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{"datasets_id": 160823, "wiki_id": "Q5500523", "sp": 18, "sc": 372, "ep": 18, "ec": 505} | 160,823 | Q5500523 | 18 | 372 | 18 | 505 | Freedom Evolves | Robert Kane | to Kane. Yet they will seem the same as anyone else. Dennett finds an essentially indetectable notion of free will to be incredible. |
{"datasets_id": 160824, "wiki_id": "Q15056095", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 33} | 160,824 | Q15056095 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 33 | Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's moguls | Qualification & Qualification & Final | Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's moguls Qualification An athlete must have placed in the top 30 in at a World Cup event after July 2012 or at the 2013 World Championships and a minimum of 80 FIS points. A total of 30 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum of 4 athletes could be entered by a National Olympic Committee. Qualification In the first qualifying round, the ten best athletes directly qualified for the final. Others competed in the second qualification round. Final The finals were started at 22:00. |
{"datasets_id": 160825, "wiki_id": "Q24906263", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 86} | 160,825 | Q24906263 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 86 | Funeral stripper | Background | Funeral stripper Funeral strippers are exotic dancers, usually young women, who sing and dance and remove clothes at a funeral or in a procession to a funeral as a way to celebrate the life of the deceased and to attract mourners. Funeral stripping originated and is most common in Taiwan but it is unknown how the tradition came to be. It spread to rural regions of mainland China but the Chinese government has attempted to end this practise, deeming it offensive and obscene. Background As a rite of passage, funerals around the world often have singing and dancing to mark |
{"datasets_id": 160825, "wiki_id": "Q24906263", "sp": 8, "sc": 86, "ep": 8, "ec": 722} | 160,825 | Q24906263 | 8 | 86 | 8 | 722 | Funeral stripper | Background | the occasion, although the practice of stripping naked is rare. In Taiwan, one custom has been to hire professional entertainers to perform at funerals, such as a professional mourner, to assist a family with setting a proper mood, particularly when relatives were distant or had trouble attending the funeral. The practice of hiring funeral strippers may have grown out of this practice. According to BBC News, hiring professionals to assist with funerals is undergoing change.
The use of strippers in funerals was reported to be originated in 1995 from Taiwan, when the local mafia seized control of the mortuary industry and |
{"datasets_id": 160825, "wiki_id": "Q24906263", "sp": 8, "sc": 722, "ep": 12, "ec": 488} | 160,825 | Q24906263 | 8 | 722 | 12 | 488 | Funeral stripper | Background & Description | offered strippers from their clubs at a cut price. However, historical records of women stripping at temple events dated back to the late 1800s. Description The purpose of the strippers is not only to attract crowds but to "appease wandering spirits" as well as give the deceased "one last hurrah". What happens in a performance can vary considerably, and may include climbing poles, sound systems, professional musicians, electric "flower carts", neon-lit stages, fireworks and gas-driven fire flames. One report found that in rural parts of China, there were a dozen "funeral performance troupes" which put on shows regularly, sometimes twenty |
{"datasets_id": 160825, "wiki_id": "Q24906263", "sp": 12, "sc": 488, "ep": 12, "ec": 1127} | 160,825 | Q24906263 | 12 | 488 | 12 | 1,127 | Funeral stripper | Description | in a month, and were paid roughly 2,000 yuan (about $322) for each performance.
Sometimes dancers remove bras or panties in front of young children, which can cause consternation. In some Asian cultures, particularly in Taiwan, the impetus for exotic dancing is that the family members want to have a well-attended funeral "to ensure that the deceased travels well into the afterlife"; in addition, like having a well-attended wedding, having many people at a funeral is a mark of prestige, and bringing entertainment to a funeral is one way to accomplish this.
