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{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 6, "sc": 557, "ep": 6, "ec": 1178} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 6 | 557 | 6 | 1,178 | Japan during World War II | Preparations for war | Japanese government decided to execute a plan developed by the military branch largely led by Osami Nagano and Isoroku Yamamoto to bomb the United States naval base in Hawaii, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies. On September 4, 1941, the Japanese Cabinet met to consider the war plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters, and decided:
Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defense and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war ... [and is] ... resolved to go to war with the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands if necessary. Our Empire will |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 6, "sc": 1178, "ep": 6, "ec": 1816} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 6 | 1,178 | 6 | 1,816 | Japan during World War II | Preparations for war | concurrently take all possible diplomatic measures vis-a-vis the United States and Great Britain, and thereby endeavor to obtain our objectives ... In the event that there is no prospect of our demands being met by the first ten days of October through the diplomatic negotiations mentioned above, we will immediately decide to commence hostilities against the United States, Britain and the Netherlands.
The Vice Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the chief architect of the attack on Pearl Harbor, had strong misgivings about war with the United States. Yamamoto had spent time in the United States during his youth when he studied as a |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 6, "sc": 1816, "ep": 10, "ec": 295} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 6 | 1,816 | 10 | 295 | Japan during World War II | Preparations for war & Japanese offensives (1941–42) | language student at Harvard University (1919–1921) and later served as assistant naval attaché in Washington, D.C. Understanding the inherent dangers of war with the United States, Yamamoto warned his fellow countrymen: "We can run wild for six months or maybe a year, but after that, I have utterly no confidence." Japanese offensives (1941–42) The Imperial Japanese Navy made its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii Territory, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. The Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy and its defending Army Air Forces and Marine air forces sustained significant losses. The primary objective of the attack |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 10, "sc": 295, "ep": 10, "ec": 928} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 10 | 295 | 10 | 928 | Japan during World War II | Japanese offensives (1941–42) | was to incapacitate the United States long enough for Japan to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. However, as Admiral Yamamoto feared, the attack produced little lasting damage to the US Navy with priority targets like the Pacific Fleet's three aircraft carriers out at sea and vital shore facilities, whose destruction could have crippled the fleet on their own, were ignored. Of more serious consequences, the U.S. public saw the attack as a barbaric and treacherous act and rallied against the Empire of Japan. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 10, "sc": 928, "ep": 10, "ec": 1577} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 10 | 928 | 10 | 1,577 | Japan during World War II | Japanese offensives (1941–42) | force. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks on British Hong Kong, British Malaya and the Philippines.
By the time World War II was in full swing Japan had the most interest in using biological warfare. Japan's Air Force dropped massive amounts of ceramic bombs filled with bubonic plague infested fleas in Ningbo, China. These attacks would eventually lead to thousands of deaths years after |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 10, "sc": 1577, "ep": 14, "ec": 341} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 10 | 1,577 | 14 | 341 | Japan during World War II | Japanese offensives (1941–42) & South-East Asia | the war would end. In Japan's relentless and indiscriminate research methods on biological warfare, they poisoned more than 1,000 Chinese village wells to study cholera and typhus outbreaks. These diseases are caused by bacteria that with today's technology could potentially be weaponised. South-East Asia The South-East Asian campaign was preceded by years of propaganda and espionage activities carried out in the region by the Japanese Empire. The Japanese espoused their vision of a Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, and an Asia for Asians to the people of Southeast Asia, who had lived under European rule for generations. As a result, many |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 14, "sc": 341, "ep": 14, "ec": 1010} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 14 | 341 | 14 | 1,010 | Japan during World War II | South-East Asia | inhabitants in some of the colonies (particularly Indonesia) actually sided with the Japanese invaders for anti-colonial reasons. However, the ethnic Chinese, who had witnessed the effects of a Japanese occupation in their homeland, did not side with the Japanese. The brutality of the Japanese in the newly conquered colonies would soon turn most people against them.
Hong Kong surrendered to the Japanese on December 25. In Malaya the Japanese overwhelmed an Allied army composed of British, Indian, Australian and Malay forces. The Japanese were quickly able to advance down the Malayan Peninsula, forcing the Allied forces to retreat towards Singapore. The |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 14, "sc": 1010, "ep": 14, "ec": 1611} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 14 | 1,010 | 14 | 1,611 | Japan during World War II | South-East Asia | Allies lacked aircover and tanks; the Japanese had air supremacy. The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse on December 10, 1941, led to the east coast of Malaya being exposed to Japanese landings and the elimination of British naval power in the area. By the end of January 1942, the last Allied forces crossed the strait of Johore and into Singapore. In the Philippines, the Japanese pushed the combined Filipino-American force towards the Bataan Peninsula and later the island of Corregidor. By January 1942, General Douglas MacArthur and President Manuel L. Quezon were forced to flee in |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 14, "sc": 1611, "ep": 14, "ec": 2270} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 14 | 1,611 | 14 | 2,270 | Japan during World War II | South-East Asia | the face of Japanese advance. This marked among one of the worst defeats suffered by the Americans, leaving over 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war in the custody of the Japanese.
On February 15, 1942, Singapore, due to the overwhelming superiority of Japanese forces and encirclement tactics, fell to the Japanese, causing the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history. An estimated 80,000 Indian, Australian and British troops were taken as prisoners of war, joining 50,000 taken in the Japanese invasion of Malaya (modern day Malaysia). Many were later used as forced labour constructing the Burma Railway, the site |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 14, "sc": 2270, "ep": 14, "ec": 2891} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 14 | 2,270 | 14 | 2,891 | Japan during World War II | South-East Asia | of the infamous Bridge on the River Kwai. Immediately following their invasion of British Malaya, the Japanese military carried out a purge of the Chinese population in Malaya and Singapore. Over the course of a month following their victory at Singapore, the Japanese are believed to have killed tens of thousands of ethnic Chinese perceived to be hostile to the new regime.
The Japanese then seized the key oil production zones of Borneo, Central Java, Malang, Cepu, Sumatra, and Dutch New Guinea of the late Dutch East Indies, defeating the Dutch forces. However, Allied sabotage had made it difficult for the |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 14, "sc": 2891, "ep": 18, "ec": 480} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 14 | 2,891 | 18 | 480 | Japan during World War II | South-East Asia & Tide turns (1942–45) | Japanese to restore oil production to its pre-war peak. The Japanese then consolidated their lines of supply through capturing key islands of the Pacific, including Guadalcanal. Tide turns (1942–45) Japanese military strategists were keenly aware of the unfavorable discrepancy between the industrial potential of the Japanese Empire and that of the United States. Because of this they reasoned that Japanese success hinged on their ability to extend the strategic advantage gained at Pearl Harbor with additional rapid strategic victories. The Japanese Command reasoned that only decisive destruction of the United States' Pacific Fleet and conquest of its remote outposts would |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 18, "sc": 480, "ep": 18, "ec": 1053} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 18 | 480 | 18 | 1,053 | Japan during World War II | Tide turns (1942–45) | ensure that the Japanese Empire would not be overwhelmed by America's industrial might. In April 1942, Japan was bombed for the first time in the Doolittle Raid. In May 1942, failure to decisively defeat the Allies at the Battle of the Coral Sea, in spite of Japanese numerical superiority, equated to a strategic defeat for Imperial Japan. This setback was followed in June 1942 by the catastrophic loss of four fleet carriers at the Battle of Midway, the first decisive defeat for the Imperial Japanese Navy. It proved to be the turning point of the war as the Navy lost |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 18, "sc": 1053, "ep": 18, "ec": 1693} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 18 | 1,053 | 18 | 1,693 | Japan during World War II | Tide turns (1942–45) | its offensive strategic capability and never managed to reconstruct the "'critical mass' of both large numbers of carriers and well-trained air groups".
