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75,584,333 | Wat Kaeo Phaithun | Wat Kaeo Phaithun (Thai: วัดแก้วไพฑูรย์) formerly and still colloquially known as Wat Bang Phrathun Nai (วัดบางประทุนใน) is a historical temple in Bangkok's Thonburi side, considered to be one of the most beautiful and outstanding monasteries in the Chom Thong neighbourhood.
The origin name of the temple was Wat Bang Prathun Nai since it was founded on the canal Khlong Bang Prathun in the area known as Bang Prathun. Thus, for the sake of simplicity, the temple was named after the area's name where it was built. There is no written record of the founder's name and the date or year of when it was founded. However, the ubosot (main hall) style and its condition can be traced back to early Rattanakosin era, therefore should be at least 200 years ago.
Not far away along the bank of Khlong Bang Prathun and adjacent to Khlong Dan also known as Khlong Sanam Chai is where another neighbouring temple, Wat Bang Prathun Nok is located.
Bang Phrathun is one of the old hamlets existed many years beside Khlong Bang Prathun and near to the busy Khlong Dan, that in the olden days, were customarily used as the main traveling routes to the western and southern provinces. Master poet, Sunthorn Phu has once described in his travelogue Nirat Mueang Phet (นิราศเมืองเพชร, "journey to Phetchaburi"), when he was on his way passing down the canal through this neighbourhood to Phetchaburi.
A verse from his travelogue is translated as follows:
"Bang Prathun is like a roof that protects me from the harsh elements and a blessing to my heart. It feels like having a cover against the breezy wind and the bitter cool of the clew. Here is a warm-hearted place to learn on and feel rested."
Assumed that the temple was renamed from Wat Bang Prathun Nai to Wat Kaeo Phaithun during the King Mongkut (Rama IV)'s reign.
There are two separated kuti (monk's accommodation) built a distant away from each other by Luang Phu Boon, the abbot, since the resident monks were studying dharma in two different methods; Vipassanātura and Kantatura. The two methods cause antagonism between the two branches of Buddhism in Thailand. Later on, Luang Phu Boon was expelled from the temple and before he left to Songkhla in southern region. He gave tamarind's seeds to his ardent disciples and faithful followers to plant them as a memento of him. The reason behind this is that tamarind trees are perennial plants which have an extremely long life span and today some of them are still there in the temple's premises bear witness to this past event. There is one tamarind tree located beside the bridge and another one on the opposite side of the road that pass in front of the temple.
Afterward many of his successors have renovated old buildings and many additional constructions were carried out. In 1932, Phra Liam Thamakamo, the abbot at that time, had decided to build a more spacious ubosot to accommodate more religious activities and a greater number of resident monks.
The first ubosot has been kept in good condition and later the building was designated for lesser activity whereby the small ubosot was turned into vihāra (sanctuary). However, the original principal Buddha image is still housed in this same building. Although many years have passed. Luang Pho Boon's popularity has not diminished by time and he is still held in great respect by great many people.
The former ubosot still enjoys the patronage of much of the local restidents and many devoted people from nearby districts. Even now, many people still come to pay their respects to the sacred Luang Phu Boon on a daily basis.
In addition, sala kan parian (sermon hall) is also beautiful and said to be the only one in Thailand. It is entirely made of carved-wooden partition and has exquisitely beautiful carvings telling stories from the Sudhanujataka, part of the Paññāsa Jātaka. This wooden house should have been built around the reigns of King Nangklao (Rama III) to the King Mongkut (Rama IV). | [
{
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"text": "Wat Kaeo Phaithun (Thai: วัดแก้วไพฑูรย์) formerly and still colloquially known as Wat Bang Phrathun Nai (วัดบางประทุนใน) is a historical temple in Bangkok's Thonburi side, considered to be one of the most beautiful and outstanding monasteries in the Chom Thong neighbourhood.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The origin name of the temple was Wat Bang Prathun Nai since it was founded on the canal Khlong Bang Prathun in the area known as Bang Prathun. Thus, for the sake of simplicity, the temple was named after the area's name where it was built. There is no written record of the founder's name and the date or year of when it was founded. However, the ubosot (main hall) style and its condition can be traced back to early Rattanakosin era, therefore should be at least 200 years ago.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Not far away along the bank of Khlong Bang Prathun and adjacent to Khlong Dan also known as Khlong Sanam Chai is where another neighbouring temple, Wat Bang Prathun Nok is located.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Bang Phrathun is one of the old hamlets existed many years beside Khlong Bang Prathun and near to the busy Khlong Dan, that in the olden days, were customarily used as the main traveling routes to the western and southern provinces. Master poet, Sunthorn Phu has once described in his travelogue Nirat Mueang Phet (นิราศเมืองเพชร, \"journey to Phetchaburi\"), when he was on his way passing down the canal through this neighbourhood to Phetchaburi.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A verse from his travelogue is translated as follows:",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "\"Bang Prathun is like a roof that protects me from the harsh elements and a blessing to my heart. It feels like having a cover against the breezy wind and the bitter cool of the clew. Here is a warm-hearted place to learn on and feel rested.\"",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Assumed that the temple was renamed from Wat Bang Prathun Nai to Wat Kaeo Phaithun during the King Mongkut (Rama IV)'s reign.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "There are two separated kuti (monk's accommodation) built a distant away from each other by Luang Phu Boon, the abbot, since the resident monks were studying dharma in two different methods; Vipassanātura and Kantatura. The two methods cause antagonism between the two branches of Buddhism in Thailand. Later on, Luang Phu Boon was expelled from the temple and before he left to Songkhla in southern region. He gave tamarind's seeds to his ardent disciples and faithful followers to plant them as a memento of him. The reason behind this is that tamarind trees are perennial plants which have an extremely long life span and today some of them are still there in the temple's premises bear witness to this past event. There is one tamarind tree located beside the bridge and another one on the opposite side of the road that pass in front of the temple.",
"title": "Temple components"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Afterward many of his successors have renovated old buildings and many additional constructions were carried out. In 1932, Phra Liam Thamakamo, the abbot at that time, had decided to build a more spacious ubosot to accommodate more religious activities and a greater number of resident monks.",
"title": "Temple components"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The first ubosot has been kept in good condition and later the building was designated for lesser activity whereby the small ubosot was turned into vihāra (sanctuary). However, the original principal Buddha image is still housed in this same building. Although many years have passed. Luang Pho Boon's popularity has not diminished by time and he is still held in great respect by great many people.",
"title": "Temple components"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The former ubosot still enjoys the patronage of much of the local restidents and many devoted people from nearby districts. Even now, many people still come to pay their respects to the sacred Luang Phu Boon on a daily basis.",
"title": "Temple components"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In addition, sala kan parian (sermon hall) is also beautiful and said to be the only one in Thailand. It is entirely made of carved-wooden partition and has exquisitely beautiful carvings telling stories from the Sudhanujataka, part of the Paññāsa Jātaka. This wooden house should have been built around the reigns of King Nangklao (Rama III) to the King Mongkut (Rama IV).",
"title": "Temple components"
}
] | Wat Kaeo Phaithun formerly and still colloquially known as Wat Bang Phrathun Nai (วัดบางประทุนใน) is a historical temple in Bangkok's Thonburi side, considered to be one of the most beautiful and outstanding monasteries in the Chom Thong neighbourhood. | 2023-12-17T09:56:24Z | 2023-12-30T22:54:22Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Kaeo_Phaithun |
75,584,389 | Gabriella Coleman (soccer) | Gabriella Lindsay Coleman (born 10 October 1998) is an American soccer player who last played as a striker for Perth Glory.
Coleman started playing soccer at the age of four.
Coleman played for the Mississippi State Bulldogs, where she operated as an outside-back and striker.
Coleman mainly operates as a striker and has been described as "very strong in open space when she is running at defenders, she also offers the flexibility in her game to link play up and play with her back to goal".
Coleman is a native of Texas, United States. | [
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"text": "Gabriella Lindsay Coleman (born 10 October 1998) is an American soccer player who last played as a striker for Perth Glory.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Coleman started playing soccer at the age of four.",
"title": "Early life"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Coleman played for the Mississippi State Bulldogs, where she operated as an outside-back and striker.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "Coleman mainly operates as a striker and has been described as \"very strong in open space when she is running at defenders, she also offers the flexibility in her game to link play up and play with her back to goal\".",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Coleman is a native of Texas, United States.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Gabriella Lindsay Coleman is an American soccer player who last played as a striker for Perth Glory. | 2023-12-17T10:10:49Z | 2023-12-20T08:55:19Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriella_Coleman_(soccer) |
75,584,390 | Billaea maritima | Billaea maritima is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, France, Japan, Israel, Palestine, Transcaucasia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Billaea maritima is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, France, Japan, Israel, Palestine, Transcaucasia.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Billaea maritima is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. | 2023-12-17T10:10:58Z | 2023-12-17T10:21:01Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billaea_maritima |
75,584,405 | Courtney Jung | Courtney Jung is a professor at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto, where she holds the George Ignatieff Chair, Department of Political Science. Her research focuses on critical theory and identity formation at the intersection of contemporary political theory and comparative politics.
She held visiting positions at Central European University, Yale University, and University of Cape Town before joining the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Courtney Jung is a professor at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto, where she holds the George Ignatieff Chair, Department of Political Science. Her research focuses on critical theory and identity formation at the intersection of contemporary political theory and comparative politics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She held visiting positions at Central European University, Yale University, and University of Cape Town before joining the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto.",
"title": ""
}
] | Courtney Jung is a professor at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto, where she holds the George Ignatieff Chair, Department of Political Science. Her research focuses on critical theory and identity formation at the intersection of contemporary political theory and comparative politics. She held visiting positions at Central European University, Yale University, and University of Cape Town before joining the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto. | 2023-12-17T10:16:41Z | 2023-12-18T12:23:40Z | [
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75,584,413 | Ghostlight (album) | [] | 2023-12-17T10:17:45Z | 2023-12-25T11:28:20Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostlight_(album) |
||
75,584,446 | Billaea zimini | Billaea zimini is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.
Turkmenistan, Iran. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Billaea zimini is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Turkmenistan, Iran.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Billaea zimini is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. | 2023-12-17T10:28:51Z | 2023-12-17T10:28:51Z | [
"Template:Tachinidae-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billaea_zimini |
75,584,449 | 2024 New Year Honours (New Zealand) | The 2024 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by Charles III in his right as King of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders, and to celebrate the passing of 2023 and the beginning of 2024. They were announced on 30 December 2023.
The recipients of honours are listed here as they were styled before their new honour. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by Charles III in his right as King of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders, and to celebrate the passing of 2023 and the beginning of 2024. They were announced on 30 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The recipients of honours are listed here as they were styled before their new honour.",
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}
] | The 2024 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by Charles III in his right as King of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders, and to celebrate the passing of 2023 and the beginning of 2024. They were announced on 30 December 2023. The recipients of honours are listed here as they were styled before their new honour. | 2023-12-17T10:30:19Z | 2023-12-31T21:47:21Z | [
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75,584,451 | Billaea impigra | Billaea impigra is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.
Russia, China. | [
{
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"text": "Billaea impigra is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Russia, China.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Billaea impigra is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. | 2023-12-17T10:31:04Z | 2023-12-17T10:31:04Z | [
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75,584,481 | Masjid Muhammad | Masjid Muhammad is an historically African-American mosque in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1960 as Nation of Islam Temple 4, the mosque is now affiliated with Sunni Islam. It is the second oldest mosque in Washington, D.C. and the city's oldest mosque founded by African-American descendants of enslaved people. Masjid Muhammad is commonly referred to as "The Nation's Mosque".
Masjid Muhammad was founded in 1960 as Nation of Islam Temple 4 with the help of Malcolm X. Since The 1980s, it has been named Masjid Muhammad and has been affiliated with mainstream Sunni Islam.
In August 2023, the mosque received a bomb threat. The mosque was searched by the Metropolitan Police Department and later reopened. The incident was classified as a "felony offense hate crime" by the police. | [
{
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"text": "Masjid Muhammad is an historically African-American mosque in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1960 as Nation of Islam Temple 4, the mosque is now affiliated with Sunni Islam. It is the second oldest mosque in Washington, D.C. and the city's oldest mosque founded by African-American descendants of enslaved people. Masjid Muhammad is commonly referred to as \"The Nation's Mosque\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Masjid Muhammad was founded in 1960 as Nation of Islam Temple 4 with the help of Malcolm X. Since The 1980s, it has been named Masjid Muhammad and has been affiliated with mainstream Sunni Islam.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In August 2023, the mosque received a bomb threat. The mosque was searched by the Metropolitan Police Department and later reopened. The incident was classified as a \"felony offense hate crime\" by the police.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Masjid Muhammad is an historically African-American mosque in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1960 as Nation of Islam Temple 4, the mosque is now affiliated with Sunni Islam. It is the second oldest mosque in Washington, D.C. and the city's oldest mosque founded by African-American descendants of enslaved people. Masjid Muhammad is commonly referred to as "The Nation's Mosque". | 2023-12-17T10:38:00Z | 2023-12-20T06:48:23Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_Muhammad |
75,584,483 | Pato Kelesitse | Pato Kelesitse is a climate justice activist from Gaborone, Botswana. Pato is also the Founder of Sustain267, a non-profit initiative fostering on climate justice solutions across Africa, she served as a Project Officer and now serves as a Sustainability Lead at the South African Climate Action Network.
Pato was born in Kanye, Botswana. She holds a Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Accounting and Finance, and she is also a candidate for Master of Arts in Development Studies at the University of Botswana. Pato is a delegate of the Government of Botswana to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 2019 Pato was named as one of the “40 under 40 African Leaders for Climate Resilience” by Wilton Park, an Executive Agency of the UK Foreign Office. She served as the coordinator of Resilient40, which is a network of over 60 young people in 29 African countries. Pato is a member of the World Economic Forum Global Shapers Community-Gaborone Hub.
Pato's experience in advocacy includes youth and community engagement organizing, project coordination, as well as capacity building and documentation. As a feminist, she advocates for the adoption of African feminist principles in addressing the climate crisis. She was the African representative, as one of the global youth leaders at the UN Climate Summit in addressing world leaders on climate change as a global priority. She serves as an advisor for Urgent Action Fund-Africa and is a FuturElect Class of 2022 Fellow. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pato Kelesitse is a climate justice activist from Gaborone, Botswana. Pato is also the Founder of Sustain267, a non-profit initiative fostering on climate justice solutions across Africa, she served as a Project Officer and now serves as a Sustainability Lead at the South African Climate Action Network.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Pato was born in Kanye, Botswana. She holds a Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Accounting and Finance, and she is also a candidate for Master of Arts in Development Studies at the University of Botswana. Pato is a delegate of the Government of Botswana to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 2019 Pato was named as one of the “40 under 40 African Leaders for Climate Resilience” by Wilton Park, an Executive Agency of the UK Foreign Office. She served as the coordinator of Resilient40, which is a network of over 60 young people in 29 African countries. Pato is a member of the World Economic Forum Global Shapers Community-Gaborone Hub.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "Pato's experience in advocacy includes youth and community engagement organizing, project coordination, as well as capacity building and documentation. As a feminist, she advocates for the adoption of African feminist principles in addressing the climate crisis. She was the African representative, as one of the global youth leaders at the UN Climate Summit in addressing world leaders on climate change as a global priority. She serves as an advisor for Urgent Action Fund-Africa and is a FuturElect Class of 2022 Fellow.",
"title": "Activism"
}
] | Pato Kelesitse is a climate justice activist from Gaborone, Botswana. Pato is also the Founder of Sustain267, a non-profit initiative fostering on climate justice solutions across Africa, she served as a Project Officer and now serves as a Sustainability Lead at the South African Climate Action Network. | 2023-12-17T10:38:53Z | 2023-12-24T09:13:24Z | [
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75,584,495 | Jacob Hansen | Jacob Hansen (born in Ribe, Denmark) is a Danish heavy metal producer, engineer, guitarist, bassist, drummer and vocalist.
Grammy nominated Jacob Hansen has produced, engineered, mixed and mastered some of the biggest acts in alternative and heavy music. Credits include: Amaranthe, Volbeat, Dizzy Mizz Lizzy, The Black Dahlia Murder, Pretty Maids, Epica, Primal Fear, and Evergrey. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jacob Hansen (born in Ribe, Denmark) is a Danish heavy metal producer, engineer, guitarist, bassist, drummer and vocalist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Grammy nominated Jacob Hansen has produced, engineered, mixed and mastered some of the biggest acts in alternative and heavy music. Credits include: Amaranthe, Volbeat, Dizzy Mizz Lizzy, The Black Dahlia Murder, Pretty Maids, Epica, Primal Fear, and Evergrey.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | Jacob Hansen is a Danish heavy metal producer, engineer, guitarist, bassist, drummer and vocalist. | 2023-12-17T10:42:14Z | 2023-12-30T03:20:38Z | [
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75,584,497 | Cannon Clough | Gabriella Lindsay Coleman (born 10 November 1995) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender for Canberra United.
Clough is a native of North Carolina, United States.
Clough attended the University of North Carolina in the United States, where she studied entrepreneurship.
Clough played for Australian second-tier side Lions FC, helping the club win the league. After that, she signed her first professional contract with Australian top flight side Brisbane Roar.
Clough mainly operates as a defender and has been described as a "speedy and skillful full back".
Clough has been described as a "very good communicator". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gabriella Lindsay Coleman (born 10 November 1995) is an American soccer player who plays as a defender for Canberra United.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Clough is a native of North Carolina, United States.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Clough attended the University of North Carolina in the United States, where she studied entrepreneurship.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
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"text": "Clough played for Australian second-tier side Lions FC, helping the club win the league. After that, she signed her first professional contract with Australian top flight side Brisbane Roar.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Clough mainly operates as a defender and has been described as a \"speedy and skillful full back\".",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Clough has been described as a \"very good communicator\".",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Gabriella Lindsay Coleman is an American soccer player who plays as a defender for Canberra United. | 2023-12-17T10:42:19Z | 2023-12-19T14:59:43Z | [
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75,584,501 | List of storms named Rae | The name Rae has been used for three tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Rae has been used for three tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Rae has been used for three tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere: Cyclone Rae (1980) – a weak tropical cyclone that affected Vanuatu.
Cyclone Rae (1990) – a Category 2 tropical cyclone that affected a few South Pacific islands, killing 3 people.
Cyclone Rae (2005) – a weak tropical cyclone that did not affect any landmasses. | 2023-12-17T10:42:55Z | 2023-12-17T10:42:55Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Rae |
75,584,509 | Velizar Janketić | Velizar Janketić (born 15 November 1996) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a Attacking Midfield for Bosnian Premier League club Igman Konjic.
In January 2023, Janketić returned to Rudar Pljevlja for the third time. Janketić left the club in summer of 2023.
Janketić signed a contract with Bosnian Premier League club Igman Konjic in June 2023. On 8 October 2023, he made his debut in a league match against Sloga Meridian.
Budućnost Podgorica
¸ | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Velizar Janketić (born 15 November 1996) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a Attacking Midfield for Bosnian Premier League club Igman Konjic.",
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},
{
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"text": "Janketić signed a contract with Bosnian Premier League club Igman Konjic in June 2023. On 8 October 2023, he made his debut in a league match against Sloga Meridian.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Budućnost Podgorica",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "¸",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Velizar Janketić is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a Attacking Midfield for Bosnian Premier League club Igman Konjic. | 2023-12-17T10:44:53Z | 2023-12-17T10:44:53Z | [
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75,584,510 | Esther Schor | Esther H. Schor is an American scholar, essayist, and professor of American Jewish studies at Princeton University. Completing a PhD at Yale University in 1985, she has been Professor of English at Princeton since 1986, where she focuses on subjects such as Romanticism in Britain and Jewish culture. Schor is a writer for several publications, including The Forward, The New York Times Book Review, and the The Times Literary Supplement.
In 2006, Schor completed a biography of American poet Emma Lazarus, entitled Emma Lazarus; the book won the 2006 National Jewish Book Award in the American Jewish Category.
In 2016, Schor published Bridge of Words, a history of Esperanto as well as a personal memoir of her experience as an Esperantist. By the time of the book's release, Schor had been involved in the Esperanto movement for seven years, and had previously written articles and given a TEDxRoma talk entitled "The Transformative Vision of Esperanto" on the subject. The book received mixed reviews from literary critics, with reviewers praising the depth of the book's research and some writers criticising the inclusion of autobiographic content. It was well received by Esperanto scholars, with Federico Gobbo [eo] writing:
Schor's work is not a purely academic and scholarly work, even though the quantity and quality of the notes supporting the arguments is impressive. So, the book can be read like a novel. Moreover, Schor's language style is a real pleasure for the reader.
Schor has written two volumes of original poetry, including The Hills of Holland in 2002 and Strange Nursery in 2012. In 2022, Schor was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for her upcoming biography of American philosopher Horace Kallen, which she said would look at Kallen's use of the term "cultural pluralism". | [
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"text": "In 2016, Schor published Bridge of Words, a history of Esperanto as well as a personal memoir of her experience as an Esperantist. By the time of the book's release, Schor had been involved in the Esperanto movement for seven years, and had previously written articles and given a TEDxRoma talk entitled \"The Transformative Vision of Esperanto\" on the subject. The book received mixed reviews from literary critics, with reviewers praising the depth of the book's research and some writers criticising the inclusion of autobiographic content. It was well received by Esperanto scholars, with Federico Gobbo [eo] writing:",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Schor's work is not a purely academic and scholarly work, even though the quantity and quality of the notes supporting the arguments is impressive. So, the book can be read like a novel. Moreover, Schor's language style is a real pleasure for the reader.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Schor has written two volumes of original poetry, including The Hills of Holland in 2002 and Strange Nursery in 2012. In 2022, Schor was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for her upcoming biography of American philosopher Horace Kallen, which she said would look at Kallen's use of the term \"cultural pluralism\".",
"title": ""
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] | Esther H. Schor is an American scholar, essayist, and professor of American Jewish studies at Princeton University. Completing a PhD at Yale University in 1985, she has been Professor of English at Princeton since 1986, where she focuses on subjects such as Romanticism in Britain and Jewish culture. Schor is a writer for several publications, including The Forward, The New York Times Book Review, and the The Times Literary Supplement. In 2006, Schor completed a biography of American poet Emma Lazarus, entitled Emma Lazarus; the book won the 2006 National Jewish Book Award in the American Jewish Category. In 2016, Schor published Bridge of Words, a history of Esperanto as well as a personal memoir of her experience as an Esperantist. By the time of the book's release, Schor had been involved in the Esperanto movement for seven years, and had previously written articles and given a TEDxRoma talk entitled "The Transformative Vision of Esperanto" on the subject. The book received mixed reviews from literary critics, with reviewers praising the depth of the book's research and some writers criticising the inclusion of autobiographic content. It was well received by Esperanto scholars, with Federico Gobbo writing: Schor has written two volumes of original poetry, including The Hills of Holland in 2002 and Strange Nursery in 2012. In 2022, Schor was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for her upcoming biography of American philosopher Horace Kallen, which she said would look at Kallen's use of the term "cultural pluralism". | 2023-12-17T10:44:59Z | 2023-12-26T14:38:12Z | [
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75,584,516 | Tuti-Melur railway station | Tuti-Melur Railway Station is a halt-railway station in the city of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the heart of the city, at Meelavittan Salai. It comes under the Madurai railway division of the Southern Railway Zone and is one of the railway termini in the city. It is located opposite Thoothukkudi New Bus Stand and at a distance of about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Tuticorin Railway Station, and about 16.9 km (10.5 mi) from Tuticorin Airport.
The station has a computerized booking office for ticket reservations and has allotted spacious spaces for passenger convenience. It is also equipped with a sufficient number of stone benches in the open and in the waiting sheds, built using cooling sheets on both platforms. | [
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"text": "Tuti-Melur Railway Station is a halt-railway station in the city of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the heart of the city, at Meelavittan Salai. It comes under the Madurai railway division of the Southern Railway Zone and is one of the railway termini in the city. It is located opposite Thoothukkudi New Bus Stand and at a distance of about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Tuticorin Railway Station, and about 16.9 km (10.5 mi) from Tuticorin Airport.",
"title": ""
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"title": "Salient features"
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] | Tuti-Melur Railway Station is a halt-railway station in the city of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the heart of the city, at Meelavittan Salai. It comes under the Madurai railway division of the Southern Railway Zone and is one of the railway termini in the city. It is located opposite Thoothukkudi New Bus Stand and at a distance of about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Tuticorin Railway Station, and about 16.9 km (10.5 mi) from Tuticorin Airport. | 2023-12-17T10:46:04Z | 2023-12-17T10:52:09Z | [
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75,584,548 | Vinay Ratan Singh | national President of the Bhim Army | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "national President of the Bhim Army",
"title": ""
}
] | national President of the Bhim Army | 2023-12-17T10:50:27Z | 2023-12-18T04:51:17Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinay_Ratan_Singh |
75,584,553 | Tuti-Melur Railway Station | Tuti-Melur Railway Station is a halt-railway station in the city of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the heart of the city, at Meelavittan Salai. It comes under the Madurai railway division of the Southern Railway Zone and is one of the railway termini in the city. It is located opposite Thoothukkudi New Bus Stand and at a distance of about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Tuticorin Railway Station, and about 16.9 km (10.5 mi) from Tuticorin Airport.
The station has a computerized booking office for ticket reservations and has allotted spacious spaces for passenger convenience. It is also equipped with a sufficient number of stone benches in the open and in the waiting sheds, built using cooling sheets on both platforms. | [
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},
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"title": "Salient features"
}
] | Tuti-Melur Railway Station is a halt-railway station in the city of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the heart of the city, at Meelavittan Salai. It comes under the Madurai railway division of the Southern Railway Zone and is one of the railway termini in the city. It is located opposite Thoothukkudi New Bus Stand and at a distance of about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Tuticorin Railway Station, and about 16.9 km (10.5 mi) from Tuticorin Airport. | 2023-12-17T10:52:09Z | 2023-12-17T10:52:37Z | [
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75,584,572 | Saturn Return (film) | Saturn Return (Spanish: Segundo premio) is an upcoming musical drama film directed by Isaki Lacuesta starring Daniel Ibáñez and Stéphanie Magnin. It is inspired by the story of the musical band Los Planetas.
Set in 1998 against the backdrop of Granada's musical scene, the plot fictionalizes the creative process behind Los Planetas' third album.
Saturn Return was originally set to be directed by Jonás Trueba, but Trueba eventually left the project for undisclosed reasons and Isaki Lacuesta took over, while Fernando Navarro remained in writing duties. The film is Spanish-French co-production by La Terraza Films, Áralan Films, Ikiru Films, Capricci Films, Bteam Prods., Sideral Cinema and Toxicosmos AIE production. Shooting locations in Granada included the Campo del Príncipe.
Film distribution will be handled by BTeam Pictures in Spain and Capricci Films in France. Latido Films acquired international sales rights. The theatrical release is expected for 2024. | [
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"paragraph_id": 0,
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"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Set in 1998 against the backdrop of Granada's musical scene, the plot fictionalizes the creative process behind Los Planetas' third album.",
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"text": "Saturn Return was originally set to be directed by Jonás Trueba, but Trueba eventually left the project for undisclosed reasons and Isaki Lacuesta took over, while Fernando Navarro remained in writing duties. The film is Spanish-French co-production by La Terraza Films, Áralan Films, Ikiru Films, Capricci Films, Bteam Prods., Sideral Cinema and Toxicosmos AIE production. Shooting locations in Granada included the Campo del Príncipe.",
"title": "Production"
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"text": "Film distribution will be handled by BTeam Pictures in Spain and Capricci Films in France. Latido Films acquired international sales rights. The theatrical release is expected for 2024.",
"title": "Release"
}
] | Saturn Return is an upcoming musical drama film directed by Isaki Lacuesta starring Daniel Ibáñez and Stéphanie Magnin. It is inspired by the story of the musical band Los Planetas. | 2023-12-17T10:57:39Z | 2023-12-18T18:02:12Z | [
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75,584,620 | Battelstein's | Battelstein's is a commercial skyscraper located on Main Street in downtown Houston, Texas, United States. From 1924 until 1980, it housed an eponymous department store founded by Philip Battelstein. Originally only two floors, it was expanded to its present ten-story form between 1934 and 1950 by architects Joseph Finger and George Rustay. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 6, 2020.
Philip Battelstein arrived in Houston in 1897 as a Jewish immigrant from Lithuania. Arriving with only a few dollars to his name, he soon opened his own tailor and haberdashery, P. Battelstein & Company, located inside the Prince Theater building at 314 Fannin Street (now a walkway adjacent to the Harris County Tax Office); it later burned down.
Battelstein restarted his business at 618 Main Street in 1909; around the same time, the partnership dissolved and the company name became just "P. Battelstein". This business also burned down in 1924 after a fire broke out at the adjacent Old Capitol Hotel.
Battelstein then purchased the present-day site at 812 Main Street. This new iteration of Battelstein's was a simple two-story building, completed in early 1924; however, the architect Battelstein hired to plan the works is unknown, but at least the interior fixtures were the work of Houston Showcase & Manufacturing Co.
Originally, Battelstein shared the building with several other tenants, but quickly began to expand. By June 1924, Battelstein's announced it would double in size and touted itself as "being made the most modern in the Southwest". By 1933, his business had expanded enough to take up the entirety of the first floor. The following year, Battelstein hired Houston architect Joseph Finger to design an expansion. The store expanded again in 1937, this time adding three floors and multiple new departments.
Battelstein's prospered during the post-World War II years. The department store business in Houston flourished, and several expanded their buildings and services during this time; they were some of the first companie to start building skyscrapers in downtown Houston. By the late 1940s, Battelstein's was ready to increase in size again and planned a major remodel along with it. Finger was rehired and Tellepsen Construction Company was chosen to construct it. The expansion was completed in 1950 and was followed by several minor restorations and redecorations over the decades, as well as the opening of two new stores: at River Oaks in 1953 and at Sharpstown Mall in 1961. Although Battelstein himself died in 1955, his store's success did not slow. From 1952 to 1956, Battelstein's was announced to have advertised so much that it led the nation in newspaper linage for its menswear ads.
In 1967, Battelstein's was purchased by Manhattan Industries, a New York-based clothing manufacturer, for $8 million. In 1969, two new outlet stores at Northwest Mall and Almeda Mall opened. By this time, Battelstein's employed over 1,100 people and was one of the largest department store chains in Houston. Another location later opened at Greenspoint Mall.
Soon, however, Battelstein's began its decline. Throughout the 1970s, crime in downtown Houston increased significantly. The downtown location had long been outsold at its sister stores, as well as other department store outlets, especially those located in suburbia. It also did not have the parking capacity to support immense numbers of shoppers, which the while the suburban malls could build sprawling parking lots. Battelstein's was sold again in 1980 to Bealls, who closed the downtown location in 1981. It then entered a period of on-and-off vacancy at different tenants occupied the building and operated as a nightclub and then as condominium apartments. The building then sat vacant for over a decade before it was purchased by the neighboring Marriott Hotel in 2019.
Overall, the building covers a total floor area of 63,960 square feet (5,942 m) over ten stories, and its footprint measures about 52 by 128 feet (16 m × 39 m). The first two floors are original to the 1924 construcution and were designed by an unknown architect, but the top eight floors date from the 1930s to 1950; these were conceived of by architects Joseph Finger and George Rustay, who chose a Modern design with International elements. The facade is made of limestone on its eastern (street-facing side) and brick on the others. Its roof is flat with a flared edge. There is an inset balcony with three bays on the second floor, which overlooks the street below. The ribbon windows on the upper eight levels are all identical and are set in the center of the facade. | [
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"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Philip Battelstein arrived in Houston in 1897 as a Jewish immigrant from Lithuania. Arriving with only a few dollars to his name, he soon opened his own tailor and haberdashery, P. Battelstein & Company, located inside the Prince Theater building at 314 Fannin Street (now a walkway adjacent to the Harris County Tax Office); it later burned down.",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "Battelstein restarted his business at 618 Main Street in 1909; around the same time, the partnership dissolved and the company name became just \"P. Battelstein\". This business also burned down in 1924 after a fire broke out at the adjacent Old Capitol Hotel.",
"title": "History"
},
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"text": "Battelstein then purchased the present-day site at 812 Main Street. This new iteration of Battelstein's was a simple two-story building, completed in early 1924; however, the architect Battelstein hired to plan the works is unknown, but at least the interior fixtures were the work of Houston Showcase & Manufacturing Co.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Originally, Battelstein shared the building with several other tenants, but quickly began to expand. By June 1924, Battelstein's announced it would double in size and touted itself as \"being made the most modern in the Southwest\". By 1933, his business had expanded enough to take up the entirety of the first floor. The following year, Battelstein hired Houston architect Joseph Finger to design an expansion. The store expanded again in 1937, this time adding three floors and multiple new departments.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Battelstein's prospered during the post-World War II years. The department store business in Houston flourished, and several expanded their buildings and services during this time; they were some of the first companie to start building skyscrapers in downtown Houston. By the late 1940s, Battelstein's was ready to increase in size again and planned a major remodel along with it. Finger was rehired and Tellepsen Construction Company was chosen to construct it. The expansion was completed in 1950 and was followed by several minor restorations and redecorations over the decades, as well as the opening of two new stores: at River Oaks in 1953 and at Sharpstown Mall in 1961. Although Battelstein himself died in 1955, his store's success did not slow. From 1952 to 1956, Battelstein's was announced to have advertised so much that it led the nation in newspaper linage for its menswear ads.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1967, Battelstein's was purchased by Manhattan Industries, a New York-based clothing manufacturer, for $8 million. In 1969, two new outlet stores at Northwest Mall and Almeda Mall opened. By this time, Battelstein's employed over 1,100 people and was one of the largest department store chains in Houston. Another location later opened at Greenspoint Mall.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Soon, however, Battelstein's began its decline. Throughout the 1970s, crime in downtown Houston increased significantly. The downtown location had long been outsold at its sister stores, as well as other department store outlets, especially those located in suburbia. It also did not have the parking capacity to support immense numbers of shoppers, which the while the suburban malls could build sprawling parking lots. Battelstein's was sold again in 1980 to Bealls, who closed the downtown location in 1981. It then entered a period of on-and-off vacancy at different tenants occupied the building and operated as a nightclub and then as condominium apartments. The building then sat vacant for over a decade before it was purchased by the neighboring Marriott Hotel in 2019.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Overall, the building covers a total floor area of 63,960 square feet (5,942 m) over ten stories, and its footprint measures about 52 by 128 feet (16 m × 39 m). The first two floors are original to the 1924 construcution and were designed by an unknown architect, but the top eight floors date from the 1930s to 1950; these were conceived of by architects Joseph Finger and George Rustay, who chose a Modern design with International elements. The facade is made of limestone on its eastern (street-facing side) and brick on the others. Its roof is flat with a flared edge. There is an inset balcony with three bays on the second floor, which overlooks the street below. The ribbon windows on the upper eight levels are all identical and are set in the center of the facade.",
"title": "Architecture"
}
] | Battelstein's is a commercial skyscraper located on Main Street in downtown Houston, Texas, United States. From 1924 until 1980, it housed an eponymous department store founded by Philip Battelstein. Originally only two floors, it was expanded to its present ten-story form between 1934 and 1950 by architects Joseph Finger and George Rustay. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 6, 2020. | 2023-12-17T11:01:48Z | 2023-12-22T20:43:09Z | [
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75,584,624 | List of storms named Rewa | The name Rewa has been used for two tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere:
The WMO retired the name Rewa from use in the South Pacific basin following the 1993–94 cyclone season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Rewa has been used for two tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The WMO retired the name Rewa from use in the South Pacific basin following the 1993–94 cyclone season.",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Rewa has been used for two tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere: Cyclone Rewa (1983) – a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone that remained far out in sea.
Cyclone Rewa (1993) – a Category 5 tropical cyclone and a system that lasted for 28-days. The WMO retired the name Rewa from use in the South Pacific basin following the 1993–94 cyclone season. | 2023-12-17T11:02:42Z | 2023-12-17T11:02:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Rewa |
75,584,633 | Eileen Keys | Eileen Constance Keys born Eileen Constance Mitchell (24 December 1903 – 16 September 1992) was a New Zealand born potter. She returned from studying art in London inspired by clay. She created pottery using locally sourced materials and these are in galleries across Australia.
Keys was born on Christmas Eve 1903 in Christchurch. Her Methodist parents were Alice May (born Pleasance) and John Martin Mitchell. Her father was an English immigrant who made furniture and her mother was born in New Zealand. She had three elder siblings and another followed her. She attended the Anglican school for girls, St Margaret's College, before she went on to study at Canterbury College School of Art. She learned the Montessori approach to caring for young children.
After travelling in Europe she began work as a teacher at Cathedral Grammar School in her home city in 1925. She was there for four years until 1929 when she married a fellow teacher named George Eric Maxwell Keys. From 1939 to 1941 she experimented with ceramics as she studied at the Chelsea School of Art in London. Her husband was there studying education. It was reported that while in London she went to buy interesting minerals and the vendor commented that she should use the minerals of her native Australia. This was a theme of her later work.
In 1947 the family were in Perth where her husband was the new head at Scotch College and she became the boys' art teacher. She encouraged her students to bring in clay they had found locally and this was combined with glazes made from ashes to create their pottery. She taught elsewhere and she created her own artworks. She and weaver Hilda Stephens had a joint exhibition of their work. In 1951 she had a joint exhibition with the painter Elizabeth Durack. They put their work together in still-life arrangements inspired by George Braque.
She was a founding member of the Craft Association of Australia. She was a strong influence on other artists like the basket weaver Nalda Searles. Keys has been called the "the godmother of West Australian ceramics".
Her husband died in 1986 and Keys died in 1992 in Perth. Her work has appeared at auction. In 2022 one of her pieces was sold for about 1,100 USD. Keys work is in galleries in Ballarat, Brisbane, Christchurch, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Eileen Constance Keys born Eileen Constance Mitchell (24 December 1903 – 16 September 1992) was a New Zealand born potter. She returned from studying art in London inspired by clay. She created pottery using locally sourced materials and these are in galleries across Australia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Keys was born on Christmas Eve 1903 in Christchurch. Her Methodist parents were Alice May (born Pleasance) and John Martin Mitchell. Her father was an English immigrant who made furniture and her mother was born in New Zealand. She had three elder siblings and another followed her. She attended the Anglican school for girls, St Margaret's College, before she went on to study at Canterbury College School of Art. She learned the Montessori approach to caring for young children.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After travelling in Europe she began work as a teacher at Cathedral Grammar School in her home city in 1925. She was there for four years until 1929 when she married a fellow teacher named George Eric Maxwell Keys. From 1939 to 1941 she experimented with ceramics as she studied at the Chelsea School of Art in London. Her husband was there studying education. It was reported that while in London she went to buy interesting minerals and the vendor commented that she should use the minerals of her native Australia. This was a theme of her later work.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1947 the family were in Perth where her husband was the new head at Scotch College and she became the boys' art teacher. She encouraged her students to bring in clay they had found locally and this was combined with glazes made from ashes to create their pottery. She taught elsewhere and she created her own artworks. She and weaver Hilda Stephens had a joint exhibition of their work. In 1951 she had a joint exhibition with the painter Elizabeth Durack. They put their work together in still-life arrangements inspired by George Braque.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "She was a founding member of the Craft Association of Australia. She was a strong influence on other artists like the basket weaver Nalda Searles. Keys has been called the \"the godmother of West Australian ceramics\".",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Her husband died in 1986 and Keys died in 1992 in Perth. Her work has appeared at auction. In 2022 one of her pieces was sold for about 1,100 USD. Keys work is in galleries in Ballarat, Brisbane, Christchurch, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] | Eileen Constance Keys born Eileen Constance Mitchell was a New Zealand born potter. She returned from studying art in London inspired by clay. She created pottery using locally sourced materials and these are in galleries across Australia. | 2023-12-17T11:04:27Z | 2023-12-18T13:16:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Keys |
75,584,639 | Kırıkkale power station | Kırıkkale power station is a gas-fired power station in Kırıkkale Province in central Turkey, which was completed in 2017. At 950 MW it is one of the larger power stations in Turkey and is owned by ACWA Power. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kırıkkale power station is a gas-fired power station in Kırıkkale Province in central Turkey, which was completed in 2017. At 950 MW it is one of the larger power stations in Turkey and is owned by ACWA Power.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Kırıkkale power station is a gas-fired power station in Kırıkkale Province in central Turkey, which was completed in 2017. At 950 MW it is one of the larger power stations in Turkey and is owned by ACWA Power. | 2023-12-17T11:05:23Z | 2023-12-17T11:19:44Z | [
"Template:Infobox power station",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Power stations in Turkey",
"Template:Coord missing",
"Template:Turkey-struct-stub",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_power_station |
75,584,672 | Coley (given name) | Coley may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Coley may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Coley may refer to: Coley Jones, American country blues mandolin player
Coley McCabe, American country music singer
Coley McDonough, American football player
Coley O'Brien, Irish footballer
Coley O'Toole, keyboard and rhythm guitar player for the We Are Kings American rock band
Coley Wallace, American actor and heavyweight boxer | 2023-12-17T11:13:22Z | 2023-12-17T11:13:22Z | [
"Template:Given name"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coley_(given_name) |
75,584,673 | List of storms named Rhonda | The name Rhonda has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Australian region of the Southern Hemisphere. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Rhonda has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Australian region of the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Rhonda has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Australian region of the Southern Hemisphere. Cyclone Rhonda (1986) – a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone that affected Western Australia bringing heavy rain.
Cyclone Rhonda (1997) – a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone that later affected Western Australia. | 2023-12-17T11:13:40Z | 2023-12-17T11:13:40Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Rhonda |
75,584,691 | Jake Davidson (footballer) | Jake Davidson (born 6 October 2000) is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship.
Davidson rose through the Youth ranks at Dundee United until he was promoted to the first team in 2017. However, Davidson failed to break into the team and was sent out on loan. In 2019, Davidson signed for Lowland League side, Spartans before moving to League Two side, Queen's Park, League of Ireland side, Waterford, and Scottish Championship side, Arbroath.
In 2021, Davidson returned to Queen's Park, now in League One, after leaving Dundee United, where he helped Queen's Park get promoted to the Scottish Championship for the first time since the 1980s, before scoring his first professional goal in a 1–1 League Cup draw with Hamilton Academical and helping Queen's Park to a 2nd place finish in the League.
In 2023, Davidson left Queen's Park for Championship rivals, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, where he scored on his debut, ironically against his former club, Queen's Park, in a 2–1 loss. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jake Davidson (born 6 October 2000) is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Davidson rose through the Youth ranks at Dundee United until he was promoted to the first team in 2017. However, Davidson failed to break into the team and was sent out on loan. In 2019, Davidson signed for Lowland League side, Spartans before moving to League Two side, Queen's Park, League of Ireland side, Waterford, and Scottish Championship side, Arbroath.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2021, Davidson returned to Queen's Park, now in League One, after leaving Dundee United, where he helped Queen's Park get promoted to the Scottish Championship for the first time since the 1980s, before scoring his first professional goal in a 1–1 League Cup draw with Hamilton Academical and helping Queen's Park to a 2nd place finish in the League.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2023, Davidson left Queen's Park for Championship rivals, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, where he scored on his debut, ironically against his former club, Queen's Park, in a 2–1 loss.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Jake Davidson is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship. | 2023-12-17T11:19:14Z | 2023-12-17T17:04:36Z | [
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Davidson_(footballer) |
75,584,694 | List of storms named Robyn | The name Robyn has been used for four tropical cyclones worldwide: two in the Western Pacific Ocean and two in the Australian Region.
In the Western Pacific:
In the Australian Region: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Robyn has been used for four tropical cyclones worldwide: two in the Western Pacific Ocean and two in the Australian Region.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the Western Pacific:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the Australian Region:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Robyn has been used for four tropical cyclones worldwide: two in the Western Pacific Ocean and two in the Australian Region. In the Western Pacific: Tropical Storm Robyn (1990) – a long-living tropical storm that caused minor impacts.
Typhoon Robyn (1993) – a Category 4 typhoon that affected Japan. In the Australian Region: Cyclone Robyn (1975) – traversed much of the Indian Ocean.
Cyclone Robyn (2010) – a tropical cyclone that stayed out in the central Indian Ocean. | 2023-12-17T11:21:35Z | 2023-12-17T11:21:35Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Robyn |
75,584,713 | Adam Brooks (footballer) | Adam Brooks (born 9 February 2004) is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship.
Born in Bonhill, Brooks started his youth career with Dumbarton United, before being scouted by Celtic's Youth Academy, where he rose through the ranks before joining the 'B' Team in the Scottish Lowland League, where he scored 13 goals in 19 appearances as Celtic narrowly missed out on the title with a 3rd-place finish behind Spartans and Rangers 'B', respectively.
In July 2023, Brooks got his first senior move, moving to Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship, making his debut less than a week later in a 2–1 League Cup win over Bonnyrigg Rose. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Adam Brooks (born 9 February 2004) is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Bonhill, Brooks started his youth career with Dumbarton United, before being scouted by Celtic's Youth Academy, where he rose through the ranks before joining the 'B' Team in the Scottish Lowland League, where he scored 13 goals in 19 appearances as Celtic narrowly missed out on the title with a 3rd-place finish behind Spartans and Rangers 'B', respectively.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In July 2023, Brooks got his first senior move, moving to Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship, making his debut less than a week later in a 2–1 League Cup win over Bonnyrigg Rose.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Adam Brooks is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Championship. | 2023-12-17T11:26:35Z | 2023-12-28T07:34:08Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Brooks_(footballer) |
75,584,715 | John Boyd (cricketer) | John Hardy Boyd OBE (20 April 1899 – 7 December 1962) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Army.
Boyd was born at Stockport in April 1899. He attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, graduating from there during the latter stages of the First World War into the Royal Engineers as a second lieutenant. While serving in British India, Boyd made two appearances in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Hindus and the Parsees at Bombay in the 1921–22 Bombay Quadrangular. He was appointed an adjutant in November 1926, by which point he held the rank of lieutenant. Promotion to captain followed in June 1929, prior to his appointment as an assistant instructor at the School of Anti-Aircraft Defence from October 1931 to January 1936. He was then appointed to be an instructor in searchlights with the 1st Anti-Aircraft Division in April 1936, with promotion to major following in June 1938.
