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[ [ "Barbara Dürk" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Barbara Dürk''' (28 February 1949, Freiburg im Breisgau — 20 April 2014, Frankfurt am Main) was a German trade union functionary, publicist and management consultant." ], [ "Life", "Barbara Dürk was born in Freiburg im Breisgau and spent her childhood in the Black Forest.", "After A-levels, she initially studied at Frankfurt am Main to become a teacher.", "She also completed a locksmith's apprenticeship and in 1984 applied to a university lecturer who was looking for a skilled worker for a third-party funded project.", "Her application was not accepted because of her gender.", "Barbara Dürk took legal action against this, but lost at the Hessian State Labour Court in Frankfurt am Main with the judgement of 4 December 1985 - 2 Sa 625/85.She then lodged a Constitutional Complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court, because she had been discriminated against because of her gender.", "After eight years, on 16 November 1993, the decision was made in her favour.After training as a locksmith, Dürk attended the Academy of Labour at the University of Frankfurt am Main (today: European Academy of Labour).", "She then worked in the ÖTV-Hesse as trade union secretary for women and environmental protection.", "At ÖTV, she initiated a campaign to improve the status of typical women's occupations in the public sector.", "According to some of her fellow campaigners, she did \"pioneering work in women's politics\" in this context.", "At the same time, she published alongside other non-lawyers on the concept of equal work, e.g.", "in 1990 with ''Wenn das Brunnenmädchen im Heilbad den Hahn zudreht,'' which preceded the later legal discourse.", "Additional focal points of her work were the development of alternatives to privatisation, especially for women's jobs, as well as women's interests in the modernisation of public services.", "She was committed to the implementation of more flexible working time models to enable women in particular to better reconcile working life and family.From 1993, Dürk worked as a management consultant.", "Together with Karin Kraus, she founded the \"Büro für neue Zeitpraxis\" institute to further develop working time models, network practitioners, academics and institutions and facilitate the exchange of experience.", "Among others, the institute's sponsors were Margret Mönig-Raane, then deputy Ver.di chairwoman, Hans-Günter Henneke and Herbert Mai.", "Dürk and Kraus advised administrations and municipal organisations and companies as part of the \"New Time Practice\" project.", "Over the course of the project, working hours and opening times were organised more flexibly in cooperation with all those involved.", "The aim was to be able to offer more family-friendly working hours for a better compatibility of family and career, but also more customer-friendly opening hours.In collaboration with the trade unionist Renate Sternatz, Barbara Dürk dealt with the practical implementation of the Leistungsentgelts collective agreement for the public service, which was introduced across the board in 2005.Dürk and Sternatz described for employees, staff councils and company management how performance pay - remuneration based on performance and not on time - can be linked to target agreements and used for the benefit of all those involved.", "From 2010 to 2012, Dürk and Renate Sternatz carried out a pilot project on demographic change in Germany.", "This was implemented in a number of municipalities in Germany.", "Together with employees from various areas of work, she developed models for age-appropriate work.Dürk died on 20 April 2014." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Andriy Malakhov" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Andriy Oleksandrovych Malakhov''' () is a Ukrainian soldier, captain of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, a participant of the Russian-Ukrainian war." ], [ "Biography", "He has been at the front from 2014.As of 2021, he is the former head of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the detachment of the 3rd Separate Special Purpose Regiment of the Special Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.", "In the first half of 2018, the detachment under the command of Lieutenant Andriy Malakhov destroyed at least 15 units of enemy military equipment in the temporarily occupied territories.In 2015, he became the head of the \"ATO Warriors\" party.On 27 February 2019, he was registered as a trustee of the presidential candidate Serhii Kryvonos in the regular presidential elections in Ukraine on 31 March 2019.===Russian invasion (2022)===From 1 June 2022, he was the commander of the 518th Dyke Pole Battalion.====Slobozhanskyi counter-offensive (2022)====On 6-7 September 2022, the battalion conducted successful offensive and assault operations on the occupiers' positions along the line: Shchurivka – Nova Husarivka – Bairak and established full control over these settlements of the Kharkiv Oblast and the approaches to them.On 8 September 2022, a decision was made to continue offensive operations on the Balakliia – Savyntsi front, where enemy units were cut off from the main forces and logistics supply lines.", "During the battle of Balakliia, Commander Malakhov was wounded twice in the leg and once in the thigh.He personally led the assault group of the Dyke Pole battalion, which successfully crossed the Siverskyi Donets River and liberated the village of Vilkhuvatka.", "After the assault group gained a foothold on the outskirts of the village, the occupiers brought in reserves and engaged the Ukrainian unit.", "In direct contact with the enemy, Captain Andriy Malakhov received a bullet wound, but together with his men, he inflicted significant losses on the enemy and forced them to retreat." ], [ "Awards", "* Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 2nd class (19 July 2022), 3rd class (21 August 2017)* Medal For Military Service to Ukraine (23 July 2016)* Defender of the Motherland Medal (27 February 2017)" ], [ "Military ranks", "* Captain (as of 2023)* Senior Lieutenant (as of 2022)* Junior Lieutenant (as of 2017)* Sergeant (as of 2016)" ], [ "Interesting facts", "Captain Andriy Malakhov received his pseudonym from the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Valerii Zaluzhnyi, who was impressed by the military's ability to conduct operations in the occupied territory while remaining invisible." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Colopsus arkavathi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Colopsus arkavathi''''' is a species of jumping spider from southern Karnataka, India." ], [ "Discovery", "Lohit Y.T, a specialist in rivers and wetlands from WWF India reached Nandi Hills near Bengaluru late one evening and trekked up to an popular sunset spot where he had spotted an tiny spider which seemed different as he had never seen any spider before with the black and white pattern and distinctly shorter jump pattern seen in ''Colopsus arkavathi'' from Nandi Hills.", "He took images of the spider and shared them to experts and colleagues.", "Upon seeing these images, experts stated that it was a rare species and could be studied further if they had a captured specimen.", "Lohit then captured specimens and were sent to the Entomology Research Institute and was later found to be a new species." ], [ "Distribution", "It is currently only known from Karnataka, India.", "Its type locality is Nandi Hills." ], [ "Habitat", "''Colopsus arkavathi'' was found in rocky regions with shrubs and thin dry leaf litter on the ground.", "It was observed only to be on ground at all times and never on trees, plants, fallen bark pieces or rocks in the foothills of Nandi Hills." ], [ "Ecology", "From Valley School.Day active individuals were found to rest in silken retreats constructed in curled dry leaves.", "An female was also observed in captivity, which laid eggs twice during the period and in the absence of leaves it was found in the corners of aquariums at night.", "It avoided mosquitoes, houseflies and ants but lavishly fed on fruit flies, on one instance, when 30 fruit flies were released into the box with the female, all of them were consumed in the same day.", "It guarded it's egg sac and ventured out only for capturing prey when the fruit flies were released in the box.", "An second egg sac was laid after a gap of about ten days and cannibalism among the newly hatched spiderlings was observed.", "While it took about 2 hours and 40 minutes for a spiderling to consume a fruit fly, it was about 15 minutes for the female." ], [ "Etymology", "From Valley School.The spider is named after the Arkavathi river, which originates in the Nandi Hills near Bengaluru where the spider was first discovered.", "The Arkavathi river served as the water demand in Bengaluru and it's neighbouring districts.", "It was hoped that the discovery of the spider was a small step towards highlighting the importance of the Arkavathi ecosystem and the need to save it." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Bruscitti" ], [ "Introduction", " (; ; \"crumbs\") is an Italian and Swiss single-course meal of the Lombard, Piedmontese and Ticinese cuisine based on finely chopped beef cooked for a long time.", "It is a typical winter dish and is served with , or purée.", "is originally from the city of Busto Arsizio, Lombardy, Italy.", "''Bruscitti'' is widespread in northwestern Lombardy (Italy), northeastern Piedmont (Italy) and lower Ticino (Switzerland).", "The dish probably originates in the Middle Ages." ], [ "Etymology", "In the Lombard language the term means \"crumbs\", referring to the size of the meat, chopped into small pieces." ], [ "Description", "Based on finely chopped beef and cooked for a long time (from 2 to 4 hours) on low flame, the other ingredients of the dish are butter, lard, garlic, pancetta and fennel seeds.", "At the end of cooking it is blended with well-structured red wines such as Barbera or Barolo.", "When serving it, the must not be too soupy or too dry.", "It is a typical winter dish and is served with , or purée.For 100 g of ''bruscitti'', food energy is 112.63 kcal (472 kJ), while nutritional value are 6.73 g of proteins, 4.93 g of fats (of which 2.29 g saturated fatty acids), 1.14 g of fibres and 10.05 g of carbohydrates (of which 1.21 g sugars)." ], [ "Geographical diffusion", "The dish is widespread in the whole Insubria area, or in the province of Varese (Lombardy), in the Alto Milanese area (Lombardy; particularly in the area of the city of Busto Arsizio, where it originates), in the province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (Piedmont) and in lower Ticino (Switzerland)." ], [ "History", "Piazza Santa Maria in Busto Arsizio is originally from the city of Busto Arsizio, Lombardy, Italy It is a dish of the ancient peasant tradition.", "The dish probably originates in the Middle Ages.", "The first hypothesis on it origin traces its birth to the use of shreds of beef that remained attached to tanning hides (in fact, many tanneries were active in Busto Arsizio).Another hypothesis on the origin of the dish can be traced back to the total pulping of the bones of the steers, i.e.", "the recovery of those parts that were discarded from the tables of the richest.", "Until the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, harder cuts of the beef were used for , which required longer cooking.", "Later, more noble cuts began to be used such as the , the , the and the .", "with porridgeOriginally, the less noble or waste parts of beef were used.", "It was a humble but invigorating dish, which was created with the aim of providing refreshment to the farmers who worked in the fields.", "The dish was born from the need to cook a dish that would cook very slowly on the embers of the fireplace, without the need for much attention and then be finished off at the end of cooking with a touch of wine.", "Tradition dictates that the meat is cut into small pieces using a knife so as not to lose its juice.In 1975 in Busto Arsizio the (\"Bruscitti Magisterium\") was founded, an association with the aim of spreading knowledge of local rustic cuisine.", "On 16 December 2012 the mayor of Busto Arsizio established \"the day of \" ( in Lombard), which occurs every second Thursday in November.", "In 2014 the municipality of Busto Arsizio recognized the for ." ], [ "See also", "* Busto Arsizio* Italian cuisine* Lombard cuisine* List of beef dishes* List of Italian dishes* Piedmontese cuisine* Ticinese cuisine" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Magistero Dei Bruscitti di Busto Arsizio" ] ]

[ [ "Antke Engel" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Antke Engel''' (born 21 September 1965 in Hamburg) is a German philosopher and publicist.", "Together with Sabine Hark, she is one of the pioneers of Butler reception in Germany, teaches as a visiting professor for Queer Studies at various universities and is the founder and director of the Institute for Queer Theory in Berlin." ], [ "Career", "Antke Engel studied philosophy, education and geography in Bielefeld and Hamburg.", "In 1995, she obtained her Magistra Artium in Philosophy at the University of Hamburg with the thesis \"Abschied von der Binarität?", "Die Kategorie Geschlecht im feministisch-philosophischen Diskurs\".", "In 2001, she received her doctorate in philosophy from the University of Potsdam with a queer-theoretical thesis published under the title \"Wider die Eindeutigkeit\".", "She has been a visiting professor at the Universities of Hamburg (2003/04 and 2005), Vienna (2011), at the Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences Berlin (2015) and the TU Darmstadt (2018/2019).", "From 2007 to 2009 she was a Research Fellow at the Institute for Cultural Inquiry (ICI) Berlin, which resulted in the publication of her second monograph \"Images of Sexuality and Economy\" (2009).", "She held further fellowships in 1995 at the Institute for Human Sciences, in 2018 at the London School of Economics and in 2018/2019 as Asa Briggs Visiting Fellow at the University of Sussex.In 2006, Engel founded the Institute for Queer Theory (iQt), which she has headed ever since.", "Opened in Hamburg in the Prinzenbar of the Dock and launched with lectures by Lisa Duggan and Judith Butler, it is now located on the site of the former Berliner Kindl-Brauerei in Neukölln in the immediate vicinity of the Schwuz.", "As director of the iQt, Engel conceives and organises events that are oriented towards a \"queer politics of representation\".", "She promotes international academic exchange through lecture series and conferences, in which experimentation with event formats and the participatory involvement of visitors play an important role.", "Together with Jess Dorrance, she organised the project \"Bossing Images: The Power of Images, Queer Art and Politics\" launched by the New Society for Visual Arts between 2012 and 2016.Antke Engel is on the scientific advisory board of ''Femina Politica'', the ''IPAK Research Center for Cultures, Politics and Identities'' in Belgrade, an associate member of the ''Centre for Transdisciplinary Gender Studies'' at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and a member of the ''College of Expert Reviewers'' of the European Science Foundation.", "From 2010 to 2012, she was on the founding board of the Fachgesellschaft Geschlechterstudien." ], [ "Publishing activities", "From 1990 to 1997, Engel was co-publisher, editor and author of the Hamburger Frauenzeitung, an independent feminist journal, which is now archived in the Digital German Women's Archive.", "As a queer theorist, she has co-edited two monographs and various anthologies, including the volume \"Queering Demokratie\" (2000), which documents the first international queer conference in Germany, which was organised by the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Berlin in 1998 and co-organised by Engel.", "With the volumes \"Hegemony and Heteronormativity\" and \"Global Justice and Desire\", she contributed to the international debate on Queer Studies as an editor.Engel wrote a basic essay on the concepts of gender and sexuality in the introductory volume \"Poststructuralist Social Science\" published by Stephan Moebius and Andreas Reckwitz as well as an essay on queer methods in the volume \"Dis/Kontinutäten.", "Feminist Theory\" published several times.Engel has also published numerous academic articles, including in Peer-Review journals such as Feministische Studien, Femina Politica, NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, Qualitative Inquiry, where her queer-theoretical method of \"engaged ekphrasis\" was introduced into the international discussion on qualitative social research in 2018, as well as art-theoretical essays, including in Kunstforum International, FKW - Zeitschrift für Geschlechterforschung und visuelle Kultur and the e-flux Journal." ], [ "Work", "Engel coined the term \"strategy of disambiguation\" to distinguish queer political approaches from identity or minority political strategies.", "At the forefront of her approach is the critique of identity politicss and the normalisations, hierarchisations and exclusion processes that accompany them.", "This distinguishes it from approaches that see queer as a shortened form of LSBTTIA and understand it as policies aimed at visibility and recognition.", "According to Engel, queer politics is characterised by questioning and undermining the stability and unambiguity of identity categories, norms and prevailing power constellations.", "Engel formulates that it is neither about a duplication nor a dissolution of the category of gender, but about making the clear differentiability of two genders and unambiguous gender categorisations generally questionable.Engel advocates an understanding of queer theory as a critique of power and domination that aims to dismantle all relations of inequality, exploitation and dominance.", "She combines the critical examination of gender, sexuality and desire as dimensions of social standardisation and inequality with the aim of promoting an understanding of comprehensive justice and non-hierarchical forms of difference.Engel's academic work is characterised by the fact that she systematically combines social and cultural science approaches in her philosophical thinking.", "She works on post-structuralist philosophy, critique of representation and political theory (Judith Butler, Gilles Deleuze/Félix Guattari, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Ernesto Laclau/Chantal Mouffe, Teresa de Lauretis).", "Against the background of the image readings in \"Images of Sexuality and Economy\", she has developed a method of discourse analysis of visual material, which she describes as \"committed ekphrasis\".", "It is based on analysing interwoven dynamics of power and desire that unfold in dealing with artistic works and visual material." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Luke McBeth" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Luke McBeth''' (born 9 September 1999) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Scottish Championship club Partick Thistle." ], [ "Career", "===College career===Following coming through the youth ranks at St Cadocs Youth Club, McBeth continued his footballing career in the US college football scholarship system.", "Between 2018 and 2022 he played for two universities during his time in the US, Lindenwood University in Missouri and Monmouth University in New Jersey.===Return to Scotland===After leaving the US, McBeth signed for Scottish Lowland Football League side East Kilbride in late 2022.Following a short spell with East Kilbride, McBeth moved to West of Scotland Football League club Glenafton Athletic in 2023.===Partick Thistle===On January 1, 2024, following a successful trial period, McBeth signed for Scottish Championship club Partick Thistle for an undisclosed fee, signing an 18-month contract, with the option of a further year, with the Glasgow club.McBeth made his Thistle debut, coming off the bench as a substitute in a 3–2 home victory over Queens Park in the Scottish Championship in January 2024.McBeth made his first start for Thistle, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–3 away draw with Inverness in February 2024." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Khole Ke Hanuman Ji Temple" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Khole Ke Hanuman Ji Temple''' is a Hindu temple located at a distance of about 9 km from district headquarters of Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan state in India.", "The temple is dedicated to a major Hindu deity Hanuman.", "Apart from the devotees, domestic and foreign tourists also come here to admire the picturesque beauty of nature at this place." ], [ "Geography", "This temple is situated at a hill named ''Lakshman Dungr''i of Aravalli mountain range.", "This place is situated in the beauty of nature and green environment is visible all around." ], [ "History", "In the 60s, ''Pandit Radhe Lal Choubey'' found a huge idol of Hanuman at this place and he started worshiping here.", "In 1961, He established ''Narwar Ashram Seva Samiti'' for the development of the temple.", "When this place was uninhabited, rain water used to flow here from the mountains.", "That is why the temple was named as ''Khole Ke Hanuman Ji''." ], [ "Architecture", "This is a new building built in ancient fort style which has three floors in it.", "There is a big open square in front of the temple.", "Just to the right of the door, there is a marble mausoleum of ''Pandit Radhe Lal Choubey''.", "In this grand three-storey temple, apart from Hanuman, there are separate and grand temples of Rama, Krishna, Ganesha, Gayatri and Valmiki.", "The paintings done on the walls and glass all around this temple are attractive." ], [ "Rope way", "In 2023, a rope way is also started here.", "Rajasthan state Governor Kalraj Mishra inaugurated it.", "This 436 meter long rope way from Annapurna Mata Temple to Vaishno Mata Temple situated on the hill has been built at a cost of Rs 18 crore.", "The height of this rope way, operated on five towers, is about 85 meters." ], [ "Events", "Every year a fair is organized here on the festivals of Govardhan Puja (''Annkoot''), where a large number of devotees come to have darshan and Prasada." ], [ "See Also", "* Govind Dev JI Temple* Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Pchelin, Sofia Province" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pchelin''' () is a village in the Sofia Province southwestern Bulgaria, located in the Kostenets Municipality.", "As of the 2022 the village had a population of 263.It is a spa resort." ], [ "Geography", "Pchelin is located in the Kostenets–Dolna Banya Valley at the foothills of the Sredna Gora mountain range, very close to the highest mountain range in the Balkans, Rila.", "It lies some 70 km southeast of the national capital Sofia, about 8 km of the spa resorts of Momin Prohod and Kostenets and 30 km of the ski resort of Borovets.", "The village has a territory of 15.546 km2.It lies just south of the Trakia motorway and east of the first class I-8 road Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo.", "There are favourable conditions for agriculture, the main crops include wheat, strawberries and blackcurrant." ], [ "Pchelin mineral baths", "The spa resort of Pchelin mineral baths is located some 2 km northeast of the village, nestled in a forested valley in the Septemvriyski ridge of Sredna Gora.", "The mineral springs have a total discharge of 13 L/sec and temperature of 73 °С.", "According to legends, the springs were used by the soldiers of the Bulgarian emperor Samuel (r. 997–1014), who in 986 dealt a crushing defeated to the Byzantines in the battle of the Gates of Trajan that took place in the vicinity of the village." ], [ "Gallery", "File:Pchelinski Bani.jpg | Pchelin mineral baths File:Hotel-vitalis.jpg | A spa hotel in PchelinFile:Pchelin village school.jpg | Old school" ], [ "Citations" ], [ "References", "*" ] ]

[ [ "2024 Mucojo attack" ], [ "Introduction", "Militants from the Islamic State - Mozambique Province stormed a military position of the Mozambique Defence Armed Forces on Friday morning 9 February 2024 in Mucojo, Macomia District in the Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique.25 soldiers were killed in the attack.", "The death toll was confirmed by the Macomia district administrator Tomás Badae.", "There was no way out for the soldiers, bacause the roads leading to Mucojo were closed by the attackers.", "Because of communications problems it's unclear if the militants are still in Mucojo.", "Some civilians were forced to carry food to an area north of Mucojo.", "There were no civilians killed or injured in the attack.", "There are no reports about casualties on the attackers side.The Islamic State claimed they had killed 20 soldiers in the clash.", "It was the second time within two months that Mucojo was attacked and occupied by the militants.", "It was also the deadliest attack on Mozambique troops since 2021." ], [ "See also", "* Battle of Mucojo" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "The Vultures Gather" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Vultures Gather''''' is a 1945 mystery detective novel by the British writer Anne Hocking.", "It was published in London by Geoffrey Bles.", "Written during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, it is the seventh in her series featuring Chief Superintendent William Austen of Scotland Yard." ], [ "Synopsis", "In Cornwall, a wealthy, domineering elderly woman is about to change her will.", "Her relatives all gather at the house, only for the lady to be murdered.", "The local police call in assistance from Scotland Yard." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Hubin, Allen J.", "''1981-1985 Supplement to Crime Fiction, 1749-1980''.", "Garland Pub., 1988.", "* Reilly, John M. ''Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers''.", "Springer, 2015." ] ]

[ [ "Hamme" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hamme''' may refer to:* Hamme (river), a river in Lower Saxony, Germany, forming the Lesum river together with the Wümme* Hamme, Belgium, a town and municipality in East Flanders** K.F.C.", "V.W.", "Hamme, the football club from the Belgian town* Hamme, Bochum, a quarter of Bochum, Germany" ], [ "See also", "* Hamm (disambiguation)* Ham (disambiguation)" ] ]

[ [ "Chen Binhua" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chen Binhua''' (; born 18 September 1971) is a Chinese journalist and politician currently serving as director and spokesperson of the Information Bureau of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council." ], [ "Early life and education", "Chen was born in Zhao'an County, Fujian, on 18 September 1971.In 1989, he enrolled at Xiamen University, where he majored in Chinese language and literature.", "From 2002 to 2005, he did his postgraduate work at the School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University." ], [ "Career", "After graduating in 1993, Chen became journalist for Xinhua News Agency, mainly engaged in news coverage of cross-strait relations.", "He was one of the first journalists stationed in Taiwan from Chinese mainland, and visited Taiwan for dozens of times between 2001 and 2015.He got involved in politics in April 2016, and finally became deputy director of the Economic Bureau of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council.", "On 1 June 2023, he was chosen as deputy director of Information Bureau of the Taiwan Affairs Office, rising to director on November 10." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Riikka Hakola" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Riikka Johanna Hakola''' (7 December 1962 – 5 February 2024) was a Finnish operatic soprano from Seinäjoki.", "She was a Master of Music by education.Riikka Hakola studied singing at the Sibelius Academy and privately in London, New York, Milan and Vienna.", "She won the Kangasniemi Singing Competition in 1987 and won second prize in the Timo Mustakallio Singing Competition the same year.", "Hakola was a guest soloist at the Finnish National Opera from 1990; She also performed at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and in several opera houses in the Nordic countries, Germany and the United States.Among Hakola's more than 40 roles are Violetta (La Traviata), Donna Anna (from Don Giovanni), Fiordiligi (Così fan tutte), Lucia di Lammermoor, Micaëla (Carmen), Arabella, Anna Bolena, Rosina (The Barber of Seville) and Gilda (Rigoletto).Hakola also premiered Finnish compositions and participated in TV operas.", "She performed as a soloist with orchestras in more than 20 countries.", "Hakola died on 5 February 2024, at the age of 61." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Oxford Palette" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Oxford Palette''', also known as the '''Two Dog Palette''' or the '''Minor Hierakonpolis Dogs Palette''', is an Ancient Egyptian cosmetic palette discovered in Hierakonpolis.", "Carved in low relief, the obverse side of the palette features two African wild dogs at the top, two serpopards licking a gazelle framing a mixing circle, and Saluki hounds attacking ibexes at the bottom.", "It is the earliest known representation of a griffin-like figure in Ancient Egyptian art, which appears on its reverse side with comb-like wings.", "At the bottom of the reverse side, a jackal-headed figure wearing a belt or penis-sheath plays a flute.The Oxford Palette is part of the collection of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, United Kingdom.The Palette was discovered by British archeologists James E. Quibell and Frederick W. Green, in what they called the Main Deposit in the Temple of Horus at Hierakonpolis, during the dig season of 1897–98." ], [ "See also", "* Narmer Palette" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official museum page" ] ]

[ [ "Exit (play)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Exit''''' is an Australian play by Dymphna Cusack.", "She described it as a \"tongue in cheek comedy\".Originally written for the stage it was adapted for radio by Joy Hollyer in 1957." ], [ "Premise", "\"Mark Garrett, at thirty, has written one successful book and is at work on another when he comes under the influence of Theodore Cavendish, a man of sixty, founder of a new philosophy Fifth Dimensionalism.", "This philosophy preaches the utter worthlessness of life.", "Theodore proclaims that the first man who seeks his own liberation will be the first hero and martyr of Fifth Dimensionalism.", "Mark finds himself cast for this role But he is disconcerted when he finds that arrangements for his passing are being taken calmly by his friends and relatives.\"" ], [ "Cast of 1957 Radio Production", "*Ray Barret as Mark Garrett *Dinah Shearing as Miranda *Allan Trevor as Theodore Cavendish *Lyndall Barbour as Professor Garrett *Fiandel as Frederick Lewis *Gordon Glenwright as Gasman *Lola Brooks as LJsa Meade *Richard Meikle" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Exit at Ausstage" ] ]

