danghungithp/text_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 2.94k
craft in solar orbit.
LUNA 2 - First craft to impact on lunar surface in 1959.
LUNA 3 - Took first images of lunar farside in 1959.
ZOND 3 - Took first images of lunar farside in 1965 since LUNA 3. Was
also a test for future Mars missions.
LUNA 9 - First probe to soft land on the Moon in 1966, returned images
from surface.
LUNA 10 - First probe to orbit the Moon in 1966.
LUNA 13 - Second successful Soviet lunar soft landing mission in 1966.
ZOND 5 - First successful circumlunar craft. ZOND 6 through 8
accomplished similar missions through 1970. The probes were
unmanned tests of a manned orbiting SOYUZ-type lunar vehicle.
LUNA 16 - First probe to land on Moon and return samples of lunar soil
to Earth in 1970. LUNA 20 accomplished similar mission in
LUNA 17 - Delivered the first unmanned lunar rover to the Moon's
surface, LUNOKHOD 1, in 1970. A similar feat was accomplished
with LUNA 21/LUNOKHOD 2 in 1973.
LUNA 24 - Last Soviet lunar mission to date. Returned soil samples in
VENERA 1 - First acknowledged attempt at Venus mission. Transmissions
lost enroute in 1961.
VENERA 2 - Attempt to image Venus during flyby mission in tandem with
VENERA 3. Probe ceased transmitting just before encounter in
February of 1966. No images were returned.
VENERA 3 - Attempt to place a lander capsule on Venusian surface.
Transmissions ceased just before encounter and entire probe
became the first craft to impact on another planet in 1966.
VENERA 4 - First probe to successfully return data while descending
through Venusian atmosphere. Crushed by air pressure before
reaching surface in 1967. VENERA 5 and 6 mission profiles
similar in 1969.
VENERA 7 - First probe to return data from the surface of another planet
in 1970. VENERA 8 accomplished a more detailed mission in
VENERA 9 - Sent first image of Venusian surface in 1975. Was also the
first probe to orbit Venus. VENERA 10 accomplished similar
mission.
VENERA 13 - Returned first color images of Venusian surface in 1982.
VENERA 14 accomplished similar mission.
VENERA 15 - Accomplished radar mapping with VENERA 16 of sections of
planet's surface in 1983 more detailed than PVO.
VEGA 1 - Accomplished with VEGA 2 first balloon probes of Venusian
atmosphere in 1985, including two landers. Flyby buses went on
to become first spacecraft to study Comet Halley close-up in
March of 1986.
MARS 1 - First acknowledged Mars probe in 1962. Transmissions ceased
enroute the following year.
ZOND 2 - First possible attempt to place a lander capsule on Martian
surface. Probe signals ceased enroute in 1965.
MARS 2 - First Soviet Mars probe to land - albeit crash - on Martian
surface. Orbiter section first Soviet probe to circle the Red
Planet in 1971.
MARS 3 - First successful soft landing on Martian surface, but lander
signals ceased after 90 seconds in 1971.
MARS 4 - Attempt at orbiting Mars in 1974, braking rockets failed to
fire, probe went on into solar orbit.
MARS 5 - First fully successful Soviet Mars mission, orbiting Mars in
1974. Returned images of Martian surface comparable to U.S.
probe MARINER 9.
MARS 6 - Landing attempt in 1974. Lander crashed into the surface.
MARS 7 - Lander missed Mars completely in 1974, went into a solar orbit
with its flyby bus.
PHOBOS 1 - First attempt to land probes on surface of Mars' largest
moon, Phobos. Probe failed enroute in 1988 due to
human/computer error.
PHOBOS 2 - Attempt to land probes on Martian moon Phobos. The probe did
enter Mars orbit in early 1989, but signals ceased one week
before scheduled Phobos landing.
While there has been talk of Soviet Jupiter, Saturn, and even
interstellar probes within the next thirty years, no major steps have
yet been taken with these projects. More intensive studies of the Moon,
Mars, Venus, and various comets have been planned for the 1990s, and a
Mercury mission to orbit and land probes on the tiny world has been
planned for 2003. How the many changes in the former Soviet Union (now
the Commonwealth of Independent States) will affect the future of their
space program remains to be seen.
SAKIGAKE (MS-T5) was launched from the Kagoshima Space Center by ISAS on
January 8 1985, and approached Halley's Comet within about 7 million km
on March 11, 1986. The spacecraft is carrying three instru- ments to
measure interplanetary magnetic field/plasma waves/solar wind, all of
which work normally now, so ISAS made an Earth swingby by Sakigake on
January 8, 1992 into an orbit similar to the earth's. The closest
approach was at 23h08m47s (JST=UTC+9h) on January 8, 1992. The
geocentric distance was 88,997 km. This is the first planet-swingby for
a Japanese spacecraft.
During the approach, Sakigake observed the geotail. Some geotail
passages will be scheduled in some years hence. The second Earth-swingby
will be on June 14, 1993 (at 40 Re (Earth's radius)), and the third
October 28, 1994 (at 86 Re).
HITEN, a small lunar probe, was launched into Earth orbit on January 24,
1990. The spacecraft was then known as MUSES-A, but was renamed to Hiten
once in orbit. The 430 lb probe looped out from Earth and made its first
lunary flyby on March 19, where it dropped off its 26 lb midget
satellite, HAGOROMO. Japan at this point became the third nation to
orbit a satellite around the Moon, joining the Unites States and USSR.
The smaller spacecraft, Hagoromo, remained in orbit around the Moon. An
apparently broken transistor radio caused the Japanese space scientists
to lose track of it. Hagoromo's rocket motor fired on schedule on March
19, but the spacecraft's tracking transmitter failed immediately. The
rocket firing of Hagoromo was optically confirmed using the Schmidt
camera (105-cm, F3.1) at the Kiso Observatory in Japan.
Hiten made multiple lunar flybys at approximately monthly intervals and