Boyd served in the Second World War, during which he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 1944, with him also being made an OBE in March 1945 for gallant and distinguished service in the North-West Europe campaign of 1944–45. Following the war, he retired from active service in October 1949, at which point he was granted the honorary rank of brigadier. Boyd died at Salisbury in December 1962. To friends and colleagues in the Royal Engineers, he was better known as George Boyd. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John Hardy Boyd OBE (20 April 1899 – 7 December 1962) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Army.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Boyd was born at Stockport in April 1899. He attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, graduating from there during the latter stages of the First World War into the Royal Engineers as a second lieutenant. While serving in British India, Boyd made two appearances in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Hindus and the Parsees at Bombay in the 1921–22 Bombay Quadrangular. He was appointed an adjutant in November 1926, by which point he held the rank of lieutenant. Promotion to captain followed in June 1929, prior to his appointment as an assistant instructor at the School of Anti-Aircraft Defence from October 1931 to January 1936. He was then appointed to be an instructor in searchlights with the 1st Anti-Aircraft Division in April 1936, with promotion to major following in June 1938.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Boyd served in the Second World War, during which he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 1944, with him also being made an OBE in March 1945 for gallant and distinguished service in the North-West Europe campaign of 1944–45. Following the war, he retired from active service in October 1949, at which point he was granted the honorary rank of brigadier. Boyd died at Salisbury in December 1962. To friends and colleagues in the Royal Engineers, he was better known as George Boyd.",
"title": ""
}
] | John Hardy Boyd was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in the British Army. Boyd was born at Stockport in April 1899. He attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, graduating from there during the latter stages of the First World War into the Royal Engineers as a second lieutenant. While serving in British India, Boyd made two appearances in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Hindus and the Parsees at Bombay in the 1921–22 Bombay Quadrangular. He was appointed an adjutant in November 1926, by which point he held the rank of lieutenant. Promotion to captain followed in June 1929, prior to his appointment as an assistant instructor at the School of Anti-Aircraft Defence from October 1931 to January 1936. He was then appointed to be an instructor in searchlights with the 1st Anti-Aircraft Division in April 1936, with promotion to major following in June 1938. Boyd served in the Second World War, during which he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in April 1944, with him also being made an OBE in March 1945 for gallant and distinguished service in the North-West Europe campaign of 1944–45. Following the war, he retired from active service in October 1949, at which point he was granted the honorary rank of brigadier. Boyd died at Salisbury in December 1962. To friends and colleagues in the Royal Engineers, he was better known as George Boyd. | 2023-12-17T11:26:46Z | 2023-12-19T01:54:56Z | [
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"Template:Infobox cricketer",
"Template:Postnominal",
"Template:London Gazette",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cricinfo"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_(cricketer) |
75,584,746 | List of storms named Roger | The name Roger has been used for five tropical cyclones worldwide: four in the Western Pacific ocean and one in the Australian Region.
In the Western Pacific:
In the Australian Region: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Roger has been used for five tropical cyclones worldwide: four in the Western Pacific ocean and one in the Australian Region.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the Western Pacific:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the Australian Region:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Roger has been used for five tropical cyclones worldwide: four in the Western Pacific ocean and one in the Australian Region. In the Western Pacific: Tropical Storm Roger (1979) – a weak and disorganised tropical storm in the Western Pacific.
Tropical Storm Roger (1982) – a December severe tropical storm that brushed the coast of eastern Philippines.
Typhoon Roger (1986) – a Category 2 typhoon that brushed the southern coast of Japan.
Tropical Storm Roger (1989) – a strong tropical storm produced significant rainfall across the majority of Japan, affecting areas from the Ryukyu Islands to Hokkaido. In the Australian Region: Cyclone Roger (1993) – a tropical cyclone that affected New Caledonia. | 2023-12-17T11:34:19Z | 2023-12-17T17:04:30Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Roger |
75,584,750 | Danuwar people | The Danuwar are an ethnic group indigenous to the inner Terai regions of Nepal. They speak Danwar language. Danuwars can be found throughout the hills and Terai regions of central and eastern Nepal but they mainly reside in Sindhuli and Udayapur district. They have close physical and cultural similarities with Tharus of Terai. There are various sub groups largely Rajhan, Kachhade, Rai-Danuwar and Tharu Danuwar.
The word Danuwar is thought to be derived from the word 'Duna' which means leaves plates and people consuming food in it were later called Danuwar. Another theory suggest that it is derived from the Sanskrit Dronibar which signifies the plain land between the confluences of two rivers situated in the laps of the two hills.
Danuwar people speak Danwar language (also known as Danwari) which is close to Bote-Darai and Tharu languages. According to the census of 2011, there were a total of 46,000 who considered Danuwar as their mother tongue.
Danuwar people consider themselves as Nature worshippers. However many follow Hinduism and some even wear 'sacred thread' like the Brahmins. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Danuwar are an ethnic group indigenous to the inner Terai regions of Nepal. They speak Danwar language. Danuwars can be found throughout the hills and Terai regions of central and eastern Nepal but they mainly reside in Sindhuli and Udayapur district. They have close physical and cultural similarities with Tharus of Terai. There are various sub groups largely Rajhan, Kachhade, Rai-Danuwar and Tharu Danuwar.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The word Danuwar is thought to be derived from the word 'Duna' which means leaves plates and people consuming food in it were later called Danuwar. Another theory suggest that it is derived from the Sanskrit Dronibar which signifies the plain land between the confluences of two rivers situated in the laps of the two hills.",
"title": "Etymology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Danuwar people speak Danwar language (also known as Danwari) which is close to Bote-Darai and Tharu languages. According to the census of 2011, there were a total of 46,000 who considered Danuwar as their mother tongue.",
"title": "Language"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Danuwar people consider themselves as Nature worshippers. However many follow Hinduism and some even wear 'sacred thread' like the Brahmins.",
"title": "Religion"
}
] | The Danuwar are an ethnic group indigenous to the inner Terai regions of Nepal. They speak Danwar language. Danuwars can be found throughout the hills and Terai regions of central and eastern Nepal but they mainly reside in Sindhuli and Udayapur district. They have close physical and cultural similarities with Tharus of Terai. There are various sub groups largely Rajhan, Kachhade, Rai-Danuwar and Tharu Danuwar. | 2023-12-17T11:34:53Z | 2023-12-29T06:20:50Z | [
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Ethnic groups in Nepal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox ethnic group",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuwar_people |
75,584,783 | Paradise of Cheats | Paradise of Cheats is a 1949 Australian radio serial by Morris West.
It was recorded in 15 minute episodes but during its original broadcast four of these were put together to make one hour episodes. The Herald said "Interest is well sustained because the script Is excellent."
The Adelaide News said "Semi-documentary treatment helps what promises to be a better-than average thriller."
The Sunday Mail called it "an excellent presentation of its kind."
The series was popular and wa repeated in 1953.
A ring of crimainsl circulate forged currency. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Paradise of Cheats is a 1949 Australian radio serial by Morris West.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was recorded in 15 minute episodes but during its original broadcast four of these were put together to make one hour episodes. The Herald said \"Interest is well sustained because the script Is excellent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Adelaide News said \"Semi-documentary treatment helps what promises to be a better-than average thriller.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Sunday Mail called it \"an excellent presentation of its kind.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The series was popular and wa repeated in 1953.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "A ring of crimainsl circulate forged currency.",
"title": "Premise"
}
] | Paradise of Cheats is a 1949 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It was recorded in 15 minute episodes but during its original broadcast four of these were put together to make one hour episodes. The Herald said "Interest is well sustained because the script Is excellent." The Adelaide News said "Semi-documentary treatment helps what promises to be a better-than average thriller." The Sunday Mail called it "an excellent presentation of its kind." The series was popular and wa repeated in 1953. | 2023-12-17T11:41:10Z | 2023-12-17T14:46:58Z | [
"Template:Infobox radio show",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Morris West"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_of_Cheats |
75,584,790 | List of storms named Russ | The name Russ was used for two tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Russ was used for two tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Russ was used for two tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: Typhoon Russ (1990) – a Category 4 typhoon that affected Micronesia and Guam.
Tropical Storm Russ (1994) – a moderate tropical storm that affected South China bringing torrential rainfall which caused billions of damages. | 2023-12-17T11:42:03Z | 2023-12-17T11:42:03Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Russ |
75,584,813 | Sarit Suwannarut | Sarit Suwannarut (Thai: สาริศ สุวรรณรัตน์; born 8 January 1998) is a Thai professional golfer who plays on the Asian Tour.
Suwannarut won on the All Thailand Golf Tour in as an amateur in July 2016 at the Singha Pattaya Open.
Suwannarut turned professional in 2018 and got his first Asian Tour title at the BNI Indonesian Masters in December 2022. He clinched his second Asian Tour victory in November 2023 at the Volvo China Open.
Co-sanctioned by the China Tour
Co-sanctioned by the ASEAN PGA Tour
Amateur | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sarit Suwannarut (Thai: สาริศ สุวรรณรัตน์; born 8 January 1998) is a Thai professional golfer who plays on the Asian Tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Suwannarut won on the All Thailand Golf Tour in as an amateur in July 2016 at the Singha Pattaya Open.",
"title": "Amateur career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Suwannarut turned professional in 2018 and got his first Asian Tour title at the BNI Indonesian Masters in December 2022. He clinched his second Asian Tour victory in November 2023 at the Volvo China Open.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Co-sanctioned by the China Tour",
"title": "Professional wins (4)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Co-sanctioned by the ASEAN PGA Tour",
"title": "Professional wins (4)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Amateur",
"title": "Team appearances"
}
] | Sarit Suwannarut is a Thai professional golfer who plays on the Asian Tour. | 2023-12-17T11:47:31Z | 2023-12-18T12:04:28Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
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"Template:Use dmy dates",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarit_Suwannarut |
75,584,828 | Shrine of Prophet Hud and Salih | The Shrine of Prophet Hud and Salih (Arabic: مقام النبي هود وصالح) is a shrine located in the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery in Najaf, Iraq. It is believed by locals to contain the tombs of Hud and Salih, two Prophets revered by all Muslims.
The shrine was originally built by the cleric Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm in the 18th century. This original structure was made of stone brick with chalk. At the same time, some narrations from Shi'ite books reported the existence of graves for Prophets Hud and Salih.
During the Iraqi Revolt, the British troops entered the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, and the shrine was desecrated on the 17th of October, in 1917. A year later, in the years 1918 until 1919, the shrine was repaired and given extensive renovations. With the assistance of Iranian companies, the dome of the shrine received new tilework.
In 2018, a new foundation stone was laid for a reconstruction of the shrine. The reconstruction was approved by the head of the Shiite Endowment Office, the main director of the Holy Shrines Department and other governmental positions exclusive to Najaf. The current head of the Shiite Endowment Office, Ala’ al-Mussawi, confirmed that a bigger and more decorated shrine would replace the old structure. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Shrine of Prophet Hud and Salih (Arabic: مقام النبي هود وصالح) is a shrine located in the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery in Najaf, Iraq. It is believed by locals to contain the tombs of Hud and Salih, two Prophets revered by all Muslims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The shrine was originally built by the cleric Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm in the 18th century. This original structure was made of stone brick with chalk. At the same time, some narrations from Shi'ite books reported the existence of graves for Prophets Hud and Salih.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During the Iraqi Revolt, the British troops entered the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, and the shrine was desecrated on the 17th of October, in 1917. A year later, in the years 1918 until 1919, the shrine was repaired and given extensive renovations. With the assistance of Iranian companies, the dome of the shrine received new tilework.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2018, a new foundation stone was laid for a reconstruction of the shrine. The reconstruction was approved by the head of the Shiite Endowment Office, the main director of the Holy Shrines Department and other governmental positions exclusive to Najaf. The current head of the Shiite Endowment Office, Ala’ al-Mussawi, confirmed that a bigger and more decorated shrine would replace the old structure.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Shrine of Prophet Hud and Salih is a shrine located in the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery in Najaf, Iraq. It is believed by locals to contain the tombs of Hud and Salih, two Prophets revered by all Muslims. | 2023-12-17T11:52:18Z | 2023-12-20T07:54:50Z | [
"Template:Infobox religious building",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Prophet_Hud_and_Salih |
75,584,846 | Louis Tytgadt | [[|thumb|]] Louis Tytgadt or Tijtgadt (1841–1918) was a Belgian painter.
Born in Lovendegem (East Flanders]) on 20 April 1841, Tytgadt studied at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts in Ghent, and in the Paris studio of Alexandre Cabanel. In June 1875, Tytgadt visited the Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem, together with the French artist Eugène Fromentin. In 1880 Tytgadt became a teacher at the Ghent academy. By 1892, until 1902, he was director of the academy and its museum. He established the academy's decorative arts section. In 1902 the museum became a separate institution, the Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent, with Tytgadt sitting on the board. He also served as deputy chair of the Provincial Commission for the Preservation of Monuments and Landscapes. He died in Ghent in 1918.
During his career, Tytgadt exhibited at the Paris Salon (1888) and the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "[[|thumb|]] Louis Tytgadt or Tijtgadt (1841–1918) was a Belgian painter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Lovendegem (East Flanders]) on 20 April 1841, Tytgadt studied at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts in Ghent, and in the Paris studio of Alexandre Cabanel. In June 1875, Tytgadt visited the Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem, together with the French artist Eugène Fromentin. In 1880 Tytgadt became a teacher at the Ghent academy. By 1892, until 1902, he was director of the academy and its museum. He established the academy's decorative arts section. In 1902 the museum became a separate institution, the Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent, with Tytgadt sitting on the board. He also served as deputy chair of the Provincial Commission for the Preservation of Monuments and Landscapes. He died in Ghent in 1918.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During his career, Tytgadt exhibited at the Paris Salon (1888) and the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893).",
"title": ""
}
] | [[|thumb|]]
Louis Tytgadt or Tijtgadt (1841–1918) was a Belgian painter. Born in Lovendegem on 20 April 1841, Tytgadt studied at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts in Ghent, and in the Paris studio of Alexandre Cabanel. In June 1875, Tytgadt visited the Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem, together with the French artist Eugène Fromentin. In 1880 Tytgadt became a teacher at the Ghent academy. By 1892, until 1902, he was director of the academy and its museum. He established the academy's decorative arts section. In 1902 the museum became a separate institution, the Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent, with Tytgadt sitting on the board. He also served as deputy chair of the Provincial Commission for the Preservation of Monuments and Landscapes. He died in Ghent in 1918. During his career, Tytgadt exhibited at the Paris Salon (1888) and the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893). | 2023-12-17T11:56:20Z | 2023-12-17T11:58:52Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Tytgadt |
75,584,912 | Abhimanyu Poonia | Abhimanyu Poonia is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress and a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing Sangaria . He is also the President Of Rajasthan Youth Congress. | [
{
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"text": "Abhimanyu Poonia is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress and a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing Sangaria . He is also the President Of Rajasthan Youth Congress.",
"title": ""
}
] | Abhimanyu Poonia is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress and a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing Sangaria. He is also the President Of Rajasthan Youth Congress. | 2023-12-17T12:13:00Z | 2023-12-18T07:46:44Z | [
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"Template:Cite web",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhimanyu_Poonia |
75,584,921 | Mystery of Henriette | Mystery of Henriette is a 1953 Australian radio serial written by Morris West. Episodes went fofr fifteen minutes.
The Daily Telegraph called it "the air's most baffling enigma. After sitting through three episodes in a deep stupor...I am still ignorant of what goes on."
A beautiful model is murdered. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mystery of Henriette is a 1953 Australian radio serial written by Morris West. Episodes went fofr fifteen minutes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Daily Telegraph called it \"the air's most baffling enigma. After sitting through three episodes in a deep stupor...I am still ignorant of what goes on.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A beautiful model is murdered.",
"title": "Premise"
}
] | Mystery of Henriette is a 1953 Australian radio serial written by Morris West. Episodes went fofr fifteen minutes. The Daily Telegraph called it "the air's most baffling enigma. After sitting through three episodes in a deep stupor...I am still ignorant of what goes on." | 2023-12-17T12:14:48Z | 2023-12-17T14:46:57Z | [
"Template:Morris West",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_of_Henriette |
75,584,934 | Hillary Beall | Hillary Elizabeth Beall (born 27 January 1999) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Western United.
Beall started playing soccer at the age of eleven. She started playing as a striker before switching to goalkeeper.
Beall attended the University of Michigan in the United States, where she was regarded as one of the soccer team's most important players.
Beall played for Australian side Western United, where she was described as a "revelation for Western United... keeping seven clean sheets to help United to second place on the table and an appearance in the grand final".
Beall represented the United States internationally at youth level.
Beall has been described as "an excellent shot-stopping goalkeeper who augments that with sheer presence on the pitch".
Beall is a native of Laguna Beach, United States. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hillary Elizabeth Beall (born 27 January 1999) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Western United.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Beall started playing soccer at the age of eleven. She started playing as a striker before switching to goalkeeper.",
"title": "Early life"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Beall attended the University of Michigan in the United States, where she was regarded as one of the soccer team's most important players.",
"title": "Education"
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{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Beall played for Australian side Western United, where she was described as a \"revelation for Western United... keeping seven clean sheets to help United to second place on the table and an appearance in the grand final\".",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Beall represented the United States internationally at youth level.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Beall has been described as \"an excellent shot-stopping goalkeeper who augments that with sheer presence on the pitch\".",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Beall is a native of Laguna Beach, United States.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Hillary Elizabeth Beall is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Western United. | 2023-12-17T12:20:13Z | 2023-12-17T12:20:13Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Beall |
75,584,941 | Sahin Ismayilov | İsmayilov Şahin Əmir oğlu (February 7, 1986, Yegegnadzor district) - deputy of the 5th and 6th convocation of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan, deputy chairman of the Youth and Sports Committee of the National Assembly (2019 - until now), former president of the Union of Student Youth Organizations of Azerbaijan (2009- 2018), former member of the Agency for State Support to Non-Governmental Organizations (2012–2021), former member of the Azerbaijan Youth Fund Supervisory Board (2013– 2016)
In 2002–2004, he was the chairman of the Student Committee of the secondary school number 84 in the Amirjan settlement of Surakhani district of Baku. He completed his undergraduate studies in French at the Faculty of Regional Studies and International Relations in 2004–2008. She received a master's degree in the same specialty from the Azerbaijan University of Languages in 2008–2010. She graduated from both levels of education with honors. In 2011, he was accepted into the ASU Social Psychology PhD program. She is currently studying in this program.
She speaks English, Russian, French and German.
He is married and has two children.
New Azerbaijan Party VII. He was elected as a member of the YAP Board of Directors at the Congress (March 5, 2021). | [
{
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"text": "İsmayilov Şahin Əmir oğlu (February 7, 1986, Yegegnadzor district) - deputy of the 5th and 6th convocation of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan, deputy chairman of the Youth and Sports Committee of the National Assembly (2019 - until now), former president of the Union of Student Youth Organizations of Azerbaijan (2009- 2018), former member of the Agency for State Support to Non-Governmental Organizations (2012–2021), former member of the Azerbaijan Youth Fund Supervisory Board (2013– 2016)",
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},
{
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"text": "In 2002–2004, he was the chairman of the Student Committee of the secondary school number 84 in the Amirjan settlement of Surakhani district of Baku. He completed his undergraduate studies in French at the Faculty of Regional Studies and International Relations in 2004–2008. She received a master's degree in the same specialty from the Azerbaijan University of Languages in 2008–2010. She graduated from both levels of education with honors. In 2011, he was accepted into the ASU Social Psychology PhD program. She is currently studying in this program.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She speaks English, Russian, French and German.",
"title": "Biography"
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{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He is married and has two children.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "New Azerbaijan Party VII. He was elected as a member of the YAP Board of Directors at the Congress (March 5, 2021).",
"title": "Socio-political activity"
}
] | İsmayilov Şahin Əmir oğlu - deputy of the 5th and 6th convocation of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan, deputy chairman of the Youth and Sports Committee of the National Assembly, former president of the Union of Student Youth Organizations of Azerbaijan, former member of the Agency for State Support to Non-Governmental Organizations (2012–2021), former member of the Azerbaijan Youth Fund Supervisory Board | 2023-12-17T12:22:55Z | 2023-12-20T07:50:26Z | [
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahin_Ismayilov |
75,584,962 | Aschen (Diepholz) | Aschen is a quarter of the district town of Diepholz in the Lower Saxon district of Diepholz. The quarter is located 4 km north of the core town of Diepholz between the Federal Roads B 69 and the B 51.
In the quarter of Aschen, there is the local museum of Aschen, where large and small agricultural equipment, household items and workshops are displayed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aschen is a quarter of the district town of Diepholz in the Lower Saxon district of Diepholz. The quarter is located 4 km north of the core town of Diepholz between the Federal Roads B 69 and the B 51.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the quarter of Aschen, there is the local museum of Aschen, where large and small agricultural equipment, household items and workshops are displayed.",
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}
] | Aschen is a quarter of the district town of Diepholz in the Lower Saxon district of Diepholz. The quarter is located 4 km north of the core town of Diepholz between the Federal Roads B 69 and the B 51. In the quarter of Aschen, there is the local museum of Aschen, where large and small agricultural equipment, household items and workshops are displayed. | 2023-12-17T12:26:45Z | 2023-12-17T15:37:10Z | [
"Template:Infobox settlement",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschen_(Diepholz) |
75,584,966 | Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician) | Humayun Kabir (born 3 January 1963) is an Indian politician from West Bengal, who is a member of the West Bengal Assembly (MLA) from Bharatpur constituency since 2021. A member of Trinamool Congress, he also served as cabinet minister during First Banerjee Ministry. During his career as Congress, he served as MLA at Rejinagar from 2011 until his resignation on 2012.
In 2015, he was expelled from Trinamool for 6 years for doing anti-party activities. He contested as an independent candidate in 2016 elections to retain his Rejinagar seat from his predecessor Rabiul Chowdhury but lost. He joined Bharatiya Janata Party in 2018 and contested from Jangipur seat during 2019 Indian general elections but lost to TMC. After completing six years of expulsion, he rejoins TMC and won as MLA from Bharatpur seat. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Humayun Kabir (born 3 January 1963) is an Indian politician from West Bengal, who is a member of the West Bengal Assembly (MLA) from Bharatpur constituency since 2021. A member of Trinamool Congress, he also served as cabinet minister during First Banerjee Ministry. During his career as Congress, he served as MLA at Rejinagar from 2011 until his resignation on 2012.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2015, he was expelled from Trinamool for 6 years for doing anti-party activities. He contested as an independent candidate in 2016 elections to retain his Rejinagar seat from his predecessor Rabiul Chowdhury but lost. He joined Bharatiya Janata Party in 2018 and contested from Jangipur seat during 2019 Indian general elections but lost to TMC. After completing six years of expulsion, he rejoins TMC and won as MLA from Bharatpur seat.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"title": "References"
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] | Humayun Kabir is an Indian politician from West Bengal, who is a member of the West Bengal Assembly (MLA) from Bharatpur constituency since 2021. A member of Trinamool Congress, he also served as cabinet minister during First Banerjee Ministry. During his career as Congress, he served as MLA at Rejinagar from 2011 until his resignation on 2012. | 2023-12-17T12:27:33Z | 2023-12-24T21:23:05Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun_Kabir_(Bharatpur_politician) |
75,584,975 | Bankhandhi Mishra | Bankhandhi Mishra ( born 1933 ) is a veteran Hindi-lanuguage journalist, former proprietor-cum editor of Dainik Chunauti, a daily newspaper in Hindi, he published from Dhanbad. He is author of many books on history of Dhanbad and Jharia like Ateet Ke Jharokhe Se (2023) , Ramjush Agarwala (2023). He has been awarded by in 2021 by Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Research Foundation for his research work on Ram Manohar Lohia with whom he had worked in his young age. He is resident of Jharia | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bankhandhi Mishra ( born 1933 ) is a veteran Hindi-lanuguage journalist, former proprietor-cum editor of Dainik Chunauti, a daily newspaper in Hindi, he published from Dhanbad. He is author of many books on history of Dhanbad and Jharia like Ateet Ke Jharokhe Se (2023) , Ramjush Agarwala (2023). He has been awarded by in 2021 by Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Research Foundation for his research work on Ram Manohar Lohia with whom he had worked in his young age. He is resident of Jharia",
"title": ""
}
] | Bankhandhi Mishra is a veteran Hindi-lanuguage journalist, former proprietor-cum editor of Dainik Chunauti, a daily newspaper in Hindi, he published from Dhanbad. He is author of many books on history of Dhanbad and Jharia like Ateet Ke Jharokhe Se (2023), Ramjush Agarwala (2023). He has been awarded by in 2021 by Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Research Foundation for his research work on Ram Manohar Lohia with whom he had worked in his young age. He is resident of Jharia | 2023-12-17T12:30:21Z | 2023-12-18T06:12:58Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhandhi_Mishra |
75,584,977 | Bagheera (2024 film) | Bagheera is an upcoming Indian Kannada-language action thriller film directed by Dr. Suri from a story written by Prashanth Neel and produced by Vijay Kiragandur under Hombale Films. It stars Sriimurali, Rukmini Vasanth, Prakash Raj, Rangayana Raghu, Achyuth Kumar and Ramachandra Raju. B. Ajaneesh Loknath composed the music of the film, while A. J. Shetty and Pranav Sri Prasad handled the cinematography and editing respectively.
Bagheera revolves around a cop with another identity as a gruesome vigilante, who sets out to provide justice using brutal methods.
Bagheera at IMDb | [
{
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"text": "Bagheera is an upcoming Indian Kannada-language action thriller film directed by Dr. Suri from a story written by Prashanth Neel and produced by Vijay Kiragandur under Hombale Films. It stars Sriimurali, Rukmini Vasanth, Prakash Raj, Rangayana Raghu, Achyuth Kumar and Ramachandra Raju. B. Ajaneesh Loknath composed the music of the film, while A. J. Shetty and Pranav Sri Prasad handled the cinematography and editing respectively.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Bagheera at IMDb",
"title": "External Links"
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] | Bagheera is an upcoming Indian Kannada-language action thriller film directed by Dr. Suri from a story written by Prashanth Neel and produced by Vijay Kiragandur under Hombale Films. It stars Sriimurali, Rukmini Vasanth, Prakash Raj, Rangayana Raghu, Achyuth Kumar and Ramachandra Raju. B. Ajaneesh Loknath composed the music of the film, while A. J. Shetty and Pranav Sri Prasad handled the cinematography and editing respectively. | 2023-12-17T12:30:28Z | 2023-12-27T19:40:09Z | [
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75,584,983 | Special Assignment (radio serial) | Special Assignment is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It starred Richard Davies as agent Max Mallenson.
"Follow the exciting adventures of Max Mallenson, Special Agent for the British Foreign Office. Special assignments take him to Tangiers, Bankok. Shanghai, Paris, Berlin, Dublin — in fact, all over the world. Each episode is packed with breathtaking adventure." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Special Assignment is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It starred Richard Davies as agent Max Mallenson.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "\"Follow the exciting adventures of Max Mallenson, Special Agent for the British Foreign Office. Special assignments take him to Tangiers, Bankok. Shanghai, Paris, Berlin, Dublin — in fact, all over the world. Each episode is packed with breathtaking adventure.\"",
"title": "Premise"
}
] | Special Assignment is a 1953 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It starred Richard Davies as agent Max Mallenson. | 2023-12-17T12:31:43Z | 2023-12-17T14:46:58Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Morris West",
"Template:Infobox radio show",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Assignment_(radio_serial) |
75,584,990 | Mobil Quest | The Mobil Quest was an Australian competition for operatic vocalists which ran from 1949 to 1957, sponsored by the Vacuum Oil Company and broadcast by Melbourne radio station 3DB and relayed to affiliates throughout Australia. It is remembered with wry amusement for judging Ronal Jackson the 1949 winner ahead of Joan Sutherland.
The quest was founded in 1949 with the stated aim of "bringing to the attention of the public the best vocal talent available in the Commonwealth" The Vacuum Oil Company had an honorable association with classical music in Australia, having supported Opera for the People concerts and broadcasts since 1946.
The contest was run Australia-wide, with contestants first passing an audition conducted by a participating radio station, which then conducted a series of heats to select that station's candidates for the semi-finals. Eighteen winners, three from each State, then competed in Melbourne to select the six who competed for the £1,000 prize at a grand final at the Melbourne Town Hall. The heats were broadcast in the relevant State capitals, and the finals broadcast through all participating stations. Lesser prizes for finalists were, respectively, £300, £100, £50, £25, and £15, later £300, £150, and £50 each for the other three finalists. Each singer who appeared on air received a broadcasting fee and all semi-finalists received an all-expenses trip to Melbourne. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Mobil Quest was an Australian competition for operatic vocalists which ran from 1949 to 1957, sponsored by the Vacuum Oil Company and broadcast by Melbourne radio station 3DB and relayed to affiliates throughout Australia. It is remembered with wry amusement for judging Ronal Jackson the 1949 winner ahead of Joan Sutherland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The quest was founded in 1949 with the stated aim of \"bringing to the attention of the public the best vocal talent available in the Commonwealth\" The Vacuum Oil Company had an honorable association with classical music in Australia, having supported Opera for the People concerts and broadcasts since 1946.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The contest was run Australia-wide, with contestants first passing an audition conducted by a participating radio station, which then conducted a series of heats to select that station's candidates for the semi-finals. Eighteen winners, three from each State, then competed in Melbourne to select the six who competed for the £1,000 prize at a grand final at the Melbourne Town Hall. The heats were broadcast in the relevant State capitals, and the finals broadcast through all participating stations. Lesser prizes for finalists were, respectively, £300, £100, £50, £25, and £15, later £300, £150, and £50 each for the other three finalists. Each singer who appeared on air received a broadcasting fee and all semi-finalists received an all-expenses trip to Melbourne.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Mobil Quest was an Australian competition for operatic vocalists which ran from 1949 to 1957, sponsored by the Vacuum Oil Company and broadcast by Melbourne radio station 3DB and relayed to affiliates throughout Australia. It is remembered with wry amusement for judging Ronal Jackson the 1949 winner ahead of Joan Sutherland. | 2023-12-17T12:34:12Z | 2023-12-22T12:16:23Z | [
"Template:Notelist",
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"Template:Cite book",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_Quest |
75,584,995 | Highworth Rural District | Highworth Rural District was a rural district in the county of Wiltshire, England. It lay to the north and east of the town and municipal borough of Swindon.
Following the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the district was merged with the municipal borough of Swindon to form the Borough of Thamesdown.
At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following civil parishes to the north and east of Swindon.
51°37′N 01°42′W / 51.617°N 1.700°W / 51.617; -1.700 | [
{
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"text": "Highworth Rural District was a rural district in the county of Wiltshire, England. It lay to the north and east of the town and municipal borough of Swindon.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Following the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the district was merged with the municipal borough of Swindon to form the Borough of Thamesdown.",
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{
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"text": "At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following civil parishes to the north and east of Swindon.",
"title": "Civil parishes"
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{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "51°37′N 01°42′W / 51.617°N 1.700°W / 51.617; -1.700",
"title": "References"
}
] | Highworth Rural District was a rural district in the county of Wiltshire, England. It lay to the north and east of the town and municipal borough of Swindon. Following the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the district was merged with the municipal borough of Swindon to form the Borough of Thamesdown. | 2023-12-17T12:35:44Z | 2023-12-23T22:55:00Z | [
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75,585,001 | There is a Santa Claus (radio serial) | There is a Santa Claus is a 1954 Australian radio serial written by Morris West. It adapted the film Miracle on 34th Street. (Or, rather, it adapted a novel adapted from the movie.)
It was originally presented as a serial but then rebroadcast with all episodes playing consecutively as one performance.
"It tells the tale of Merry Mr'. Kris Kringle and his hilaripus adventures trying to convince “hardened’ people that he really is Santa Claus and has plenty of evidence to prove it." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "There is a Santa Claus is a 1954 Australian radio serial written by Morris West. It adapted the film Miracle on 34th Street. (Or, rather, it adapted a novel adapted from the movie.)",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "It was originally presented as a serial but then rebroadcast with all episodes playing consecutively as one performance.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "\"It tells the tale of Merry Mr'. Kris Kringle and his hilaripus adventures trying to convince “hardened’ people that he really is Santa Claus and has plenty of evidence to prove it.\"",
"title": "Premise"
}
] | There is a Santa Claus is a 1954 Australian radio serial written by Morris West. It adapted the film Miracle on 34th Street. It was originally presented as a serial but then rebroadcast with all episodes playing consecutively as one performance. | 2023-12-17T12:37:29Z | 2023-12-18T01:46:45Z | [
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"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Citation",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_is_a_Santa_Claus_(radio_serial) |
75,585,005 | Mia Corbin | Mia Elizabeth Corbin (born May 25, 1997) is an American soccer player who plays as a striker for Brisbane Roar.
Corbin started playing soccer at the age of six. She attended Tahoma High School in Maple Valley, Washington, where she helped the softball team win the league. Corbin went on to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where she played for the Golden Bears women's soccer team as a midfielder and false nine.
Corbin played for Costa Rican side Alajuelense, where she was regarded as one of the club's most important players.
Coribn has three brothers. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mia Elizabeth Corbin (born May 25, 1997) is an American soccer player who plays as a striker for Brisbane Roar.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Corbin started playing soccer at the age of six. She attended Tahoma High School in Maple Valley, Washington, where she helped the softball team win the league. Corbin went on to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where she played for the Golden Bears women's soccer team as a midfielder and false nine.",
"title": "Early life and amateur career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Corbin played for Costa Rican side Alajuelense, where she was regarded as one of the club's most important players.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Coribn has three brothers.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Mia Elizabeth Corbin is an American soccer player who plays as a striker for Brisbane Roar. | 2023-12-17T12:40:04Z | 2023-12-19T13:32:19Z | [
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75,585,016 | The White Rabbit (radio serial) | The White Rabbit is a 1955 Australian radio serial by Morris West based on book The White Rabbit about F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas. It starred Bruce Stewart.
West also did radio adaptations of war related books The Dam Busters, The Great Escape and Reach for the Sky.
"The true story of Wing Commander Yeo - Thomas, G.C., M.C., and who in private life was a dress designer, and who, more than any other man, was responsible for forming the French Resistance Movement, suffering perhaps more than any man tn tne hands of the Nazis." | [
{
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"text": "The White Rabbit is a 1955 Australian radio serial by Morris West based on book The White Rabbit about F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas. It starred Bruce Stewart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "West also did radio adaptations of war related books The Dam Busters, The Great Escape and Reach for the Sky.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "\"The true story of Wing Commander Yeo - Thomas, G.C., M.C., and who in private life was a dress designer, and who, more than any other man, was responsible for forming the French Resistance Movement, suffering perhaps more than any man tn tne hands of the Nazis.\"",
"title": "Premise"
}
] | The White Rabbit is a 1955 Australian radio serial by Morris West based on book The White Rabbit about F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas. It starred Bruce Stewart. West also did radio adaptations of war related books The Dam Busters, The Great Escape and Reach for the Sky. | 2023-12-17T12:43:41Z | 2023-12-22T15:58:47Z | [
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75,585,036 | Attacks on journalists during the 2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict | Since the beginning of the 2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict on 8 October 2023, multiple incidents occurred in near the Lebanon-Israel border which killed three Lebanese journalists and injured at least 7 others.
IDF fired warning shots and used riot dispersal means at 18 people, including journalists and parliamentarian that crossed the border from Lebanon into Israeli sovereign territory.
While a group of Reuters, AFP and Al Jazeera journalists were transmitting a live video feed of an IDF outpost over a kilometre from Aalma ech Chaab, two tank rounds fired directly hit the group. The first killed Reuters photojournalist Issam Abdallah. The second strike was much more powerful and ignited the Al Jazeera vehicle, a white Toyota, which Al Jazeera were journalists Carmen Joukhadar and Elie Brakhya, as well as their AFP colleague Dylan Collins were standing next to. Reuters' photographer Christina Assi was also critically injured. Lebanon's army has said the IDF fired the missile that killed Abdallah. Another Reuters reporter at the scene said Abdallah was killed by projectiles fired from the direction of Israel. His last post on Instagram, posted a week before he was killed, was a photograph of Shireen Abu Akleh, a Palestinian journalist for Al Jazeera who had been killed by Israel in 2022.
Another group of Lebanese journalists were hit by a strike meters away from them while reporting in the town of Yaroun The incident was filmed live by Al Jadeed. The anchor was heard speaking to the live anchor Rif Akil after the strike. The anchor said, "It's clear the rocket has fallen just a few metres away from you It's clear this is a direct strike on journalists operating in Yaroun." as the camera filmed the site of the attack. Only minor injuries were reported.
While an Al-Mayadeen crew was covering the latest developments on the Lebanese-Israeli border near Tayr Harfa in southern Lebanon, an Israeli tank targeted reporter Farah Omar and cameraman Rabih Maamari from Al-Mayadeen TV. The artillery shelling led to the immediate deaths of Omar and Maamari. A guide alongside the journalist was also killed. Al Mayadeen belies the attack was deliberate because of the channel's pro-Palestinian views.
An Al-Manar cameraman was injured in the eye after an IDF attack on a road in the al-Khardali area where correspondents of MTV and the state-owned National News Agency were also passing. The IDF heavily bombarded the Deir Mimas-Khardali River area and stopped civilians from passing the road by shelling close to the vehicles passing.
During the conflict, Reporters Without Borders claimed that the Israeli army had deliberately targeted journalists. A Reporters Without Borders (RSF) investigation said that Israel had targeted journalists in missile strikes on 13 October that killed Reuters reporter Issam Abdallah and injured four others. These two Israeli missile strikes, 30 seconds apart, hit a group of seven journalists in southern Lebanon who were reporting on the fighting between Israel and Hezbollah. In a video, the journalists are seen wearing vests and helmets identifying them as "PRESS". The marking was also present on the roof of their car, which exploded after being hit by the second missile. According to the Council of Europe, the intentional targeting of journalists constitutes a war crime.
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), which tests and analyses munitions and weapons, assisted Reuters by examining the material collected at the site of the explosion and found that the piece of metal was the fin of a 120 mm tank round fired 1.34 km away from the border fired from a smoothbore tank gun. The TNO said that satellite images and a photo taken by Abdallah showed no signs of any previous attacks in their area which determines that the tailfin was significant investigating the attack.
The TNO analyzed the recording from the Al Jazeera live feed of both strikes and a video recording from the Italian broadcaster RAI which shows the launch point of the second strike. Journalists from RAI were filming the cross-border shelling the same day of the attack from Alma ech Chaab where their camera was turned towards the sound of the blast. Using the audio from the Al Jazeera broadcast they determined that the rounds were fired 1,343 metres away from the reporters and said that the sound signatures of both samples of the strikes matched indicating that the two tank rounds were fired from the same position.
Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch held a joint press conference in the Lebanese capital, Beirut, on 7 December where they revealed their findings of their investigations into the attack that killed Issam Abdallah and wounded six others on 13 October. They concluded that the group of journalists were hit by a tank round and said that it was a direct attack on civilians and were visibly identifiable as journalists which they called for it to be investigated as a war crime. After analysis they found that the firing point was at an Israeli position close to the village of Jordeikh which was positioned east of the journalists.
Speaking about Abdallah's death, Israeli military spokesperson Richard Hecht said, "we're very sorry", but did not confirm that Israeli shells had hit the journalists. The Israeli military said it using tank and artillery fire in the vicinity to deter a potential infiltration from Lebanon at the time Issam Abdallah was killed. They stated that their actions were in response to Hezbollah fire along the Israel-Lebanon border, and the incident is currently being reviewed. The Israeli army also initiated an investigation into the circumstances circumstances surrounding Abdallah's death.
Michael Downey, a journalist who works for The New York Times and the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), commented on a video taken shortly before the incident: "No warning shot; that was intentional".
Lebanon denounced the killing of Reuters journalist Issam Abdallah, who was killed during an Israeli artillery strike aimed at a group of reporters. Following Abdallah's death, the Lebanese army conducted an on-site assessment, affirming that Israel had launched the missile that killed him. Lebanon's Foreign Ministry has instructed its mission to the UN in Beirut to express deep concerns regarding what they perceive as a clear infringement on freedom of opinion and press. Additionally, Lebanon is preparing to file a formal complaint with the UN Security Council, accusing Israel of intentionally causing Abdallah's death.
List of journalists and civilians either killed or injured and their situation. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Since the beginning of the 2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict on 8 October 2023, multiple incidents occurred in near the Lebanon-Israel border which killed three Lebanese journalists and injured at least 7 others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "IDF fired warning shots and used riot dispersal means at 18 people, including journalists and parliamentarian that crossed the border from Lebanon into Israeli sovereign territory.",
"title": "Incidents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While a group of Reuters, AFP and Al Jazeera journalists were transmitting a live video feed of an IDF outpost over a kilometre from Aalma ech Chaab, two tank rounds fired directly hit the group. The first killed Reuters photojournalist Issam Abdallah. The second strike was much more powerful and ignited the Al Jazeera vehicle, a white Toyota, which Al Jazeera were journalists Carmen Joukhadar and Elie Brakhya, as well as their AFP colleague Dylan Collins were standing next to. Reuters' photographer Christina Assi was also critically injured. Lebanon's army has said the IDF fired the missile that killed Abdallah. Another Reuters reporter at the scene said Abdallah was killed by projectiles fired from the direction of Israel. His last post on Instagram, posted a week before he was killed, was a photograph of Shireen Abu Akleh, a Palestinian journalist for Al Jazeera who had been killed by Israel in 2022.",
"title": "Incidents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Another group of Lebanese journalists were hit by a strike meters away from them while reporting in the town of Yaroun The incident was filmed live by Al Jadeed. The anchor was heard speaking to the live anchor Rif Akil after the strike. The anchor said, \"It's clear the rocket has fallen just a few metres away from you It's clear this is a direct strike on journalists operating in Yaroun.\" as the camera filmed the site of the attack. Only minor injuries were reported.",
"title": "Incidents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "While an Al-Mayadeen crew was covering the latest developments on the Lebanese-Israeli border near Tayr Harfa in southern Lebanon, an Israeli tank targeted reporter Farah Omar and cameraman Rabih Maamari from Al-Mayadeen TV. The artillery shelling led to the immediate deaths of Omar and Maamari. A guide alongside the journalist was also killed. Al Mayadeen belies the attack was deliberate because of the channel's pro-Palestinian views.",
"title": "Incidents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "An Al-Manar cameraman was injured in the eye after an IDF attack on a road in the al-Khardali area where correspondents of MTV and the state-owned National News Agency were also passing. The IDF heavily bombarded the Deir Mimas-Khardali River area and stopped civilians from passing the road by shelling close to the vehicles passing.",
"title": "Incidents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "During the conflict, Reporters Without Borders claimed that the Israeli army had deliberately targeted journalists. A Reporters Without Borders (RSF) investigation said that Israel had targeted journalists in missile strikes on 13 October that killed Reuters reporter Issam Abdallah and injured four others. These two Israeli missile strikes, 30 seconds apart, hit a group of seven journalists in southern Lebanon who were reporting on the fighting between Israel and Hezbollah. In a video, the journalists are seen wearing vests and helmets identifying them as \"PRESS\". The marking was also present on the roof of their car, which exploded after being hit by the second missile. According to the Council of Europe, the intentional targeting of journalists constitutes a war crime.",
"title": "Investigations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), which tests and analyses munitions and weapons, assisted Reuters by examining the material collected at the site of the explosion and found that the piece of metal was the fin of a 120 mm tank round fired 1.34 km away from the border fired from a smoothbore tank gun. The TNO said that satellite images and a photo taken by Abdallah showed no signs of any previous attacks in their area which determines that the tailfin was significant investigating the attack.",
"title": "Investigations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The TNO analyzed the recording from the Al Jazeera live feed of both strikes and a video recording from the Italian broadcaster RAI which shows the launch point of the second strike. Journalists from RAI were filming the cross-border shelling the same day of the attack from Alma ech Chaab where their camera was turned towards the sound of the blast. Using the audio from the Al Jazeera broadcast they determined that the rounds were fired 1,343 metres away from the reporters and said that the sound signatures of both samples of the strikes matched indicating that the two tank rounds were fired from the same position.",
"title": "Investigations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch held a joint press conference in the Lebanese capital, Beirut, on 7 December where they revealed their findings of their investigations into the attack that killed Issam Abdallah and wounded six others on 13 October. They concluded that the group of journalists were hit by a tank round and said that it was a direct attack on civilians and were visibly identifiable as journalists which they called for it to be investigated as a war crime. After analysis they found that the firing point was at an Israeli position close to the village of Jordeikh which was positioned east of the journalists.",
"title": "Investigations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Speaking about Abdallah's death, Israeli military spokesperson Richard Hecht said, \"we're very sorry\", but did not confirm that Israeli shells had hit the journalists. The Israeli military said it using tank and artillery fire in the vicinity to deter a potential infiltration from Lebanon at the time Issam Abdallah was killed. They stated that their actions were in response to Hezbollah fire along the Israel-Lebanon border, and the incident is currently being reviewed. The Israeli army also initiated an investigation into the circumstances circumstances surrounding Abdallah's death.",
"title": "Reaction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Michael Downey, a journalist who works for The New York Times and the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), commented on a video taken shortly before the incident: \"No warning shot; that was intentional\".",
"title": "Reaction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Lebanon denounced the killing of Reuters journalist Issam Abdallah, who was killed during an Israeli artillery strike aimed at a group of reporters. Following Abdallah's death, the Lebanese army conducted an on-site assessment, affirming that Israel had launched the missile that killed him. Lebanon's Foreign Ministry has instructed its mission to the UN in Beirut to express deep concerns regarding what they perceive as a clear infringement on freedom of opinion and press. Additionally, Lebanon is preparing to file a formal complaint with the UN Security Council, accusing Israel of intentionally causing Abdallah's death.",
"title": "Reaction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "List of journalists and civilians either killed or injured and their situation.",
"title": "Casualties"
}
] | Since the beginning of the 2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict on 8 October 2023, multiple incidents occurred in near the Lebanon-Israel border which killed three Lebanese journalists and injured at least 7 others. | 2023-12-17T12:48:40Z | 2023-12-31T08:55:08Z | [
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75,585,047 | Maksim Salash | Maksim Salash is a professional Basketball player for JL Bourg Basket in the French LNB Pro A and the EuroCup Basketball. | [
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"text": "Maksim Salash is a professional Basketball player for JL Bourg Basket in the French LNB Pro A and the EuroCup Basketball.",
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] | Maksim Salash is a professional Basketball player for JL Bourg Basket in the French LNB Pro A and the EuroCup Basketball. | 2023-12-17T12:52:19Z | 2023-12-17T16:34:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim_Salash |
75,585,059 | Jabera | Jabera is a census town city in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Jabera is a tehsil headquarter situated on the Damoh-Jabalpur Road. Jabera has population of 6,806 in 2011; the estimated population of Jabera in 2023 is 9,200. | [
{
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"text": "Jabera is a census town city in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Jabera is a tehsil headquarter situated on the Damoh-Jabalpur Road. Jabera has population of 6,806 in 2011; the estimated population of Jabera in 2023 is 9,200.",
"title": ""
}
] | Jabera is a census town city in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Jabera is a tehsil headquarter situated on the Damoh-Jabalpur Road. Jabera has population of 6,806 in 2011; the estimated population of Jabera in 2023 is 9,200. | 2023-12-17T12:55:00Z | 2023-12-21T03:03:28Z | [
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75,585,062 | Lankaran operation | Lankaran Operation (1919) was a military operation carried out by the Azerbaijani Army Corps (ADR) in the southern region of Azerbaijan to ensure the country's territorial integrity in August 1919.
When the ADR was declared, it couldn't immediately extend its sovereignty over the entire country, and this process gradually evolved. Throughout this process, there was a struggle in the southern territories of the ADR, particularly in the districts of Javad and Lankaran, involving white army, Bolsheviks, and Azerbaijani partisans. As a result of this struggle, Azerbaijani forces emerged victorious, and the Lankaran Operation led to the complete dominance of the entire region under the authority of the ADR.