[ [ "Khalil Kazi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Khalil Kazi''' OBE is a British-Bangladeshi social activist.", "He was awarded the Independence Award, the highest civilian award in Bangladesh, for his social work in 2017.Kazi was born on the 27th September 1942 in Manikganj District, East Bengal, British India.", "He graduated from Manikganj Government High School and Government Debendra College.", "He did his master's degree at Cardiff University and another masters at University of Westminster.Kazi fought in Sector 2 and Sector 3 during the Bangladesh Liberation War.", "He moved to the United Kingdom in 1974.He established Dhaka Theaters and Dhaka Association in London.In February 1984, Kazi build a Shaheed Minar, a monument to the Bengali Language movement, in the Bangladesh Center.", "In 2000, he received the Order of the British Empire." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Steve Reinke (speedway rider)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Stephen John Reinke''' (born 3 April 1949) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Australia.", "He was the champion of Australia in 1974 and earned 16 international caps for the Australia national speedway team." ], [ "Biography", "Reinke, born in Ipswich, Queensland, became the Australian champion after winning the Australian Solo Championship in 1974.He soon became the Australian test team captain and was quickly coveted by the British teams, signing for Exeter Falcons despite an offer from Coventry Bees.", "He began his British leagues career during the 1974 British League season season, where he helped the team from Devon win the league title.The following season in 1975, he continued to ride for Exeter and averaged 6.07.Unlike most Australian riders, he chose not to continue to ride in Britain due to his business commitments.", "He was also Queensland champion in 1973 and 1974." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "TB Davie Memorial Lecture" ], [ "Introduction", "The annual '''TB Davie Memorial Lecture''' on academic freedom was established by University of Cape Town to commemorate the work of Thomas Benjamin Davie, vice-chancellor of the university from 1948 to 1955 and a defender of the principles of academic freedom." ], [ "Past speakers", "YearSpeakerSubject1959A van de Sandt CentlivresThomas Benjamin Davie1960Cornelis de KiewietAcademic freedom1961Z.", "K. MatthewsAfrican awakening and the universities1962Harry OppenheimerThe conditions for progress in Africa1963Sir Robert TredgoldIdeas, ideologies & idolatries1964Robert H. ThoulessRationality & prejudice1965Sir Robert BirleyThe shaking off of burdens1966A van Selms NisibisThe oldest university1968Erik EriksonInsight and freedom1969Barbara Ward, Lady JacksonA new history1971W A Visser T’HooftA responsible university in a responsible society1972Alpheus H ZuluThe dilemma of a black South African1972John, Lord Redcliffe MaudNational progress and the university1973René DumontUniversity autonomy and rural development in Africa1974R ColesChildren and political authority1975Juliet MitchellWomen and equality1976A H HalseyAcademic freedom & the idea of a university1977Lord GoodmanThe university's special role1978Geoff BudlenderLooking forward1979Martin LegassickAcademic Struggle and The Worker's Struggle (published not delivered)1980Ivan IllichShadow work, industrial division of toil (published not delivered)1981Terrence RangerToward a radical practice of academic freedom: the experience1982Howard ZinnAcademic freedom: collaboration & resistance1982Julius TominAcademic freedom in a repressive society1983Helen JosephThe doors of learning & culture shall be open1984Raymond SuttnerThe freedom charter - the people's charter in the 1980s1986Albert NolanAcademic freedom: a service to the people1986Hoosen CoovadiaFrom ivory tower to a people's university1990E R WolfFreedom and freedoms: An anthropological perspective1990Walter SisuluThe road to liberation1991E W SaidIdentity, authority & freedom: the potentate & the traveller1992G C SpivakThinking academic freedom in gendered post-coloniality1993C H LongThe gift of speech and the travail of language1994E FonerThe story of American freedom1996O PattersonThe paradoxes of freedom in America1997Noam ChomskyMarket democracy in a neoliberal order: Doctrines and reality1999Alan RyanAcademic freedom: Human right or professorial privilege?2001?Wole SoyinkaArms and the arts: a continent's unequal dialogue2002Kader AsmalBreaking with the past, planning for the future2003Frederik van Zyl SlabbertIs academic freedom still an issue in the new South Africa?2004Jonathan D. JansenAccounting for Autonomy: How Higher Education lost its Innocence2006Alan Charles KorsThe Essential Relationship of Academic Freedom to Human Liberty2007Achille MbembeRace and Freedom in Black Thought2009Nithaya ChettyUniversities in a Time of Change2010Robin BriggsThe Knowledge Economy and Academic Freedom2011Nadine StrossenSome Reflections on the British and French Cases: Post-9/11 Threats to Academic Freedom2012Ferial HaffajeeCreeping Censorship and the Spearing of Freedom2013Jonathan GloverUniversities, the Market and Academic Freedom2014Max du PreezThe mediocrity of intellectual discourse: misrepresenting South Africa in the academy and beyond2015Kenan MalikFree Speech in an Age of Identity Politics2017Mahmood MamdaniDecolonising the postcolonial university2018Pumla Dineo GqolaBetween Academic Inheritance and the Urgency of Definitions2019Steven SalaitaThe inhumanity of academic freedom2020Ravi KanburEconomic inequality begets academic inequality2021Yunus BallimOurs is to educate, not to captivate2022Fran BaumCorporatising universities threatens academic freedom2023Sakhela BuhlunguUniversity of Fort Hare – a tale of academic freedom and institutional autonomy" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* TB Davie Memorial Lectures" ] ]

[ [ "Horace Pierrite" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Horace Pierrite Sr.''' (1883 − May 15, 1955) was an American politician, farmer, trapper, and Native American leader.Raised on the Tunica-Biloxi Indian reservation, in Marksville, Louisiana, Horace was elected Chief of the Tunica-Biloxi tribe of Louisiana and served until his death.", "Previously, Horace served as sub-chief under Chief Eli Barbry.On September 12, 1938, Eli Barbry and Sam Barbry (Tunica), Clarence Jackson (Choctaw), and Horace Pierrite (Biloxi), traveled to Washington and called on Fred H. Daiker, an assistant of John Collier the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.", "At the meeting, they reported the allegation about the illegal land claims against their Spanish land grants in Avoyelles Parish.", "Daiker and Collier denied their claims based on a prior report from John Sibley that stated there were only a few Tunica and Avoyel Indians and that they were \"dying out\".", "Collier believed the tribe was extinct.Not until 1949, did the Bureau of Indian Affairs officially again meet with the Tunicas.", "In February 1949, ChiefHorace and sub-chief Joseph Pierrite twice discussed the possibility of Federal aid with A. H. McMullen, the Superintendent at the Philadelphia, Mississippi Choctaw Agency.", "McMullen declined to take a position.", "As a result, much of the Tunica-Biloxi land was seized by local white farmers.", "The Avoyelles Parish government awarded the white farmers with deeds to the Indian land.The Tunicas were unable to obtain either attention or services.", "Not until the 1970s did they actively resume theirattempts to gain recognition.", "Toward this end, the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Indians of Louisiana was incorporated on October 26, 1974.The organizers were Joseph Pierrite Jr., Horace Pierrite Jr., Sam Barbry Jr., and Rose Marie Gallardo.", "The articles and by-laws were approved by an election on October 26, 1974.Joseph Pierrite became the chairman and registered agent.", "Louisiana state recognition was achieved in 1975.In 1981, the Tunica Biloxi tribe received federal recognition from the United States Government." ], [ "Legacy", "Horace's descendants carried on his fight for the rights of Native Americans and continued to help lead the indigenous peoples of Louisiana.", "Horace Pierrite Jr. was one of the four original organizers and signers of the Tunica Biloxi articles, bylaws, and constitution.", "Herman Brevelle was raised on the reservation and was the last family to farm the tribal lands with siblings Pete, Richard, Marceline, and Ruby.", "He participated in excavations of Native American sites and other archaeological research and is a decorated 24-year retired veteran of the US Army and Vietnam War Veteran.", "Robert Brevelle is the registered agent and tribal councilman at-large of the Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana.", "Donna Jean Pierite Gilmore is the Ambassador at Paragon Casino and Resort of the Tunica Biloxi Tribe." ], [ "See also", "* Tunica-Biloxi* Marksville, Louisiana* Mansura, Louisiana* Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana* Isle Brevelle* Horace Pierite, Jr.* Herman Brevelle* Earl Barbry* Sesostrie Youchigant" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana, official website* Tunica-Biloxi History" ] ]

[ [ "Steve Baird" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Steve Baird''' is an Australian businessman noted for his marketing campaigns and, more recently, campaigns to end modern slavery." ], [ "Early life and education", "Baird is the youngest of three children born to Judy and Bruce Baird.", "As an infant, his father was made Australia's Trade Commissioner to the United States, and the family relocated to Rye, New York.", "His family returned to Australia in time for to him begin his primary education, just as his father ran for a seat in NSW Parliament.", "A passionate sportsman, he excelled at cricket while attending Knox Grammar School, with his HSC results listed by the Board of Studies for merit.", "In an interview with his family, they recalled that themes of dinner table conversations were winning the Sydney 2000 Olympic bid and caring for refugees in Australia.", "Following his father, his university studies were in business, though Baird himself says it was his mother's model of empathy that would be the bigger influence." ], [ "Business", "After a short spell in business banking with National Australia Bank, Baird's career moved to roles in marketing, beginning at Qantas.", "While managing campaigns, including the launch of the Qantas Frequent Flyer app, he also managed volunteers from the Qantas Cabin Crew Team, providing flight blankets homeless people, in partnership with local charities, such as Youth Off The Streets.In 2013, after ten years service with Qantas, Baird took a management role running brand and engagement campaigns for Virgin Australia.", "By 2016 he was the Head of Marketing, growing the membership base of the Australian frequent flyer program to 10 million.", "His team won international several awards at this time, including a Cannes Lion for the 'Billion Point' campaign in 2017." ], [ "Anti-slavery", "In an interview, Baird said he received a text message from a friend in early 2020, suggesting he apply for a role with International Justice Mission, the world's largest anti-slavery operation.", "He dismissed the message, but couldn't shake the idea.", "Pushed on by friends, and impressed with breakthroughs the organisation had made in reducing the exploitation of children, he applied, and was appointed to the role of CEO.Baird set a goal of raising the profile of IJM in Australia, to mobilise Australian expertise in the field, generate new financial resources for the group and initiate several campaigns aimed at legislators.", "In 2022, he launched a report that of all Australian company statements submitted under Australia's Modern Slavery Act, 85% failed to show any response to actual or alleged slavery in operations or supply chains.Baird's work was profiled in a podcast produced by Australian Federal Police, in which he admitted he was appalled to discover that, as of 2021, Australia ranked third for global consumption of online sexual exploitation of children material:\"... it's important that we start to have more of a national conversation around terrible forms of slavery like the online sexual exploitation of children that we understand that Australia is part of both the problem and the solution.", "\"By directing campaigns at individual lawmakers and government leaders, Baird saw significant breakthroughs at the state and federal level.", "One campaign was created simply to persuade the Special Minister of State, Don Harwin, to fully introduce anti-slavery reforms to NSW.", "Another activated religious leaders to push Dominic Perrottet to endorse the Modern Slavery Act.", "By 2022, NSW became Australia's first state to appoint and resource an Anti-slavery Commissioner.", "This complements the federal regime, companies with annual consolidated revenue of at least $100 million have to report on their supply chains." ], [ "Personal life", "Steve Baird's older sister is the author and journalist, Julia Baird.", "In a passage of her book, ''Bright Shining'', she explores what motivates her brother's drive for justice, and learns it was their mother, Judy, whom he saw ‘model solidarity with the vulnerable and make power decisions to support and express kindness towards those in need.", "This has always been true north for me.’His older brother, by ten years, is Mike Baird, who served as the 44th Premier of NSW.Baird shares the faith of his father Bruce, and his mother Judy, who died in 2021.While he was involved in Anglican churches in his youth, he is now active in catholic church communities.” He and his wife live in the Blue Mountains near Sydney, where they raise their three sons, and Baird coaches the Glenbrook-Blaxland Cricket team." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "David Sherry (priest)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''David Sherry''' (born 1981) is a Roman Catholic priest who currently serves as the District Superior of Great Britain & Scandinavia of the traditionalist Society of Saint Pius X, succeeding Fr.", "Robert Brucciani.", "He previously served as the District Superior of Canada." ], [ "Career", "Sherry entered the seminary of St. Curé d'Ars in Flavigny-sur-Ozerain in 2001 and was ordained a priest at the Seminary of St. Pius X in Écône in 2007.He served as a priest in Burghclere, Carluke, and Athlone across the British Isles before he was appointed as headmaster of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Academy in New Hamburg, Ontario.", "He was appointed District Superior of Canada in 2020 and served in this post until 2024, when he became District Superior of Great Britain & Scandinavia." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links" ] ]

[ [ "Políticamente incorrectos" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Políticamente incorrectos''''' is an upcoming Spanish comedy film directed by Arantxa Echevarría from a screenplay by Olatz Arroyo which stars Adriana Torrebejano and Juanlu González, alongside Gonzalo de Castro, Elena Irureta, María Hervás, Raúl Cimas, and Pepa Aniorte." ], [ "Plot", "Set against the backdrop of a politically polarised Spain, the plot follows progressive online communications manager Laura, working for 'Nueva Izquierda' leader Alfonso Bravo and rookie political aid Pablo, working for 'España Liberal' leader Victoria Silvela.", "Laura and Pablo are both placed second in the electoral list of their respective parties for the upcoming election, and an attraction to each other pops up in the aftermath of a helicopter incident." ], [ "Cast" ], [ "Production", "The film is a Lazona, Atresmedia Cine, and Espantapajaros Films AIE production, and it had the participation of Atresmedia and Netflix, funding from ICAA and backing from Ayuntamiento de Madrid.", "It was lensed by Pilar Sánchez." ], [ "Release", "Distributed by DeAPlaneta, the film is scheduled to be released theatrically in Spain on 23 February 2024." ], [ "See also", "* List of Spanish films of 2024" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Luna Shaw" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Luna Shaw Mei-kwan''' (; born 2 May 1973) is a Hong Kong stage actress best known for her role in ''Love is Shit''.", "She won eight Hong Kong Drama Awards, which makes her the actress with the most wins for the accolade." ], [ "Biography", "Shaw was born on May 2, 1973, in Hong Kong.", "She had her secondary education at Kiangsu-Chekiang College and became interested in drama after having classes with Poon Wai-Sum, a scriptwriter and the artist-in-residence.", "She attended the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts to study acting after acting, but dropped out in her second year due to family issues.", "She reapplied to the school three years later after her father's death under the motivation of Poon and her elder sister.", "She graduated with a higher diploma in 1999 and landed her first stage acting role in the play ''Non Dimenticar'' (Chinese: 年年有今日).", "She won Best Supporting Actress in the 11th Hong Kong Drama Awards in 2002 and formed the Windmill Grass Theatre (Chinese: 風車草劇團) with and .", "She won a total of eight Hong Kong Drama Awards, most notably winning Best Actress in the 2012 original stage play '''', which makes her the actress with the most wins for the accolade.", "Shaw received her first onscreen role in the 2020 ViuTV drama series '''' and featured in the 2023 drama film ''Time Still Turns the Pages''.", "In 2024, she was cast in lead roles in the crime thriller film ''The Moon Thieves'' and drama film ''''." ], [ "Filmography", "=== Film === Year Title Role Notes 2023 ''Time Still Turns the Pages'' Sister Ha (蝦姐) 2024 ''The Moon Thieves'' Ms. Hong (紅姐) '''' === Television === Year Title Role Notes 2020 '''' Wu Choi Wan (胡彩雲) Guest role" ], [ "Awards and nominations", " Year Award Category Work Result Ref.", "1998 Hong Kong Drama Awards Best Supporting Actress ''See You Soon'' 2000 Best Actress ''Cricket in My Life'' 2001 Best Supporting Actress ''The Naked Eyes'' 2002 Best Supporting Actress ''The Black Comedy'' Best Actress ''Spiders in Meditation'' 2003Best Actress ''K For'' ''Hobson's Choice'' ''Venezia Cafe in Portland Street'' 2004 Best Actress ''Dragonhead'' 2005 Best Supporting Actress ''Tiger Crane Style'' 2006 Best Supporting Actress '''' Best Actress ''I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change!''", "2007 Best Actress ''The Massage King'' 2010 Best Supporting Actress ''Shadow Box'' 2012 Best Actress '''' 2015 Best Supporting Actress '''' 2017 Best Actress ''Almost, Maine'' 2019 Best Actress ''Boy Gets Girl'' 2020 Best Actress ''The Good Person of Szechwan'' 2023 Best Actress ''Bye-Bye Your Tale''" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania robusta" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania robusta''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils have been found in Upper Miocene strata in northwestern France." ], [ "References", "*Calas, P. (1949).", "Note préléminaire à une revision des Rissoinidae du Redonien.", "Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Série 2.21: 164–168.", "* Landau B.M., Ceulemans L. & Van Dingenen F. (2018).", "The upper Miocene gastropods of northwestern France, 2.Caenogastropoda.", "Cainozoic Research.", "18(2): 177–368." ] ]

[ [ "Christiane Erlemann" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Christiane Erlemann''' (born 1953, Lünen) is an urban planner and pioneer of the second wave of the women's movement.", "She was one of the founders of the Aachen Women's Centre and the Congress of Women in Science and Technology (FiNuT).", "She was involved in the Feminist Organisation of Women Planners and Architects (FOPA) and campaigns for equal opportunities for women engineers and scientists." ], [ "Biography", "Christiane Erlemann is the daughter of a pharmacist (at that time a profession requiring a high school diploma) and a bank clerk who both ran a grocery shop.", "She attended a girls' grammar school and from 1971 studied architecture at Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) architecture, specialising in urban planning.From 1972, she became a member of a women's group that discussed gender relations and feminist theories at its meetings.", "At the same time, the group initiated public actions and demonstrations on women's political issues.", "The actions led to the founding of the Aachen Women's Centre in 1974.With their experiences as individual women among many male students on science and technology courses and their desire to discuss the social consequences of technology, Christiane Erlemann and her colleagues were not well received by the active women in the centre.Christiane Erlemann, Margarete Pauls (mechanical engineering) and Titi Janson (physics), together with other women from the fields of chemistry, electrical engineering and civil engineering, initiated reports on their experiences as technical women in the ''Frauenzeitung'' (women's newspaper) in 1976, which was published by various women's centres from 1973 onwards.", "At the university, they founded the group ''Feminism and Ecology'' to critically analyse scientific and technical topics.The group took part in the protest against the Brokdorf nuclear power plant.", "The publication of a paper written in this context expanded contacts with women throughout Germany at the time, including women working in the natural sciences and technology.", "Erlemann and Pauls then invited women in scientific and technical professions and study programmes to the first national meeting in Aachen.", "This resulted in the ''Congress of Women in Science and Technology'' (FiNuT), a regular, autonomously organised exchange in German-speaking countries.Already during her studies, Erlemann focused on women's issues and worked on a study project on the housing and living situation of housewives in a suburb.", "She wrote her diploma thesis on the Frauenkulturzentrum Sarah in Stuttgart.", "She investigated the centre's function in creating an urban public sphere and also worked at the centre herself.", "She published critical articles on urban planning from a women's perspective.", "In the trade journal ''Arch+'', she reported on the protests of women from the building professions against discriminatory structures and laws.After moving to Berlin, Erlemann was involved in the founding of the ''Feminist Organisation of Women Planners and Architects'' (FOPA) in 1981.The reason for this was the preparation of the International Building Exhibition (IBA), in which female architects were insufficiently represented.Erlemann campaigned for equal opportunities for female engineering students and female engineers and scientists at technical universities.", "In the project network \"Equal Opportunities for Women\", she was project manager at the Technische Fachhochschule Berlin (TFH) in the project ''Women-promoting aspects of study reform''.", "Together with Elfriede Herzog, she introduced the gender/innovation programme at the TFH as a research assistant in 2001 with the gender/innovation professorship.In her dissertation, published in 2002, \"Ich trauer meinem Ingenieurdasein nicht mehr nach.", "Why women engineers change careers - a qualitative empirical study\", Erlemann investigated the subtle factors that alienate women from technical subjects on the basis of female dropouts.", "She used biographically orientated narrative interviews to show the entanglements of professional experiences with the personal background and the resulting actions.", "The discussion of political consequences and the thematisation of gender to explore, explain and change structures in the technical and scientific field are particularly important to her.From 2010, she coordinated the mentoring programme \"Gender-Partnership\" at the Gender and Technology Centre (GuTZ) of the Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin and from 2012 she led the project \"MINTPORT - MINT-Mentoring-Netzwerk - Einstieg, Verbleib und Vernetzung von Ingenieurinnen\" (MINTPORT - STEM Mentoring Network - Entry, Retention and Networking of Female Engineers) with two focal points: firstly, the establishment of a mentoring programme with tandems of female mentors in companies and female students from the participating universities, and secondly, the support of the participating companies by offering organisational development from a gender perspective.The archive of the Stiftung Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin holds a collection of documents under the name ''VV FiNuT'', including those of Rosemarie Rübsamen, Helene Götschel and Christiane Erlemann.The FrauenMediaTurm archive and documentation centre contains a Vorlass of documents on Erlemann's contribution to the women's movement under \"Erlemann, Christiane P02-Erle\"." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Aloysius Ogbonna" ], [ "Introduction", "Chief '''Aloysius Ogbonna''' is a Nigerian traditional ruler and the Igwe-elect of Ogugu-Ntegbenese kingdom in Awgu Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.", "In January 2024, Aloysius Ogbonna was announced as the Igwe-elect of Ogugu-Ntegbenese kingdom.", "He received the title of Ikemba Enugu by Ohaneze Ndigbo during the Enugu at 29 celebration in 2020." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Nile Green (novel)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Nile Green''''' is a 1943 mystery detective novel by the British writer Anne Hocking.", "Written during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, it is the fifth in her long-running series featuring Chief Superintendent William Austen of Scotland Yard.", "It was published in the United States by Doubleday under the alternative title '''''Death Loves a Shining Mark'''''." ], [ "Synopsis", "In wartime Cairo working for military intelligence, Austen investigates a case amongst the wealthy British inhabitants of the city.", "A married woman who had been having an affair, has been murdered during an air raid." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Barzun, Jacques & Taylor, Wendell Hertig ''A Catalogue of Crime''.", "HarperCollins, 1989.", "* Hubin, Allen J.", "''1981-1985 Supplement to Crime Fiction, 1749-1980''.", "Garland Pub., 1988.", "* Nehr, Ellen.", "''Doubleday Crime Club Compendium, 1928-1991''.", "Offspring Press, 1992.", "* Reilly, John M. ''Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers''.", "Springer, 2015.", "* Spector Simon, Reeva.", "''Spies and Holy Wars: The Middle East in 20th-Century Crime Fiction''.", "University of Texas Press, 2010." ] ]

[ [ "Kasoombo" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Kasoombo''''' is an Indian Gujarati historical drama film directed by Vijaygiri Bava.", "It stars Raunaq Kamdar, Dharmendra Gohil, Darshan Pandya, Chetan Dhanani, Shraddha Dangar, Monal Gajjar and Firoz Irani in principal roles.", "It was released on 16 February 2024." ], [ "Plot summary", "Set during Alauddin Khilji's invasion of Gujarat, a local chief Dadu Barot leads a small band of warriors to protect the Palitana Jain temples on Shatrunjaya hill from pillage and destruction." ], [ "Cast", "Principal cast include:* Raunaq Kamdar as Amar Barot* Dharmendra Gohil as Dadu Barot* Darshan Pandya as Alauddin Khilji* Chetan Dhanani as Arjun* Shraddha Dangar as Suzan* Monal Gajjar as Roshan* Firoz Irani as VisabhaSupporting cast include:* Komal Thacker as Zubaida* Vishal Vaishya as Alaf Khan* Kalpana Gargekar as Mithiba* Bimal Trivedi as Vedo Khokhar* Jay Bhatt as Mehghji* Jagjeetsinh Vadher as Nagraj* Mayur Soneji as Jadavbha* Vrutant Goradia as Ranmal* Bhargav Parmar as Popat* Manoj Shah as Muni Maharaj* Ragi Jani as Pujari" ], [ "Production", "The film is adapted from Vimalkumar Dhami's novel ''Amar Balidan''.", "It is produced at the cost of approximately ." ], [ "Soundtrack" ], [ "Reception", "Kanksha Vasavada writing for ''The Times of India'' rated it 4.5 out of 5.She praised the direction, music, screenplay and performances.", "Rachana Joshi of ''Mid-Day Gujarati'' rated it 4 out of 5.She praised the performances, casting, VFX, cinematography, soundtrack and dialogues but criticised the slow start and the length of the film.", "Meena Kansagara of ''TV9 Gujarati'' rated it 4.5 out of 5.She praised the direction, dialogues, script, action and music.", "Chtansingh Chauhan of ''Newzdaddy'' rated it 4 out of 5.He praised story, direction, performances, cinematography and score but criticised length, some long scenes and \"lack of energy\" in title song." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania ziziphina" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania ziziphina''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils have been found in Pliocene strata in Brittany, France." ], [ "References", "*Calas, P. (1949).", "Note préléminaire à une revision des Rissoinidae du Redonien.", "Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Série 2.21: 164–168.", "* Landau B.M., Ceulemans L. & Van Dingenen F. (2018).", "The upper Miocene gastropods of northwestern France, 2.Caenogastropoda.", "Cainozoic Research.", "18(2): 177–368." ] ]