The practice is controversial in places such as China, where |
{"datasets_id": 160825, "wiki_id": "Q24906263", "sp": 12, "sc": 1127, "ep": 12, "ec": 1742} | 160,825 | Q24906263 | 12 | 1,127 | 12 | 1,742 | Funeral stripper | Description | authorities have taken steps to discourage mourners from hiring erotic entertainment. Videos of exotic dancing at funerals have been distributed to media-sharing sites such as YouTube, causing some embarrassment to officials when the videos are seen around the world. The practice often occurs in rural areas; in some cases, authorities have meted out punishments to try to deter the activity, but not before a similar crackdown attempt 9 years earlier. According to one report, the practice originated in Taiwan, and was noted in 1980, but it usually happens not in big cities but in rural areas, as well as rural |
{"datasets_id": 160825, "wiki_id": "Q24906263", "sp": 12, "sc": 1742, "ep": 20, "ec": 98} | 160,825 | Q24906263 | 12 | 1,742 | 20 | 98 | Funeral stripper | Description & Funerals of prominent people & Variants | areas of mainland China. Another theory is that the practice of funeral strippers is based on a "worship of reproduction" as a way to honor the deceased wishes to be "blessed with many children," according to a report in BBC News quoting Huang Jianxing, a professor at Fujian Normal University. Funerals of prominent people In 2017, 50 pole dancers performed during the funeral procession of former Chiayi City county council speaker Tung Hsiang in Chiayi City, southern Taiwan. Variants Instead of strippers, there are funerals featuring female funeral marching bands or cheerleaders. |
{"datasets_id": 160826, "wiki_id": "Q18356742", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 543} | 160,826 | Q18356742 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 543 | GABAergic | GABAergic GABAergic means "pertaining to or affecting the neurotransmitter GABA". A synapse is GABAergic if it uses GABA as its neurotransmitter. A GABAergic neuron produces GABA. A substance is GABAergic if it produces its effects via interactions with the GABA system, such as by stimulating or blocking neurotransmission.
A GABAergic or GABAergic agent is any chemical that modifies the effects of GABA in the body or brain. Some different classes of GABAergic drugs include agonists, antagonists, modulators, reuptake inhibitors and enzymes. |
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{"datasets_id": 160827, "wiki_id": "Q5515655", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 549} | 160,827 | Q5515655 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 549 | Gabriel Goodman | Early years | Gabriel Goodman Early years Gabriel Goodman, the second son of Edward Goodman, a wealthy merchant in Ruthin, Denbighshire, was born at Nantclwyd y Dre, Ruthin in 1528. Very little is known of his early years, but a nineteenth-century biography suggests that he was taught at home by one of the priests of the dissolved collegiate church at Ruthin. Goodman matriculated to the University of Cambridge from Jesus College in 1546. He graduated BA in 1549 or 1550, and M.A. from Christ's College in 1553 where he had become a fellow the prior year. He returned to Jesus College as |
{"datasets_id": 160827, "wiki_id": "Q5515655", "sp": 6, "sc": 549, "ep": 10, "ec": 373} | 160,827 | Q5515655 | 6 | 549 | 10 | 373 | Gabriel Goodman | Early years & Ecclesiastical career | a fellow in 1554. He proceeded under special dispensation to a D.D. from St John's College in 1564. He became chaplain to Sir William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, and tutor to William's eldest son Thomas Cecil, Earl of Exeter. Ecclesiastical career In 1559 Goodman was made a prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral to which he added a prebend of Westminster Collegiate Church in May 1560. The old Westminster Abbey had been dissolved and the monks dispersed or pensioned. Queen Elizabeth I reinstituted the establishment as a collegiate church with Dr Bill as Dean and Gabriel Goodman as twelfth prebendary.
Sometime in |
{"datasets_id": 160827, "wiki_id": "Q5515655", "sp": 10, "sc": 373, "ep": 10, "ec": 1004} | 160,827 | Q5515655 | 10 | 373 | 10 | 1,004 | Gabriel Goodman | Ecclesiastical career | 1561 Goodman was promoted to the position of Dean and in January 1562 he was concerned in "a memorable convocation of the clergy of the Province of Canterbury wherein the matters of Church were to be debated and settled for the future regular service of God and establishment of orthodox Doctrine". The convocation's deliberation culminated in the Thirty-Nine Articles of which Goodman was a signatory.