Until the fall of 1918, the Azerbaijani army and the Islamic Army of the Caucasus cleared Baku and Karabakh of foreign forces, thus, except for Lankaran, a new government took control over the entire territory of Azerbaijan. Despite the next intended march direction being elsewhere, the situation changed due to the defeated state of the Ottoman Empire signing the Mudros Armistice, and the arrival of British forces in Baku. Consequently, the march planned for Lankaran was postponed. Lankaran held a strategically significant position that attracted the attention of various powers. Hence, despite being under the control of the Musavatists in early 1918, Bolsheviks arrived in the region aboard the ship "Aleksandr Jander" in April of the same year and took control of the area.
However, the Bolsheviks' position weakened with the liberation of Baku. This time, the Russian nationalist forces, supported by the Russian population previously relocated to the region, gained strength. Colonel Ilyashevich, an Agha Javadi, and closely associated with Denikin, led these forces. He was formerly the commander of the 29th Russian Army stationed here to safeguard the Russian Empire's border with Iran. Ilyashevich, like other combatant Russian officers, regarded the territories of the Russian Empire as indivisible and did not acknowledge Azerbaijan's independence. One of his main objectives was to establish bases and create conditions for the Denikinist forces attacking here. Therefore, he relocated his headquarters from Bilasuvar village of Javad district to Prishib village of Lankaran district. Historian Mehman Suleymanov estimates his army to have had around 6,000 troops at that time. Under the pressure of these forces, the establishment of the ruling body was discussed in a meeting held on August 4–5. According to the decision made, a "Temporary Dictatorship" consisting of five people was created to govern these districts. This dictatorship was also referred to as the "Pentarchy Dictatorship." The forces behind their support were the Russian population in the region, aided by Denikin's forces and the Russian National Committee in Baku. Due to the activities of these forces, the local population sought assistance from the Azerbaijani army and Nuru Pasha in due time. Although they indicated they would resolve this issue shortly, the necessity of withdrawing the Ottoman forces from the region made it impossible. As the British supported the Denikinists, they couldn't organize a march into the region officially after October.In response to the locals' new appeal, the Foreign Minister of Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (CEC) responded that this matter should be raised before General Thomson, the British military commander in Baku. The delegation led by Teymur bey Bayrampashov met with Thomson, expressing their desire for the reorganization of the region with Russian officers and the establishment of Azerbaijani authority. Thomson indicated that measures would be taken in response. However, shortly after, the Russian officers declared the creation of the Lankaran Republic and formed a government under Suxorukov. This new government sought recognition from Azerbaijan and therefore dispatched representatives to Baku under Gerasimov's leadership. Upon the representatives' return, a council was organized in the Prishib village, and according to the decision made, the region was not to be handed over to Azerbaijan. It was envisaged that the area would be included as an independent entity under the Mugan province.
Because it was relatively easy to march to Baku from there, the Bolsheviks were drawn to the area and sought to foment rebellion. In the summer of 1919, the Communist Party's Caucasus Regional Committee began preparations to seize power in Lankaran through armed rebellion. According to the plan devised for the uprising, the Red partisans and other Bolshevik forces were to seize the toy institution's building, the military headquarters, the radio station, and the naval agency. The rebellion started on April 25. On that day, there was to be a meeting of Russian officers in the city, and at midday, the officers had dispersed to their homes for lunch. It was at this time that the Bolsheviks launched a sudden attack. Within a few hours, crucial parts of the city were taken. All the key figures in the institution set up by the officers were arrested. Jirikov was brought in as the temporary leader of the newly established revolution. On May 15, a council of Mughan village deputies was called in Lankaran to resolve the issue of authority. Many of the individuals at the congress were not Azerbaijani. David Chitkin was appointed as the president of the "Mughan Country Council," and Shirali Akhundov became his deputy. Following this announcement, a substantial amount of Bolshevik aid was brought to the region.After being defeated by Denikin in the Northern Caucasus, a part of the XI Army was compelled to retreat to Baku. Under Sergo Ordzhonikidze's orders, 200 of them went to Lankaran. Following some other activities, the military forces of the new institution grew to about 5,000 people. However, the Bolshevik authority was not welcomed by the local population, and even the Russian population started to gather around the White army officers. Around the villages of Novo-Qulyayevka and Petropavlovka, the White army officers successfully organized a 5,000-strong armed unit. On June 15, they held a congress in Prişib and decided to attack Lankaran to overthrow the Soviet authority. Additionally, Azerbaijani-formed units against the Bolshevik rule also resisted. Huseyn Ramazanov organized a unit in Astarabad that launched an attack on the villages of Shahagac and Alekseyevka in May. However, despite the efforts of Ramazanov's partisan unit, the more substantial Bolshevik forces repelled their attack. In June, Ramazanov attacked Astarabad again, and although additional forces were sent to the Bolsheviks from Lankaran during several days of intense fighting, they couldn't secure a victory and had to retreat. Despite multiple attempts by the Bolsheviks to escape the situation they found themselves in, none of their efforts improved their condition. On June 23, the White army officer Khoshev attacked Lankaran with a force of 500. However, the White army forces were defeated and retreated from Lankaran. Despite their victory, the Bolsheviks suffered considerable losses in battles, and Ulyansev, the President of the Military Revolutionary Council, was killed. In the region, alongside the increasing number of Azerbaijani forces desiring the restoration of the Azerbaijani government, their activities were also expanding. Towards the end of June, a live force led by Malik Yeghanov arrived from Baku and merged with Ramazanov's unit. Small groups led by Huseyn Ali and Rashid Khan also joined another partisan unit led by Ramazanov and Shahvere. Shahvere's units were concentrated in the Zirvand Mountains. In late July, Ramazanov and Shahverə's units attacked Astara, Shahagac, and Alekseyevka. In Astara, 20 Czechs, 10 Mensheviks, and 10 soldiers were killed. In Shahagac, a 15-member Soviet post was eliminated. Another group of partisans encountered 200 Bolshevik infantrymen, 60 cavalrymen, and a mountain artillery battery in Alekseyevka. Bolshevik cavalry blocked the partisans' path to Iran. The activation of the artillery complicated their situation significantly. The active movements of the first division of the Lankaran camp under the command of Armenian Bolsheviks and the Muğan cavalry squadron resulted in the loss of the military initiative for the partisans, forcing them to retreat back towards the border mountains.
On July 5, 1919, a new congress of the White army, Malakan, and other Russians was held in Prisib. The decision was made to clear the region of Bolsheviks. In the latter half of July, the White army launched a decisive attack on Lankaran. Azerbaijani partisans in the region simultaneously assaulted the Bolsheviks. Ramazanov and Shahverə's units merged, and it was decided in the Military Council to attack the city from three directions. Ramazanov was to attack from the south, Shahvere from the west, and Haji Osman from the east. The Azerbaijani attack succeeded, compelling the Bolsheviks to retreat. Although the Bolsheviks were pressed towards the lighthouse, they were able to resist due to the heavy weapons they had. The remaining part of the city fell into the hands of Azerbaijani partisans. The territory from the northern point of the city to Haji Qurban Street was under Shahvere's control, from the western side of the city to the left bank of the coast was under Ramazanov's control, and from Sutamordob to the right bank of the Lankaran river was under Haji Osman's control. The Azerbaijani partisans were resolute in continuing the assault due to the consistent support they received. However, the Bolsheviks knew they would ultimately be defeated and thus decided to head to the Sari island. However, when they were evacuating the city, they decided not to give these places to the Azerbaijanis, but to the Russians, even if they were White army. Thus, on July 24–25, Mughan's forces, that is the White army, were released in various significant locations within the city, and all captured officers were set free.
The White army convened their new congress in Prishib, and according to the decision, the decisions made at the congress called by the Soviets in May are considered null and void, and it transfers its powers to the current congress. After being released from prison, Ilyashevich took over the leadership again and the first actions he took were against the Azerbaijani partisans. In the letter he sent to Yusif Bey, the head of one of the partisan groups, he stated that the Bolshevik government had already been overthrown, that his armed group was no longer needed in the region, therefore, he had to leave Russian Astara within 12 hours, otherwise he would attack. Yusif Bey said in his answer that he does not recognize any other government except the Azerbaijani government, and therefore, he will not lay down his arms.
The government in Baku was carefully monitoring what was happening and appointed Malik-Yeganov as a temporary representative. Malik-Yeganov did not come to Lankaran, but to Astara. Ilyashevich, who believed that he could easily defeat the armed Azerbaijanis in the region due to his belief in his own forces, decided to change his decision after hearing the news of the arrival of representatives of official Baku to the region. He sent a new letter to Yusif Bey. In the letter, he was surprised that the representative of Azerbaijan had come to the region, and stated that the issue of Muga's integration with Azerbaijan should be considered at the Paris peace conference. He said that the new representative should come to Lankaran and show a document confirming his authority, if this happens, his safety will be ensured, and discussions about the fate of the region will be started. Along with Malik-Yeganov, Azerbaijani military units were also sent to Astara. The negotiations took several days. The Guards tried to prolong the negotiations and hoped that the British would intervene and defend them.[9] The British reached their demands to the supporters of Ilyashevich. It was stated in that request:
According to the agreement accepted by the representatives of the Allied Powers and Admiral Kolchak in Paris, the British government decides that the Muğan province and Lankaran district, as territories within Azerbaijan's borders, should be administered by the governing authorities of that republic, and these territories should fall under that administration. The British government, which aims to uphold the legal actions of the Azerbaijan Republic striving for lawful governance in Lenkoran and Muğan, sends its special commission to assist in establishing the necessary governing bodies that consider the interests of the Russian population in the region.
The support from the British for Azerbaijan caused confusion among the Bolsheviks, but they were not considering handing over control easily. In their responses, they mentioned that this matter would be discussed in the next council. As the council consisted entirely of Russians, what decision would be reached was not without dispute. Additionally, by firing at Azerbaijani forces daily, they aimed to secure more favorable terms for themselves in the negotiations.
On the night of August 10, 1919, the White Army attacked. Initially of the attack, the White Army, who made some progress, were defeated and sent a message to the British delegation, stating that they agreed to recognize the government of Azerbaijan.During the council held on August 11, they declared their affiliation with the ADR (Azerbaijan Democratic Republic). However, their hope of not considering themselves as part of Russia seemed to remain unbroken despite the decision made.
Considering ourselves as a part of Great Russia and not losing our Russian inclination, the legal authority of Azerbaijan over the Mughan and Lankaran region should be recognized, and until this issue is resolved in the All-Russian Assembly of Enterprises, it should be accepted that it be temporarily incorporated into the Republic of Azerbaijan on the basis of conditions that do not humiliate the honor of Russia and the Russian people.
The representatives of the British, and Azerbaijan's governing bodies convened to discuss the terms under which the region would transition to Azerbaijani control. According to the agreement, both sides were to withdraw from August 11, with the British overseeing how the agreement was carried out by monitoring the battle positions. From August 13 onwards, Lankaran was to come under Azerbaijani control. It was decided that initially, a small military force would accompany government representatives to the city, taking possession of property and administrative buildings. On August 12, a group of soldiers and officers set out for the city. Despite heavy rain, the local population gathered to welcome Azerbaijani representatives. The people chanted "Long live Azerbaijan" and "Long live our soldiers and officers" as they awaited the Azerbaijani representatives. A formal reception was held near the mosque. The officials praised the cautious actions of Azerbaijan's government representatives and the military units in the region, expressing their gratitude. The interim representative, addressing the crowd, emphasized the necessity of restoring the rule of law in the region and highlighted the determination of Azerbaijani soldiers, saying, "We must either liberate Lankaran or die."
On the same day, Malik-Yeganov signed an appeal to the people of Lankaran:
I declare martial law in Lankaran district after full law and order and tranquility have been restored. In this regard, it is allowed:
1. Engage in strong propaganda work of the Republic of Azerbaijan;
2. Unauthorized carrying of weapons and walking around the city with weapons,
3. Finding the price of goods for primary demand.
4. Unnecessary firing that violates the peaceful car of citizens;
5. Walking around the city in a drunken state;
6. Walking around town after 10pm,
7. Selling stolen goods. All technical items in the public should be monitored by the competent authorities.
The white army commanders, despite being compelled to surrender authority, held significant military strength. Their forces comprised experienced officers and powerful heavy-armored vehicles. Removing this army would pose a perpetual threat to the ADR. Considering their potential, the Aghvardiyachi troops could create a dangerous situation for Azerbaijan from three sides - the north, south, and sea. The threat from Denikin in the north was a very real concern, and it was highly probable that unrest would commence in the south. Taking all these factors into account, the ADR decided to deploy its own forces to the region.
ADR's Ministry of Defense had received orders to prepare its troops when the region was still under Bolshevik occupation. As circumstances changed, the ADR planned to discuss a military solution alongside consultations with the British, sending special representatives to the region. In July, the Ministry of Defense was instructed to prepare for a military campaign. In a letter to the head of the Council of Ministers on July 7, 1919, Minister Samed bey Mehmandarov conveyed his views. He mentioned the impossibility of deploying troops to Lankaran due to active Armenian actions in Karabakh. He did not consider it feasible to move the army from Karabakh to Lankaran under the current circumstances. Mehmandarov emphasized the undesirable consequences of moving the forces stationed in Khachmaz to the south and highlighted that withdrawing the army from Ganja would leave Ganja defenseless. He also highlighted the problem of insufficiently equipped armies in the regions. Mehmandarov believed that sending troops to Lankaran might be possible within a month. He had planned to deploy the following units: an infantry regiment, a cavalry squadron, a light battery, a howitzer battery, a mountain artillery battery, two armored cars, and two airplanes. According to the archives obtained by Suleymanov, Mehmandarov had invited Mahammad Amin Rasulzade to the consultation regarding the Lankaran events. This meeting took place on July 5, 1919, in Baku. Simultaneously, detailed reconnaissance operations were conducted to understand the forces controlled by the Bolsheviks in Lankaran. These intelligence-gathering efforts provided detailed information about Bolshevik force locations, military capabilities, terrain specifics, demographic composition of villages along the movement routes, dominant elevations, and other relevant details. Despite planning to send the army there in August 1919, as of July 23, Mehmandarov had already signed an appeal to the residents of Lankaran district.
Citizens! By the will of the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I am sending a detachment to Lankaran district. This group is tasked with putting an end to the civil war once and for all, creating order, and freeing you from the violent gangs and murderers who are tormenting the civilian population.
The Azerbaijani troops, who have a fair attitude towards all the nationalities settled in the region, which is an integral part of Azerbaijan, come to you as the bearer of legality.
Under the auspices of the armed forces, civilian administration bodies will be restored immediately in the management of all areas of the country. I am sure that you, as the future full-fledged citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan, are in the interest of establishing a solid foundation for peaceful coexistence, and you will help the representatives of the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan with your benevolent attitude to restore law and order in the country and fulfill all the legal orders of the government at a voluntary speed.
At the same time, I declare that the creation of soviets, committees or any arbitrary organization under the name of "Mugan Republic" will not be allowed.
Only the authority of the Republic of Azerbaijan should be recognized in the Lankaran region, and those who disobey its instructions will be prosecuted as insurgents under the laws of the war period.
By the order of the leader of the group, the population must hand over the weapons. Whoever does not comply with this will be sent to the Military Desert Court.
I warn that I will not allow any kind of cruelty and robbery against the Russian population, because I consider them as citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as representatives of other nationalities living in the region.
While guaranteeing the identity and inviolability of the Russian population, I also demand that they comply with the laws issued by the local authorities.
Any armed resistance would be punishable by death, and in such cases the troops were ordered to be ruthless.
In this regard, I also warn those who intend to show violence against the army and the authorities under these and other pretexts.
I also ordered the detachment commander to take measures to ensure that the troops do not pose any danger to the population and that those who show any violence against the civilian population should be severely punished.
The original of the petition was prepared in Russian, translated into Azerbaijani Turkish by Chief of Staff Sulkevich and given to the head of the Special Lankaran Branch, Habib Bey Salimov, to distribute it among the local population when he went to the region. In August, the Lankaran detachment was already formed and ready for action. In this regard, on August 4, the military minister signed a corresponding order. By that order, the chief of the General Staff, Major General Habib Bey Salimov, who was entrusted with the command of the detachment, was instructed to move with the units included in the detachment to the Lankaran cone along the route of Hajigabul, Salyan, Pokrovsk, Prishib and Lankaran and establish peace there. It was assumed that the total number of the gang would be 3.5 thousand people. In the order, the feed, number, etc., to be given to the animals for this number of personnel. was determined. Apparently, 67 pounds of meat, 197 pounds of bread, 55 pounds of vegetables per day for 3.5 thousand people. 10 pounds of salt, 6.5 pounds of sugar, 18.25 pounds of tea, 250 pounds of barley and 250 pounds of hay for 1000 head of horses. In total, 335 pounds of food and 500 pounds of animal feed were to be consumed during the day. 42 carts were required to transport these loads. The parts were to be supplied not from the stocks in their warehouses, but from the supplies department of the Ministry of War. Since meat cannot be stored for a long time in hot weather, it was planned to provide meat animals to the team. Bread was planned to be baked in Hajigabul, Salyan and Pukrovsk. The Cavalry Division was also supposed to help bring the parts and property included in the squad to Hajigabul. In this regard, the leadership of the Military Ministry gave the appropriate instruction to the commander of the cavalry division.
According to the order signed by General Suleyman bey Sulkevich, the Lankaran detachment was supposed to gather in Haciqabul on August 12 and move towards Salyan on August 13. The headquarters of the Lankaran detachment had already been established, and its activities were managed by the headquarters. Podpolkovnik Ehsan khan Nakhchivansky was appointed as the head of the headquarters. The documentation of the detachment's activities was carried out, and daily combat orders were signed. Although not all combat orders have been preserved, the remaining documents in the archives provide a glimpse into the overall picture of the detachment's activities and movements. The units and divisions entering the Lankaran detachment assembled in Haciqabul on August 12. On that day, preparations for the military campaign were conducted in all units and divisions, orders were clarified, and necessary consultations for coordinating mutual activities were held.However, as indicated in the available documents, the detachment could not embark on its journey on August 13, as originally planned. From the existing documents, it is evident that the gathering of units and divisions that formed the Lankaran detachment in Haciqabul continued until the morning of August 13. On the same day (August 13), a parade was held at the assembly point of the units and divisions entering the Lankaran detachment. The parade was attended by a large number of local residents and was received by General Habib bey Salimov. According to the newspapers, the units and divisions forming the detachment had quickly formed into a cohesive and skilled collective within a short period, demonstrating high agility and expertise. This brought great joy to the commander of the detachment, General H. Salimov.
The first combat order for the detachment was signed on August 13. The order outlined the tasks, composition, movement time, movement rules, and other relevant matters for the detachment. The detachment included the 5th Baku Infantry Regiment, the 3rd Shaki Cavalry Regiment, the 2nd Light Artillery, the 6th Mountain Artillery, and separate howitzer batteries, engineering company, and armored vehicle company.
The combat order restricted the army from drinking untreated water from areas where malaria was prevalent. Additionally, the consumption of berries, fruits, and other items that could facilitate the spread of malaria was limited. The detachment was equipped with boiled water, and everyone was provided with tea before the movement. According to General Salimov's directive, units and divisions were required to adhere to movement regulations, maintain distance between each other, and refrain from changing their positions. The units and divisions, as per the Desert Regulations, were to be stationed according to daily distances and ensure the detachment's protection.
Respectful treatment towards the local population, regardless of their national or religious identities, and compliance with local laws and regulations were ordered for all army divisions.
On August 15, the army units arrived in Salyan. Due to the fatigue along the way, Salimov declared August 16 as a day of rest. Salimov sent his representative to the Azerbaijani Guard or possibly the Russian Mujahideen upon arriving in Salyan, inviting them to act through peaceful means. At the same time, Salimov gave orders for the dissemination of Mehmandarov's petition among the residents of the Lankaran district. On August 14, as the Lankaran detachment began its movement, Mehmandarov sent a telegram to Səlimov, ordering the return of the light artillery battery to Baku. He stated the change in the situation, demanding the prompt return of the troops to Baku due to the circumstances and mentioning that the detachment should start heading back one day after reaching Lankaran. To maintain order in Lankaran, a force of 600 soldiers needed to be retained. Once a supportive camp was organized with locals in Lankaran, this force also had to return to Baku.
Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army posed a threat that urged the Lankaran army to swiftly fulfill its orders and return. The situation in Karabakh was also becoming complex, with no temporary agreement reached with the Karabakh Armenians. Additionally, in Shamakhi, the Malakan Russians were showing resistance to the authorities. Consequently, the regional chief of Shamakhi requested the dispatch of troops, specifically the Shaki cavalry regiment, to disarm and remove the Malakans from the center. Taking all this into account, Mehmandarov requested Salimov to send all the artillery and powerful weapons first to Haciqabul, and then to Ganja.
So, although the Cossack Russians had agreed to come under control for a while before the operation began, their full integration hadn't been possible yet. On August 17, the Lankaran detachment set off from Salyan. At 4 in the morning, the 3rd Shaki Cavalry Regiment, the 6th mountain artillery battery, and an armored car hit the road. Thirty minutes later, the 5th Baku Infantry Regiment, howitzer batteries, and other units began their movement. The plan was for the detachment to spend the evening of August 17 at the Shorsulu-Ramazanli area. In his final telegram sent to General Salimov on August 14, Mehmandarov reminded about the issue of collecting all kinds of weapons among the Russian population. The local population claimed that there was no mention of disarmament in the agreement obtained by Colonel Ilyashevich and the representative of the Azerbaijani government with the participation of the British command, and they feared that if the Russian population surrendered all their weapons, they would be defenseless against raids by existing armed groups in the region. In a letter sent to the center, Salimov inquired about which of the two directives sent from Baku to follow, stating that the Russians in Lankaran claimed there was no disarmament clause in the agreement reached. They asked for guidance on how to proceed. In response, the Chief of Headquarters stated in a telegram to him that on August 11, the Russians had made a dual decision against the Azerbaijani government after their own assembly, hence all their weapons needed to be seized.
On August 18, the army continued its movement. According to the combat order signed by Səlimov and the Chief of Headquarters, Ehsan Khan Nakhchivanski, the army was supposed to cover 18 versts that day. The Sheki Cavalry Regiment took the lead to ensure the safety of the road and were instructed not to enter any village without orders. At crossroads, guards were to be posted, and the supply wagons and accompanying groups were to move in a predetermined sequence. Upon reaching the rest area, the V Infantry Regiment was to secure the perimeter of the encampment, and no civilian was to be allowed outside after dusk.
On August 19, the detachment was already in Pokrovsk. The 20th was declared a rest day. Along the way, the Lankaran detachment not only moved forward but also collected weapons from the Russian villages on the route. On August 17 and 18, the detachment obtained 3 cannons and 5 machine guns from the Russian villages and sent them on the road to Baku. By the 19th, these weapons had already reached Baku. In a telegram sent on the same day, Mehmandarov urged Salimov to take more decisive action to maintain the state's influence and ensure the detachment's maximum swift return to Baku. In another telegram sent on the same day, the minister informed Səlimov that there was no agreement between the state and the temporary Russian settlers, emphasizing that those resisting the collection of arms had no valid grounds. He ordered for Colonel Ilyashevich and his son to be arrested and sent to Baku if they continued to oppose Azerbaijan's demands.
The detachment was supposed to move towards Prishib on August 21. The vanguard section of the detachment would be commanded by Khosrov Mirza Qajar, a prince from the Qajar dynasty. It included one company from the V Baku infantry regiment, 4 cannons from the VI artillery battery, a platoon from the III Shaki cavalry regiment, and a vehicle from the armored car squadron. The vanguard was scheduled to set out at 4 AM in the direction of Prishib-Nikolayevsk, with plans to send an advance unit forward, leaving Prishib 3 verst behind. The infantry units were to take frontline positions, while cavalry would be stationed in their rear, and the cannons were to be placed on hills 4 verst from Prishib. In accordance with additional orders from the detachment commander, as the vanguard continued forward, they were to reach and halt near Ahmadli village, cross the river near Ahmadli, and stop on the southern side of the road leading to Nikolayevka, sending guard detachments to the north and northwest of Ahmadli. The main forces of the detachment, led by Colonel Israfilov, were to start their movement half an hour later, at 4:30 AM, and reach the camp near Ahmadli village by the end of the day. One platoon from the V Baku infantry regiment was designated to form the rear guard of the detachment. This rear guard was to commence movement at 5 AM and follow after all the carts.
Historian Mehman Suleymanov acknowledges the difficulty in determining the amount of arms collected from the population in this region. However, it is known that in Prishib, they gathered 105 horses and 101 livestock. On the 22nd, they were set to depart from Ahmadli, cover a distance of 27 versts, and establish a camp near Gumbashi station along the road leading to Lankaran. On the same day, Staff-Rotmistr Agalarov was appointed as the commander of Prishib. His tasks involved accounting for the collected arms, ammunition, and other military supplies from the locals and then sending them to Salyan under guard. On August 23, the detachment arrived in Lənkəran, greeted with immense joy and excitement by the local population. Rest was provided to the units on August 24 and 25. On August 26, they started moving towards the Yeddi Oymaq village, reaching Astrakhanka on the 28th and Bilasuvar on the 26th. In Bilasuvar, they seized 6 cannons and various much-needed equipment from the locals.
Towards the end of August, the Lankaran detachment successfully fulfilled all the assigned tasks. The detachment completely disarmed the armed group led by Colonel Ilyashevich without encountering any particular armed resistance from the Russian population in the region. This action eliminated the threat to Azerbaijan's independence in the southern part of the republic. During the disarmament, 22 cannons were confiscated from the locals and Russian military forces, of which 20 were in fully operational condition, and 2 were dismantled. Additionally, 25 fully operational machine guns and 7 non-operational machine guns were seized. Alongside the arms mentioned earlier, during the activities of the Lənkəran detachment in the southern region, 517 Berdan rifles, 93 Turkish rifles, 382 hunting rifles, 289 various firearms, 36 bayonets, 670 English cartridges, 12454 Berdan cartridges, 26 field bombs, 3 airplane bombs, 15 swords, and 40 daggers were also collected from the Mughan forces and Russian population. All the collected weapons and ammunition were to be handed over to the auxiliary unit formed in Lankaran. On September 3, 1919, after fulfilling the assigned combat order, the Lankaran detachment returned to Hajıgabul. On the same day, the commander of the detachment, Major General Salimov, and the chief of the detachment's headquarters, Ehsan Khan Nakhchivanski, signed the final combat order numbered 23.The assigned task for the Lankaran detachment was quite challenging. The detachment, consisting of a personal contingent of 2500 individuals and eight cannons, was tasked to collect all arms and supplies from the Russian-speaking population of Mughan that could potentially allow the formation of an army of up to 8000 individuals and six cannon batteries. The detachment successfully accomplished this mission without resorting to any coercion on the local and Russian residents, mainly through demanding ultimatums for the surrender of a significant amount of arms and equipment. Apart from cannons and machine guns, they gathered up to four thousand rounds of ammunition, three cargo vehicles, 209 service horses, and various other military equipment from the local population. The inventory included motorcycles, telephone apparatus, and reserve parts for cannons and machine guns. The detachment covered a distance of 425 verst (1 verst = 1.07 kilometers) during the fulfillment of its assigned mission. Even former soldiers from the Russian army noted the strong discipline and order within the Azerbaijani Army, comparing it to the times of Napoleon. Finally, General Salimov expressed gratitude individually to each fighter. Specifically, he thanked Podpolkovnik Israfilov, commander of the V Baku infantry regiment, Polkovnik Khosrov Mirza Qajar, commander of the III Shaki regiment, Podpolkovnik Tarkhanov, commander of the VI mountain artillery battery, Podpolkovnik Ehsan xan Nakhchıvansky, the detachment's chief, Bulatova, the medical officer, and Khan Talıshınsky, the logistics chief. Furthermore, the issue of removing all members of the former regime from the country's borders was raised by the Ministry of Defense before the government.
2 days after Lankaran operation towards the end of October 1919, is illuminated through correspondence conducted between the Minister of War, Samad bey Mehmandarov, and the South Russian Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief's representative in Azerbaijan. It's evident from this exchange that none of the Russian officers in Mughan remained there; they had all left the republic and their visits were also subject to the permission of the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (ADR).
In the first half of September 1919, Mehmandarov himself traveled to Lankaran. By witnessing the activities of the Lankaran detachment and becoming familiar with the situation in the region, upon his return to Baku, he signed Order No. 420 dated September 19, 1919, concerning the results of the Lankaran detachment's operations. The second paragraph of the order stated:
Lankaran city's capture, the restoration of law and order in that region, and the affirmation of the Azerbaijani government's authority required the deployment of a special detachment under my command to Lankaran, led by Major General Salimov, the General Headquarters Chief. This force consisted of three branches of the military. Covering the challenging distance of 430 versts from Hacıqabul to Lankaran, our young and resilient army accomplished this feat within 15 days, demonstrating immense strength even without any sick or lagging individuals. Throughout the expedition, the detachment maintained discipline, ensuring no breach of order and no harm to any local residents. Along the way, the city and village inhabitants commended the respectful conduct of the detachment's officers and soldiers. This was reaffirmed during my personal visit after the detachment had left Lənkəran. I witnessed firsthand the impressive demeanor and exemplary discipline of the entire detachment during my visit after their departure from Lənkəran. This efficient and disciplined unit, with its rich military knowledge, returned Lankaran district and Muğan to our beloved Azerbaijan, pacified the suffering population from oppression and anarchy, and ensured peace and security without shedding a drop of blood. These successful outcomes of the expedition, primarily owing to the organized movement and thoughtful consideration of the detachment leader, Major General Hebib bey Selimov, merit my sincere appreciation. I extend my gratitude to the heads of the units within the detachment, all officers, and the medical team for their diligence, ensuring strict adherence to regulations during travel and rest stops. I extend my heartfelt "thank you" to the young soldiers who displayed themselves as courageous and honorable fighters during Azerbaijan's first military campaign.
According to Suleymanov's report, there's no information regarding anyone being martyred during the operations. However, the English journalist Scottlan Liddell, in one of his articles from Baku, described the burial ceremony of 9 soldiers who were reportedly martyred in the battles around Lənkəran. The author mentioned their deaths in combat against the Bolsheviks. It can be deduced that these 9 martyrs might have fallen not during the Lənkəran operation but earlier, in clashes with the Bolsheviks.
Last Monday, I witnessed a completely different funeral in Baku. 9 Azerbaijani soldiers were killed near Lankaran. The military operation against the Bolsheviks was the first combat activity of the young Azerbaijani Army. The corpses of 9 soldiers were brought to Baku by sea and a grand funeral ceremony was organized for them. Rarely have I witnessed such a massive scene. Representatives of all ministries and public organizations of Azerbaijan were in the long line of those following the coffins. Distinguished people and several thousand soldiers with their rifles turned down lined up behind 9 coffins carried by Azerbaijanis on their shoulders. The streets were surrounded by people and soldiers. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lankaran Operation (1919) was a military operation carried out by the Azerbaijani Army Corps (ADR) in the southern region of Azerbaijan to ensure the country's territorial integrity in August 1919.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "When the ADR was declared, it couldn't immediately extend its sovereignty over the entire country, and this process gradually evolved. Throughout this process, there was a struggle in the southern territories of the ADR, particularly in the districts of Javad and Lankaran, involving white army, Bolsheviks, and Azerbaijani partisans. As a result of this struggle, Azerbaijani forces emerged victorious, and the Lankaran Operation led to the complete dominance of the entire region under the authority of the ADR.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Until the fall of 1918, the Azerbaijani army and the Islamic Army of the Caucasus cleared Baku and Karabakh of foreign forces, thus, except for Lankaran, a new government took control over the entire territory of Azerbaijan. Despite the next intended march direction being elsewhere, the situation changed due to the defeated state of the Ottoman Empire signing the Mudros Armistice, and the arrival of British forces in Baku. Consequently, the march planned for Lankaran was postponed. Lankaran held a strategically significant position that attracted the attention of various powers. Hence, despite being under the control of the Musavatists in early 1918, Bolsheviks arrived in the region aboard the ship \"Aleksandr Jander\" in April of the same year and took control of the area.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "However, the Bolsheviks' position weakened with the liberation of Baku. This time, the Russian nationalist forces, supported by the Russian population previously relocated to the region, gained strength. Colonel Ilyashevich, an Agha Javadi, and closely associated with Denikin, led these forces. He was formerly the commander of the 29th Russian Army stationed here to safeguard the Russian Empire's border with Iran. Ilyashevich, like other combatant Russian officers, regarded the territories of the Russian Empire as indivisible and did not acknowledge Azerbaijan's independence. One of his main objectives was to establish bases and create conditions for the Denikinist forces attacking here. Therefore, he relocated his headquarters from Bilasuvar village of Javad district to Prishib village of Lankaran district. Historian Mehman Suleymanov estimates his army to have had around 6,000 troops at that time. Under the pressure of these forces, the establishment of the ruling body was discussed in a meeting held on August 4–5. According to the decision made, a \"Temporary Dictatorship\" consisting of five people was created to govern these districts. This dictatorship was also referred to as the \"Pentarchy Dictatorship.\" The forces behind their support were the Russian population in the region, aided by Denikin's forces and the Russian National Committee in Baku. Due to the activities of these forces, the local population sought assistance from the Azerbaijani army and Nuru Pasha in due time. Although they indicated they would resolve this issue shortly, the necessity of withdrawing the Ottoman forces from the region made it impossible. As the British supported the Denikinists, they couldn't organize a march into the region officially after October.In response to the locals' new appeal, the Foreign Minister of Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (CEC) responded that this matter should be raised before General Thomson, the British military commander in Baku. The delegation led by Teymur bey Bayrampashov met with Thomson, expressing their desire for the reorganization of the region with Russian officers and the establishment of Azerbaijani authority. Thomson indicated that measures would be taken in response. However, shortly after, the Russian officers declared the creation of the Lankaran Republic and formed a government under Suxorukov. This new government sought recognition from Azerbaijan and therefore dispatched representatives to Baku under Gerasimov's leadership. Upon the representatives' return, a council was organized in the Prishib village, and according to the decision made, the region was not to be handed over to Azerbaijan. It was envisaged that the area would be included as an independent entity under the Mugan province.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Because it was relatively easy to march to Baku from there, the Bolsheviks were drawn to the area and sought to foment rebellion. In the summer of 1919, the Communist Party's Caucasus Regional Committee began preparations to seize power in Lankaran through armed rebellion. According to the plan devised for the uprising, the Red partisans and other Bolshevik forces were to seize the toy institution's building, the military headquarters, the radio station, and the naval agency. The rebellion started on April 25. On that day, there was to be a meeting of Russian officers in the city, and at midday, the officers had dispersed to their homes for lunch. It was at this time that the Bolsheviks launched a sudden attack. Within a few hours, crucial parts of the city were taken. All the key figures in the institution set up by the officers were arrested. Jirikov was brought in as the temporary leader of the newly established revolution. On May 15, a council of Mughan village deputies was called in Lankaran to resolve the issue of authority. Many of the individuals at the congress were not Azerbaijani. David Chitkin was appointed as the president of the \"Mughan Country Council,\" and Shirali Akhundov became his deputy. Following this announcement, a substantial amount of Bolshevik aid was brought to the region.After being defeated by Denikin in the Northern Caucasus, a part of the XI Army was compelled to retreat to Baku. Under Sergo Ordzhonikidze's orders, 200 of them went to Lankaran. Following some other activities, the military forces of the new institution grew to about 5,000 people. However, the Bolshevik authority was not welcomed by the local population, and even the Russian population started to gather around the White army officers. Around the villages of Novo-Qulyayevka and Petropavlovka, the White army officers successfully organized a 5,000-strong armed unit. On June 15, they held a congress in Prişib and decided to attack Lankaran to overthrow the Soviet authority. Additionally, Azerbaijani-formed units against the Bolshevik rule also resisted. Huseyn Ramazanov organized a unit in Astarabad that launched an attack on the villages of Shahagac and Alekseyevka in May. However, despite the efforts of Ramazanov's partisan unit, the more substantial Bolshevik forces repelled their attack. In June, Ramazanov attacked Astarabad again, and although additional forces were sent to the Bolsheviks from Lankaran during several days of intense fighting, they couldn't secure a victory and had to retreat. Despite multiple attempts by the Bolsheviks to escape the situation they found themselves in, none of their efforts improved their condition. On June 23, the White army officer Khoshev attacked Lankaran with a force of 500. However, the White army forces were defeated and retreated from Lankaran. Despite their victory, the Bolsheviks suffered considerable losses in battles, and Ulyansev, the President of the Military Revolutionary Council, was killed. In the region, alongside the increasing number of Azerbaijani forces desiring the restoration of the Azerbaijani government, their activities were also expanding. Towards the end of June, a live force led by Malik Yeghanov arrived from Baku and merged with Ramazanov's unit. Small groups led by Huseyn Ali and Rashid Khan also joined another partisan unit led by Ramazanov and Shahvere. Shahvere's units were concentrated in the Zirvand Mountains. In late July, Ramazanov and Shahverə's units attacked Astara, Shahagac, and Alekseyevka. In Astara, 20 Czechs, 10 Mensheviks, and 10 soldiers were killed. In Shahagac, a 15-member Soviet post was eliminated. Another group of partisans encountered 200 Bolshevik infantrymen, 60 cavalrymen, and a mountain artillery battery in Alekseyevka. Bolshevik cavalry blocked the partisans' path to Iran. The activation of the artillery complicated their situation significantly. The active movements of the first division of the Lankaran camp under the command of Armenian Bolsheviks and the Muğan cavalry squadron resulted in the loss of the military initiative for the partisans, forcing them to retreat back towards the border mountains.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On July 5, 1919, a new congress of the White army, Malakan, and other Russians was held in Prisib. The decision was made to clear the region of Bolsheviks. In the latter half of July, the White army launched a decisive attack on Lankaran. Azerbaijani partisans in the region simultaneously assaulted the Bolsheviks. Ramazanov and Shahverə's units merged, and it was decided in the Military Council to attack the city from three directions. Ramazanov was to attack from the south, Shahvere from the west, and Haji Osman from the east. The Azerbaijani attack succeeded, compelling the Bolsheviks to retreat. Although the Bolsheviks were pressed towards the lighthouse, they were able to resist due to the heavy weapons they had. The remaining part of the city fell into the hands of Azerbaijani partisans. The territory from the northern point of the city to Haji Qurban Street was under Shahvere's control, from the western side of the city to the left bank of the coast was under Ramazanov's control, and from Sutamordob to the right bank of the Lankaran river was under Haji Osman's control. The Azerbaijani partisans were resolute in continuing the assault due to the consistent support they received. However, the Bolsheviks knew they would ultimately be defeated and thus decided to head to the Sari island. However, when they were evacuating the city, they decided not to give these places to the Azerbaijanis, but to the Russians, even if they were White army. Thus, on July 24–25, Mughan's forces, that is the White army, were released in various significant locations within the city, and all captured officers were set free.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The White army convened their new congress in Prishib, and according to the decision, the decisions made at the congress called by the Soviets in May are considered null and void, and it transfers its powers to the current congress. After being released from prison, Ilyashevich took over the leadership again and the first actions he took were against the Azerbaijani partisans. In the letter he sent to Yusif Bey, the head of one of the partisan groups, he stated that the Bolshevik government had already been overthrown, that his armed group was no longer needed in the region, therefore, he had to leave Russian Astara within 12 hours, otherwise he would attack. Yusif Bey said in his answer that he does not recognize any other government except the Azerbaijani government, and therefore, he will not lay down his arms.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The government in Baku was carefully monitoring what was happening and appointed Malik-Yeganov as a temporary representative. Malik-Yeganov did not come to Lankaran, but to Astara. Ilyashevich, who believed that he could easily defeat the armed Azerbaijanis in the region due to his belief in his own forces, decided to change his decision after hearing the news of the arrival of representatives of official Baku to the region. He sent a new letter to Yusif Bey. In the letter, he was surprised that the representative of Azerbaijan had come to the region, and stated that the issue of Muga's integration with Azerbaijan should be considered at the Paris peace conference. He said that the new representative should come to Lankaran and show a document confirming his authority, if this happens, his safety will be ensured, and discussions about the fate of the region will be started. Along with Malik-Yeganov, Azerbaijani military units were also sent to Astara. The negotiations took several days. The Guards tried to prolong the negotiations and hoped that the British would intervene and defend them.[9] The British reached their demands to the supporters of Ilyashevich. It was stated in that request:",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "According to the agreement accepted by the representatives of the Allied Powers and Admiral Kolchak in Paris, the British government decides that the Muğan province and Lankaran district, as territories within Azerbaijan's borders, should be administered by the governing authorities of that republic, and these territories should fall under that administration. The British government, which aims to uphold the legal actions of the Azerbaijan Republic striving for lawful governance in Lenkoran and Muğan, sends its special commission to assist in establishing the necessary governing bodies that consider the interests of the Russian population in the region.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The support from the British for Azerbaijan caused confusion among the Bolsheviks, but they were not considering handing over control easily. In their responses, they mentioned that this matter would be discussed in the next council. As the council consisted entirely of Russians, what decision would be reached was not without dispute. Additionally, by firing at Azerbaijani forces daily, they aimed to secure more favorable terms for themselves in the negotiations.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On the night of August 10, 1919, the White Army attacked. Initially of the attack, the White Army, who made some progress, were defeated and sent a message to the British delegation, stating that they agreed to recognize the government of Azerbaijan.During the council held on August 11, they declared their affiliation with the ADR (Azerbaijan Democratic Republic). However, their hope of not considering themselves as part of Russia seemed to remain unbroken despite the decision made.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Considering ourselves as a part of Great Russia and not losing our Russian inclination, the legal authority of Azerbaijan over the Mughan and Lankaran region should be recognized, and until this issue is resolved in the All-Russian Assembly of Enterprises, it should be accepted that it be temporarily incorporated into the Republic of Azerbaijan on the basis of conditions that do not humiliate the honor of Russia and the Russian people.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The representatives of the British, and Azerbaijan's governing bodies convened to discuss the terms under which the region would transition to Azerbaijani control. According to the agreement, both sides were to withdraw from August 11, with the British overseeing how the agreement was carried out by monitoring the battle positions. From August 13 onwards, Lankaran was to come under Azerbaijani control. It was decided that initially, a small military force would accompany government representatives to the city, taking possession of property and administrative buildings. On August 12, a group of soldiers and officers set out for the city. Despite heavy rain, the local population gathered to welcome Azerbaijani representatives. The people chanted \"Long live Azerbaijan\" and \"Long live our soldiers and officers\" as they awaited the Azerbaijani representatives. A formal reception was held near the mosque. The officials praised the cautious actions of Azerbaijan's government representatives and the military units in the region, expressing their gratitude. The interim representative, addressing the crowd, emphasized the necessity of restoring the rule of law in the region and highlighted the determination of Azerbaijani soldiers, saying, \"We must either liberate Lankaran or die.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On the same day, Malik-Yeganov signed an appeal to the people of Lankaran:",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "I declare martial law in Lankaran district after full law and order and tranquility have been restored. In this regard, it is allowed:",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "1. Engage in strong propaganda work of the Republic of Azerbaijan;",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "2. Unauthorized carrying of weapons and walking around the city with weapons,",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "3. Finding the price of goods for primary demand.",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "4. Unnecessary firing that violates the peaceful car of citizens;",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "5. Walking around the city in a drunken state;",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "6. Walking around town after 10pm,",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "7. Selling stolen goods. All technical items in the public should be monitored by the competent authorities.",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The white army commanders, despite being compelled to surrender authority, held significant military strength. Their forces comprised experienced officers and powerful heavy-armored vehicles. Removing this army would pose a perpetual threat to the ADR. Considering their potential, the Aghvardiyachi troops could create a dangerous situation for Azerbaijan from three sides - the north, south, and sea. The threat from Denikin in the north was a very real concern, and it was highly probable that unrest would commence in the south. Taking all these factors into account, the ADR decided to deploy its own forces to the region.",