[ [ "Franziska Feilbogen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Franziska Feilbogen''', née Rindskopf, also ''Franza Feilbogen'' (19 October 1873, Vienna — 9 October 1927, Zurich), was an Austrian literary scholar, translator, writer and feminist." ], [ "Life", "She was born in Vienna in 1873 as the daughter of Julius Rindskopf (1827–1901), co-owner of a company, and Charlotte Schoendel Rindskopf (née Arnstein, 1835–1902).", "She had five brothers and two sisters.", "Several of her siblings later took the name Rink.Franziska Rink married the lawyer and national economist, writer and translator Siegmund Feilbogen, son of Rabbi Benjamin Feilbogen, on 23 June 1901 in Linz according to the Jewish rite.", "After his emigration to Switzerland, she studied at the University of Zurich and was awarded her doctorate in 1916 with a dissertation on Friedrich Theodor Vischer - this dissertation was reviewed in several literary journals after its publication.", "She worked as a writer and translator.", "In 1918, she again published articles in Artistic Institute O. Füssli.", "In 1919, she wrote a review of Hans Blüher's ''The Role of Eroticism in Male Society'' for the newly founded feminist journal ''Die Frau im Staat''.", "In 1925, she wrote an article for Helene Stöckers Mutterschutz-Organ ''Die Neue Generation''.", "Of particular importance were her translations of Marie Stopes's works on family planning such as ''Wisdom in Reproduction'', ''Love Life in Marriage'' and ''Happy Motherhood'', which were published several times.Her diaries, which came to the State Library of New South Wales via her nephew Erich, who emigrated to Australia in 2008, from the years 1889 to 1927 have not yet been analysed, although they presumably contain more detailed information about the incident in the Vatican, which had far-reaching consequences for her and her husband's career, the joint collaboration in the magazine ''Internationale Rundschau'', published in Zurich during World War I, and the acquaintance with James Joyce in Zurich.", "The Feilbogen couple were among a dozen or so old Austrians who had gone to Switzerland as World War exiles and met Joyce there - including Felix Beran, Stefan Zweig and Rudolf Lothar." ], [ "Writings", "* Franza Feilbogen: ''Fr.", "Th.", "Vischers „Auch Einer“.", "Eine Studie.''", "Inhaltsverzeichnis Druck und Verlag Art.", "Institut Orell Füßli, Zürich 1916, (Zugleich Dissertation an der Universität Zürich 1916, Digitalisat im Internet Archive)." ], [ "Translation", "* Shaw Desmond: ''Körper und Seele.", "Roman.''", "2.Auflage.", "1924, 3.Auflage Orell Füssli, Zürich / Leipzig 1928." ], [ "Literature", "* Franziska Feilbogen: ''Diaries, 1889–1927.''", "Katalogeintrag der State Library of New South Wales, März 2008.", "* Rudolf Krauss: Rezension der Doktorarbeit von 1916, ''Deutsche Litteraturzeitung'' bei archive.org, 30.Jahrgang 1917, S. 90, rechte Spalte, 20.Januar 1917." ], [ "Weblinks", "*" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Milby" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Milby''' may refer to:" ], [ "Surname", "*Ada Milby (born 1983), Filipino-American rugby player* (dead 1877), Canadian politician*Sam Milby, Filipino actor and musician" ], [ "Other uses", "*Milby, North Yorkshire, England*MiLBY Awards, baseball awards" ] ]

[ [ "Nicolai Normann Dons" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nicolai Normann Dons''' (15 June 1798 – 25 June 1891) was a Norwegian merchant and politician.He was born in Hamnvik as a son of merchant Jens Bing Dons (1771–1823) and Ingeborg Anna née Normann.Dons took over his father's merchant company.", "Among several positions in local politics and society, he managed a savings bank and served as mayor of Ibestad.", "He was elected a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from ''Finmarkens amt'' in 1841 and was elected as a representative in 1847 and 1850.He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav.He married Johanna Ovidia Frederikke Lund.", "His daughter Ingeborg Anna Dons married Ove Guldberg Høegh." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Tridib Dastidar" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tridib Dastidar''' (Bengali: ত্রিদিব দস্তিদার) (1952–2004) was a Bangladeshi poet.", "He was born in Patia in Chittagong, to the illustrious Dastidar family.", "Moving to Dhaka in the mid-1970s, he emerged as a bohemian poet.", "He published six volumes of poetry.", "Spending his life in loneliness and dire poverty, he died of illness in Dhaka in 2004." ], [ "References", "bn:ত্রিদিব দস্তিদার" ] ]

[ [ "Miss Diddy" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Candis Brown''', known professionally as '''Miss Diddy''', is an entertainment marketer and founder and CEO of The Brand Group, an LA-based marketing agency and event production company." ], [ "Biography", "Candis Brown was born in Compton.", "She grew up in Inglewood, California, returning to Compton, California at around ten years old.", "In high school, many of her friends called her \"Diddy,\" leading to her use of the nickname professionally.", "Miss Diddy began her career as the only female promoter in Hollywood.", "She began her career promoting the West Coast tier of Kanye West's GOOD Music.", "Miss Diddy founded a full-service-agency, the Brand Group LA, which offers marketing, brand management, and event production services.", "Notably, she has worked with Compton mayor Aja Brown.", "This partnership has allowed her to work with the Compton community.Miss Diddy hosts a \"Toast to Black Hollywood\" (formerly \"A Toast to Young Hollywood\") annually prior to the BET Awards.", "This award honors \" great movers and shakers in the industry as well as people moving the needle and making a change in their communities.\"" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Bourguyia" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Bourguyia''''' is a genus of harvestmen in the family Gonyleptidae with four described species (as of 2023).", "All species are found in Brazil." ], [ "Description", "The genus ''Bourguyia'' was described by Mello-Leitão with the type species ''Bourguyia albiornata'' Mello-Leitão, 1923." ], [ "Species", "These species belong to the genus ''Bourguyia'':*''Bourguyia albiornata'' Mello-Leitão, 1923Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná)*''Bourguyia bocaina'' Yamaguti & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2009Brazil (São Paulo)*''Bourguyia laevibunus'' (Roewer, 1930)Brazil (Pernambuco (?", "), Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo (?", "))*''Bourguyia maculata'' (Roewer, 1930)Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, etc.", ")*''Bourguyia trochanteralis'' (Roewer, 1930)Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, etc.", ")*''Bourguyia vinosa'' Yamaguti & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2009Brazil (São Paulo)" ], [ "Etymology", "The genus is feminine.", "Named after Hermílio Bourguy Macedo de Mendonça." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* (eds.)", "(2007).", "''Harvestmen – The Biology of Opiliones''.", "Harvard University Press, USA." ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]

[ [ "Gabbar Singh (soundtrack)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Gabbar Singh''''' is the soundtrack to the film of the same name directed by Harish Shankar and produced by Bandla Ganesh's Parameswara Art Productions starring Pawan Kalyan and Shruti Haasan.", "The soundtrack to the film featured six songs composed by Devi Sri Prasad with lyrics written by Ramajogayya Sastry, Chandrabose, Sahithi, Bhaskarabhatla and Prasad himself.", "The soundtrack was released on 15 April 2012 through the Aditya Music label." ], [ "Development", "The film's soundtrack consisted of six songs curated by Prasad, who previously collaborated with Kalyan on ''Jalsa'' (2008) and also collaborating with Shankar for the first time.", "Popular Telugu actor Kota Srinivasa Rao lent his vocals for a song in the film, as did Kalyan for the song \"Pilla\".", "There were rumours that the song called \"O Bava\" were circulating around the internet but Prasad denied that he had composed such a song for the film and \"someone have might have uploaded it 'by mistake' as our song.\"" ], [ "Release", "On 15 April 2012, Kalyan, Ganesh, Shankar and few others visited Venkateswara Temple in Tirumala, where they released the first song \"Dekho Dekho Gabbar Singh\" and soon after, they went to Visakhapatnam and visited Simhachalam Temple to release the second song \"Akasam Ammayaithe\".", "The remaining songs were released at the film's music launch event which was held at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad on the very same day.", "Although, Chiranjeevi and Ram Charan were reported to attend the event, only the former appeared as the chief guest.", "The makers further unveiled a mobile application for fans to stream the event live on their mobile phones." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Reception", "Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' commented that the soundtrack for the film is \"notches below Thaman's Tamil equivalent (''Osthe'')\".", "In contrast, a critic from ''123Telugu'' described the music as \"a superb entertainer that has a nice mix of class and mass songs\".", "Radhika Rajamani of ''Rediff.com'' wrote \"Devisprasad's music was in tune with the story\".", "Karthik Pasupulate of ''IndiaTimes'' called the music as a \"standout\" and \"enhances the whole experience\".", "Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''The Hindu'' said that the music adds \"zing\" to the film, further stating \"The 70s hangover is hard to miss in the background score\"." ], [ "Awards and nominations", " Ceremony Category Nominee ResultHyderabad Times Film Awards 2012Best Music DirectorDevi Sri PrasadTSR – TV9 National Film Awards 2012Best Playblack Singer – MaleVaddepalli Srinivas – \"Ey Pillaa\"2nd South Indian International Movie AwardsBest Music Director – TeluguDevi Sri PrasadBest Male Playback Singer – TeluguShankar Mahadevan for \"Akasam Ammayaithe\"Best Female Playback Singer – TeluguMamta Sharma for \"Kevvu Keka\"60th Filmfare Awards SouthBest Music DirectorDevi Sri PrasadBest LyricsSahithi Pawan – \"Kevvu Keka\"Best Playback Singer (Male)Vaddepalli Srinivas – \"Pillaa\"Mirchi Music Awards South 2012Best Album of the Year – Jury ChoiceDevi Sri PrasadBest Album of the Year – Listeners ChoiceDevi Sri PrasadBest Song of the Year – Jury Choice\"Akasam Ammayaithe\"Best Song of the Year – Listeners Choice\"Kevvu Keka\"Best Composer of the YearDevi Sri Prasad" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Horace Pierite, Jr." ], [ "Introduction", "'''Horace Pierite Jr.''' (1908 − 1985) was an American politician, farmer, and Native American leader.", "Raised on the Tunica-Biloxi Indian reservation, in Marksville, Louisiana, Horace was the son of Chief Horace Pierrite Sr. of the Tunica-Biloxi tribe of Louisiana.", "The Tunica-Biloxi Indians were unable to obtain either attention or recognition of the State of Louisiana or United States Government.", "As a result, much of the tribe's land that was issued under Spanish Land Grant was being illegally seized by local white farmers in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "In 1974, Horace along with Joseph Pierrite, Jr., Sam Barbry, Jr., and Rose Marie Gallardo organized and incorporated the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Indians of Louisiana.", "Joseph Pierrite became the chairman and registered agent.", "Louisiana state recognition was achieved in 1975.In 1981, the Tunica-Biloxi tribe received federal recognition from the United States Government." ], [ "Legacy", "Horace's descendants carried on his fight for the rights of Native Americans and continued to help lead the indigenous peoples of Louisiana.", "Herman Brevelle was raised on the reservation and was the last family to farm the tribal lands with siblings Pete, Richard, Marceline, and Ruby.", "He participated in excavations of Native American sites and other archaeological research and is a decorated 24-year retired veteran of the US Army and Vietnam War Veteran.", "Robert Brevelle is the registered agent and tribal councilman at-large of the Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana.", "Donna Jean Pierite Gilmore is the Ambassador at Paragon Casino and Resort of the Tunica Biloxi Tribe." ], [ "See Also", "* Tunica-Biloxi* Marksville, Louisiana* Mansura, Louisiana* Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana* Isle Brevelle* Horace Pierrite Sr.* Herman Brevelle* Earl Barbry* Sesostrie Youchigant" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana, official website* Tunica-Biloxi History" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania rotulata" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania rotulata''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 3.3 mm, its diameter 2.2 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils have been found in Miocene strata near Sassuolo, Italy." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Pantanelli, D. (1888).", "Descrizione di conchigli miocenichi nuove o poco note.", "Bullettino della Società Malacologica Italiana.", "13: 26-32, 150-158* errero Mortara E., Montefameglio L., Novelli M., Opesso G., Pavia G. & Tampieri R. (1984).", "Catalogo dei tipi e degli esemplari figurati della collezione Bellardi e Sacco.", "Parte II.", "Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.", "Cataloghi 7: 1-484." ] ]

[ [ "German trawler V 603 Carsten" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Carsten''''' was a German fishing trawler which was built in 1923.She was requisitoned by the Kriegsmarine during the Second World War.", "She was used as a ''Vorpostenboot''.", "She was allocated to France post-war, and was renamed '''''Thon''''' in 1948.She was scrapped in 1954." ], [ "Description", "The ship long, with a beam of .", "She had a depth of .", "She was assessed at , .", "She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of , and diameter by stroke.", "The engine was built by G. Seebeck AG., Wesermünde-Geestemünde, Germany.", "It was rated at 53 nhp.", "It drove a single screw propeller.", "It could propel the ship at ." ], [ "History", "''Carsten'' was built as yard number 439 by G. Seebeck AG., Wesermünde-Geestemünde, Germany.", "She was launched in June 1923 and completed in August.", "Owned by the L. Janssen & Co., her port of registry was Wesermünde.", "She was allocated the Code Letters KSBL, and the fishing boat registration PG 342.In 1934, her Code Letters were changed to DEZI.On 22 September 1939, ''Carsten'' was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine.", "Designated as a ''vorpostenboot''.", "She was allocated to 7 ''Vorpostenflotille'' as V 705 ''Carsten''.", "On 1 July 1943, she was reallocated to 6 ''Vorpostenflotille'' as V 603 ''Carsten''.", "On 7 May 1945, she was declared a prize of war and allocated to France.", "Her name was changed to ''Thon'' in 1948.She was scrapped in 1954." ], [ "References", "===Sources===*" ] ]

[ [ "Seven Deadly Sins (film series)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Seven Deadly Sins Anthology''''' is an American television drama film series based on the books by Victoria Christopher Murray and produced by T.D.", "Jakes, Derrick Williams and Shaun Robinson for Lifetime and LMN.Each film in the series follows a story inspired by one of the seven deadly sins in the Bible.", "The first two films ''Lust: A Seven Deadly Sins Story'' (starring singer Keri Hilson) and ''Envy: A Seven Deadly Sins Story'' (starring actress Rose Rollins) premiered on April 10 and April 18, 2021 respectively.", "The third and fourth films ''Wrath: A Seven Deadly Sins Story'' (starring singer Michelle Williams) and ''Greed: A Seven Deadly Sins Story'' (starring actress Monique Coleman) premiered on April 16 and April 23, 2022 respectively.", "The fifth movie in the series, titled ''Pride: A Seven Deadly Sins Story'', starred singer Stephanie Mills and premiered on April 8, 2023." ], [ "Films" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Elizabeth Fisher (journalist)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Elizabeth Fisher''' (1924 — 1 January 1982, Sag Harbor, New York) was a U.S. author and editor of the feminist literary magazine ''Aphra''." ], [ "Life", "Fisher attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts and worked as a cultural columnist for ''The Rome American'' in Rome in the 1950s.", "She was also one of the founders of the literary magazine ''Aphra'' in 1969.Her articles have appeared in ''New York Times'', in ''The Nation'' and in the ''New York Post''.", "She taught at the Women's Writer's Centre at Cazenovia College as a visiting professor and taught Women's Studies at New York University.", "She was also a translator of novels and dramas.Fisher was married and had one child.", "She committed suicide in her Sag Harbor studio on New Year's Day 1982." ], [ "Work", "Fisher's best-known work is ''Women's Creation: Sexual Evolution and the Shaping of Society,'' in which she tells the story of human evolution from a feminist point of view.", "She begins with the question of why women are considered property that can be exchanged or sold.", "Men, as a clear contrast, first defined themselves through this possession.", "The (natural) sciences have not been spared these social attributions either.", "Nature was often defined as something to be conquered, possessed or mastered.", "Male sexuality was characterised not only as aggressive, but also as desirable.", "The woman was seen as \"the first conquered territory\", which was peacefully minded.", "Fisher criticises these naturalising attributions of the man as an aggressive conqueror, who had a naturally higher strength than the peaceful woman.", "It shows that there are other stories of the origins of humanity that were organised as matriarchy or egalitarianism.", "Drawing on sociology, ethnology and anthropology, Fisher argues that women were the first inventors in the hunter-gatherer phase.", "Thus, the development of agriculture and animal husbandry is said to be due to female innovation.The seventh chapter of the book ''The Carrier Bag Theory of Evolution'' inspired the science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin to write her essay ''The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction'', in which she conceptualises narration as a \"carrier bag\" in which various things and stories are gathered together.The publication was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in 1979." ], [ "External links", "* Article by Elizabeth Fisher in The New York Times" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania zibinica" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania zibinica''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 2.4 mm, its diameter 1 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils have been found in Miocene strata near Sassuolo, Italy." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Pantanelli, D. (1888).", "Descrizione di conchigli miocenichi nuove o poco note.", "Bullettino della Società Malacologica Italiana.", "13: 26-32, 150-158" ] ]

[ [ "Mathias Dugstad" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mathias Gotskalksen Dugstad''' (20 January 1844 – 5 April 1929) was a Norwegian farmer and politician.He was born in Voss as a son of farmer and politician Gotskalk Mathiassen Seim and Ingeborg Olsdatter née Fladekval.", "Both his father and paternal grandfather Mathias Gotskalksen Ringheim were members or deputies in Parliament.", "Mathias Dugstad took secondary education, but spent his career at the family farm Dugstad, being its owner from 1873 to 1906.He married Brita Nilsdatter Nesthus.Dugstad was a member of Voss municipal council from 1876 to 1901 and served as mayor from 1878 to 1889.He was also director of the savings bank Voss Sparebank.He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from ''Søndre Bergenhus amt'' in 1885, 1888, 1891 and 1894.He represented the Moderate Liberal Party and was a member of the Lagting during his last three terms.", "Lastly he served as a deputy representative during the term 1903–1906.He died in 1929." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Sui Khar" ], [ "Introduction", "Dr. '''Sui Khar''' is a Chin politician who has served as Foreign Minister of the self-declared State of Chinland since appoinment by the Chinland Council on 1 February 2024 and as Vice-chairman 3 of the Chin National Front (CNF).= Life =He was born about 1962, presumably, in Chin State, Burma.In 1995 and 1997, he was reported as the 'Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the CNF' and represented it at the National Council of the Union of Burma.", "In 2008, Khar co-wrote an article on Burma for the IWGIA.", "In 2007, he was serving as the Chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Ethnic Nationalities Council (ENC) and by 2012, he was serving as its General Secretary.", "In 2015, he was Secretary General II of the CNF.Between 2016 and 2018, he was serving as the Secretary of the Joint Ceasefire Monitoring Committee - Union Level (JMC-U) under the United Nations and as the Assistant General Secretary 1 of the CNF.He now serves as Vice-chairman 3 of the Chin National Front (CNF) and since appointment by the Chinland Council on 1 February 2024 as the Foreign Minister of the State of Chinland.", "Khar believes that the Burmese Army will be defeated in the Myanmar civil war within a year.", "He believes China is attempting to exploit the war and thinks it is the reason that the BURMA Act has not been implemented at the field level by the United States.", "He also supports cooperation with the National Unity Government, state governments established by other insurgent groups, as well as the United Nations.= References =" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Ukrderzhnatsmenvydav" ], [ "Introduction", "Ukrderzhnatsmenvydav symbol'''''Ukrderzhnatsmenvydav''''' (, short for 'Державне видавництво національних меншин УСРР' - State Publishing House for National Minorities of the Ukrainian SSR), was a publishing house in Soviet Ukraine 1926-1941." ], [ "Ukrainian branch of Tsentroizdat", "The publishing house was founded on June 25, 1926 as the Ukrainian branch of the (Tsentroizdat), and was based in Kharkov.", "During its first five years of activity, the publishing house issued textbooks in 15 languages (including German, Yiddish, Polish, Czech, Latvian and Estonian languages).", "Ukrderzhnatsmenvydav provided textbooks for the three Assyrian schools in Ukraine." ], [ "Move to Kiev", "In 1932 Ukrderzhnatsmenvidav was constituted as a separate publishing house under the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.", "In 1934 the publishing house shifted to Kiev." ], [ "Yiddish publishing", "Publishing in Yiddish language increased towards the end of the 1920s, reaching a peak 1930-1931.During the period of 1931-1941 the publishing house issued some 40% of all Yiddish-language books published in the Soviet Union.", "By October 1930 the publishing house issued four newspapers and five magazine in Yiddish.", "In addition the publishing house issued a number of industry-oriented publications in Yiddish, with a combined circulation of some 12,000 copies.", "In 1934 the Ukrderzhnatsmenvidav got the instruction in propagate Jewish settlement in Birobidzhan." ], [ "Bulgarian publishing", "A Bulgarian section was launched in 1932.Between 1926 and 1941 Ukrderzhnatsmenvidav published some 600 Bulgarian-language books, with a total of 900,000 copies." ], [ "Polish publishing", "Building that housed the Lvov branch of Ukrderzhnatsmenvydav 1940-1941, today 12, Vynnychenka StreetOn January 1, 1940 a branch of Ukrderzhnatsmenvydav was set up in on 12, Czarnieckiego street in Lvov, tasked with publishing in Yiddish and Polish languages.", "By 1941 the Lvov branch of Ukrderzhnatsmenvidav was the main publisher of Polish-language literature in the Soviet Union.", "In April 1941 the Lvov branch of Ukrderzhnatsmenvydav began publishing the literary quarterly , an organ of the Lvov Organization of the Union of Soviet Writers of Ukraine, which would only have a single issue.", "The editorial college consisted of (editor-in-chief) , , Aleksander Desniak, and ." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Svenja Flaßpöhler" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Svenja Flaßpöhler''' (born 1975 in Münster) is a German philosopher, journalist and author.", "She has been editor-in-chief of ''Philosophie Magazin'' since 2018." ], [ "Life and work", "Flaßpöhler grew up in a patchwork family with a half-sister and stepsister.", "When she was fourteen years old, her mother left her with her stepfather in a Westphalian village.", "She studied Philosophy, German Studies and Sport at the Westphalian Wilhelms University in Münster from 1994 to 2001.In 2006, she was awarded a scholarship from the German National Academic Foundation in philosophy with the thesis ''Der Wille zur Lust.", "Pornography and the Modern Subject'' Doctorate (PhD).", "As a freelance author, she wrote numerous essays and features from 2003 to 2011, including for Deutschlandradio and the magazine ''Psychologie Heute''.From 2011 to 2016, Svenja Flaßpöhler was deputy editor-in-chief of ''Philosophie Magazin'', and from 2013 to 2016 she was a book critic for 3sat's \"Buchzeit\" programme.", "Since 2013 she has been part of the programme management of the Cologne philosophy festival phil.cologne.", "From December 2016 to December 2017, she was managing editor for literature and the humanities at Deutschlandfunk Kultur.", "Since January 2018, she has been editor-in-chief of ''Philosophie Magazin''.For her book ''Mein Wille geschehe.", "Dying in times of assisted suicide'', Flaßpöhler received the Arthur Koestler Prize from the German Society for Humane Dying in 2007.In her book ''Forgiveness.", "Vom Umgang mit Schuld'' (2016), she philosophically explores the phenomenon of forgiveness and tells of her encounters with people who - as perpetrators or victims - are confronted with the most severe guilt.", "Flaßpöhler's own story - she was abandoned by her mother at the age of fourteen and grew up with her stepfather - forms the central theme of the book, which is her most personal to date.She is one of the supporters of the Charter of Fundamental Digital Rights of the European Union, which was published at the end of November 2016.In January 2018, Flaßpöhler thought the MeToo campaign was well-intentioned, but that it condemned women to a passive role.", "On 1 February 2018, she appeared on the talk show ''Maybrit Illner'' and said \"MeToo is of no use to women\" and \"The image that is produced is that of a passive woman reacting to an all-powerful phallus\".", "This caused a controversy with Anne Wizorek in the talk show.", "In the programme ''Büchermarkt'' (DLF) on 7 May 2018, she defended her polemic ''Die potente Frau'' (2018) on the topic.", "In her 2021 book ''Sensibel.", "Über moderne Empfindlichkeit und die Grenze des Zumutbaren'', published in 2021, Flaßpöhler explores social sensitisation and asks about the \"limits of what is reasonable\".", "Flaßpöhler works out the progressive dynamics of historical sensitisation processes, but criticises the current tendency to want to protect the subject from all impositions as a danger to liberal society.", "Although she shares the endeavour to use non-discriminatory language, she also sees limits and the danger of exaggeration: \"It is a phantasm to believe that language can always and completely do justice to everyone and depict everything.\"", "Flaßpöhler's demand is to add a second quality to sensitivity: resilience, which is misjudged as a neoliberal optimisation strategy, especially in left-wing circles.", "According to Flaßpöhler, resilience is dialectically intertwined with sensitivity: it arises from vulnerability.She was one of the first 28 signatories of an published in Emma magazine open letter to Chancellor Scholz dated 29 April 2022, which spoke out against arms deliveries to Ukraine following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.In June 2022, she was one of the co-founders of PEN Berlin.Svenja Flaßpöhler lives with her husband, the author Florian Werner, and their two children in Berlin." ], [ "Publications", "* ''Der Wille zur Lust.", "Pornographie und das moderne Subjekt.''", "Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-593-38331-6 (Dissertation Uni Münster 2006, 259 Seiten).", "* ''Mein Wille geschehe.", "Sterben in Zeiten der Freitodhilfe.''", "wjs, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-937989-27-3.", "* Mit Tobias Rausch, Tina Wald (Hrsg.", "): ''Kippfiguren der Wiederholung.", "Interdisziplinäre Untersuchungen zur Wiederholung in Literatur, Kunst und Wissenschaft.''", "Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-631-55955-0.", "* ''Gutes Gift.", "Über Eifersucht und Liebe.''", "Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 2008, ISBN 978-3-491-42109-7.", "* ''Wir Genussarbeiter.", "Über Freiheit und Zwang in der Leistungsgesellschaft.''", "DVA, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-04462-4.", "* ''Mein Tod gehört mir.", "Über selbstbestimmtes Sterben.''", "Pantheon, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-570-55227-8.", "* ''Verzeihen.", "Vom Umgang mit Schuld.''", "DVA, München 2016, ISBN 978-3-421-04463-1.", "* ''Die potente Frau.", "Für eine neue Weiblichkeit.''", "Ullstein, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-550-05076-3.", "* *" ], [ "Awards", "In 2007, Flaßpöhler received the Arthur Koestler Prize from the German Society for Human Dying (DGHS) for her book ''Mein Wille geschehe.", "Dying in times of assisted suicide''.From 2017 to 2019, Flaßpöhler served as a juror for the Bayerischer Buchpreis." ], [ "Literature", "*" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * * Svenja Flaßpöhler im Munzinger-Archiv (Artikelanfang frei abrufbar)* Offizielle Webpräsenz" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania rupeliensis" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania rupeliensis''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Garilli, V. & Parrinello, D. (2014).", "Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera.", "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.", "59: 379-406." ] ]