Australian land forces defeated Japanese Marines in New Guinea at the Battle of Milne Bay in September 1942, which was the first land defeat suffered by the Japanese in the Pacific. Further victories by the Allies at Guadalcanal in September 1942, and New Guinea in 1943 put the Empire of Japan on the defensive for the remainder of the war, with Guadalcanal in particular sapping their already-limited oil supplies. During 1943 and 1944, Allied forces, backed by the industrial |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 18, "sc": 1693, "ep": 18, "ec": 2360} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 18 | 1,693 | 18 | 2,360 | Japan during World War II | Tide turns (1942–45) | might and vast raw material resources of the United States, advanced steadily towards Japan. The Sixth United States Army, led by General MacArthur, landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944. In the subsequent months, during the Philippines Campaign (1944–45), the combined United States forces, together with the native guerrilla units, liberated the Philippines. By 1944, the Allies had seized or bypassed and neutralized many of Japan's strategic bases through amphibious landings and bombardment. This, coupled with the losses inflicted by Allied submarines on Japanese shipping routes began to strangle Japan's economy and undermine its ability to supply its army. By |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 18, "sc": 2360, "ep": 22, "ec": 393} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 18 | 2,360 | 22 | 393 | Japan during World War II | Tide turns (1942–45) & Air raids on Japan | early 1945, the U.S. Marines had wrested control of the Ogasawara Islands in several hard-fought battles such as the Battle of Iwo Jima, marking the beginning of the fall of the islands of Japan. Air raids on Japan After securing airfields in Saipan and Guam in the summer of 1944, the United States Army Air Forces undertook an intense strategic bombing campaign, using incendiary bombs, burning Japanese cities in an effort to pulverize Japan's industry and shatter its morale. The Operation Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945, led to the deaths of approximately 100,000 civilians. |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 22, "sc": 393, "ep": 22, "ec": 1066} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 22 | 393 | 22 | 1,066 | Japan during World War II | Air raids on Japan | Approximately 350,000–500,000 civilians died in 66 other Japanese cities as a result of the incendiary bombing campaign on Japan. Concurrent to these attacks, Japan's vital coastal shipping operations were severely hampered with extensive aerial mining by the U.S.'s Operation Starvation. Regardless, these efforts did not succeed in persuading the Japanese military to surrender. In mid-August 1945, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These atomic bombings were the first and only used against another nation in warfare. These two bombs killed approximately 120,000 to 140,000 people in a matter of minutes, and as |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 22, "sc": 1066, "ep": 26, "ec": 352} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 22 | 1,066 | 26 | 352 | Japan during World War II | Air raids on Japan & Re-entry of the Soviet Union | many as a result of nuclear radiation in the following weeks, months and years. The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945. Re-entry of the Soviet Union At the Yalta agreement in February 1945, the US, the UK, and the USSR had agreed that the USSR would enter the war on Japan within three months of the defeat of Germany in Europe. This Soviet–Japanese War led to the fall of Japan's Manchurian occupation, Soviet occupation of South Sakhalin island, and a real, imminent threat of Soviet invasion of the |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 26, "sc": 352, "ep": 28, "ec": 24} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 26 | 352 | 28 | 24 | Japan during World War II | Re-entry of the Soviet Union & Surrender and occupation of Japan | home islands of Japan. This was a significant factor for some internal parties in the Japanese decision to surrender to the US and gain some protection, rather than face simultaneous Soviet invasion as well as defeat by the US. Likewise, the superior numbers of the armies of the Soviet Union in Europe was a factor in the US decision to demonstrate the use of atomic weapons to the USSR, just as the Allied victory in Europe was evolving into division of Germany and Berlin, the division of Europe with the Iron Curtain and the subsequent Cold War. Surrender and occupation |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 28, "sc": 24, "ep": 30, "ec": 645} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 28 | 24 | 30 | 645 | Japan during World War II | Surrender and occupation of Japan | of Japan Having ignored (mokusatsu) the Potsdam Declaration, the Empire of Japan surrendered and ended World War II, after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the declaration of war by the Soviet Union. In a national radio address on August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender to the Japanese people by Gyokuon-hōsō. A period known as Occupied Japan followed after the war, largely spearheaded by United States General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to revise the Japanese constitution and de-militarize Japan. The Allied occupation, with economic and political assistance, continued well into the 1950s. Allied forces ordered Japan |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 30, "sc": 645, "ep": 30, "ec": 1304} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 30 | 645 | 30 | 1,304 | Japan during World War II | Surrender and occupation of Japan | to abolish the Meiji Constitution and enforce the Constitution of Japan, then rename the Empire of Japan as Japan on May 3, 1947. Japan adopted a parliamentary-based political system, while the Emperor changed to symbolic status.
American General of the Army Douglas MacArthur later commended the new Japanese government that he helped establish and the new Japanese period when he was about to send the American forces to the Korean War:
The Japanese people, since the war, have undergone the greatest reformation recorded in modern history. With a commendable will, eagerness to learn, and marked capacity to understand, they have, from the |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 30, "sc": 1304, "ep": 30, "ec": 1927} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 30 | 1,304 | 30 | 1,927 | Japan during World War II | Surrender and occupation of Japan | ashes left in war's wake, erected in Japan an edifice dedicated to the supremacy of individual liberty and personal dignity; and in the ensuing process there has been created a truly representative government committed to the advance of political morality, freedom of economic enterprise, and social justice. Politically, economically, and socially Japan is now abreast of many free nations of the earth and will not again fail the universal trust. ... I sent all four of our occupation divisions to the Korean battlefront without the slightest qualms as to the effect of the resulting power vacuum upon Japan. The results |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 30, "sc": 1927, "ep": 30, "ec": 2589} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 30 | 1,927 | 30 | 2,589 | Japan during World War II | Surrender and occupation of Japan | fully justified my faith. I know of no nation more serene, orderly, and industrious, nor in which higher hopes can be entertained for future constructive service in the advance of the human race.
For historian John W. Dower:
In retrospect, apart from the military officer corps, the purge of alleged militarists and ultranationalists that was conducted under the Occupation had relatively small impact on the long-term composition of men of influence in the public and private sectors. The purge initially brought new blood into the political parties, but this was offset by the return of huge numbers of formerly purged conservative politicians |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 30, "sc": 2589, "ep": 34, "ec": 87} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 30 | 2,589 | 34 | 87 | Japan during World War II | Surrender and occupation of Japan & Repatriation of Japanese from overseas | to national as well as local politics in the early 1950s. In the bureaucracy, the purge was negligible from the outset. ... In the economic sector, the purge similarly was only mildly disruptive, affecting less than sixteen hundred individuals spread among some four hundred companies. Everywhere one looks, the corridors of power in postwar Japan are crowded with men whose talents had already been recognized during the war years, and who found the same talents highly prized in the 'new' Japan. Repatriation of Japanese from overseas There was a significant level of emigration to the overseas territories of the Japanese |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 34, "sc": 87, "ep": 34, "ec": 728} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 34 | 87 | 34 | 728 | Japan during World War II | Repatriation of Japanese from overseas | Empire during the Japanese colonial period, including Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, and Karafuto. Unlike emigrants to the Americas, Japanese going to the colonies occupied a higher rather than lower social niche upon their arrival.
In 1938, there were 309,000 Japanese in Taiwan. By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese in Korea and more than 2 million in China, most of whom were farmers in Manchukuo (the Japanese had a plan to bring in 5 million Japanese settlers into
Manchukuo).
In the census of December 1939, the total population of the South Pacific Mandate was 129,104, of which 77,257 were |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 34, "sc": 728, "ep": 34, "ec": 1394} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 34 | 728 | 34 | 1,394 | Japan during World War II | Repatriation of Japanese from overseas | Japanese. By December 1941, Saipan had a population of more than 30,000 people, including 25,000 Japanese. There were over 400,000 people living on Karafuto (southern Sakhalin) when the Soviet offensive began in early August 1945. Most were of Japanese or Korean extraction. When Japan lost the Kuril Islands, 17,000 Japanese were expelled, most from the southern islands.
After World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan. The Allied powers repatriated over 6 million Japanese nationals from colonies and battlefields throughout Asia. Only a few remained overseas, often involuntarily, as in the case of orphans in China or prisoners |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 34, "sc": 1394, "ep": 38, "ec": 566} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 34 | 1,394 | 38 | 566 | Japan during World War II | Repatriation of Japanese from overseas & War crimes | of war captured by the Red Army and forced to work in Siberia. War crimes Many political and military Japanese leaders were convicted for war crimes before the Tokyo tribunal and other Allied tribunals in Asia. However, all members of the imperial family implicated in the war, such as Emperor Shōwa and his brothers, cousins and uncles such as Prince Chichibu, Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu and Prince Asaka Yasuhiko, were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by Douglas MacArthur. The Japanese military before and during World War II committed numerous atrocities against civilian and military personnel. Its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 38, "sc": 566, "ep": 38, "ec": 1214} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 38 | 566 | 38 | 1,214 | Japan during World War II | War crimes | December 7, 1941, prior to a declaration of war and without warning killed 2,403 neutral military personnel and civilians and wounded 1,247 others. Large scale massacres, rapes, and looting against civilians were committed, most notably the Sook Ching and the Nanjing Massacre, and the use of around 200,000 "comfort women", who were forced to serve as prostitutes for the Japanese military.