"title": "Reasons for military action"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "ADR's Ministry of Defense had received orders to prepare its troops when the region was still under Bolshevik occupation. As circumstances changed, the ADR planned to discuss a military solution alongside consultations with the British, sending special representatives to the region. In July, the Ministry of Defense was instructed to prepare for a military campaign. In a letter to the head of the Council of Ministers on July 7, 1919, Minister Samed bey Mehmandarov conveyed his views. He mentioned the impossibility of deploying troops to Lankaran due to active Armenian actions in Karabakh. He did not consider it feasible to move the army from Karabakh to Lankaran under the current circumstances. Mehmandarov emphasized the undesirable consequences of moving the forces stationed in Khachmaz to the south and highlighted that withdrawing the army from Ganja would leave Ganja defenseless. He also highlighted the problem of insufficiently equipped armies in the regions. Mehmandarov believed that sending troops to Lankaran might be possible within a month. He had planned to deploy the following units: an infantry regiment, a cavalry squadron, a light battery, a howitzer battery, a mountain artillery battery, two armored cars, and two airplanes. According to the archives obtained by Suleymanov, Mehmandarov had invited Mahammad Amin Rasulzade to the consultation regarding the Lankaran events. This meeting took place on July 5, 1919, in Baku. Simultaneously, detailed reconnaissance operations were conducted to understand the forces controlled by the Bolsheviks in Lankaran. These intelligence-gathering efforts provided detailed information about Bolshevik force locations, military capabilities, terrain specifics, demographic composition of villages along the movement routes, dominant elevations, and other relevant details. Despite planning to send the army there in August 1919, as of July 23, Mehmandarov had already signed an appeal to the residents of Lankaran district.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Citizens! By the will of the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I am sending a detachment to Lankaran district. This group is tasked with putting an end to the civil war once and for all, creating order, and freeing you from the violent gangs and murderers who are tormenting the civilian population.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The Azerbaijani troops, who have a fair attitude towards all the nationalities settled in the region, which is an integral part of Azerbaijan, come to you as the bearer of legality.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Under the auspices of the armed forces, civilian administration bodies will be restored immediately in the management of all areas of the country. I am sure that you, as the future full-fledged citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan, are in the interest of establishing a solid foundation for peaceful coexistence, and you will help the representatives of the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan with your benevolent attitude to restore law and order in the country and fulfill all the legal orders of the government at a voluntary speed.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "At the same time, I declare that the creation of soviets, committees or any arbitrary organization under the name of \"Mugan Republic\" will not be allowed.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Only the authority of the Republic of Azerbaijan should be recognized in the Lankaran region, and those who disobey its instructions will be prosecuted as insurgents under the laws of the war period.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "By the order of the leader of the group, the population must hand over the weapons. Whoever does not comply with this will be sent to the Military Desert Court.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "I warn that I will not allow any kind of cruelty and robbery against the Russian population, because I consider them as citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as representatives of other nationalities living in the region.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "While guaranteeing the identity and inviolability of the Russian population, I also demand that they comply with the laws issued by the local authorities.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Any armed resistance would be punishable by death, and in such cases the troops were ordered to be ruthless.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "In this regard, I also warn those who intend to show violence against the army and the authorities under these and other pretexts.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "I also ordered the detachment commander to take measures to ensure that the troops do not pose any danger to the population and that those who show any violence against the civilian population should be severely punished.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "The original of the petition was prepared in Russian, translated into Azerbaijani Turkish by Chief of Staff Sulkevich and given to the head of the Special Lankaran Branch, Habib Bey Salimov, to distribute it among the local population when he went to the region. In August, the Lankaran detachment was already formed and ready for action. In this regard, on August 4, the military minister signed a corresponding order. By that order, the chief of the General Staff, Major General Habib Bey Salimov, who was entrusted with the command of the detachment, was instructed to move with the units included in the detachment to the Lankaran cone along the route of Hajigabul, Salyan, Pokrovsk, Prishib and Lankaran and establish peace there. It was assumed that the total number of the gang would be 3.5 thousand people. In the order, the feed, number, etc., to be given to the animals for this number of personnel. was determined. Apparently, 67 pounds of meat, 197 pounds of bread, 55 pounds of vegetables per day for 3.5 thousand people. 10 pounds of salt, 6.5 pounds of sugar, 18.25 pounds of tea, 250 pounds of barley and 250 pounds of hay for 1000 head of horses. In total, 335 pounds of food and 500 pounds of animal feed were to be consumed during the day. 42 carts were required to transport these loads. The parts were to be supplied not from the stocks in their warehouses, but from the supplies department of the Ministry of War. Since meat cannot be stored for a long time in hot weather, it was planned to provide meat animals to the team. Bread was planned to be baked in Hajigabul, Salyan and Pukrovsk. The Cavalry Division was also supposed to help bring the parts and property included in the squad to Hajigabul. In this regard, the leadership of the Military Ministry gave the appropriate instruction to the commander of the cavalry division.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "According to the order signed by General Suleyman bey Sulkevich, the Lankaran detachment was supposed to gather in Haciqabul on August 12 and move towards Salyan on August 13. The headquarters of the Lankaran detachment had already been established, and its activities were managed by the headquarters. Podpolkovnik Ehsan khan Nakhchivansky was appointed as the head of the headquarters. The documentation of the detachment's activities was carried out, and daily combat orders were signed. Although not all combat orders have been preserved, the remaining documents in the archives provide a glimpse into the overall picture of the detachment's activities and movements. The units and divisions entering the Lankaran detachment assembled in Haciqabul on August 12. On that day, preparations for the military campaign were conducted in all units and divisions, orders were clarified, and necessary consultations for coordinating mutual activities were held.However, as indicated in the available documents, the detachment could not embark on its journey on August 13, as originally planned. From the existing documents, it is evident that the gathering of units and divisions that formed the Lankaran detachment in Haciqabul continued until the morning of August 13. On the same day (August 13), a parade was held at the assembly point of the units and divisions entering the Lankaran detachment. The parade was attended by a large number of local residents and was received by General Habib bey Salimov. According to the newspapers, the units and divisions forming the detachment had quickly formed into a cohesive and skilled collective within a short period, demonstrating high agility and expertise. This brought great joy to the commander of the detachment, General H. Salimov.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The first combat order for the detachment was signed on August 13. The order outlined the tasks, composition, movement time, movement rules, and other relevant matters for the detachment. The detachment included the 5th Baku Infantry Regiment, the 3rd Shaki Cavalry Regiment, the 2nd Light Artillery, the 6th Mountain Artillery, and separate howitzer batteries, engineering company, and armored vehicle company.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "The combat order restricted the army from drinking untreated water from areas where malaria was prevalent. Additionally, the consumption of berries, fruits, and other items that could facilitate the spread of malaria was limited. The detachment was equipped with boiled water, and everyone was provided with tea before the movement. According to General Salimov's directive, units and divisions were required to adhere to movement regulations, maintain distance between each other, and refrain from changing their positions. The units and divisions, as per the Desert Regulations, were to be stationed according to daily distances and ensure the detachment's protection.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Respectful treatment towards the local population, regardless of their national or religious identities, and compliance with local laws and regulations were ordered for all army divisions.",
"title": "Preparations for operation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "On August 15, the army units arrived in Salyan. Due to the fatigue along the way, Salimov declared August 16 as a day of rest. Salimov sent his representative to the Azerbaijani Guard or possibly the Russian Mujahideen upon arriving in Salyan, inviting them to act through peaceful means. At the same time, Salimov gave orders for the dissemination of Mehmandarov's petition among the residents of the Lankaran district. On August 14, as the Lankaran detachment began its movement, Mehmandarov sent a telegram to Səlimov, ordering the return of the light artillery battery to Baku. He stated the change in the situation, demanding the prompt return of the troops to Baku due to the circumstances and mentioning that the detachment should start heading back one day after reaching Lankaran. To maintain order in Lankaran, a force of 600 soldiers needed to be retained. Once a supportive camp was organized with locals in Lankaran, this force also had to return to Baku.",
"title": "Operation initiation and progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army posed a threat that urged the Lankaran army to swiftly fulfill its orders and return. The situation in Karabakh was also becoming complex, with no temporary agreement reached with the Karabakh Armenians. Additionally, in Shamakhi, the Malakan Russians were showing resistance to the authorities. Consequently, the regional chief of Shamakhi requested the dispatch of troops, specifically the Shaki cavalry regiment, to disarm and remove the Malakans from the center. Taking all this into account, Mehmandarov requested Salimov to send all the artillery and powerful weapons first to Haciqabul, and then to Ganja.",
"title": "Operation initiation and progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "So, although the Cossack Russians had agreed to come under control for a while before the operation began, their full integration hadn't been possible yet. On August 17, the Lankaran detachment set off from Salyan. At 4 in the morning, the 3rd Shaki Cavalry Regiment, the 6th mountain artillery battery, and an armored car hit the road. Thirty minutes later, the 5th Baku Infantry Regiment, howitzer batteries, and other units began their movement. The plan was for the detachment to spend the evening of August 17 at the Shorsulu-Ramazanli area. In his final telegram sent to General Salimov on August 14, Mehmandarov reminded about the issue of collecting all kinds of weapons among the Russian population. The local population claimed that there was no mention of disarmament in the agreement obtained by Colonel Ilyashevich and the representative of the Azerbaijani government with the participation of the British command, and they feared that if the Russian population surrendered all their weapons, they would be defenseless against raids by existing armed groups in the region. In a letter sent to the center, Salimov inquired about which of the two directives sent from Baku to follow, stating that the Russians in Lankaran claimed there was no disarmament clause in the agreement reached. They asked for guidance on how to proceed. In response, the Chief of Headquarters stated in a telegram to him that on August 11, the Russians had made a dual decision against the Azerbaijani government after their own assembly, hence all their weapons needed to be seized.",
"title": "Operation initiation and progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "On August 18, the army continued its movement. According to the combat order signed by Səlimov and the Chief of Headquarters, Ehsan Khan Nakhchivanski, the army was supposed to cover 18 versts that day. The Sheki Cavalry Regiment took the lead to ensure the safety of the road and were instructed not to enter any village without orders. At crossroads, guards were to be posted, and the supply wagons and accompanying groups were to move in a predetermined sequence. Upon reaching the rest area, the V Infantry Regiment was to secure the perimeter of the encampment, and no civilian was to be allowed outside after dusk.",
"title": "Operation initiation and progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "On August 19, the detachment was already in Pokrovsk. The 20th was declared a rest day. Along the way, the Lankaran detachment not only moved forward but also collected weapons from the Russian villages on the route. On August 17 and 18, the detachment obtained 3 cannons and 5 machine guns from the Russian villages and sent them on the road to Baku. By the 19th, these weapons had already reached Baku. In a telegram sent on the same day, Mehmandarov urged Salimov to take more decisive action to maintain the state's influence and ensure the detachment's maximum swift return to Baku. In another telegram sent on the same day, the minister informed Səlimov that there was no agreement between the state and the temporary Russian settlers, emphasizing that those resisting the collection of arms had no valid grounds. He ordered for Colonel Ilyashevich and his son to be arrested and sent to Baku if they continued to oppose Azerbaijan's demands.",
"title": "Operation initiation and progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "The detachment was supposed to move towards Prishib on August 21. The vanguard section of the detachment would be commanded by Khosrov Mirza Qajar, a prince from the Qajar dynasty. It included one company from the V Baku infantry regiment, 4 cannons from the VI artillery battery, a platoon from the III Shaki cavalry regiment, and a vehicle from the armored car squadron. The vanguard was scheduled to set out at 4 AM in the direction of Prishib-Nikolayevsk, with plans to send an advance unit forward, leaving Prishib 3 verst behind. The infantry units were to take frontline positions, while cavalry would be stationed in their rear, and the cannons were to be placed on hills 4 verst from Prishib. In accordance with additional orders from the detachment commander, as the vanguard continued forward, they were to reach and halt near Ahmadli village, cross the river near Ahmadli, and stop on the southern side of the road leading to Nikolayevka, sending guard detachments to the north and northwest of Ahmadli. The main forces of the detachment, led by Colonel Israfilov, were to start their movement half an hour later, at 4:30 AM, and reach the camp near Ahmadli village by the end of the day. One platoon from the V Baku infantry regiment was designated to form the rear guard of the detachment. This rear guard was to commence movement at 5 AM and follow after all the carts.",
"title": "Operation initiation and progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "Historian Mehman Suleymanov acknowledges the difficulty in determining the amount of arms collected from the population in this region. However, it is known that in Prishib, they gathered 105 horses and 101 livestock. On the 22nd, they were set to depart from Ahmadli, cover a distance of 27 versts, and establish a camp near Gumbashi station along the road leading to Lankaran. On the same day, Staff-Rotmistr Agalarov was appointed as the commander of Prishib. His tasks involved accounting for the collected arms, ammunition, and other military supplies from the locals and then sending them to Salyan under guard. On August 23, the detachment arrived in Lənkəran, greeted with immense joy and excitement by the local population. Rest was provided to the units on August 24 and 25. On August 26, they started moving towards the Yeddi Oymaq village, reaching Astrakhanka on the 28th and Bilasuvar on the 26th. In Bilasuvar, they seized 6 cannons and various much-needed equipment from the locals.",
"title": "Operation initiation and progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "Towards the end of August, the Lankaran detachment successfully fulfilled all the assigned tasks. The detachment completely disarmed the armed group led by Colonel Ilyashevich without encountering any particular armed resistance from the Russian population in the region. This action eliminated the threat to Azerbaijan's independence in the southern part of the republic. During the disarmament, 22 cannons were confiscated from the locals and Russian military forces, of which 20 were in fully operational condition, and 2 were dismantled. Additionally, 25 fully operational machine guns and 7 non-operational machine guns were seized. Alongside the arms mentioned earlier, during the activities of the Lənkəran detachment in the southern region, 517 Berdan rifles, 93 Turkish rifles, 382 hunting rifles, 289 various firearms, 36 bayonets, 670 English cartridges, 12454 Berdan cartridges, 26 field bombs, 3 airplane bombs, 15 swords, and 40 daggers were also collected from the Mughan forces and Russian population. All the collected weapons and ammunition were to be handed over to the auxiliary unit formed in Lankaran. On September 3, 1919, after fulfilling the assigned combat order, the Lankaran detachment returned to Hajıgabul. On the same day, the commander of the detachment, Major General Salimov, and the chief of the detachment's headquarters, Ehsan Khan Nakhchivanski, signed the final combat order numbered 23.The assigned task for the Lankaran detachment was quite challenging. The detachment, consisting of a personal contingent of 2500 individuals and eight cannons, was tasked to collect all arms and supplies from the Russian-speaking population of Mughan that could potentially allow the formation of an army of up to 8000 individuals and six cannon batteries. The detachment successfully accomplished this mission without resorting to any coercion on the local and Russian residents, mainly through demanding ultimatums for the surrender of a significant amount of arms and equipment. Apart from cannons and machine guns, they gathered up to four thousand rounds of ammunition, three cargo vehicles, 209 service horses, and various other military equipment from the local population. The inventory included motorcycles, telephone apparatus, and reserve parts for cannons and machine guns. The detachment covered a distance of 425 verst (1 verst = 1.07 kilometers) during the fulfillment of its assigned mission. Even former soldiers from the Russian army noted the strong discipline and order within the Azerbaijani Army, comparing it to the times of Napoleon. Finally, General Salimov expressed gratitude individually to each fighter. Specifically, he thanked Podpolkovnik Israfilov, commander of the V Baku infantry regiment, Polkovnik Khosrov Mirza Qajar, commander of the III Shaki regiment, Podpolkovnik Tarkhanov, commander of the VI mountain artillery battery, Podpolkovnik Ehsan xan Nakhchıvansky, the detachment's chief, Bulatova, the medical officer, and Khan Talıshınsky, the logistics chief. Furthermore, the issue of removing all members of the former regime from the country's borders was raised by the Ministry of Defense before the government.",
"title": "Conculasion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "2 days after Lankaran operation towards the end of October 1919, is illuminated through correspondence conducted between the Minister of War, Samad bey Mehmandarov, and the South Russian Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief's representative in Azerbaijan. It's evident from this exchange that none of the Russian officers in Mughan remained there; they had all left the republic and their visits were also subject to the permission of the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (ADR).",
"title": "Conculasion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "In the first half of September 1919, Mehmandarov himself traveled to Lankaran. By witnessing the activities of the Lankaran detachment and becoming familiar with the situation in the region, upon his return to Baku, he signed Order No. 420 dated September 19, 1919, concerning the results of the Lankaran detachment's operations. The second paragraph of the order stated:",
"title": "Conculasion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "Lankaran city's capture, the restoration of law and order in that region, and the affirmation of the Azerbaijani government's authority required the deployment of a special detachment under my command to Lankaran, led by Major General Salimov, the General Headquarters Chief. This force consisted of three branches of the military. Covering the challenging distance of 430 versts from Hacıqabul to Lankaran, our young and resilient army accomplished this feat within 15 days, demonstrating immense strength even without any sick or lagging individuals. Throughout the expedition, the detachment maintained discipline, ensuring no breach of order and no harm to any local residents. Along the way, the city and village inhabitants commended the respectful conduct of the detachment's officers and soldiers. This was reaffirmed during my personal visit after the detachment had left Lənkəran. I witnessed firsthand the impressive demeanor and exemplary discipline of the entire detachment during my visit after their departure from Lənkəran. This efficient and disciplined unit, with its rich military knowledge, returned Lankaran district and Muğan to our beloved Azerbaijan, pacified the suffering population from oppression and anarchy, and ensured peace and security without shedding a drop of blood. These successful outcomes of the expedition, primarily owing to the organized movement and thoughtful consideration of the detachment leader, Major General Hebib bey Selimov, merit my sincere appreciation. I extend my gratitude to the heads of the units within the detachment, all officers, and the medical team for their diligence, ensuring strict adherence to regulations during travel and rest stops. I extend my heartfelt \"thank you\" to the young soldiers who displayed themselves as courageous and honorable fighters during Azerbaijan's first military campaign.",
"title": "Conculasion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "According to Suleymanov's report, there's no information regarding anyone being martyred during the operations. However, the English journalist Scottlan Liddell, in one of his articles from Baku, described the burial ceremony of 9 soldiers who were reportedly martyred in the battles around Lənkəran. The author mentioned their deaths in combat against the Bolsheviks. It can be deduced that these 9 martyrs might have fallen not during the Lənkəran operation but earlier, in clashes with the Bolsheviks.",
"title": "Losses"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "Last Monday, I witnessed a completely different funeral in Baku. 9 Azerbaijani soldiers were killed near Lankaran. The military operation against the Bolsheviks was the first combat activity of the young Azerbaijani Army. The corpses of 9 soldiers were brought to Baku by sea and a grand funeral ceremony was organized for them. Rarely have I witnessed such a massive scene. Representatives of all ministries and public organizations of Azerbaijan were in the long line of those following the coffins. Distinguished people and several thousand soldiers with their rifles turned down lined up behind 9 coffins carried by Azerbaijanis on their shoulders. The streets were surrounded by people and soldiers.",
"title": "Losses"
}
] | Lankaran Operation (1919) was a military operation carried out by the Azerbaijani Army Corps (ADR) in the southern region of Azerbaijan to ensure the country's territorial integrity in August 1919. When the ADR was declared, it couldn't immediately extend its sovereignty over the entire country, and this process gradually evolved. Throughout this process, there was a struggle in the southern territories of the ADR, particularly in the districts of Javad and Lankaran, involving white army, Bolsheviks, and Azerbaijani partisans. As a result of this struggle, Azerbaijani forces emerged victorious, and the Lankaran Operation led to the complete dominance of the entire region under the authority of the ADR. | 2023-12-17T12:56:01Z | 2023-12-22T13:13:25Z | [
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75,585,070 | Tep Vattho | Tep Vattho (1963 – 2016) was an architect, hotel owner, urban planner and director of the urban planning department of the Apsara Authority (Authority for the Protection of the Site and Management of the Region of Angkor) in Siem Reap, Cambodia.
Tep Vattho was daughter of judge and minister of justice for Cambodia, His Excellency Tep Hun,
Tep Vattho fled the country to France, at the age of 12. Two weeks later, Cambodia imploded with the bloody zeal of its Khmer Rouge rulers. In France, she studied medicine for two years, but switched to architecture, where she met and married French colleague Architect Olivier Piot.
In the city of Siem Reap, the second-largest city of Cambodia and just 14 km from the Angkor Wat, the Architect couple created two large hotels and a theater with unique design, Angkor Village Hotel (1994), Angkor Village Resort, and Siem Reaps oldest theater, Angkor Village Apsara Theatre (1997).
Tep Vattho died in 2016 at her home in Siem Reap city, aged 53, survived by her husband, and two sons.
Tep Vattho is the mother of David Piot, manager for the family enterprices Angkor Village Hotel, Angkor Village Apsara Theatre and the elephant retirement park Kulen Elephant Forest. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tep Vattho (1963 – 2016) was an architect, hotel owner, urban planner and director of the urban planning department of the Apsara Authority (Authority for the Protection of the Site and Management of the Region of Angkor) in Siem Reap, Cambodia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Tep Vattho was daughter of judge and minister of justice for Cambodia, His Excellency Tep Hun,",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Tep Vattho fled the country to France, at the age of 12. Two weeks later, Cambodia imploded with the bloody zeal of its Khmer Rouge rulers. In France, she studied medicine for two years, but switched to architecture, where she met and married French colleague Architect Olivier Piot.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the city of Siem Reap, the second-largest city of Cambodia and just 14 km from the Angkor Wat, the Architect couple created two large hotels and a theater with unique design, Angkor Village Hotel (1994), Angkor Village Resort, and Siem Reaps oldest theater, Angkor Village Apsara Theatre (1997).",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Tep Vattho died in 2016 at her home in Siem Reap city, aged 53, survived by her husband, and two sons.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Tep Vattho is the mother of David Piot, manager for the family enterprices Angkor Village Hotel, Angkor Village Apsara Theatre and the elephant retirement park Kulen Elephant Forest.",
"title": "Biography"
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{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "Distinctions"
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{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Tep Vattho was an architect, hotel owner, urban planner and director of the urban planning department of the Apsara Authority in Siem Reap, Cambodia. | 2023-12-17T12:59:05Z | 2023-12-18T20:02:34Z | [
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75,585,073 | Fahd Qawasmi | Fahd Qawasmi (1934–1984) was a Palestinian agricultural engineer and a member of the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He was the mayor of Hebron between 1976 and 1980. During his tenure he was among the most significant mayors of Palestine along with Hilmi Hanoun, mayor of Tulkarm, and Karim Khalaf, mayor of Ramallah. Qawasmi was expelled by the Israeli government from Palestine due to the killing of six yeshiva students during the conflict between the settlers and the Palestinians in Beit Hadassah, Hebron, in 1980. He was assassinated by the Fatah opponent groups in Amman, Jordan, on 29 December 1984.
Qawasmi was born in Hebron on 13 April 1934. He hailed from a politically active and wealthy family. Fayez Qawasmi, founder of Palestine Polytechnic University, was his brother. Following the Nakba in 1948 the family settled in Cairo, Egypt.
Qawasmi graduated from Cairo University obtaining a degree in agricultural engineering. He also received a Master of Science in agricultural engineering from the same university. The family returned to Hebron after Qawasmi completed his studies.
Following his graduation Qawasmi worked as a teacher at the UNRWA schools in Jerusalem and Ramallah. Then he was employed as an agricultural engineer in the West Bank. He was also owner of a hotel in Hebron, Park Hotel. He allowed the Jewish settlers to organize a Passover Seder at the hotel in 1968 marking their return to Judea and Samaria.
Qawasmi became the mayor of Hebron on 28 March 1976 when he was elected to the post on the list of the nationalist bloc. He was the first elected mayor of Hebron. He succeeded the Hebron's long-term mayor Mohammed Ali Jabari. Qawasmi met with the members of the Israeli peace movement and the Labor Party at his home during his mayorship.
Following the permission of the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Jewish settler families moved to the Beit Hadassah enclave in Hebron. It was protested by Qawasmi. The Palestinians attacked the enclave and six yeshiva students were killed in 1980. Immediately after this incident Qawasmi was deported from Hebron to Lebanon on 2 May 1980. Qawasmi's tenure as mayor of Hebron ended on 1 May 1980, and Mustafa Natsheh succeeded him in the post. Rajab Al Tamimi, the judge of the Islamic court in Hebron, and Mohammed Hassan Milhim, mayor of Halhul, were also deported from the region during the same period.
Qawasmi lived in Lebanon for a while. Then Qawasmi and his family settled in Jordan and lived in the Jebel Hussein district of Amman. He thought that Israel would allow him to return to Hebron. However, after the formation of the Labor-Likud government in September 1984, his hope for returning to the city disappeared, and he became a member of the executive committee of the PLO in November 1984. He was among the independent members of the committee. Qawasmi was named as the head of the PLO's Occupied Palestinian Territory Affairs department.
Qawasmi had a moderate approach towards the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and argued that any solution to this conflict and the establishment of a Palestinian state required the continuation of the Israeli state. However, like the majority of the Palestinian leaders in the West Bank he did not support the negotiations with Israel separately from the PLO which he regarded as the only representative of the Palestinian people.
Qawasmi was murdered outside his house in Amman on 29 December 1984. The Black September Organization claimed responsibility after the incident, but later a PLO investigation concluded that he was assassinated by Abu Khaled Al Amleh, an Fatah dissident.
His family asked permission to bury him in Hebron, but the Israeli government did not accept it. A funeral service for him was held in Amman on 31 December 1984. Qawasmi was buried there in Umm Al Hiran cemetery. The Palestinians organized a symbolic funeral ceremony for Qawasmi in Hebron on 1 January 1985. The Israeli troops stopped their march and attacked them.
A Jordanian military court sentenced four Palestinians to death on 21 January 1987 for the assassination of Qawasmi. Earlier six other Palestinians had been sentenced to life in prison for his murder. Nayef Khalil Al Bay who was one of the assassins was hanged in Jordan on 29 January 1987. | [
{
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"text": "Fahd Qawasmi (1934–1984) was a Palestinian agricultural engineer and a member of the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He was the mayor of Hebron between 1976 and 1980. During his tenure he was among the most significant mayors of Palestine along with Hilmi Hanoun, mayor of Tulkarm, and Karim Khalaf, mayor of Ramallah. Qawasmi was expelled by the Israeli government from Palestine due to the killing of six yeshiva students during the conflict between the settlers and the Palestinians in Beit Hadassah, Hebron, in 1980. He was assassinated by the Fatah opponent groups in Amman, Jordan, on 29 December 1984.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Qawasmi was born in Hebron on 13 April 1934. He hailed from a politically active and wealthy family. Fayez Qawasmi, founder of Palestine Polytechnic University, was his brother. Following the Nakba in 1948 the family settled in Cairo, Egypt.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Qawasmi graduated from Cairo University obtaining a degree in agricultural engineering. He also received a Master of Science in agricultural engineering from the same university. The family returned to Hebron after Qawasmi completed his studies.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Following his graduation Qawasmi worked as a teacher at the UNRWA schools in Jerusalem and Ramallah. Then he was employed as an agricultural engineer in the West Bank. He was also owner of a hotel in Hebron, Park Hotel. He allowed the Jewish settlers to organize a Passover Seder at the hotel in 1968 marking their return to Judea and Samaria.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Qawasmi became the mayor of Hebron on 28 March 1976 when he was elected to the post on the list of the nationalist bloc. He was the first elected mayor of Hebron. He succeeded the Hebron's long-term mayor Mohammed Ali Jabari. Qawasmi met with the members of the Israeli peace movement and the Labor Party at his home during his mayorship.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Following the permission of the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Jewish settler families moved to the Beit Hadassah enclave in Hebron. It was protested by Qawasmi. The Palestinians attacked the enclave and six yeshiva students were killed in 1980. Immediately after this incident Qawasmi was deported from Hebron to Lebanon on 2 May 1980. Qawasmi's tenure as mayor of Hebron ended on 1 May 1980, and Mustafa Natsheh succeeded him in the post. Rajab Al Tamimi, the judge of the Islamic court in Hebron, and Mohammed Hassan Milhim, mayor of Halhul, were also deported from the region during the same period.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Qawasmi lived in Lebanon for a while. Then Qawasmi and his family settled in Jordan and lived in the Jebel Hussein district of Amman. He thought that Israel would allow him to return to Hebron. However, after the formation of the Labor-Likud government in September 1984, his hope for returning to the city disappeared, and he became a member of the executive committee of the PLO in November 1984. He was among the independent members of the committee. Qawasmi was named as the head of the PLO's Occupied Palestinian Territory Affairs department.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Qawasmi had a moderate approach towards the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and argued that any solution to this conflict and the establishment of a Palestinian state required the continuation of the Israeli state. However, like the majority of the Palestinian leaders in the West Bank he did not support the negotiations with Israel separately from the PLO which he regarded as the only representative of the Palestinian people.",
"title": "Career and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Qawasmi was murdered outside his house in Amman on 29 December 1984. The Black September Organization claimed responsibility after the incident, but later a PLO investigation concluded that he was assassinated by Abu Khaled Al Amleh, an Fatah dissident.",
"title": "Assassination"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "His family asked permission to bury him in Hebron, but the Israeli government did not accept it. A funeral service for him was held in Amman on 31 December 1984. Qawasmi was buried there in Umm Al Hiran cemetery. The Palestinians organized a symbolic funeral ceremony for Qawasmi in Hebron on 1 January 1985. The Israeli troops stopped their march and attacked them.",
"title": "Assassination"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "A Jordanian military court sentenced four Palestinians to death on 21 January 1987 for the assassination of Qawasmi. Earlier six other Palestinians had been sentenced to life in prison for his murder. Nayef Khalil Al Bay who was one of the assassins was hanged in Jordan on 29 January 1987.",
"title": "Assassination"
}
] | Fahd Qawasmi (1934–1984) was a Palestinian agricultural engineer and a member of the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He was the mayor of Hebron between 1976 and 1980. During his tenure he was among the most significant mayors of Palestine along with Hilmi Hanoun, mayor of Tulkarm, and Karim Khalaf, mayor of Ramallah. Qawasmi was expelled by the Israeli government from Palestine due to the killing of six yeshiva students during the conflict between the settlers and the Palestinians in Beit Hadassah, Hebron, in 1980. He was assassinated by the Fatah opponent groups in Amman, Jordan, on 29 December 1984. | 2023-12-17T12:59:45Z | 2023-12-26T14:40:56Z | [
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75,585,074 | Fire of Etna | Fire of Etna is a 1953 Australian radio serial adapted by Morris West from the novel The Brigand by Henry Castillou about Salvatore Giuliano.
The Brisbane Truth called it "well produced." | [
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"text": "Fire of Etna is a 1953 Australian radio serial adapted by Morris West from the novel The Brigand by Henry Castillou about Salvatore Giuliano.",
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},
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"text": "The Brisbane Truth called it \"well produced.\"",
"title": ""
}
] | Fire of Etna is a 1953 Australian radio serial adapted by Morris West from the novel The Brigand by Henry Castillou about Salvatore Giuliano. The Brisbane Truth called it "well produced." | 2023-12-17T12:59:56Z | 2023-12-22T16:00:05Z | [
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75,585,078 | "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)" Medal | The "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)" Medal is the medal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, approved by Law No. 331-IIQ dated May 17, 2002.
The "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)" Medal was awarded to officers, second lieutenants and midshipmen who completed active military service in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan by June 26, 2002. In addition to those who showed success in combat training, awards were also given to retired officers from the reserve or Armed Forces who took an active part in the establishment and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
The "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)" Medal is worn on the left side of the chest, after the medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The \"10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)\" Medal is the medal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, approved by Law No. 331-IIQ dated May 17, 2002.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The \"10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)\" Medal was awarded to officers, second lieutenants and midshipmen who completed active military service in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan by June 26, 2002. In addition to those who showed success in combat training, awards were also given to retired officers from the reserve or Armed Forces who took an active part in the establishment and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan.",
"title": "Medal award status"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The \"10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)\" Medal is worn on the left side of the chest, after the medal \"Veteran of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan\". Orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan.",
"title": "Dress Procedure (Military)"
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] | The "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)" Medal is the medal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, approved by Law No. 331-IIQ dated May 17, 2002. | 2023-12-17T13:00:53Z | 2023-12-25T21:36:59Z | [
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75,585,081 | Um Tai-Jung | Um Tai-Jung (Korean: 엄태정, born December 28, 1938, Mungyeong City, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province) is a representative first-generation abstract sculptor in the Republic of Korea. He graduated from the Department of Sculpture in College of Fine Arts at Seoul National University, studied at Saint Martin's School of Art in London, and held positions as a research professor at Berlin Fine Arts University and professor in the Department of Sculpture in College of Fine Arts at Seoul National University.
He graduated from the Department of Sculpture and the Graduate School of Education at Seoul National University in 1964 and 1966, respectively. He served as a professor at his alma mater from 1981 to 2004.
In 2019, he was selected as the only artist in Korea to participate in the Frieze London Sculpture held in the UK. He became emeritus Professor at the Seoul National University in 2004 and a member of the National Academy of Arts of The Republic of Korea in 2013.
"The relationship between the work and its material substance is as complex as that between body and soul."
Arthur C. Danto
"The thing is to bear in mind every possible direction, even though one moves forward in a straight line. Equality of straight line and surface, surface and volumes. In other words, taking into account or exhausting space results in a new sense and a new motif: exhausting the potential of random space. Space offers potential insofar as it allows the realization of events: in other words, it precedes realization, and potentiality itself is part of what is feasible."
Gilles Deleuze
According to Constantin Brancusi the art of the sculptor lies in releasing the life of the material he is dealing with and never forcing something onto the material. Since this is also Um Tai-Jung's attitude both to art and life it is hardly surprising the Korean sculptor has long since seen a kindred spirit in Constantin Brancusi. As early as 1958 when he commenced his studies at the College of Fine Arts of Seoul National University Tai-Jung Um reads everything he can lay his hands on about the work of the Rumanian sculptor. He addresses himself intensively to Brancusi's ideas concerning a universal language of the sculptural the vibrating liveliness of the material and the harmony between man and cosmos. Merely looking at photographs is no longer enough for him. Um Tai-Jung travels to museums over the world, especially to Paris, sparing neither expense nor pains to see Brancusi's achievement with his own eyes, namely the perfect balance between the opposing forces at work in the material. He even travels to Tîrgu Jiu, the small town at the foot of the Carpathians, not far from Hobita. where Brancusi was born, to see for himself what remains of the sculptural ensemble "Table of Silence" "Gate of the Kiss" and "Endless Column" that Brancusi created in 1938.
Since then, Um Tai-Jung has always carried a Rumanian banknote with him as a daily reminder that he was on the spot and saw the amazing miracle the over sixty-year-old Brancusi performed in Tîrgu Jiu. The Rumanian Lei bears a depiction of the "Endless Column", and for an artist such as Um Tai-Jung the mere presence of this legendary sculpture transforms the scrap of paper (invented for conducting swift, easy financial transactions of whatever kind) into a relic, which demonstrates that mysterious powers are at work between heaven and earth.
For over forty years now, Um Tai-Jung has devoted himself to all aspects of sculpture driven by the desire to create structures that are equally allied with reason and myth. He has worked in aluminum, steel and iron, in copper, brass, bronze and stone. Moreover, he has created sculptures that demand to be installed in the open air and to enter into a visible union with the landscape in which they evolved. The sculptor has realized monumental works that assert themselves in urban environment against the office high-rises of Seoul and offer people orientation in their daily environment. And he has created a large number of works that require the neutral exhibition space of the White Cube so that nothing can distract from the absoluteness and simplicity of their appearance.
Um Tai-Jung keeps a not inconsiderable number of these sculptures in his studio and storage rooms, which have had to be enlarged repeatedly owing to his immense productivity. Tai-Jung Um is in the privileged position of living in Seoul, where he can participate in the city's cultural life at any time, yet being able to withdraw to his home in the suburb of Seocho Dong to find the peace and isolation he needs to work on his sculptures. Protected by high pine trees, in an environment not unlike the situation under which Georg Kolbe once worked in Berlin, stand a house and several brick studio tracts. Dotted around the garden, outdoor sculptures from various work phases have found a home here, and three white Korean shepherd dogs hover waiting for the chance to accompany Tai-Jung Um through the nearby woods. A walk of about twenty minutes brings you to a Buddhist temple, and it is as if the loud, hectic life of the city had deliberately spared this place to allow the evolution of an art that deftly unites the severe and specific with the latent and ambiguous.
An aspect about Brancusi that has always fascinated Um Tai-Jung is his extraordinary ability to be totally at home in the present yet without needing to break with the myths of the past. Like Brancusi, Um Tai-Jung is not afraid to reflect on those symbols that tell of the origins of the world, the eternal cycle of birth and death, and the respect commanded by the elements. On several occasions he has translated into stone and bronze the motif of the spiral, the symbol for an activity that strives from a center out into the open drawing ever larger circles. In its self-centeredness, its circling around its own center the spiral represents a high degree of hermetic unity. At the same time its linear structure illustrates the extension of a movement that is not aimed at a certain point but evolves a dynamic of its own and refers to infinity. "In the Spiral Jetty the absurd takes over and leads one into a world that cannot be expressed by number or rationality. Ambiguities are admitted rather than rejected," wrote Robert Smithson by way of commenting on his bold spiral-shaped earthwork in Great Salt Lake in Utah. And Smithson continues: "The dizzying spiral yearns for the assurance of geometry. One wants to retreat into the cool room of reason."
Already at the start of his artistic career Um pursues the idea of reconciling the irrational with the cool region of reason. He has always sought to employ basic geometric elements such as the rectangle or triangle in order to create a structure that conceals much more than is immediately apparent. For instance the steel floor installation "▣ Project" from the year 1972 reveals that Um Tai-Jung dealt intensively with Tatlin's constructivist spatial tensions. Though what the observer initially sees is the literally transparent self-referential duplication of various sized rectangles, closer inspection discloses a labyrinth-like structure from whose center one element soars up almost violently: In the truest sense of the word it is poised to make a dimensional leap. Not only does the installation enter into a temporary relationship with the exhibition room by framing and enclosing those sections of the floor on which it stands. It also professes programmatically to its existential form as a three-dimensional structure: It is equally in its element in this weighty inertia as it is in the high-spirited, upward soaring movement.
During this work phase Um Tai-Jung discovers a principle that will prove indispensable - that allows him to duplicate space: folding. Installations such as "W Project" are clearly influenced by his occupation with Brancusi's "Endless Column", which mediates in its upwards soaring endlessness between above and below, between heaven and earth. But while Brancusi's version of a column is produced from the addition of identical, crystalline-looking elements, Um Tai-Jung creates an impression of organic growth by bending and folding the steel. It is an early indication of something that will fascinate the sculptor for decades: a diversity resulting from the folding of the material and not from the addition of several identically sized elements. Spatial structures that translate into solid figures, processes such as tension and relaxation, contraction and expansion, compression and explosion would continue to occupy Um Tai-Jung. But in the seventies the sculptor was irritated by the look of industrial production, the machine-like look as Um Tai-Jung called it. Consequently, in his search for a form of production that more clearly reveals the individual nature of his work Um Tai-Jung draws on experiences he made shortly after completion of his studies.
Back then at the end of the fifties and beginning of the sixties he recalls, the situation for fine art in Korea was difficult to say the least. The Korean War was not long over, the nation was divided, many thousands of people had lost their lives in a senseless battle between two political systems, and many Koreans became painfully aware that during the 35 years of Japanese occupation they had lost a major part of their cultural identity. At that time, it was above all artists who had studied in neighboring Japan, who ensured people in Korea were made aware of the ways in which the world of art had been enriched. As such it was via Japan that young Korean artists found out about art styles such as the Informal and Tachism. And at this time Um Tai-Jung also began to look for an adequate means of expressing emotional energies through sculpture.
It was under the influence of Tachism, the Informal, but also citing the visual imagery of the Vorticist that Um Tai-Jung produced his first masterpiece: a work of steel entitled "A Scream". The installation opens itself up to the surrounding space and creates a fragile balance of forces that extend out into the vertical and horizontal. This sculpture, which consists of two almost symmetrical elements with a formal correspondence but that nonetheless remain irreconcilable, is charged with a certain aggressive potential that distinguishes it from Um Tai-Jung's later works. The Korean title "Chòlhyu", which translates as scream or outcry, under-scores the installation's emotional power. It would seem likely that this sculpture visibly reflects for the first time the artist's experience of living in a divided country, in a permanent state of war.
Twenty-three years would pass before Um once again took the decision to use his art to respond to the political situation in Korea. The occasion was an international sculpture symposium held 1990 in Lavin, Croatia. Far away from his home country the artist found in the medium of stone a formal language that allowed him to express his hopes for an end to the division of his country. Almost apologetically he says of his work: "I gave my work the title *Gates of Peace' because I had the overwhelming desire to make some contribution even on a small scale to a solution of the conflict that has paralyzed our nation for decades.”
Apart from these two exceptions Um Tai-Jung was always anxious not to place art under the constraint of having to symbolize something other than art. His sculptures are neither an expression of the artist's mood nor are they manifestations of day-to-day political events. After all, Um Tai-Jung locates art in a totally different philosophical and temporal context. Like Brancusi, Um Tai-Jung also strives for an art that is in harmony with the laws of nature and the cosmos. And like Brancusi, Um Tai-Jung also assumes the observer does not need any specific educational background, in other words must not necessarily have dived into the depths of East Asian philosophy in order to understand his sculptures. Rather, Um Tai-Jung is convinced that those people who have maintained a lively harmony will resonate with his works without having to make any particular effort. However, he is exacting in his expectation that where this harmony is damaged, art must have the potential to restore the inner balance of forces.
Concerned the imagery of the machine-like could sabotage his intention, in the mid-seventies Um Tai-Jung developed methods and techniques that enabled him to achieve a contrast between the smooth, shining surface of the polished metal and the seemingly unstructured interior of the figure. Though he had previously worked with steel - a material that emphasizes the architectural qualities of sculptural structures, yet was not ascribed a specific significance in the history of sculpture - he now turns to a material that is underrepresented in 20th century art: copper. His preference for such an anachronistic material, which Korean art critic Kwang-Su Oh claims to have a certain idiosyncratic impact, is occasioned not least of all by copper's specific properties, namely its shine and color. However, another aspect that is likely to have influenced his decision is the fact that this material - the first metal to be won via a metallurgy process - was highly esteemed in the ancient world and played an important role in alchemy. After all, the gesture of repetition, the recurrence of the forgotten and the revitalization of the abandoned are factors that also determine Tai-Jung Um's choice of material.
In the nineties the artist uses the title "Bronze–Object-Age" for an entire work group. His appellation is an indication of the subversive potential Um Tai-Jung ascribes the rediscovery of what is seemingly outmoded. By his own admission Um Tai-Jung explains that his occupation with the Bronze Age enriched his art by adding a dimension that was clearly the result of his looking back at a past culture. But what can the sculptor have meant by this remark? Did the fact that there was no distinction between free and functional art alter his attitude towards applied art? Or was he interested in the formal language of archaeological finds from the Bronze Age? Hardly. And to cite what is perhaps the most pressing question: Why are the sculptures summarized under the name "Bronze - Object - Age" made of copper of all things? One possible answer is that a sculptor like Tai-Jung Um was only concerned about the identity of the material and immaterial. Socialized in an epoch in which there was a greater emphasis on the "dematerialization of the art object" in other words, truth to materials, Um Tai-Jung remains firmly convinced that the sculptor's true terrain is still the artistic transformation of tangible materials.
The complex relationship between choice of material and artistic content was first systematically investigated at the start of the seventies by iconologist Günter Bandmann. The art historian placed the changing perceptions of material aesthetics in a wider historical context. According to Günter Bandmann, from ancient times through until the 19th century artists have sought to alter or transcend a material in line with an idea. If the material properties were underlined then only because the artist wished to draw attention to their metaphorical qualities: the durability of ore, the shine of gold, the firmness of stone.
This "idealistic system", under which materials had a representative function, was replaced in the course of the 19 century by a "materialistic system". From now onwards the material was to be appreciated solely for its own sake and should not represent anything extraneous. Anything else was deemed dishonest and was eyed suspiciously as a diversionary tactic. Following this change in values from the year 1900 the term "truth to materials" appears in art theory. From this time onwards greater importance was given to the characteristics of natural appearance than the visible signs of artistic treatment. The sculptor's main task was above all to render the material articulate. People expected him to be capable of revealing, you could say emphasizing the seemingly natural surface qualities of stone, bronze or wood. From now on the artist was only allowed to disclose signs of his own sensibility for the purpose of lending the surfaces additional vigor and enriching their aesthetic impact through the use of contrasts. In the sixties the maxim of "truth to materials" gradually became invalid. Given plastics' variability, vouching for the non-manipulation of material could no longer be deemed an ethical category. "You could," summarized Bandmann, "find proof of the gradual weakening of this thought in certain phenomena in contemporary art as was manifested from say 1968 onwards at the documenta: materials provided by nature wood, stone and also metal - were largely replaced by plastics, which are neutral as regards surface structure, and in a parallel development the tendency in painting to subtly grade and work out colors in the interests of materialistic aesthetics gave way to homogenous looking and unreal, immaterial or unnatural looking colors - possibly produced by the mechanical application of paint. The choice of material and its contribution to the work of art was no longer determined by tradition and meaning as in idealistic aesthetics nor was it determined by its existential natural quality as in materialistic aesthetics. It would seem as if nature were no longer the sole source and authority."
In other words, it can be argued that irrespective of its other functions the material the sculptor employs always conveys a certain meaning. Furthermore, the manner in which the material is treated also says something about the prevailing ideas on intellect and material in a society. Tai-Jung Um deliberately avails himself of traditional sculptor's materials such as copper, brass and bronze, but in a manner that is at variance both with the idealistic and the materialistic system. In the same way that since the sixties artists integrated industrial materials such as fiberglass and latex into the artistic process, Um Tai-Jung also makes us aware of the virtually unlimited malleability and variability of the materials he employs. However, he believes there are other ways of achieving this than employing a neutral material or altering the material. As he sees it the sculptor's classic materials also offer an inexhaustible potential of transformational means. For instance, the impact of bronze, which from ancient times has been a symbol of durability and dignity and in the Middle Ages was ascribed magical and apotropaic qualities, can also be evoked in copper. And brass which is an alloy of copper and zinc, can also assume a great many appearances depending on its composition: it becomes more malleable or brittle, redder or more yellow, lighter or darker, depending on the effect the artist wishes to achieve. Working in a context beyond both the idealistic and materialistic systems, Um Tai-Jung shows us that it is ultimately the decision of the artist that counts. He alone lends the material shape and meaning. Yet Um Tai-Jung also warns us that the artist should not trust in the present alone as this would imply he underestimated the power of tradition. Rather than giving in to the pressure for constant innovation and only paying homage to the Here and Now, Um Tai-Jung employs traditional materials to deliberately lend his sculptures narrative, magical and mythical dimensions.
Under the influence of the work of David Smith, but above all of Anthony Caro, whose tracks he followed in 1980 at the Saint Martin's School of Art in London, Um Tai-Jung developed a special technique that allows him to permanently weld copper and brass together. Since this time he has produced sculptures of copper plates and brass elements that with their visible seams deliberately celebrate the principle of assembly, though the fact that the materials come from other fields of application no longer plays a role. However, since Um Tai-Jung does not wish to be part of the tradition of the welded steel sculptures established by David Smith and Anthony Caro, he applies their method to copper and brass with the result that the combined elements which are perceived as a single unit do not belie their massive weight yet simultaneously gain a certain lightness owing to the homogenous shimmering surface. While plates and hollow volumes, placed at angles in an unsteady balance, support each other and in doing so illustrate the architectural principle of the supporting posts and the beams that lie on them, the harmonizing copper tone on the surface unfolds an almost painterly effect. The sculptures look as if a colored skin had been drawn over them, and indeed Um Tai-Jung heightens this effect as in "Asceticism" from the year 1991, which combines metal elements with black stone. While the stone completely absorbs the light, the sun's rays but also the artificial lighting make the brass sparkle and glitter. As a result the material's metallic coldness is lent a warm reddish tone. It is this magical effect of copper Um Tai-Jung so esteems and which has led him to remain true to the material for more than two decades.
It is not until 2000 that Um Tai-Jung can be said to return to his starting point. Having drawn on the associative and allusive spectrum of copper for decades he recalls the qualities of steel once more. In combination with polished aluminum, which conveys the impression of neutrality and perfection, he uses steel girders to decline the basic geometric forms of rectangle and triangle. The steel elements are accorded structural functions: they bear weight, support, enclose and bring together the aluminum segments. Simultaneously, they patently embody the tectonic principle on which the sculptures rest. As struts and braces they extend out into space or delineate geometrical relations. With great precision they trace the contours and translate the balance of inert and upward soaring forces into a system of lines that reveals the proportions of surfaces and volumes. While the steel girders are accorded the task of underlining the sculptures' three-dimensional quality, the aluminum elements emphasize their two-dimensional nature by way of contrast.
The monolithic blocks of this work phase appear to be the ideal correspondences to that "cool room of reason" of which Robert Smithson once spoke. The grey shimmering aluminum corresponds with the cold geometrical precision of the shapes. The blocks are volumes without content and nothing more. They appear not to want to be anything but themselves. Liberated from the game with diverse meanings unlike the sculptures from other work phases they no longer have graphic titles that refer to nature or cosmic energies. And in contrast to the sculptural structures of copper plates that evolved in the eighties and nineties they are not connected with the sign systems of the distant past.
They favor persistence in the present to the experience of temporality. They are simply there. Sturdy and enduring they resist gradual changes, and as they are made of industrial materials they prove to be immune to the signs of time, to material fatigue and aging. All these observations would seem to suggest a break in the work of Um Tai-Jung. But that is far from being the case. Despite the all-too-obvious differences that can be seen in the choice of and handling of material, the similarities predominate. Indeed, to some extent, in their extreme simplicity and masterly clarity these sculptures present Um Tai-Jung's sculptural principle all the more graphically to the observer.
After all, a characteristic of his work that runs through all his sculptures is the rejection of all illusionism. Um Tai-Jung's sculptures always make a specific intervention in the spatial they find themselves in. Quite literally they represent a highly tense relationship between figure and space, mass and weight, dynamic and inert elements. The fact that they need no pedestal to separate them from the world of the trivial and secure them their very own personal space serves to underscore their presence. Instead, they adopt a specific attitude to the world; they stand in a relationship to the floor, ceiling and walls, and they respond on a joint basis with the observer.