[ [ "MPFL Division 1" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Malaysia Premier Futsal League Division 1''', commonly abbreviated as '''MPFL Division 1''', is the highest division of the Malaysia Premier Futsal League (MPFL), and is currently contested by 8 teams.", "Since the MPFL was introduced in 2019, only two teams have ever been crowned champions, namely Selangor in 2019 and 2022 (using the name Selangor MAC) and Pahang Rangers in 2023.MPFL 2020 and 2021 were canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic.Introduced for the 2024 season, the MPFL Division 1 was introduced as the MPFL was split into two separate divisions, thus the MPFL Division 1 being the top-flight division of Malaysian futsal." ], [ "History", "=== Beginnings ===MPFL Division 1 officially begins its first season with eight teams in 2024.Each team can register only two imported players, provided they are 18 years old and above and have a record of playing in an overseas futsal league.", "A total of 14 imported players were introduced - 11 from Brazil, 1 from Indonesia, South Korea & Afghanistan.The launch ceremony of the Malaysia Premier Futsal League (MPFL) Division 1 2024 was officiated by the President of the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM), Datuk Haji Hamidin Haji Mohd Amin at the Panasonic National Sports Complex (KSN), Shah Alam.", "It was followed by the first match between Shah Alam City and the defending champions, Pahang Rangers which ended with a 6–6 result." ], [ "Current teams", "The following eight teams will compete in MPFL Division 1 during the 2024 season.", "Out of the 8 teams, 4 teams are from the Klang Valley.+Overview of MPFL Division 1 teamsTeamLocationStadiumPositionin 2023First seasonin MPFLHead coachGombak TOT UnitedShah AlamPanasonic Sport ComplexSemi-finalist2022 Qusmaini Noor RusliJohor Darul Ta'zimJohor BahruPasir Gudang Indoor StadiumRunner-up2023 Juan Antonio Miguel GarciaKL CityKuala LumpurOrtuseight ArenaQuarter-finalist2019 Jerry Dinesh PireiraPahang RangersKuantanSukpa Indoor StadiumChampion2019 Gerard Casas UllastreSabahKota KinabaluSabah Foundation Futsal CourtQuarter-finalist2023 Patt SriwijitSelangorShah AlamPanasonic Sport ComplexSemi-finalist2019 Edgar Eder BaldassoShah Alam CityShah AlamPanasonic Sport ComplexQuarter-finalist2022 Muizzudin HarisTerengganuKuala TerengganuKuala Terengganu State StadiumQuarter-finalist2019 Mohd Rozairi Ahmad" ], [ "Results", "=== League champions, runners-up and third-places ===+SeasonChampionsRunners-upThird-places2019SelangorPahang RangersTerengganu20201''cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic''20212022SelangorPahang RangersNegeri Sembilan20232Pahang RangersJohor Darul Ta'zimSelangorGombak TOT United=== Titles by team ===+TeamTitlesWinning seasonsSelangor22019, 2022Pahang Rangers12023" ], [ "Head coaches", "=== Titles by head coaches ===+Head coachTitlesTeam(s)Winning seasonsAddy Shairullyzam2Selangor2019, 2022Gerard Casas Ullastre 1Pahang Rangers2023" ], [ "Players", "=== Top scorers ===+SeasonPlayerTeamGoals2019 Saiful NizamPahang Rangers18 Ridzwan BakriPerak Fariq MohammadSelangor2022 Ekmal ShahrinSelangor14 Silva Matheus VasconcelosSelangor2023 Ali EbrahimiSelangor22=== Best Goalkeeper ===+SeasonPlayerTeam2023 Zainulzahin SinuanPahang Rangers" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "One Shall Be Taken" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''One Shall Be Taken''''' is a 1942 detective novel by the British writer Anne Hocking.", "It was published in London by Geoffrey Bles.", "Written during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, it is the fourth entry in her series featuring Chief Superintendent William Austen of Scotland Yard." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Hubin, Allen J.", "''1981-1985 Supplement to Crime Fiction, 1749-1980''.", "Garland Pub., 1988.", "* Reilly, John M. ''Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers''.", "Springer, 2015." ] ]

[ [ "Leland L. Summers" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Leland Laflin \"Lee\" Summers''' (6 March 1871 – 10 March 1927) was an American consulting engineer.", "As an expert on both military technology and chemical manufacturing, he worked as an advisor for the War Industries Board during World War I and served as their representative in Europe." ], [ "Biography", "Summers was born in Cleves, Ohio on 6 March 1871.His family moved to the Chicago area, where he graduated from Highland Park High School in 1886.Summers then received private instruction in mathematics, physics and engineering before taking a job as an assistant electrician with the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1889.After three years, he took a job as an electrician with the Postal Telegraph Cable Company.In 1894, Summers returned to Chicago to set up a practice as a consulting engineer.", "Starting from his work experience in electrical engineering, he expanded his expertise into chemical, mechanical and hydraulic engineering.", "Summers was awarded twenty-seven U.S. patents between March 1901 and March 1926.In 1911, Summers began to learn about military technology.", "This ranged from the chemical processes and raw materials used to produce high explosives to the mechanical engineering of guns.", "Summers took a special interest in Germany, where the synthetic chemical industry was more established than in America.", "So extensive was his knowledge that, in 1915 during a meeting with British artillery officers, Royal Marine general Leonard Thales Pease mistakenly assumed that he was a retired American artillery officer.In 1914, Summers moved his engineering practice from Chicago to New York City.", "From 1915 to 1917, he was an advisor to J.P. Morgan & Co. on the munitions market.", "Among those he advised there was Edward R. Stettinius.", "In 1917, Summers became an advisor to Bernard Baruch and followed him onto the War Industries Board.", "He supervised both the explosives and the chemicals work of the Board until March F. Chase and Charles H. MacDowell arrived in Washington, D.C. to assume those two respective responsibilities.", "In 1918, Summers was sent to Europe to represent the Board in discussions with the Allied European munitions industry.After the war, Summers was made an officer of the Legion of Honour by France, a commander of the Order of the Crown by Belgium and an officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy.", "In 1923, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the War Department.Summers served as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in the 1924–1926 patent infringement suit of William P. Deppe and the Deppe Motors Corporation against the General Motors Corporation." ], [ "Personal", "Summers was the son of Charles H. Summers and Emma (Porter) Summers.On 4 April 1899, Summers married Chicago journalist Eve Hadday Brodlique in London, Ontario.", "On 3 December 1900, their first child, Lesley, died in Chicago at the age of seven months.", "Their second child, Llewelyn Leland Brodlique Summers (25 September 1903 – 21 March 1948), married Margaret Grace Shotwell, the daughter of Columbia University history professor James T. Shotwell.", "Lee and Eve Summers had one granddaughter.On 10 March 1927, Summers died at his home \"Summerslea\" in Whitestone, Queens.", "Among those who attended his funeral service were Bernard Baruch, Hamlin Garland, Alexander Legge and Lorado Taft.", "His remains were interred in Woodstock, New York." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania seguenzorum" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania seguenzorum''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Nomenclature", "Replacement name for ''Rissoa solidula'' Seguenza, 1876, non Philippi, 1848" ], [ "References", "* Bertolaso, L.; Palazzi, S. (2000).", "Note sulla raccolta Seguenza di molluschi plio-pleistocenici della Provincia di Messina presso il Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia dell'Università di Firenze.", "Bollettino Malacologico.", "35(1–4): 3-44." ], [ "External links", "* Seguenza G. (1873-1877).", "Studi stratigrafici sulla formazione pliocenica dell'Italia meridionale.", "Bollettino, Reale Comitato Geologico d'Italia." ] ]

[ [ "Tiffany Florvil" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tiffany Nicole Florvil''' (born 1980) is an American historian.", "She teaches women's and gender history of 20th-century Europe at the University of New Mexico.", "Research focuses on modern European History after 1945, the African Diaspora, Black Germans and Black Internationalism." ], [ "Life and research", "Tiffany Florvil studied history and German literature at Florida State University until 2003 and received a master's degree in modern European gender and women's history from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2007.Florvil received her doctorate in modern European history from the University of South Carolina in 2013.Florvil is the founder and co-editor of the book series ''Imagining Black Europe'' published by Peter-Lang-Verlag, which deals with the diverse development and historical research, as well as intersectional and interdisciplinary perspectives on Black Europe." ], [ "''Mobilizing Black Germany'' (2020)", "Published in 2020, her book ''Mobilizing Black Germany.", "Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement'' deals with the history of the Black German movement from the 1980s to the 2000s.", "The focus is on the activism of Afro-German women, whose voices have decisively shaped the ideas of black politics and solidarity in Germany.", "Florvil describes Audre Lorde's influence on the emergence of an Afro-German community and shows that the German protagonists of Black Feminism in contrast to the American ones - Audre Lorde, Toni Morrison or Angela Davis – are hardly known.", "The book received numerous prizes and awards.The study shows the significance of the history of Black Germans, which has hardly been researched and has received little social attention to date, and is closely linked to racism and nationalism, especially with regard to the role of Black women in the emergence of a transnational Movement.", "Florvil's work particularly focuses on common ideas about German identity and history.", "The work was translated into German by Stephan Pauli under the title “Black Germany: Black, German, Feminist – the History of a Movement” and published in 2023.The work received wide recognition in various scientific fields and was highly praised by many critics.", "Numerous reviews particularly highlighted Florvil's innovative approach, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the history of Black Germans and focuses on the role of Black women." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Bob Sharp (speedway rider)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Robert Henry Sharp''' (17 February 1934 – 12 September 2012) was a motorcycle speedway rider from Australia.", "He was twice champion of Australia in 1962 and 1965 and earned 13 international caps for the Australia national speedway team." ], [ "Biography", "Sharp, born in Arcadia, New South Wales, began his British leagues career riding for Glasgow Tigers during the 1952 Speedway National League Division Two season.", "He won the Scottish novices Championship in September 1952.He spent two full seasons with Glasgow but in 1954 was forced to find a new club following Glasgow's withdrawal from the league campaign.He switched to Ipswich Witches and began to build on his previous seasons averages, recording 6.38 for the 1954 season.", "He came to prominence in 1956 after recording a 8.93 average for Ipswich.", "However, following a disappointing 1958 campaign he returned to ride in Australia.He became the Australian champion after winning the Australian Solo Championship in 1962 and New South Wales champion in 1964.He won a second Australian title in 1965." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania simonsi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania simonsi''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils of this marine species were found in Pliocene strata near Kallo, Belgium." ], [ "References", "* Marquet, R. (1997).", "Pliocene gastropod faunas from Kallo (Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium) — Part 2.Caenogastropoda: Potamididae to Tornidae.", "Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology.", "34: 9-29." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Sibylla Flügge" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sibylla Flügge''' (born 1950, Clausthal-Zellerfeld) is a German lawyer and retired professor at the Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences in the field of “Law of the Woman\".", "She was a member of the ''Frankfurt Women's Council''.", "Flügge is co-editor of the feminist legal magazine ''STREIT''." ], [ "Family", "Flügge's parents are the lawyer and women's rights activist Marianne Flügge-Oeri and the pastor Rufus Flügge.", "She has two children who were born in 1977 and 1981.The father of her children is Karl Dietrich Wolff." ], [ "Career", "As a teenager, Flügge joined the left-wing student movement, took part in demonstrations and Easter Marches and was head girl at the Sophienschule Hannover, where she graduated from high school in 1969.From 1969 to 1974 she studied Law at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main and then completed a three-year legal traineeship at the Regional Court Frankfurt am Main.", "During her studies, women's rights became Flügge's central theme.", "From 1977 she worked as a lawyer.In 1990 she became a consultant for health policy and prostitution in the Women's Department of the city of Frankfurt am Main, which was then newly founded by Margarethe Nimsch.", "She worked there under head of office Renate Krauß-Pötz until 1993.During her term in office, for example, the compulsory examination and compulsory registration of prostitutes in Frankfurt were abolished.In her dissertation ''Midwives and healing women.", "Law and legal reality in the 15th and 16th centuries'', Flügge dealt with the emergence of discrimination against women through law using the example of the history of midwifery law.", "Her analysis shows the historical processes leading to a gender-specific division of labor in medicine.", "Increasing hierarchy excluded women in Europe from academic medicine and obstetrics for a long time.After her doctorate in 1994, Flügge was appointed professor with a focus on women's rights at the University of Applied Sciences Frankfurt am Main, where she worked in the department from 1994 to 2015.", "\"Social work and health\"' taught and was also women's representative from 1995 to 2014.Her research areas are legal history, the emergence and history of discrimination against women in law with a focus on police law in the early modern period and family law in the 20th century, history of Women's legal demands as part of the new women's movement.", "In 2014, she was involved as a researcher in the “Sister Cities Going Gender” project run by the city of Frankfurt am Main, which dealt with the topic of “Gender Mainstreaming in Local Administration”.Flügge is one of the first active feminist lawyers who have met annually since 1978.These have been organized by changing groups since 1985 as “Feminist Lawyer Days”.", "In 1983 she was co-founder and has since been co-editor of the feminist legal magazine ''STREIT'' and is still the final editor there today." ], [ "Commitment to women's rights", "In the early 1970s she joined the Frankfurt Women's Council, which met in Frankfurt's Club Voltaire.", "Der Weiberrat war eine Initiative, die aus dem Berliner ''Aktionsrat zur Befreiung der Frauen'' im Sozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbund (SDS) hervorging.", "According to her own statements, Sybilla Flügge, together with the American psychoanalyst and then student Jessica Benjamin, advocated making personal experiences the starting point for social analysis and politics.She was also one of the organizers of the first nationwide women's congress of ''Aktion 218'', which, as part of the women's movement on the initiative of Alice Schwarzer, aimed to abolish the ban on abortion according to § 218.Der Kongress fand im März 1972 im Frankfurter ''Haus der Jugend'' statt.", "Sie gehörte im Sommer 1973 auch zu den Begründerinnen des Frankfurter Frauenzentrums in der Eckenheimer Landstraße 72 – als zweites Frauenzentrum in Deutschland neben dem zuvor in Berlin gegründeten Frauenzentrum." ], [ "Volunteering", "Flügge worked on a voluntary basis on the board of the Frankfurt Institute for Women's Research, was a long-time member of the advisory board of the Frankfurt Feminist Women's Health Center and was a member of the scientific advisory board of the Women's Studies and Education Center of the Protestant Church in Germany (FSBZ, today Study Center for Gender Issues in Church and Theology).", "She is a member of the research ethics committee of the German Society for Social Work (DGSA)." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania spirialis" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania spirialis''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils of this species were in Langhian strata (Middle Miocene) in the Paris Basin, France." ], [ "References", "* Glibert, M. (1949).", "Gastropodes du Miocène moyen du Bassin de la Loire.", "Première partie.", "Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgiques, Mémoires.", "ser.", "2, 30: 1–240." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Low Pavement" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Low Pavement''' is a short street located in Nottingham, England.", "It connects Castle Gate and Middle Pavement, which in turn connects to High Pavement.Low Pavement" ], [ "Notable buildings", "* 10, Low Pavement (Grade II listed)* 24-26, Low Pavement (Grade II* listed)" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Death Disturbs Mr. Jefferson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Death Disturbs Mr. Jefferson''''' is a 1950 mystery detective novel by the British writer Anne Hocking.", "It was the eleventh entry in her series featuring Chief Inspector William Austen of Scotland Yard, one of the many investigators during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.It was published in the United States by Doubleday." ], [ "Synopsis", "Mister Jefferson lived a quiet life, interacting largely with his servants and having no know enemies.", "His sudden murder therefore poses a puzzle for the investigating police." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Hubin, Allen J.", "''1981-1985 Supplement to Crime Fiction, 1749-1980''.", "Garland Pub., 1988.", "* Nehr, Ellen.", "''Doubleday Crime Club Compendium, 1928-1991''.", "Offspring Press, 1992.", "* Reilly, John M. ''Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers''.", "Springer, 2015." ] ]

[ [ "Alvania urgonensis" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania urgonensis''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 3.5 mm, its diameter 1.25 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils of this species were in Barremian strata (Cretaceous) near Orgon, southern France." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Cossmann, M. (1918).", "Les coquilles des calcaires d'Orgon (B.-du-R.).", "Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, quatrième série.", "* Cossmann, M. (1921).", "Essais de paléoconchologie comparée.", "Douzième livraison.", "Paris: the author.", "349 pp., plates A-D, 1-6" ] ]

[ [ "Denwit Boriboonsub" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Denwit \"David\" Boriboonsub''' () is a Thai professional golfer.Denwit won three tournaments over consecutive weeks in December 2023.First, he won the Saudi Aramco Invitational on the Asian Development Tour to secure the 2023 Order of Merit title; the following week, he won the Thailand Open, and the week after he won for the first time on the Asian Tour, at the Saudi Open, where he finished three strokes ahead of Henrik Stenson." ], [ "Amateur wins", "*2017 TGA–Singha Junior Golf Championship*2019 National Team Ranking #5, Singapore Open Amateur Championship*2020 National Team Ranking #1, National Team Ranking #2Source:" ], [ "Professional wins (6)", "===Asian Tour wins (1)===No.DateTournamentWinning scoreMargin ofvictoryRunner-up117 Dec 2023Saudi Open−18 (68-66-68-64=266)3 strokes Henrik Stenson===Asian Development Tour wins (1)===No.DateTournamentWinning scoreMargin ofvictoryRunner-up13 Dec 2023Saudi Aramco Invitational−16 (68-70-66-68=272)Playoff William Harrold===All Thailand Golf Tour wins (3)===No.DateTournamentWinning scoreMargin ofvictoryRunner(s)-up121 Nov 2021Singha Chiang Mai Open−13 (67-69-71-64=271)2 strokes Sajawat Sriprasit226 Jun 2022Singha All Thailand Premier Championship−21 (66-67-65-69=267)1 stroke Kittitee Pombunmee, Poosit Supupramai310 Dec 2023Thailand Open−22 (67-62-65-68=262)1 stroke Natipong Srithong===TrustGolf Tour wins (1)===No.DateTournamentWinning scoreMargin ofvictoryRunner-up114 May 2023Thailand Mixed Cup #11−10 (69-73-67=209)*Playoff Aunchisa Utama''Note: The 2023 Thailand Mixed Cup #1 was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "''1Mixed event with the WPGA Tour of Australasia" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "***" ] ]

[ [ "2024 Karachi Kings season" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Karachi Kings''' is a franchise cricket team that represents Karachi in the Pakistan Super League (PSL).", "They are one of the six teams that are competing in the 2024 Pakistan Super League.", "The team is coached by Phil Simmons, and captained by Shan Masood.", "Wasim Akram is the president of Karachi Kings." ], [ "Squad", "* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.", "* Ages are given as of 17 February 2024, the date of the first match in the tournament.", "No.", "Name Nationality Birth date Category Batting style Bowling style Year signed NotesBatters14'''James Vince'''DiamondRight-handedRight-arm medium2023Vice-captain75Irfan KhanEmergingRight-handedRight-arm medium-fast202376Leus du PlooySupplementaryLeft-handedLeft-arm orthodox202494'''Shan Masood'''GoldLeft-handedRight-arm medium-fast2024CaptainAll-rounders18'''Shoaib Malik'''GoldRight-handedRight-arm off break202321'''Mohammad Nawaz'''PlatinumLeft-handedLeft-arm orthodox202448'''Anwar Ali'''SilverRight-handedRight-arm medium-fast202455'''Kieron Pollard'''PlatinumRight-handedRight-arm medium202466'''Arafat Minhas'''SilverLeft-handedLeft-arm orthodox202488'''Jamie Overton'''SupplementaryRight-handedRight-arm fast-medium202495'''Daniel Sams'''PlatinumRight-handedLeft-arm fast-medium2024Wicket-keepers13Saad BaigSupplementaryLeft-handed202443'''Tim Seifert'''DiamondRight-handed202461Muhammad AkhlaqSilverRight-handedRight-arm medium-fast2023Bowlers9Mohammad Amir KhanSilverRight-handedRight-arm medium fast202426'''Tabraiz Shamsi'''GoldLeft-handedLeft-arm unorthodox202332'''Hasan Ali'''DiamondRight-handedRight-arm medium fast202438SirajuddinEmergingRight-handedRight-arm medium-fast202440'''Blessing Muzarabani'''Right-handedRight-arm fast-medium2024Full replacement for Jamie Overton50Fawad AliLeft-handedLeft-arm fast-medium2024Partial replacement for Tim Seifert56Mohammad RohidSupplementaryLeft-handedLeft-arm fast-medium202485'''Zahid Mahmood'''Right-handedRight-arm leg break2024Partial replacement for Kieron Pollard92'''Mir Hamza'''SilverLeft-handedLeft-arm fast-medium2022*Source: ESPNcricinfo" ], [ "Management and coaching staff", "PositionName Owner Salman Iqbal President Wasim Akram CEO Tariq Wasi Director Haider Azhar Head Coach Phil Simmons Assistant coach Muhammad Masroor Batting coach Ravi Bopara Bowling coach Waqas Ahmed Fielding coach Mohammad Mansoor Physio Imtiaz Khan Trainer Ibrahim Qureshi Performance analyst Mohsin Sheikh Masseur Muhammad Irfan Head of marketing Shehzad Hassan Khan Media manager Rai Azlan* Source: Official website" ], [ "Kit manufacturers and sponsors", " Shirt sponsor (chest) Shirt sponsor (back) Chest branding Sleeve brandingARY LagunaImtiaz Super MarketVGO TelMughal Steel, Eazicolor, Dawlance" ], [ "Season standings", "=== Points table ===The four top-ranked teams will qualify for the Playoffs.", "Advanced to Qualifier Advanced to Eliminator 1" ], [ "Group fixtures", "------------------------------------" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website* Team records 2024" ] ]

[ [ "Rhodine Sikumba" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rhodine Sikumba''' is a Zambian politician.", "He is the current Minister of Tourism of Zambia and a member of parliament for Livingstone Constituency.", "He is the member of United Party for National Development (UPND).", "He was born on 29 March 1980 in Zambia.", "He holds bachelor's in Arts, Grade 12 Certificate and Masters of Business Administration." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Almost Golden: The Jessica Savitch Story" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Almost Golden: The Jessica Savitch Story''''' is a 1995 American biographical drama television film directed by Peter Werner and written by Linda Bergman.", "It stars Sela Ward as a television journalist Jessica Savitch.", "The film premiered on Lifetime on \tSeptember 4, 1995.The film received mixed reviews from television critics, but was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie.", "It was Lifetime's most-watched original movie with 7.1 million viewers." ], [ "Cast" ], [ "Accolades", " Award Category Recipient(s) Result Ref48th Primetime Emmy AwardsOutstanding Television Movie Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Special Sela WardOutstanding Individual Achievement in Directing for a Miniseries or a Special Peter Werner2nd Screen Actors Guild AwardsOutstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Sela Ward CableACE AwardsActress in a Movie or MiniseriesSela Ward48th Directors Guild of America AwardsOutstanding Directing – Miniseries or TV Film Peter Werner" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Holm of Melby" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Holm of Melby''' is a small uninhabited island off Mainland, Shetland in Scotland.", "It lies in the Sound of Papa just offshore from the settlement of Melby in the district of Sandness.It is less than a mile offshore from Melby and south-east of the nearby islands of Forewick Holm and Papa Stour.", "There is a natural arch on the north-west tip of the coastline.", "It is part of the Sandness Coast SSSI, the main feature of which is its rocky shoreline." ], [ "Cairns", "There are three ancient cairns in ruins on the island.", "At the site of the south cairn a few large stone slabs are visible protruding through the turf.", "There is no sign of an internal chamber.", "The north-western most cairn, which has no \"discernible features\" is about in diameter.", "The cairn to the north-east is in diameter and about high.", "A group of three large stones suggest the presence of a chamber." ], [ "Gallery", "File:Holm of Melby - geograph.org.uk - 2047069.jpg|The cliffs of the Holm from the village of Melby, with the southern cairn visible at the summitFile:Melby church and cemetery - geograph.org.uk - 533083.jpg|View from Melby churchyard" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Jacob Mwiimbu" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jacob Mwiimbu''' is a Zambian politician.", "He is the current Minister of Home Affairs and Internal Security of Zambia and a member of parliament for Monze (constituency).", "He is the member of United Party for National Development (UPND).", "He was born on 23 July 1959 in Zambia.", "He holds AHZ, Cambridge School Certificate, LLB and LPQE Certificate." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Neil Welch" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Neil J. Welch''' (August 9, 1926 – June 29, 2017), nicknamed \"'''Jaws'''\", was an American FBI agent.", "He was perhaps best known for masterminding in the Abscam sting operation." ], [ "Life and career", "Welch was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.", "He attended North High School, Omaha University and Creighton University Law School.In 1951, Welch joined the FBI as a special agent.", "He retired in 1980.Welch died on June 29, 2017, at the age of 90." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Lionel Levy" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lionel William Levy''' (16 October 1916 – 21 February 1968) was a motorcycle speedway rider from Australia.", "He was twice champion of Australia in 1952 and 1953 and earned 16 international caps for the Australia national speedway team." ], [ "Biography", "Levy, born in Sydney, was discovered by Norman Parker and Parker brought him to England in 1948.He began his British leagues career riding for Wimbledon Dons during the 1948 Speedway National League season and Coventry Bees in the 1948 Speedway National League Division Three, where he recorded a 7.43 average.He spent four seasons with Coventry (but missed the 1951 season) before riding a few times for Southampton Saints in 1953.He gained valuable experience from his competition in the British leagues and became the Australian champion, after winning the Australian Solo Championship in 1952 and 1953.He also won the New South Wales champion in 1957 and went on to be the Australian team manager.", "He died in 1968, after fracturing his skull in a race at the Sydney Showground Speedway." ], [ "See also", "Rider deaths in motorcycle racing" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Makozo Chikote" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Makozo Chikote''' is a Zambian politician.", "He is the current Minister of Fisheries and Livestock of Zambia and a member of parliament for Luampa (constituency).", "He is the member of United Party for National Development (UPND).", "He was born on 25 May 1975 in Zambia.", "He holds bachelor's degree, Certificate in Diplomatic Practice Protocol and Public Relations, as well as a Grade 12 Certificate." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Colombian Civil War of 1851" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Colombian Civil War of 1851''' was a Civil War in the Republic of New Granada (present-day Colombia) between Liberals and Conservatives, fought between May and September 1851.The cause for the war was the Abolition of Slavery.", "The war was won by the Liberals." ], [ "Background", "In the wake of the Liberal Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, the newly created Colombian Liberal Party had won the 1849 Colombian presidential election and José Hilario López had become the first Liberal President of New Granada.", "His government expelled the Jesuits from the country, supported the separation between church and state, freedom of the press and the federalization of the state, initiated land reforms and abolished slavery." ], [ "The Civil war", "The abolition of slavery provoced an armed reaction by the large landowners in the south, especially in the Cauca and Pasto Provinces.", "The largest number of slaves were in Cauca and the attacks on the Church were especially sensitive in the extreme south.", "The rebellion was led by the brothers Sergio and Julio Arboleda Pombo, landowners and powerful slave owners who represented that sector of the population, which saw its wealth threatened by the liberation of the slaves.President José Hilario López sent General José María Obando to Cauca to quell Julio Arboleda's rebellion, and Tomás Herrera to the Valle del Cauca in the west.The war lasted just four months and its epicenters were in Pasto, Cauca, Cali and Antioquia.", "It ended with the Conservative defeat.Julio Arboleda was defeated by General Manuel María Franco in Buesaco (Nariño) and fled to Ecuador, and from there to Peru, when the Liberals came to power in Ecuador.In the west, Eusebio Borrero had organized an army of eight hundred men and taken Medellín, but was defeated by General Tomás Herrera at Rio Negro.", "In Cundinamarca the Guasca guerrilleros, led by the brothers Pastor and Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, were defeated by General José María Melo." ], [ "Consequences", "The triumph of the liberal government in this war accelerated the process of liberal reforms.", "Likewise, two years later, it allowed the creation of the New Granada Constitution of 1853, which established a wide range of freedoms, but which survived only five years." ], [ "References" ], [ "Links", "* War and Nation.", "The Colombian Civil War of 1851 by Juan Carlos Jurado Jurado" ] ]