craft in solar orbit.

LUNA 2 - First craft to impact on lunar surface in 1959.

LUNA 3 - Took first images of lunar farside in 1959.

ZOND 3 - Took first images of lunar farside in 1965 since LUNA 3. Was

also a test for future Mars missions.

LUNA 9 - First probe to soft land on the Moon in 1966, returned images

from surface.

LUNA 10 - First probe to orbit the Moon in 1966.

LUNA 13 - Second successful Soviet lunar soft landing mission in 1966.

ZOND 5 - First successful circumlunar craft. ZOND 6 through 8

accomplished similar missions through 1970. The probes were

unmanned tests of a manned orbiting SOYUZ-type lunar vehicle.

LUNA 16 - First probe to land on Moon and return samples of lunar soil

to Earth in 1970. LUNA 20 accomplished similar mission in

LUNA 17 - Delivered the first unmanned lunar rover to the Moon's

surface, LUNOKHOD 1, in 1970. A similar feat was accomplished

with LUNA 21/LUNOKHOD 2 in 1973.

LUNA 24 - Last Soviet lunar mission to date. Returned soil samples in

VENERA 1 - First acknowledged attempt at Venus mission. Transmissions

lost enroute in 1961.

VENERA 2 - Attempt to image Venus during flyby mission in tandem with

VENERA 3. Probe ceased transmitting just before encounter in

February of 1966. No images were returned.

VENERA 3 - Attempt to place a lander capsule on Venusian surface.

Transmissions ceased just before encounter and entire probe

became the first craft to impact on another planet in 1966.

VENERA 4 - First probe to successfully return data while descending

through Venusian atmosphere. Crushed by air pressure before

reaching surface in 1967. VENERA 5 and 6 mission profiles

similar in 1969.

VENERA 7 - First probe to return data from the surface of another planet

in 1970. VENERA 8 accomplished a more detailed mission in

VENERA 9 - Sent first image of Venusian surface in 1975. Was also the

first probe to orbit Venus. VENERA 10 accomplished similar

mission.