In his more recent works Um Tai-Jung further heightens all of these aspects by creating installations the observer can take in at a single glance even though they comprise several elements. It is precisely this quality that creates an affinity between his aluminum structures and the pure "visual objects" of Minimal Art. Another similarity: like the protagonists of Minimal Art Um Tai-Jung creates figures that carry an empty space. It is not an imagined empty space as would be the case for a block that is closed on all six sides. Rather, Um Tai-Jung allows the observer to look into the empty spaces. It is not by chance that his standing rectangular structure from the year 2004 is just high enough for a person of average height to look inside, and he deliberately complements the block from the year 2004 by a version whose upper side is demonstratively open. Evidently, these sculptures have nothing to hide, not even the fact that their shape plays around an empty space.
Even though they are not representations of something absent they are nonetheless much more than lifeless objects. The reason: precisely these static, hollow figures that follow the laws of geometry ideally set the observer and by dint his perception - in motion. Located in space they call on the observer to approach them slowly and attentively, to walk around them, to take them in from different perspectives. They ask to be looked at from close up, from a distance and to be experienced with all the senses. Only by performing such a movement can the observer gradually perceives how the shape of the solid volume which one believes to have recognized and identified as a square, rectangle or triangle, alters depending on the position from which he observes it. In other words, the act of perception reveals the extent to which the shape of a figure created according to accepted, familiar rules, depends on the perspective of the observing observer. If the viewer adopts a different viewing position the shape of the sculpture alters accordingly. As such, you can argue that the act of perception involves one figure designing or determining the shape of another.
American art critic Michael Fried has referred to the paradox that precisely those sculptures which do not seek to represent anything else but themselves can only be perceived by the observer in relation to his/her own body. The observer experiences such a work as a "substitute person" writes Fried, a kind of statue. This not only resulted from the symmetry of such sculptures but also the fact that they have an interior. It is not least of all this mysterious interior which prompted Michael Fried to remark that Minimal Art objects have a latent anthropomorphism. This latent anthropomorphism is also evident in Um Tai-Jung's sculptures as they refer to the human body in terms of size, proportions and shape. And they also have a mysterious inner life that they occasionally disclose to the observer.
Once you have recognized these relations you inevitably suppose them to be present in works from other work phases. After all, here too Um Tai-Jung creates equivalents for human activities without availing himself of conventional representation systems: He translates simple activities such as standing up, lying down or falling down into sculptural forms. Or he depicts figures in turmoil, in which fissures function, that are either covert or overtly visible. In the course of the years Um Tai-Jung has repeatedly demonstrated magnificently that this does not require a figurative portrayal, but that it suffices to have a balanced structure comprising forces striving in opposite directions.
Precisely because we are dealing with geometric shapes that seem to rest in themselves, and not with depictions that attempt to imitate something that is not present, Um's installations urge us so strongly to define our own position towards them. The blocks of aluminum, which he has had made since 2000 in special workshops, are not empty and hollow in the sense that they are devoid of all meaning. Rather, like an open container they are poised to take in everything the observer would like to charge them with. They dispose of this ability because they create spaces in which emptiness is open to a variety of totally different readings. For instance, the elongated, rectangular shape standing on its long sides, and which forms a vault over an empty space, can also be interpreted as a kind of tent promising shelter and refuge, and the installation of rectangles that forms a roof over an interstice resembles a gate that dares us to venture out into the unknown from a place of security. However, since Um employs formal analogies alone but not a traditional representation system, every iconographic analysis that seeks to find something symbolical at all costs is doomed to failure. Nonetheless, his aluminum sculptures articulate divergent manifestations of emptiness: Sometimes they are open passages, other times areas sheltered from all sides and then again protective roofing.
Many of his blocks could also be described as boxes that seen from the outside embody geometric clarity, yet whose interiors conceal a deep, unfathomable emptiness. As such it is hardly surprising that in his small-sized sculptures Um Tai-Jung repeatedly takes up the form of the box. Eerily familiar like the small boxes that accompanied our childhoods they seem ideally suited to accommodating our hopes and wishes and storing something valuable that is in danger of being lost irrevocably. Unlike the large-sized works that render empty spaces visible and their potentiality, these boxes are hermetically sealed. As such, something might be stored in them that literally eludes our senses
At the point where the visible enters into an inseparable alliance with unfathomable, dark emptiness, art historian Georges Didi-Huberman talks of a shifting of the obvious into latency. "Now,' Didi-Huberman writes, "'the cube also loses its temporal stability - in accordance with its ideal geometric state - because you sense that it has to give way to a kind of memory, whose content for us (and incidentally also for the artist) is incomplete and will never be related in its entirety."
Um Tai-Jung is also in pursuit of a kind of memory that is aware of its incompleteness and which owes its sculpturally condensed energy to a shunning away from the perfect and the overfull. His sculptures express a longing for an origin, an origin that is aware of its innate loss.
The National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea; Independence Hall of Korea; Seoul Museum of Art(SeMA), Pohang Museum of Steel Art(POMA), Korea; Sejong Center for the Performing Arts, Korea; Ho-Am Art Museum, Korea; Olympic Sculpture Park, Korea; Dubrova Sculpture Park, Croatia; the Supreme Court of Korea; ASEM Tower, Korea; International Sculpture Symposium. Santo tirso Porto, Portugal; and the German Chancellor's Office (Berlin) possess his works. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Um Tai-Jung (Korean: 엄태정, born December 28, 1938, Mungyeong City, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province) is a representative first-generation abstract sculptor in the Republic of Korea. He graduated from the Department of Sculpture in College of Fine Arts at Seoul National University, studied at Saint Martin's School of Art in London, and held positions as a research professor at Berlin Fine Arts University and professor in the Department of Sculpture in College of Fine Arts at Seoul National University.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He graduated from the Department of Sculpture and the Graduate School of Education at Seoul National University in 1964 and 1966, respectively. He served as a professor at his alma mater from 1981 to 2004.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2019, he was selected as the only artist in Korea to participate in the Frieze London Sculpture held in the UK. He became emeritus Professor at the Seoul National University in 2004 and a member of the National Academy of Arts of The Republic of Korea in 2013.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "\"The relationship between the work and its material substance is as complex as that between body and soul.\"",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Arthur C. Danto",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "\"The thing is to bear in mind every possible direction, even though one moves forward in a straight line. Equality of straight line and surface, surface and volumes. In other words, taking into account or exhausting space results in a new sense and a new motif: exhausting the potential of random space. Space offers potential insofar as it allows the realization of events: in other words, it precedes realization, and potentiality itself is part of what is feasible.\"",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Gilles Deleuze",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "According to Constantin Brancusi the art of the sculptor lies in releasing the life of the material he is dealing with and never forcing something onto the material. Since this is also Um Tai-Jung's attitude both to art and life it is hardly surprising the Korean sculptor has long since seen a kindred spirit in Constantin Brancusi. As early as 1958 when he commenced his studies at the College of Fine Arts of Seoul National University Tai-Jung Um reads everything he can lay his hands on about the work of the Rumanian sculptor. He addresses himself intensively to Brancusi's ideas concerning a universal language of the sculptural the vibrating liveliness of the material and the harmony between man and cosmos. Merely looking at photographs is no longer enough for him. Um Tai-Jung travels to museums over the world, especially to Paris, sparing neither expense nor pains to see Brancusi's achievement with his own eyes, namely the perfect balance between the opposing forces at work in the material. He even travels to Tîrgu Jiu, the small town at the foot of the Carpathians, not far from Hobita. where Brancusi was born, to see for himself what remains of the sculptural ensemble \"Table of Silence\" \"Gate of the Kiss\" and \"Endless Column\" that Brancusi created in 1938.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Since then, Um Tai-Jung has always carried a Rumanian banknote with him as a daily reminder that he was on the spot and saw the amazing miracle the over sixty-year-old Brancusi performed in Tîrgu Jiu. The Rumanian Lei bears a depiction of the \"Endless Column\", and for an artist such as Um Tai-Jung the mere presence of this legendary sculpture transforms the scrap of paper (invented for conducting swift, easy financial transactions of whatever kind) into a relic, which demonstrates that mysterious powers are at work between heaven and earth.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "For over forty years now, Um Tai-Jung has devoted himself to all aspects of sculpture driven by the desire to create structures that are equally allied with reason and myth. He has worked in aluminum, steel and iron, in copper, brass, bronze and stone. Moreover, he has created sculptures that demand to be installed in the open air and to enter into a visible union with the landscape in which they evolved. The sculptor has realized monumental works that assert themselves in urban environment against the office high-rises of Seoul and offer people orientation in their daily environment. And he has created a large number of works that require the neutral exhibition space of the White Cube so that nothing can distract from the absoluteness and simplicity of their appearance.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Um Tai-Jung keeps a not inconsiderable number of these sculptures in his studio and storage rooms, which have had to be enlarged repeatedly owing to his immense productivity. Tai-Jung Um is in the privileged position of living in Seoul, where he can participate in the city's cultural life at any time, yet being able to withdraw to his home in the suburb of Seocho Dong to find the peace and isolation he needs to work on his sculptures. Protected by high pine trees, in an environment not unlike the situation under which Georg Kolbe once worked in Berlin, stand a house and several brick studio tracts. Dotted around the garden, outdoor sculptures from various work phases have found a home here, and three white Korean shepherd dogs hover waiting for the chance to accompany Tai-Jung Um through the nearby woods. A walk of about twenty minutes brings you to a Buddhist temple, and it is as if the loud, hectic life of the city had deliberately spared this place to allow the evolution of an art that deftly unites the severe and specific with the latent and ambiguous.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "An aspect about Brancusi that has always fascinated Um Tai-Jung is his extraordinary ability to be totally at home in the present yet without needing to break with the myths of the past. Like Brancusi, Um Tai-Jung is not afraid to reflect on those symbols that tell of the origins of the world, the eternal cycle of birth and death, and the respect commanded by the elements. On several occasions he has translated into stone and bronze the motif of the spiral, the symbol for an activity that strives from a center out into the open drawing ever larger circles. In its self-centeredness, its circling around its own center the spiral represents a high degree of hermetic unity. At the same time its linear structure illustrates the extension of a movement that is not aimed at a certain point but evolves a dynamic of its own and refers to infinity. \"In the Spiral Jetty the absurd takes over and leads one into a world that cannot be expressed by number or rationality. Ambiguities are admitted rather than rejected,\" wrote Robert Smithson by way of commenting on his bold spiral-shaped earthwork in Great Salt Lake in Utah. And Smithson continues: \"The dizzying spiral yearns for the assurance of geometry. One wants to retreat into the cool room of reason.\"",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Already at the start of his artistic career Um pursues the idea of reconciling the irrational with the cool region of reason. He has always sought to employ basic geometric elements such as the rectangle or triangle in order to create a structure that conceals much more than is immediately apparent. For instance the steel floor installation \"▣ Project\" from the year 1972 reveals that Um Tai-Jung dealt intensively with Tatlin's constructivist spatial tensions. Though what the observer initially sees is the literally transparent self-referential duplication of various sized rectangles, closer inspection discloses a labyrinth-like structure from whose center one element soars up almost violently: In the truest sense of the word it is poised to make a dimensional leap. Not only does the installation enter into a temporary relationship with the exhibition room by framing and enclosing those sections of the floor on which it stands. It also professes programmatically to its existential form as a three-dimensional structure: It is equally in its element in this weighty inertia as it is in the high-spirited, upward soaring movement.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "During this work phase Um Tai-Jung discovers a principle that will prove indispensable - that allows him to duplicate space: folding. Installations such as \"W Project\" are clearly influenced by his occupation with Brancusi's \"Endless Column\", which mediates in its upwards soaring endlessness between above and below, between heaven and earth. But while Brancusi's version of a column is produced from the addition of identical, crystalline-looking elements, Um Tai-Jung creates an impression of organic growth by bending and folding the steel. It is an early indication of something that will fascinate the sculptor for decades: a diversity resulting from the folding of the material and not from the addition of several identically sized elements. Spatial structures that translate into solid figures, processes such as tension and relaxation, contraction and expansion, compression and explosion would continue to occupy Um Tai-Jung. But in the seventies the sculptor was irritated by the look of industrial production, the machine-like look as Um Tai-Jung called it. Consequently, in his search for a form of production that more clearly reveals the individual nature of his work Um Tai-Jung draws on experiences he made shortly after completion of his studies.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Back then at the end of the fifties and beginning of the sixties he recalls, the situation for fine art in Korea was difficult to say the least. The Korean War was not long over, the nation was divided, many thousands of people had lost their lives in a senseless battle between two political systems, and many Koreans became painfully aware that during the 35 years of Japanese occupation they had lost a major part of their cultural identity. At that time, it was above all artists who had studied in neighboring Japan, who ensured people in Korea were made aware of the ways in which the world of art had been enriched. As such it was via Japan that young Korean artists found out about art styles such as the Informal and Tachism. And at this time Um Tai-Jung also began to look for an adequate means of expressing emotional energies through sculpture.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "It was under the influence of Tachism, the Informal, but also citing the visual imagery of the Vorticist that Um Tai-Jung produced his first masterpiece: a work of steel entitled \"A Scream\". The installation opens itself up to the surrounding space and creates a fragile balance of forces that extend out into the vertical and horizontal. This sculpture, which consists of two almost symmetrical elements with a formal correspondence but that nonetheless remain irreconcilable, is charged with a certain aggressive potential that distinguishes it from Um Tai-Jung's later works. The Korean title \"Chòlhyu\", which translates as scream or outcry, under-scores the installation's emotional power. It would seem likely that this sculpture visibly reflects for the first time the artist's experience of living in a divided country, in a permanent state of war.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Twenty-three years would pass before Um once again took the decision to use his art to respond to the political situation in Korea. The occasion was an international sculpture symposium held 1990 in Lavin, Croatia. Far away from his home country the artist found in the medium of stone a formal language that allowed him to express his hopes for an end to the division of his country. Almost apologetically he says of his work: \"I gave my work the title *Gates of Peace' because I had the overwhelming desire to make some contribution even on a small scale to a solution of the conflict that has paralyzed our nation for decades.”",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Apart from these two exceptions Um Tai-Jung was always anxious not to place art under the constraint of having to symbolize something other than art. His sculptures are neither an expression of the artist's mood nor are they manifestations of day-to-day political events. After all, Um Tai-Jung locates art in a totally different philosophical and temporal context. Like Brancusi, Um Tai-Jung also strives for an art that is in harmony with the laws of nature and the cosmos. And like Brancusi, Um Tai-Jung also assumes the observer does not need any specific educational background, in other words must not necessarily have dived into the depths of East Asian philosophy in order to understand his sculptures. Rather, Um Tai-Jung is convinced that those people who have maintained a lively harmony will resonate with his works without having to make any particular effort. However, he is exacting in his expectation that where this harmony is damaged, art must have the potential to restore the inner balance of forces.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Concerned the imagery of the machine-like could sabotage his intention, in the mid-seventies Um Tai-Jung developed methods and techniques that enabled him to achieve a contrast between the smooth, shining surface of the polished metal and the seemingly unstructured interior of the figure. Though he had previously worked with steel - a material that emphasizes the architectural qualities of sculptural structures, yet was not ascribed a specific significance in the history of sculpture - he now turns to a material that is underrepresented in 20th century art: copper. His preference for such an anachronistic material, which Korean art critic Kwang-Su Oh claims to have a certain idiosyncratic impact, is occasioned not least of all by copper's specific properties, namely its shine and color. However, another aspect that is likely to have influenced his decision is the fact that this material - the first metal to be won via a metallurgy process - was highly esteemed in the ancient world and played an important role in alchemy. After all, the gesture of repetition, the recurrence of the forgotten and the revitalization of the abandoned are factors that also determine Tai-Jung Um's choice of material.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In the nineties the artist uses the title \"Bronze–Object-Age\" for an entire work group. His appellation is an indication of the subversive potential Um Tai-Jung ascribes the rediscovery of what is seemingly outmoded. By his own admission Um Tai-Jung explains that his occupation with the Bronze Age enriched his art by adding a dimension that was clearly the result of his looking back at a past culture. But what can the sculptor have meant by this remark? Did the fact that there was no distinction between free and functional art alter his attitude towards applied art? Or was he interested in the formal language of archaeological finds from the Bronze Age? Hardly. And to cite what is perhaps the most pressing question: Why are the sculptures summarized under the name \"Bronze - Object - Age\" made of copper of all things? One possible answer is that a sculptor like Tai-Jung Um was only concerned about the identity of the material and immaterial. Socialized in an epoch in which there was a greater emphasis on the \"dematerialization of the art object\" in other words, truth to materials, Um Tai-Jung remains firmly convinced that the sculptor's true terrain is still the artistic transformation of tangible materials.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The complex relationship between choice of material and artistic content was first systematically investigated at the start of the seventies by iconologist Günter Bandmann. The art historian placed the changing perceptions of material aesthetics in a wider historical context. According to Günter Bandmann, from ancient times through until the 19th century artists have sought to alter or transcend a material in line with an idea. If the material properties were underlined then only because the artist wished to draw attention to their metaphorical qualities: the durability of ore, the shine of gold, the firmness of stone.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "This \"idealistic system\", under which materials had a representative function, was replaced in the course of the 19 century by a \"materialistic system\". From now onwards the material was to be appreciated solely for its own sake and should not represent anything extraneous. Anything else was deemed dishonest and was eyed suspiciously as a diversionary tactic. Following this change in values from the year 1900 the term \"truth to materials\" appears in art theory. From this time onwards greater importance was given to the characteristics of natural appearance than the visible signs of artistic treatment. The sculptor's main task was above all to render the material articulate. People expected him to be capable of revealing, you could say emphasizing the seemingly natural surface qualities of stone, bronze or wood. From now on the artist was only allowed to disclose signs of his own sensibility for the purpose of lending the surfaces additional vigor and enriching their aesthetic impact through the use of contrasts. In the sixties the maxim of \"truth to materials\" gradually became invalid. Given plastics' variability, vouching for the non-manipulation of material could no longer be deemed an ethical category. \"You could,\" summarized Bandmann, \"find proof of the gradual weakening of this thought in certain phenomena in contemporary art as was manifested from say 1968 onwards at the documenta: materials provided by nature wood, stone and also metal - were largely replaced by plastics, which are neutral as regards surface structure, and in a parallel development the tendency in painting to subtly grade and work out colors in the interests of materialistic aesthetics gave way to homogenous looking and unreal, immaterial or unnatural looking colors - possibly produced by the mechanical application of paint. The choice of material and its contribution to the work of art was no longer determined by tradition and meaning as in idealistic aesthetics nor was it determined by its existential natural quality as in materialistic aesthetics. It would seem as if nature were no longer the sole source and authority.\"",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "In other words, it can be argued that irrespective of its other functions the material the sculptor employs always conveys a certain meaning. Furthermore, the manner in which the material is treated also says something about the prevailing ideas on intellect and material in a society. Tai-Jung Um deliberately avails himself of traditional sculptor's materials such as copper, brass and bronze, but in a manner that is at variance both with the idealistic and the materialistic system. In the same way that since the sixties artists integrated industrial materials such as fiberglass and latex into the artistic process, Um Tai-Jung also makes us aware of the virtually unlimited malleability and variability of the materials he employs. However, he believes there are other ways of achieving this than employing a neutral material or altering the material. As he sees it the sculptor's classic materials also offer an inexhaustible potential of transformational means. For instance, the impact of bronze, which from ancient times has been a symbol of durability and dignity and in the Middle Ages was ascribed magical and apotropaic qualities, can also be evoked in copper. And brass which is an alloy of copper and zinc, can also assume a great many appearances depending on its composition: it becomes more malleable or brittle, redder or more yellow, lighter or darker, depending on the effect the artist wishes to achieve. Working in a context beyond both the idealistic and materialistic systems, Um Tai-Jung shows us that it is ultimately the decision of the artist that counts. He alone lends the material shape and meaning. Yet Um Tai-Jung also warns us that the artist should not trust in the present alone as this would imply he underestimated the power of tradition. Rather than giving in to the pressure for constant innovation and only paying homage to the Here and Now, Um Tai-Jung employs traditional materials to deliberately lend his sculptures narrative, magical and mythical dimensions.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Under the influence of the work of David Smith, but above all of Anthony Caro, whose tracks he followed in 1980 at the Saint Martin's School of Art in London, Um Tai-Jung developed a special technique that allows him to permanently weld copper and brass together. Since this time he has produced sculptures of copper plates and brass elements that with their visible seams deliberately celebrate the principle of assembly, though the fact that the materials come from other fields of application no longer plays a role. However, since Um Tai-Jung does not wish to be part of the tradition of the welded steel sculptures established by David Smith and Anthony Caro, he applies their method to copper and brass with the result that the combined elements which are perceived as a single unit do not belie their massive weight yet simultaneously gain a certain lightness owing to the homogenous shimmering surface. While plates and hollow volumes, placed at angles in an unsteady balance, support each other and in doing so illustrate the architectural principle of the supporting posts and the beams that lie on them, the harmonizing copper tone on the surface unfolds an almost painterly effect. The sculptures look as if a colored skin had been drawn over them, and indeed Um Tai-Jung heightens this effect as in \"Asceticism\" from the year 1991, which combines metal elements with black stone. While the stone completely absorbs the light, the sun's rays but also the artificial lighting make the brass sparkle and glitter. As a result the material's metallic coldness is lent a warm reddish tone. It is this magical effect of copper Um Tai-Jung so esteems and which has led him to remain true to the material for more than two decades.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "It is not until 2000 that Um Tai-Jung can be said to return to his starting point. Having drawn on the associative and allusive spectrum of copper for decades he recalls the qualities of steel once more. In combination with polished aluminum, which conveys the impression of neutrality and perfection, he uses steel girders to decline the basic geometric forms of rectangle and triangle. The steel elements are accorded structural functions: they bear weight, support, enclose and bring together the aluminum segments. Simultaneously, they patently embody the tectonic principle on which the sculptures rest. As struts and braces they extend out into space or delineate geometrical relations. With great precision they trace the contours and translate the balance of inert and upward soaring forces into a system of lines that reveals the proportions of surfaces and volumes. While the steel girders are accorded the task of underlining the sculptures' three-dimensional quality, the aluminum elements emphasize their two-dimensional nature by way of contrast.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The monolithic blocks of this work phase appear to be the ideal correspondences to that \"cool room of reason\" of which Robert Smithson once spoke. The grey shimmering aluminum corresponds with the cold geometrical precision of the shapes. The blocks are volumes without content and nothing more. They appear not to want to be anything but themselves. Liberated from the game with diverse meanings unlike the sculptures from other work phases they no longer have graphic titles that refer to nature or cosmic energies. And in contrast to the sculptural structures of copper plates that evolved in the eighties and nineties they are not connected with the sign systems of the distant past.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "They favor persistence in the present to the experience of temporality. They are simply there. Sturdy and enduring they resist gradual changes, and as they are made of industrial materials they prove to be immune to the signs of time, to material fatigue and aging. All these observations would seem to suggest a break in the work of Um Tai-Jung. But that is far from being the case. Despite the all-too-obvious differences that can be seen in the choice of and handling of material, the similarities predominate. Indeed, to some extent, in their extreme simplicity and masterly clarity these sculptures present Um Tai-Jung's sculptural principle all the more graphically to the observer.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "After all, a characteristic of his work that runs through all his sculptures is the rejection of all illusionism. Um Tai-Jung's sculptures always make a specific intervention in the spatial they find themselves in. Quite literally they represent a highly tense relationship between figure and space, mass and weight, dynamic and inert elements. The fact that they need no pedestal to separate them from the world of the trivial and secure them their very own personal space serves to underscore their presence. Instead, they adopt a specific attitude to the world; they stand in a relationship to the floor, ceiling and walls, and they respond on a joint basis with the observer.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "In his more recent works Um Tai-Jung further heightens all of these aspects by creating installations the observer can take in at a single glance even though they comprise several elements. It is precisely this quality that creates an affinity between his aluminum structures and the pure \"visual objects\" of Minimal Art. Another similarity: like the protagonists of Minimal Art Um Tai-Jung creates figures that carry an empty space. It is not an imagined empty space as would be the case for a block that is closed on all six sides. Rather, Um Tai-Jung allows the observer to look into the empty spaces. It is not by chance that his standing rectangular structure from the year 2004 is just high enough for a person of average height to look inside, and he deliberately complements the block from the year 2004 by a version whose upper side is demonstratively open. Evidently, these sculptures have nothing to hide, not even the fact that their shape plays around an empty space.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Even though they are not representations of something absent they are nonetheless much more than lifeless objects. The reason: precisely these static, hollow figures that follow the laws of geometry ideally set the observer and by dint his perception - in motion. Located in space they call on the observer to approach them slowly and attentively, to walk around them, to take them in from different perspectives. They ask to be looked at from close up, from a distance and to be experienced with all the senses. Only by performing such a movement can the observer gradually perceives how the shape of the solid volume which one believes to have recognized and identified as a square, rectangle or triangle, alters depending on the position from which he observes it. In other words, the act of perception reveals the extent to which the shape of a figure created according to accepted, familiar rules, depends on the perspective of the observing observer. If the viewer adopts a different viewing position the shape of the sculpture alters accordingly. As such, you can argue that the act of perception involves one figure designing or determining the shape of another.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "American art critic Michael Fried has referred to the paradox that precisely those sculptures which do not seek to represent anything else but themselves can only be perceived by the observer in relation to his/her own body. The observer experiences such a work as a \"substitute person\" writes Fried, a kind of statue. This not only resulted from the symmetry of such sculptures but also the fact that they have an interior. It is not least of all this mysterious interior which prompted Michael Fried to remark that Minimal Art objects have a latent anthropomorphism. This latent anthropomorphism is also evident in Um Tai-Jung's sculptures as they refer to the human body in terms of size, proportions and shape. And they also have a mysterious inner life that they occasionally disclose to the observer.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Once you have recognized these relations you inevitably suppose them to be present in works from other work phases. After all, here too Um Tai-Jung creates equivalents for human activities without availing himself of conventional representation systems: He translates simple activities such as standing up, lying down or falling down into sculptural forms. Or he depicts figures in turmoil, in which fissures function, that are either covert or overtly visible. In the course of the years Um Tai-Jung has repeatedly demonstrated magnificently that this does not require a figurative portrayal, but that it suffices to have a balanced structure comprising forces striving in opposite directions.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Precisely because we are dealing with geometric shapes that seem to rest in themselves, and not with depictions that attempt to imitate something that is not present, Um's installations urge us so strongly to define our own position towards them. The blocks of aluminum, which he has had made since 2000 in special workshops, are not empty and hollow in the sense that they are devoid of all meaning. Rather, like an open container they are poised to take in everything the observer would like to charge them with. They dispose of this ability because they create spaces in which emptiness is open to a variety of totally different readings. For instance, the elongated, rectangular shape standing on its long sides, and which forms a vault over an empty space, can also be interpreted as a kind of tent promising shelter and refuge, and the installation of rectangles that forms a roof over an interstice resembles a gate that dares us to venture out into the unknown from a place of security. However, since Um employs formal analogies alone but not a traditional representation system, every iconographic analysis that seeks to find something symbolical at all costs is doomed to failure. Nonetheless, his aluminum sculptures articulate divergent manifestations of emptiness: Sometimes they are open passages, other times areas sheltered from all sides and then again protective roofing.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Many of his blocks could also be described as boxes that seen from the outside embody geometric clarity, yet whose interiors conceal a deep, unfathomable emptiness. As such it is hardly surprising that in his small-sized sculptures Um Tai-Jung repeatedly takes up the form of the box. Eerily familiar like the small boxes that accompanied our childhoods they seem ideally suited to accommodating our hopes and wishes and storing something valuable that is in danger of being lost irrevocably. Unlike the large-sized works that render empty spaces visible and their potentiality, these boxes are hermetically sealed. As such, something might be stored in them that literally eludes our senses",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "At the point where the visible enters into an inseparable alliance with unfathomable, dark emptiness, art historian Georges Didi-Huberman talks of a shifting of the obvious into latency. \"Now,' Didi-Huberman writes, \"'the cube also loses its temporal stability - in accordance with its ideal geometric state - because you sense that it has to give way to a kind of memory, whose content for us (and incidentally also for the artist) is incomplete and will never be related in its entirety.\"",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Um Tai-Jung is also in pursuit of a kind of memory that is aware of its incompleteness and which owes its sculpturally condensed energy to a shunning away from the perfect and the overfull. His sculptures express a longing for an origin, an origin that is aware of its innate loss.",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "",
"title": "Critical reception[2]"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea; Independence Hall of Korea; Seoul Museum of Art(SeMA), Pohang Museum of Steel Art(POMA), Korea; Sejong Center for the Performing Arts, Korea; Ho-Am Art Museum, Korea; Olympic Sculpture Park, Korea; Dubrova Sculpture Park, Croatia; the Supreme Court of Korea; ASEM Tower, Korea; International Sculpture Symposium. Santo tirso Porto, Portugal; and the German Chancellor's Office (Berlin) possess his works.",
"title": "Selected Collections"
}
] | Um Tai-Jung is a representative first-generation abstract sculptor in the Republic of Korea. He graduated from the Department of Sculpture in College of Fine Arts at Seoul National University, studied at Saint Martin's School of Art in London, and held positions as a research professor at Berlin Fine Arts University and professor in the Department of Sculpture in College of Fine Arts at Seoul National University. | 2023-12-17T13:01:42Z | 2024-01-01T00:41:35Z | [
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75,585,084 | Alonzo B. Coons | Alonzo B. Coons (September 3, 1841 – March 26, 1914) was an American lawyer and politician from Sharon Springs, New York.
Coons was born on September 3, 1841, in Buel, Montgomery County, New York, the son of David Coons and Eliza Buttons.
Coons attended the Ames Academy in Ames from 1857 to 1858 and the New York Conference Seminary at Charlotteville in 1859. He initially worked as a clerk and teacher. He began studying law under John H. Salisbury at Sharon Springs in the spring of 1861. He was admitted to the bar in May 1863, although he spent the next five years working as a teacher and only opened a law office in April 1868. He opened his law office in Sharon Springs.
Coons was an alternate delegate to the 1884 Democratic National Convention. He was elected District Attorney of Schoharie County in November 1880. He served in that position from 1881 to 1884. In 1887, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing Schoharie County. He served in the Assembly in 1888 and 1890. In 1900, he was the Democratic candidate for the New York State Senate in New York's 27th State Senate district. He lost to Republican incumbent Hobart Krum. He was again elected District Attorney of Schoharie County in 1910 and 1913. He still held that office when he died.
Coons died on March 26, 1914. He had a wife and two daughters. His funeral was conducted by Sharon Springs Freemason lodge, which he was previously Master of. Grand Marshal E. M. Feathers of Springfield was in charge and Assemblyman Edward A. Dox of Richmondville attended the funeral. He was buried in Leesville Cemetery. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alonzo B. Coons (September 3, 1841 – March 26, 1914) was an American lawyer and politician from Sharon Springs, New York.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Coons was born on September 3, 1841, in Buel, Montgomery County, New York, the son of David Coons and Eliza Buttons.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Coons attended the Ames Academy in Ames from 1857 to 1858 and the New York Conference Seminary at Charlotteville in 1859. He initially worked as a clerk and teacher. He began studying law under John H. Salisbury at Sharon Springs in the spring of 1861. He was admitted to the bar in May 1863, although he spent the next five years working as a teacher and only opened a law office in April 1868. He opened his law office in Sharon Springs.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Coons was an alternate delegate to the 1884 Democratic National Convention. He was elected District Attorney of Schoharie County in November 1880. He served in that position from 1881 to 1884. In 1887, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing Schoharie County. He served in the Assembly in 1888 and 1890. In 1900, he was the Democratic candidate for the New York State Senate in New York's 27th State Senate district. He lost to Republican incumbent Hobart Krum. He was again elected District Attorney of Schoharie County in 1910 and 1913. He still held that office when he died.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Coons died on March 26, 1914. He had a wife and two daughters. His funeral was conducted by Sharon Springs Freemason lodge, which he was previously Master of. Grand Marshal E. M. Feathers of Springfield was in charge and Assemblyman Edward A. Dox of Richmondville attended the funeral. He was buried in Leesville Cemetery.",
"title": "Life"
}
] | Alonzo B. Coons was an American lawyer and politician from Sharon Springs, New York. | 2023-12-17T13:03:12Z | 2023-12-19T04:44:28Z | [
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75,585,095 | Ibrahim Khalid Mustapha | Ibrahim Khalid Mustapha is a Nigerian Politician and currently senator representing the Kaduna North Senatorial District, in the Nigeria 10 National Assembly. He defeated his opponent Sulaiman Abdu Kwari, after being elected in the 2023 Nigeria general election. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP).
Mustapha won the PDP primary election with 257 votes, which makes him the official PDP candidate in the 2023 Nigerian general election. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ibrahim Khalid Mustapha is a Nigerian Politician and currently senator representing the Kaduna North Senatorial District, in the Nigeria 10 National Assembly. He defeated his opponent Sulaiman Abdu Kwari, after being elected in the 2023 Nigeria general election. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Mustapha won the PDP primary election with 257 votes, which makes him the official PDP candidate in the 2023 Nigerian general election.",
"title": "Primary Election"
}
] | Ibrahim Khalid Mustapha is a Nigerian Politician and currently senator representing the Kaduna North Senatorial District, in the Nigeria 10 National Assembly. He defeated his opponent Sulaiman Abdu Kwari, after being elected in the 2023 Nigeria general election. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). | 2023-12-17T13:06:49Z | 2023-12-19T09:04:40Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Khalid_Mustapha |
75,585,097 | List of works by Luca Giordano | This is a list of works by Luca Giordano (1634–1705) and his workshop. Painting titles and dates often vary by source. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is a list of works by Luca Giordano (1634–1705) and his workshop. Painting titles and dates often vary by source.",
"title": ""
}
] | This is a list of works by Luca Giordano (1634–1705) and his workshop. Painting titles and dates often vary by source. | 2023-12-17T13:08:34Z | 2023-12-31T11:29:28Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Luca_Giordano |
75,585,107 | Sofian Bahloul | Sofian Bahloul (born 16 December 1999) is a Algerian professional footballer who plays as a Right winger for FC Wil. His current market value is estimated to be €400k.
Bahloul used to play for the Angers SCO Under-19's. The year he started playing for them is currently unknown.
The Algerian joined FC Chiasso in February of 2018 for Free.
He made his first appearance in 19th of April 2018 against Wil, he came on in the 86th minute and only played for 3 minutes. The game resulted into 1-0 loss.
He played a total of 100 games from 2018 to 2021, scored 20 goals and got 18 assists for them in the Swiss Challenge League.
Sofian joined Wil in July of 2021 for Free.
He made his first appearance in Wil in 25th of July against Vaduz, he was chosen in the starting lineup, but was substituted in the 78th minute. The game resulted in a 2-3 loss.
In Wil he played a total of 90 games, scored 32 goals and got 10 assists since 15 December 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sofian Bahloul (born 16 December 1999) is a Algerian professional footballer who plays as a Right winger for FC Wil. His current market value is estimated to be €400k.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Bahloul used to play for the Angers SCO Under-19's. The year he started playing for them is currently unknown.",
"title": "Club Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Algerian joined FC Chiasso in February of 2018 for Free.",
"title": "Club Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He made his first appearance in 19th of April 2018 against Wil, he came on in the 86th minute and only played for 3 minutes. The game resulted into 1-0 loss.",
"title": "Club Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He played a total of 100 games from 2018 to 2021, scored 20 goals and got 18 assists for them in the Swiss Challenge League.",
"title": "Club Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Sofian joined Wil in July of 2021 for Free.",
"title": "Club Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He made his first appearance in Wil in 25th of July against Vaduz, he was chosen in the starting lineup, but was substituted in the 78th minute. The game resulted in a 2-3 loss.",
"title": "Club Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In Wil he played a total of 90 games, scored 32 goals and got 10 assists since 15 December 2023.",
"title": "Club Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "Career Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "Career Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Sofian Bahloul is a Algerian professional footballer who plays as a Right winger for FC Wil. His current market value is estimated to be €400k. | 2023-12-17T13:10:34Z | 2023-12-17T17:03:48Z | [
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75,585,125 | N. S. Vaidya | N. S. Vaidya was an Indian film director and editor who primarily worked in Marathi cinema.
Vaidya made his directorial debut in 1984 with the Marathi film Lek Chalali Sasarla. He edited several films of Dada Kondke including Songadya (1971), Ekta Jeev Sadashiv (1972), Pandu Havaldar (1975), Ram Ram Gangaram (1977). He collaborated with Mahesh Kothare in Dhum Dhadaka (1985) and De Danadan (1987). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "N. S. Vaidya was an Indian film director and editor who primarily worked in Marathi cinema.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Vaidya made his directorial debut in 1984 with the Marathi film Lek Chalali Sasarla. He edited several films of Dada Kondke including Songadya (1971), Ekta Jeev Sadashiv (1972), Pandu Havaldar (1975), Ram Ram Gangaram (1977). He collaborated with Mahesh Kothare in Dhum Dhadaka (1985) and De Danadan (1987).",
"title": ""
}
] | N. S. Vaidya was an Indian film director and editor who primarily worked in Marathi cinema. Vaidya made his directorial debut in 1984 with the Marathi film Lek Chalali Sasarla. He edited several films of Dada Kondke including Songadya (1971), Ekta Jeev Sadashiv (1972), Pandu Havaldar (1975), Ram Ram Gangaram (1977). He collaborated with Mahesh Kothare in Dhum Dhadaka (1985) and De Danadan (1987). | 2023-12-17T13:15:09Z | 2023-12-22T21:18:22Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._S._Vaidya |
75,585,138 | Christian von Thum | Christian von Thum or Christian von Thum (I) (Kalmar, c. 1625 – Stockholm, 12 August 1686) was a Swedish innkeeper, still life painter, decorative painter, set painter, copyist and art agent. His known works include vanitas still lifes and still lifes with foodstuffs, paintings of hermits and religious paintings.
He was born in Kalmar around 1625 as the son of the innkeeper and well-known actor Christian Thum. In 1655 he married Anna Catharina Keijser, daughter of the prominent book printer Hindrich Keijser. Their sons Christian and Henrik (Hindrich) also became artists.
He was probably taught how to paint by Jacob Heinrich Elbfas or Johan Assman in Stockholm. He is mentioned as a master painter at the Stockholm painting office 1655. In the 1650s he was commissioned by Countess Maria Sophia De la Gardie, the sister of Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, a Swedish statesman and military man, to work on a number of painting and gilding commissions. He worked in 1663 on a commission for Countess Sigrid Bielke, the wife of Gustav Horn, Count of Pori. In 1664, he was hired by the Dowager Queen Hedvig Eleonora to create a scene decorated with flowers made of paper, wax, gold leaf and larch for a production of the ballet The Four Seasons at the castle. in 1667 he restored about 30 portrait paintings kept at Uppsala Castle.
He travelled around 1668 to the Spanish Netherlands where he bought works of art for Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie and the Dowager Queen Hedvig Eleonora, amongst others. He took over his father's inn in Stockholm and was mentioned among the inn keepers in Stockholm in 1671.
He worked on an altarpiece for the church of Arboga in 1672. In 1675 he worked, together with Johan Göransson and Jochim Langh, on the regilding of the coronation chair for Charles XI's coronation in Uppsala. In 1683-1684 he collaborated with Johan Hafwersatt on the decorative elements at the Maria Magdalena Church in Stockholm which was at the time being rebuilt.
His known works include vanitas still lifes and still lifes with foodstuffs, paintings of hermits and religious paintings.
His Vanitas Still Life with Astronomical Instruments in the Nationalmuseum depicts all kinds of objects such as a crowned skull, an extinguished candle along with a telescope, astronomical measuring instruments, and a celestial globe on a table. These objects are the typical symbols found in so-called vanitas still lifes. This genre of still life aims to evoke the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits through the use of stock symbols, which reference the transience of things, the brevity of life and, in particular, the futility of earthly wealth and glory. skulls, soap bubbles, candles, smoking utensils, empty glasses, wilting flowers, insects, smoke, watches, hourglasses mirrors, books and musical instruments, and various expensive or exclusive objects such as jewellery, silverware and rare shells. The term vanitas is derived from the famous line 'Vanitas, Vanitas. Et omnia Vanitas', in the book of the Ecclesiastes in the bible, which in the King James Version is translated as "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity". The worldview behind the vanitas paintings was a Christian understanding of the world as a temporary place of fleeting pleasures and sorrows from which mankind can only escape through the sacrifice and resurrection of Christ. In his Vanitas Still Life with Astronomical Instruments the astronomical measuring instruments and celestial globe can be interpreted as a reminder of the fragility of life despite new discoveries and knowledge. Another interpretation could be that science endures while life perishes.
An old man reading in one of his works shows similarities to the work of the unidentified painter given the notname Pseudo-Roestraten. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Christian von Thum or Christian von Thum (I) (Kalmar, c. 1625 – Stockholm, 12 August 1686) was a Swedish innkeeper, still life painter, decorative painter, set painter, copyist and art agent. His known works include vanitas still lifes and still lifes with foodstuffs, paintings of hermits and religious paintings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was born in Kalmar around 1625 as the son of the innkeeper and well-known actor Christian Thum. In 1655 he married Anna Catharina Keijser, daughter of the prominent book printer Hindrich Keijser. Their sons Christian and Henrik (Hindrich) also became artists.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was probably taught how to paint by Jacob Heinrich Elbfas or Johan Assman in Stockholm. He is mentioned as a master painter at the Stockholm painting office 1655. In the 1650s he was commissioned by Countess Maria Sophia De la Gardie, the sister of Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, a Swedish statesman and military man, to work on a number of painting and gilding commissions. He worked in 1663 on a commission for Countess Sigrid Bielke, the wife of Gustav Horn, Count of Pori. In 1664, he was hired by the Dowager Queen Hedvig Eleonora to create a scene decorated with flowers made of paper, wax, gold leaf and larch for a production of the ballet The Four Seasons at the castle. in 1667 he restored about 30 portrait paintings kept at Uppsala Castle.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He travelled around 1668 to the Spanish Netherlands where he bought works of art for Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie and the Dowager Queen Hedvig Eleonora, amongst others. He took over his father's inn in Stockholm and was mentioned among the inn keepers in Stockholm in 1671.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He worked on an altarpiece for the church of Arboga in 1672. In 1675 he worked, together with Johan Göransson and Jochim Langh, on the regilding of the coronation chair for Charles XI's coronation in Uppsala. In 1683-1684 he collaborated with Johan Hafwersatt on the decorative elements at the Maria Magdalena Church in Stockholm which was at the time being rebuilt.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "His known works include vanitas still lifes and still lifes with foodstuffs, paintings of hermits and religious paintings.",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "His Vanitas Still Life with Astronomical Instruments in the Nationalmuseum depicts all kinds of objects such as a crowned skull, an extinguished candle along with a telescope, astronomical measuring instruments, and a celestial globe on a table. These objects are the typical symbols found in so-called vanitas still lifes. This genre of still life aims to evoke the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits through the use of stock symbols, which reference the transience of things, the brevity of life and, in particular, the futility of earthly wealth and glory. skulls, soap bubbles, candles, smoking utensils, empty glasses, wilting flowers, insects, smoke, watches, hourglasses mirrors, books and musical instruments, and various expensive or exclusive objects such as jewellery, silverware and rare shells. The term vanitas is derived from the famous line 'Vanitas, Vanitas. Et omnia Vanitas', in the book of the Ecclesiastes in the bible, which in the King James Version is translated as \"Vanity of vanities, all is vanity\". The worldview behind the vanitas paintings was a Christian understanding of the world as a temporary place of fleeting pleasures and sorrows from which mankind can only escape through the sacrifice and resurrection of Christ. In his Vanitas Still Life with Astronomical Instruments the astronomical measuring instruments and celestial globe can be interpreted as a reminder of the fragility of life despite new discoveries and knowledge. Another interpretation could be that science endures while life perishes.",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "An old man reading in one of his works shows similarities to the work of the unidentified painter given the notname Pseudo-Roestraten.",
"title": "Work"
}
] | Christian von Thum or Christian von Thum (I) was a Swedish innkeeper, still life painter, decorative painter, set painter, copyist and art agent. His known works include vanitas still lifes and still lifes with foodstuffs, paintings of hermits and religious paintings. | 2023-12-17T13:19:20Z | 2023-12-17T17:18:58Z | [
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75,585,154 | 2023 FC Dinamo Batumi season | The 2023 season was the 100th season in the existence of Dinamo Batumi and their fifth successive season in the Erovnuli Liga, the top division of Georgian football. In addition to the domestic league, this year the club participated in the national cup, the Georgian Super Cup and UEFA Europa Conference League.
This section covers the period from 1 January to 31 December 2023.
On 11 January 2023, Luka Zarandia joined the team on a year-long contract.
The next day, the club welcomed Giorgi Kvernadze on loan from Kolkheti Poti and Nemanja Ljubisavljević on a one-year contract from Žalgiris.
On 24 January, Senegalese forward Moussa Konate signed a 1-year contract with the club.
On 25 January, Vladan Vidaković was signed on a year-long loan deal from NK Maribor.
On 12 February, Ukrainian midfielder Ivan Lytvynenko joined Dinamo on a three-year deal.
On 22 February, the club announced the return of Benjamin Teidi on a one-year contract and the signing of Guram Giorbelidze on a six-month loan.
On 1 March, Dinamo signed Montenegrin defender Saša Balić on a year-long contract.
On 26 June, Sandro Altunashvili left Dinamo for Austrian club Wolfsberger AC.
On 30 June, Giorgi Kvernadze signed with Frosinone.
On 7 July, the club signed Roin Kvaskhvadze, Levan Kharabadze, Tsotne Patsatsia and Vitinho. Also, Nikolai Kipiani joined Dinamo from Telavi as a free agent, although moved to Ararat-Armenia on 21 September.
On 4 July, Giorgi Tsitaishvili was signed on loan from Dynamo Kyiv.
On 29 July, the club and Vladan Vidaković parted ways.
On 31 July, goalkeeper Luka Kharatishvili was loaned to Samtredia until the end of the season.
On 21 August, head coach Gia Geguchadze left Dinamo Batumi.
Four days later, he was replaced by Andriy Demchenko on a deal until the end of 2025.
On 24 November, after a 3–0 win over Telavi and with two games still to play, Dinamo Batumi won the national league for the second time in their history.
On 8 December, four days after receiving the Player of the Year award from the Erovnuli Liga, Flamarion, left Dinamo and joined Valenciennes.
On 26 December, midfielder Giorgi Zaria signed a two-year contract with Kazakhstan Premier League club Kairat.
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Win Draw Loss
Traditionally, Dinamo Batumi spent a pre-season preparation period in Turkey.
Source: Competitions
Main article: 2023 Erovnuli Liga
Last updated: 2 December 2023. Source: See Results
Main article: 2023 Georgian Cup
At the end of this season, the following members of Dinamo Batumi received awards from the Erovnuli Liga at its annual ceremony.
