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The theory of incentive compatibility that Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists thought about outcomes , explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how incentives for individuals make a difference in decision making . | The theory of incentive compatibility that Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists think about sharing in the future , explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how rewards for certain people make a difference when making decisions . |
He then studied at the London School of Economics with Nicholas Kaldor and Friedrich Hayek . | He enjoyed studying in economics class and went to the London School of Economics with Nicholas Kaldor and Friedrich Hayek . |
These four approaches - Laplace , Wald , Hurwicz and Savage - have been studied , corrected and applied for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor , G. L. S. Shackle , Daniel Ellsberg , R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa , in a field some date back to Jacob Bernoulli . | The four peoples work - Laplace , Wald , Hurwicz and Savage - that the Hurwicz Criterion has been based on was studied , corrected and used for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor , G. L. S. Shackle , Daniel Ellsberg , R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa , but some people say the work was started by Jacob Bernoulli . |
After moving to the United States he continued his studies at Harvard University and the University of Chicago . | After moving to the United States he studied more economics at Harvard University and the University of Chicago . |
Hurwicz was recruited by Walter Heller to the University of Minnesota in 1951 , where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration . | Hurwicz was given a job by Walter Heller at the University of Minnesota in 1951 , where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration . |
About 1942 his advisors were Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics at the University of Chicago , now the Cowles Foundation at Yale University . | His advisors in 1942 were Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans of the University of Chicago , who now work for the Cowles Foundation at Yale University . |
When Eugene McCarthy ran for president of the United States , Hurwicz served in 1968 as a McCarthy delegate from Minnesota to the Democratic Party Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee . | When Eugene McCarthy ran for president of the United States ( 1968 ) , Hurwicz was a Minnesota delegate to the Democratic Party Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee . |
Hurwicz was elected a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1947 and in 1969 was the society 's president . | Hurwicz was voted to be a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1947 and in 1969 was the Econometric Societys president . |
When asked which of all the applications of mechanism design he was most pleased to see he said welfare economics . | When he was asked what the most important part of mechanism design is , he said welfare economics . |
Unable to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his poor health , Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis . | Professor Hurwicz was not able to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his age , Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis . |
In the 1950s , he worked with Kenneth Arrow on non-linear programming ; in 1972 Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize . | Kenneth Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize in 1972 . |
He was also a research professor of economics and mathematical statistics at the University of Illinois , a consultant to the RAND Corporation through the University of Chicago and a consultant to the U.S. Bureau of the Budget . | He was also a research professor of economics and statistics at the University of Illinois , a consultant to the RAND Corporation for the University of Chicago and a consultant to the U.S. government . |
Hurwicz was Regents ' Professor of Economics ( Emeritus ) at the University of Minnesota . | Hurwicz works as Regents Professor of Economics ( head teacher of economics ) at the University of Minnesota . |
In 1974 he was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences and in 1977 was named a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association . | In 1974 he was made a part of the National Academy of Sciences and in 1977 was made a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association . |
Hurwicz was born in Moscow , Russia , to a family of Polish Jews a few months before the October Revolution . | Professor Hurwicz was born in Moscow , Russia to a Jewish family a few months before the October Revolution . |
They married in 1944 and later lived on the Mississippi River parkway in Minneapolis , Minnesota . | Leonid and Evelyn got married in 1944 and later , lived on the Mississippi River parkway in Minneapolis , Minnesota . |
Hurwicz had no degree in economics . | Professor Hurwicz does not have a degree in economics but he won the Nobel prize for economics in 2007 . |
In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor , and a fellow on the second visit , at Stanford University and there in 1959 published `` Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes '' on mechanism design . | In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor , and a fellow on the second visit , at Stanford University and there in 1959 he published `` Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes '' on making rules for buyers and sellers and governments share wealth . |