The Imperial Japanese Army also engaged in the execution and harsh treatment of Allied military personnel and POWs. Biological experiments were conducted by Unit 731 on prisoners of war as well as civilians; this included the use of biological and |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 38, "sc": 1214, "ep": 38, "ec": 1888} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 38 | 1,214 | 38 | 1,888 | Japan during World War II | War crimes | chemical weapons authorized by Emperor Shōwa himself. According to the 2002 International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare, the number of people killed in Far East Asia by Japanese germ warfare and human experiments was estimated to be around 580,000. The members of Unit 731, including Lieutenant General Shirō Ishii, received immunity from General MacArthur in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. The deal was concluded in 1948. The Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons. Because of fear of retaliation, however, those weapons were never used against Westerners, but against other Asians judged "inferior" by |
{"datasets_id": 160860, "wiki_id": "Q48815923", "sp": 38, "sc": 1888, "ep": 38, "ec": 2048} | 160,860 | Q48815923 | 38 | 1,888 | 38 | 2,048 | Japan during World War II | War crimes | imperial propaganda. For example, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the Battle of Wuhan from August to October 1938. |
{"datasets_id": 160861, "wiki_id": "Q6189759", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 161} | 160,861 | Q6189759 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 161 | Jewish Coaches Association | Annual events and awards | Jewish Coaches Association The Jewish Coaches Association (JCA) is a non-profit organization founded in 2005 that supports Jewish-American college, high school, and youth basketball coaches around the United States. The association is an advocacy group for coaches to represent coaches to the NCAA and National Association of Basketball Coaches. Founding members include Bobby Schwartz, founding national director; and Bruce Pearl, who served as the first president of the association. Annual events and awards The JCA holds an annual breakfast for Jewish coaches at the Final Four and sometimes offers Shabbat services for coaches and their families during the Final Four |
{"datasets_id": 160861, "wiki_id": "Q6189759", "sp": 8, "sc": 161, "ep": 8, "ec": 623} | 160,861 | Q6189759 | 8 | 161 | 8 | 623 | Jewish Coaches Association | Annual events and awards | weekend of events. When Passover occurs during the Final Four, the JCA can help to organize seders for coaches and their families. The Red Auerbach award recognizes the most outstanding Jewish-American basketball coach of the year. The Association takes nominations from its members and in March at the conclusion of conference tournament play the Board of Directors vote to determine a winner. The winner is presented the Red Auerbach Trophy at the Final Four. |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 540} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 540 | Jewish Combat Organization | Offshoot of Jewish youth groups | Jewish Combat Organization Offshoot of Jewish youth groups The ŻOB was formed on 28 July 1942, six days after the German Nazis under SS General Jurgen Stroop began the Gross Aktion Warschau sealing the fate of the Jews confined in the Warsaw Ghetto: "All Jewish persons living in Warsaw, regardless of age and gender, [would] be resettled in the East." Thus began massive "deportations" of about 254,000 Jews, all of whom were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. The Gross Aktion lasted until 12 September 1942. Overall it reduced the once thriving Warsaw Jewish community of some 400,000 to a |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 6, "sc": 540, "ep": 6, "ec": 1208} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 6 | 540 | 6 | 1,208 | Jewish Combat Organization | Offshoot of Jewish youth groups | mere 55,000 to 60,000 inhabitants.
The youth groups that were instrumental in forming the ŻOB had anticipated German intentions to annihilate Warsaw Jewry and began to shift from an educational and cultural focus to self-defense and eventual armed struggle.
Unlike the older generation, the youth groups took these reports seriously and had no illusions about the true intentions of the Germans. A document published three months before the start of the deportations by Hashomer Hatzair declared: "We know that Hitler's system of murder, slaughter and robbery leads steadily to a dead end and the destruction of the Jews."
A number of the left |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 6, "sc": 1208, "ep": 6, "ec": 1854} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 6 | 1,208 | 6 | 1,854 | Jewish Combat Organization | Offshoot of Jewish youth groups | Zionist youth groups, such as Hashomer Hatzair and Dror, proposed the creation of a self-defense organization at a meeting of Warsaw Jewish leaders in March 1942. The proposal was rejected by the Jewish Labour Bund who believed that a fighting organization would fail without the help of the Polish resistance. Others rejected the notion of armed insurgency saying that there was no evidence of a threat of deportation. Moreover, they argued any armed resistance would provoke the Germans to retaliate against the whole Jewish community.
In November 1942, ŻOB officially became part of and subordinated its activities to the High Command |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 6, "sc": 1854, "ep": 10, "ec": 284} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 6 | 1,854 | 10 | 284 | Jewish Combat Organization | Offshoot of Jewish youth groups & ŻOB resistance to the second deportation | of the Armia Krajowa. In return the AK began providing ŻOB with weapons and training, with the first shipment of guns and ammunition being provided in December 1942. The organization was spied upon by organization Jewish collaborators with Nazis called "Society of Free Jews"(Towarzystwo Wolnych Żydow) ŻOB resistance to the second deportation On 18 January 1943, the Nazis began a second wave of deportations. The first Jews the Germans rounded up included a number of ŻOB fighters who had intentionally crept into the column of deportees. Led by Mordechai Anielewicz they waited for the appropriate signal, then stepped out of |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 10, "sc": 284, "ep": 10, "ec": 872} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 10 | 284 | 10 | 872 | Jewish Combat Organization | ŻOB resistance to the second deportation | formation, and fought the Nazis with small arms. The column scattered and news of the ŻZW and ŻOB action quickly spread throughout the ghetto. During this small deportation, the Nazis only managed to round up about 5,000 to 6,000 Jews.
The deportations lasted four days during which the Germans met other acts of resistance from the ŻOB. When they left the ghetto on 22 January 1943, the remaining Jews regarded it as a victory, however Israel Gutman, a member of the ŻOB who subsequently became one of the leading authors on Jewish Warsaw wrote, It [was] not known [to the Jews] |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 10, "sc": 872, "ep": 14, "ec": 392} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 10 | 872 | 14 | 392 | Jewish Combat Organization | ŻOB resistance to the second deportation & Final deportation and uprising | that the Germans had not intended to liquidate the entire ghetto by means of the January deportations. However, Gutman concludes that the [January] deportations... had a decisive influence on the ghetto's last months. Final deportation and uprising The final deportation began on the eve of Passover, 19 April 1943. The streets of the ghetto were vacant; most of the remaining 30,000 Jews were hiding in carefully prepared bunkers including their headquarters located in Ulica Miła 18, many of which had electricity and running water, however they offered no route of escape.
When the Germans marched into the ghetto, they met fierce |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 14, "sc": 392, "ep": 14, "ec": 1031} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 14 | 392 | 14 | 1,031 | Jewish Combat Organization | Final deportation and uprising | armed resistance from fighters attacking from open windows in vacated apartments. The defenders of the ghetto utilized guerrilla warfare tactics and had the strategic advantage not only of surprise but also of being able to look down on their opponents. This advantage was lost when the Germans began systematically burning all of the buildings of the ghetto forcing the fighters to leave their positions and seek cover in the underground bunkers. The fires above consumed much of the available oxygen below ground, turning the bunkers into suffocating death traps.
By 16 May 1943, the German Police General Jürgen Stroop, who had |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 14, "sc": 1031, "ep": 18, "ec": 384} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 14 | 1,031 | 18 | 384 | Jewish Combat Organization | Final deportation and uprising & Epilogue | been in charge of the final deportation, officially declared what he called the Grossaktion, finished. To celebrate he razed Warsaw's Great Synagogue. The ghetto was destroyed and what remained of the uprising was suppressed. Epilogue Even after the destruction of the ghetto, small numbers of Jews could still be found in the underground bunkers, on both sides of the ghetto wall. In fact, during the last months of the ghetto some 20,000 Jews fled to the Aryan side. Some Jews who escaped the final destruction of the ghetto, including youth group members and leaders Kazik Ratajzer, Zivia Lubetkin, Yitzhak Zuckerman |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 18, "sc": 384, "ep": 18, "ec": 1054} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 18 | 384 | 18 | 1,054 | Jewish Combat Organization | Epilogue | and Marek Edelman, would participate in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising against the Nazis.