As the league consisted of four parts, Dinamo's manager and players were also recognized throughout the season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 season was the 100th season in the existence of Dinamo Batumi and their fifth successive season in the Erovnuli Liga, the top division of Georgian football. In addition to the domestic league, this year the club participated in the national cup, the Georgian Super Cup and UEFA Europa Conference League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This section covers the period from 1 January to 31 December 2023.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
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"text": "On 11 January 2023, Luka Zarandia joined the team on a year-long contract.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The next day, the club welcomed Giorgi Kvernadze on loan from Kolkheti Poti and Nemanja Ljubisavljević on a one-year contract from Žalgiris.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On 24 January, Senegalese forward Moussa Konate signed a 1-year contract with the club.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 25 January, Vladan Vidaković was signed on a year-long loan deal from NK Maribor.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 12 February, Ukrainian midfielder Ivan Lytvynenko joined Dinamo on a three-year deal.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On 22 February, the club announced the return of Benjamin Teidi on a one-year contract and the signing of Guram Giorbelidze on a six-month loan.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On 1 March, Dinamo signed Montenegrin defender Saša Balić on a year-long contract.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On 26 June, Sandro Altunashvili left Dinamo for Austrian club Wolfsberger AC.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On 30 June, Giorgi Kvernadze signed with Frosinone.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On 7 July, the club signed Roin Kvaskhvadze, Levan Kharabadze, Tsotne Patsatsia and Vitinho. Also, Nikolai Kipiani joined Dinamo from Telavi as a free agent, although moved to Ararat-Armenia on 21 September.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On 4 July, Giorgi Tsitaishvili was signed on loan from Dynamo Kyiv.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On 29 July, the club and Vladan Vidaković parted ways.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "On 31 July, goalkeeper Luka Kharatishvili was loaned to Samtredia until the end of the season.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "On 21 August, head coach Gia Geguchadze left Dinamo Batumi.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Four days later, he was replaced by Andriy Demchenko on a deal until the end of 2025.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "On 24 November, after a 3–0 win over Telavi and with two games still to play, Dinamo Batumi won the national league for the second time in their history.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "On 8 December, four days after receiving the Player of the Year award from the Erovnuli Liga, Flamarion, left Dinamo and joined Valenciennes.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "On 26 December, midfielder Giorgi Zaria signed a two-year contract with Kazakhstan Premier League club Kairat.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Squad"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Squad"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Win Draw Loss",
"title": "Pre-season friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Traditionally, Dinamo Batumi spent a pre-season preparation period in Turkey.",
"title": "Pre-season friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Source: Competitions",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Main article: 2023 Erovnuli Liga",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Last updated: 2 December 2023. Source: See Results",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Main article: 2023 Georgian Cup",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "At the end of this season, the following members of Dinamo Batumi received awards from the Erovnuli Liga at its annual ceremony.",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "As the league consisted of four parts, Dinamo's manager and players were also recognized throughout the season.",
"title": "Awards"
}
] | The 2023 season was the 100th season in the existence of Dinamo Batumi and their fifth successive season in the Erovnuli Liga, the top division of Georgian football. In addition to the domestic league, this year the club participated in the national cup, the Georgian Super Cup and UEFA Europa Conference League. | 2023-12-17T13:25:23Z | 2023-12-31T01:09:08Z | [
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75,585,155 | Bataillon Chasseurs d'Orient | The Bataillon Chasseurs d'Orient was a light infantry battalion of the First French Empire formed in 1802 in Toulon. Consisting mainly of Greek and Copt veterans of the Armée d'Orient it was commanded by Colonel Nikolaos Papazoglou. Plagued by desertions it remained understrength and gradually became a multi-ethnic unit. Aside from its participation in the Siege of Ragusa (1806) [fr] and served mainly as defense unit in Provence, French-ruled Dalmatia and the Ionian Islands. It was disbanded on 23 June 1814.
At the end of the 18th century, Ottoman Egypt was home to a small community of Egyptian Greeks who numbered from under a thousand to 5000 people. A small part of the community had entered the service of the Mamluks as mercenaries, their service was valued for their knowledge of artillery and maritime warfare. The much larger Copt minority also maintained good relations with the French, continuing their service as tax collectors after the beginning of French occupation. During the course of the War of the Second Coalition France occupied Egypt. On 3 August 1798, the French fleet was destroyed by the British in the Battle of the Nile. This defeat significantly complicated French military logistics which were already suffering from frequent Bedouin raids; while simultaneously creating a shortage of manpower. This resulted in the recruitment of Greek mercenaries who once served the Mamluks, such as Nikolaos Papazoglou who led unit of 100 men. The outbreak of the Revolt of Cairo, slowed down French recruitment among Muslim Egyptians, focus instead shifted to the region's Christian population.
The Copts were among the people targeted during the Revolt of Cairo for their alleged collaboration with the French. During the summer of 1800, Copt tax collector moallem Jacoub organized the 750 man strong Légion Cophte (Coptic Legion). The Coptic Legion policed the Christian quarters of Cairo, erected new fortifications in the city and took part in intelligence gathering. In April 1800, Papazoglou who had distinguished himself in the suppression of Mamluk revolts was promoted to chef de brigade. Jacoub was promoted to the same rank in August 1800. On 27 June 1800, a regular army unit comprised of ethnic Greeks was established under the name Légion Grecque (Greek Legion). Commanded by Papazoglou it numbered 577 officers and soldiers. On 21 March 1801 The Greek Legion suffered heavy casualties during the Battle of Alexandria. A number of Greek soldiers also refused to be evacuated to mainland France after the Capitulation of Alexandria in August. Less than half of the Coptic Legion boarded French ships, with their leader dying from an illness en route. Jacoub was succeeded by his nephew Gabriel Sidarious.
The remnants of the Armée d'Orient arrived at Toulon on 11 October 1801. The Coptic and Greek Legions mustered a total of 479 soldiers and 57 officers. On 7 January 1802, the two legions were reorganized into the Bataillon Chasseurs d'Orient a battalion of light infantry. Papazoglou was appointed its commander with the rank Colonel en chef, with Sidarious serving as his deputy. The unit also incorporated all auxiliary foreign personnel that had served in the Egyptian campaign, regardless of their religious background. A translator was attached to each company, attesting to their homogeneous nature. In March 1802, the unit numbered 386 soldiers and 59 officers. The following month 100 of them were deemed unfit for service and dispatched to a reserve unit. On 8 September, Napoleon Bonaparte approved the raising of the battalion's strength to 1,000 men to be recruited from veterans of the Armée d'Orient originating from the eastern Mediterranean. Those officers wishing to return to their homeland were allowed to resign.
From the unit's inception it was plagued by desertions, at the same time, recruitment was slow. In an effort to curtail desertions, its headquarters were moved from Marseille to Fort Joubert in Toulon. Since those wishing to escape often boarded merchant ships sailing abroad. An inspection conducted on 17 October 1804 revealed that it strength had fallen to 25 officers and 196 non-commissioned officer and soldiers. Morale was high, while the weapons handling, marching and discipline of the troops steadily improved. There existed however, a rivalry between the Greek and Coptic personnel of the battalion. The Chasseurs d'Orient remained on guard duty in Provence until 1806.
In February 1806, France invaded and occupied Dalmatia up to the Neretva River and later annexed the Republic of Ragusa as part of the hostilities of the War of the Third Coalition. This was followed by a Russian counter-offensive, on 17 June the Russians besieged the French garrison at Ragusa. In response, General Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor hastily assembled a relief force of 1670 men which included the Chasseurs d'Orient who had been transferred to Dalmatia in spring. On 6 July, the relief force repulsed the Russians from Ragusa, lifting the siege. The Chasseurs d'Orient who formed the vanguard of the relief force distinguished themselves in the battle, and Molitor awarded four of the battalion's officers with the Legion of Honour. The battalion suffered one casualty as a result of the battle. At the time the unit was commanded by Gabriel Sidarious, due to Papazoglou's departure for the Ottoman Empire in an effort to recover his personal property.
In October 1806, Papazoglou returned to the unit from Constantinople. On 20 November 1806, its strength had fallen to 77 men due to continued desertions. In order to prevent the unit's dissolution Marmont ordered the recruitment of Orthodox inhabitants of the western Balkans. The new recruits came from diverse backgrounds and included Russians, Poles, Frenchmen, Serbo-Croatians (some of whom were deserters the Russian and Austrian armies). However Greeks and Copts continued to form the majority of the unit. Greek personnel from the battalion were periodically transferred to the French Navy due to their experience as sailors. The Chasseurs were stationed in Ragusa until March 1807, in April they were forwarded to Zara which they garrisoned until February 1808. By early 1808, the strength of the unit had risen to 148 men. In July, the unit moved to Kotor and a month later to Budva. In November 1808, the battalion relocated to Persagno where it remained until March 1809. The same month it briefly returned to Kotor before sailing for Corfu in April. The British Navy intercepted part of the French fleet during the transportation to Corfu capturing 20 members of the battalion.
In Corfu, the understrength battalion was temporarily attached to the Albanian Regiment. Due to Corfu's relative isolation, it was the last French garrison in Europe to surrender to the Coalition forces, on 23 June 1814. The Chasseurs were evacuated to Toulon along with the rest of the Corfu garrison between June and July. Upon his arrival in France Papazoglou was informed of his forced retirement from active service. The remnants of the battalion (50 officers and soldiers) led by Sidarious were taken to Lyon where it was disbanded on 29 September 1814.
All non French officers of the unit were ordered to relocate to the depot of Egyptian refugees in Marseille. Some of them were murdered by French royalists during the Second White Terror, while others including Sidarious were gradually reabsorbed into the French military. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Bataillon Chasseurs d'Orient was a light infantry battalion of the First French Empire formed in 1802 in Toulon. Consisting mainly of Greek and Copt veterans of the Armée d'Orient it was commanded by Colonel Nikolaos Papazoglou. Plagued by desertions it remained understrength and gradually became a multi-ethnic unit. Aside from its participation in the Siege of Ragusa (1806) [fr] and served mainly as defense unit in Provence, French-ruled Dalmatia and the Ionian Islands. It was disbanded on 23 June 1814.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "At the end of the 18th century, Ottoman Egypt was home to a small community of Egyptian Greeks who numbered from under a thousand to 5000 people. A small part of the community had entered the service of the Mamluks as mercenaries, their service was valued for their knowledge of artillery and maritime warfare. The much larger Copt minority also maintained good relations with the French, continuing their service as tax collectors after the beginning of French occupation. During the course of the War of the Second Coalition France occupied Egypt. On 3 August 1798, the French fleet was destroyed by the British in the Battle of the Nile. This defeat significantly complicated French military logistics which were already suffering from frequent Bedouin raids; while simultaneously creating a shortage of manpower. This resulted in the recruitment of Greek mercenaries who once served the Mamluks, such as Nikolaos Papazoglou who led unit of 100 men. The outbreak of the Revolt of Cairo, slowed down French recruitment among Muslim Egyptians, focus instead shifted to the region's Christian population.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Copts were among the people targeted during the Revolt of Cairo for their alleged collaboration with the French. During the summer of 1800, Copt tax collector moallem Jacoub organized the 750 man strong Légion Cophte (Coptic Legion). The Coptic Legion policed the Christian quarters of Cairo, erected new fortifications in the city and took part in intelligence gathering. In April 1800, Papazoglou who had distinguished himself in the suppression of Mamluk revolts was promoted to chef de brigade. Jacoub was promoted to the same rank in August 1800. On 27 June 1800, a regular army unit comprised of ethnic Greeks was established under the name Légion Grecque (Greek Legion). Commanded by Papazoglou it numbered 577 officers and soldiers. On 21 March 1801 The Greek Legion suffered heavy casualties during the Battle of Alexandria. A number of Greek soldiers also refused to be evacuated to mainland France after the Capitulation of Alexandria in August. Less than half of the Coptic Legion boarded French ships, with their leader dying from an illness en route. Jacoub was succeeded by his nephew Gabriel Sidarious.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The remnants of the Armée d'Orient arrived at Toulon on 11 October 1801. The Coptic and Greek Legions mustered a total of 479 soldiers and 57 officers. On 7 January 1802, the two legions were reorganized into the Bataillon Chasseurs d'Orient a battalion of light infantry. Papazoglou was appointed its commander with the rank Colonel en chef, with Sidarious serving as his deputy. The unit also incorporated all auxiliary foreign personnel that had served in the Egyptian campaign, regardless of their religious background. A translator was attached to each company, attesting to their homogeneous nature. In March 1802, the unit numbered 386 soldiers and 59 officers. The following month 100 of them were deemed unfit for service and dispatched to a reserve unit. On 8 September, Napoleon Bonaparte approved the raising of the battalion's strength to 1,000 men to be recruited from veterans of the Armée d'Orient originating from the eastern Mediterranean. Those officers wishing to return to their homeland were allowed to resign.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "From the unit's inception it was plagued by desertions, at the same time, recruitment was slow. In an effort to curtail desertions, its headquarters were moved from Marseille to Fort Joubert in Toulon. Since those wishing to escape often boarded merchant ships sailing abroad. An inspection conducted on 17 October 1804 revealed that it strength had fallen to 25 officers and 196 non-commissioned officer and soldiers. Morale was high, while the weapons handling, marching and discipline of the troops steadily improved. There existed however, a rivalry between the Greek and Coptic personnel of the battalion. The Chasseurs d'Orient remained on guard duty in Provence until 1806.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In February 1806, France invaded and occupied Dalmatia up to the Neretva River and later annexed the Republic of Ragusa as part of the hostilities of the War of the Third Coalition. This was followed by a Russian counter-offensive, on 17 June the Russians besieged the French garrison at Ragusa. In response, General Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor hastily assembled a relief force of 1670 men which included the Chasseurs d'Orient who had been transferred to Dalmatia in spring. On 6 July, the relief force repulsed the Russians from Ragusa, lifting the siege. The Chasseurs d'Orient who formed the vanguard of the relief force distinguished themselves in the battle, and Molitor awarded four of the battalion's officers with the Legion of Honour. The battalion suffered one casualty as a result of the battle. At the time the unit was commanded by Gabriel Sidarious, due to Papazoglou's departure for the Ottoman Empire in an effort to recover his personal property.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In October 1806, Papazoglou returned to the unit from Constantinople. On 20 November 1806, its strength had fallen to 77 men due to continued desertions. In order to prevent the unit's dissolution Marmont ordered the recruitment of Orthodox inhabitants of the western Balkans. The new recruits came from diverse backgrounds and included Russians, Poles, Frenchmen, Serbo-Croatians (some of whom were deserters the Russian and Austrian armies). However Greeks and Copts continued to form the majority of the unit. Greek personnel from the battalion were periodically transferred to the French Navy due to their experience as sailors. The Chasseurs were stationed in Ragusa until March 1807, in April they were forwarded to Zara which they garrisoned until February 1808. By early 1808, the strength of the unit had risen to 148 men. In July, the unit moved to Kotor and a month later to Budva. In November 1808, the battalion relocated to Persagno where it remained until March 1809. The same month it briefly returned to Kotor before sailing for Corfu in April. The British Navy intercepted part of the French fleet during the transportation to Corfu capturing 20 members of the battalion.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In Corfu, the understrength battalion was temporarily attached to the Albanian Regiment. Due to Corfu's relative isolation, it was the last French garrison in Europe to surrender to the Coalition forces, on 23 June 1814. The Chasseurs were evacuated to Toulon along with the rest of the Corfu garrison between June and July. Upon his arrival in France Papazoglou was informed of his forced retirement from active service. The remnants of the battalion (50 officers and soldiers) led by Sidarious were taken to Lyon where it was disbanded on 29 September 1814.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "All non French officers of the unit were ordered to relocate to the depot of Egyptian refugees in Marseille. Some of them were murdered by French royalists during the Second White Terror, while others including Sidarious were gradually reabsorbed into the French military.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | The Bataillon Chasseurs d'Orient was a light infantry battalion of the First French Empire formed in 1802 in Toulon. Consisting mainly of Greek and Copt veterans of the Armée d'Orient it was commanded by Colonel Nikolaos Papazoglou. Plagued by desertions it remained understrength and gradually became a multi-ethnic unit. Aside from its participation in the Siege of Ragusa (1806) and served mainly as defense unit in Provence, French-ruled Dalmatia and the Ionian Islands. It was disbanded on 23 June 1814. | 2023-12-17T13:25:24Z | 2023-12-19T10:59:27Z | [
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75,585,157 | Minister for Digital Transformation | The Minister for Digital Transformation (デジタル大臣, Dejitaru Daijin) is a member of the cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Digital Agency. The minister is responsible for overseeing Japan's transformation to a digital economy. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.
It began operations on 1 September 2021 after being formed as a result of the Digital Agency Establishment Act, making it the newest Ministerial position in the Cabinet. The current Minister for Digital Transformation is Taro Kono, who took office on 10 August 2022 as part of the Second Kishida Cabinet (First Reshuffle).
The Ministerial position has gone through changes in its official English title. During deliberations of the Digital Agency Establishment Act, the official English title provided on the outline of the legislation was "Digital Minister". After the appointment of Takuya Hirai, there was no official English title, as the English version of the Cabinet Office's List of Ministers, State Ministers and Parliamentary Vice-Ministers only listed the name of Takuya Hirai without any mention of the official English title. The official English title for the position was changed to Minister for Digital Agency with the inauguration of the First Kishida Cabinet, but was later changed to Minister for Digital. Since 2022, Minister for Digital Transformation has been used for the official English title of the position.
Liberal Democratic | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Minister for Digital Transformation (デジタル大臣, Dejitaru Daijin) is a member of the cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Digital Agency. The minister is responsible for overseeing Japan's transformation to a digital economy. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It began operations on 1 September 2021 after being formed as a result of the Digital Agency Establishment Act, making it the newest Ministerial position in the Cabinet. The current Minister for Digital Transformation is Taro Kono, who took office on 10 August 2022 as part of the Second Kishida Cabinet (First Reshuffle).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Ministerial position has gone through changes in its official English title. During deliberations of the Digital Agency Establishment Act, the official English title provided on the outline of the legislation was \"Digital Minister\". After the appointment of Takuya Hirai, there was no official English title, as the English version of the Cabinet Office's List of Ministers, State Ministers and Parliamentary Vice-Ministers only listed the name of Takuya Hirai without any mention of the official English title. The official English title for the position was changed to Minister for Digital Agency with the inauguration of the First Kishida Cabinet, but was later changed to Minister for Digital. Since 2022, Minister for Digital Transformation has been used for the official English title of the position.",
"title": "English title"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Liberal Democratic",
"title": "List of Ministers for Digital Transformation"
}
] | The Minister for Digital Transformation is a member of the cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Digital Agency. The minister is responsible for overseeing Japan's transformation to a digital economy. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan. It began operations on 1 September 2021 after being formed as a result of the Digital Agency Establishment Act, making it the newest Ministerial position in the Cabinet. The current Minister for Digital Transformation is Taro Kono, who took office on 10 August 2022 as part of the Second Kishida Cabinet. | 2023-12-17T13:26:01Z | 2023-12-17T13:59:03Z | [
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75,585,158 | Topluca | Topluca may refer to the following settlements in Turkey: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Topluca may refer to the following settlements in Turkey:",
"title": ""
}
] | Topluca may refer to the following settlements in Turkey: Topluca, Bartın, a village in Bartın Province
Topluca, Çamlıhemşin, a village in Rize Province
Topluca, Mut, a neighbourhood in Mersin Province
Topluca, Pazar, a village in Rize Province
Topluca, Sason, a village in Batman Province | 2023-12-17T13:26:04Z | 2023-12-17T13:26:04Z | [
"Template:Geodis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topluca |
75,585,164 | Burtons of Banner Street | The Burtons of Banner Street is a long running Australian radio serial about the Burton family that began in 1947. One of the writers was Morris West. It was produced by the George Edwards Company.
The Daily Telegraph said it "used to be a prime cure for the hiccups ; the shock to. the sensitive ear drum was generally sufficient to jolt the sufferer into a state of breathless wonder. With the passing of years, however, "The, Burtons" has acquired a sort of sleazy suavity." | [
{
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"text": "The Burtons of Banner Street is a long running Australian radio serial about the Burton family that began in 1947. One of the writers was Morris West. It was produced by the George Edwards Company.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Daily Telegraph said it \"used to be a prime cure for the hiccups ; the shock to. the sensitive ear drum was generally sufficient to jolt the sufferer into a state of breathless wonder. With the passing of years, however, \"The, Burtons\" has acquired a sort of sleazy suavity.\"",
"title": ""
}
] | The Burtons of Banner Street is a long running Australian radio serial about the Burton family that began in 1947. One of the writers was Morris West. It was produced by the George Edwards Company. The Daily Telegraph said it "used to be a prime cure for the hiccups ; the shock to. the sensitive ear drum was generally sufficient to jolt the sufferer into a state of breathless wonder.
With the passing of years, however, "The, Burtons" has acquired a sort of sleazy suavity." | 2023-12-17T13:27:12Z | 2023-12-17T14:46:54Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtons_of_Banner_Street |
75,585,165 | Lesoreid uprising | The Ust-Usinsk prisoner uprising also known as the Retyuninsky revolt or the Lesoreid uprising was an uprising of prisoners at the Lesorade camp near the village of Ust-Usa (Ust-Udinsky District, Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), which took place at the beginning of 1942. The leader of the uprising was the head of the camp, a former prisoner himself, Mark Retyunin [ru]. The first armed uprising in the Soviet camp system (GULAG) began on January 24, 1942, and lasted ten days. During the confrontation, 75 rebels and NKVD employees were killed; 50 rebels were sentenced to capital punishment.
"Lesorade" was one of the sub camps of Vorkutlag, located approximately 6 km from the village of Ust-Usa. As of December 1, 1941, there were 202 prisoners in Lesorade, of which 108 were political prisoners, convicted under Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code) (including 27 former Trotskyists). The head of the camp, Mark Retyunin, a native of the Arkhangelsk region, was convicted of banditry (participation in a bank robbery) in 1929, was released early in 1939 and left in Vorkutlag as a civilian. The uprising was well planned and prepared: back in the fall of 1941, Retyunin ordered food and clothing from the base in large quantities, including white fur coats. At the same time, there were no NKVD operational personnel at the camp; agents from among the prisoners could not report the preparation of an uprising. However, the performance was prepared in secret from most of the prisoners - no more than 15 people knew about the impending uprising, among whom were both criminal and political. The winter period was chosen due to the fact that in other seasons it would be impossible to quickly travel along winter roads. It was planned, having freed the Lesorade prisoners and disarmed the guards, to unexpectedly capture Ust-Usa, paralyzing the local administration, after which the main detachment would make a rush to Kozhva, where the railway ran, and from there move in two directions - to Kotlas and Vorkuta, liberating prisoners along the way from other camps who would join the rebels, thus gathering a fairly powerful army. It was assumed that this army would also be joined by special settlers and the local population, who would need to agitate against the collective farms.
On January 24, 1942, having lured most of the guards to wash in the bathhouse, the prisoners disarmed the rest (one VOKHR [camp guard] shooter was killed and another was wounded), after which, locking all the Vokhrovites in a vegetable storehouse, they opened the camp zone and announced to everyone about the uprising. The prisoners received winter military uniforms and assembled a food train from 8 carts. Some of the prisoners (59 people), not wanting to participate in the uprising, fled. The rest, under the command of Retyunin, under the guise of training of the VOKHR detachment, marched to Ust-Usa, having 12 Rifles and 4 Revolvers for 82 people. The battles at various sites in Ust-Usa lasted until midnight, during which the rebels lost 9 people killed. And they themselves killed 14 and wounded 11 people, and also captured several more weapons and freed 38 prisoners of the local detention center, 12 of whom joined the rebel camp inmates. At the same time, 40 unarmed rebels were detained, another 21 people subsequently voluntarily reported to the regional department of the NKVD. On the night of January 25, the detachment, having liberated the Kyz-Raz-Di camp sub-command, overtook and captured a VOKHR weapons convoy in the village of Akis. Then in the morning the detachment went to the village of Ust-Pyzha (at the confluence of the Lezha (river) with lPechora), where they picked up various food and household equipment from a general store. The "military commissar" of the detachment, A. T. Makeev (a major business executive, arrested in 1938 in the case of a right-wing Trotskyist organization in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Art. 58) left a receipt for the general store saleswoman on behalf of "Special Purpose Detachment No. 41." At that time, the number of the detachment was 41 people, they were well armed (41 Mosin rifles, 15 revolvers and several pistols of various brands, more than 10 thousand rounds of ammunition, etc.) On the evening of January 27, reconnaissance of the VOKHR detachment, sent to search for and destroy the rebels, came across them 65 km from Ust-Lyzha. On the morning of January 28, a battle broke out in the forest 105 km from the village of Ust-Usa on the Lyzha River; as a result, 16 rebels were killed (including A.T. Makeev), the Vokhrovites also lost 16 people. killed and 9 people. wounded (two of whom later died in the infirmary), with a significant number coming under fire from their own platoons due to inept leadership. In addition, the Vokhrovites were poorly equipped, and most of them received frostbite of various degrees. The pursuit of the detachment continued with the help of other units of the camp guard. On January 29, in a hunting hut in the upper reaches of the Lyzha River, the rebels, of whom 26 people remained, held a council and decided to split into groups to try to go to the Bolshezemelskaya tundra to join the Nenets reindeer herders. From January 30 to February 1, the persecution and destruction of these groups by VOKHR forces continued. On the evening of February 1, the third, main group, which included the leadership of the rebels led by M. Retyunin (11 people), was overtaken by the Vokhrovites in the upper reaches of the Malaya Terekhovey River (a tributary of the Lyzha River) 175 km from Ust-Lyzha and surrounded. After a 23-hour battle, having used up almost all the ammunition, the leaders of the uprising (M. A. Retyunin, "chief of staff" of the detachment M. V. Dunaev) and four other rebels shot themselves. Two people - A.I. Yashkin and the Chinese Liu Fa - were captured, two more were shot on the spot.
In total, 42 participants died during the uprising, and six were captured alive. 40 people left the detachment after the raid on Ust-Usa and 21 voluntarily returned to the regional department of the RO NKVD. On September 16, 1942, 50 defendants, among whom were both prisoners and civilians, were sentenced by the OSO NKVD of the USSR to Capital punishment, and another 18 people to various terms of Imprisonment. The losses of the NKVD and VOKHR units amounted to 33 people killed, 20 wounded and 52 frostbitten. Grade The Ust-Usinsk uprising of 1942 is considered the first mass uprising of prisoners and guards in the history of the Soviet gulag. Evidence of the rebels' global plans varies. There are reports according to which Retyunin offered to "make his way to the front and join some unit or partisan in the rear of the Germans," one of the captured participants said the same thing. During interrogations, A. Yashkin initially spoke only of his intention to achieve the release of prisoners of Vorkutlag and Pechorlag, but after 10 days, the topic of overthrowing the Soviet government, dissolving Collective farms, establishing ties with Germany in order to receive armed assistance from the Wehrmacht and establish political and economic system "in the type and likeness of Germany", to annex the territory occupied by the rebels "either to fascist Germany or Finland." In Soviet documents, despite the fact that most of its leaders were political prisoners rather than criminals, the uprising was regarded as a "gangster uprising." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Ust-Usinsk prisoner uprising also known as the Retyuninsky revolt or the Lesoreid uprising was an uprising of prisoners at the Lesorade camp near the village of Ust-Usa (Ust-Udinsky District, Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), which took place at the beginning of 1942. The leader of the uprising was the head of the camp, a former prisoner himself, Mark Retyunin [ru]. The first armed uprising in the Soviet camp system (GULAG) began on January 24, 1942, and lasted ten days. During the confrontation, 75 rebels and NKVD employees were killed; 50 rebels were sentenced to capital punishment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "\"Lesorade\" was one of the sub camps of Vorkutlag, located approximately 6 km from the village of Ust-Usa. As of December 1, 1941, there were 202 prisoners in Lesorade, of which 108 were political prisoners, convicted under Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code) (including 27 former Trotskyists). The head of the camp, Mark Retyunin, a native of the Arkhangelsk region, was convicted of banditry (participation in a bank robbery) in 1929, was released early in 1939 and left in Vorkutlag as a civilian. The uprising was well planned and prepared: back in the fall of 1941, Retyunin ordered food and clothing from the base in large quantities, including white fur coats. At the same time, there were no NKVD operational personnel at the camp; agents from among the prisoners could not report the preparation of an uprising. However, the performance was prepared in secret from most of the prisoners - no more than 15 people knew about the impending uprising, among whom were both criminal and political. The winter period was chosen due to the fact that in other seasons it would be impossible to quickly travel along winter roads. It was planned, having freed the Lesorade prisoners and disarmed the guards, to unexpectedly capture Ust-Usa, paralyzing the local administration, after which the main detachment would make a rush to Kozhva, where the railway ran, and from there move in two directions - to Kotlas and Vorkuta, liberating prisoners along the way from other camps who would join the rebels, thus gathering a fairly powerful army. It was assumed that this army would also be joined by special settlers and the local population, who would need to agitate against the collective farms.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On January 24, 1942, having lured most of the guards to wash in the bathhouse, the prisoners disarmed the rest (one VOKHR [camp guard] shooter was killed and another was wounded), after which, locking all the Vokhrovites in a vegetable storehouse, they opened the camp zone and announced to everyone about the uprising. The prisoners received winter military uniforms and assembled a food train from 8 carts. Some of the prisoners (59 people), not wanting to participate in the uprising, fled. The rest, under the command of Retyunin, under the guise of training of the VOKHR detachment, marched to Ust-Usa, having 12 Rifles and 4 Revolvers for 82 people. The battles at various sites in Ust-Usa lasted until midnight, during which the rebels lost 9 people killed. And they themselves killed 14 and wounded 11 people, and also captured several more weapons and freed 38 prisoners of the local detention center, 12 of whom joined the rebel camp inmates. At the same time, 40 unarmed rebels were detained, another 21 people subsequently voluntarily reported to the regional department of the NKVD. On the night of January 25, the detachment, having liberated the Kyz-Raz-Di camp sub-command, overtook and captured a VOKHR weapons convoy in the village of Akis. Then in the morning the detachment went to the village of Ust-Pyzha (at the confluence of the Lezha (river) with lPechora), where they picked up various food and household equipment from a general store. The \"military commissar\" of the detachment, A. T. Makeev (a major business executive, arrested in 1938 in the case of a right-wing Trotskyist organization in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Art. 58) left a receipt for the general store saleswoman on behalf of \"Special Purpose Detachment No. 41.\" At that time, the number of the detachment was 41 people, they were well armed (41 Mosin rifles, 15 revolvers and several pistols of various brands, more than 10 thousand rounds of ammunition, etc.) On the evening of January 27, reconnaissance of the VOKHR detachment, sent to search for and destroy the rebels, came across them 65 km from Ust-Lyzha. On the morning of January 28, a battle broke out in the forest 105 km from the village of Ust-Usa on the Lyzha River; as a result, 16 rebels were killed (including A.T. Makeev), the Vokhrovites also lost 16 people. killed and 9 people. wounded (two of whom later died in the infirmary), with a significant number coming under fire from their own platoons due to inept leadership. In addition, the Vokhrovites were poorly equipped, and most of them received frostbite of various degrees. The pursuit of the detachment continued with the help of other units of the camp guard. On January 29, in a hunting hut in the upper reaches of the Lyzha River, the rebels, of whom 26 people remained, held a council and decided to split into groups to try to go to the Bolshezemelskaya tundra to join the Nenets reindeer herders. From January 30 to February 1, the persecution and destruction of these groups by VOKHR forces continued. On the evening of February 1, the third, main group, which included the leadership of the rebels led by M. Retyunin (11 people), was overtaken by the Vokhrovites in the upper reaches of the Malaya Terekhovey River (a tributary of the Lyzha River) 175 km from Ust-Lyzha and surrounded. After a 23-hour battle, having used up almost all the ammunition, the leaders of the uprising (M. A. Retyunin, \"chief of staff\" of the detachment M. V. Dunaev) and four other rebels shot themselves. Two people - A.I. Yashkin and the Chinese Liu Fa - were captured, two more were shot on the spot.",
"title": "The Uprising, 24 January - 6 March"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In total, 42 participants died during the uprising, and six were captured alive. 40 people left the detachment after the raid on Ust-Usa and 21 voluntarily returned to the regional department of the RO NKVD. On September 16, 1942, 50 defendants, among whom were both prisoners and civilians, were sentenced by the OSO NKVD of the USSR to Capital punishment, and another 18 people to various terms of Imprisonment. The losses of the NKVD and VOKHR units amounted to 33 people killed, 20 wounded and 52 frostbitten. Grade The Ust-Usinsk uprising of 1942 is considered the first mass uprising of prisoners and guards in the history of the Soviet gulag. Evidence of the rebels' global plans varies. There are reports according to which Retyunin offered to \"make his way to the front and join some unit or partisan in the rear of the Germans,\" one of the captured participants said the same thing. During interrogations, A. Yashkin initially spoke only of his intention to achieve the release of prisoners of Vorkutlag and Pechorlag, but after 10 days, the topic of overthrowing the Soviet government, dissolving Collective farms, establishing ties with Germany in order to receive armed assistance from the Wehrmacht and establish political and economic system \"in the type and likeness of Germany\", to annex the territory occupied by the rebels \"either to fascist Germany or Finland.\" In Soviet documents, despite the fact that most of its leaders were political prisoners rather than criminals, the uprising was regarded as a \"gangster uprising.\"",
"title": "Result"
}
] | The Ust-Usinsk prisoner uprising also known as the Retyuninsky revolt or the Lesoreid uprising was an uprising of prisoners at the Lesorade camp near the village of Ust-Usa, which took place at the beginning of 1942. The leader of the uprising was the head of the camp, a former prisoner himself, Mark Retyunin. The first armed uprising in the Soviet camp system (GULAG) began on January 24, 1942, and lasted ten days. During the confrontation, 75 rebels and NKVD employees were killed; 50 rebels were sentenced to capital punishment. | 2023-12-17T13:27:17Z | 2023-12-26T16:38:12Z | [
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:III",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesoreid_uprising |
75,585,189 | Toptepe | Toptepe may refer to the following settlements in Turkey: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Toptepe may refer to the following settlements in Turkey:",
"title": ""
}
] | Toptepe may refer to the following settlements in Turkey: Toptepe, Adıyaman, a village in Adıyaman Province
Toptepe, Beytüşşebap, a village in Şırnak Province
Toptepe, Midyat, a neighbourhood in Mardin Province
Toptepe, Şırnak, a village in Şırnak Province | 2023-12-17T13:31:54Z | 2023-12-17T13:31:54Z | [
"Template:Geodis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toptepe |
75,585,193 | Six from Borneo | Six from Borneo is a 1947 Australian documentary radio feature about the six survivors of the Sandakan Death Marches. It was made by the ABC in conjunction with the BBC.
The six survivors:
The ABC sent a unit to North Borneo including journalist Colin Simpson to write it and William MacFarlane to record it. They walked 185 miles in the interior of North Borneo, retracing stretches of the death march tracks.
According to The Age "Recent protests by members of Federal Parliament against release of the broadcast were justified by the terrible detail in which the death march was described. It must have been distressing to the relatives of the men." However, generally the broadcast was highly acclaimed.
The documentary was later published in book form. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Six from Borneo is a 1947 Australian documentary radio feature about the six survivors of the Sandakan Death Marches. It was made by the ABC in conjunction with the BBC.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The six survivors:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The ABC sent a unit to North Borneo including journalist Colin Simpson to write it and William MacFarlane to record it. They walked 185 miles in the interior of North Borneo, retracing stretches of the death march tracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "According to The Age \"Recent protests by members of Federal Parliament against release of the broadcast were justified by the terrible detail in which the death march was described. It must have been distressing to the relatives of the men.\" However, generally the broadcast was highly acclaimed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The documentary was later published in book form.",
"title": ""
}
] | Six from Borneo is a 1947 Australian documentary radio feature about the six survivors of the Sandakan Death Marches. It was made by the ABC in conjunction with the BBC. The six survivors: W/O W. H. Stiepewich
ex-Bombardier Richard Braithwaite
ex-Gunner Owen Campbell
ex-Pte. William Moxham
ex- Private Keith Botterill
ex-Pte. Nelson Short The ABC sent a unit to North Borneo including journalist Colin Simpson to write it and William MacFarlane to record it. They walked 185 miles in the interior of North Borneo, retracing stretches of the death march tracks. According to The Age "Recent protests by members of Federal Parliament against release of the broadcast were justified by the terrible detail in which the death march was described. It must have been distressing to the relatives of the men." However, generally the broadcast was highly acclaimed. The documentary was later published in book form. | 2023-12-17T13:33:15Z | 2023-12-20T10:55:46Z | [
"Template:Infobox radio show",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Citation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_from_Borneo |
75,585,197 | Shene Zetim | "Shene Zetim" (Hebrew: שני זיתים) is a piyyut (liturgical poem) by Rabbi Solomon Ibn Gabirol of the Me'orah type, intended to be recited as part of the blessing of Yotzer ha-me'orot. The piyyut is customary recited on the Sabbath of Chanukkah in both Western and Eastern Ashkenazic rites. Despite Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Gabirol being a Sephardic poet, this piyyut has been preserved only in Ashkenazic communities.
The piyyut focuses on the golden menorah, especially the menorah mentioned in the vision of the prophet Zechariah (chapter 4), which appears in the haftarah for the sabbath of Chanukkah. The content of the piyyut revolves around the plea for redemption, and for the return of the priesthood and the kingdom of the House of David. The priesthood and kingship are referred to as "Shene Zetim'" (two olive trees) based on the interpretation of the two olive trees in the prophecy of Zechariah. The piyyut uses expressions and motifs taken from the same prophecy, including the menorah, the anointing oil, and more. There is no explicit mention of Chanukkah in the piyyut, and it is unclear whether the piyyut was originally composed for this purpose or for another occasion, such as Parshat Beha'alotcha, which also includes the same haftarah.
The metre of the piyyut is accentual-syllabic verse. This structure is unique to Spanish piyyutim and is not found in secular songs. Each line of the piyyut consists of three stanzas: two with three syllables each and the third with six syllables.
The first two stanzas of each line rhyme, while the last stanza concludes with a common rhyme for all the lines in the same section. The last line in each section has a unique refrain, different from the rest of the section.
Rabbi Solomon Ibn Gabirol developed this structure and used it in many piyyutim. Many subsequent poets adopted this structure and imitated it.
Both in the opening lines and in the first lines of each section, the author's signature "Shelomo" is signed.
In the early days of Ashkenazic piyyut, "Me'orot" were not recited, and the early Ashkenazic poets did not write such piyyutim in their compositions (similar to the "Ahavah," "Mi Khamokha," and "Ge'ulah" piyyutim). In later generations, influenced by the Sephardic piyyut, Ashkenazi Jews incorporated several Spanish "Me'orot" into their prayers, including this one.
It is customary in Western and Eastern Ashkenazi communities to recite this piyyut on Shabbat Chanukah, particularly on the first Shabbat. In Mainz, it is also recited on the second Shabbat of Chanukah, and in Posen it was recited on Shabbat Beha'alotcha.
In the Romaniote tradition, generally only piyyutim like "Yotzer," "Ofan," "Zulat," and "Mi Khamokha" were recited, not "Me'orah" piyyutim. For this reason, in the Romaniote printed prayer book, the piyyut "Shene Zetim" is presented as the "Ofan" for Shabbat Chanukah and not as "Me'orah."
It is customary in Western Ashkenazic communities to sing this piyyut with a melody, unlike many other piyyutim that are recited without singing. Moshe Rosenwasser hypothesizes that the need to fit the words to the melody led to changes in the text and the omission of certain lines from the piyyut. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "\"Shene Zetim\" (Hebrew: שני זיתים) is a piyyut (liturgical poem) by Rabbi Solomon Ibn Gabirol of the Me'orah type, intended to be recited as part of the blessing of Yotzer ha-me'orot. The piyyut is customary recited on the Sabbath of Chanukkah in both Western and Eastern Ashkenazic rites. Despite Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Gabirol being a Sephardic poet, this piyyut has been preserved only in Ashkenazic communities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The piyyut focuses on the golden menorah, especially the menorah mentioned in the vision of the prophet Zechariah (chapter 4), which appears in the haftarah for the sabbath of Chanukkah. The content of the piyyut revolves around the plea for redemption, and for the return of the priesthood and the kingdom of the House of David. The priesthood and kingship are referred to as \"Shene Zetim'\" (two olive trees) based on the interpretation of the two olive trees in the prophecy of Zechariah. The piyyut uses expressions and motifs taken from the same prophecy, including the menorah, the anointing oil, and more. There is no explicit mention of Chanukkah in the piyyut, and it is unclear whether the piyyut was originally composed for this purpose or for another occasion, such as Parshat Beha'alotcha, which also includes the same haftarah.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The metre of the piyyut is accentual-syllabic verse. This structure is unique to Spanish piyyutim and is not found in secular songs. Each line of the piyyut consists of three stanzas: two with three syllables each and the third with six syllables.",
"title": "Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The first two stanzas of each line rhyme, while the last stanza concludes with a common rhyme for all the lines in the same section. The last line in each section has a unique refrain, different from the rest of the section.",
"title": "Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Rabbi Solomon Ibn Gabirol developed this structure and used it in many piyyutim. Many subsequent poets adopted this structure and imitated it.",
"title": "Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Both in the opening lines and in the first lines of each section, the author's signature \"Shelomo\" is signed.",
"title": "Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In the early days of Ashkenazic piyyut, \"Me'orot\" were not recited, and the early Ashkenazic poets did not write such piyyutim in their compositions (similar to the \"Ahavah,\" \"Mi Khamokha,\" and \"Ge'ulah\" piyyutim). In later generations, influenced by the Sephardic piyyut, Ashkenazi Jews incorporated several Spanish \"Me'orot\" into their prayers, including this one.",
"title": "Customs of reciting the piyyut"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "It is customary in Western and Eastern Ashkenazi communities to recite this piyyut on Shabbat Chanukah, particularly on the first Shabbat. In Mainz, it is also recited on the second Shabbat of Chanukah, and in Posen it was recited on Shabbat Beha'alotcha.",
"title": "Customs of reciting the piyyut"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In the Romaniote tradition, generally only piyyutim like \"Yotzer,\" \"Ofan,\" \"Zulat,\" and \"Mi Khamokha\" were recited, not \"Me'orah\" piyyutim. For this reason, in the Romaniote printed prayer book, the piyyut \"Shene Zetim\" is presented as the \"Ofan\" for Shabbat Chanukah and not as \"Me'orah.\"",
"title": "Customs of reciting the piyyut"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "It is customary in Western Ashkenazic communities to sing this piyyut with a melody, unlike many other piyyutim that are recited without singing. Moshe Rosenwasser hypothesizes that the need to fit the words to the melody led to changes in the text and the omission of certain lines from the piyyut.",
"title": "Customs of reciting the piyyut"
}
] | "Shene Zetim" is a piyyut by Rabbi Solomon Ibn Gabirol of the Me'orah type, intended to be recited as part of the blessing of Yotzer ha-me'orot. The piyyut is customary recited on the Sabbath of Chanukkah in both Western and Eastern Ashkenazic rites. Despite Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Gabirol being a Sephardic poet, this piyyut has been preserved only in Ashkenazic communities. The piyyut focuses on the golden menorah, especially the menorah mentioned in the vision of the prophet Zechariah, which appears in the haftarah for the sabbath of Chanukkah. The content of the piyyut revolves around the plea for redemption, and for the return of the priesthood and the kingdom of the House of David. The priesthood and kingship are referred to as "Shene Zetim'" based on the interpretation of the two olive trees in the prophecy of Zechariah. The piyyut uses expressions and motifs taken from the same prophecy, including the menorah, the anointing oil, and more. There is no explicit mention of Chanukkah in the piyyut, and it is unclear whether the piyyut was originally composed for this purpose or for another occasion, such as Parshat Beha'alotcha, which also includes the same haftarah. | 2023-12-17T13:34:04Z | 2023-12-28T06:53:49Z | [
"Template:Lang-he",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shene_Zetim |
75,585,206 | Line 51 (Amsterdam Metro) | M51, also known as the Ring Line, is a Amsterdam Metro line running from Amsterdam Centraal station to Isolatorweg metro station, almost creating a full circle through Amsterdam. It was opened in December 1990 as a metro/tram hybrid line named Sneltram (express tram) and served the suburb of Amstelveen. Using special rolling stock, the Amstelveen Line ran as a metro on 750 V DC third rail from Amsterdam Centraal to the Amsterdam Zuid station, where it would switch operation modes and utilize 600 V DC overhead lines and end at Poortwachter. An extension to Westwijk was completed in 2004. In Amsteveen, the line partially ran on the same track as tram line 5 and had many level crossings.
The express tram was the result of a compromise between the municipalities of Amsterdam and Amstelveen. A full metro line for the suburb was proposed in the original 1968 plan of the system, but the majority of these lines were cancelled due to protests against the demolition of houses caused by the metro construction in the city centre of Amsterdam. Amstelveen still wished to continue with the plans for a metro as it would not require any demolition, but the topic was too controversial in Amsterdam. The Amstelveen Line had problems following its opening as it suffered from a lack of capacity due to the lack of trains. It was temporarily shortened from Centraal to Zuid for 7 months in February 1991. Many collisions occurred at the level crossings, leading to additional safety measures.
Studies in the 2000s showed that Line 51 was unreliable due to the switching of operation modes, its level crossings and because it ran alongside a regular tram line. It was proposed to upgrade the section in Amstelveen to a full metro line as part of the new North–South Line, but this was deemed to be too expensive and was made impossible due to the developments at Zuid. In 2015, it was decided to convert the line into a high-quality and low-floor tram. Line 51 got its current route on the Ring Line as a full metro in March 2019 and was replaced by tram line 25 in Amstelveen.
The Bureau Stadsspoor (City Rail Bureau) was formed in 1963 and concluded that Amsterdam needed a new rail system to move large numbers of people. The bureau released five reports by 1966 and laid out a final plan for a total of four metro lines in the city, which was presented to the public in the same year during a press conference by alderman Roel de Wit. The plan included a North–South line originating in Amsterdam-Noord, which would split into two branches in the suburb of Amstelveen and end in Schiphol-East. In May 1968, the municipal council of Amsterdam approved the plans based on the advice of the bureau and reserved the money required for the first phase of the project, the two East–West lines. Construction of the first lines commenced in August 1970 at Weesperplein.
The metro was a controversial topic as the houses above the underground sections of lines in the city centre of Amsterdam had to be demolished to make construction possible. There were protests against the metro at Nieuwmarkt in 1975. The protests eventually led to the cancellation of all other lines in the plan, while the two East–West lines already under construction were scaled back to just the eastern part of the city and renamed as the East Line. The reputation of the word "Metro" in Amsterdam was damaged for a long time due to the entire incident.
The area where the lines were supposed to go were still kept undeveloped despite the cancellation in 1975. In 1978, the municipality of Amstelveen announced that it would not take a metro line into account anymore, but that it was positive about a sneltram ("high-speed tram" or "express tram"). This was the result of a compromise between the municipalities of Amstelveen and Amsterdam; Amstelveen initially wanted a full metro, while this was still politically controversial in Amsterdam. In the summer of 1979, both municipalities announced their support for an express tram line from Amsterdam Zuid station to Amstelveen with 13 stations. In September, the municipality of Amstelveen unexpectedly voted against the line, leading to more discussions. Amstelveen opposed because they claimed the tram line would not be faster or an improvement over the busses already running, and asked for more frequent busses instead. In November, the Ministry of Transport and Water Management announced that it would only support the express tram if it was extended to Amsterdam Centraal station instead of ending at Zuid, resulting in less transfers.