When William Morgan was supervising the printing of the Welsh Bible he stayed with Goodman at the Deanery. Dean Goodman was well versed in several languages and was considered for seven bishoprics but, for reasons which |
{"datasets_id": 160827, "wiki_id": "Q5515655", "sp": 10, "sc": 1004, "ep": 14, "ec": 361} | 160,827 | Q5515655 | 10 | 1,004 | 14 | 361 | Gabriel Goodman | Ecclesiastical career & Legacy | are not clear, Goodman's attempts to secure a diocese were unsuccessful. Notwithstanding the support of Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, Goodman failed to gain the see of Norwich in 1575, Rochester in 1581, Chichester in 1585 and Chester in 1596. Legacy In 1583 and 1598 Goodman gave two bells inscibed “Campanis Patrem Laudate Sonantibus Cultum. Gabriel Goodman Decanus 1598” (bells sounding worship praise the father) to Westminster Abbey which are still in use to this day.
In his will Goodman left his library of religious books in the “…. special care of the President and Warden” …will see that there |
{"datasets_id": 160827, "wiki_id": "Q5515655", "sp": 14, "sc": 361, "ep": 14, "ec": 660} | 160,827 | Q5515655 | 14 | 361 | 14 | 660 | Gabriel Goodman | Legacy | will be no lack of preaching in St Peter's Church of Ruthin, or any other in that Deanery where they may do good”.
Goodman's motto was Dei Gratia Sum Quod Sum “By the Grace of God I am What I am”. It appears on the front gable of a row of houses called Providence Place in Woking, Surrey. |
{"datasets_id": 160828, "wiki_id": "Q4501087", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 201} | 160,828 | Q4501087 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 201 | Gantiadi church | Historical-Architectural description | Gantiadi church Gantiadi church (Georgian: განთიადის ეკლესია, Gant'iadis eklesia) is a 6th-century three-apse basilica, located in settlement of Gantiadi (Gagra district). It was built in 543 AD and altered several times in 8-10th centuries. In 1576 it was partly destroyed by Ottoman invaders. It is one of the oldest Christian temples in Georgia. Nowadays only the ruins of the basilica are left standing. Historical-Architectural description Experts of the respective field have suggested that it is the church, which was built by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I for Abazg tribes when they got Christianized. In the ruins of the Basilica was |
{"datasets_id": 160828, "wiki_id": "Q4501087", "sp": 8, "sc": 201, "ep": 12, "ec": 187} | 160,828 | Q4501087 | 8 | 201 | 12 | 187 | Gantiadi church | Historical-Architectural description & Current condition | found a fragment of the tombstone with the Greek uncial inscription. It seems most likely that the inscription belonged to the tomb of a clerical or secular dignitary of Abkhazia. Name of the buried is lost. The inscription is dated back to the 6th c.
The church is a three-nave basilica, built of medium-size limestone Quadra of regular shape and flat brick of varied sizes. Current condition The territory is currently occupied by Russia, because of which it is impossible to study and to conduct the respective works. The church is in a heavy physical condition and needs urgent |
{"datasets_id": 160828, "wiki_id": "Q4501087", "sp": 12, "sc": 187, "ep": 12, "ec": 309} | 160,828 | Q4501087 | 12 | 187 | 12 | 309 | Gantiadi church | Current condition | conservation and restoration works.
Tsandripshi church has been given the status of national importance monument. |
{"datasets_id": 160829, "wiki_id": "Q919075", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 586} | 160,829 | Q919075 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 586 | Garden railway | Function | Garden railway Function At its most basic level, a garden railway works just like an indoor railway, including turnouts and turntables. However, special considerations must be taken for everything from sunlight and water to dirt and leaves, and even wildlife. The distance covered also means that electrical resistance in and between sections is much higher, and electrical power will tend to drop off at the far end.