While many members and leaders of the youth groups perished in the Warsaw Ghetto, Zionist and non-Zionist youth movements remain active. One can still find the left Zionist youth groups Hashomer Hatzair and Habonim Dror in countries such as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There are still remnants of the non-Zionist Jewish Labour Bund's S.K.I.F. in Australia, United Kingdom, France and United States. The right youth group Betar operates in Australia, Brazil, Western Europe and the |
{"datasets_id": 160862, "wiki_id": "Q266706", "sp": 18, "sc": 1054, "ep": 22, "ec": 268} | 160,862 | Q266706 | 18 | 1,054 | 22 | 268 | Jewish Combat Organization | Epilogue & Similar Organizations | United States, and Bnei Akiva, a religious Zionist organization, operates worldwide. Similar Organizations A second Jewish resistance organization called the Jewish Military Union (Polish: Żydowski Związek Wojskowy, ŻZW), formed primarily of former officers of the Polish Army in late 1939, operated side by side with ŻOB & was also instrumental in the Jewish armed struggle. |
{"datasets_id": 160863, "wiki_id": "Q6195297", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 137} | 160,863 | Q6195297 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 137 | Jim Graner | Early life & KYW-TV/WKYC Cleveland | Jim Graner Early life Graner was born in Akron, Ohio, but grew up in its neighboring suburb of Stow. After graduating from Stow High School in 1937, he attended Ohio Wesleyan University, but left after two years to work at a Cleveland railroad office. Graner also served in the U.S. Army during World War II, and upon his return, went into broadcasting as a radio announcer. He later married and had a son, Lou. KYW-TV/WKYC Cleveland Jim Graner served as the daily evening sports anchor for Cleveland NBC affiliate KYW-TV (later WKYC) beginning in 1957, working alongside |
{"datasets_id": 160863, "wiki_id": "Q6195297", "sp": 10, "sc": 137, "ep": 10, "ec": 742} | 160,863 | Q6195297 | 10 | 137 | 10 | 742 | Jim Graner | KYW-TV/WKYC Cleveland | the likes of weathermen Joe Finan, Dick Goddard, and Wally Kinnan. Occasionally, he would also fill in for fellow sportscaster Bob Neal.
Graner was known for his "dry wit" and "unflappable" personality, to the point where his fellow broadcasters would often attempt to shake his on-air persona. During one such instance, weatherman Joe Finan placed a woman wearing a raincoat in front of Graner during one of their nightly broadcasts. As soon as Graner began, the woman took off the raincoat and revealed that she was wearing nothing underneath. Graner remarked: "I had the Browns playing the |
{"datasets_id": 160863, "wiki_id": "Q6195297", "sp": 10, "sc": 742, "ep": 10, "ec": 1376} | 160,863 | Q6195297 | 10 | 742 | 10 | 1,376 | Jim Graner | KYW-TV/WKYC Cleveland | Indians." Joking aside, Jim Graner was considered "dignified, low-key... the thinking fan's broadcaster." The "silver-haired" and "gentleman" sportscaster with "matinee idol looks" also hosted his own summer series, Golf with the Pros.
Colleagues and viewers were both shocked and saddened by his early death in 1976. Graner's absence was felt for years to come: Channel 3 sports became a "musical chair" over the next decade, as at least six replacements came (among them Don Schroeder, Tom Ryther, Joe Pelligrino, Jim Mueller and Wayland Boot) and went until another "Jim" finally took over — Jim Donovan, who joined the |
{"datasets_id": 160863, "wiki_id": "Q6195297", "sp": 10, "sc": 1376, "ep": 14, "ec": 607} | 160,863 | Q6195297 | 10 | 1,376 | 14 | 607 | Jim Graner | KYW-TV/WKYC Cleveland & Cleveland Browns radio career | station in 1985. Cleveland Browns radio career Graner first served as color commentator for the Cleveland Browns from 1955–1960, working for radio stations WTAM and WGAR (AM) alongside Bill McColgan. He is best remembered, however, for his work alongside Cleveland play-by-play announcer Gib Shanley: the two paired-up as the voices of the Browns radio network from 1963–1974, working for stations WERE (1300 AM), and later WHK. Among their highlights: coverage of the 1964 NFL Championship Game, the last major title won by a professional sports team in Cleveland. Immediately following Cleveland's upset victory over the Baltimore Colts at Municipal |
{"datasets_id": 160863, "wiki_id": "Q6195297", "sp": 14, "sc": 607, "ep": 18, "ec": 40} | 160,863 | Q6195297 | 14 | 607 | 18 | 40 | Jim Graner | Cleveland Browns radio career & Death | Stadium, Graner was the man on the field who interviewed franchise owner Art Modell (who, ironically, later moved the team to Baltimore in 1995 — much to the ire of Cleveland Browns fans).
Jim Graner is still considered among the greats of Cleveland sports radio. In his memoir, former Cleveland Brown legend Lou Groza lists Graner first among his favorite Cleveland broadcasters. Dick Lebeau — currently the defensive coordinator for the Browns' archrival, the Pittsburgh Steelers — fondly recalls listening to Graner on the radio during his youth in Ohio. Death Graner became ill in the spring of 1975; |
{"datasets_id": 160863, "wiki_id": "Q6195297", "sp": 18, "sc": 40, "ep": 18, "ec": 606} | 160,863 | Q6195297 | 18 | 40 | 18 | 606 | Jim Graner | Death | surgery was performed to remove a brain tumor. He was healthy enough to return for radio commentary during six summer exhibition games of the Cleveland Browns, but was unable to continue on through the regular season. By December of that year he had been readmitted to the Cleveland Clinic Hospital. He then fell into a coma and died on January 15, 1976.
The Jim Graner Memorial Pro-Am Golf Tournament was named in his honor; the first of these annual events was held in June 1976 at the Tanglewood Country Club of Chagrin Falls, Ohio and was attended by |
{"datasets_id": 160863, "wiki_id": "Q6195297", "sp": 18, "sc": 606, "ep": 18, "ec": 769} | 160,863 | Q6195297 | 18 | 606 | 18 | 769 | Jim Graner | Death | Cleveland native Bob Hope, among other "well known entertainers." Soon the tournament moved to the Silver Lake Country Club near Graner's hometown of Stow, Ohio. |
{"datasets_id": 160864, "wiki_id": "Q741784", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 591} | 160,864 | Q741784 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 591 | Jim Walton | Early life and family | Jim Walton Early life and family Jim Walton was born in Newport, Jackson County, Arkansas, the third child of Walmart co-founder Sam Walton (1918–1992) and Helen Walton (1919–2007), with siblings Rob Walton, Alice Walton, and John Walton (1946 – 2005). After graduating from Bentonville High School in 1965 where he was president of his junior class, played football at all-state level and also learned to fly a plane, Walton received a bachelor's degree in Business Administration in Marketing from the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas in 1971, where he was also a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. |
{"datasets_id": 160864, "wiki_id": "Q741784", "sp": 6, "sc": 591, "ep": 10, "ec": 435} | 160,864 | Q741784 | 6 | 591 | 10 | 435 | Jim Walton | Early life and family & Career | In 1972, he joined Walmart and was involved in its real-estate dealings. After serving for four years, he moved to the family owned Walton Enterprises as president in 1975. Career On September 28, 2005, Walton replaced his deceased brother, John, on the Wal-Mart Board of Directors. He is currently on the Strategic Planning and Finance committees. He was CEO of his family owned Arvest Bank, until becoming Chairman of Arvest Bank, and Chairman of newspaper firm Community Publishers Inc. (CPI) owned by Jim Walton himself (but founded by his father Sam Walton after acquiring the local newspaper the Benton County |
{"datasets_id": 160864, "wiki_id": "Q741784", "sp": 10, "sc": 435, "ep": 10, "ec": 1117} | 160,864 | Q741784 | 10 | 435 | 10 | 1,117 | Jim Walton | Career | Daily Record, both operating in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma). He has pledged about $2 billion to the Walton Family Foundation along with his siblings from 2008 to 2013.