[ [ "Peter Kapala" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Peter Kapala''' is a Zambian politician.", "He is the current Minister of Energy of Zambia and a member of parliament for Livingstone (constituency).", "He is the member of United Party for National Development (UPND).", "He holds a Grade 12 Certificate, Master's in Civil and Structural Engineering and a Technician Certificate." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Wolf (Saint Asonia song)" ], [ "Introduction", "\"'''Wolf'''\" is a song by Canadian-American rock supergroup Saint Asonia.", "It was released on October 21, 2022, as the lead single from their second EP, ''Extrovert''.", "The song was re-released on November 10, 2023, featuring John Cooper of Skillet." ], [ "Background", "\"Wolf\" has been described as \"a battle cry and an anthem of survival\" track.", "The song was inspired by the chaos and violence that many people in the world face and learning how to fight back to stay alive.", "Adam Gontier stated, \"So often we have to fight, scratch, and crawl our way out of unbearably difficult times, making our way to the surface for a moment, just to be thrown back in.", "It kinda feels like we're always under attack.", "\"On November 10, 2023, the band re-released \"Wolf\" with guest vocals from John Cooper of Skillet.", "Gontier called the collaboration an honor.", "The collaboration came together after the group spent that year touring with each other on the Rock Resurrection tour." ], [ "Critical reception", "\"Wolf\" was met with mixed reviews from music critics.", "Samuel Stevens of ''Crucial Rhythm'' called the song the most memorable track from the EP, praising its catchy chorus and Mike Mushok's guitar work.", "In contrast, Reggie Edwards of ''Front Row Report'' stated \"'Wolf' isn't even the best song on the EP.\"" ], [ "Music video", "The group shared an official visualizer for \"Wolf\" on October 27, 2022.The band premiered a live music video for the song, featuring John Cooper on January 16, 2024.The video was shot on November 22, 2023, in Salem, Virginia and was directed by Justin Reich.", "It was recorded during the band's run on the Rock Resurrection tour." ], [ "Credits and personnel", "Credits for \"Wolf\" adapted from AllMusic.", "'''Saint Asonia'''* Adam Gontier – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, composer, lyricist* Mike Mushok – lead guitar* Cale Gontier – bass guitar* Cody Watkins – drums'''Additional musicians'''* John Cooper – featured artist'''Production'''* Anton DeLost – mixing, producer, recording* Johnny Andrews – composer, lyricist* Ted Jensen – mastering" ], [ "Charts", "+Chart performance for \"Wolf\" Chart (2024) Peak position US Mainstream Rock (''Billboard'') 32" ], [ "Release history", "+ Release history and formats for \"Wolf\" Region Date Version Format Label Various October 21, 2022 Original Spinefarm November 10, 2023 Featuring John Cooper" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Doreen Mwamba" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Doreen Mwamba''' is a Zambian politician.", "He is the current Minister of Community Development and Social Services of Zambia and a member of parliament for Livingstone (constituency).", "She is the member of United Party for National Development (UPND).", "She was born on 20 March 1966 in Zambia.", "She holds a Cabin and VIP Service, Diploma in Hotel Management and Grade 12 Certificate." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Jack Tuttle (American football)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jack Tuttle''' (born April 28, 1999) is an American football quarterback for the Michigan Wolverines.", "He previously played for the Indiana Hoosiers, and the Utah Utes." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Tuttle attended high school at Mission Hills.", "During Tuttle's junior season, he was named San Diego Section Player of the Year after he completed 69% of his passes for 3,171 yards and 41 touchdowns with just four interceptions.", "Tuttle also rushed 66 times for 207 yards and two touchdowns while leading Mission Hills High School to a 12-1 record and the San Diego Section Open Division championship game.", "Tuttle decided to commit to play college football for the Utah Utes." ], [ "College career", "=== Utah ===During Tuttle's one season with the Utes in 2018, he did not appear in any games.", "After the conclusion of the 2018 season, Tuttle decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.=== Indiana ===Tuttle decided to transfer to play for the Indiana Hoosiers.", "After transfer to Indiana, Tuttle was granted immediate eligibility.", "During the 2019 season, Tuttle played in five games where he completed five of his eleven passes for 34 yards.", "In week four of the 2020 season, Tuttle got his first career start against number 18 Wisconsin, where he completed 13 of his 22 pass attempts for 130 yards and two touchdowns, as he helped Indiana win 14-6.Tuttle made his second career start in the 2021 Outback Bowl, where he completed 20 of his 45 passing attempts for 201 yards with an interception while also adding 29 yards on the ground, but the Hoosiers would fall to Ole Miss 26-21.Tuttle finished the 2020 season going 44 for 72 on his passes for 362 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception.", "During the 2021 season, Tuttle would start in two games, completing 45 of his 87 passes for 423 yards and two touchdowns, with five interceptions.", "In the 2022 season, Tuttle played in just one game completing nine of his twelve pass attempts for 81 yards.", "After the conclusion of the 2022 season, Tuttle decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal for the second time in his career.=== Michigan ===Tuttle decided to transfer to play for the Michigan Wolverines.", "Tuttle finished the 2023 season completing 15 of his 17 passing attempts for 130 yards and a touchdown, while also adding 35 yards on the ground.", "During the 2023 season, Tuttle would also win a National Championship as the Wolverines backup to J. J. McCarthy.", "Tuttle returned to Michigan for the 2023 season, after being granted his seventh year of eligibility by the NCAA." ], [ "Personal life", "Tuttle's dad, Jay Tuttle was a walk-on Kicker who played for the Indiana Hoosiers." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Indiana Hoosiers bio* Michigan Wolverines bio" ] ]