To eliminate this power issue, some are rigged to use RC car parts such as rechargeable batteries. Others even use live steam and run as a real steam locomotive would. The steam can be |
{"datasets_id": 160829, "wiki_id": "Q919075", "sp": 6, "sc": 586, "ep": 6, "ec": 1208} | 160,829 | Q919075 | 6 | 586 | 6 | 1,208 | Garden railway | Function | generated from a variety of sources, ranging from messy solid pellet (i.e. methenamine) or sterno-type fuel, through clean-burning butane gas, to prototypical coal burners. Live steam is particularly widespread amongst 16 mm scale garden railway enthusiasts.
Many trains also have digital audio on board, so they sound like a real train. They can also use Digital Command Control or other similar systems, though dirty outdoor track can cause less of a problem with signal than with simple DC power. This is because DCC puts the full voltage on the rails at all times. There are many benefits of DCC when compared |
{"datasets_id": 160829, "wiki_id": "Q919075", "sp": 6, "sc": 1208, "ep": 10, "ec": 573} | 160,829 | Q919075 | 6 | 1,208 | 10 | 573 | Garden railway | Function & Design | to DC analog systems. Design Plants are usually an integral part of a garden railway, and dwarf varieties along with pruning are often used to keep them in proper proportion. Some go so far as to use bonsai techniques, though this can be very time-consuming for large areas.
Buildings are also often used in a garden railway, though they too must be constructed to withstand the weather. Train stations and freight depots are popular, some even building whole towns trackside. The loco shed is a common place to store a locomotive (or the whole train) when not in use.
Other geographic |
{"datasets_id": 160829, "wiki_id": "Q919075", "sp": 10, "sc": 573, "ep": 10, "ec": 1152} | 160,829 | Q919075 | 10 | 573 | 10 | 1,152 | Garden railway | Design | features are used, such as a small pond to represent a lake, rocks for boulders, or tunnels through "mountains" or under stairways. Tunnels can be a particular challenge, because everything from cats to raccoons and more like to hide in them, particularly to get out of the rain or heat, sometimes even to sleep, nest, or hibernate. A derailment inside a tunnel can also be permanent if careful planning is not done to ensure that it can be reached by access panels (trapdoors) or at arm's length from either end.
A frequent theme is the railway in an idealised urban or |
{"datasets_id": 160829, "wiki_id": "Q919075", "sp": 10, "sc": 1152, "ep": 14, "ec": 185} | 160,829 | Q919075 | 10 | 1,152 | 14 | 185 | Garden railway | Design & Display | rural environment, so it is often found in the context of a model village. Some garden railways work opposite to the model village style and opt more for a railway in the garden, where the railways runs amongst normal plants, not in scale with the railway. These sort of railway designs allow for large scale planting and many gardeners have the railway as a secondary hobby to gardening. Display Because these layouts are often unique, they are frequently given names by their owners, just like a real railroad. Some are very natural-sounding, as if they were real. Other names are |
{"datasets_id": 160829, "wiki_id": "Q919075", "sp": 14, "sc": 185, "ep": 14, "ec": 868} | 160,829 | Q919075 | 14 | 185 | 14 | 868 | Garden railway | Display | playful or even silly.
Numerous garden rail societies have been formed around the world. Members often invite others over for social gatherings, as well as rotating club meetings around each month. A large setup was on public display at the Atlanta Botanical Garden during the summer and early fall of 2005, including replicas of downtown Atlanta skyscrapers made from wood, bark, and other natural materials.
In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Mitchell Park Horticultural Conservatory features an extensive Garden Railway display put on with the cooperation of many Wisconsin Model Railroad club members. The "Domes" as they are known locally, schedules the indoor Garden |
{"datasets_id": 160829, "wiki_id": "Q919075", "sp": 14, "sc": 868, "ep": 14, "ec": 1313} | 160,829 | Q919075 | 14 | 868 | 14 | 1,313 | Garden railway | Display | Railway Show during the cold winter months. It has become one of the most popular displays each year and one of the largest temporary Garden Railway displays in the Midwest.
