty water used to wash Chayna's feet and was miraculously healed. When Chayna saw this, as well as the righteousness and holiness of the convent, he was moved and immediately touched by grace and decided to repent and give up his old sinful life. Chayna revealed his identity to the nuns and told them his purpose for entering their convent. He revealed his concealed sword and placed it in the hands of the nuns as a sign of his protection of them. Thus, the nuns gave him the name \"Chayna\", meaning protection. Chayna and his criminal entourage then adopted a life of monasticism and lived the rest of their lives through works of repentance and asceticism. Chayna became the prior to the monastery and converted a large number of pagans, spending the rest of his life guiding others until he peacefully reposed. His feast day lies on the fifteenth of September.",
"title": "Hagiography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Maronite bishop and poet Gabriel ibn al-Qilai recorded a poem dedicated to Saint Chayna. It contains 21 couplets and each verse has 2 hemistiches, of 10 syllables each. It is unknown if the author of the poem is ibn al-Qilai himself or not as he does not take credit for it. It was possibly written by a certain Ḍaw of Lehfed, however, it has been argued whether this refers to ibn al-Qilai's first name before he entered into the clergy or if it was a different author from the same village.",
"title": "Poem"
}
] | Saint Chayna, also known as Saint Abraham the Brigand, was a Maronite saint. | 2023-12-18T09:36:32Z | 2023-12-24T08:27:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Chayna |
75,591,687 | Tomáš Janovic | Tomáš Janovic (22 May 1937 – 14 December 2023) was a Slovak writer, songwriter, journalist and poet. He was best known as an aphorist.
Tomáš Janovic was born on 22 May 1937 in Bratislava in a nonobservant Jewish family. His father was a government official. During the World War II, the family faced persecution because of their Jewish heritage and had to hide in a hut in the woods close to the village of Čierny Balog.
Janovic was educated at a grammar school in Košice and studied Slovak language and history at the Comenius University. After his graduation in 1960 he joined the editorial team of the satirical weekly Roháč, where he remained until 1991. From then until his death, he was an independent writer, contributing typically short aphorisms to various newspapers and magazines.
Following the Velvet Revolution, Janovic was often the target of ire of nationalists due to his Jewish background and liberal, cosmopolitan worldview. The most severe incident happened in 2012 when Janovic and his wife were beaten by the nationalist writer Drahoslav Machala at a post office. The case was prominently featured in the media because Machala was an advisor and speech writer of the prime minister Robert Fico and president Ivan Gašparovič. Machala denied the attack happened, but his guilt was proven by a camera recording. He was administratively sentenced for public disturbance and had to pay a fine.
Janovic started publishing predominantly short forms in Roháč already as a student in 1954. In 1959 he published his first book of poems Život je biely houb. In 1973, he received the Bratislava lyre award for lyrics of the song Chvála humoru performed by Karol Duchoň and Eva Kostolányiová. For nearly the entirety of his career, he closely cooperated with and wrote texts for the actors Milan Lasica and Július Satinský. In addition, he was well known as an author of radio plays for children and young adults.
In 2017 Janovic was awarded Pribina Cross, 2nd class by the president Andrej Kiska for his lifelong contributions to Slovak literature and development of democracy and human rights in Slovakia.