[ [ "History of the territorial organization of Spain" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''history of the territorial organization of Spain''', in the modern sense, is a process that began in the 16th century with the dynastic union of the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile, the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada and later the Kingdom of Navarre.", "However, it is important to clarify the origin of the toponym Spain, as well as the territorial divisions that existed previously in the current Spanish territory." ], [ "Definition of Spain", "The name Spain derives from ''Hispania'', the name by which the Romans geographically designated the Iberian Peninsula as a whole, an alternative term to the name ''Iberia'', preferred by Greek authors to refer to the same space.", "This name was kept after the fall of the Roman Empire as a designation of the peninsula under the Goths and among the Greco-Latin Christian world.", "After the Arab conquest, the part of the peninsula controlled by the Moors was called, for centuries, ''Al Ándalus'' or alternatively ''Spania'', although the process of Reconquest ended up eliminating these names.The unification of the various kingdoms of that geographical region led to a correspondence between that region and a single state during the brief period of union of Spain and Portugal, which ended in 1640.Since then, Spain has been explicitly used to refer to the current country of that name, while ''Iberia'' is preferred to encompass Iberia and Portugal.This article will discuss the territorial organization of Spain throughout history, although the organization of other peninsular or bordering areas will be included when imposing the current borders is anachronistic." ], [ "Pre-Roman period", "The Iberian Peninsula was originally occupied by peoples of different origins (Indo-European, Iberian or of unknown ethnogeny such as Cantabri, Varduli and Vascones).", "These peoples did not carry out any administrative division, organizing themselves as cities or tribes independent of each other.Later, some historians have tried to create families of tribes that share the same cultural characteristics, particularly distinguishing between Iberians in the Levant and south of the peninsula, Celts in the plateau and Vascones and Cantabri in the north.", "The limits between one area and another are a matter of discussion, with no agreement as to whether or not to include peoples such as the Lusitanians among the Celts or as peoples per se.", "These classifications do not imply that there was a common administrative organization among these tribes.", "Pre-Roman peoples and their linguistic affiliation prior to the conquest 256x256px C1: Gallaeci / C2b: Bracari C3: Cantabri / C4: Astures / C5: Vaccei / C6: Turmodigi / C7: Autrigones-Caristii / C8: Varduli / C9: Berones C10: Pellendones / C11: Belli / C12: Lusones / C13: Titii / C14: Olcades / C15: Arevaci C16: Carpetani / C17: Vettones / C18-C19: Celtici / C20: Cynetes / L1: Lusitanians A1: Aquitani / A2: Vascones I1: Ceretani / I2: Ilergetes / I3: Lacetani / I4: Indigetes / I5: Laietani / I6: Ilercavones / I7: Sedetani / I8: Edetani / I9: Contestani / I10: Oretani / I11: Bastetani / I12: Turdetani G1: Greeks / P1: Phoenicians / Carthaginians / B1: Berbers" ], [ "Roman division", "Provincial division between 27 B.C.", "and 298.Hispania is divided into three provinces: Tarraconensis, Baetica and Lusitania.The Romans carried out various divisions of the peninsula throughout the history of their Empire:* Division of 197 B.C.", "(its limits were not precise, since only the coastline was dominated):** Hispania Citerior: Ebro Valley and Mediterranean coast.", "** Hispania Ulterior: Guadalquivir Valley.", "* Division in the High Roman Empire in three provinces divided in juridical convents:** Hispania Ulterior Baetica** Hispania Ulterior Lusitania** Hispania Citerior Tarraconensis* Diocese Hispaniarum (3rd century) divided into six (later seven) provinces (one of them in North Africa):** Tarraconensis** Carthaginensis** Baetica** Lusitania** Gallaecia** Balearica: this division appeared in the middle of the 4th century, under the reign of Constantius I and Constantine II.", "** Mauretania Tingitana.File:Hispania 1a division provincial.svg|First division of Hispania into two provinces: Citerior and Ulterior.File:Conventushispanus.svg|Division made during the Roman domination in ''conventus'', ancestor of the current judicial districts.File:REFORMA DIOCLECIANO.jpg|Provincial division by Diocletian in 298." ], [ "Barbarian and Muslim kingdoms", "Visigoth territorial division.With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Suebi, Visigoths and other peoples occupied most of the peninsula.", "Finally, the Visigoths gained control of the entire peninsula in the 6th century after conquering the Suebi kingdom.", "They maintained the Roman provincial administrative division (under the name of \"duchies\") and even created new duchies, such as Asturias and Cantabria, and the province of Celtiberia and Carpetani.From 711, the Muslims conquered the peninsula and continued to control part of it until 1492, the year in which Granada was taken.", "The Muslim kingdom was divided into ''coras'' or ''kūras'', all of which depended on a city.", "Later, as Muslim power declined, the coras became independent, creating small states with their own king, the so-called ''Taifa kingdoms''." ], [ "Reconquest", "With the Reconquest several kingdoms were created: the Kingdom of Asturias (718), which claimed Visigothic legitimacy and became known as the Kingdom of León in 925, from which the Kingdom of Castile became independent in 1065 and the Kingdom of Portugal in 1139.The Kingdom of Galicia was also created in 910, intermittently independent of the Kingdom of León but subordinate to it (910–914, 926–929, 981–984, 1065–1073).With the Catholic Monarchs, each of these kingdoms maintained its own administrative divisions: in Castile, the provinces, and in the Crown of Aragon: districts in Aragon, vegueries in Catalonia and Mallorca, and in Valencia there were four governorates and eleven districts." ], [ "16th century", "=== Crown of Castile ===Provinces of the Crown of Castile in 1590.The territory of the kingdom of Castile was distributed among the 18 cities with the right to vote in Cortes and in turn subdivided into partidos, which in the census of 1591-1594 are not called that way, receiving in some cases also the name of province.These circumscriptions created at the end of the 16th century, which were sometimes called ''provinces'', lacked any legal or administrative value and were merely fiscal in nature, so that it is important to avoid confusing this concept of province with the current one, and did not constitute an administrative division at all.", "The only real administrative division existing at that time was the town and the municipality.", "There were also other structures, such as corregimientos, dioceses or lordships:* '''Burgos''', with Trasmiera, capital: Laredo and ''Tierras del Condestable'', capital: Villalpando.", "* '''Soria'''.", "* '''Valladolid''', with ''Tierras del Conde de Benavente'', capital: Benavente.", "* '''León''', with Principality of Asturias of Oviedo, capital: Oviedo and Ponferrada.", "* '''Zamora''', with the ''Bishopric of Lugo, La Coruña and Betanzos, Orense'', Mondoñedo, Santiago de Compostela and Tuy.", "* '''Toro''', with the District of Carrión and the District of Reinosa.", "* '''Salamanca''', with Trujillo and the province of León of the Order of Santiago, capital: Llerena.", "* '''Avila'''.", "* '''Segovia'''.", "* '''Guadalajara'''.", "* '''Madrid'''.", "* Kingdom of Toledo, with Campo de Calatrava, capital: Almagro; Archbishop's Table of Toledo, capital: Talavera, Castile of the Order of Santiago, capital: Ocaña; Alfoz de Alcaraz, capital: Alcaraz; Castile of Campo de Montiel, capital: Infantes and Ciudad Real.", "* Cuenca, with '''Huete'''.", "* Kingdom of Murcia;* Kingdom of Seville;* Kingdom of Cordoba;* Kingdom of Jaén, with Calatrava del Andalucía, capital: Martos;* Kingdom of Granada.Territorial division of the Iberian Peninsula during the Ancient Rgime.=== Crown of Aragon ===* Kingdom of Aragon;* Kingdom of Valencia, with two governorates with capitals in Valencia and Orihuela, and two sub-governments with capitals in Castellón and Xàtiva.", "* Kingdom of Majorca.", "* Principality of Catalonia, with twelve vegueries with capitals in Tortosa, Tarragona, Montblanc, Barcelona, Vic, Manresa, Vilafranca del Penedès, Girona, Camprodon, Lleida, Tàrrega and Cervera.=== Kingdom of Navarre ===" ], [ "Intendencies of 1720", "Map of 1720 showing the interior kingdoms of peninsular Spain during the Ancient Regime.Map of 1841, made by J. Archer, showing for Spain the territorial division of Floridablanca of 1785.Philip V created, taking as a base the pre-existing provinces created by the Austrias, the institution of the intendancies.", "Although it is true that these did not always coincide with the limits of the provinces, so there was some opposition to this division.Twenty were the intendancies then created: those of La Coruña, León, Valladolid, Burgos, Pamplona, Zaragoza, Barcelona, Salamanca, Ávila, Guadalajara, Toledo, Madrid, Ciudad Real, Valencia, Mérida, Seville, Córdoba, Granada, Palma and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.Ferdinand VI rearranged the limits of the intendancies, making them coincide with the provinces of the Austrias and the former kingdoms of Spain.Tomás González Hernández, headmaster of the Cathedral Church of Plasencia, reorganizes the Royal Archive of Simancas, after the despoilment suffered after the Napoleonic invasion.", "His work ''Census of the population of the Provinces and Districts of the Crown of Castile in the 16th century'' has constituted the only published source to know the Spanish population in the time of the Austrias.", "The archivist completes the so-called ''Book of the Millions'' with data from other regions: Catalonia, Basque Country, Navarre, Valencia and Aragon.Under the reign of Carlos III, on March 22, 1785, the Count of Floridablanca promoted the creation of a ''Prontuario'' ''or nomenclator of the towns of Spain'' and maps were drawn up to facilitate the control of the kingdom:At the end of the Ancient Regime the local jurisdictions offered a picture even more obsolete and anachronistic than that of the old provinces; distributed in royal, ''abadengas'' and secular lordship jurisdictions, they were the result of historical circumstances accumulated over the centuries and represented the antithesis of rationality and administrative efficiency." ], [ "19th century", "During the 19th century, Spain witnessed a struggle between the Ancient Regime and the liberal State, with two antagonistic concepts of government.", "The liberal State needed a new territorial organization that would allow it to govern the country in a uniform manner, collect taxes and create a single market with equal laws for all.=== Soler Plan of 1799 ===At the beginning of the 19th century, a new division of the territory of Spain was carried out on the basis of Enlightenment criticism of the previous division.", "This division was part of a project to reorganise the territory promoted by Miguel Cayetano Soler, general superintendent of finance, mainly with the intention of simplifying the tax system and rationalising the collection of taxes, so that the new reform gave a greater role to the delegates of the intendant —the subdelegates of revenue— and to the district boards.One of the most important points of the reform was the creation, by Royal Decree of 25 September 1799 and Instruction of 4 October of the same year, of six maritime provinces, Oviedo, Santander, Alicante, Cartagena, Malaga and Cadiz, which were separated, respectively, from the Intendencies of León, Burgos, Valencia, Murcia, Granada and Seville, all of which were very large provinces.", "All the provinces created in 1799 have continued to exist in subsequent divisions up to the present day, with the exception of the period under the division into prefectures of 1810, and the province of Cartagena, which disappeared with the last and definitive provincial division of 1833, which is still in force today except for slight modifications.=== Prefectures of 1810 ===The outbreak of the War of Independence in May 1808 established a new order under Napoleon, who put his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne.", "In 1810, the Josephine government tried to order the territory by dividing it into 38 prefectures, in the style of those established in France, and 111 sub-prefectures, according to the project of the engineer and mathematician José María Lanz.", "The prefectures were to be named after geographical features, mainly rivers and capes.", "This division made a clean sweep of historical conditions, but it never came into force.French départements.", "However, this new division was never fully implemented, as this government only controlled part of Spain and Napoleon was planning to incorporate the lands north of the Ebro into France.Thirty-eight peninsular prefectures were created, plus the Balearic and Canary Islands:* '''Águeda''', with its capital at Ciudad Rodrigo (roughly equivalent to the south of what is now the province of Salamanca and the north of Cáceres).", "** Subprefectures in Ciudad Rodrigo, Béjar and Navarredonda.", "* '''Arlanzón''', with capital at Burgos (equivalent to the centre of the province of Burgos and La Rioja).", "** Subprefectures in Burgos, Calahorra and Logroño.", "* '''Baleares''', with capital in Mallorca, no sub-prefectures.", "* '''Bidasoa''', with its capital in Pamplona (equivalent to Navarre).", "** Sub-prefectures in Pamplona, San Sebastián and Olite.", "* '''Cabo de la Nao''', with capital in Alicante (equivalent to Alicante, south of Valencia and east of Albacete).", "** Sub-prefectures in Alicante, Dénia and Xàtiva.", "* '''Cabo de Peñas''', with capital in Oviedo (equivalent to Asturias, except the lands between the rivers Eo and Navia)** Subprefectures in Oviedo, Gijón and Navia.", "* '''Cabo Machichaco''', with capital in Vitoria (equivalent to the Basque Country).", "** Sub-prefectures in Vitoria, Bilbao and Azkoitia.", "* '''Cabo Mayor''', with capital in Santander (equivalent to Cantabria).", "** Subprefectures in Santander, Laredo and Villarcayo.", "* '''Canarias''', with capital in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, no sub-prefectures* '''Carrión''', with capital in Palencia (equivalent to Palencia)** Sub-prefectures in Palencia, Carrión de los Condes and Cervera de Pisuerga.", "* '''Cinca y Segre''', with capital in Lleida (equivalent to the north-west of the province of Lleida)** Sub-prefectures in Lleida, Seu d'Urgell and Talarn.", "* '''Duero Alto''', with capital in Soria (equivalent to Soria)** Sub-prefectures in Soria, El Burgo de Osma and Medinaceli.", "* '''Duero y Pisuerga''', with capital in Valladolid (equivalent to Valladolid, south of Burgos, Segovia and east of Ávila).", "** Sub-prefectures in Valladolid, Aranda de Duero and Segovia* '''Ebro''', with capital in Tarragona (equivalent to the province of Tarragona, south-east of Lleida, east of Zaragoza, north-east of Teruel and north of Castellón)** Sub-prefectures in Tarragona, Tortosa and Alcañiz.", "* '''Ebro y Cinca''', with capital in Huesca (equivalent to the province of Huesca)** Subprefectures in Huesca, Barbastro and Jaca.", "* '''Ebro y Jalón''', with capital in Zaragoza (province of Zaragoza and north of the province of Teruel).", "** Subprefectures in Zaragoza, Calatayud and Híjar.", "* '''Esla''', with capital in Astorga.", "** Subprefectures in Astorga, León and Benavente* '''Genil''', with its capital in Granada (provinces of Almería and Granada)** Sub-prefectures in Granada, Almería and Baza.", "* '''Guadalaviar Alto''', with capital in Teruel (south of the province of Teruel)** Sub-prefectures in Teruel and Aliaga.", "* '''Guadalaviar Bajo''', with capital in Valencia (province of Valencia and south of the province of Castellón).", "** Sub-prefectures in Valencia, Castellón de la Plana and Segorbe.", "* '''Guadalete''', with capital in Jerez de la Frontera (province of Cadiz)** Sub-prefectures in Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz and Ronda.", "* '''Guadalquivir Alto''', with capital in Jaén (province of Jaén)** Sub-prefectures in Jaén, Úbeda and La Carolina.", "* '''Guadalquivir Bajo''', with capital in Seville (provinces of Huelva and Seville)** Sub-prefectures in Seville, Ayamonte and Aracena.", "* '''Guadalquivir y Guadajoz''', with capital in Cordoba (province of Cordoba)** Sub-prefectures in Cordoba, Ecija and Lucena.", "* '''Guadiana y Guadajira''', with capital in Mérida (province of Badajoz and west of the province of Ciudad Real).", "** Sub-prefectures in Mérida, Badajoz and Llerena.", "* '''Jucar Alto''', with capital in Cuenca (province of Cuenca)** Subprefectures in Cuenca and Tarazona de la Mancha.", "* '''Llobregat''', with capital in Barcelona (Province of Barcelona)** Subprefectures in Barcelona, Manresa and Solsona.", "* '''Manzanares''', with capital in Madrid (city of Madrid and surrounding areas)** Subprefectures in Madrid and Alcalá de Henares.", "* '''Miño Bajo''', with capital in Vigo (province of Pontevedra)** Sub-prefectures in Vigo, Pontevedra and Tuy.", "* '''Miño Alto''', with capital in Lugo (north of the province of Lugo and Asturian lands west of the Navia).", "** Subprefectures in Lugo, Mondoñedo and Viveiro.", "* '''Ojos del Guadiana''', with its capital in Ciudad Real (Ciudad Real province, south of Toledo province and west of Albacete province).", "** Subprefectures in Ciudad Real and Alcaraz.", "* '''Salado''', with its capital in Málaga (province of Málaga and south-east of the province of Seville).", "** Subprefectures in Málaga, Osuna and Antequera.", "* '''Segura''', with capital in Murcia (province of Murcia, north-east of Granada province, central part of Albacete province and the Vega Baja del Segura of Alicante province).", "** Sub-prefectures in Murcia, Cartagena, Albacete and Huéscar.", "* '''Sil''', with capital in Ourense (Province of Ourense and southern part of the Province of Lugo).", "** Subprefectures in Orense, Monforte de Lemos and Monterrei.", "* '''Tajo Alto''', with capital in Guadalajara (Province of Guadalajara and north-west of the Province of Cuenca).", "** Sub-prefectures in Guadalajara, Sigüenza and Huete.", "* '''Tajo y Alagón''', with capital in Cáceres (province of Cáceres without its northern third).", "** Sub-prefectures in Cáceres, Plasencia and Talavera de la Reina.", "* '''Tajo y Alberche''', with capital in Toledo (north of the province of Toledo, from the Tagus, and province of Madrid, without the prefecture of Manzanares).", "** Sub-prefectures in Toledo, Ocaña and Casarrubios del Monte.", "* '''Tambre''', with capital in A Coruña (province of A Coruña).", "** Subprefectures in A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela and Corcubión.", "* '''Ter''', with capital in Girona (province of Girona).", "** Subprefectures in Girona, Vic and Camprodón.", "* '''Tormes''', with capital in Salamanca (province of Zamora and north of the province of Salamanca).", "** Subprefectures in Salamanca, Toro and Zamora.Although the War of Independence prevented the adoption of all these reforms, in 1812 a decree allowed Catalonia to be annexed to France until 1814 as a new region divided into four departments:* Department of the Bouches-de-l'Èbre with a prefecture in Lleida and subprefectures in Cervera, Tortosa and Tarragona.", "* Department of Montserrat with a prefecture in Barcelona and subprefectures in Manresa and Vilafranca del Penedès.", "* Department of Sègre with a prefecture in Puigcerdà and subprefectures in Solsona and Talarn.", "* Department of Ter with a prefecture in Girona and subprefectures in Vic and Figueres.=== First attempt at provinces ====== Cortes of Cadiz ===In 1811, the Cortes of Cadiz abolished the jurisdictional lordships, thus eliminating the division between seigneurialism and royalty, which, despite the restoration of absolutism by Ferdinand VII in 1814, would not come into force again.At the same time, the Cortes of Cadiz tried to create a new regime, also liberal, in which all the provinces would have the same obligations.", "The constitution of 1812 did not recognise the political personality of the former historical territories.", "This was approved by the deputies of all the provinces, including the American territories.", "The Cortes came up with a new system that did take into account the historical conditions.", "Thirty-two provinces were created, according to Floridablanca's nomenclature, with some corrections.", "But in 1813 they also commissioned a new provincial division from Felipe Bauzá, which determined 36 provinces, with seven subordinate provinces, based on historical criteria.", "But none of this was approved, and the return of Ferdinand VII meant a return to the Ancient Regime, with certain modifications.", "In 1817 Spain was divided into 29 intendencies and 13 consulates.=== Territorial division of 1822 ===Territorial division of the ''Vascongadas'', Navarre and part of Old Castile.After General Riego's uprising during the Liberal Triennium (1820–1823), the construction of the Liberal State was promoted, and with it a new provincial division, although the provincial councils of 1813 were recovered first.", "The idea was that this division would cover the whole country, without exception, and would be the single framework for administrative, governmental, judicial and economic activities, according to criteria of legal equality, unity and efficiency.", "The project was entrusted to the technicians Felipe Bauzá and José Agustín de Larramendi.Map of the 1822 division of Spain into provinces and regions.In January 1822, the Cortes provisionally approved a provincial division of Spain into 52 provinces:* Province of Alicante, with Alicante as its capital.", "* Province of Almería, with its capital in Almería.", "* Province of Ávila, with its capital in Ávila.", "* Province of Badajoz, with its capital in Badajoz.", "* Province of Balears (islands), with its capital in Palma.", "* Province of Barcelona, with capital in Barcelona.", "* Province of Bilbao, with capital in Bilbao.", "* Province of Burgos, with capital in Burgos.", "* Province of Cáceres, with capital in Cáceres.", "* Province of Cádiz, with capital in Cádiz.", "* Province of Calatayud, with capital in Calatayud.", "* Province of Canary Islands, with capital in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.", "* Province of Castellón, with its capital in Castellón de la Plana.", "* Province of Ciudad Real, with its capital city in Ciudad Real.", "* Province of Chinchilla, with capital in Chinchilla.", "* Province of Córdoba, with capital in Córdoba.", "* Province of A Coruña, with capital in A Coruña.", "* Province of Cuenca, with capital in Cuenca.", "* Province of Girona, with capital Girona.", "* Province of Granada, with capital in Granada.", "* Province of Guadalajara, with capital city in Guadalajara.", "* Province of Huelva, with capital in Huelva.", "* Province of Huesca, with capital in Huesca.", "* Province of Jaén, with capital in Jaén.", "* Province of Játiva, with capital in Xàtiva.", "* Province of León, with capital in León.", "* Province of Lleida, with capital city in Lleida.", "* Province of Logroño, with capital in Logroño.", "* Province of Lugo, with capital city in Lugo.", "* Province of Madrid, with capital in Madrid.", "* Province of Málaga, with capital in Málaga.", "* Province of Murcia, with capital in Murcia.", "* Province of Ourense, with capital in Ourense.", "* Province of Oviedo, with capital in Oviedo.", "* Province of Palencia, with capital in Palencia.", "* Province of Pamplona, with capital in Pamplona.", "* Province of Salamanca, with capital in Salamanca.", "* Province of San Sebastián, with capital city in San Sebastián.", "* Province of Santander, with capital in Santander.", "* Province of Segovia, with capital city in Segovia.", "* Province of Sevilla, with capital in Sevilla.", "* Province of Soria, with capital city in Soria.", "* Province of Tarragona, with capital city in Tarragona.", "* Province of Teruel, with the capital Teruel.", "* Province of Toledo, with capital in Toledo.", "* Province of Valencia, with capital in Valencia.", "* Province of Valladolid, with capital in Valladolid.", "* Province of Vigo, with capital in Vigo.", "* Province of Vierzo, with capital in Villafranca del Bierzo.", "* Province of Vitoria, with capital in Vitoria.", "* Province of Zamora, with capital in Zamora.", "* Province of Zaragoza, with capital in ZaragozaSome of these provinces appear for the first time, such as Almería and Málaga (separated from the traditional Kingdom of Granada), Huelva (from the Kingdom of Seville), Calatayud and others appear with new names, such as the ''Vascongadas'' Provinces.This project makes few concessions to history, and is governed by criteria of population, extension and geographical coherence.", "There is a desire to go beyond historical names, preferring those of the capital cities.", "Nor are the traditional boundaries of the provinces respected, creating a new map.", "The enclaves of some provinces in others were eliminated if they belonged to different kingdoms, but many enclaves were preserved when they were within the same kingdom.In 1822 the provincial intendants were re-established as delegates of the Treasury.", "But the fall of the liberal government and the restoration of absolutism put an end to the project.", "In 1823, the provinces of the Ancient Regime were re-established, so the 1822 plan never came into force.=== Territorial reform of 1833 ===Map of the territorial division of 1833.This reform carried out by Javier de Burgos in 1833 basically adopted the 1822 project, and has been maintained with some changes —partition of the Canary Islands, inclusion of Castilian ''comarcas'' to Valencian provinces— up to the present day.", "It divided the Spanish territory into 49 provinces on the basis of a rational criterion, with a relatively homogeneous size and eliminating most of the exclaves and enclaves typical of the Ancient Regime.", "At the same time, it grouped the provinces into regions with a merely classificatory character, without reserving for these any type of competence or administrative or jurisdictional body common to the provinces they grouped together.", "The territorial organization was as follows:* '''Andalusia''': Almeria, Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaen, Malaga and Seville.", "* '''Aragon''': Huesca, Teruel and Zaragoza.", "* '''Asturias''': Oviedo.", "* '''Balearic Islands''': Balearic Islands.", "* '''Canary Islands''': Santa Cruz de Tenerife.", "* '''Castilla la Nueva''': Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid and Toledo.", "* '''Castilla la Vieja''': Avila, Burgos, Logroño, Palencia, Santander, Segovia, Soria and Valladolid.", "* '''Catalonia''': Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona.", "* '''Extremadura''': Badajoz and Cáceres.", "* '''Galicia''': A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra.", "* '''Leon''': Leon, Salamanca and Zamora.", "* '''Murcia''': Albacete and Murcia.", "* '''Navarra''': Navarra.", "* '''Valencia''': Alicante, Castellón de la Plana, and Valencia.", "* '''Vascongadas''': Álava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay.This provincial division was only implemented for the peninsular zone and adjacent islands, excluding the territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, Palau, Equatorial Guinea and the North African sovereignties (Western Sahara, Ifni and Northern Morocco had not yet been incorporated).The main difference was that the Canary Islands had not been divided into two provinces to date, with Santa Cruz de Tenerife as their capital.", "In 1927, with the appearance of the province of Las Palmas, the number of provinces was increased to 50.Another difference is that most of the statutes of autonomy are based on this division, except those that have to do with the region of León, the region of Castilla la Vieja, the region of Castilla la Nueva and the region of Murcia." ], [ "Attempts at regionalization in the 19th century", "=== 1847 ===General Governments proposed in the 1847 Decree of Escosura.Map of Spain showing the territorial division with the classification of all the provinces of the Monarchy according to the special legal regime common to them (Jorge Torres Villegas, 1852).In an attempt to regionalize the peninsula, Patricio de la Escosura promulgated a decree on September 29, 1847 —which was suspended the same year— the peninsula was divided into eleven general governments:* '''Andalusia,''' capital Seville.", "Provinces of Seville, Cordoba, Cadiz and Huelva.", "* '''Aragón,''' capital Zaragoza.", "Provinces of Zaragoza, Huesca and Teruel.", "* '''Burgos,''' capital Burgos.", "Provinces of Burgos, Santander, Logroño and Soria.", "* '''Cantabria,''' capital Pamplona.", "Provinces of Navarra, Álava, Guipúzcoa and Vizcaya.", "* '''Castilla''' '''la Nueva,''' capital Madrid and formed by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Segovia, Guadalajara, Toledo and Ciudad Real.", "* '''Castilla la Vieja''', capital Valladolid.", "Provinces of Valladolid, León, Palencia, Salamanca, Zamora, Ávila and Oviedo.", "* '''Catalonia''', capital Barcelona.", "Provinces of Barcelona, Lérida, Gerona and Tarragona.", "* '''Extremadura,''' capital Badajoz.", "Provinces of Badajoz and Cáceres.", "* '''Galicia,''' capital La Coruña.", "Provinces of La Coruña, Pontevedra, Lugo and Orense.", "* '''Granada,''' capital Granada.", "Provinces of Granada, Málaga, Almería and Jaén.", "* '''Valencia and Murcia,''' capital Valencia.", "Provinces of Valencia, Murcia, Alicante, Albacete and Castellón.=== 1873 ===States proposed in the draft Federal Constitution of 1873.Cuba and Puerto Rico are not represented.", "Indicative provincial distribution, since their configuration was the responsibility of the member states.In 1873, during the First Spanish Republic, a draft Constitution was drawn up defining Spain as a Federal Republic, made up of seventeen States with legislative, executive and judicial power.", "According to articles 92 and 93, these \"States\" would have \"complete economic-administrative autonomy and all the political autonomy compatible with the existence of the Nation\", as well as \"the power to give themselves a political Constitution\".", "This constitution, whose text is mainly attributed to Castelar, was never adopted.", "As it was a federal Constitution, nothing was said about the provinces, which was the competence of the member States.", "The first article of the draft reads as follows:The States of Andalusia Alta, Andalusia Baja, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Castilla la Nueva, Castilla la Vieja, Catalonia, Cuba, Extremadura, Galicia, Murcia, Navarre, Puerto Rico, Valencia, Regiones Vascongadas compose the Spanish Nation.=== 1884 ===Regions proposed in the reform promoted by Segismundo Moret in 1884.Later, in 1884, Segismundo Moret presented a new bill on January 6, 1884, which distributed the peninsula and adjacent islands into fifteen administrative and political regions, approximating the distribution of the Territorial Audiences, which also failed.", "Its distribution was as follows:* '''Aragon''': Huesca, Logroño, Zaragoza.", "* '''Asturias''': León and Oviedo.", "* '''Balearic Islands.", "'''* '''Canary Islands.", "'''* '''Castilla la Vieja''': Burgos, Palencia, Santander and Soria.", "* '''Catalonia''': Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona.", "* '''Extremadura''': Cáceres, Badajoz and Ciudad Real.", "* '''Galicia''': La Coruña, Lugo, Orense and Pontevedra.", "* '''Granada''': Almería, Granada, Jaén and Málaga.", "* '''Madrid''': Guadalajara, Madrid and Toledo.", "* '''Murcia''': Albacete, Alicante and Murcia.", "* '''Seville''': Cadiz, Cordoba, Huelva and Seville.", "* '''Valencia''': Castellón, Cuenca, Teruel, Valencia.", "* '''Valladolid''': Avila, Salamanca, Segovia, Valladolid and Zamora.", "* '''Vascongadas''': Álava, Guipúzcoa, Navarra and Vizcaya.=== 1891 ===Regions proposed in the reform promoted by Francisco Silvela in 1891.Seven years later there was another attempt at regionalization which was not consummated either, in this case promoted by Francisco Silvela.", "By means of a Royal Order of July 20, 1891 and a Bill on the same date, he announced his intention to organize the government of the peninsula, the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands into thirteen regions.", "This project foresaw that the regions would reach an important consideration as an autonomous entity and assigned them the following distribution:* '''Aragon''': capital Zaragoza, also including Huesca, Logroño, Soria and Teruel.", "* '''Asturias''': capital Oviedo, also including the provinces of Santander and Gijón.", "The latter appears as a split of the former province of Oviedo.", "* '''Balearic Islands.", "'''* '''Canary Islands.", "'''* '''Castilla la Nueva''': capital Madrid, also including Cuenca, Guadalajara, Ávila, Toledo and Segovia.", "* '''Castilla la Vieja''': capital Valladolid, also including Burgos, León, Palencia, Salamanca and Zamora.", "Salamanca is divided in two and is shared with Extremadura.", "* '''Catalonia''': capital Barcelona, also including Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona.", "* '''Cuba''': capital Havana, also including Pinar del Río, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Puerto Príncipe and Santiago de Cuba.", "* '''Extremadura''': capital Badajoz, including also Cáceres, Ciudad Real and Salamanca (the rest of the province that is not in Old Castile).", "* '''Galicia''': capital La Coruña, also including Lugo, Orense and Pontevedra.", "* '''Granada''': capital Granada, also including Almería, Jaén and Málaga.", "* '''Puerto Rico''': capital San Juan.", "* '''Seville''': capital Seville, also including Cadiz, Cordoba and Huelva.", "* '''Valencia''': capital Valencia, also including Albacete, Alicante, Castellón and Murcia.", "* '''Vascongadas''': no capital defined.", "The capital would be chosen among the member provinces, which are Álava, Gipuzkoa, Navarra and Biscay.Silvela's proposal would only materialize (and only briefly) in Cuba and Puerto Rico with the approval in 1897 of their respective autonomous charters.The only four peninsular regions that maintained their limits in all the regionalization projects were Catalonia, Galicia, Granada (called Andalusia Alta in the 1873 Constitution) and Seville (called Andalusia in the Escosura project and Andalusia Baja in the 1873 Constitution).=== 1897 ===In an ephemeral way, a precedent for the regionalization of the administration began with the approval of:* Autonomous Charter of Cuba.", "* Autonomous Charter of Puerto Rico." ], [ "Regionalization in the Second Republic", "Regions with the right to appoint a member of the Court of Guarantees of the Second Republic.With the assumption in 1931 of the Second Spanish Republic, the possibility was introduced in the Constitution for the regions that made up Spain to become autonomous regions.", "Thus, in 1932 Catalonia approved its Statute of Autonomy, while the Vascongadas provinces did not make this possibility effective until 1936, when the Basque Autonomous Statute came into force.", "In Galicia, the Draft Statute of Autonomy of Galicia of 1936 was also included, which was approved by referendum by the Galician people but which, on the outbreak of the Civil War, did not enter into force, although its text was delivered to the president of the Spanish Cortes and admitted for processing by the latter.", "In the rest of the historical regions there were only timid attempts to approve statutes of autonomy, which did not go beyond the draft stage.", "All the regions, both Autonomous (with statute) and Non-Autonomous (without statute), are recognized as such in the Organic Law of the Court of Constitutional Guarantees of 1933, which granted them the right to appoint a regional member.Autonomous Regions* '''Catalonia''' (1932): Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona.", "* '''Basque Country''' (1936): Álava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay.", "* '''Galicia''' (1936): A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra.Non-Autonomous Regions* '''Andalusia''': Almeria, Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaen, Malaga and Seville.", "* '''Aragón''': Huesca, Teruel and Zaragoza.", "* '''Asturias''': Oviedo.", "* '''Balearic Islands''': Balearic Islands.", "* '''Canary Islands''': Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas.", "* '''Castilla la Nueva''': Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid and Toledo.", "* '''Castilla la Vieja''': Avila, Burgos, Logroño, Palencia, Santander, Segovia, Soria and Valladolid.", "* '''Extremadura''': Badajoz and Cáceres.", "* '''Leon''': Leon, Salamanca and Zamora.", "* '''Murcia''': Albacete and Murcia.", "* '''Navarra''': Navarra.", "* '''Valencia''': Alicante, Castellón de la Plana and Valencia." ], [ "Franco's dictatorship", "With the end of the civil war and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, the regions lose their political importance, passing all territorial management to the deputations and the Civil Governments of each province.", "The model of regions taught in schools was inherited from the separation of the Republic.In 1958, the territories of Western Sahara and Ifni were established as provinces, the latter until 1969 (when it was ceded to the Kingdom of Morocco) and the former until 1976 (when it was evacuated and handed over to Morocco and Mauritania).In 1964, the provinces of Rio Muni and Fernando Poo were organized in the Autonomous Regime of Equatorial Guinea, in force until its independence in 1968.It was not until democracy in 1975 that it made sense again to speak of the regions of Spain." ], [ "State of the autonomous regions", "Territorial division of Spain since 1983.The Spanish Constitution was approved in 1978, recognizing the right to autonomy for the regions and nationalities that make up Spain.", "Thus began the process of constitution of the State of Autonomies.", "On July 31, 1981, UCD and PSOE approved the autonomous pacts by which Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities (the latter will officially become autonomous in 1995).", "Each autonomous region is divided into several provinces —except the uniprovincial ones— which are the same, except for minor modifications, as those of Javier de Burgos' division.The nineteen autonomous regions are: Andalusia, Aragon, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile-La Mancha, Castile and León, Catalonia, Ceuta, Community of Madrid, Foral Community of Navarre, Valencian Community, Extremadura, Galicia, Melilla, Basque Country, Principality of Asturias, Region of Murcia, La Rioja." ], [ "See also", "* Provincial deputation (Spain)* Provinces of Spain" ], [ "References", "=== Notes ====== Citations ===" ], [ "Bibliography", "*" ], [ "Additional bibliography", "* *" ], [ "External links", "* Programa ''Las Comunidades (Café para nadie)'', 25 de noviembre de 2012, Salvados, laSexta (In Spanish).", "* Cómo se dibujaron las provincias en España(In Spanish), El Confidencial (31/12/2019)* Así ha ido cambiando el mapa de las provincias españolas, clave en la desescalada (In Spanish)., El País (05/05/2020)* Todos los pueblos, a menos de un día a caballo de su capital de provincia: así trazaron el mapa de España (In Spanish), La Sexta (14/05/2021)" ] ]

[ [ "1992 Liechtenstein constitutional crisis" ], [ "Introduction", "Approximately 2000 people demonstrating in front of the Liechtenstein government house on 28 October 1992.The '''1992 Liechtenstein constitutional crisis''' was culminated on 28 October 1992 when Hans-Adam II called for a referendum regarding Liechtenstein's accession to the European Economic Area be held before the corresponding referendum in Switzerland, against the countries custom union and the wishes of the government with the Landtag of Liechtenstein." ], [ "Background", "Switzerland and Liechtenstein formed a customs union in 1924.According to the customs agreement, Switzerland represents Liechtenstein where it does not already have representation, and accession to international treaties or organisations that Switzerland is not a member of requires both countries to reach a bilateral agreement.On 6 December 1922 a referendum was to be held on a federal resolution on the accession to the European Economic Area (EEA).", "In correspondence with the customs union, a similar referendum was to be held in Liechtenstein at a similar time.", "Hans-Adam II had previously publicly declared his desires to increase Liechtenstein's independency in foreign policy against Switzerland." ], [ "Crisis", "When planning on the date for the Liechtenstein referendum regarding accession to the EEA, prince Hans-Adam II called for it to be held in advance of the corresponding one in Switzerland, against the wishes of the government of Liechtenstein and the Landtag of Liechtenstein.", "On 28 October 1992, he threatened to dismiss the Landtag and Prime Minister of Liechtenstein Hans Brunhart over the dispute and appoint an acting Prime Minister in his place.In response, notable politicians in Liechtenstein, including former Prime Minister Gerard Batliner formed the ''Nonpartisan Committee for Monarchy and Democracy'' and called for a demonstration against Hans-Adam's threatened dismissal of the Landtag.", "Approximately 2000 people demonstrated in front of the government house in Vaduz.", "In the same day, the government and Hans-Adam II negotiated and came to an agreement that scheduled the referendum after the corresponding one in Switzerland, though notably it affirmed that Liechtenstein would commit to agreements with the EEA despite the result in Switzerland.The 1992 Swiss referendum regarding a federal solution towards the EEA was rejected by voters.", "On the other hand, the 1992 Liechtenstein referendum on the same topic was accepted by was accepted by 55.8% of voters.", "As a result, the 1922 customs union treaty was now compromised, and was no longer viable due to conflicting interests regarding accession to the EEA.", "In 1994, the treaty was revised to allow for greater freedom for Liechtenstein in defining its foreign policy.", "Another referendum on the topic on 9 April 1995, which was accepted by 55.9% of voters.", "Liechtenstein subsequently joined the EEA in May the same year." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Mediterranean Murder" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Mediterranean Murder''''' is a 1951 mystery detective novel by the British writer Anne Hocking.", "Written during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, it was the twelfth entry in her series featuring Chief Inspector William Austen of Scotland Yard.", "It was published in the United States by Doubleday under the alternative title '''''Killing Kin'''''." ], [ "Synopsis", "While on holiday in Blanes on the coast of Spain, Austen assists the investigation into the murder of wealthy Mrs Bentham, a British holidaymaker killed shortly after her arrival.", "Her son Donald is an obvious suspect, as he will now inherit her fortune, but he fears for his own life from his various cousins who will receive the money if he is now killed." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Hubin, Allen J.", "''1981-1985 Supplement to Crime Fiction, 1749-1980''.", "Garland Pub., 1988.", "* Nehr, Ellen.", "''Doubleday Crime Club Compendium, 1928-1991''.", "Offspring Press, 1992.", "* Reilly, John M. ''Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers''.", "Springer, 2015." ] ]

[ [ "Alvania veliscensis" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania veliscensis''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 3 mm, its diameter 1.6 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils of this species were in Mid Miocene strata in Wieliczka, Poland." ], [ "References", "* Kowalke, T.; Harzhauser, M. (2004).", "Early ontogeny and palaeoecology of the Mid-Miocene rissoid gastropods of the Central Paratethys.", "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.", "49(1): 111–134." ], [ "External links", "* Reuss, A. E. (1867).", "Die fossile Fauna der Steinsalzablagerungen von Wieliczka in Galizien.", "Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.", "55(1): 17-182, pls.", "1-8." ] ]