A notable example in England is Bekonscot which is the oldest model village in the world and has an extensive railway running through a mythical 1930s England. This is well known to be one of the largest, and oldest, garden railways in the UK open to the public. |
{"datasets_id": 160830, "wiki_id": "Q969022", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 557} | 160,830 | Q969022 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 557 | Genesius of Rome | Legend | Genesius of Rome Legend One day Genesius, leader of a theatrical troupe in Rome, was performing before the Roman Emperor Diocletian. Intending to expose Christian religious rites to ridicule by his audience, he pretended to receive the Sacrament of Baptism.
As the play continued, however, Genesius suddenly lay on the stage as if very ill. Two performers asked what was wrong. Genesius said he felt as if a weight was on his chest and he wanted it removed. Two actors, dressed as a priest and exorcist, were called on stage. He said he had had a vision of angels bearing a |
{"datasets_id": 160830, "wiki_id": "Q969022", "sp": 6, "sc": 557, "ep": 10, "ec": 161} | 160,830 | Q969022 | 6 | 557 | 10 | 161 | Genesius of Rome | Legend & Burial and legacy | book listing all of his sins. The "priest" asked, "My child, why did you send for me?" Genesius said he could still see angels and asked to be baptized right there. The "priest" did so. Enraged, Diocletian had him arrested and sent to Plautia, prefect of the praetorium, to be tortured. Despite his agonies, Genesius persisted in his faith, and he was finally ordered to be beheaded. Burial and legacy Genesius is said to have been buried in the Cemetery of St. Hippolytus on the Via Tiburtina. His relics are claimed to be kept in San Giovanni della Pigna, Santa |
{"datasets_id": 160830, "wiki_id": "Q969022", "sp": 10, "sc": 161, "ep": 10, "ec": 735} | 160,830 | Q969022 | 10 | 161 | 10 | 735 | Genesius of Rome | Burial and legacy | Susanna di Termini, and the chapel of St. Lawrence. His legend was dramatized in the fifteenth century. It was embodied later in the oratorio "Polus Atella" of Löwe, and more recently in a play by Weingartner. The accuracy of the Acts, dating from the seventh century, is very questionable, though it was defended by Tillemont (Mémoires, IV s. v. Genesius). Nevertheless, Genesius was venerated at Rome as early as the Fourth Century. A church was built in his honor, and it was repaired and beautified by Pope Gregory III in 741. A gold glass portrait of him dating to the |
{"datasets_id": 160830, "wiki_id": "Q969022", "sp": 10, "sc": 735, "ep": 14, "ec": 578} | 160,830 | Q969022 | 10 | 735 | 14 | 578 | Genesius of Rome | Burial and legacy & Contemporary relevance | Fourth Century also exists. Contemporary relevance The veneration of St Genesius continues today, and the actor-martyr is considered the patron of actors and acting societies, including those that assist actors. The British Catholic Stage Guild regards him as their patron saint, and the Shrine of St. Genesius in Saint Malachy's Roman Catholic Church in the New York City Borough of Manhattan, serves as a spiritual landmark for the city's acting community. As the patron saint of epilepsy, many thus afflicted turn to him for his help. Because he is associated with stagecraft, Genesius is also venerated by stage magicians and |
{"datasets_id": 160830, "wiki_id": "Q969022", "sp": 14, "sc": 578, "ep": 14, "ec": 1215} | 160,830 | Q969022 | 14 | 578 | 14 | 1,215 | Genesius of Rome | Contemporary relevance | illusionists. He is one of the patrons of the Catholic Magicians' Guild.