On October 15, 2015, The Baton Rouge Advocate in the capital city of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, reported that PAC-Empower Louisiana had allocated about $818,000 to candidates running for the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education who support the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The political action committee members include Alice and Jim Walton, Eli Broad of Los Angeles, California, and the trade association, the Louisiana Association of Business and Industry. Four candidates |
{"datasets_id": 160864, "wiki_id": "Q741784", "sp": 10, "sc": 1117, "ep": 14, "ec": 175} | 160,864 | Q741784 | 10 | 1,117 | 14 | 175 | Jim Walton | Career & Personal | in eight districts, including Sandy Holloway, James Garvey in District 1 (suburban New Orleans), and Holly Boffy were declared "acceptable" to the PAC. Holloway collected $87,696; Garvey, the board vice president, $230,459; Boffy, another incumbent from Lafayette, $107,145. The Common Core candidates staged major victories in the primary election held on October 24, 2015.
In September 2016, Walton was reported to own over 152 million of Walmart shares worth over US$11 billion. Personal He and his wife, Lynne McNabb Walton, have four children: Alice A. Proietti (born November 1979), Steuart Walton (born April 1981), Thomas L. Walton (born September 1983), and |
{"datasets_id": 160864, "wiki_id": "Q741784", "sp": 14, "sc": 175, "ep": 14, "ec": 603} | 160,864 | Q741784 | 14 | 175 | 14 | 603 | Jim Walton | Personal | James M. Walton (born August 1987). The family resides in Bentonville, Arkansas.
He is currently ranked at #10 on the 2014 Forbes list of billionaires with a net worth of $34.7 billion that has increased by $3 billion. On the 2013 Forbes 400 list of the richest people in America he is ranked at #7. As of March 2019, he was ranked as the 16th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $45.7 billion. |
{"datasets_id": 160865, "wiki_id": "Q6208696", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 559} | 160,865 | Q6208696 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 559 | Joe Bolton (television personality) | Biography | Joe Bolton (television personality) Biography Bolton was born in Flushing, New York to Florence Youngling and Joseph Reeves Bolton II. By 1920, his parents were living in Manhattan where his father was a sales manager for hotel supplies.
He started his broadcast career in 1927 as a staff announcer for WOR in Newark, New Jersey. He was the announcer for DuMont Television Network's talent show Doorway to Fame in 1947, but he left DuMont for WPIX on May 15, 1948 to be a news announcer and weatherman.
On January 17, 1955, he appeared as "Officer Joe" and hosted The Clubhouse Gang, which |
{"datasets_id": 160865, "wiki_id": "Q6208696", "sp": 6, "sc": 559, "ep": 6, "ec": 1118} | 160,865 | Q6208696 | 6 | 559 | 6 | 1,118 | Joe Bolton (television personality) | Biography | featured the Little Rascals and the theme song "The Whistler and his Dog". WPIX lost the rights to The Little Rascals, and in September 1958, he switched to hosting The Three Stooges Funhouse, a showcase of The Three Stooges shorts which aired on WPIX weekdays until May 7, 1970, mostly weekdays at 5:30 pm. At one time, he was host of WPIX's The Dick Tracy Show as "Police Chief Joe".
Bolton also had cameos in two Three Stooges films: Stop! Look! and Laugh (1960), as a customer in a cafe; and in The Outlaws Is Coming (1965), the last feature film |
{"datasets_id": 160865, "wiki_id": "Q6208696", "sp": 6, "sc": 1118, "ep": 6, "ec": 1778} | 160,865 | Q6208696 | 6 | 1,118 | 6 | 1,778 | Joe Bolton (television personality) | Biography | by The Three Stooges, which featured him and eight other local children television show hosts, all cast as villains.
Bolton appeared at many New York area venues, including Freedomland U.S.A. in The Bronx, to meet and entertain children. At Freedomland, he hosted appearances by The Three Stooges at the park's Moon Bowl entertainment venue. Bolton and The Three Stooges are featured in the book Freedomland U.S.A.: The Definitive History (Theme Park Press, 2019).
Bolton retired in 1975 to Santa Monica, California, and died in 1986 at Santa Monica Hospital of a heart attack.
Bolton has two children: a daughter, Catherine Bolton of |
{"datasets_id": 160865, "wiki_id": "Q6208696", "sp": 6, "sc": 1778, "ep": 6, "ec": 1850} | 160,865 | Q6208696 | 6 | 1,778 | 6 | 1,850 | Joe Bolton (television personality) | Biography | Manhattan; and a son, Joseph Reeves Bolton IV of Port Salerno, Florida. |
{"datasets_id": 160866, "wiki_id": "Q1696161", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 672} | 160,866 | Q1696161 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 672 | Johann Schröder (mathematician) | Johann Schröder (mathematician) Johann Wiards Albert Schröder (4 April 1925, Norden, Lower Saxony – 3 January 2007) was a German mathematician.
Schröder studied mathematics and physics at the University of Hanover and the University of Göttingen. In 1952 at the University of Hanover he received his Promotion (Ph.D.) under Lothar Collatz for his thesis Fehlerabschätzungen zur Störungsrechnung bei linearen Eigenwertproblemen.
In 1955 Schröder received his Habilitation. From 1955 to 1957 he taught at the Braunschweig University of Technology and from 1957 to 1963 at the University of Hamburg, where from 1961 to 1963 he was an adjunct professor.
In 1963 Schröder was appointed |
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{"datasets_id": 160866, "wiki_id": "Q1696161", "sp": 4, "sc": 672, "ep": 4, "ec": 1223} | 160,866 | Q1696161 | 4 | 672 | 4 | 1,223 | Johann Schröder (mathematician) | professor at the University of Cologne, where he retired in 1986 as professor emeritus. He was a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison for the academic year 1960–1961 and at the University of Washington, Seattle for the academic years 1964–1965 and 1969–1970.
In 1966 at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Moscow he was a Plenary Speaker with his talk Ungleichungen und Fehlerabschätzungen (Inequalities and error estimates).
He died as a result of an accident and was buried in the Bensberg cemetery. |
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{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 573} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 573 | John, Prince of Asturias | Early life | John, Prince of Asturias Early life John was born in Seville in 1478 to the sovereigns of Castile, Isabella I and Ferdinand V (also Ferdinand II of Aragon). At the time, his parents were involved in the War of Castilian Succession against Isabella's niece Joanna la Beltraneja, wife of King Afonso V of Portugal.
John's birth helped consolidate Isabella's position as sovereign as she had given birth to a legitimate male heir. At the time of his birth, he had one elder sister Isabella; his younger sisters were Joanna, Maria, and Catherine.
His parents won the war against the King and Queen |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 6, "sc": 573, "ep": 10, "ec": 14} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 6 | 573 | 10 | 14 | John, Prince of Asturias | Early life & Childhood | of Portugal. To negotiate a peace settlement with Isabella, King Afonso sent Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu. The two women met in March 1479. Beatrice was Afonso's sister-in-law and Isabella’s maternal aunt. By terms of the treaty they eventually negotiated, the Queen of Portugal was given two options: she could either wed Prince John, waiting 13 or 14 years until the prince was old enough to be married (by which time Joanna herself would be at least thirty) or she could enter a convent; either way she was to give up her claim to the throne. Childhood Isabella I was |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 10, "sc": 14, "ep": 10, "ec": 603} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 10 | 14 | 10 | 603 | John, Prince of Asturias | Childhood | quite an attentive mother for such a busy queen. John, being her only son, had a special place in her heart and she referred to him affectionately as ’my angel’ even when he was being reprimanded by her, John's wetnurse was Maria de Guzman, a member of the powerful Spanish House of Mendoza. It was commonly believed in the fifteenth century that a wetnurse could influence the character of the baby to whom she fed breast milk. Therefore, a healthy woman, with a placid disposition was ideal.
John's paternal grandfather, King John II of Aragon, took close interest in the infant |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 10, "sc": 603, "ep": 14, "ec": 143} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 10 | 603 | 14 | 143 | John, Prince of Asturias | Childhood & Marriage plans | prince; he warned his son Ferdinand that the prince should not be tutored under one grandee, a member of the nobility, as they would have far too much influence over the boy. He also suggested that Prince John be educated in Aragon as opposed to Castile, which Isabella most likely rejected at once.
In 1492, Columbus named the newly discovered island of Cuba as Isla Juana in deference to Prince John, at that time the heir apparent. Marriage plans Isabella and Ferdinand, together with their cousin, Duke Francis II of Brittany, planned the alliance of their respective heirs, John and Anne, |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 14, "sc": 143, "ep": 14, "ec": 773} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 14 | 143 | 14 | 773 | John, Prince of Asturias | Marriage plans | but the plan came to nothing, possibly due to John's frail constitution.