In February 1985, the two municipalities agreed on building the express tram; funding from the Dutch Government was secured shortly after. The GVB would financially compensate Centraal Nederland [nl], which ran a bus route from Centraal station to Amstelveen. Centraal Nederland still started a campaign to construct a dedicated bus lane instead, which they claimed would be cheaper than the tram. Despite this, the municipality of Amstelveen voted in favour of the express tram over the bus lane in August 1985. The line was expected to cost 130 million Dutch guilder, with the government paying 54 million guilder and the municipality of Amsterdam funding the rest. The line was named Amstelveenlijn (Amstelveen Line) and was expected to be the first of multiple express tram lines around Amsterdam. Construction on the line started in August 1987 and was met with protests by houseboat residents at Duivendrechtsevaart, who had to move out. Landscaping of the areas with dirt were complete by May 1988.
The GVB started to test the new tram units in May 1990 on the line. A few weeks before the scheduled opening, two trains collided during a test run and were damaged, resulting in a reduced frequency at opening. The line officially opened on 30 November 1990. Metro and express tram lines were numbered in the 50s, with the Amstelveen Line receiving number 51. The line ran as a metro using the existing track of the East Line from Amsterdam Centraal to Amsterdam Zuid on 750 V DC third rail. After Zuid, the trains would extend their pantographs and pick up current from 600 V DC overhead lines to serve Amstelveen as a tram. The line used a tunnel beneath Amsterdam Zuid to join the Parnassusweg street. The second part of the route also shared tracks with tram line 5 and was constructed on the median strip of a road. This led to the line having 15 level crossings in the suburbs where the right of way was regulated by traffic lights, which is unusual for a metro line. Despite its metro/tram hybrid usage, the line was not called a metro due to the controversy surrounding the term. The platforms constructed in Amstelveen had a length of 65 metres (213 ft) and were compatible for high-floor units. On stations where the express tram ran alongside regular trams, an additional platform for low-floor trams was built. Upon its opening, the line terminated at Poortwachter. There were plans to expand it to Westwijk by 1993 and later to Schiphol Airport or Uithoorn. The destination board on the trains already had the option of displaying "Westwijk" and "Schiphol-Oost" before the line opened.
The GVB started to have problems with the line as soon as it opened. Within a week of the opening, 5 of the 13 units were out of order due to technical problems or repairs. The capacity of the remaining trains was not enough and some people were left behind on the platform during rush hours due to the vehicles being full. The route of the line was shorted from Centraal to Zuid in February 1991 as 11 of the units were not running due to technical problems caused by the winter. The line resumed service on its normal route 7 months later in September, with the tickets for the line initially being free as these were considered to be test runs. The tests ended and passengers were required to pay again by early November. Following the resumption of service, regular busses still ran just behind the express trams just to be sure in case a problem occurred, as the rolling stock was sensitive to problems when switching operation modes, electronics froze during cold days and some communication cables were chewed by rabbits. Despite the issues, the municipality considered the line to be "sufficient" and started discussions to build a new express tram line from Isolatorweg to Gein.
Residents of Buitenveldert started a campaign in October 1995 to increase the safety of the level crossings of the express tram after three people were killed in separate accidents within a month and many heavy accidents occurred. They found the precautions taken at crossings, consisting of just a flashing light, to be insufficient despite the trams passing at high speed through traffic and threatened to block the crossings with cars. The trams can go though crossings at a high speed as the traffic light immediately turns white—meaning proceed for public transit—when a tram is approaching, quickly leading to collisions when pedestrians, bikers or cars fail to stop at their red light. The GVB announced the next day that it would install fences and warning signs at some crossings. Following an investigation a week later, maximum speed on some crossings was limited to 40 km/h (25 mph) for the trams. An express tram caught fire at the Weesperplein station on 12 July 1999 due to a blocked disc brake. Although the tram was carrying no passengers at the time, the smoke coming from the fire caused all levels of the station to be evacuated. Two people were taken to hospital for smoke inhalation, but were discharged quickly after their injuries were determined to be minor. GVB installed barriers at four more level crossings on the line in 2003 after a high number of collisions. Around ten people died in collisions involving the express tram during its entire operation span. The extension of the line to Westwijk was completed in September 2004.
According to a 2007 study by the municipality, the line regularly had reliability problems. These were mostly caused by the switching of operation modes, level crossings and because the line was partially running on the same track as a regular tram line. Since the express tram shared some of its route with regular metro lines, a disruption in Line 51 would cause a disruption in the other lines as well. The same study found that it was "essential" to upgrade the Amstelveen Line to modernise the metro system of Amsterdam. This would also impact the North–South Line (Line 52), already under construction at the time, which was set to terminate at Amsterdam Zuid, as the number of metro platforms at the station would limit the frequency of the line. The study proposed to shorten Line 51 by one stop, extend the North–South Line to Westwijk also as a metro/tram hybrid or to extend Line 52 to Amstelveen Stadshart (terminus of tram line 5) as a full metro and have Line 51 operate to Westwijk from there. An action plan to convert the line was completed in 2009 and was pending approval from the involved municipalities. The conversion was expected to cost 400 to 500 million euros and be completed by 2018.
A project office was founded in February 2010 to prepare and enable decision-making of the conversion of the line in 2012. A city development study in 2011, approved by the municipal council, also recommended to upgrade the line to a full metro as a part of the North–South Line. In early 2011, the first report on the possible conversion concluded that it would not be possible to complete and open the new Amstelveen Line in time for the North–South Line. In May, the committee started considering alternative options to a full conversion. The project office was dissolved in September 2011 by alderman Eric Wiebes. Wiebes had imposed a cost–benefit analysis which found that the upgrade to a full metro would be too expensive and unaffordable, while the office kept pushing for the conversion.
On 9 February 2012, the province of North Holland and the municipality of Amsterdam agreed to relocate approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of the A10 motorway underground in a tunnel. The metro platforms at Amsterdam Zuid would be moved further west, resulting in the tunnel used by Line 51 becoming useless and making the extension of the North–South Line to Amstelveen impossible. On the same day, the municipalities of Amsterdam and Amstelveen announced their support for the conversion of the line into a high-quality tram costing around 300 million euros. In March 2013, the Amsterdam regional transport authority definitively determined the preferred option for Amstelveen, where a tram line from Amsterdam Zuid to Westwijk would replace Line 51 and tram line 5 would keep running. The transport authority made the decision to continue with this option in December 2015 after the two municipalities voted in favour of it in November. In December 2016, it was announced that the new tram line would be extended to Uithoorn. The contract to carry out the conversion, which was expected to start in early 2019, was given to VITAL in 2017.
The Amstelveen Line closed on 2 March 2019. Metro 51 kept its original route from Amsterdam Centraal to Zuid, and instead of branching off to Amstelveen, it continues west-bound and ends at Isolatorweg. Following this change, the line partially runs on the Ringlijn (Ring Line), which is also the nickname given to the line along with Line 50. Following the closure, high-level platforms in Amstelveen were removed to make way for low-floor platforms, four stations were closed and some level crossings were grade separated. The replacement of the Amstelveen Line, tram line 25, was opened on 13 December 2020. On 30 March 2020, the GVB temporarily suspended the metro 51 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands impacting the number of passengers; service was resumed on 29 April. The frequency of the line was halved in early 2022 due to a lack of staff. Line 51 was chosen as it ran alongside other lines on its entire route.
Consisting of two cars, the S1/S2 units are 30 metres (98 ft) long and 2.65 metres (8.7 ft) wide. The first 13 units (45–57) are named S1 while the 12 units (58–69) from an additional order are named S2. Two units can be coupled together for operation in Amstelveen, while four can run together in the rest of the system. The tram platforms in Amstelveen were built for the width of the trains, while stations on the rest of the system were compatible for a width of 3 metres (9.8 ft). The units were fitted with retractable footboards to bridge the platform gap in those stations. The trains can reach a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph).
Built by La Brugeoise et Nivelles (BN), 13 units of the type were ordered in 1988 only for use as Line 51. As the line was unusual, the trams were designed specifically for the GVB. In 1989, the municipality recalculated the number of trains needed to operate the line and came to the conclusion that an additional 12 units were needed. By the time the line opened, the ministry still had not allocated the required funding for the extra trains. The order was placed after funding was approved by the ministry in early 1991. There were problems with the retractable footboards caused by a design error. These were fixed by BN for free. GVB put the blame of the capacity and technical issues that occurred after the opening of the line on the constructor and considered asking for financial compensation. Two units arrived in 1993, while the remaining ten were delivered a year later. Capacity issues on the line were resolved following this as the trams started running coupled together in March 1994.
Express tram stock is expected to have a lifespan of 30 years or less given the complex operation required. By the 2010s, the units were considered to be prone to technical issues due to their age. Following the conversion of the express tram, the S1/S2 trains went for through a technical upgrade for the final time and were used on regular metro lines. The trains are set to go out of service by 2024 with the arrival of the newer M7 metros.
The S3/M4 units are 31 metres (102 ft) long and 2.65 metres (8.7 ft) wide. There are four S3 units (70–73) that can convert into an express tram and operate like the S1/S2, while the 33 M4 units (74–106) are solely in use as a metro on other lines with third rail pick up. Four units of the type can run coupled together, except in Amstelveen. The units were ordered in February 1994, to be built by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. BN had also made an offer to deliver new units, but was not selected due to regular problems with the previous express trams.
The S3/M4 units were bought for the new Line 50, the Ringlijn (Ring Line), which was initially also called an express tram line despite being a full metro line without any level crossings. The stations on this line were built for the width of the trains, leading to the S3/M4 units also being fitted with retractable footboards like the S1/S2 to bridge the platform gap in other stations of the system. One unit was sent to the Netherlands in April 1996 and returned to Spain following testing. Deliveries of the type for operations was started and completed in 1997. While the trains operate at a speed of 70 km/h, the units are technically capable of reaching 100 km/h (62 mph). The S3/M4 trains are set to go out of service by 2027 with the arrival of the newer M7 metros. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "M51, also known as the Ring Line, is a Amsterdam Metro line running from Amsterdam Centraal station to Isolatorweg metro station, almost creating a full circle through Amsterdam. It was opened in December 1990 as a metro/tram hybrid line named Sneltram (express tram) and served the suburb of Amstelveen. Using special rolling stock, the Amstelveen Line ran as a metro on 750 V DC third rail from Amsterdam Centraal to the Amsterdam Zuid station, where it would switch operation modes and utilize 600 V DC overhead lines and end at Poortwachter. An extension to Westwijk was completed in 2004. In Amsteveen, the line partially ran on the same track as tram line 5 and had many level crossings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The express tram was the result of a compromise between the municipalities of Amsterdam and Amstelveen. A full metro line for the suburb was proposed in the original 1968 plan of the system, but the majority of these lines were cancelled due to protests against the demolition of houses caused by the metro construction in the city centre of Amsterdam. Amstelveen still wished to continue with the plans for a metro as it would not require any demolition, but the topic was too controversial in Amsterdam. The Amstelveen Line had problems following its opening as it suffered from a lack of capacity due to the lack of trains. It was temporarily shortened from Centraal to Zuid for 7 months in February 1991. Many collisions occurred at the level crossings, leading to additional safety measures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Studies in the 2000s showed that Line 51 was unreliable due to the switching of operation modes, its level crossings and because it ran alongside a regular tram line. It was proposed to upgrade the section in Amstelveen to a full metro line as part of the new North–South Line, but this was deemed to be too expensive and was made impossible due to the developments at Zuid. In 2015, it was decided to convert the line into a high-quality and low-floor tram. Line 51 got its current route on the Ring Line as a full metro in March 2019 and was replaced by tram line 25 in Amstelveen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Bureau Stadsspoor (City Rail Bureau) was formed in 1963 and concluded that Amsterdam needed a new rail system to move large numbers of people. The bureau released five reports by 1966 and laid out a final plan for a total of four metro lines in the city, which was presented to the public in the same year during a press conference by alderman Roel de Wit. The plan included a North–South line originating in Amsterdam-Noord, which would split into two branches in the suburb of Amstelveen and end in Schiphol-East. In May 1968, the municipal council of Amsterdam approved the plans based on the advice of the bureau and reserved the money required for the first phase of the project, the two East–West lines. Construction of the first lines commenced in August 1970 at Weesperplein.",
"title": "Initial plan"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The metro was a controversial topic as the houses above the underground sections of lines in the city centre of Amsterdam had to be demolished to make construction possible. There were protests against the metro at Nieuwmarkt in 1975. The protests eventually led to the cancellation of all other lines in the plan, while the two East–West lines already under construction were scaled back to just the eastern part of the city and renamed as the East Line. The reputation of the word \"Metro\" in Amsterdam was damaged for a long time due to the entire incident.",
"title": "Initial plan"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The area where the lines were supposed to go were still kept undeveloped despite the cancellation in 1975. In 1978, the municipality of Amstelveen announced that it would not take a metro line into account anymore, but that it was positive about a sneltram (\"high-speed tram\" or \"express tram\"). This was the result of a compromise between the municipalities of Amstelveen and Amsterdam; Amstelveen initially wanted a full metro, while this was still politically controversial in Amsterdam. In the summer of 1979, both municipalities announced their support for an express tram line from Amsterdam Zuid station to Amstelveen with 13 stations. In September, the municipality of Amstelveen unexpectedly voted against the line, leading to more discussions. Amstelveen opposed because they claimed the tram line would not be faster or an improvement over the busses already running, and asked for more frequent busses instead. In November, the Ministry of Transport and Water Management announced that it would only support the express tram if it was extended to Amsterdam Centraal station instead of ending at Zuid, resulting in less transfers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In February 1985, the two municipalities agreed on building the express tram; funding from the Dutch Government was secured shortly after. The GVB would financially compensate Centraal Nederland [nl], which ran a bus route from Centraal station to Amstelveen. Centraal Nederland still started a campaign to construct a dedicated bus lane instead, which they claimed would be cheaper than the tram. Despite this, the municipality of Amstelveen voted in favour of the express tram over the bus lane in August 1985. The line was expected to cost 130 million Dutch guilder, with the government paying 54 million guilder and the municipality of Amsterdam funding the rest. The line was named Amstelveenlijn (Amstelveen Line) and was expected to be the first of multiple express tram lines around Amsterdam. Construction on the line started in August 1987 and was met with protests by houseboat residents at Duivendrechtsevaart, who had to move out. Landscaping of the areas with dirt were complete by May 1988.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The GVB started to test the new tram units in May 1990 on the line. A few weeks before the scheduled opening, two trains collided during a test run and were damaged, resulting in a reduced frequency at opening. The line officially opened on 30 November 1990. Metro and express tram lines were numbered in the 50s, with the Amstelveen Line receiving number 51. The line ran as a metro using the existing track of the East Line from Amsterdam Centraal to Amsterdam Zuid on 750 V DC third rail. After Zuid, the trains would extend their pantographs and pick up current from 600 V DC overhead lines to serve Amstelveen as a tram. The line used a tunnel beneath Amsterdam Zuid to join the Parnassusweg street. The second part of the route also shared tracks with tram line 5 and was constructed on the median strip of a road. This led to the line having 15 level crossings in the suburbs where the right of way was regulated by traffic lights, which is unusual for a metro line. Despite its metro/tram hybrid usage, the line was not called a metro due to the controversy surrounding the term. The platforms constructed in Amstelveen had a length of 65 metres (213 ft) and were compatible for high-floor units. On stations where the express tram ran alongside regular trams, an additional platform for low-floor trams was built. Upon its opening, the line terminated at Poortwachter. There were plans to expand it to Westwijk by 1993 and later to Schiphol Airport or Uithoorn. The destination board on the trains already had the option of displaying \"Westwijk\" and \"Schiphol-Oost\" before the line opened.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The GVB started to have problems with the line as soon as it opened. Within a week of the opening, 5 of the 13 units were out of order due to technical problems or repairs. The capacity of the remaining trains was not enough and some people were left behind on the platform during rush hours due to the vehicles being full. The route of the line was shorted from Centraal to Zuid in February 1991 as 11 of the units were not running due to technical problems caused by the winter. The line resumed service on its normal route 7 months later in September, with the tickets for the line initially being free as these were considered to be test runs. The tests ended and passengers were required to pay again by early November. Following the resumption of service, regular busses still ran just behind the express trams just to be sure in case a problem occurred, as the rolling stock was sensitive to problems when switching operation modes, electronics froze during cold days and some communication cables were chewed by rabbits. Despite the issues, the municipality considered the line to be \"sufficient\" and started discussions to build a new express tram line from Isolatorweg to Gein.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Residents of Buitenveldert started a campaign in October 1995 to increase the safety of the level crossings of the express tram after three people were killed in separate accidents within a month and many heavy accidents occurred. They found the precautions taken at crossings, consisting of just a flashing light, to be insufficient despite the trams passing at high speed through traffic and threatened to block the crossings with cars. The trams can go though crossings at a high speed as the traffic light immediately turns white—meaning proceed for public transit—when a tram is approaching, quickly leading to collisions when pedestrians, bikers or cars fail to stop at their red light. The GVB announced the next day that it would install fences and warning signs at some crossings. Following an investigation a week later, maximum speed on some crossings was limited to 40 km/h (25 mph) for the trams. An express tram caught fire at the Weesperplein station on 12 July 1999 due to a blocked disc brake. Although the tram was carrying no passengers at the time, the smoke coming from the fire caused all levels of the station to be evacuated. Two people were taken to hospital for smoke inhalation, but were discharged quickly after their injuries were determined to be minor. GVB installed barriers at four more level crossings on the line in 2003 after a high number of collisions. Around ten people died in collisions involving the express tram during its entire operation span. The extension of the line to Westwijk was completed in September 2004.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "According to a 2007 study by the municipality, the line regularly had reliability problems. These were mostly caused by the switching of operation modes, level crossings and because the line was partially running on the same track as a regular tram line. Since the express tram shared some of its route with regular metro lines, a disruption in Line 51 would cause a disruption in the other lines as well. The same study found that it was \"essential\" to upgrade the Amstelveen Line to modernise the metro system of Amsterdam. This would also impact the North–South Line (Line 52), already under construction at the time, which was set to terminate at Amsterdam Zuid, as the number of metro platforms at the station would limit the frequency of the line. The study proposed to shorten Line 51 by one stop, extend the North–South Line to Westwijk also as a metro/tram hybrid or to extend Line 52 to Amstelveen Stadshart (terminus of tram line 5) as a full metro and have Line 51 operate to Westwijk from there. An action plan to convert the line was completed in 2009 and was pending approval from the involved municipalities. The conversion was expected to cost 400 to 500 million euros and be completed by 2018.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "A project office was founded in February 2010 to prepare and enable decision-making of the conversion of the line in 2012. A city development study in 2011, approved by the municipal council, also recommended to upgrade the line to a full metro as a part of the North–South Line. In early 2011, the first report on the possible conversion concluded that it would not be possible to complete and open the new Amstelveen Line in time for the North–South Line. In May, the committee started considering alternative options to a full conversion. The project office was dissolved in September 2011 by alderman Eric Wiebes. Wiebes had imposed a cost–benefit analysis which found that the upgrade to a full metro would be too expensive and unaffordable, while the office kept pushing for the conversion.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On 9 February 2012, the province of North Holland and the municipality of Amsterdam agreed to relocate approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of the A10 motorway underground in a tunnel. The metro platforms at Amsterdam Zuid would be moved further west, resulting in the tunnel used by Line 51 becoming useless and making the extension of the North–South Line to Amstelveen impossible. On the same day, the municipalities of Amsterdam and Amstelveen announced their support for the conversion of the line into a high-quality tram costing around 300 million euros. In March 2013, the Amsterdam regional transport authority definitively determined the preferred option for Amstelveen, where a tram line from Amsterdam Zuid to Westwijk would replace Line 51 and tram line 5 would keep running. The transport authority made the decision to continue with this option in December 2015 after the two municipalities voted in favour of it in November. In December 2016, it was announced that the new tram line would be extended to Uithoorn. The contract to carry out the conversion, which was expected to start in early 2019, was given to VITAL in 2017.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The Amstelveen Line closed on 2 March 2019. Metro 51 kept its original route from Amsterdam Centraal to Zuid, and instead of branching off to Amstelveen, it continues west-bound and ends at Isolatorweg. Following this change, the line partially runs on the Ringlijn (Ring Line), which is also the nickname given to the line along with Line 50. Following the closure, high-level platforms in Amstelveen were removed to make way for low-floor platforms, four stations were closed and some level crossings were grade separated. The replacement of the Amstelveen Line, tram line 25, was opened on 13 December 2020. On 30 March 2020, the GVB temporarily suspended the metro 51 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands impacting the number of passengers; service was resumed on 29 April. The frequency of the line was halved in early 2022 due to a lack of staff. Line 51 was chosen as it ran alongside other lines on its entire route.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Consisting of two cars, the S1/S2 units are 30 metres (98 ft) long and 2.65 metres (8.7 ft) wide. The first 13 units (45–57) are named S1 while the 12 units (58–69) from an additional order are named S2. Two units can be coupled together for operation in Amstelveen, while four can run together in the rest of the system. The tram platforms in Amstelveen were built for the width of the trains, while stations on the rest of the system were compatible for a width of 3 metres (9.8 ft). The units were fitted with retractable footboards to bridge the platform gap in those stations. The trains can reach a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph).",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Built by La Brugeoise et Nivelles (BN), 13 units of the type were ordered in 1988 only for use as Line 51. As the line was unusual, the trams were designed specifically for the GVB. In 1989, the municipality recalculated the number of trains needed to operate the line and came to the conclusion that an additional 12 units were needed. By the time the line opened, the ministry still had not allocated the required funding for the extra trains. The order was placed after funding was approved by the ministry in early 1991. There were problems with the retractable footboards caused by a design error. These were fixed by BN for free. GVB put the blame of the capacity and technical issues that occurred after the opening of the line on the constructor and considered asking for financial compensation. Two units arrived in 1993, while the remaining ten were delivered a year later. Capacity issues on the line were resolved following this as the trams started running coupled together in March 1994.",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Express tram stock is expected to have a lifespan of 30 years or less given the complex operation required. By the 2010s, the units were considered to be prone to technical issues due to their age. Following the conversion of the express tram, the S1/S2 trains went for through a technical upgrade for the final time and were used on regular metro lines. The trains are set to go out of service by 2024 with the arrival of the newer M7 metros.",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The S3/M4 units are 31 metres (102 ft) long and 2.65 metres (8.7 ft) wide. There are four S3 units (70–73) that can convert into an express tram and operate like the S1/S2, while the 33 M4 units (74–106) are solely in use as a metro on other lines with third rail pick up. Four units of the type can run coupled together, except in Amstelveen. The units were ordered in February 1994, to be built by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. BN had also made an offer to deliver new units, but was not selected due to regular problems with the previous express trams.",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The S3/M4 units were bought for the new Line 50, the Ringlijn (Ring Line), which was initially also called an express tram line despite being a full metro line without any level crossings. The stations on this line were built for the width of the trains, leading to the S3/M4 units also being fitted with retractable footboards like the S1/S2 to bridge the platform gap in other stations of the system. One unit was sent to the Netherlands in April 1996 and returned to Spain following testing. Deliveries of the type for operations was started and completed in 1997. While the trains operate at a speed of 70 km/h, the units are technically capable of reaching 100 km/h (62 mph). The S3/M4 trains are set to go out of service by 2027 with the arrival of the newer M7 metros.",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] | M51, also known as the Ring Line, is a Amsterdam Metro line running from Amsterdam Centraal station to Isolatorweg metro station, almost creating a full circle through Amsterdam. It was opened in December 1990 as a metro/tram hybrid line named Sneltram and served the suburb of Amstelveen. Using special rolling stock, the Amstelveen Line ran as a metro on 750 V DC third rail from Amsterdam Centraal to the Amsterdam Zuid station, where it would switch operation modes and utilize 600 V DC overhead lines and end at Poortwachter. An extension to Westwijk was completed in 2004. In Amsteveen, the line partially ran on the same track as tram line 5 and had many level crossings. The express tram was the result of a compromise between the municipalities of Amsterdam and Amstelveen. A full metro line for the suburb was proposed in the original 1968 plan of the system, but the majority of these lines were cancelled due to protests against the demolition of houses caused by the metro construction in the city centre of Amsterdam. Amstelveen still wished to continue with the plans for a metro as it would not require any demolition, but the topic was too controversial in Amsterdam. The Amstelveen Line had problems following its opening as it suffered from a lack of capacity due to the lack of trains. It was temporarily shortened from Centraal to Zuid for 7 months in February 1991. Many collisions occurred at the level crossings, leading to additional safety measures. Studies in the 2000s showed that Line 51 was unreliable due to the switching of operation modes, its level crossings and because it ran alongside a regular tram line. It was proposed to upgrade the section in Amstelveen to a full metro line as part of the new North–South Line, but this was deemed to be too expensive and was made impossible due to the developments at Zuid. In 2015, it was decided to convert the line into a high-quality and low-floor tram. Line 51 got its current route on the Ring Line as a full metro in March 2019 and was replaced by tram line 25 in Amstelveen. | 2023-12-17T13:35:59Z | 2023-12-18T18:50:08Z | [
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75,585,211 | Climate Change in Lesotho | Lesotho is a country in southern Africa that is already experiencing the negative effects of climate change, including increased frequency of extreme events, inter alia droughts, increased rates of soil erosion and desertification, and reduced soil fertility. Lesotho is a landlocked country that is particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate variability and changes on water and food security, as well as adverse conditions to health, human settlements, and the energy sector.
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Lesotho in 2020 amounted to 4,013.75, indicating a 4.36% increase compared to the previous year. In 2019, according to Our World in Data, Lesotho’s greenhouse gas emissions were 4.0 million metric tons of CO2 and 3,846.16, marking a 2.68% decline from 2018. In 2018, the country's GHG emissions stood at 3,952.15, reflecting a 6.52% decrease from 2017 and 318,438 tons in 2026. Lesotho's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for 2020 amounted to 4,013.75, representing a 4.36% increase. The high aridity in Lesotho, coupled with periods of severe drought, exacerbates the loss of biological diversity, degradation of rangelands, and decreased crop and animal productivity due to desertification. These challenges contribute to the country's rising vulnerability.
The country’s climate is characterized by cold winters and hot summers. The average temperature ranges from 0°C to 30°C, depending on the altitude. Lesotho is likely to become generally hotter and drier across projected future climates.
Lesotho’s key sectors such as agriculture, water, energy, and health are vulnerable to climate change impacts.
The agriculture sector is the backbone of Lesotho’s economy and is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The sector is already facing climate-related vulnerabilities with drought, floods, pests, and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently.The food security situation in Lesotho was characterized as precarious. The country's domestic production of maize, which is the main staple food, accounts for only 30%. The predominantly rainfed agriculture makes Lesotho susceptible to the adverse effects of drought. To meet the domestic food demand, Lesotho relies on imports of maize from its neighboring country South Africa. The prices of maize in Lesotho are strongly influenced by the prices in South Africa. Given the proximity between the two countries, a drought affecting Lesotho is likely to have an impact on South Africa as well. This would lead to reduced production in both countries. This scenario has occurred in the past, such as in 2007 when the most severe drought ever recorded by satellites affected both Lesotho and South Africa simultaneously. Consequently, the drought resulted in crop failures in both countries, leading to a significant decline in maize exports to Lesotho.
Lesotho’s water resources are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The country is already experiencing reduced water availability due to droughts and increased water demand due to population growth. The climate of Lesotho is characterized by the occurrence of periods of dryness and periods of rainfall over recorded history. These climatic fluctuations have had significant impacts on the environment. The impacts associated with dry periods include scarcity of food, famine, disease outbreaks, invasion by non-native plants and destructive insects, dust storms, and the initiation of erosion by rivers. The longest dry spell in the 200-year record took place between 1991 and 1995. Lesotho is projected to change in temperature and precipitation patterns, leading to drier and hotter conditions. The intensity and frequency of extreme events like floods and droughts are expected to increase, especially in the western and northern lowlands. Water resources will be negatively affected by reduced precipitation and increased temperature, resulting in higher evaporation rates, decreased runoff, and diminished groundwater replenishment. Rangeland conditions may deteriorate and ultimately be degraded by climate changes, impacting the quality of livestock and livestock products. The existing indigenous forests might transition into semi-arid types, while agricultural production will decline, leading to food shortages. Lesotho stands as the only nation in the world with all its land situated above 1000 meters. Completely enveloped by South Africa, it is located at the highest point of the Drakensberg escarpment on the eastern border of the South African plateau.
Lesotho’s energy sector is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The country is already experiencing reduced hydropower generation due to reduced water availability. More than 95% of electricity consumed in Lesotho is from hydro-power (MEMWA, 2013).
Lesotho’s health sector is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The country is already experiencing an increased incidence of malaria and other vector-borne diseases due to increased temperatures and rainfall. The impacts related to periods of insufficient rainfall encompass scarcity of food, widespread famine, outbreaks of diseases, invasion by foreign plants and destructive insects, the formation of arid areas known as dust bowls, and the initiation of erosive processes by rivers.
Lesotho has developed a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address climate change adaptation and mitigation. The NAPA documents the national circumstances, vulnerabilities, and expected impacts of climate change in Lesotho. Additionally, it outlines the consultations, resources, and information that were utilized to prioritize adaptation interventions. Lesotho produced its Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC in November 2013, encompassing country circumstances, greenhouse gas inventory, impacts, and vulnerability, as well as national climate policies for mitigation, adaptation, research, observations, and public education. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lesotho is a country in southern Africa that is already experiencing the negative effects of climate change, including increased frequency of extreme events, inter alia droughts, increased rates of soil erosion and desertification, and reduced soil fertility. Lesotho is a landlocked country that is particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate variability and changes on water and food security, as well as adverse conditions to health, human settlements, and the energy sector.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Lesotho in 2020 amounted to 4,013.75, indicating a 4.36% increase compared to the previous year. In 2019, according to Our World in Data, Lesotho’s greenhouse gas emissions were 4.0 million metric tons of CO2 and 3,846.16, marking a 2.68% decline from 2018. In 2018, the country's GHG emissions stood at 3,952.15, reflecting a 6.52% decrease from 2017 and 318,438 tons in 2026. Lesotho's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for 2020 amounted to 4,013.75, representing a 4.36% increase. The high aridity in Lesotho, coupled with periods of severe drought, exacerbates the loss of biological diversity, degradation of rangelands, and decreased crop and animal productivity due to desertification. These challenges contribute to the country's rising vulnerability.",
"title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The country’s climate is characterized by cold winters and hot summers. The average temperature ranges from 0°C to 30°C, depending on the altitude. Lesotho is likely to become generally hotter and drier across projected future climates.",
"title": "Climatology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Lesotho’s key sectors such as agriculture, water, energy, and health are vulnerable to climate change impacts.",
"title": "Impacts to Key sectors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The agriculture sector is the backbone of Lesotho’s economy and is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The sector is already facing climate-related vulnerabilities with drought, floods, pests, and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently.The food security situation in Lesotho was characterized as precarious. The country's domestic production of maize, which is the main staple food, accounts for only 30%. The predominantly rainfed agriculture makes Lesotho susceptible to the adverse effects of drought. To meet the domestic food demand, Lesotho relies on imports of maize from its neighboring country South Africa. The prices of maize in Lesotho are strongly influenced by the prices in South Africa. Given the proximity between the two countries, a drought affecting Lesotho is likely to have an impact on South Africa as well. This would lead to reduced production in both countries. This scenario has occurred in the past, such as in 2007 when the most severe drought ever recorded by satellites affected both Lesotho and South Africa simultaneously. Consequently, the drought resulted in crop failures in both countries, leading to a significant decline in maize exports to Lesotho.",
"title": "Impacts to Key sectors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Lesotho’s water resources are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The country is already experiencing reduced water availability due to droughts and increased water demand due to population growth. The climate of Lesotho is characterized by the occurrence of periods of dryness and periods of rainfall over recorded history. These climatic fluctuations have had significant impacts on the environment. The impacts associated with dry periods include scarcity of food, famine, disease outbreaks, invasion by non-native plants and destructive insects, dust storms, and the initiation of erosion by rivers. The longest dry spell in the 200-year record took place between 1991 and 1995. Lesotho is projected to change in temperature and precipitation patterns, leading to drier and hotter conditions. The intensity and frequency of extreme events like floods and droughts are expected to increase, especially in the western and northern lowlands. Water resources will be negatively affected by reduced precipitation and increased temperature, resulting in higher evaporation rates, decreased runoff, and diminished groundwater replenishment. Rangeland conditions may deteriorate and ultimately be degraded by climate changes, impacting the quality of livestock and livestock products. The existing indigenous forests might transition into semi-arid types, while agricultural production will decline, leading to food shortages. Lesotho stands as the only nation in the world with all its land situated above 1000 meters. Completely enveloped by South Africa, it is located at the highest point of the Drakensberg escarpment on the eastern border of the South African plateau.",
"title": "Impacts to Key sectors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Lesotho’s energy sector is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The country is already experiencing reduced hydropower generation due to reduced water availability. More than 95% of electricity consumed in Lesotho is from hydro-power (MEMWA, 2013).",
"title": "Impacts to Key sectors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Lesotho’s health sector is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The country is already experiencing an increased incidence of malaria and other vector-borne diseases due to increased temperatures and rainfall. The impacts related to periods of insufficient rainfall encompass scarcity of food, widespread famine, outbreaks of diseases, invasion by foreign plants and destructive insects, the formation of arid areas known as dust bowls, and the initiation of erosive processes by rivers.",
"title": "Impacts to Key sectors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Lesotho has developed a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address climate change adaptation and mitigation. The NAPA documents the national circumstances, vulnerabilities, and expected impacts of climate change in Lesotho. Additionally, it outlines the consultations, resources, and information that were utilized to prioritize adaptation interventions. Lesotho produced its Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC in November 2013, encompassing country circumstances, greenhouse gas inventory, impacts, and vulnerability, as well as national climate policies for mitigation, adaptation, research, observations, and public education.",
"title": "Adoptions"
}
] | Lesotho is a country in southern Africa that is already experiencing the negative effects of climate change, including increased frequency of extreme events, inter alia droughts, increased rates of soil erosion and desertification, and reduced soil fertility. Lesotho is a landlocked country that is particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate variability and changes on water and food security, as well as adverse conditions to health, human settlements, and the energy sector. | 2023-12-17T13:36:49Z | 2023-12-22T08:01:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_in_Lesotho |
75,585,234 | Experiment with Time (radio serial) | Experiment with Time is a 1948 Australian radio series that examines historical events.
One of its writers was Morris West.
The Advocate called it "a worth while session, well written and imaginatively presented." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Experiment with Time is a 1948 Australian radio series that examines historical events.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "One of its writers was Morris West.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Advocate called it \"a worth while session, well written and imaginatively presented.\"",
"title": ""
}
] | Experiment with Time is a 1948 Australian radio series that examines historical events. One of its writers was Morris West. The Advocate called it "a worth while session, well written and imaginatively presented." | 2023-12-17T13:42:44Z | 2023-12-21T02:31:45Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_with_Time_(radio_serial) |
75,585,236 | Alexander Zehnder | Alexander Jakob Boris Zehnder (born 21 February 1946) is a Swiss microbiologist. He spent most of his career as professor of microbiology at Wageningen University & Research (1982–1992) and later as professor of environmental biotechnology at ETH Zurich (1992–2004). Zehnder also was director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology during this latter period. From 2004 until 2008 he was President of the ETH Board.
Zehnder was born on 21 February 1946 in Goldach. He studied natural sciences at ETH Zurich where he graduated in 1971. Zehnder subsequently moved to Rabat, Marocco, where he worked as a consultant for the World Health Organization until 1973. Back in Switzerland Zehnder obtained his PhD in microbiology from ETH Zurich in 1976. During his PhD work Zehnder managed to discover and isolate Methanothrix soehngenii, which fellow microbiologist Willem Meindert de Vos described as a major discovery. He subsequently spent two years in the United States as a research associate in the bacteriology department at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Zehnder then moved to Stanford University where he was employed as assistant professor in the department of civil engineering.
In 1982 Zehnder was appointed professor of microbiology at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. He also became head of the Institute of Microbiology. During his period the research at the university became more focused on anaerobic and environmental microbiology. There was studies performed on microbial phosphate removal and biofilm formation. In 1992 he became both director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology and professor of environmental biotechnology at ETH Zurich. He held positions until 2004. In May 2008 Zehnder formally retired. From July 2004 until December 2008 he was president of the ETH Board. He received critical reviews, being described as "a nice person in the wrong place". From 2008 until 2010 he also served as scientific director of the Alberta Water Research Institute. From 2011 he served as visiting professor to Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
Zehnder's fields of expertise include water, in both qualitative and quantitative aspects and the relation between water and food security. Water shortages in relation to climate change has been a main topic for him. During his career he published more than 250 papers and supervised more than 80 PhD students.
Zehnder was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990. In 1999 he was elected a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Zehnder also became member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1999. Zehnder was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Cross of Merit 1st Class) in 2010. Singapore awarded Zehnder the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat in 2017. In 2019 he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alexander Jakob Boris Zehnder (born 21 February 1946) is a Swiss microbiologist. He spent most of his career as professor of microbiology at Wageningen University & Research (1982–1992) and later as professor of environmental biotechnology at ETH Zurich (1992–2004). Zehnder also was director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology during this latter period. From 2004 until 2008 he was President of the ETH Board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Zehnder was born on 21 February 1946 in Goldach. He studied natural sciences at ETH Zurich where he graduated in 1971. Zehnder subsequently moved to Rabat, Marocco, where he worked as a consultant for the World Health Organization until 1973. Back in Switzerland Zehnder obtained his PhD in microbiology from ETH Zurich in 1976. During his PhD work Zehnder managed to discover and isolate Methanothrix soehngenii, which fellow microbiologist Willem Meindert de Vos described as a major discovery. He subsequently spent two years in the United States as a research associate in the bacteriology department at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Zehnder then moved to Stanford University where he was employed as assistant professor in the department of civil engineering.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1982 Zehnder was appointed professor of microbiology at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. He also became head of the Institute of Microbiology. During his period the research at the university became more focused on anaerobic and environmental microbiology. There was studies performed on microbial phosphate removal and biofilm formation. In 1992 he became both director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology and professor of environmental biotechnology at ETH Zurich. He held positions until 2004. In May 2008 Zehnder formally retired. From July 2004 until December 2008 he was president of the ETH Board. He received critical reviews, being described as \"a nice person in the wrong place\". From 2008 until 2010 he also served as scientific director of the Alberta Water Research Institute. From 2011 he served as visiting professor to Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Zehnder's fields of expertise include water, in both qualitative and quantitative aspects and the relation between water and food security. Water shortages in relation to climate change has been a main topic for him. During his career he published more than 250 papers and supervised more than 80 PhD students.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Zehnder was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990. In 1999 he was elected a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Zehnder also became member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1999. Zehnder was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Cross of Merit 1st Class) in 2010. Singapore awarded Zehnder the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat in 2017. In 2019 he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea.",
"title": "Awards and honours"
}
] | Alexander Jakob Boris Zehnder is a Swiss microbiologist. He spent most of his career as professor of microbiology at Wageningen University & Research (1982–1992) and later as professor of environmental biotechnology at ETH Zurich (1992–2004). Zehnder also was director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology during this latter period. From 2004 until 2008 he was President of the ETH Board. | 2023-12-17T13:43:02Z | 2023-12-20T05:23:26Z | [
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75,585,240 | 2023 Scottish League Cup final (December) | The 2023–24 Scottish League Cup final was an association football match that took place at Hampden Park, Glasgow on 17 December 2023. It was the culmination of the 2023–24 Scottish League Cup, the 78th season of the Scottish League Cup (known as the Viaplay Cup for sponsorship reasons), a competition for the 42 teams in the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL). It was played between Rangers and Aberdeen, meeting at this stage in the competition for the seventh time.
Rangers won 1–0 through a goal by captain James Tavernier to claim the League Cup for the first time since 2011 and a record 28th time overall; Aberdeen's trophy drought since their 2014 win in the same competition continued.
As both clubs participated in European competitions, they both received a bye through the 2023–24 Scottish League Cup group stage.
In a match hampered by poor weather and numerous fouls, Aberdeen offered little offensively but Philippe Clement's Rangers struggled to make the breakthrough; they eventually went ahead in the 76th minute when captain James Tavernier scored after controlling a cross from Borna Barišić from the left with his right foot before firing to the right of the net. It was the only goal of the game as Rangers claimed a first Scottish League Cup since 2011. Tavernier's goal was the defender's 14th against Aberdeen (all others coming in the Scottish Premiership), tying him with Ally McCoist and Derek Johnstone as the all-time top scorer in the fixture. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 Scottish League Cup final was an association football match that took place at Hampden Park, Glasgow on 17 December 2023. It was the culmination of the 2023–24 Scottish League Cup, the 78th season of the Scottish League Cup (known as the Viaplay Cup for sponsorship reasons), a competition for the 42 teams in the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL). It was played between Rangers and Aberdeen, meeting at this stage in the competition for the seventh time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Rangers won 1–0 through a goal by captain James Tavernier to claim the League Cup for the first time since 2011 and a record 28th time overall; Aberdeen's trophy drought since their 2014 win in the same competition continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As both clubs participated in European competitions, they both received a bye through the 2023–24 Scottish League Cup group stage.",
"title": "Route to the final"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In a match hampered by poor weather and numerous fouls, Aberdeen offered little offensively but Philippe Clement's Rangers struggled to make the breakthrough; they eventually went ahead in the 76th minute when captain James Tavernier scored after controlling a cross from Borna Barišić from the left with his right foot before firing to the right of the net. It was the only goal of the game as Rangers claimed a first Scottish League Cup since 2011. Tavernier's goal was the defender's 14th against Aberdeen (all others coming in the Scottish Premiership), tying him with Ally McCoist and Derek Johnstone as the all-time top scorer in the fixture.",
"title": "Match"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The 2023–24 Scottish League Cup final was an association football match that took place at Hampden Park, Glasgow on 17 December 2023. It was the culmination of the 2023–24 Scottish League Cup, the 78th season of the Scottish League Cup, a competition for the 42 teams in the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL). It was played between Rangers and Aberdeen, meeting at this stage in the competition for the seventh time. Rangers won 1–0 through a goal by captain James Tavernier to claim the League Cup for the first time since 2011 and a record 28th time overall; Aberdeen's trophy drought since their 2014 win in the same competition continued. | 2023-12-17T13:44:24Z | 2023-12-31T07:44:48Z | [
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75,585,270 | Udarnik (disambiguation) | A udarnik was a supposedly high productivity worker in communist countries.
Udarnik may also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A udarnik was a supposedly high productivity worker in communist countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Udarnik may also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | A udarnik was a supposedly high productivity worker in communist countries. Udarnik may also refer to: Udarnik, Kemin, a village in Chüy Region, Kyrgyzstan
Udarnik, Sakha Republic, a rural locality in Tomponsky District, Russia
Udarnik, Voronezh Oblast, a rural locality in Buturlinovsky District, Russia | 2023-12-17T13:51:34Z | 2023-12-17T13:51:34Z | [
"Template:Geodis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udarnik_(disambiguation) |
75,585,276 | Vinagadapa | Vinagadapa is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.
According to 2011 census of India, there are 913 households with a total population of 3,129 people. The population includes 1,583 males and 1,546 females. A total of 1,703 people are literate, with 1,004 males and 699 females, while 1,426 people are illiterate. There are 1,753 workers in the village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vinagadapa is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "According to 2011 census of India, there are 913 households with a total population of 3,129 people. The population includes 1,583 males and 1,546 females. A total of 1,703 people are literate, with 1,004 males and 699 females, while 1,426 people are illiterate. There are 1,753 workers in the village.",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Vinagadapa is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division. | 2023-12-17T13:53:02Z | 2023-12-20T12:38:55Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinagadapa |
75,585,296 | Siege of Alexandria (1174) | The siege of Alexandria in 1174 was a short and unsuccessful attempt by the Normans of Sicily to overthrow Saladin from Egypt.
After Saladin had abolished the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid sympathizers began plotting against Saladin; a conspiracy led by Umara ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Yamani included Egyptians, Sudanese, and some Turkish officers and soldiers. The conspirators called for aid from the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Sicily. However, Saladin was able to crack down on the conspirators and punish them. Umara was crucified on April 6, 1174. The Egyptians and Sudanese were exiled to Upper Egypt.
The Latins did not join in their attack following the death of their king, Amalric, and the news of the failed plot. However, the Normans of Sicily called for their aid despite being unaware of the plot's failure.
Under the command of his cousin Tancred of Lecce, William II sent out a fleet of 280 ships and 30,000 soldiers. On July 28, they arrived in Alexandria. The garrison was caught completely off guard. The Normans started attacking the city walls with their siege towers, mangonels, and catapults. It was necessary for the defenders to repel the attack until night. The defenders were able to repel the attack when the Normans moved their siege artillery closer to the walls the following day, thanks to reinforcements from the nearby villages.
After the defenders launched daring sorties on July 31 and August 1 that destroyed the Normans' siege engines and severely wounded many of them, the garrison triumphantly withdrew back inside the walls. The Normans, meanwhile, received word that Saladin was advancing on the city with his army to relieve it. The garrison's morale was boosted by these reports, and they mounted a daring nighttime sortie that drove the Normans to their ships and out to sea. The Normans left the city and fled north. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The siege of Alexandria in 1174 was a short and unsuccessful attempt by the Normans of Sicily to overthrow Saladin from Egypt.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After Saladin had abolished the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid sympathizers began plotting against Saladin; a conspiracy led by Umara ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Yamani included Egyptians, Sudanese, and some Turkish officers and soldiers. The conspirators called for aid from the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Sicily. However, Saladin was able to crack down on the conspirators and punish them. Umara was crucified on April 6, 1174. The Egyptians and Sudanese were exiled to Upper Egypt.",
"title": "Bckground"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Latins did not join in their attack following the death of their king, Amalric, and the news of the failed plot. However, the Normans of Sicily called for their aid despite being unaware of the plot's failure.",
"title": "Bckground"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Under the command of his cousin Tancred of Lecce, William II sent out a fleet of 280 ships and 30,000 soldiers. On July 28, they arrived in Alexandria. The garrison was caught completely off guard. The Normans started attacking the city walls with their siege towers, mangonels, and catapults. It was necessary for the defenders to repel the attack until night. The defenders were able to repel the attack when the Normans moved their siege artillery closer to the walls the following day, thanks to reinforcements from the nearby villages.",
"title": "Siege"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the defenders launched daring sorties on July 31 and August 1 that destroyed the Normans' siege engines and severely wounded many of them, the garrison triumphantly withdrew back inside the walls. The Normans, meanwhile, received word that Saladin was advancing on the city with his army to relieve it. The garrison's morale was boosted by these reports, and they mounted a daring nighttime sortie that drove the Normans to their ships and out to sea. The Normans left the city and fled north.",
"title": "Siege"
}
] | The siege of Alexandria in 1174 was a short and unsuccessful attempt by the Normans of Sicily to overthrow Saladin from Egypt. | 2023-12-17T13:57:38Z | 2023-12-17T20:13:51Z | [
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75,585,325 | Ulaşlı (disambiguation) | Ulaşlı is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.