VENERA 13 - Returned first color images of Venusian surface in 1982.

VENERA 14 accomplished similar mission.

VENERA 15 - Accomplished radar mapping with VENERA 16 of sections of

planet's surface in 1983 more detailed than PVO.

VEGA 1 - Accomplished with VEGA 2 first balloon probes of Venusian

atmosphere in 1985, including two landers. Flyby buses went on

to become first spacecraft to study Comet Halley close-up in

March of 1986.

MARS 1 - First acknowledged Mars probe in 1962. Transmissions ceased

enroute the following year.

ZOND 2 - First possible attempt to place a lander capsule on Martian

surface. Probe signals ceased enroute in 1965.

MARS 2 - First Soviet Mars probe to land - albeit crash - on Martian

surface. Orbiter section first Soviet probe to circle the Red

Planet in 1971.

MARS 3 - First successful soft landing on Martian surface, but lander

signals ceased after 90 seconds in 1971.

MARS 4 - Attempt at orbiting Mars in 1974, braking rockets failed to

fire, probe went on into solar orbit.

MARS 5 - First fully successful Soviet Mars mission, orbiting Mars in

1974. Returned images of Martian surface comparable to U.S.

probe MARINER 9.

MARS 6 - Landing attempt in 1974. Lander crashed into the surface.

MARS 7 - Lander missed Mars completely in 1974, went into a solar orbit

with its flyby bus.

PHOBOS 1 - First attempt to land probes on surface of Mars' largest

moon, Phobos. Probe failed enroute in 1988 due to

human/computer error.

PHOBOS 2 - Attempt to land probes on Martian moon Phobos. The probe did

enter Mars orbit in early 1989, but signals ceased one week

before scheduled Phobos landing.

While there has been talk of Soviet Jupiter, Saturn, and even

interstellar probes within the next thirty years, no major steps have

yet been taken with these projects. More intensive studies of the Moon,

Mars, Venus, and various comets have been planned for the 1990s, and a

Mercury mission to orbit and land probes on the tiny world has been

planned for 2003. How the many changes in the former Soviet Union (now

the Commonwealth of Independent States) will affect the future of their

space program remains to be seen.

SAKIGAKE (MS-T5) was launched from the Kagoshima Space Center by ISAS on

January 8 1985, and approached Halley's Comet within about 7 million km

on March 11, 1986. The spacecraft is carrying three instru- ments to

measure interplanetary magnetic field/plasma waves/solar wind, all of

which work normally now, so ISAS made an Earth swingby by Sakigake on

January 8, 1992 into an orbit similar to the earth's. The closest

approach was at 23h08m47s (JST=UTC+9h) on January 8, 1992. The

geocentric distance was 88,997 km. This is the first planet-swingby for

a Japanese spacecraft.

During the approach, Sakigake observed the geotail. Some geotail

passages will be scheduled in some years hence. The second Earth-swingby

will be on June 14, 1993 (at 40 Re (Earth's radius)), and the third

October 28, 1994 (at 86 Re).

HITEN, a small lunar probe, was launched into Earth orbit on January 24,

1990. The spacecraft was then known as MUSES-A, but was renamed to Hiten

once in orbit. The 430 lb probe looped out from Earth and made its first

lunary flyby on March 19, where it dropped off its 26 lb midget

satellite, HAGOROMO. Japan at this point became the third nation to

orbit a satellite around the Moon, joining the Unites States and USSR.

The smaller spacecraft, Hagoromo, remained in orbit around the Moon. An

apparently broken transistor radio caused the Japanese space scientists

to lose track of it. Hagoromo's rocket motor fired on schedule on March

19, but the spacecraft's tracking transmitter failed immediately. The

rocket firing of Hagoromo was optically confirmed using the Schmidt

camera (105-cm, F3.1) at the Kiso Observatory in Japan.

Hiten made multiple lunar flybys at approximately monthly intervals and