[ [ "Driver safety arms race" ], [ "Introduction", "'''The driver safety arms race''' is phenomenon whereby car drivers are incentivized to buy larger auto-vehicles in order to protect themselves against other large auto-vehicles.", "This has a spiralling effect whereby cars get increasingly larger, which has adverse overall effects on traffic safety.", "It is an example of a prisoners' dilemma, as it can be individually rational to attain larger vehicles while having adverse outcomes on all traffic users." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Louis XIV's elephant" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Louis XIV's elephant''' (born around 1664 and died in 1681 at the Château de Versailles) was a gift from the King of Portugal to Louis XIV, King of France.", "It is the only African elephant recorded in Europe between 1483 and 1862.Martin Schongauer: ''Éléphant''.", "Copper engraving, 107 x 146 mm." ], [ "Life", "A diplomatic gift from Portugal in 1668, this elephant is a female from the Congo.", "The elephant, housed in the royal menagerie at Versailles, died 13 years later in 1681.It is known that she was fed daily with 80 pounds of bread, 12 liters of wine, a large portion of vegetable soup with bread and rice, and grass at will.", "In the last year of her life, she suffered muscle loss and had to be lifted onto her feet with a crane.After her death in 1681, the elephant was dissected by Claude Perrault.", "The results of the analysis were not published until 1734.The skeleton is now on display at the National Museum of Natural History, France, in the ''Galerie d'Anatomie comparée.''" ], [ "See also", "* Louis XIV* Royal Menagerie of Versailles* Palace of Versailles" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Johann Frauenlob" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Johann Frauenlob''' (16th or 17th century — 17th century) is the pseudonym of a writer in Baroque who published an encyclopedia of \"learned women\" in 1631 and described himself on the title page as (their?)", "\"General Notarium.\"" ], [ "Frauenlob's identity", "It is not clear who is behind the pseudonym ''Johann Frauenlob''.There is no identity with Heinrich von Meißen, who was also called Frauenlob.", "He lived four centuries before Johann Frauenlob.", "Nevertheless, the similarity of names has led to confusion.", "Whether the pseudonym of the baroque Johann Frauenlob intentionally refers to Heinrich von Meißen has not been researched.Elisabeth Gössmann discusses a possible parallel to the \"''General Notarium der löblichen Societet der gelehrten Weiber''\" - as it says on the title page of the Baroque print of Frauenlob's Frauenlexikon - a possible real female learned society, of which Frauenlob may have been the secretary.Linda Maria Koldau cites the same source in ''Frauen - Musik - Kultur'', according to which Johann Frauenlob may have had a connection to a Coburg professor of Eloquenz, Israel Clauderus, or may have been identical to him.", "Koldau cites Frauenlob several times and, like Gössmann, has written about the many similar sources that appeared at the time in the course of the ''Querelle des femmes''." ], [ "Frauenlob's lexicon of women", "Frauenlob's work ''Die Lobwürdige Gesellschafft der Gelehrten Weiber'' is a (small) encyclopaedia of women who have distinguished themselves through particular intelligence, knowledge and skill in ancient and modern times.", "It was published in 1631 at an unknown location and is around 40 pages long; with the exception of the preface, it is paginated.", "This encyclopedia was published in 2000, together with other historical feminist writings of the 16th-18th centuries, in a annotated reprint of the original by Elisabeth Gössmann.In his preface, Frauenlob holds up the learned women to the godless, arrogant ''Maidlin'' as an example against the sin against God and admonishes the parents to give the girls a good education.", "Despite his noticeable respect for learned women, he thus shows the ambivalent attitude of his time towards women's achievements.Although women's skills are not praised for their own sake, a valuable lexicon was created in the process, which today plays a role in feminist research.No further writings under the pseudonym Frauenlob are known.", "The lexicon had a second edition in 1633." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Mark Hammer" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mark Hammer''' was an American character actor, writer, and producer known for his works in ''Meet the Parents'' (2000), and ''It Runs in the Family'' (2003)." ], [ "Career", "Hammer earned master's degrees in theater from Stanford University and Catholic University in 1962.Prior to Hollywood, Hammer was associated with theater and stage plays.Hammer appeared in several stage play under Washington D.C.'s Arena Stage from 1973 to 1991, his notable work was with the New York Shakespeare Festival in Central Park, where he played King Creon to Diana Rigg's \"Medea\" on Broadway.", "He made his film debut with ''Being There'' (1979).", "Hammer served as long term faculty at the Theatre department of Catholic University." ], [ "Death", "Hammer died in Jersey City hospital due to complications from renal failure, diabetes and sepsis.", "He was survived by a son David Henry Hammer who is a documentary filmmaker." ], [ "Selected filmography", "*''The God Spot'' (2006) ... Old Man*''Just Another Story'' (2006) ... *''It Runs in the Family'' (2003) Stephen Gromberg*''That Sun'' (2003 Short)*''Sol'' (2023) ... Mark Samuel Hammer*''Meet the Parents'' (2000) ...Hospital Patient*''Identity'' (2003) ... *''Thinking Out Loud'' Homeless Man*''Magnetism'' (1999 Short)*''Kiss of Death'' (1995).. Judge*''McBain'' (1991).. Wilbur James*''House Counsel'' (1995) ... *''Nurture'' (1994) ... *''The Silent Alarm'' (1993 Short).. Grandpa*''In Memory Of'' (1991) ... * ''The Imagemaker'' (1986).. President Manning (voice)*''Year of the Dragon'' (1985) Commissioner Sullivan*''Out of Time'' (1985) ... Sheriff*''Raise the Titanic'' (1980)..Polevoi*''Being There'' (1979)..Pallbearer" ], [ "Television", "*2006 ''3 lbs.''", "(TV Series)*2003 ''Jinnah: On Crime - White Knight, Black Widow'' (TV Movie) Saleem Jinnah*1991-2003 ''Law & Order'' (TV Series)*1991 ''Darrow'' (TV Movie) Robert Crowe*1991 ''Separate But Equal'' (TV Mini Series) Justice Stanley Forman Reed*1985 ''NBC Special Treat (TV Series)'' Sheriff*1975 ''Zalmen: or, the Madness of God'' (TV Movie) The Doctor*1974 ''Lincoln: Trial by Fire'' (TV Movie) Senator Wade*1973 ''Much Ado About Nothing'' (TV Movie Leonato*1966 ''The Journey of the Fifth Horse'' (TV Movie) Dr. Korvin" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Mirko Siakkou-Flodin" ], [ "Introduction", "Mirko Siakkou-Flodin (2010)'''Mirko Siakkou-Flodin''' (* 1963 in Dresden) is a German-Greek sculptor." ], [ "Life and work", "Siakkou-Flodin completed an apprenticeship from 1980 to 1986 and worked at the Achim Kühn studio for metal design in Berlin.", "He has been working as a freelance artist since 1989 and has had his own studio and gallery since 2000.He works mainly in Germany, Greece and the US with metal, but also with tires or combinations of materials.", "Many of his works have been installed in public places.", "In addition to sculptures, he is also active in the fields of performance art and design.Siakkou-Flodin is married and lives with his Alaskan-born wife in Wilhelmsdorf, north of Lake Constance." ], [ "Sculptures", "Dung-Beetle-sculpture.jpg|Dung Beetle in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, with Johnson Elementary School of the Arts, Mt.", "Mercy University and Metro studentsSkulptur Grunerstr 20 (Mitte) Alexa&Mirko Siakkou-Flodin&2007.jpg|''Alexa'', in Berlin, GermanyFace Mo Art Greece.jpg|Face on a concrete block at a beach in GreeceFantasie (Mirko Siakkou-Flodin).jpg|Fantasy at Timmendorfer Strand, GermanyBethel-USA-Art Mask.jpg|Yupik inspired mask, Bethel, Alaska, USA" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* official Website www.mo-metallkunst.de* Mirko Siakkou-Flodin at sculpture-network.org" ] ]

[ [ "Limavady Wanderers F.C." ], [ "Introduction", "'''Limavady Wanderers''' was a former Irish football club from Limavady, County Londonderry." ], [ "History", "The club was founded out of the Limavady Wanderers Cricket Club.", "Its earliest recorded match, in October 1882, was against fellow Limavady side Alexander, and ended early as the Wanderers walked off in protest at a decision to allow an Alexander goal.The clubs met again in the first round of the 1882–83; as the competition was drawn on regional grounds, and there were only three clubs in the county, one was given a bye, and the lot fell on Moyola Park; Alexander uncontroversially won the tie 5–2.The club only played three more matches in its first season, but won them all, and finished the year with a positive balance sheet.The two Limavady sides met again in the 1883–84 Irish Cup, this time in the second round as Wanderers had beaten the Victoria side (from the Royal Irish Constabulary stationed in Londonderry), and, as both sides had had 100% records in the season, a large crowd attended the Wanderers' ground, but Alexander was once more victorious.The members of both Alexander and Wanderers decided to merge the two sides in 1884, dissatisfied with continually meeting in Cup competitions and not being able to put up a stronger opposition to clubs from Belfast.", "The merged club was simply called Limavady F.C.", "; although the original idea was to have the united club as a competition representative, allowing the two progenitor clubs to maintain an independent existence for friendlies, in fact the Wanderers only continued as a cricket club." ], [ "Colours", "There is no known source for the Wanderers' colours, but, as Alexander wore blue and white jerseys, and the combined club wore blue, white, and red, it is possible that the Wanderers contributed the red to the ensemble." ], [ "Ground", "The club played at Lisnakelly, and practised at a field owned by George Cather J.P." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Ruaraidh Hart" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ruaraidh Hart''' (born 6 May 2004) is a Scottish rugby union player for Glasgow Warriors in the United Rugby Championship.", "Hart's primary position is Flanker but can also play Lock." ], [ "Rugby Union career", "===Amateur career===Hart played for Birkmyre RFC.He moved on to play for Glasgow Hawks.===Professional career===Hart was named as a member of the Glasgow Warriors academy for the 2023–24 season.Glasgow head coach Franco Smith said of the player before his competitive Glasgow debut:Ruaridh ‘Big’ Hart, as we call him, has done exceptionally well in pre-season.", "He’s trained well and his detail is excellent.He looks like a seasoned campaigner when it comes to the detail.", "It’s a good opportunity to step up into the big league and take this experience back to Scotland U20s next week.He made his debut for Glasgow Warriors in Round 10 of the 2023–24 United Rugby Championship against .", "He became Glasgow Warrior No.", "359.===International career===He has represented Scotland U18 in 2022.He has two caps for Scotland U20." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Balthasar Schitter" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Balthasar Schitter''' (2 January 179319 October 1868) was an Austrian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of Salzburg from 1850 to his death in 1868." ], [ "Biography", "Schitter was born in Mariapfarr, into a farming family.", "He studied at the Lyceum in Salzburg from 1813 to 1817 and was ordained a priest in 1816.In Mariapfarr, he was appointed a curate in 1817, a coadjutor parish priest in 1818 and a provisional parish priest in 1821.In 1825, Schitter worked as a cooperator in the parish of St. Andrea in Salzburg.", "The next year he became a parish priest in Westendorf, Tyrol which served as a centre of the Manharter sect.", "While there, Schitter contributed significantly to the reversion of many followers of this sect back to Catholicism.", "In 1833, he was appointed the dean of Salzburg and provisional parish priest of the Salzburg Cathedral and in 1835 he was appointed to the cathedral chapter and consistory.", "From 1835 to 1844, Schitter served as the city dean and cathedral priest.", "In 1844 he became a superintendent of the diocesan school and in 1849 he was appointed a cathedral custodian.On 20 May 1850, Schitter was appointed the titular bishop of Duvno and an auxiliary bishop in Salzburg.", "He was consecrated in the Salzburg Cathedral on 28 July, with Cardinal Friedrich Prince zu Schwarzenberg, the archbishop of Prague as his principal consecrator and Bishop Anton Martin Slomšek of Lavant and Bishop Georg von Oettl of Eichstätt as co-consecrators.", "In 1851 he became a cathedral dean and in 1857 a cathedral provost.", "From 1856 to 1864 he served as president of the prince-archbishop's metropolitan court." ], [ "Footnotes" ], [ "References", "=== Books ===* === Websites ===*" ] ]

[ [ "Exalted Order of Malacca" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Exalted Order of Malacca''' () is the third-highest state order of Malacca which is conferred by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca.", "The order was constituted in 1978 by Yang di-Pertua Negeri Syed Zahiruddin along with the Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca." ], [ "History", "The Exalted Order of Malacca was established in 1978 by Yang di-Pertua Negeri Syed Zahiruddin along with the Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca.", "The order was established as the second highest state order and continued to be the second highest order until the creation of the Premier and Faithful Exalted Order of Malacca as the highest order by Yang di-Pertua Negeri Mohd Ali Rustam in 2020 following which the Exalted Order of Malacca became the state's third highest order." ], [ "Grades", "The Exalted Order of Malacca is conferred in five grades: Grand Commander, Knight Commander, Companion 1st Class, Companion 2nd Class, and Member.===Grand Commander===90px ''Darjah Gemilang Seri Melaka'' (DGSM) '''Datuk Seri'''The Grand Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca () is the highest grade of the order which was constituted in 1983 and amended in 2016.The recipients of the grade bear the title of \"''Datuk Seri''\", while the wives of the male recipients are titled as \"''Datin Seri''\".", "Husbands of female recipients are not entitled to any title.", "The recipients bear the post-nominal letters of \"D.G.S.M.", "\"The insignia of the grade comprises a collar, a sash, a badge and a star.", "The sash is worn from the right shoulder to the left hip.The Grand Commander grade of the order is conferred at the advice of the Chief Minister and is conferred on heads of the state governments, heads of federal and state public services, ministers, members of Malacca EXCO Council, ambassadors and others of equivalent rank.===Knight Commander===90px ''Darjah Cemerlang Seri Melaka'' (DCSM) '''Datuk Wira'''The Knight Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca () is the second highest grade of the order which was constituted in 1978.The recipients of the grade bear the title of \"''Datuk Wira''\", while the wives of the male recipients are titled as \"''Datin Wira''\".", "Husbands of female recipients are not entitled to any title.", "The recipients bear the post-nominal letters of \"D.C.S.M.", "\"The insignia of the grade comprises a collar, a sash, a badge and a star.", "The sash is worn from the right shoulder to the left hip.The Knight Commander grade of the order is conferred upon members of the state and federal governments and public services, members of the state government, members of the corporate sectors and others who have contributed with excellent and commendable services at the state or federal level.===Companion Class I===90px ''Darjah Mulia Seri Melaka'' (DMSM) '''Datuk'''The Companion Class I of the Exalted Order of Malacca () is the third grade of the order which was constituted in 1971.The recipients of the grade bear the title of \"''Datuk''\", while the wives of the male recipients are titled as \"''Datin''\".", "Husbands of female recipients are not entitled to any title.", "The recipients bear the post-nominal letters of \"D.M.S.M.", "\"The insignia of the grade comprises a sash, a badge and a star.", "The sash is worn from the right shoulder to the left hip.The Companion Class I grade of the order is conferred upon members of the Malacca State EXCO council, members of the state government, heads of the state or federal departments, members of the corporate sectors, politicians and other equivalents who have contributed with excellent and commendable services at the state or federal level.===Companion Class II===90px ''Darjah Pangkuan Seri Melaka'' (DPSM) '''Datuk'''The Companion Class II of the Exalted Order of Malacca () is the fourth grade of the order which was constituted in 2010.The recipients of the grade bear the title of \"''Datuk''\", while the wives of the male recipients are titled as \"''Datin''\".", "Husbands of female recipients are not entitled to any title.", "The recipients bear the post-nominal letters of \"D.P.S.M.", "\"The insignia of the grade comprises a sash, a badge and a star.", "The sash is worn from the right shoulder to the left hip.The Companion Class II grade of the order is conferred upon senior heads of the state or federal government departments and other equivalents for their excellent and commendable services to Malacca.===Member===90px ''Darjah Seri Melaka'' (DSM)The Member of the Exalted Order of Malacca () is the lowest grade of the order which was constituted in 1971.The recipients are not entitled to bear any title.", "The post-nominal letters of the grade of the order is \"D.S.M.", "\"The insignia of the grade comprises a necklet which is worn by the recipients around the neck.The Member grade of the order is conferred upon officials of the state government and other equivalent individuals for their devotion and services to Malacca." ], [ "Recipients", "===Grand Commander (D.G.S.M.", ")===* 1983: Chong Hon Nyan* 1983: Mohd Adib Mohamad Adam* 1984: Abdul Rahim Thamby Chik* 1984: Sanusi Junid* 1984: Abdul Ajib Ahmad* 1988: Abdul Taib Mahmud* 1991: Anwar Ibrahim* 1993: Ling Liong Sik* 1994: Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid* 1995: Mohd Zin Abdul Ghani* 1996: Salleh Said Keruak* 1996: Ali Abul Hassan Sulaiman* 1997: Mohamed Rahmat* 1998: Mohtar Abdullah* 1999: Eusoff Chin* 2001: Mohd Ali Rustam* 2001: Daim Zainuddin* 2002: Samsudin Osman* 2003: Musa Aman* 2003: Tajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali* 2004: Annuar Musa* 2004: Adnan Yaakob* 2004: Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin* 2004: Syed Razak Syed Zain Barakbah* 2004: Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir* 2005: Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor* 2005: Fong Chan Onn* 2006: Chua Soi Lek* 2006: Zainuddin Maidin* 2006: Nor Mohamed Yakcop* 2007: Rafidah Aziz* 2007: Syed Hamid Albar* 2007: Azmi Khalid* 2009: Zambry Abdul Kadir* 2009: Maximus Ongkili* 2009: Mohd Sidek Hassan* 2009: Liow Tiong Lai* 2009: Noh Omar* 2010: Zaki Azmi* 2010: Shaziman Abu Mansor* 2010: Ng Yen Yen* 2011: Subramaniam Sathasivam* 2011: Chor Chee Heung* 2013: Idris Haron* 2014: Fadillah Yusof* 2014: Hishammuddin Hussein* 2015: Wee Ka Siong* 2015: Mustapa Mohamed* 2016: Adenan Satem* 2016: Ali Hamsa* 2016: Mohamed Apandi Ali* 2016: Ahmad Kamarulzaman Ahmad Badaruddin* 2016: Lim Kok Wing* 2016: Ahmad Hamzah* 2016: Abdul Ghafar Atan* 2017: Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar* 2017: Ab Rauf Yusoh* 2018: Saifuddin Nasution Ismail* 2018: Dzulkefly Ahmad* 2018: Ahmad Awang* 2018: Jamil Salleh* 2018: Rina Harun* 2018: Mohd Redzuan Md Yusof* 2018: Mujahid Yusof Rawa* 2018: Shamsul Iskandar Md Akin* 2019: Amir Hamzah Azizan* 2019: Mukhriz Mahathir* 2019: Salahuddin Ayub* 2019: Mohammad Bin Mentek* 2019: Hasim bin Hasan* 2020: Ismail Sabri Yaakob* 2020: Noraini Ahmad* 2020: Affendi Buang* 2021: Zamrose Mohd Zain* 2021: Acryl Sani Abdullah Sani* 2022: Ayob Khan Mydin Pitchay* 2022: Prabowo Subianto (honorary)* 2023: Razarudin Husain* Unknown: Muhammad Muhammad Taib===Knight Commander (D.C.S.M.", ")===* 1983: Hashim Aman* 1986: Abdul Rahman Arshad* 1993: Halim Saad* 1995: Mohd Ali Rustam* 1995: Gan Boon Leong* 1998: Abu Seman Yusop* 2001: Poh Ah Tiam* 2003: Fong Chan Onn* 2004: Ahmad Hamzah* 2006: Mohd Anwar Mohd Nor* 2006: Musa Hassan* 2007: Awang Adek Hussin* 2008: Wee Ka Siong* 2009: Ahmad Hasbullah Mohd Nawawi* 2009: Abdul Aziz Jaafar* 2009: Ahmad Said Hamdan* 2010: Lajim Ukin* 2010: Syed Mokhtar Albukhary* 2010: Rosni Sohar* 2011: Ali Hamsa* 2011: Abdul Ghafar Atan* 2011: Idris Haron* 2012: Mohd Irwan Serigar Abdullah* 2012: Ismail Omar* 2012: Zulkifeli Mohd Zin* 2013: Khalid Abu Bakar* 2014: Ab Rauf Yusoh* 2014: Raja Mohamed Affandi* 2015: Zamrose Mohd Zain* 2015: Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim* 2016: Lee Chong Wei* 2016: Norpipah Abdol* 2016: Abdul Rahaman Abdul Karim* 2016: S. Jeyaindran* 2016: Gan Tian Loo* 2016: Mohamad Fuzi Harun* 2016: Abu Bakar Bin Mohamad Diah* 2016: Roslan Md Taha* 2016: Ghazale Muhamad* 2017: Halimah Mohamed Sadique* 2017: Razali Ibrahim* 2017: Koh Nai Kwong* 2017: Mas Ermieyati Samsudin* 2017: Ismail Othman* 2017: Zulkiple Kassim* 2017: Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub* 2018: Mohd Hatta Ramli* 2018: Abdul Ghani Samsudin* 2018: Omar Jaafar* 2018: Mohamed Farid Md Rafik* 2019: Marzuki Yahya* 2019: Mohd Anuar Mohd Tahir* 2020: Irmohizam Ibrahim* 2020: Megat Zulkarnain Omardin* 2020: Latipah Omar* 2020: Ibrahim Durum* 2021: Asmah Abdul Rahman* 2021: Soh Chin Ann* 2021: Md Rawi Mahmud* 2021: Hasan Abd Rahman* 2021: Mohd Rafiq Naizamohideen* 2022: Zaidi Johari* 2022: Zaini Jass* 2022: Johan Abd Aziz* 2023: Abdul Razak Abdul Rahman* 2023: Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki===Companion Class I (D.M.S.M.", ")===* 1975: Abdullah Mohd Salleh* 1982: Gan Boon Leong* 1989: Mohd Ali Rustam* 1990: Mohd Zin Abdul Ghani* 1992: Poh Ah Tiam* 1993: Ahmad Zahid Hamidi* 1993: Fong Chan Onn* 1993: Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz* 1994: Ibrahim Durum* 1994: Abu Seman Yusop* 1994: Ibrahim Ali* 1994: Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh* 1995: Mohd Sedek Mohd Ali* 1995: Mohd Idris Jusi* 1995: Ahmad Mohd Don* 1996: Ahmad Hamzah* 1996: Gopal Sri Ram* 1996: A. Samad Said* 1996: Zaini Mohd Said* 1999: Awang Adek Hussin* 2000: Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor* 2000: Noh Omar* 2000: Hasan Malek* 2001: Mohd Johari Baharum* 2001: Ruslin Hasan* 2002: Ab Rauf Yusoh* 2002: Abdul Rahim Bakri* 2002: Shafie Apdal* 2002: Chor Chee Heung* 2002: Abdul Aziz Jaafar* 2002: Md Sirat Abu* 2002: Sairin Karno* 2002: Christopher Wan Soo Kee* 2003: Abdul Latiff Ahmad* 2003: Azimi Daim* 2003: Tiki Lafe* 2003: Zaid Ibrahim* 2003: Adham Baba* 2003: Tajuddin Abdul Rahman* 2003: Abdul Latiff Ahmad* 2003: Zahidi Zainul Abidin* 2004: Ismail Sabri Yaakob* 2004: Abdul Ghafar Atan* 2004: Mohammad Said Yusof* 2004: Rahman Ismail* 2004: Abdul Halim Abdul Samad* 2004: Yussof Mahal* 2004: Abdul Rahman Bakar* 2004: Hasim Rusdi* 2005: Noraini Ahmad* 2005: Ghulamhaidar Khan* 2005: Idris Haron* 2005: Zakaria Edris* 2006: Hashim Suboh* 2006: Ayub Yaakob* 2006: Zulkifeli Mohd Zin* 2006: Samsolbari Jamali* 2007: Jamil Salleh* 2006: Tee Siew Kiong* 2007: Mohd Jidin Shafee* 2007: Saravanan Murugan* 2007: Koh Nai Kwong* 2007: Arif Shah Omar Shah* 2007: Kamarudin Md Nor* 2008: Misbun Sidek* 2008: Shah Rukh Khan (honorary)* 2008: Mazlan Mansor* 2009: Abdul Rahman Bakri* 2009: Ahmad Maslan* 2009: Lai Meng Chong* 2009: Wee Jeck Seng* 2009: Norpipah Abdol* 2009: Ghazale Muhamad* 2009: Latipah Omar* 2010: Ismail Othman* 2010: Hasan Abd Rahman* 2013: Azam Baki* 2013: Hamidah Khamis* 2013: Amiruddin Yusop* 2014: Mas Ermieyati Samsudin* 2014: Lim Ban Hong* 2014: Roslan Ahmad* 2015: Md Rawi Mahmud* 2015: Zaidi Attan* 2016: Mazlan Lazim* 2016: Ramli Din* 2016: Ibrahim Abdullah* 2016: Shamsudin Mehat* 2016: Rosli Mat Hassan* 2017: Mohamad Ali Mohamad* 2018: Husam Musa* 2018: Hasan Bahrom* 2018: Mohd Rafiq Naizamohideen* 2018: Mohd Sofi Abdul Wahab* 2018: Wong Fort Pin* 2018: Tey Kok Kiew* 2019: Ginie Lim Siew Lin* 2018: Muhammad Jailani Khamis* 2019: Norhizam Hassan Baktee* 2019: Noor Effandi Ahmad* 2020: Rahmad Mariman* 2022: Isham Ishak* 2022: Omar Raisul As-Salam Syah AS Omar* 2023: Fairul Nizam Roslan" ], [ "See also", "* Orders, decorations, and medals of the Malaysian states and federal territories#Malacca* List of post-nominal letters (Malacca)" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Sigrid Fronius" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sigrid Fronius''' (born 23 January 1942) is a German author, journalist and feminist.", "She was 1968 the first female chairwoman of the Allgemeinen Studierendenausschuss (AStA) at Free University of Berlin and was involved in South America during the political upheavals of the 1970s." ], [ "Life", "=== Childhood and youth ===Sigrid Fronius was born in 1942 in Brașov (''Kronstadt''), Romania, the youngest of four sisters.", "Her father was the owner of a factory.", "After World War II, Romania got a Communist regime and, as a result of nationalization, the former owner became the salaried director of the same factory.", "Her mother was a housewife.", "In 1955 - despite the Iron Curtain - the family was allowed to leave Romania legally.", "They moved in with relatives in Austria.", "From 1957, Fronius lived near Stuttgart and graduated from high school in the spring of 1962.=== Studies and student movement ===From fall 1962, Fronius studied history and French at the Free University of Berlin.", "From 1963, she took part in working groups of the ''Argument Club'', whose members included Wolfgang Fritz Haug, Wolfgang Lefevre and Jürgen Werth.", "They wrote articles on fascism and sexuality, read and discussed texts by Max Horkheimer and Hannah Arendt, reviewed books and published in the journal ''Das Argument''.In 1965, Fronius joined the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (SDS), ran for a seat in the Students' Parliament, was elected and in 1966 was appointed university officer of the AStA.", "Together with other women, such as Sigrun Anselm and Ursel Henning, she was an important part of university politics.", "She provided information on topics such as emergency legislation.", "In 1967, the student Benno Ohnesorg was shot dead by a police officer during the demonstration against the Shah of Persia.", "In order to counter the false reports in the press, the AStA supported the work of those students who took issue with the media coverage.", "Study-oriented working groups were formed at the faculties, which - with the active participation of Fronius - led to the founding of the Critical University.On May 9, 1968, Fronius was elected the first female AStA chairwoman at the FU Berlin with 32 out of 60 valid votes.", "During her term of office, she led protest actions, such as the occupations of the rectorate.", "In October 1968, she resigned from her position in the AStA.=== Trade union and politics ===At the invitation of IG Metall and Chemie, Fronius gave lectures on the ideas, goals and forms of struggle of the Studentenbewegung.", "In 1969, she worked at Robert Bosch GmbH and Siemens as a sample inspector.As part of a conference in the Harz Mountains, she wrote the ''Harz Paper'', which addressed experiences gained while working in the factory.At the end of 1971, she and others founded the Proletarian Left / Party Initiative (PL/PI).", "Over time, the men increasingly spoke of their claim to leadership, which eventually prompted Fronius to separate from the group and return to her studies.She continued her studies at the Pädagogische Hochschule, as she wanted to teach at a Hauptschule.", "When there were no vacancies for Referendariat after graduation, Fronius decided to go to the Third World." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Alvania vinosula" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania vinosula''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 1.6 mm, its diameter 1 mm.", "(Original description) The small shell has a conical shape.", "The sides of the spire are slightly convex.", "The shell contains five convex whorls.", "The suture is deeply impressed.", "The protoconch is composed of about two smooth whorls.", "The remainder of the shell is heavily sculptured, but with no definite line of demarkation between.", "The body whorl shows 17 heavy, axial, slightly oblique ribs, which extend around the periphery and to the imperforate umbilical region.", "There is a slight constriction just beneath the suture, scarcely more than an indentation on the ribs.", "On the upper whorls the ribs extend from suture to suture.", "The ribs are rounded on top, and separated by concave interspaces much wider than themselves.", "The interspaces are marked by spiral threads smaller than the ribs.", "The spiral sculpture is heaviest on the body whorl on which it covers the base as well as the sides.", "The aperture is rounded and slightly elliptical.", "The outer lip is heavily calloused on the outside.", "The peristome is continuous on the parietal wall, but closely appressed." ], [ "Distribution", "Fossils of this species were in Eocene strata in California, USA." ], [ "References", "* Kowalke, T.; Harzhauser, M. (2004).", "Early ontogeny and palaeoecology of the Mid-Miocene rissoid gastropods of the Central Paratethys.", "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.", "49(1): 111–134." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]