Isabella and Ferdinand came to plan a double alliance with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, for the marriage of his children, Archduke Philip the Handsome and Archduchess Margaret of Austria. Around the same time, King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and marched to take Naples which belonged to a branch of the House of Trastamara. Ferdinand II therefore was also against the French. With both powers angered at France, marriage was the way to seal the alliance between the two.
On 20 January 1495 in Antwerp, a preliminary alliance, |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 14, "sc": 773, "ep": 18, "ec": 456} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 14 | 773 | 18 | 456 | John, Prince of Asturias | Marriage plans & Education | which included a wedding of Prince John with Maximilian’s daughter was agreed. Similarly, Maximilian's son Philip and John's sister Joanna were to be married. Education As heir to the throne Isabella and Ferdinand paid special attention to John's education. His original tutor was the Dominican Fray Diego Deza who taught Theology at the University of Salamanca. Deza was also later remembered as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain, he taught the young Prince mainly in Theology as he was not a renaissance humanist. Eventually in the late 1480s, Isabella would ask the Italian humanist Peter Martyr d'Anghiera to come and broaden |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 18, "sc": 456, "ep": 18, "ec": 1032} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 18 | 456 | 18 | 1,032 | John, Prince of Asturias | Education | the Prince's education.
Isabella also worried that John would grow up pampered and wilful if he lacked peers and companions of his own age. Therefore, she invited the sons of aristocrats to live at court. She also invited a slightly older group of young aristocrats so that her son would see older young men and that he would aspire to be more like them. Among these youths were young men who would later become famous in their own right, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, the future governor of the Indies, and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés the future historian of |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 18, "sc": 1032, "ep": 22, "ec": 161} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 18 | 1,032 | 22 | 161 | John, Prince of Asturias | Education & Marriage | the Indies. John's education also insisted that he and his companions learned to ride and joust, to hawk and hunt, to play chess and cards, and to sing and recite poetry. John was also naturally gifted in music and was able to play the flute, violin, and the Clavichord with ease and great skill. He also developed a fine tenor voice and often sang with his siblings and companions at court. Marriage Infanta Joanna left Spain to marry Philip the Handsome in late 1496. Philip's sister, Margaret of Austria, aged 18, married John on April 3 the following year in |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 22, "sc": 161, "ep": 22, "ec": 711} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 22 | 161 | 22 | 711 | John, Prince of Asturias | Marriage | Burgos Cathedral. It was a good marriage and John was devoted to Margaret. All of Isabella’s children had a passionate nature, and although it was a political alliance, it was a deep love match. Apparently the amount of time they spent in bed made the court physicians uneasy about the Prince's health. The lust he felt for his wife bothered him, but his confessor assured him it was natural. The Princess of Austria was easy to love, she was fun loving and had a sharp sense of humor. Her first betrothal to Charles VIII ended when he rebuked her. |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 22, "sc": 711, "ep": 26, "ec": 270} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 22 | 711 | 26 | 270 | John, Prince of Asturias | Marriage & Death | Her engagement to the Prince of Asturias seemed doomed when the ship carrying her to Spain hit a storm in the Bay of Biscay. In haste, she wrote her own epitaph should she not reach Spain.
"Here lies Margaret, the willing bride,
Twice married - but a virgin when she died." Death On 4 October 1497, a messenger came to John's parents and informed them that their son lay dangerously ill in Salamanca. He and his wife Margaret had arrived a week earlier, on the way to the wedding of his older sister in Portugal. At once Ferdinand rushed to his son's |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 26, "sc": 270, "ep": 26, "ec": 848} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 26 | 270 | 26 | 848 | John, Prince of Asturias | Death | bedside while Isabella remained behind fretting over the life of her only son. Ferdinand was with his son as John died in the arms of his former tutor Fray Diego Deza.
He died possibly from tuberculosis, but rumors circulated John had died of sexual over-exertion at age eighteen. His dog, a lurcher called Bruto, had whimpered as he died, then stayed next to his coffin throughout the vigil in Salamanca’s main church. John's devastated mother would later keep the dog next to her, as if to keep the memory of her beloved son with her. Two months later, on December 8, |
{"datasets_id": 160867, "wiki_id": "Q381871", "sp": 26, "sc": 848, "ep": 30, "ec": 388} | 160,867 | Q381871 | 26 | 848 | 30 | 388 | John, Prince of Asturias | Death & Consequences | the Princess of Asturias gave birth to their only child, a stillborn girl. Consequences John's death was followed closely by that of his sister Isabella in 1498. Her only child, Miguel de la Paz, died in 1500. The Spanish kingdoms passed to his younger sister Joanna, her husband Philip the Handsome, and their Habsburg descendants. Philip had himself and Joanna declared as 'Princes of Castile' which her parents took as a lack of respect towards his deceased brother in law. |
{"datasets_id": 160868, "wiki_id": "Q51928537", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 129} | 160,868 | Q51928537 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 129 | John Basil Hume | Early life & Surgical career | John Basil Hume Early life John Basil Hume was born on 29 September 1893 in Whitby and went to Bootham school in York.
He qualified in medicine from St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1911, following which, in 1916, he passed the Conjoint Diploma.
Following his first house post in 1916, Hume was posted to East Africa with the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC). He achieved rank of major and remained in East Africa until the end of the war. Surgical career In 1919 Hume returned to St Bartholomew's to demonstrate anatomy, which he continued until 1923. In 1920, he passed his MBBS with |
{"datasets_id": 160868, "wiki_id": "Q51928537", "sp": 10, "sc": 129, "ep": 10, "ec": 781} | 160,868 | Q51928537 | 10 | 129 | 10 | 781 | John Basil Hume | Surgical career | honours and a distinction in medicine from London and acquired the FRCS. He had numerous awards to his name, including the Brackenbury Scholarship, the Kirkes Gold Medal, and the Luther Holden Scholarship.
From 1923 to 1926, Hume was appointed chief assistant to Sir Holburt Waring, a period during which he spent some months also gaining experience in general surgery and urology with surgeons Hugh Cabot and Frederick Amasa Coller at Ann Arbor, Michigan.
After spending his first two consultant years at St Andrew's Hospital, Dollis Hill, he moved to Finchley Memorial Hospital in 1927 as an appointed surgeon. He completed two years |
{"datasets_id": 160868, "wiki_id": "Q51928537", "sp": 10, "sc": 781, "ep": 10, "ec": 1367} | 160,868 | Q51928537 | 10 | 781 | 10 | 1,367 | John Basil Hume | Surgical career | as the museum's curator and an extra year as an anatomy lecturer at St Bartholomew's. He also became an examiner in anatomy for the Royal College of Surgeons and lectured on the anatomy of the diaphragm and diaphragmatic hernia as a Hunterian Professor. Waring retired in 1931, leaving Hume to take up an assistant surgeon post, followed by full surgeon in 1946. He remained in this post until retirement in 1958, after which he continued to lecture in anatomy until 1967. In addition, he held surgical posts at University of London, with duties on the Senate, chairman of the external |
{"datasets_id": 160868, "wiki_id": "Q51928537", "sp": 10, "sc": 1367, "ep": 10, "ec": 1986} | 160,868 | Q51928537 | 10 | 1,367 | 10 | 1,986 | John Basil Hume | Surgical career | council and deputy Vice-Chancellor.
Hume was one of the three surgeons recommended to perform the biliary tract surgery on foreign secretary Anthony Eden on 12 April 1953. Hume was 60 years old and trusted by Eden in light of a previous appendectomy Hume performed on him many years before. However, Churchill's constant reminders to Hume on how eminent the patient was, contributed to his [Hume's] agitation, requiring an hour to calm down and resume poise prior to carrying out the surgical procedure. What happened in the operation at the London Clinic has been debated and it is likely that his nervousness |
{"datasets_id": 160868, "wiki_id": "Q51928537", "sp": 10, "sc": 1986, "ep": 14, "ec": 216} | 160,868 | Q51928537 | 10 | 1,986 | 14 | 216 | John Basil Hume | Surgical career & Personal and family | caused the knife to slip and cut the common bile duct. Later, Eden went to Boston to have corrective surgery performed by Richard Cattell. Personal and family Hume married Marjorie Poole in 1925 and lived in Hamstead with their four daughters.