In 1939 he moved to Geneva where he studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and attended the seminar of Ludwig von Mises . | In 1939 he moved to Geneva where he studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and studied Ludwig von Mises teaching . |
Leonid `` Leo '' Hurwicz ( Russian : Леони́д Гу́рвич ; August 21 , 1917 - June 24 , 2008 ) was an economist and mathematician , born in Moscow . | Leonid Hurwicz ( August 21 , 1917 - June 24 , 2008 ) was an American economist , mathematician , and winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics . |
Hurwicz was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965 . | Hurwicz was made part of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965 . |
In 1941 Hurwicz was a research assistant to Paul Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and to Oskar Lange at the University of Chicago . | In 1941 Hurwicz was helping Paul Samuelson to teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and helping Oskar Lange to teach at the University of Chicago . |
Hurwicz , who had graduated from Warsaw University in 1938 , at the time of Nazi invasion on Poland was in London , moved to Switzerland then to Portugal and finally in 1940 he emigrated to the United States . | Hurwicz was forced to move to Switzerland , then to Portugal and finally in 1940 he moved to the United States . |
Hurwicz and his family experienced persecution by both the Bolsheviks and Nazis , as he again became a refugee when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 . | He became a refugee again when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 . |
Hurwicz presented the Fisher-Schultz ( 1963 ) , Richard T. Ely ( 1972 ) , David Kinley ( 1989 ) and Colin Clark ( 1997 ) lectures . | Hurwicz has taught works by Fisher-Schultz ( 1963 ) , Richard T. Ely ( 1972 ) , David Kinley ( 1989 ) and Colin Clark ( 1997 ) . |
His interests included linguistics , archaeology , biochemistry and music . | He has interests in linguistics , archaeology , biochemistry and music . |
His parents and brother fled Warsaw , only to be arrested and sent to Soviet labor camps . | His parents and brother ran away to Warsaw where they were arrested by the Soviets and sent to labor camps . |
Accompanied by Evelyn , his spouse of six decades , and his family , he was the guest of honor at a convocation held on the campus of the University of Minnesota presided over by university president Robert Bruininks . | Accompanied by Evelyn , his wife for sixty years , and his family , he was the most important guest at a meeting in the University of Minnesota with the university president Robert Bruininks . |
Hurwicz was the graduate advisor to Daniel McFadden , who received the prize in 2000 . | Hurwicz helped Daniel McFadden , who won a Nobel prize in 2000 . |
The winners applied game theory , a field advanced by mathematician John Forbes Nash , to discover the best and most efficient means to reach a desired outcome , taking into account individuals ' knowledge and self-interest , which may be hidden or private . | The three Nobel prize winners used game theory work by mathematician John Forbes Nash , to discover the best way to reach a good outcome , without forgetting individual people . |
First presented in 1950 , the Hurwicz criterion is thought about to this day in the area of decision making called `` under uncertainty . '' | The Hurwicz Criterion is also called `` under uncertainty '' . |
His family eventually joined him there . | His family joined him there after some time . |
He spent most of the rest of his career there , but it was interspersed with studies and teaching elsewhere in the United States and Asia . | Most of his work for the rest of his life was in Minnesota , but he studied and was a teacher elsewhere in the United States and Asia . |
Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen ( born October 31 , 1923 ) , who grew up on a Wisconsin farm and was , at the time , an undergraduate in economics at the University of Chicago , as his teaching assistant during the 1940s . | Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen to help him teach during the 1940s . |
Hurwicz combined Wald 's ideas with work done in 1812 by Pierre-Simon Laplace . | Hurwicz had the idea of putting Abraham Walds work together with work done by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1812 . |
A Bunsen burner , named after Robert Bunsen , is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame , which is used for heating , sterilization , and combustion . | A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment . |
The most important alternatives to the Bunsen burner are : | Bunsen burners can be very hot . |
There are three types of tundra : arctic tundra , alpine tundra , and Antarctic tundra . | There are three types of tundra : Arctic tundra , Antarctic tundra , and alpine tundra . |
In physical geography , a tundra is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons . | In physical geography , tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons . |
The ecotone ( or ecological boundary region ) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline . | The boundary between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline . |
Notable animals in the Arctic tundra include caribou ( reindeer ) , musk ox , arctic hare , arctic fox , snowy owl , lemmings , and polar bears ( only near ocean-fed bodies of water ) . | Some examples of animals that live in the tundra are : rodents , hares , sables , caribou , wolves , arctic foxes , bears , walruses , seals , and snowy owls . |