[ [ "Curtis Bradley" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Curtis A. Bradley''' is an American international law scholar and the Allen M. Singer Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School." ], [ "Education", "Bradley received his bachelor's degree from the University of Colorado Boulder in 1985 and his J.D.", "from Harvard Law School in 1988.He then clerked for Judge David M. Ebel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit and for Justice Byron White of the Supreme Court of the United States.", "He was an associate at the law firm Covington & Burling from 1991 to 1995." ], [ "Career", "Bradley joined the University of Virginia School of Law in 1999, originally as a visiting professor.", "He served as a full professor there from 2000 to 2005, when he became a professor at Duke Law School.", "In 2004, he served as a legal advisor on international law in the United States Department of State.", "He left Duke to join the University of Chicago Law School faculty in 2021.He was the co-editor-in-chief of the ''American Journal of International Law'' from 2018 to 2022." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Faculty page*" ] ]

[ [ "Chinese occupation of German Hankou" ], [ "Introduction", "In 1895, in order to thank Germany for intervening in Liaoning against Japan, the Chinese government forced Japan to withdraw from the Liaodong Peninsula and they acquired the Treaty of Shimonoseki and allowed Germany to open a concession in China.", "On October 3, Germany opened its first concession in China in Hankou.", "It's total area was The area is 600 acres." ], [ "Occupation", "The day following Chinese ceasing of relations 200 Chinese police officers entered the concession and occupied the 600 acre territory, taking the guards and administrators captive.", "China later declared war on August 14, 1917." ], [ "Aftermath", "following the end of the war Germany gave up all rights to it in the Treaty of Versailles and China turned it into the First Special Zone of Hankou." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Onion (Arendt)" ], [ "Introduction", "Various varieties of onionsThe '''onion metaphor''' is a metaphor used by the philosopher Hannah Arendt in ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' (1951).", "It is used to provide an example of the underlying structure that characterizes the organization of totalitarianism." ], [ "Background", "Hannah Arendt was a philosopher accustomed to using metaphors.", "Among other things, she advocated for their use in philosophical reflection in her ''Journal of Thoughts''.", "In ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'', Arendt explored the question of totalitarianism – how these types of regimes form, evolve, exist, and perish.", "She also examined the differences between totalitarianism and other forms of political systems, such as autocratic regimes." ], [ "Metaphor", "In this context, Arendt uses the metaphor of the onion to represent the structure of totalitarian systems.", "This metaphor illustrates an organized structure centered around a central point, the leader of the totalitarian system.", "She contrasts this structure with other types, such as the pyramid-like structures of autocracy or tyranny.", "This depiction reveals that totalitarianism evolves in \"waves\", spreading through different layers of society.", "The closer one is to the center, the more radicalized they become, whereas those closer to the periphery are less radicalized.", "With this example, Arendt also exposes the dual nature of totalitarian organizations, possessing two faces—one presented to the external world, appearing normal, and another turned inward, radicalized.The metaphor is described by researchers like Sophie Schulze as follows:For Arendt, the onion structure designates two distinct things: one, that power diffuses from the center to the periphery (centrifugal movement); the other, that each circle maintains itself through the balance between two opposing forces.This structure also enables totalitarian regimes to absorb shocks from the external reality of the system.", "Each layer of the onion absorbs a bit of the shockwave, ultimately rendering the contact with external reality harmless.", "This occurs despite the contradictions with the practical and scientific lies propagated by totalitarian regimes." ], [ "Legacy", "The use of the metaphor was deemed relevant when discussing, among other things, the USSR under Stalin, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan.", "The notion that this structure helps totalitarian regimes avoid 'external reality shocks' is also considered an important concept in psychology." ], [ "See also", "* Onion model" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Jonas B. Phillips" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jonas Benjamin Phillips''' (October 28, 1805 – May 15, 1867) was an American dramatist, lyricist, poet, and attorney who served as the first assistant district attorney for New York County from 1843 to 1851." ], [ "Early life", "Phillips was born in Philadelphia in 1805 to a large, distinguished Jewish American family.", "His paternal grandfather was Jonas Phillips, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and merchant in New York City and Philadelphia.", "Benjamin Mendez Seixas was his maternal grandfather, who also fought in the American Revolution, was a prominent merchant in Newport, Philadelphia, and New York City, and was one of the founders of the New York Stock Exchange.", "Jonas B. Phillips studied law and passed the bar in Philadelphia in 1826." ], [ "Drama and Music Career", "Phillips moved to New York City in 1828 and initially turned his efforts to creative pursuits rather than focusing on law.", "He wrote over 70 plays, popular with working-class audiences.", "His most well-received plays were \"The Evil Eye,\" produced in 1831, and \"Camillus,\" in 1833.Phillips also wrote poetry and lyrics for popular music." ], [ "Legal career", "Phillips held other positions while he pursued writing.", "In 1831, he worked as a US Custom House clerk in New York City.", "He was active in the Democratic-Republican Party in the 1830s and later the Democratic Party.", "In 1842, Phillips returned to law as an attorney.", "He was appointed Commissioner of Deeds of New York County in 1843.Also in 1843, he became the first Assistant District Attorney of New York County, a position he held for eight consecutive years.", "After that, he pursued private practice in criminal law." ], [ "Personal life", "Phillips never married but had an adopted son.", "He died in 1867 after suffering for many years from kidney disease, known as “Bright's disease” at the time." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "1882 Surinamese general election" ], [ "Introduction", "Partial general elections were held in Suriname in March and April 1882 to elect three of the nine elected members of the Colonial States." ], [ "Electoral system", "The Colonial States consisted of nine elected members and four appointed by the Governor-General.", "Elected members served six-year terms, with three members elected every two years.", "The 1882 elections were to replace the three members elected in 1876, , and .", "Verbeek had resigned in 1880 and been replaced by .The elections were held using the two-round system, with suffrage restricted to men meeting certain criteria.", "Voters had multiple votes, and any candidate receiving a number of votes equivalent to over 50% of the valid ballots cast was elected in the first round.", "If not all seats were filled, a second round was held with twice the number of candidates as seats remaining, who were the candidates who received the most votes but failed to be elected in the first round." ], [ "Results", "As there were 145 valid ballots cast, candidates required 73 votes to be elected in the first round.", "Incumbent Barnett and were elected in the first round, while F.W.", "Westerouen van Meeteren missed out on being elected by a single vote.", "He and incumbent da Costa contested the second round, in which they were tied on 88 votes.", "Da Costa was declared elected on the basis that he was the older of the two candidates." ], [ "Aftermath", "Governor-General reappointed and as nominated members, together with and formerly elected member .The newly elected States met for the first time on 9 May 1882, with Juda remaining chairman.D'Angremond resigned in 1883 when he left Suriname and was replaced by ." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Aurelio and Miranda" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Aurelio and Miranda''''' is a 1798 play by the British writer James Boaden, inspired by Matthew Gregory Lewis 1796 novel ''The Monk''.", "It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 29 December 1798.The original cast included John Philip Kemble as Aurelio, Sarah Siddons as Miranda, William Barrymore as Raymond, Charles Kemble as Lorenzo, John Bannister as Christoval, Walter Maddocks as Hilario, Ralph Wewitzer as Pedro, Jane Powell as Agnes, Charlotte Tidswell as St. Agatha, Maria Bland as Zingarella, Sarah Sparks as Leonella and Elizabeth Heard as Antonia." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.", "Lexington Books, 2011.", "* Nicoll, Allardyce.", "''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume III''.", "Cambridge University Press, 2009.", "* Hogan, C.B (ed.)", "''The London Stage, 1660–1800: Volume V''.", "Southern Illinois University Press, 1968." ] ]

[ [ "Lena B. Mathes" ], [ "Introduction", "Rev.", "'''Lena B. Mathes''' (, '''Mays'''; 1861–1951) was an American educator, social reformer, and ordained Baptist minister.", "She was a pioneer organizer of schools in rural districts of the south.", "Her principal work, however, was organizing church women for intelligent, informed citizenship and for the purpose of arousing them to their duty at the polls.", "Mathes lectured for on current, religious, social and civic subjects, specializing on subjects connected with juvenile delinquency, the relation of the church to the community, problems on international relations as well as current legislative measures relating to the moral and religious welfare of the community and the welfare of women and children.", "Mathes was the author of pamphlets on subjects under discussion in her work and frequently contributed articles to papers and magazines relating to her work." ], [ "Early life and education", "Lena Boyce Mays was born at Talladega, Alabama, October 27, 1861.Her parents were Rev.", "John Fleming Bingham Mays (1827–1883), a Baptist minister, and Sarah R. (Durham) Mays (b.", "1839).", "On her mother's side, there was a long line of ministers and missionaries of English ancestry in Virginia.Mathes was brought up in the Old South and her early education was received under tutors at home.", "She was graduated at Salem Academy (Winston-Salem, North Carolina) and later studied for a number of years in the University of Chicago receiving the degrees Ph.", "B.", "(1911), A. M. (1912), and B. D. (1914), where she specialized in sociology and religious education.", "Her M.A.", "thesis was titled, \"English and History in the Rural School as Material for Religious Education.\"" ], [ "Career", "===Educator===For 22 years (1886–1908), she was engaged in teaching in Florida and North Carolina.", "Four years, she was a teacher of Ecclesiastical Sociology in the Baptist Training School.In 1901, she was on the faculty of Stetson University.", "After rumors started spreading regarding possible inappropriate behavior between Mathes and John Forbes, the married president of Stetson University, multiple lawsuits for libel were filed.By 1905, she had left Stetson University and was selected to start teaching at Turkey Creek School in Hillsborough County, Florida.", "But the children of the school asked the courts for an injunction to restrain her from teaching them, charging drunknenness and other acts of immorality on the part of Mathes.", "Some of the acts complained dated 10 or 12 years back.", "They included the Stetson scandal of three years earlier when Mathes, then a teacher in the Stetson University, and Rev.", "John F. Forbes, president of the institution, were charged with improper conduct, and left the university.", "Rarely, if ever in the U.S., and never before in Florida had a teacher been removed from her position by the summary legal process of an injunction restraining her from exercising her duties and powers, the most remarkable part of it being that the suit was brought in the name of the pupils who had been deprived of an education by their parents refusing to send them to a school taught by Mathes.===Social reformer===At the age of twenty, she joined the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), and thereafter devoted a considerable portion of her time to the organization of local branches and Legions of Honor.", "(1921)In 1914, together with a number of women with whom she had been associated at the University of Chicago, she organized the Woman's Church Federation, of which she became first president.", "As president of the Woman's Church Federation, which was really an adjunct of a department of the WCTU, whose object was to secure the Sunday closing of the saloons of Chicago through the cooperation of the business and professional men of the city, Mathes assisted materially in securing the Chicago Dry Petition in March 1918.Largely due to her efforts, the women of 18 denominations were enlisted in the work of the Federation and thousands of leading citizens of the city were induced to bring pressure to bear on the Chicago city government.", "Mathes also led a crusade to force the city newspapers to exclude liquor advertisements.", "She was the Federation's president for eight years.", "She organized similar federations in other towns and cities in Illinois and Kentucky.Also in Chicago, Mathes became ordained as a Baptist minister by the American Baptist Convention.Mathes served served on the Law Enforcement Committee, the Legislative Committee, and the Social Hygiene Committee of the Council of National Defense.", "When World War I was declared, the Woman's Church Federation was the first woman's organization to establish an office at the headquarters of the Council of Defense.From 1921, she was superintendent of the Woman's Department of the Anti-Saloon League of Illinois.", "She was an active speaker for law enforcement and the election of prohibition-mind men to the Illinois State Legislature.", "She was active in all civic and social improvements in Chicago and was particularly interested in labor problems, prohibition and international friendship.", "She was Director of the Illinois Christian Citizenship Council and a member of the Board of Directors of the following organizations: Illinois Civic League; Illinois Vigilance Association; Women's International League for Peace and Freedom; and Illinois League of Women Voters.", "Mathes was a member of the Woodlawn Baptist Church.", "She held membership in the following organizations: Anti-Saloon League of Illinois (Superintendent of Women's department of Illinois); Chicago Church Federation (Member of the board of trustees; Vice Chair of its commissions on World Friendship and Political Action); United Daughters of the Confederacy; WCTU; Women's Trade Union League; Woman's City Club; Chicago College Club; American Association of University Women; Chicago Woman's Club and American Sociological Society.", "In her endeavor to link the church with important work through cooperation, she came to occupy positions in other women's organizations and served on committees of the various Boards of Relief – the Near East, Feeding of the German Children, and the American Committee for the Relief of Russian Women and Children." ], [ "Personal life", "She married Capt.", "George McCown Mathes (1837–1906), of Sevierville, Tennessee, on April 5, 1884.They had two sons, Yorick and John.Lena B. Mathes died on July 28, 1951, at her home in Washington, D.C. Burial was at the Old Gray Cemetery, Knoxville, Tennessee." ], [ "Selected works", "* \"A Job for Illinois Women\", 1921* \"Organizing Women Voters for Victory\", 1930" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Democracy in Europe" ], [ "Introduction", "V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index for Europeupright=1.4'''Democracy in Europe''' can be comparatively assessed according to various definitions of democracy.", "According to the V-Dem Democracy Indices, the European countries with the highest democracy scores in 2023 are Denmark, Norway and Sweden, meanwhile the European countries with lowest democracy scores in 2023 are Belarus, Russia and Turkey." ], [ "Changes in democracy", "After the fall of Communism most countries in Central and Eastern Europe either democratized or re-democratized.", "Some democratic backsliding can be observed in parts of Europe, including Hungary and Poland.", "Some view European democracies have become more consensual and less majoritarian over time.", "Increased importance of constitutionalism has been claimed.== Measures of democracy == The table below shows European countries scored on the 5 high-level V-Dem Democracy Indices in 2023.+CountryElectoral DemocracyLiberal DemocracyParticipatory DemocracyDeliberative DemocracyEgalitarian Democracy 0.916 0.889 0.702 0.877 0.878 0.899 0.857 0.645 0.872 0.86 0.899 0.87 0.643 0.806 0.816 0.898 0.851 0.801 0.863 0.834 0.893 0.847 0.619 0.754 0.798 0.889 0.824 0.634 0.808 0.792 0.887 0.825 0.633 0.812 0.823 0.881 0.797 0.584 0.839 0.822 0.874 0.803 0.602 0.806 0.753 0.873 0.791 0.618 0.765 0.724 0.861 0.816 0.612 0.792 0.779 0.857 0.807 0.615 0.816 0.792 0.853 0.784 0.565 0.74 0.772 0.852 0.8 0.58 0.804 0.765 0.851 0.779 0.612 0.605 0.702 0.846 0.753 0.58 0.737 0.723 0.844 0.766 0.668 0.768 0.775 0.843 0.766 0.603 0.73 0.705 0.821 0.73 0.583 0.689 0.695 0.819 0.732 0.6 0.714 0.73 0.799 0.704 0.579 0.702 0.685 0.797 0.741 0.588 0.648 0.687 0.794 0.7 0.556 0.671 0.71 0.783 0.6 0.536 0.684 0.659 0.782 0.641 0.555 0.634 0.692 0.777 0.644 0.479 0.63 0.672 0.752 0.642 0.52 0.674 0.582 0.738 0.648 0.507 0.587 0.577 0.689 0.547 0.499 0.35 0.482 0.688 0.613 0.486 0.588 0.546 0.647 0.504 0.408 0.532 0.515 0.645 0.445 0.401 0.502 0.54 0.618 0.463 0.36 0.414 0.432 0.574 0.425 0.353 0.358 0.494 0.528 0.365 0.318 0.355 0.366 0.501 0.404 0.3 0.389 0.401 0.484 0.409 0.3 0.273 0.355 0.445 0.337 0.294 0.213 0.324 0.406 0.234 0.273 0.351 0.317 0.361 0.265 0.25 0.231 0.316 0.276 0.118 0.164 0.084 0.209 0.209 0.071 0.142 0.073 0.15 0.175 0.042 0.059 0.039 0.224" ], [ "See also", "* Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa* Democratic backsliding by country#Europe* Politics of Europe" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Rita López de Llergo y Seoane" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rita López de Llergo y Seoane''' (Mexico City, 26 August 1905–around 1979) was a Mexican scientist and geographer.", "She was the first woman to preside over a research institute, the Institute of Geography, at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), in 1943." ], [ "Biography", "López de Llergo studied for her bachelor's degree in physical-mathematical sciences at the National School of Teachers, graduating in 1922, and her master's degree in Geography at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, obtaining the academic degree in 1928.She was the only woman to take the \"History of Mathematics\" course in that school taught by Sotero Prieto, which was attended by other notable scientists such as Carlos Graef Fernández, among others.", "She obtained a master's degree in mathematical sciences at the UNAM Faculty of Sciences and a career as vice consul at the Faculty of Law and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1935.In the 1930s, she joined the university's staff of the Institute of Geography.In 1943 she was appointed by Alfonso Caso as director of the Institute of Geography of the UNAM, becoming the first woman in the history of that university to be the director of a research institute.", "In this activity, she intensely promoted the cartography of Mexico, considering projects such as the formation of the Coordinating Committee for the lifting of the Charter of the Mexican Republic as well as the promotion of scientific advances in investigative work such as aerial photogrammetry and the donation of photogrammetric devices and collections of aerial photographs of the institute.", "She was a member of the Special Charts Committee of the Pan American Commission on Cartography, and she was a member of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History.López de Llergo spent 21 years as the head of the institute, ending her term in 1964." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "1951 Howard Payne Yellow Jackets football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1951 Howard Payne Yellow Jackets''' represented Howard Payne College—now known as Howard Payne University—as a member of the Texas Conference during the 1951 college football season.", "Led by first-year head coach Carl Anderson, the Yellow Jackets compiled an overall record of 4–4 with a mark of 3–1 in conference play, sharing the Texas Conference title with Abilene Christian and Texas A&I." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Al Fajr (Jerusalem)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Al Fajr''''' () was an East Jerusalem-based newspaper which was in circulation between 1972 and 1993.The paper functioned as an unofficial organ of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)." ], [ "History and profile", "''Al Fajr'' was established by Yousef Nasri Nasser in East Jerusalem in 1972.Its first issue appeared on 7 April 1972.The paper came out weekly until 5 June 1974 when its frequency switched to daily.", "Yousef Nasri Nasser also edited the paper from its start to February 1974 when he went missing.", "Mohammad Batrawi edited ''Al Fajr'' until 1976, and then Bashir Al Barghouthi began to serve as its editor-in-chief.", "Paul Ajlouny was the publisher of the paper who took over it in 1974 after the disappearance of his brother-in-law, Yousef Nasri Nasser.", "There was an English edition of the newspaper entitled ''Al Fajr English'' was appeared weekly in Jerusalem and Washington, D.C. between 23 April 1980 and 16 August 1993.Bishara Bahbah was the editor-in-chief of both Arabic and English editions of ''Al Fajr'' for one year between 1983 and 1984.The paper also had a monthly literary supplement.", "''Al Fajr'' was close to the PLO, and some of its contributors were the members of Fatah.", "Khaled Abu Toameh who is an Israeli Arab journalist worked for the paper argued in 2004 that it was strictly controlled by the PLO leader Yasser Arafat's office in Tunisia and that it was like one of the PLO's institutions.", "Like other Arabic publications in Israel the paper was subject to more Israeli censorship following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982.Israel banned its distribution on the West Bank in July 1982.", "''Al Fajr'' folded in July 1993 due to financial problems.", "Its daily circulation was just 3,000 copies before its closure.", "Hanna Siniora was the last editor-in-chief of ''Al Fajr'' who had held the post since 1978." ], [ "Archived copies", "The issues of ''Al Fajr'' were archived by the Palestinian Museum.", "The Peace Education Center of Michigan State University archived its issues published between 28 June 1985 and 30 September 1991.The University of Chicago Library also has a partial archive of the paper." ], [ "References" ] ]

[ [ "Pierce P. Furber" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pierce Powers Furber''' (May 2, 1853 – April 6, 1893) was an American architect and partner of Peabody & Stearns in charge of the firm's western commissions under the name Peabody, Stearns & Furber." ], [ "Biography", "Furber was born May 2, 1853, in Bangor, Maine, to Samuel Winkley Furber (1819–1895) and Lucy Heywood Metcalf (1825–1856).", "He moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota with his father in 1858, then moved to Cottage Grove, Minnesota in 1861 where his uncle, Joseph W. Furber, was living at the time.", "His father was one of James J. Hill's business associates.", "Furber was educated at Carleton College (1871) and the University of Minnesota (1875) where he graduated as civil engineer in 1876.He was a charter member of the Alpha Nu chapter of Chi Psi.", "Furber attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and graduated as an architect in 1879.Following graduation, he entered the Boston offices of Peabody & Stearns.", "In 1881, he was sent by the firm to Colorado Springs to superintend the firm's projects there.", "In 1883, Furber went to St. Louis where he became in charge of all the firm's western work and became a local partner of the firm in 1889, under the name Peabody, Stearns & Furber.", "Furber's role \"was to drum up trade for the Boston office and supervise construction from drawings that they sent him.", "\"Furber was a founder of the Architectural League of New York and on the board of directors of the American Institute of Architects.", "Furber was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1889.He was the first president of the St. Louis AIA chapter.Furber married Sara Kate Montgomery on November 15, 1882, and had three children.", "He died April 6, 1893, in St. Louis from diphtheria.", "He was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery." ], [ "Works", "* Chi Psi Alpha Nu Chapter Lodge, 1515 University Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota* Henry L. Newman House (1881) – 21 Vandeventer Place, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* Turner Building (1882) – 304 N 8th Street, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* U.S. Signal Station (1882) – Pikes Peak, El Paso County, Colorado, demolished* The Antlers Hotel (1883) – Cascade Avenue, Colorado Springs, Colorado, demolished* Isaac W. Morton House (1884) – 49 Vandeventer Place & Cabanne Avenue, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* St. Louis Club House (1884–1885) – T. E. Huntley Avenue & Locust Boulevard, Midtown, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* Dr. George Ashe Bronson House (1885) – 3201 Washington Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, added to the NRHP in 2015* Robert Moore House (1886) – 61 Vandeventer Place, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* Thomas Howard House (1887) – 33 Vandeventer Place, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* James J. Hill House (1887–1891) – 240 Summit Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota, added to the NRHP in 1966* Henry L. Newman House (1889) – 21 Westmoreland Place, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* Duluth Union Depot (1890–1892) – 509 W Michigan Street, Duluth, Minnesota, added to the NRHP in 1971* Security Building (1890–1892) – 319 N 4th Street, St. Louis, Missouri, added to the NRHP in 2000* Corinne Dyer House (1892) – 38 Westmoreland Place, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri* Col. Edward C. Rowse House (1892) – 10 Benton Place, Lafayette Square, St. Louis, Missouri* Lindell Methodist Episcopal Church (1892) – Lindell Boulevard & Newstead Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* The Collier Building (1892–1893) – 4th Street & Washington Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished* John T. Davis House (1893–1894) – 17 Westmoreland Place, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri* D. R. Wolfe House (1894) – 4046 Washington Avenue, Central West End, St. Louis, Missouri* George M. Maverick House (1894) – 2726 Locust Street, Midtown, St. Louis, Missouri, demolished" ], [ "Gallery", "File:Alpha Nu Chapter of Chi Psi Fraternity, Minnesota, 8 June 2014.jpg|Alpha Nu LodgeFile:21 Vandeventer Place, St. Louis - Henry L. Newman House.jpg|21 Vandeventer PlaceFile:The industries of Saint Louis- her advantages, resources, facilities, and commercial relations as a center of trade and manufacture; (1885) (14741880186).jpg|Turner BuildingFile:Pike's Peak U.S. Signal Station, 1909 Postcard.jpg|U.S.", "Signal StationFile:The Antlers from Pike's Peak Avenue, 1880.jpg|The AntlersFile:St. Louis Club, T. E. Huntley Ave. & Locust Blvd., St. Louis, MO.png|St.", "Louis Club HouseFile:Dr. George Ashe Bronson House, 3201 Washington Ave., St. Louis.jpg|Dr.", "George Ashe Bronson HouseFile:James J. Hill House (1).jpg|James J. Hill HouseFile:Edward H. Simmons House, 21 Westmoreland Place, St. Louis.jpg|21 Westmoreland PlaceFile:Duluth Depot.jpg|Duluth Union DepotFile:Security Building, 319 North Fourth Street.jpg|Security BuildingFile:Dyer House, St. Louis, Missouri, Peabody and Stearns.jpg|Corinne Dyer HouseFile:Lindell Methodist Episcopal Church, St. Louis.jpg|Lindell Methodist Episcopal ChurchFile:The Collier Building, St. Louis, MO.jpg|The Collier BuildingFile:17 Westmoreland Place, St. Louis.jpg|John T. Davis HouseFile:D. R. Wolfe Residence, 4046 Washington Ave – Peabody, Stearns, and Furber.jpg|D.", "R. Wolfe HouseFile:Residence, St. Louis, Missouri.", "Peabody, Stearns & Furber, architects.jpg|George M. Maverick House" ], [ "References" ] ]