Ulaşlı may also refer to the following settlements in Turkey: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ulaşlı is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ulaşlı may also refer to the following settlements in Turkey:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "See also"
}
] | Ulaşlı is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan. Ulaşlı may also refer to the following settlements in Turkey: Ulaşlı, Kızıltepe, a neighbourhood in Mardin Province
Ulaşlı, Kozluk, a village in Batman Province
Ulaşlı, Oğuzeli, a neighbourhood in Gaziantep Province | 2023-12-17T14:04:13Z | 2023-12-17T14:04:13Z | [
"Template:Geodis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula%C5%9Fl%C4%B1_(disambiguation) |
75,585,355 | Hispanics and Latinos in Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania's Hispanic population was at 1,049,615 according to 2020 census. The Latino population grew by 45.8% while the non-Latino population decreased. | [
{
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"text": "Pennsylvania's Hispanic population was at 1,049,615 according to 2020 census. The Latino population grew by 45.8% while the non-Latino population decreased.",
"title": ""
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] | Pennsylvania's Hispanic population was at 1,049,615 according to 2020 census. The Latino population grew by 45.8% while the non-Latino population decreased. | 2023-12-17T14:08:43Z | 2023-12-30T00:56:07Z | [
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"Template:Latino-stub",
"Template:Philadelphia-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Pennsylvania |
75,585,387 | Shang dynasty religious practitioners | The second royal regime of China, the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 - 1046 BCE), developed a polytheistic religion that focused on worshipping spiritual beings. The dynasty developed a bureaucracy specialized in practicing rituals, divided into several positions tasked with performing different aspects of the religion. Usually, the head practitioners were the Shang king and other members of the royal family. Their activities, taking place at the Shang dynasty's capital city Yin were recorded on oracle bones.
The involvement of shamanism in the Shang religion is under debate. Researchers such as K.C.Chang support the view of active shamans in the court, while others claim that the dynasty did not actually adopted shamanism in ceremonies.
The deities worshipped by the Shang, aside supernatural beings, were spirits of deceased ancestors. The reigning Shang king would be responsible for communicating with all the spirits for the state's welfare and successes. He communicated through means of divination, written on oracle bones. The Shang kings usually gave the final prognostications about upcoming events, by interpreting the patterns on heated bones (ox scapulae, turtle plastrons, etc.). Predicted events were intended to last a full Shang week, that is, ten days. In many cases, the divinations made by the kings (indicated by bone inscribers) predicted ominous and unfortunate situations.
The Shang monarchs also acted as organizers of ceremonies. When a king died, his successor would be responsible for giving him a proper burial ritual: an example is Wu Ding (r. 1250 - 1192 BCE), who was the organizer of the burial of his father Xiao Yi. His role in this aspect was not restricted to deceased predecessors, as he also directed burials and rituals for relatives who died during his reign. In some ceremonies, the deities would be present as "guests", and the Shang king was the person who acted as "host".
The Shang king's level of involvement in religion may explain why he could influence and gain sovereignty over remote polities. Over time, the Shang dynasty gradually expanded and increased interaction with tribes and chiefdoms. Its religion possibly adopted gods worshipped by those polities into its own pantheon, and could also have associated the polities themselves with Shang gods. J. C. Didier, in advocate of this, pointed out that the Tufang, a long-term opponent of the Shang dynasty, was assigned with Tu (earth); that explains the unusually frequency of Tufang in Shang inscriptions. By worshipping both his own and others' gods, the king would be able to maintain suzerainty over the regions.
Within the royal palaces at Yin, several royal members apart from the ruler featured themselves as head priests. The most active of them was Fu Hao, the secondary queen. She was among the most frequently mentioned names in Shang divinatory texts.
On divinatory ceremonies, the Shang king was assisted by a number of diviners (duobu 多卜, lit. "many diviners"). They were tasked with heating the oracle bones which contain questions to Shang ancestors, and interpreting the cracks made by the heat to obtain the response. In many cases, they only divined about whether the week was fortunate, and their predictions might be rejected by the king. Robert Eno suggested that the "diviners" may be alternatively called the "crackers", since bone cracking was a task certainly assigned for them. The diviners were directed by a supervisor, guanzhan (官占). Many diviners are known by their names, which appear in almost every text recording the corresponding divinatory ritual they conducted. Some of them are: Bin, Que, Ji, Pin, Zheng, and Huang. During the reign of the religious king Wu Ding, over 70 diviners were recruited.
Diviners collaborated with the court inscribers ̣̣(taishi ling 太史令), who recorded divinations (as well as state affairs and other royal events). Their role in divinations were to write questions on the bones, and write the answers subsequently given after heating. Inscribers put down detailed information about each ceremony, from the name of conductors (the Shang ruler would be simply referred to as "the King") to the receiver of questions, and also the day of that ritual. In sacrifices, specific information about the subjects used for offering as well as their amount would also be written down.
It is unknown whether shamanism was an important practice to the Shang dynasty or not. Robert Eno argued that communication with the deified spirits was done via sacrifices and technical manipulation of bones, and therefore could not be shamanism since it did not involve direct encounter with the spirits. Against Eno's suggestion, Kwang-chih Chang claimed that the absence of shamanism would make understandings of Shang religion incomplete.
The Shang dynasty had a court position called "wu" (巫, in oracle bones it is rendered as the shape of a "plus" sign). The word has been generally translated as "shaman". Some scholars however questioned about its true meaning, and whether it actually referred to a shaman or another kind of practitioner. Some pointed out that "wu" during the Shang dynasty could be deciphered in other ways apart from the commonly used speculation. Victor H. Mair, researching into the connection between early Chinese civilization and Inner Asia, theorized a possible meaning of "wu" by looking at linguistic evidence. According to his theory, "wu" during the Shang dynasty had the pronunciation "myag", related to the term "magus" in Old Persian (he further claimed that "magician" is also a related term). In Zoroastrianism, "magi" (plural form of "magus") denotes priests. Therefore, there is a possibility that the "wu" during the Shang dynasty were originally people migrating from Inner Asia, and that they were non-shamanic priests. Mair supposed that the "wu" are better understood as people able to communicate with the spiritual world through art and sacrifices rather than shaman's practices like stance and mediation.
But some divinatory records indicate the opposite: several oracle bones mention the Shang king "receiving" the spirits as "guests". Some scholars understand the "guest" rituals to have featured the kings as ceremonial hosts uniquely equipped to "hear" the spiritual messages in religious events. In this sense, the king would be a shaman, directly communicating with his ancestors as well as non-royal deified spirits.
The role of astronomers / astrologers in the religion is incompletely understood but was possibly important. The shape of Shang characters for religious figures imply a complex comprehension and interpretation of the North Pole. Shang cosmology concentrated on the squared area defined by the Pole's surrounding stars at the time of the Shang, probably using Thuban as the reference celestial object. They may have participated in making the Shang calendar, organizing a year into smaller periodical units.
The Shang rituals featured and necessitated the use of music. Divination was conducted to determine the kind of music going to be performed, usually dance. A number of dancers ("wu" 舞) were chosen to handle the task uder the command of a music director (gu 瞽)
Aside from the central government at Yin, the Shang religion was also practiced in other areas of the state. Over 1000 oracle bones, many of which bear divinatory inscriptions, were excavated at Huayuanzhuang, near the historical site of Yin. The initial owner was a royal relative, a close kin of Wu Ding who was authorized to conduct his own religious activities. Some of the Huayuanzhuang inscriptions were intended for the prince's own personal errands, while others concern Wu Ding's contemporary relationship with him.
Further than Huayuanzhuang, texts from Daxinzhuang, 250 kilometers apart from Yin, have also been found
Oracle bone script, the writing system developed by the Shang dynasty, is thoroughly complex. Literacy among scribes was considered very important, for the purpose of divination and record rituals. Robert Bagley articulated saying that Shang literacy was tied to a maximal extreme, but he also noted that the process of acquiring full literacy for Shang scribes is not understood.
The Shang character for "learn" (學, "xue") has been identified. Two plastrons inscribed during Wu Ding's regnal era, HJ: 8304 and HJ: 16406, are interpreted and indicate that "xue" could be written as both a verb and a noun.. Some inscriptions reveal that when the word is used in collocation with "大", the resulting phrase "大學" could refer to an alternative place for performing an unknown ritual. Xué (學) could possibly be a noun in HD: 181 (wǎngxué 往學 ‘to go to the xué’) and in HD: 450 (rùxué 入學 ‘to enter the xué’), but these examples could equally be verbs (i.e., ‘to go to learn,’ ‘to go in and learn’)..
Scholars have interpreted a large number of oracle bone inscriptions and suggested that a method of training scribes through repetitive practice of imitating model texts. In a 1937 annotated catalog, Guo Moruo examined the piece CB: 1468=HJ: 18946 which contains the information of sexagenary days and noticed such "learning" pattern. In the fourth line of the texts, the characters were written finely in thorough order, as if made by a teacher who had mastered the writing techniques. Meanwhile, the rest were much more crooked, probably due to unsuccessful attempts to copy the model texts. Guo Moruo also noted that among the badly written words on the same piece, there were several isolated characters with a fine style, namely those denoting the stems jia, "ji", "xin" and the branches mao, chen, wu. In such cases, he speculated that the supposed teacher carved those words to correct mistakes. In a work by Matsumaru Michio, 156 occurrences of Shang date tables were studied and classified into three groups according to the degree of writing competence. The most finely texts of one group were proposed to be models for learning, while those from the other two categories were student copies. However, the author did not make any claims about whether the students in that case were acquiring literacy or learning engraving skills.
Literacy and engraving techniques are distinguished from one another; therefore, some have questioned Guo Moruo's interpretation of the bones. In replying to Guo's remarks on the training, Zhang Shichao commented that the former's theory was flawed since crooked writing was not enough to prove the action of learning written language. He claimed that the trainees might have been actually literate at that time, and the texts might be their attempts in learning writing techniques.
The records belonging to the royal relative at Huayuanzhuang indicate a form of dance schooling. In five inscriptions, the word "learn" comes with "shang" (商) which coincides with the Shang dynasty's name but in the context has a different meaning. The character was speculated to denote a form of dance. There are inscriptions about continuing to perform shang, and there is an oracle bone anticipating Wu Ding's inspection of the dances. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The second royal regime of China, the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 - 1046 BCE), developed a polytheistic religion that focused on worshipping spiritual beings. The dynasty developed a bureaucracy specialized in practicing rituals, divided into several positions tasked with performing different aspects of the religion. Usually, the head practitioners were the Shang king and other members of the royal family. Their activities, taking place at the Shang dynasty's capital city Yin were recorded on oracle bones.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The involvement of shamanism in the Shang religion is under debate. Researchers such as K.C.Chang support the view of active shamans in the court, while others claim that the dynasty did not actually adopted shamanism in ceremonies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The deities worshipped by the Shang, aside supernatural beings, were spirits of deceased ancestors. The reigning Shang king would be responsible for communicating with all the spirits for the state's welfare and successes. He communicated through means of divination, written on oracle bones. The Shang kings usually gave the final prognostications about upcoming events, by interpreting the patterns on heated bones (ox scapulae, turtle plastrons, etc.). Predicted events were intended to last a full Shang week, that is, ten days. In many cases, the divinations made by the kings (indicated by bone inscribers) predicted ominous and unfortunate situations.",
"title": "Chief priests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Shang monarchs also acted as organizers of ceremonies. When a king died, his successor would be responsible for giving him a proper burial ritual: an example is Wu Ding (r. 1250 - 1192 BCE), who was the organizer of the burial of his father Xiao Yi. His role in this aspect was not restricted to deceased predecessors, as he also directed burials and rituals for relatives who died during his reign. In some ceremonies, the deities would be present as \"guests\", and the Shang king was the person who acted as \"host\".",
"title": "Chief priests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Shang king's level of involvement in religion may explain why he could influence and gain sovereignty over remote polities. Over time, the Shang dynasty gradually expanded and increased interaction with tribes and chiefdoms. Its religion possibly adopted gods worshipped by those polities into its own pantheon, and could also have associated the polities themselves with Shang gods. J. C. Didier, in advocate of this, pointed out that the Tufang, a long-term opponent of the Shang dynasty, was assigned with Tu (earth); that explains the unusually frequency of Tufang in Shang inscriptions. By worshipping both his own and others' gods, the king would be able to maintain suzerainty over the regions.",
"title": "Chief priests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Within the royal palaces at Yin, several royal members apart from the ruler featured themselves as head priests. The most active of them was Fu Hao, the secondary queen. She was among the most frequently mentioned names in Shang divinatory texts.",
"title": "Chief priests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On divinatory ceremonies, the Shang king was assisted by a number of diviners (duobu 多卜, lit. \"many diviners\"). They were tasked with heating the oracle bones which contain questions to Shang ancestors, and interpreting the cracks made by the heat to obtain the response. In many cases, they only divined about whether the week was fortunate, and their predictions might be rejected by the king. Robert Eno suggested that the \"diviners\" may be alternatively called the \"crackers\", since bone cracking was a task certainly assigned for them. The diviners were directed by a supervisor, guanzhan (官占). Many diviners are known by their names, which appear in almost every text recording the corresponding divinatory ritual they conducted. Some of them are: Bin, Que, Ji, Pin, Zheng, and Huang. During the reign of the religious king Wu Ding, over 70 diviners were recruited.",
"title": "Diviners and inscribers"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Diviners collaborated with the court inscribers ̣̣(taishi ling 太史令), who recorded divinations (as well as state affairs and other royal events). Their role in divinations were to write questions on the bones, and write the answers subsequently given after heating. Inscribers put down detailed information about each ceremony, from the name of conductors (the Shang ruler would be simply referred to as \"the King\") to the receiver of questions, and also the day of that ritual. In sacrifices, specific information about the subjects used for offering as well as their amount would also be written down.",
"title": "Diviners and inscribers"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "It is unknown whether shamanism was an important practice to the Shang dynasty or not. Robert Eno argued that communication with the deified spirits was done via sacrifices and technical manipulation of bones, and therefore could not be shamanism since it did not involve direct encounter with the spirits. Against Eno's suggestion, Kwang-chih Chang claimed that the absence of shamanism would make understandings of Shang religion incomplete.",
"title": "Shamans"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The Shang dynasty had a court position called \"wu\" (巫, in oracle bones it is rendered as the shape of a \"plus\" sign). The word has been generally translated as \"shaman\". Some scholars however questioned about its true meaning, and whether it actually referred to a shaman or another kind of practitioner. Some pointed out that \"wu\" during the Shang dynasty could be deciphered in other ways apart from the commonly used speculation. Victor H. Mair, researching into the connection between early Chinese civilization and Inner Asia, theorized a possible meaning of \"wu\" by looking at linguistic evidence. According to his theory, \"wu\" during the Shang dynasty had the pronunciation \"myag\", related to the term \"magus\" in Old Persian (he further claimed that \"magician\" is also a related term). In Zoroastrianism, \"magi\" (plural form of \"magus\") denotes priests. Therefore, there is a possibility that the \"wu\" during the Shang dynasty were originally people migrating from Inner Asia, and that they were non-shamanic priests. Mair supposed that the \"wu\" are better understood as people able to communicate with the spiritual world through art and sacrifices rather than shaman's practices like stance and mediation.",
"title": "Shamans"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "But some divinatory records indicate the opposite: several oracle bones mention the Shang king \"receiving\" the spirits as \"guests\". Some scholars understand the \"guest\" rituals to have featured the kings as ceremonial hosts uniquely equipped to \"hear\" the spiritual messages in religious events. In this sense, the king would be a shaman, directly communicating with his ancestors as well as non-royal deified spirits.",
"title": "Shamans"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The role of astronomers / astrologers in the religion is incompletely understood but was possibly important. The shape of Shang characters for religious figures imply a complex comprehension and interpretation of the North Pole. Shang cosmology concentrated on the squared area defined by the Pole's surrounding stars at the time of the Shang, probably using Thuban as the reference celestial object. They may have participated in making the Shang calendar, organizing a year into smaller periodical units.",
"title": "Other court religious positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The Shang rituals featured and necessitated the use of music. Divination was conducted to determine the kind of music going to be performed, usually dance. A number of dancers (\"wu\" 舞) were chosen to handle the task uder the command of a music director (gu 瞽)",
"title": "Other court religious positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Aside from the central government at Yin, the Shang religion was also practiced in other areas of the state. Over 1000 oracle bones, many of which bear divinatory inscriptions, were excavated at Huayuanzhuang, near the historical site of Yin. The initial owner was a royal relative, a close kin of Wu Ding who was authorized to conduct his own religious activities. Some of the Huayuanzhuang inscriptions were intended for the prince's own personal errands, while others concern Wu Ding's contemporary relationship with him.",
"title": "Regional practitioners"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Further than Huayuanzhuang, texts from Daxinzhuang, 250 kilometers apart from Yin, have also been found",
"title": "Regional practitioners"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Oracle bone script, the writing system developed by the Shang dynasty, is thoroughly complex. Literacy among scribes was considered very important, for the purpose of divination and record rituals. Robert Bagley articulated saying that Shang literacy was tied to a maximal extreme, but he also noted that the process of acquiring full literacy for Shang scribes is not understood.",
"title": "Training of partitioners at Yin"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The Shang character for \"learn\" (學, \"xue\") has been identified. Two plastrons inscribed during Wu Ding's regnal era, HJ: 8304 and HJ: 16406, are interpreted and indicate that \"xue\" could be written as both a verb and a noun.. Some inscriptions reveal that when the word is used in collocation with \"大\", the resulting phrase \"大學\" could refer to an alternative place for performing an unknown ritual. Xué (學) could possibly be a noun in HD: 181 (wǎngxué 往學 ‘to go to the xué’) and in HD: 450 (rùxué 入學 ‘to enter the xué’), but these examples could equally be verbs (i.e., ‘to go to learn,’ ‘to go in and learn’)..",
"title": "Training of partitioners at Yin"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Scholars have interpreted a large number of oracle bone inscriptions and suggested that a method of training scribes through repetitive practice of imitating model texts. In a 1937 annotated catalog, Guo Moruo examined the piece CB: 1468=HJ: 18946 which contains the information of sexagenary days and noticed such \"learning\" pattern. In the fourth line of the texts, the characters were written finely in thorough order, as if made by a teacher who had mastered the writing techniques. Meanwhile, the rest were much more crooked, probably due to unsuccessful attempts to copy the model texts. Guo Moruo also noted that among the badly written words on the same piece, there were several isolated characters with a fine style, namely those denoting the stems jia, \"ji\", \"xin\" and the branches mao, chen, wu. In such cases, he speculated that the supposed teacher carved those words to correct mistakes. In a work by Matsumaru Michio, 156 occurrences of Shang date tables were studied and classified into three groups according to the degree of writing competence. The most finely texts of one group were proposed to be models for learning, while those from the other two categories were student copies. However, the author did not make any claims about whether the students in that case were acquiring literacy or learning engraving skills.",
"title": "Training of partitioners at Yin"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Literacy and engraving techniques are distinguished from one another; therefore, some have questioned Guo Moruo's interpretation of the bones. In replying to Guo's remarks on the training, Zhang Shichao commented that the former's theory was flawed since crooked writing was not enough to prove the action of learning written language. He claimed that the trainees might have been actually literate at that time, and the texts might be their attempts in learning writing techniques.",
"title": "Training of partitioners at Yin"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The records belonging to the royal relative at Huayuanzhuang indicate a form of dance schooling. In five inscriptions, the word \"learn\" comes with \"shang\" (商) which coincides with the Shang dynasty's name but in the context has a different meaning. The character was speculated to denote a form of dance. There are inscriptions about continuing to perform shang, and there is an oracle bone anticipating Wu Ding's inspection of the dances.",
"title": "Training of partitioners at Yin"
}
] | The second royal regime of China, the Shang dynasty, developed a polytheistic religion that focused on worshipping spiritual beings. The dynasty developed a bureaucracy specialized in practicing rituals, divided into several positions tasked with performing different aspects of the religion. Usually, the head practitioners were the Shang king and other members of the royal family. Their activities, taking place at the Shang dynasty's capital city Yin were recorded on oracle bones. The involvement of shamanism in the Shang religion is under debate. Researchers such as K.C.Chang support the view of active shamans in the court, while others claim that the dynasty did not actually adopted shamanism in ceremonies. | 2023-12-17T14:16:21Z | 2023-12-19T04:53:56Z | [
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"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:About",
"Template:Circa",
"Template:Sfnb",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty_religious_practitioners |
75,585,397 | Ulla-Britt | Ulla-Britt is a Scandinavian compound given name.
People with the name include: | [
{
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"text": "Ulla-Britt is a Scandinavian compound given name.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "People with the name include:",
"title": ""
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] | Ulla-Britt is a Scandinavian compound given name. People with the name include: Ulla-Britt Eklund, Swedish swimmer
Ulla-Britt Lilleaas, Norwegian sociologist
Ulla-Britt Söderlund (1943–1985), Swedish costume designer
Ulla-Britt Wieslander (1942–2023), Swedish sprinter | 2023-12-17T14:18:57Z | 2023-12-17T14:28:23Z | [
"Template:Given name"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla-Britt |
75,585,423 | Utukuru | Utukuru is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.
According to 2011 census of India, there are a total of 2,068 households. The population is 7,633, with 3,845 males and 3,788 females. Out of the total population, 4,268 are literate, and 3,365 are illiterate. The workforce consists of 4,362 individuals. | [
{
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"text": "Utukuru is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "According to 2011 census of India, there are a total of 2,068 households. The population is 7,633, with 3,845 males and 3,788 females. Out of the total population, 4,268 are literate, and 3,365 are illiterate. The workforce consists of 4,362 individuals.",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Utukuru is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division. | 2023-12-17T14:23:54Z | 2023-12-20T10:30:39Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utukuru |
75,585,445 | 2023–24 Memphis Tigers women's basketball team | The 2023–24 Memphis Tigers women's basketball team represents the University of Memphis during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Tigers, led by first-year head coach Alex Simmons, play their home games at the Elma Roane Fieldhouse in Memphis, Tennessee as members of the American Athletic Conference.
The Tigers finished the 2022–23 season 22–11, 11–4 in AAC play to finish in second place. As the #2 seed in the AAC tournament, they defeated #10 seed UCF in the quarterfinals, before falling to #3 seed East Carolina in the semifinals. They recieved an automatic bid into the WNIT, where they would defeat Jackson State in the first round and Ball State in the second round, before falling to Bowling Green in the Super 16.
On March 24, 2023, head coach Katrina Merriweather announced her resignation after two years at the helm, in order to take the head coaching job at her alma mater, Cincinnati. On April 6, Gardner–Webb head coach Alex Simmons was announced as Merriweather's successor.
Sources: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 Memphis Tigers women's basketball team represents the University of Memphis during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Tigers, led by first-year head coach Alex Simmons, play their home games at the Elma Roane Fieldhouse in Memphis, Tennessee as members of the American Athletic Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Tigers finished the 2022–23 season 22–11, 11–4 in AAC play to finish in second place. As the #2 seed in the AAC tournament, they defeated #10 seed UCF in the quarterfinals, before falling to #3 seed East Carolina in the semifinals. They recieved an automatic bid into the WNIT, where they would defeat Jackson State in the first round and Ball State in the second round, before falling to Bowling Green in the Super 16.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On March 24, 2023, head coach Katrina Merriweather announced her resignation after two years at the helm, in order to take the head coaching job at her alma mater, Cincinnati. On April 6, Gardner–Webb head coach Alex Simmons was announced as Merriweather's successor.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] | The 2023–24 Memphis Tigers women's basketball team represents the University of Memphis during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Tigers, led by first-year head coach Alex Simmons, play their home games at the Elma Roane Fieldhouse in Memphis, Tennessee as members of the American Athletic Conference. | 2023-12-17T14:27:40Z | 2023-12-18T01:18:08Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Memphis_Tigers_women%27s_basketball_team |
75,585,454 | Cassiopeia Manuputty | Cassiopeia Thomas Manuputty (born 2 May 1994), is an Indonesian professional basketball player. He currently plays for the Rajawali Medan club of the Indonesian Basketball League.
He has represented the province of West Java in several national tournaments. And in the 2016 Pekan Olahraga Nasional he won the gold medal for basketball.
He is the sibling of Indonesian badminton player Bellaetrix Manuputty. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cassiopeia Thomas Manuputty (born 2 May 1994), is an Indonesian professional basketball player. He currently plays for the Rajawali Medan club of the Indonesian Basketball League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He has represented the province of West Java in several national tournaments. And in the 2016 Pekan Olahraga Nasional he won the gold medal for basketball.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He is the sibling of Indonesian badminton player Bellaetrix Manuputty.",
"title": ""
}
] | Cassiopeia Thomas Manuputty, is an Indonesian professional basketball player. He currently plays for the Rajawali Medan club of the Indonesian Basketball League. He has represented the province of West Java in several national tournaments. And in the 2016 Pekan Olahraga Nasional he won the gold medal for basketball. He is the sibling of Indonesian badminton player Bellaetrix Manuputty. | 2023-12-17T14:28:52Z | 2023-12-27T00:59:39Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiopeia_Manuputty |
75,585,460 | United Reformed Church (disambiguation) | The United Reformed Church is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom.
United Reformed Church may also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The United Reformed Church is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "United Reformed Church may also refer to:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Other denominations"
}
] | The United Reformed Church is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom. United Reformed Church may also refer to: | 2023-12-17T14:30:19Z | 2023-12-17T14:30:19Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church_(disambiguation) |
75,585,466 | C. Gene Samberson | G. Gene Samberson (born 1934) is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives.
Samberson was born in New Mexico. He attended the University of New Mexico.
Samberson was a Lovington attorney.
Samberson served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1970 to 1988. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "G. Gene Samberson (born 1934) is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Samberson was born in New Mexico. He attended the University of New Mexico.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Samberson was a Lovington attorney.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Samberson served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1970 to 1988.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | G. Gene Samberson is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. | 2023-12-17T14:31:31Z | 2023-12-19T01:52:36Z | [
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75,585,485 | List of Lanka Premier League five-wicket hauls | In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five-for" or "fifer") refers to a bowler taking five or more wickets in a single innings. This is regarded as a notable achievement by critics, especially in T20 cricket where a bowler can bowl a maximum of only 24 balls (4 overs). The Lanka Premier League (LPL) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in Sri Lanka, which has been held since annually since its first season in 2020.
The first player to take a five-wicket haul in the Lanka Premier League is Mohammad Amir. He accomplished the feat on 7 December 2020, while playing for Galle Gladiators against Colombo Kings. He finished the game taking 5 wickets for 26 runs. Amir also holds the record of the least economic five-wicket haul, bowling at an economy rate of 6.50. The most economical five-wicket haul was taken by Wanindu Hasaranga of the B-Love Kandy, who claimed 6 wickets with an economy rate of 2.70. His figures of 6/9 is also the best bowling figures in an LPL match till date, which he achieved on 17 August 2023, against Jaffna Kings. Another bowler has taken a six-wicket haul in the LPL – Jeffrey Vandersay of Colombo Stars in 2021.
Hasaranga is also the youngest bowler to pick up a five-wicket haul in the Lanka Premier League, which he did in the same match, at the age of 26. In the same match, he also recorded the best strike rate in an innings for a five-wicket haul in the LPL. He also became the first player to take a five-wicket haul while captaining his side. The oldest bowler to grab a five-for in the LPL is Jeffrey Vandersay, who took 6 wickets for 25 runs against Kandy Warriors, on 17 December 2021, at the age of 31. Two five-wicket hauls have been taken at Mahinda Rajapaksa International Cricket Stadium and R. Premadasa Stadium each, jointly the most for a single venue.
In the four seasons played, five five-wicket hauls have been taken by different bowlers. Two five-wickets hauls have been taken by the players of the Galle Gladiators and the Colombo Stars, the joint highest for any team. On the other hand, Jaffna Kings have had two five-wicket hauls against them, which is more than any other team. The 2021 season saw the highest number of five-wicket hauls in a season. Two five-wicket hauls were taken in that season.
The first part of this list includes all the five-wicket hauls taken in the LPL in chronological order. The second part of the list provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by LPL seasons, and the third part provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by LPL teams. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a \"five-for\" or \"fifer\") refers to a bowler taking five or more wickets in a single innings. This is regarded as a notable achievement by critics, especially in T20 cricket where a bowler can bowl a maximum of only 24 balls (4 overs). The Lanka Premier League (LPL) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in Sri Lanka, which has been held since annually since its first season in 2020.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The first player to take a five-wicket haul in the Lanka Premier League is Mohammad Amir. He accomplished the feat on 7 December 2020, while playing for Galle Gladiators against Colombo Kings. He finished the game taking 5 wickets for 26 runs. Amir also holds the record of the least economic five-wicket haul, bowling at an economy rate of 6.50. The most economical five-wicket haul was taken by Wanindu Hasaranga of the B-Love Kandy, who claimed 6 wickets with an economy rate of 2.70. His figures of 6/9 is also the best bowling figures in an LPL match till date, which he achieved on 17 August 2023, against Jaffna Kings. Another bowler has taken a six-wicket haul in the LPL – Jeffrey Vandersay of Colombo Stars in 2021.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hasaranga is also the youngest bowler to pick up a five-wicket haul in the Lanka Premier League, which he did in the same match, at the age of 26. In the same match, he also recorded the best strike rate in an innings for a five-wicket haul in the LPL. He also became the first player to take a five-wicket haul while captaining his side. The oldest bowler to grab a five-for in the LPL is Jeffrey Vandersay, who took 6 wickets for 25 runs against Kandy Warriors, on 17 December 2021, at the age of 31. Two five-wicket hauls have been taken at Mahinda Rajapaksa International Cricket Stadium and R. Premadasa Stadium each, jointly the most for a single venue.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the four seasons played, five five-wicket hauls have been taken by different bowlers. Two five-wickets hauls have been taken by the players of the Galle Gladiators and the Colombo Stars, the joint highest for any team. On the other hand, Jaffna Kings have had two five-wicket hauls against them, which is more than any other team. The 2021 season saw the highest number of five-wicket hauls in a season. Two five-wicket hauls were taken in that season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The first part of this list includes all the five-wicket hauls taken in the LPL in chronological order. The second part of the list provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by LPL seasons, and the third part provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by LPL teams.",
"title": ""
}
] | In cricket, a five-wicket haul refers to a bowler taking five or more wickets in a single innings. This is regarded as a notable achievement by critics, especially in T20 cricket where a bowler can bowl a maximum of only 24 balls. The Lanka Premier League (LPL) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in Sri Lanka, which has been held since annually since its first season in 2020. The first player to take a five-wicket haul in the Lanka Premier League is Mohammad Amir. He accomplished the feat on 7 December 2020, while playing for Galle Gladiators against Colombo Kings. He finished the game taking 5 wickets for 26 runs. Amir also holds the record of the least economic five-wicket haul, bowling at an economy rate of 6.50. The most economical five-wicket haul was taken by Wanindu Hasaranga of the B-Love Kandy, who claimed 6 wickets with an economy rate of 2.70. His figures of 6/9 is also the best bowling figures in an LPL match till date, which he achieved on 17 August 2023, against Jaffna Kings. Another bowler has taken a six-wicket haul in the LPL – Jeffrey Vandersay of Colombo Stars in 2021. Hasaranga is also the youngest bowler to pick up a five-wicket haul in the Lanka Premier League, which he did in the same match, at the age of 26. In the same match, he also recorded the best strike rate in an innings for a five-wicket haul in the LPL. He also became the first player to take a five-wicket haul while captaining his side. The oldest bowler to grab a five-for in the LPL is Jeffrey Vandersay, who took 6 wickets for 25 runs against Kandy Warriors, on 17 December 2021, at the age of 31. Two five-wicket hauls have been taken at Mahinda Rajapaksa International Cricket Stadium and R. Premadasa Stadium each, jointly the most for a single venue. In the four seasons played, five five-wicket hauls have been taken by different bowlers. Two five-wickets hauls have been taken by the players of the Galle Gladiators and the Colombo Stars, the joint highest for any team. On the other hand, Jaffna Kings have had two five-wicket hauls against them, which is more than any other team. The 2021 season saw the highest number of five-wicket hauls in a season. Two five-wicket hauls were taken in that season. The first part of this list includes all the five-wicket hauls taken in the LPL in chronological order. The second part of the list provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by LPL seasons, and the third part provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by LPL teams. | 2023-12-17T14:35:39Z | 2023-12-18T13:52:00Z | [
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75,585,492 | Precisionary Instruments | Precisionary Instruments LLC is a US based company that specialises in producing laboratory equipments. They are known for their tissue slicers device compresstome vibrating microtome, which is used in neuroscience and other biological research to obtain precise slices of brain and other tissues for study.
Precisionary Instruments, established in 2004 by Dr. Jian Qiang Kong, is known for its contributions to tissue slicing technology. Dr. Kong wanted to improve the precision of tissue sections for patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments and address the limitations of traditional vibratomes. In 2005, he introduced the Auto Zero-Z technology, eliminating the need for manual calibration before each experiment and influencing the vibratome industry.
Over the years, Precisionary Instruments continued to improve its technology and released various microtome models.
In 2023, Precisionary Instruments expanded its product range with a new pathology equipment line, featuring rotary microtomes, including a fully automated version. Additional products like tissue embedding centers and cryostats reinforced Precisionary Instruments' position in the pathology equipment sector. Today, the company is recognized for its contributions to tissue analysis and histology, emphasizing quality and innovation.
Precisionary Instruments' Compresstome series excels provides thin tissue sections for diverse research needs. The flagship vibratomes, cater to neuroscience, pathology, and histology. In 2023, Precisionary Instruments expanded into histopathology, introducing rotary microtomes and automated options for high precision. | [
{
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"text": "Precisionary Instruments LLC is a US based company that specialises in producing laboratory equipments. They are known for their tissue slicers device compresstome vibrating microtome, which is used in neuroscience and other biological research to obtain precise slices of brain and other tissues for study.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Precisionary Instruments, established in 2004 by Dr. Jian Qiang Kong, is known for its contributions to tissue slicing technology. Dr. Kong wanted to improve the precision of tissue sections for patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments and address the limitations of traditional vibratomes. In 2005, he introduced the Auto Zero-Z technology, eliminating the need for manual calibration before each experiment and influencing the vibratome industry.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Over the years, Precisionary Instruments continued to improve its technology and released various microtome models.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2023, Precisionary Instruments expanded its product range with a new pathology equipment line, featuring rotary microtomes, including a fully automated version. Additional products like tissue embedding centers and cryostats reinforced Precisionary Instruments' position in the pathology equipment sector. Today, the company is recognized for its contributions to tissue analysis and histology, emphasizing quality and innovation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Precisionary Instruments' Compresstome series excels provides thin tissue sections for diverse research needs. The flagship vibratomes, cater to neuroscience, pathology, and histology. In 2023, Precisionary Instruments expanded into histopathology, introducing rotary microtomes and automated options for high precision.",
"title": "Products"
}
] | Precisionary Instruments LLC is a US based company that specialises in producing laboratory equipments. They are known for their tissue slicers device compresstome vibrating microtome, which is used in neuroscience and other biological research to obtain precise slices of brain and other tissues for study. | 2023-12-17T14:37:48Z | 2023-12-28T04:00:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precisionary_Instruments |
75,585,497 | 2024 Michelin Pilot Challenge | The 2024 Michelin Pilot Challenge will be the twenty-fifth season of the IMSA SportsCar Challenge and the eleventh season organized by the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA). The season will begin on January 26 at Daytona International Speedway and will conclude on October 11 at Road Atlanta. It will also feature a round of the TCR World Tour.
The provisional 2024 calendar was released on August 4, 2023, featuring ten rounds. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Michelin Pilot Challenge will be the twenty-fifth season of the IMSA SportsCar Challenge and the eleventh season organized by the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA). The season will begin on January 26 at Daytona International Speedway and will conclude on October 11 at Road Atlanta. It will also feature a round of the TCR World Tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The provisional 2024 calendar was released on August 4, 2023, featuring ten rounds.",
"title": "Calendar"
}
] | The 2024 Michelin Pilot Challenge will be the twenty-fifth season of the IMSA SportsCar Challenge and the eleventh season organized by the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA). The season will begin on January 26 at Daytona International Speedway and will conclude on October 11 at Road Atlanta. It will also feature a round of the TCR World Tour. | 2023-12-17T14:38:20Z | 2023-12-21T17:06:06Z | [
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75,585,503 | Lawrence Arthur Wingfield | Lawrence Arthur Wingfield, MC, DFC was an officer in the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and later the Royal Air Force (RAF), serving during World War I. He was a recipient of both the Military Cross (MC) and the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). He later became a solicitor and founder of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators (now the Honourable Company of Air Pilots).
Wingfield was born in 1898 in Richmond, Surrey. He received his education at Aldenham School, near Elstree, Hertfordshire.
Wingfield served in the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War I, from 1910 to 1919, as a Flying Officer. His bravery in the war earned him the Military Cross and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He was captured by German forces after his aircraft was shot down and held as a prisoner of war from July 1st, 1916, to October 4th, 1917. Wingfield made a daring escape from the Strohen Camp in Hanover and crossed into Holland on October 11th, 1917.
Wingfield helped organise the foundation of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, now known as the Honourable Company of Air Pilots, which was established in 1929 and became a Livery Company in 1956, and served as its first Clerk.
During World War II, Wingfield contributed to MI9, a department of the War Office, where he assembled a file of escape narratives and related documents. This work drew upon his own experiences as a prisoner of war and his subsequent escape.
Wingfield joined the Labour Party in 1923, was elected to the St. Marylebone Borough Council in 1925, and served on the Electricity and Finance Committees. He was a member of the Council of the Institution of Aeronautical Engineers, the Royal Aeronautical Society, the London Domestic Mission, and the Fabian Society of the L.L.P. In the 1929 general election he stood as Labour candidate for the Banbury constituency, coming third with 16.3% of the vote.
Wingfield was a member of the Royal Aero Club, the Belsize Boxing Club, the Inns of Court Fencing Club, and the "Done our Bit" Ex-Servicemen’s Club.
Wingfield married opera singer Ella Frank in 1928. | [
{
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"text": "Lawrence Arthur Wingfield, MC, DFC was an officer in the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and later the Royal Air Force (RAF), serving during World War I. He was a recipient of both the Military Cross (MC) and the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). He later became a solicitor and founder of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators (now the Honourable Company of Air Pilots).",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Wingfield was born in 1898 in Richmond, Surrey. He received his education at Aldenham School, near Elstree, Hertfordshire.",
"title": "Early life and education"
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{
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"text": "Wingfield served in the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War I, from 1910 to 1919, as a Flying Officer. His bravery in the war earned him the Military Cross and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He was captured by German forces after his aircraft was shot down and held as a prisoner of war from July 1st, 1916, to October 4th, 1917. Wingfield made a daring escape from the Strohen Camp in Hanover and crossed into Holland on October 11th, 1917.",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
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"text": "Wingfield helped organise the foundation of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, now known as the Honourable Company of Air Pilots, which was established in 1929 and became a Livery Company in 1956, and served as its first Clerk.",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
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"text": "During World War II, Wingfield contributed to MI9, a department of the War Office, where he assembled a file of escape narratives and related documents. This work drew upon his own experiences as a prisoner of war and his subsequent escape.",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Wingfield joined the Labour Party in 1923, was elected to the St. Marylebone Borough Council in 1925, and served on the Electricity and Finance Committees. He was a member of the Council of the Institution of Aeronautical Engineers, the Royal Aeronautical Society, the London Domestic Mission, and the Fabian Society of the L.L.P. In the 1929 general election he stood as Labour candidate for the Banbury constituency, coming third with 16.3% of the vote.",
"title": "Political and social involvement"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Wingfield was a member of the Royal Aero Club, the Belsize Boxing Club, the Inns of Court Fencing Club, and the \"Done our Bit\" Ex-Servicemen’s Club.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
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"text": "Wingfield married opera singer Ella Frank in 1928.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Lawrence Arthur Wingfield, MC, DFC was an officer in the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and later the Royal Air Force (RAF), serving during World War I. He was a recipient of both the Military Cross (MC) and the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). He later became a solicitor and founder of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators. | 2023-12-17T14:39:43Z | 2023-12-19T05:58:04Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Arthur_Wingfield |
75,585,508 | 2023 Binzhou Huilong F.C. season | The 2023 season was the first season in the existence of Shaanxi Chang'an Union Football Club, and the last officially competing as Binzhou Huilong Football Club. It was their first season in the CMCL, the Chinese fourth-tier. The season saw Shaanxi Chang'an Union promoted to the Chinese third-tier as they were victorious in the promotion play-offs. The attendance of 25,696 against Dalian Huayi at the Weinan Sports Center Stadium on 3 September 2023 broke the CMCL record. The record was beaten two weeks later against Guangzhou E-Power, with 26,156 supporters in Weinan.
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
On 4 July, Shaanxi Chang'an Union announced a friendly against Uzbekistan Super League side FC Surkhon Termez to be played at the Yulin Sports Center on 22 July. On 15 August, the club announced they would host a behind closed doors friendly against Shenzhen Juniors at Union's training ground on the following day. Three days later, they announced a second behind closed doors friendly against Xi'an Chongde Ronghai to be played on 19 August.
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
Group B
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
On 26 April, the fixtures for the regionals stage were announced.
Rizhao region
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
Group B
Last updated: 14 October 2023. Source:
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
After Binzhou Huilong's qualification to the final round, the subsequent fixtures were announced on 26 August.
On 15 October, the ties for the 2023 CMCL promotion play-offs were confirmed. Binzhou Huilong were to play Changchun Shenhua in the first knock-out tie. Should Binzhou Huilong advance to the second knock-out tie, they were to face Guangzhou E-Power away. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 season was the first season in the existence of Shaanxi Chang'an Union Football Club, and the last officially competing as Binzhou Huilong Football Club. It was their first season in the CMCL, the Chinese fourth-tier. The season saw Shaanxi Chang'an Union promoted to the Chinese third-tier as they were victorious in the promotion play-offs. The attendance of 25,696 against Dalian Huayi at the Weinan Sports Center Stadium on 3 September 2023 broke the CMCL record. The record was beaten two weeks later against Guangzhou E-Power, with 26,156 supporters in Weinan.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"title": "First-team squad"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 4 July, Shaanxi Chang'an Union announced a friendly against Uzbekistan Super League side FC Surkhon Termez to be played at the Yulin Sports Center on 22 July. On 15 August, the club announced they would host a behind closed doors friendly against Shenzhen Juniors at Union's training ground on the following day. Three days later, they announced a second behind closed doors friendly against Xi'an Chongde Ronghai to be played on 19 August.",
"title": "Friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "Friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Group B",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 26 April, the fixtures for the regionals stage were announced.",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Rizhao region",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Group B",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Last updated: 14 October 2023. Source:",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "After Binzhou Huilong's qualification to the final round, the subsequent fixtures were announced on 26 August.",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On 15 October, the ties for the 2023 CMCL promotion play-offs were confirmed. Binzhou Huilong were to play Changchun Shenhua in the first knock-out tie. Should Binzhou Huilong advance to the second knock-out tie, they were to face Guangzhou E-Power away.",
"title": "CMCL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "",
"title": "Statistics"
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] | The 2023 season was the first season in the existence of Shaanxi Chang'an Union Football Club, and the last officially competing as Binzhou Huilong Football Club. It was their first season in the CMCL, the Chinese fourth-tier. The season saw Shaanxi Chang'an Union promoted to the Chinese third-tier as they were victorious in the promotion play-offs. The attendance of 25,696 against Dalian Huayi at the Weinan Sports Center Stadium on 3 September 2023 broke the CMCL record. The record was beaten two weeks later against Guangzhou E-Power, with 26,156 supporters in Weinan. | 2023-12-17T14:40:02Z | 2023-12-31T19:31:50Z | [
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75,585,512 | University of Medicine | University of Medicine may refer to: | [
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"text": "University of Medicine may refer to:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "Elsewhere"
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75,585,530 | The Bells Have Gone to Rome | The Bells Have Gone to Rome (Hungarian: A harangok Rómába mentek) is a 1959 Hungarian drama film directed by Miklós Jancsó and starring Miklós Gábor, Vilmos Mendelényi and Gabi Magda. It was Jancsó's first feature film having previously directed a number of short films. | [
{
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"text": "The Bells Have Gone to Rome (Hungarian: A harangok Rómába mentek) is a 1959 Hungarian drama film directed by Miklós Jancsó and starring Miklós Gábor, Vilmos Mendelényi and Gabi Magda. It was Jancsó's first feature film having previously directed a number of short films.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Bells Have Gone to Rome is a 1959 Hungarian drama film directed by Miklós Jancsó and starring Miklós Gábor, Vilmos Mendelényi and Gabi Magda. It was Jancsó's first feature film having previously directed a number of short films. | 2023-12-17T14:42:14Z | 2023-12-25T03:44:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bells_Have_Gone_to_Rome |
75,585,541 | Ummadidevarapalle | Ummadidevarapalle is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.
According to 2011 census of India, the village has 269 households with a total population of 862, consisting of 436 males and 426 females. The Scheduled Castes population is 388 (198 males, 190 females), and the Scheduled Tribes population is 45 (23 males, 22 females). A total of 460 people in the village are literate. The workforce includes 481 individuals, with 266 males and 215 females. | [
{
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"text": "Ummadidevarapalle is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division.",
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"text": "According to 2011 census of India, the village has 269 households with a total population of 862, consisting of 436 males and 426 females. The Scheduled Castes population is 388 (198 males, 190 females), and the Scheduled Tribes population is 45 (23 males, 22 females). A total of 460 people in the village are literate. The workforce includes 481 individuals, with 266 males and 215 females.",
"title": "Demographics"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | Ummadidevarapalle is a village located in the Gampalagudem mandal, NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tiruvuru revenue division. | 2023-12-17T14:44:48Z | 2023-12-20T12:38:20Z | [
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75,585,546 | Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences | Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences (山形県立米沢栄養大学, Yamagata kenritsu Yonezawa eiyō daigaku) is a public university in Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan.
The university was established in 2014 by reorganizing the Department of Health and Nutrition of Yonezawa Women's Junior College. In 2018 the university established the graduate school (master's program).
37°53′27″N 140°07′24″E / 37.890727°N 140.1234°E / 37.890727; 140.1234 | [
{
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"text": "Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences (山形県立米沢栄養大学, Yamagata kenritsu Yonezawa eiyō daigaku) is a public university in Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan.",
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"text": "37°53′27″N 140°07′24″E / 37.890727°N 140.1234°E / 37.890727; 140.1234",
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] | Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences is a public university in Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan. The university was established in 2014 by reorganizing the Department of Health and Nutrition of Yonezawa Women's Junior College. In 2018 the university established the graduate school. | 2023-12-17T14:46:09Z | 2023-12-20T15:17:38Z | [
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