He was a keen fly fisherman and enjoyed travel.
Following a long illness, he died on 2 March 1974 at the age of 80. |
{"datasets_id": 160869, "wiki_id": "Q6244866", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 562} | 160,869 | Q6244866 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 562 | John Lindesay | John Lindesay John Lindesay (died 1751) was the founder of the settlement of Cherry Valley, in Otsego County, New York. He was a native of Scotland, and in December, 1730, he was commissioned as a naval officer of the port of New York by Governor John Montgomerie.
From 1732 to 1739 he served as Sheriff of Albany, New York. By patents dated from 1736 to 1741, Lindesay acquired about 20,000 acres (80 km²) of public land throughout the Province of New York. In 1740, he moved to his land at present-day Cherry Valley with his wife, her father Lieutenant Congreve, and |
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{"datasets_id": 160869, "wiki_id": "Q6244866", "sp": 4, "sc": 562, "ep": 4, "ec": 1175} | 160,869 | Q6244866 | 4 | 562 | 4 | 1,175 | John Lindesay | their servants. He named the place Lindesay's Bush.
Being inexperienced at farming, and with the French and Indian War at hand, Lindesay returned to the military and in 1744 was sent as a reinforcement to Fort Oswego on the western frontier.
He was in Schenectady, New York in the winter of 1746-47. On October 17, 1747, the Council taking into consideration several petitions of the Oswego traders, praying the Governor to continue Lieutenant Lindesay in the command of the garrison at Oswego, and the request of the Indians of the Six Nations to the same purpose; and being also of opinion from |
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{"datasets_id": 160869, "wiki_id": "Q6244866", "sp": 4, "sc": 1175, "ep": 4, "ec": 1766} | 160,869 | Q6244866 | 4 | 1,175 | 4 | 1,766 | John Lindesay | their own knowledge of Mr. Lindesay, that he is well qualified for that command, and the more so on the account of his engaging Address to the Indians, unanimously resolved to recommend his Excellency to order Lieutenant Lindesay to repair to Oswego, to take the command of the garrison there. He was commandant at that post until February, 1749, when he was appointed Indian commissary and agent there. He retained the latter situation until his death, which occurred in 1751. His widow, Penelope Lindesay, survived him, but they had no children. At the time of his death, Mr. Lindesay was |
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{"datasets_id": 160869, "wiki_id": "Q6244866", "sp": 4, "sc": 1766, "ep": 4, "ec": 1833} | 160,869 | Q6244866 | 4 | 1,766 | 4 | 1,833 | John Lindesay | a lieutenant in Captain Clarke's company of Independent Fuzileers. |
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{"datasets_id": 160870, "wiki_id": "Q10307873", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 157} | 160,870 | Q10307873 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 157 | John Martin Munro Kerr | Early life | John Martin Munro Kerr John Martin Munro Kerr (5 December 1868 – 7 October 1960) was Regius Professor of Midwifery at the University of Glasgow from 1927 to 1934. A scholar and surgeon of international acclaim he won both the Katherine Bishop Harman Prize in 1934 for his book Maternal Mortality and Morbidity (1933) and was the first recipient of the Blair Bell Medal for obstetrics and gynaecology. Early life J. M. Munro Kerr was born at Kelvingrove Street in Glasgow in 1868 the son of George Munro Kerr (15 November 1836 – 23 June 1907), a Scottish ship-owner from |
{"datasets_id": 160870, "wiki_id": "Q10307873", "sp": 8, "sc": 157, "ep": 12, "ec": 140} | 160,870 | Q10307873 | 8 | 157 | 12 | 140 | John Martin Munro Kerr | Early life & Professional career | Greenock, and Jessie Elizabeth Martin. His grandfather, John Kerr, had been a West Indian Merchant and ship-owner who married an American-born wife; Mary Clark. J. M. Munro Kerr graduated from the University of Glasgow MB CM in 1890. As a senior undergraduate he was present in 1889 when Murdoch Cameron performed the first series of follow-up Caesarean Section operations at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital, carried out after Cameron’s famous initial success in 1888. Professional career Fluent in German and French, Munro Kerr spent a number of years after his graduation in Germany, Austria and Ireland studying obstetrics and |
{"datasets_id": 160870, "wiki_id": "Q10307873", "sp": 12, "sc": 140, "ep": 12, "ec": 797} | 160,870 | Q10307873 | 12 | 140 | 12 | 797 | John Martin Munro Kerr | Professional career | gynaecology at Berlin, Vienna and Dublin. From 1894 he acted as Professorial Assistant to Murdoch Cameron, a position that entailed both academic work at the University of Glasgow and practical experience on the obstetrical and gynaecological wards of Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital and Glasgow's Western Infirmary.
Appointed Visiting Surgeon at the Maternity Hospital in 1900, he published to great success Operative Midwifery in 1908. The text was originally written as the thesis for his MD at Glasgow. Munro Kerr was elected to the chair of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Glasgow Anderson College in 1910, and in a rapidly successful career he |
{"datasets_id": 160870, "wiki_id": "Q10307873", "sp": 12, "sc": 797, "ep": 12, "ec": 1428} | 160,870 | Q10307873 | 12 | 797 | 12 | 1,428 | John Martin Munro Kerr | Professional career | took the Muirhead chair of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Glasgow in 1911. His First Assistant at this time was Louise McIlroy.
A Foundation Fellow Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in 1929 Munro Kerr was also its first Vice President until 1932. Succeeding Murdoch Cameron on his retirement as Professor of Midwifery at Glasgow, Munro Kerr took the chair in the New Year of 1927 holding the position until his retirement in 1934. Munro Kerr won the Katherine Bishop Harman Prize in 1934 for his widely successful book Maternal Mortality and Morbidity (1933).
During World War II |
{"datasets_id": 160870, "wiki_id": "Q10307873", "sp": 12, "sc": 1428, "ep": 20, "ec": 83} | 160,870 | Q10307873 | 12 | 1,428 | 20 | 83 | John Martin Munro Kerr | Professional career & Awards and honours & Retirement | he acted as Medical Superintendent of the Kent and Canterbury Hospital. Awards and honours Munro Kerr was made an honorary LLD by Glasgow in 1935. He was the first recipient of the Blair Bell Medal, awarded to him by the Royal Society of Medicine in 1950. Retirement Following his retirement he lived in Canterbury, it was there that he died in 1960. |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 353} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 353 | Jon Baker (producer) | Early life | Jon Baker (producer) Jon Baker (born 1960) is a music industry executive. He has worked as a fashion designer, promoter, and is currently co-owner of Geejam, a luxury resort and recording studio located in San San, near Port Antonio, Jamaica. Early life Baker was born in 1960. His father was a specialist car dealer and his mother Maureen Baker was head designer at the British ready-to-wear fashion firm Susan Small, who designed dresses for Princess Anne (including her wedding dress) and other notable people.
In 1977 Baker went to the Chelsea School of Art in London, where he was introduced to |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 8, "sc": 353, "ep": 8, "ec": 913} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 8 | 353 | 8 | 913 | Jon Baker (producer) | Early life | the punk scene. In 1978, he opened "Blooz", a shop in Kensington Market that specialized in punk rock and new wave style T-shirts. By the end of that year, Baker had become part of the burgeoning post-punk new romantic movement, influenced by Chris Sullivan, Boy George, Sade and Spandau Ballet and based largely around the Blitz Club. In 1978, Baker opened a fashion store called Axiom in the Great Gear Market on King's Road in London and was a stylist for many New Romantic bands such as Spandau Ballet and Duran Duran). In 1980 Baker traveled to New York |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 8, "sc": 913, "ep": 12, "ec": 399} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 8 | 913 | 12 | 399 | Jon Baker (producer) | Early life & NYC, 1980–84 | to stage a fashion show by Axiom designers, coupled with a performance by Spandau Ballet at the Underground Club on Union Square Park. NYC, 1980–84 In the early 1980s, Baker moved to New York and worked with Ruza Blue, a British expat and music promoter, who brought him to Disco Fever, an important early hip hop club in the Bronx. The two started a popular hip hop night at NYC’s Club Negril. When Negril proved too small a venue, the two promoted an important and very popular Friday night hip hop party at The Roxy. During this era, Baker also |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 12, "sc": 399, "ep": 16, "ec": 278} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 12 | 399 | 16 | 278 | Jon Baker (producer) | NYC, 1980–84 & Gee Street Records, 1985–90 | ran Jon Baker Productions, a small booking agency that brought well known club nights from London and Berlin to New York's Danceteria, and British design collectives to New York and produced fashion shows for nightclubs like Danceteria, the Roxy, the Peppermint Lounge, and The Ritz. Gee Street Records, 1985–90 Baker returned to London in 1984. In 1985, Baker organized Doug E. Fresh and Slick Rick’s first UK tour. That year he met Rob Birch and Nick Hallam of the Stereo MCs and together, they began to produce and distribute white label records to London dance shops. He also met future |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 16, "sc": 278, "ep": 16, "ec": 874} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 16 | 278 | 16 | 874 | Jon Baker (producer) | Gee Street Records, 1985–90 | wife Ziggi Golding, an agent who ran the progressive "Z" modeling agency, with whom he established Gee Street Records. Among the artists Gee Street signed and/or promoted were Jon King/King Butcher, Funtopia, Gail Ann Dorsey, Queen Latifah, Jungle Brothers, The Stereo MCs and PM Dawn.