Janovic lived his entire adult life in Bratislava. He died on 14 December 2023, at the age of 86. After his death, many Slovak writers as well as the minister of culture Martina Šimkovičová paid homage to his life. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tomáš Janovic (22 May 1937 – 14 December 2023) was a Slovak writer, songwriter, journalist and poet. He was best known as an aphorist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Tomáš Janovic was born on 22 May 1937 in Bratislava in a nonobservant Jewish family. His father was a government official. During the World War II, the family faced persecution because of their Jewish heritage and had to hide in a hut in the woods close to the village of Čierny Balog.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Janovic was educated at a grammar school in Košice and studied Slovak language and history at the Comenius University. After his graduation in 1960 he joined the editorial team of the satirical weekly Roháč, where he remained until 1991. From then until his death, he was an independent writer, contributing typically short aphorisms to various newspapers and magazines.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Following the Velvet Revolution, Janovic was often the target of ire of nationalists due to his Jewish background and liberal, cosmopolitan worldview. The most severe incident happened in 2012 when Janovic and his wife were beaten by the nationalist writer Drahoslav Machala at a post office. The case was prominently featured in the media because Machala was an advisor and speech writer of the prime minister Robert Fico and president Ivan Gašparovič. Machala denied the attack happened, but his guilt was proven by a camera recording. He was administratively sentenced for public disturbance and had to pay a fine.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Janovic started publishing predominantly short forms in Roháč already as a student in 1954. In 1959 he published his first book of poems Život je biely houb. In 1973, he received the Bratislava lyre award for lyrics of the song Chvála humoru performed by Karol Duchoň and Eva Kostolányiová. For nearly the entirety of his career, he closely cooperated with and wrote texts for the actors Milan Lasica and Július Satinský. In addition, he was well known as an author of radio plays for children and young adults.",
"title": "Literary career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2017 Janovic was awarded Pribina Cross, 2nd class by the president Andrej Kiska for his lifelong contributions to Slovak literature and development of democracy and human rights in Slovakia.",
"title": "Literary career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Janovic lived his entire adult life in Bratislava. He died on 14 December 2023, at the age of 86. After his death, many Slovak writers as well as the minister of culture Martina Šimkovičová paid homage to his life.",
"title": "Personal life and death"
}
] | Tomáš Janovic was a Slovak writer, songwriter, journalist and poet. He was best known as an aphorist. | 2023-12-18T09:36:34Z | 2023-12-29T20:41:52Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Janovic |
75,591,720 | 2024 in Kiribati | Events in the year 2024 in Kiribati.
Source: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Kiribati.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Holidays"
}
] | Events in the year 2024 in Kiribati. | 2023-12-18T09:44:31Z | 2023-12-20T08:06:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_Kiribati |
75,591,736 | Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Prague | The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Prague (Chinese: 駐捷克臺北經濟文化辦事處; pinyin: Zhù Jiékè Táiběi jīngjì wénhuà bànshì chǔ; Czech: Tchajpejská hospodářská a kulturní kancelář v Praze) represents the interests of Taiwan in the Czech Republic in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart is the Czech Economic and Cultural Office, which was established in November 1993.
The aim of the representative office is to further bilateral cooperation between Czech Republic and Taiwan in the fields of economics, culture, education and research. In addition, it offers consular services.
On 4 July 1991, Taiwan and Czechoslovakia reached a mutual location agreement and on 7 August, the economic and cultural office was established in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, becoming the second representative office to be established in Central and Eastern Europe. The office successively set up business, consular affairs, economic, cultural, and science and technology groups for related affairs. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the office became responsible for affairs related to the Czech Republic.
In September 2023, the office opened a cultural division. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Prague (Chinese: 駐捷克臺北經濟文化辦事處; pinyin: Zhù Jiékè Táiběi jīngjì wénhuà bànshì chǔ; Czech: Tchajpejská hospodářská a kulturní kancelář v Praze) represents the interests of Taiwan in the Czech Republic in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart is the Czech Economic and Cultural Office, which was established in November 1993.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The aim of the representative office is to further bilateral cooperation between Czech Republic and Taiwan in the fields of economics, culture, education and research. In addition, it offers consular services.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 4 July 1991, Taiwan and Czechoslovakia reached a mutual location agreement and on 7 August, the economic and cultural office was established in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, becoming the second representative office to be established in Central and Eastern Europe. The office successively set up business, consular affairs, economic, cultural, and science and technology groups for related affairs. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the office became responsible for affairs related to the Czech Republic.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In September 2023, the office opened a cultural division.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Prague represents the interests of Taiwan in the Czech Republic in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart is the Czech Economic and Cultural Office, which was established in November 1993. | 2023-12-18T09:46:34Z | 2023-12-19T12:03:17Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office,_Prague |
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