A Genesian Theatre in Sydney, Australia hosts six seasons each year and is the centre of a vibrant amateur acting community. Other amateur companies around the world also use his name, including the Genesius Guild of Hammond, Indiana, which hosts an average of four productions each year and an annual children's theater camp, the Genesius Theater of Reading, Pennsylvania, basis for the Lincoln Center production of Douglas Carter Beane's "Shows for Days" starring Patti LuPone. Genesius Studios, a film production company in New York, New York founded |
{"datasets_id": 160830, "wiki_id": "Q969022", "sp": 14, "sc": 1215, "ep": 14, "ec": 1845} | 160,830 | Q969022 | 14 | 1,215 | 14 | 1,845 | Genesius of Rome | Contemporary relevance | by a group of traveling actors, whose slogan is "Freedom of Thought" and whose focus is producing motion pictures with wayward, lost protagonists and anti-heroes who often find something inside themselves worth standing for in tales of self-discovery, hubris and redemption, among other notably relative themes, and the Genesius Guild and Foundation in the Quad Cities in the United States, which focuses on classical Greek Drama.
A new association in the Roman Catholic Church, The Fraternity of St Genesius, has been founded under this Saint's patronage. It aims to support men and women who work in theatre and cinema. |
{"datasets_id": 160831, "wiki_id": "Q5544155", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 629} | 160,831 | Q5544155 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 629 | George S. Griggs | George S. Griggs George S. Griggs (1805-1870) was a pioneer master mechanic in the earliest days of railroading in the United States.
Griggs, like other mechanics of his age, learned the art of machining at Locks and Canals Machine Shop. In 1834 the Boston and Providence (B&P) railroad hired Griggs as their master mechanic, where he spent the remainder of his career.
1845 saw Griggs building his first locomotive, a 4-4-0 named Norfolk, at the railroad shops where he worked in Roxbury. Griggs oversaw the construction of nearly twenty more locomotives that used designs and technology from Norfolk.
While employed at |
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{"datasets_id": 160831, "wiki_id": "Q5544155", "sp": 4, "sc": 629, "ep": 4, "ec": 900} | 160,831 | Q5544155 | 4 | 629 | 4 | 900 | George S. Griggs | the railroad, Griggs filed several patents of his own design for items as varied as brake systems, driving wheels, and the firebrick arch. His designs were so successful that the B&P continued building locomotives to his designs for a few years after his death in 1870. |
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{"datasets_id": 160832, "wiki_id": "Q5551010", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 570} | 160,832 | Q5551010 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 570 | German-American Institute, Nuremberg | History | German-American Institute, Nuremberg History The GAI in Nuremberg was founded in 1946 by the American military government, to serve its own members and the inhabitants of its occupation zone. In 1947, it was renamed "Amerika Haus" and a public library and cultural program were added as part of the "reeducation" program of the US government. With the start of the Cold War, as Germany became a potential ally, the focus shifted to the distribution of anti-Communist information. At the request of German politicians, the America Houses remained after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. In the |
{"datasets_id": 160832, "wiki_id": "Q5551010", "sp": 6, "sc": 570, "ep": 6, "ec": 1232} | 160,832 | Q5551010 | 6 | 570 | 6 | 1,232 | German-American Institute, Nuremberg | History | same year, the German-American Women's Club Nürnberg-Fürth e.V., which still exists today, was founded in the GAI.
In the 1960s, under President John F. Kennedy, there were plans to change some of the America Houses into bi-national cultural institutions, because in Europe the spheres of influence of the USA and the Soviet Union were already clearly defined and the USA wanted to focus more on South America and Africa. Therefore, in 1962, the "Amerika Haus in Nuremberg became a bi-national center. Its name was officially changed to the Deutsch-Amerikanisches Institut Nürnberg e.V. The financial support was split between German governmental bodies |
{"datasets_id": 160832, "wiki_id": "Q5551010", "sp": 6, "sc": 1232, "ep": 10, "ec": 102} | 160,832 | Q5551010 | 6 | 1,232 | 10 | 102 | German-American Institute, Nuremberg | History & German-American Institute today | (city, state and nation) and the USIS (United States Information Center). Both Germans and Americans were named as members of the board of directors and administrative board.