The term tundra comes through Russian тундра from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr `` uplands '' , `` treeless mountain tract '' . | The term `` tundra '' comes from tūndâr which means ` uplands , tundra , treeless mountain tract ' . |
Scattered trees grow in some tundras . | Trees grow in some of the tundra . |
Return to Never Land ( also known as Peter Pan 2 or Peter Pan 2 : Return to Never Land ) is a 2002 American animated fantasy comedy-drama film produced by DisneyToon Studios in Sydney , Australia and released by Walt Disney Pictures . | Return to Never Land ( also known as Peter Pan in Disney 's Return to Never Land ) is a 2002 American animated movie . |
The film is a sequel to the 1953 film Peter Pan , based on J. M. Barrie 's most famous work Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up . | The movie is a sequel to the 1953 Peter Pan . |
Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary . | The melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary . |
In a few scores , the sharp A in the bass clef is written on the top line . | In a few scores , 5-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line . |
G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G ♯ , consisting of the pitches G ♯ , A ♯ , B , C ♯ , D ♯ , E , and F ♯ . | G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G ♯ . |
If G-sharp minor must absolutely be used , one should take care that B-flat wind instruments be notated in B-flat minor , rather than A-sharp minor . | If G-sharp minor must be used , B-flat wind instruments should have their part written in B-flat minor , not A-sharp minor . |
For orchestration of piano music , some theorists recommend transposing the music to G minor or A minor . | For orchestration of piano music ( writing it so an orchestra can play it ) , sometimes the music is transposed to G minor or A minor . |
In 2004 and 2005 KANOTIX was a popular distribution ranking in the top 20 of distrowatch.com . | In 2004 and 2005 KANOTIX was a popular distribution ranking in the `` top 20 '' of `` distrowatch.com '' . |
Kanotix can be installed to the hard disk using the ( graphical ) acritoxinstaller , which , depending on optical drive , hard disk and processor speed , can take around 10-20 minutes . | Kanotix includes about 1,200 software packages : Kanotix can be installed to the hard disk using the ( graphical ) acritoxinstaller , which , depending on optical drive , hard disk and processor speed , can take around 10 - 20 minutes . |
It can run from an optical disc drive or other media i.e. USB-stick without using a hard disk drive . | It can run from an optical disc drive without using a hard disk . |
Kanotix uses KDE Software Compilation as the default desktop environment . | Kanotix uses KDE as the default desktop environment . |
Other window managers can be downloaded using APT . | GNOME and other window managers can be downloaded using APT . |
The co-developer and other of the Kanotix-Team wanted to stay with Debian-Sid and left the project , to start sidux , a new distribution based on Debian sid . | In October 2006 the main Kanotix co-developer ( and most of Kanotix 's other developers ) left the project , to start sidux , another distribution based on Debian sid . |
Kanotix , also referred to as KANOTIX , is an operating system Live CD based on Debian , with advanced hardware detection . | Kanotix , also referred to as KANOTIX , is a Linux distribution Live CD ( LiveDistro ) based on Debian ( until 2006 unstable , in 2007 KANOTIX moved to Debian Etch ) with advanced hardware detection . |
In 1969 he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova . | In 1969 , he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova . |
He has also conducted many of the world 's greatest orchestras , including the Berlin Philharmonic , the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra , the Boston Symphony Orchestra , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Cleveland Orchestra , the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra , and the London Symphony Orchestra . | He has also conducted many of the world 's greatest orchestras , including the Berlin Philharmonic , the Royal Concertgebouw , the Boston Symphony Orchestra , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Cleveland Orchestra , and the London Symphony Orchestra . |
He premiered many works of Soviet composers , including Edison Denisov 's Le soleil des Incas ( Sun of the Incas ) ( 1964 ) , as well as giving the Russian premiere of Benjamin Britten 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the Western premiere of Dmitri Shostakovich 's Fourth Symphony at the 1962 Edinburgh Festival . | He gave the first performances of many works of Soviet composers , as well as the first Russian performance of Benjamin Britten 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream . |
Already known for having conducted Tchaikovsky 's The Nutcracker ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre at the age of 20 , he quickly established his reputation . | When he was 20 years old , he conducted Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre . |
Rozhdestvensky was born in Moscow . | Rozhdestvensky was born into a musical family . |
His given name was Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov , but he adopted his mother 's maiden name in its masculine form for his professional career so as to avoid the appearance of nepotism . | His name at first was Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov . |
He studied conducting with his father at the Moscow Conservatory and piano with Lev Oborin . | He studied piano with the great pianist Lev Oborin . |
Imperia Tower in Moscow , Russia , is a 60-floor building complex that includes offices , a business center , a hotel and private apartments . | The Imperia Tower is a building in Moscow , Russia . |
Its location is on the first line of the Moscow-City International Business Center , directly on the embankment . | The building is part of the Moscow International Business Center . |
It is situated immediately east of Beachy Head , the highest chalk sea cliff in Great Britain and an area of outstanding natural beauty . | The famous chalk cliff Beachy Head is in the town . |
Eastbourne ( pronunciation ( help · info ) ) is a large town and borough in East Sussex , on the south coast of England , 17 miles east of Brighton . | Eastbourne is a large town in East Sussex , on the south coast of England between Brighton and Hastings . |
A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments , usually a violin and a cello , or a piece of music written for such a group . | A piano trio is a group of three instruments including a piano . |
For individual articles treating works for piano trio , see Category : Compositions for piano trio . | A piano trio can also mean a piece of music written for a piano trio to play . |
Thus a large number of works exist for the arrangement of piano , violin and violoncello which are not generally titled or numbered as piano trios , but which are nonetheless part of the overall genre . | Usually it is a piano , a violin and a cello . |
Banned combinations also include the Nazi abbreviations HJ ( Hitlerjugend , Hitler Youth ) , NS ( Nationalsozialismus , National Socialism ) , SA ( Sturmabteilung ) , SS ( Schutzstaffel ) and KZ ( Konzentrationslager , concentration camp ) . | Banned combinations include the Nazi abbreviations HJ ( Hitlerjugend , Hitler Youth ) , NS ( Nationalsozialismus , National Socialism ) , SA ( Sturmabteilung ) , SS ( Schutzstaffel ) and KZ ( Konzentrationslager , concentration camp ) . |
The district Sächsische Schweiz uses the name of its main town , Pirna , in its code PIR , to avoid the use of SS , the name of the paramilitary organization ; similarly SA is also unused . | The district Sächsische Schweiz uses the name of its main town , Pirna , in its code PIR , to avoid the use of SS , the name of the nazi group ; similarly SA is also unused . |
Some registration offices have overlooked this rule by mistake , however , and there are a few cars registered carrying prohibited codes , such as B-SS 12 . | Some registration offices have overlooked this rule by mistake , however ; there are a few cars registered carrying prohibited codes , such as B-SS 12 . |
In 2004 in Nuremberg , a car owner was refused a number plate beginning N-PD because of the connection to the political party the NPD . | In 2004 in Nuremberg , a car owner was refused a number plate beginning N-PD because of the connection to the political party , the NPD . |
These letters usually coincide with the German districts ( complete list ) ; in some cases an urban district and the surrounding non-urban district share the same letter code . | These units usually coincide with the German districts , in few cases an urban district and the surrounding district share the same letter code . |
For example , the urban district of Straubing ( SR ) has one letter after the code ( SR - A 123 ) . | For example , the urban district ( Straubing ) SR has one letter after the code ( SR - A 123 ) . |
After the location name there are the round vehicle safety test and registration seal stickers ( see below ) placed on top of each other . | After the location name there are the emission test and vehicle safety test stickers ( see below ) , followed by one or two letters and one to four numbers . |
The largest German cities generally only have one letter codes ( B = Berlin , M = Munich , K = Cologne ( Köln ) , F = Frankfurt , L = Leipzig , S = Stuttgart ) , most other districts in Germany have two or three letter codes . | For example , the urban district Regensburg has more citizens than the rural district Regensburg , so the city has two letters after the code R . The number of letters in the city\/region code usually shows the size and location of the district : the largest German cities generally only have one letter codes ( B = Berlin , M = München ( Munich ) , K = Köln ( Cologne ) , F = Frankfurt am Main ) , most other districts in Germany have two or three letter codes . |
Just after the country code strip is a one , two or three letter abbreviation , which represents the city or region where the car was registered , such as B for Berlin . | After that , there are between one and three letters for the city or region where the car is registered , such as B for Berlin . |
The present German number plate format has been in use since 1994 . | The present number plate format , used since 1994 , uses black print on a white background and first provides information about the country where the car is registered within the European Union . |
Districts in eastern Germany usually have more letters , for two reasons : There are a number of exceptions e.g. Germany 's second largest city Hamburg ( HH , Hansestadt Hamburg , because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League , reflected already in its prefix used between 1906 and 1945 ) . | Districts in eastern Germany usually have more letters , for two reasons : This is only a rule of thumb , there are a number of exceptions e.g. Germany 's second largest city Hamburg ( HH , Hansestadt Hamburg , because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League ) or the west German district Ammerland ( WST , Westerstede is the capital of the district ) . |