Gee Street's first major success was the release of Straight out of the Jungle by the Jungle Brothers; their single "I'll House You" went top 5 in the UK national charts. Then, in 1988, he signed the Stereo MCs to a licensing deal with Island Records. In 1989, he brought PM Dawn to England to record. |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 16, "sc": 874, "ep": 20, "ec": 445} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 16 | 874 | 20 | 445 | Jon Baker (producer) | Gee Street Records, 1985–90 & Island Records 1991–97 / V2 1997–2000 | By 1991, PM Dawn’s demo had incredible underground buzz and garnered interest from most of the major record labels. Island Records 1991–97 / V2 1997–2000 In 1990, Chris Blackwell signed PM Dawn, and proposed a joint venture with Island/Polygram that secured Gee Street’s roster for Island. Back in the US, Baker became a senior A&R man on the Island records team and head of Blackwell’s newly formed Island Jamaica label for North America, which included Luciano, Chaka Demus and Pliars and Beenie Man among others. In 1996, Blackwell left Island and the Polygram group. With this, Baker bought Gee |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 20, "sc": 445, "ep": 24, "ec": 344} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 20 | 445 | 24 | 344 | Jon Baker (producer) | Island Records 1991–97 / V2 1997–2000 & Geejam, 2000s | Street and resold 75% of it to Richard Branson. In the deal, Baker retained control of Gee Street’s marketing, promotion and A&R, while Branson made Gee Street the cornerstone of V2 Records in North America and named Baker co-President. Geejam, 2000s Baker sold his shares of Gee Street to Richard Branson in 2000. In 2002 he moved to Jamaica, became a Jamaican citizen. That year, he also produced the album Adelante, featuring Ky-Mani Marley, Alberto D’Ascola (aka Alborosie)
In 2004, Baker produced Two Culture Clash in collaboration with producer Mark Jones in the UK. In 2004 and |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 24, "sc": 344, "ep": 24, "ec": 979} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 24 | 344 | 24 | 979 | Jon Baker (producer) | Geejam, 2000s | again in 2005, he became a consultant for New Reality TV’s Digicel Rising Star talent competition on Jamaica's TVJ television station in 2004.
In 2006, Baker worked with Steve Beaver of the Hong Kong-based Beaver Music on the Singerz Collection album series through Universal Japan; it featured contemporary songs interpreted in a reggae style. Later that year, however, Baker and Beaver went into a more formal partnership and agreed to develop Geejam into a luxury private hotel. To this point, Baker had devoted a great deal of his energy to make Geejam an exclusive residential recording studio. The studio’s resources had |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 24, "sc": 979, "ep": 24, "ec": 1622} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 24 | 979 | 24 | 1,622 | Jon Baker (producer) | Geejam, 2000s | earned a strong reputation among industry insiders and attracted several top artists including Gorillaz, No Doubt, India.Arie, Dru Hill, Godwana, Les Nubians, Wyclef Jean and Björk.
Geejam opened to the general public in 2008 and is part of the Island Outpost brand. Since 2008, Geejam has been rated Jamaica’s number one hotel by travel review website TripAdvisor.com in March 2010. Over this time, Drake, Santigold, Major Lazer and Amy Winehouse have all worked on recording projects there. The Geejam Group’s most recent project involved the Jamaican mento band The Jolly Boys. Their album Great Expectation was released in the UK |
{"datasets_id": 160871, "wiki_id": "Q6270344", "sp": 24, "sc": 1622, "ep": 24, "ec": 1688} | 160,871 | Q6270344 | 24 | 1,622 | 24 | 1,688 | Jon Baker (producer) | Geejam, 2000s | on 13 September 2010, and was received well by critics in Europe. |
{"datasets_id": 160872, "wiki_id": "Q6271434", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 604} | 160,872 | Q6271434 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 604 | Jon Randall | Biography | Jon Randall Biography Jon Randall Stewart was born on February 17, 1969 in Dallas, Texas. In his teenage years, he relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, where he found work as a guitarist in Emmylou Harris's band The Nash Ramblers.
In 1992, Randall won a Grammy award under the winner name 'Emmylou Harris & Nash Ramblers (Larry Altamanuik, Sam Bush, Roy Huskey, Jr., Al Perkins, Jon Randall Stewart), artists.' for Best Country Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal. The award was for the album "Live at the Ryman".
Randall also participated in the Grammy winning project 'Carl Jackson and John Starling (with |
{"datasets_id": 160872, "wiki_id": "Q6271434", "sp": 6, "sc": 604, "ep": 6, "ec": 1204} | 160,872 | Q6271434 | 6 | 604 | 6 | 1,204 | Jon Randall | Biography | The Nash Ramblers), which won in 1991, but only Jackson and Starling received the award.
In 1995, he was signed to RCA Records Nashville as a solo artist, releasing his debut album What You Don't Know that year. Due to a restructuring at the label, however, the album received little publicity, and its only chart single ("This Heart") peaked at No. 74 on the country charts.
After the release of What You Don't Know, Randall set to work on a second album for RCA, entitled Great Day to Be Alive. During the recording session for this album, Randall met country singer Lorrie Morgan, |
{"datasets_id": 160872, "wiki_id": "Q6271434", "sp": 6, "sc": 1204, "ep": 6, "ec": 1732} | 160,872 | Q6271434 | 6 | 1,204 | 6 | 1,732 | Jon Randall | Biography | whom he eventually married and with whom he performed the duet "By My Side" for both his own album and for her 1996 album Greater Need. "By My Side" was released as a single in 1996, becoming Randall's only Top 40 hit on the country music charts and won a Music City News Award for Vocal Collaboration. Great Day to Be Alive was never released. However, its Darrell Scott-penned title track "It's a Great Day to Be Alive" would be recorded in 2002 by Travis Tritt for his album Down the Road I Go, from which it was released as |
{"datasets_id": 160872, "wiki_id": "Q6271434", "sp": 6, "sc": 1732, "ep": 10, "ec": 146} | 160,872 | Q6271434 | 6 | 1,732 | 10 | 146 | Jon Randall | Biography & 2000s | a single.
By 1998, Randall had moved to Asylum Records to record his third studio album. Entitled Cold Coffee Morning, this album produced singles in its title track and the song "She Don't Believe in Fairy Tales", the former of which reached No. 71 on the country charts. Randall and Morgan divorced around this point, and Cold Coffee Morning also went unreleased. A more Americana-oriented album, entitled Willin′, was issued in 1999 on the independent Eminent label. 2000s In 1998, Randall and country singer Bill Anderson co-wrote "Whiskey Lullaby". This song was inspired by Randall's manager who, upon noticing the |
{"datasets_id": 160872, "wiki_id": "Q6271434", "sp": 10, "sc": 146, "ep": 10, "ec": 739} | 160,872 | Q6271434 | 10 | 146 | 10 | 739 | Jon Randall | 2000s | singer's troubled life at the time, told Randall, "Every now and then, you've got to put a bottle to your head and pull the trigger." Brad Paisley then selected the song for his 2003 album Mud on the Tires, recording "Whiskey Lullaby" as a duet with singer Alison Krauss. Released in 2004, Paisley's and Krauss's rendition of "Whiskey Lullaby" was a No. 2 hit on the country charts, earning its writers a Country Music Association award for Song of the Year.
Randall signed to his fourth recording contract in 2005, this time with Epic Records. His first album for Epic, Walking Among |
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