Today, the GAI receives funding from the city of Nuremberg, the state of Bavaria and the German national government, as well as support from the cultural affairs department of the American embassy. For the last several years, the yearly dues of the Friends of the GAI have helped support the goals of the GAI. German-American Institute today The GAI offers events on current societal, political, and economic issues relating to the U.S. as well |
{"datasets_id": 160832, "wiki_id": "Q5551010", "sp": 10, "sc": 102, "ep": 10, "ec": 651} | 160,832 | Q5551010 | 10 | 102 | 10 | 651 | German-American Institute, Nuremberg | German-American Institute today | as an extensive cultural program of concerts, readings by authors, English-language films and theatre performances. In addition, English language discussion groups, courses and tests are offered. The children's and youth program is the newest addition. GAI provides information on stays in the U.S. for university study, student exchange, trainee programs, and young graduates starting their professional career. The GAI has the largest English-language library in northern Bavaria, which offers a collection for both research and reading pleasure. |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 583} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 583 | German passport | History | German passport History From 1949 until 1950, the issuance of West German passports mainly fell under the authority of the Allied High Commission which governed West Germany at that time. On 1 January 1950, the German Office for Entry and Exit Affairs became the main authority for issuing West German passports, although it was still under the control of the Allied High Commission. Only on 1 February 1951 did West Germany gain full rights to issue its own passports independent of the Allied occupying forces. West German passports at that time contained a "Job Description" field of the passport holder; |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 6, "sc": 583, "ep": 10, "ec": 60} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 6 | 583 | 10 | 60 | German passport | History & Time of processing | this was initially necessary as the Allied occupying forces reserved the right to approve West German citizens obtaining travel visas until 1955. The "Job Description" field was eliminated after a passport regulation change on 12 June 1967.
After the reunification of Germany in 1990, residents of the former East Germany were allowed to use valid East German passports for overseas travel until 31 December 1995, after which they were automatically deemed invalid and these people had to apply for and obtain a German passport to travel overseas. Time of processing Processing time for a German passport is usually four to six |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 10, "sc": 60, "ep": 14, "ec": 510} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 10 | 60 | 14 | 510 | German passport | Time of processing & Physical appearance | weeks, but one can be issued in three days by using the Express service if processed before 11 a.m. Physical appearance German passports have, since 1 January 1988, followed the standard European Union passport design, with burgundy red cover and the German Eagle emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The word "Reisepass" (German for travel passport) is inscribed below the coat of arms, with Europäische Union (German for European Union) and Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German for Federal Republic of Germany) appear above.
On 23 February 2017, Germany unveiled a new passport design to be put in use from 1 March |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 14, "sc": 510, "ep": 22, "ec": 125} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 14 | 510 | 22 | 125 | German passport | Physical appearance & Languages & Issuing process | 2017.
German passports are normally 32 pages long; a 48-page version for frequent travellers can be issued on request. Languages The data page/information page is printed in German, English, and French. On the second cover (information page) and Page 2, 4, 5, and 32 or 48 there are all 24 official Languages from the European Union which describe the information in other EU languages, for example the Romanian word for authority is Authoritatea emitentă. (German passport page 4/5 number 9), Issuing process German passports are issued, just like German ID cards, by local municipal registration offices. Applicants have to apply for |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 22, "sc": 125, "ep": 22, "ec": 786} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 22 | 125 | 22 | 786 | German passport | Issuing process | a new passport in person and the data in newly issued passports is essentially an authenticated copy of the personal data found in locally stored registration documents. Passports are then manufactured centrally at the Bundesdruckerei in Berlin.
If the necessity can be proven, more than one passport can be issued with overlapping validity (e.g. when travelling to Arab countries with an Israeli stamp in the passport, or when needed for professional reasons). In theory, a person can concurrently hold up to ten passports. The additional passports have six instead of ten years validity.
