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performed aerobraking experiments using the Earth's atmosphere. Hiten |
made a close approach to the moon at 22:33 JST (UTC+9h) on February 15, |
1992 at the height of 423 km from the moon's surface (35.3N, 9.7E) and |
fired its propulsion system for about ten minutes to put the craft into |
lunar orbit. The following is the orbital calculation results after the |
approach: |
Apoapsis Altitude: about 49,400 km |
Periapsis Altitude: about 9,600 km |
Inclination : 34.7 deg (to ecliptic plane) |
Period : 4.7 days |
I also recommend reading the following works, categorized in three |
groups: General overviews, specific books on particular space missions, |
and periodical sources on space probes. This list is by no means |
complete; it is primarily designed to give you places to start your |
research through generally available works on the subject. If anyone can |
add pertinent works to the list, it would be greatly appreciated. |
Though naturally I recommend all the books listed below, I think it |
would be best if you started out with the general overview books, in |
order to give you a clear idea of the history of space exploration in |
this area. I also recommend that you pick up some good, up-to-date |
general works on astronomy and the Sol system, to give you some extra |
background. Most of these books and periodicals can be found in any good |
public and university library. Some of the more recently published works |
can also be purchased in and/or ordered through any good mass- market |
bookstore. |
General Overviews (in alphabetical order by author): |
J. Kelly Beatty et al, THE NEW SOLAR SYSTEM, 1990. |
Merton E. Davies and Bruce C. Murray, THE VIEW FROM SPACE: |
Kenneth Gatland, THE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACE |
Kenneth Gatland, ROBOT EXPLORERS, 1972 |
R. Greeley, PLANETARY LANDSCAPES, 1987 |
Douglas Hart, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOVIET SPACECRAFT, 1987 |
Nicholas L. Johnson, HANDBOOK OF SOVIET LUNAR AND PLANETARY |
Clayton R. Koppes, JPL AND THE AMERICAN SPACE PROGRAM: A |
Richard S. Lewis, THE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE |
Mark Littman, PLANETS BEYOND: DISCOVERING THE OUTER SOLAR |
Eugene F. Mallove and Gregory L. Matloff, THE STARFLIGHT |
Frank Miles and Nicholas Booth, RACE TO MARS: THE MARS |
Bruce Murray, JOURNEY INTO SPACE, 1989 |
Oran W. Nicks, FAR TRAVELERS, 1985 (NASA SP-480) |
James E. Oberg, UNCOVERING SOVIET DISASTERS: EXPLORING THE |
Carl Sagan, COMET, 1986 |
Carl Sagan, THE COSMIC CONNECTION, 1973 |
Carl Sagan, PLANETS, 1969 (LIFE Science Library) |
Arthur Smith, PLANETARY EXPLORATION: THIRTY YEARS OF UNMANNED |
Andrew Wilson, (JANE'S) SOLAR SYSTEM LOG, 1987 |
Specific Mission References: |
Charles A. Cross and Patrick Moore, THE ATLAS OF MERCURY, 1977 |
(The MARINER 10 mission to Venus and Mercury, 1973-1975) |
Joel Davis, FLYBY: THE INTERPLANETARY ODYSSEY OF VOYAGER 2, 1987 |
Irl Newlan, FIRST TO VENUS: THE STORY OF MARINER 2, 1963 |
Margaret Poynter and Arthur L. Lane, VOYAGER: THE STORY OF A |
Carl Sagan, MURMURS OF EARTH, 1978 (Deals with the Earth |
information records placed on VOYAGER 1 and 2 in case the |
probes are found by intelligences in interstellar space, |
as well as the probes and planetary mission objectives |
themselves.) |
Other works and periodicals: |
NASA has published very detailed and technical books on every space |
probe mission it has launched. Good university libraries will carry |
these books, and they are easily found simply by knowing which mission |
you wish to read about. I recommend these works after you first study |
some of the books listed above. |
Some periodicals I recommend for reading on space probes are NATIONAL |
GEOGRAPHIC, which has written articles on the PIONEER probes to Earth's |
Moon Luna and the Jovian planets Jupiter and Saturn, the RANGER, |
SURVEYOR, LUNAR ORBITER, and APOLLO missions to Luna, the MARINER |
missions to Mercury, Venus, and Mars, the VIKING probes to Mars, and the |
VOYAGER missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. |
More details on American, Soviet, European, and Japanese probe missions |
can be found in SKY AND TELESCOPE, ASTRONOMY, SCIENCE, NATURE, and |
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN magazines. TIME, NEWSWEEK, and various major |
newspapers can supply not only general information on certain missions, |
but also show you what else was going on with Earth at the time events |
were unfolding, if that is of interest to you. Space missions are |
affected by numerous political, economic, and climatic factors, as you |
probably know. |
Depending on just how far your interest in space probes will go, you |
might also wish to join The Planetary Society, one of the largest space |
groups in the world dedicated to planetary exploration. Their |
periodical, THE PLANETARY REPORT, details the latest space probe |
missions. Write to The Planetary Society, 65 North Catalina Avenue, |
Pasadena, California 91106 USA. |
Good luck with your studies in this area of space exploration. I |
personally find planetary missions to be one of the more exciting areas |
in this field, and the benefits human society has and will receive from |
it are incredible, with many yet to be realized. |
Larry Klaes [email protected] |
NEXT: FAQ #11/15 - Upcoming planetary probes - missions and schedules |
[email protected] (Ron Baalke) writes: |
>According the IAU Circular #5744, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1993e, may be |
>temporarily in orbit around Jupiter. The comet had apparently made a |
>close flyby of Jupiter sometime in 1992 resulting in the breakup of the |
>comet. |
Ooooh -- who would have thought that Galileo would get the chance to |
check out a comet TOO?!? |
In article <[email protected]>, [email protected] (R. E. McElwaine) writes: |
|> In March 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin |
|> proposed to the United States and the United Nations a global |
|> defense shield (with "Star Wars"-type weapons) AGAINST |
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