German vehicle registration plates ( Kraftfahrzeug-Kennzeichen or , more colloquially , Nummernschilder ) indicate the place where the vehicle bearing them is registered . | German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen ) show the place where the car carrying them is registered . |
In general , whenever German owners of a motor vehicle change their main place of residence within Germany or buy a car from a person living in a different city or county , they are required to re-register their vehicle ( s ) and buy new license plates . | When a person changes their main home in Germany , or buys a new car , they must buy new number plates . |
Certain types of vehicle bear special codes : This style of plate is no longer issued , but many official vehicles which were registered before 2006 still carry this type of plate . | Certain types of vehicle bear special codes : These include : However the registration law has changed in 2006 so that in after March 2007 official vehicles will get standard number plates . |
As with many plates for countries within the European Union , a blue strip on the left shows a shortened country code in white text ( D for Deutschland = Germany ) and the Flag of Europe ( 12 golden stars forming a circle on a blue background ) . | German licence plates show a D ( for Deutschland = Germany ) on the blue strip on the left , which shows the European Union 's flag , 12 golden stars in a circle on blue ground . |
Kevin Francesco Bieksa ( born June 16 , 1981 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , serving as an alternate captain for the Canucks during away games . | Kevin Francesco Bieksa ( born on June 16 , 1981 in Grimsby , Ontario ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . |
Following his freshman year , Bieksa was selected 151st overall by the Canucks in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft and joined their minor league affiliate , the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , upon graduating . | While at university , Bieksa was selected by the Canucks in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft , and joined their minor league partner , the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , after graduating . |
After a three-year career in the Ontario Junior Hockey League ( OPJHL ) with the Burlington Cougars , Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green State University . | After playing junior hockey in Ontario , Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green University , where he spent four years . |
It is traversed by the Tanami Track . | It is crossed by the Tanami Track . |
According to government commissions , the Tanami desert is uniquely `` one of the most important biological areas to be found in Australia particularly as it provides refuge for several of Australia 's rare and endangered species . '' | The desert is uniquely `` one of the most important biological areas to be found in Australia particularly as it provides refuge for several of Australia 's rare and endangered species . '' |
The Tanami Desert is a desert in northern Australia situated in the Northern Territory . | The Tanami Desert is a desert in the Northern Territory of Australia . |
The species that are found include : Significant bird species include : The Tanami Desert is Kukatja and Walpiri country . | The species that are found include : Significant bird species include : The Tanami Desert is home to the Kukatja and Walpiri people . |
It stars Christian Bale as Batman along with Michael Caine , Liam Neeson , Katie Holmes , Gary Oldman , and Morgan Freeman . | Christopher Nolan directed the movie , which stars Christian Bale as Batman , as well as Michael Caine , Gary Oldman , Liam Neeson , Katie Holmes , Cillian Murphy and Morgan Freeman . |
Batman Begins is a 2005 British-American superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman , co-written and directed by Christopher Nolan . | Batman Begins is a 2005 superhero movie , based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman . |
The country 's name derives from the city of Algiers . | The name is from the city of Algiers . |
Muslim Arabs conquered Algeria in the mid-7th century and a large number of locals converted to the new faith . | Muslim Arabs came to Algeria in the mid-7th century . |
It is widely recognized as the oldest university in continuous operation , considering that it was the first to use the term universitas for the corporations of students and masters which came to define the institution . | Bologna was also the first to use the term universitas for the corporation of students and masters which make up a university . |
The university received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158 , but in the 19th century , a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the University back to 1088 , which would make it the oldest continuously-operating university in the world . | In the 19th century , a committee of historians traced the founding of the University back to 1088 , which would make it the oldest continuous university in the world . |
The University of Bologna ( Italian : Università di Bologna , UNIBO ) is a university located in Bologna , Italy , founded in 1088 . | It was founded in Bologna , Italy in about 1088 . |
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