A German passport (32 pages, delivered within a month, |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 22, "sc": 786, "ep": 26, "ec": 345} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 22 | 786 | 26 | 345 | German passport | Issuing process & Child's Passport | issued to a person 24 years and older) costs €60. A passport for a person under the age of 24 which has a validity of six years costs €37.50. A 48 pages passport costs a premium of €22, express delivery a premium of €32. Child's Passport A type of passport issued by Germany since 2006 is a child passport (in German: Kinderreisepass). Unlike a regular German passport, the Kinderreisepass does not include biometric features and lacks the inscription "European Union" at the top of the front cover. The exclusion of biometric information is due to the ongoing development of infants |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 26, "sc": 345, "ep": 26, "ec": 933} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 26 | 345 | 26 | 933 | German passport | Child's Passport | and young children and the low security risk they pose; nevertheless, the photo used in the passport does have to comply with biometric standards. All other features are similar to those of a regular passport: the burgundy red colour and the German coat of arms printed at the centre of the front cover. Children's passports are issued for children up to twelve years of age and are valid for a period of six years. When a child reaches the age of twelve, a regular passport must be obtained for international travel.
A child passport has sixteen pages (unlike the regular's 32), |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 26, "sc": 933, "ep": 26, "ec": 1592} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 26 | 933 | 26 | 1,592 | German passport | Child's Passport | of which eleven are designated for stamping and the others are used for a title page, instructions and personal information. The first page features the words “Child's Passport” in three languages: German, English, and French.
Unlike a regular passport, the information pages in a Kinderreisepass are not security laminated (yet do have other security features) and have a different format. The information included is more or less the same, with the following differences: The type of passport is PC (Passport for children) instead of P (Passport). As in other passports, the main information page ends with a 2-line machine-readable code, according |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 26, "sc": 1592, "ep": 26, "ec": 2222} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 26 | 1,592 | 26 | 2,222 | German passport | Child's Passport | to ICAO standard 9303.
A child passport serves just like any other passport, with the exception that it is not biometric (or e-Passport). As a result, travelling to the US, for example, requires a tourist visa in spite of Germany's participation in the United States Visa Waiver Program. Alternatively, infants and children of any age are allowed to obtain a regular German passport (biometric) instead of a child's passport, which nevertheless has the advantages of low cost, short processing times, and being issuable by honorary consuls (making them easier to obtain by German emigrants who live far away from a German |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 26, "sc": 2222, "ep": 30, "ec": 433} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 26 | 2,222 | 30 | 433 | German passport | Child's Passport & Second German passport | embassy or consulate). Just like provisional passports, children's passports are issued without being sent to the Bundesdruckerei GmbH in Berlin, which is the main reason behind these advantages. Second German passport Germany allows its citizens in exceptional cases to hold more than one valid German passport to circumvent certain travel restrictions. (For example, some Arab countries refuse entry if the passport contains an Israeli stamp; journalists may need several passports when travelling abroad when passports have been sent to consular officials for visas that take a long time to issue.) In extreme cases, up to 10 German passports can be |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 30, "sc": 433, "ep": 34, "ec": 436} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 30 | 433 | 34 | 436 | German passport | Second German passport & Dual citizenship | held at the same time. However, these additional passports are valid for only 6 years even if the "original" passport is valid for 10 years. Dual citizenship The right to hold both a German passport and a foreign passport at the same time (dual citizenship) is restricted under the current German nationality law. Germany allows dual citizenship with other EU countries and Switzerland; dual citizenship with other countries is possible with special permission or if obtained at birth (for example, one German parent and one foreign parent, or if a child is born to German parents in a jus soli |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 34, "sc": 436, "ep": 34, "ec": 1057} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 34 | 436 | 34 | 1,057 | German passport | Dual citizenship | country such as the United States of America). Under Article 116 par. 2 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), former German citizens who between January 30, 1933, and May 8, 1945, were deprived of their German citizenship on political, racial, or religious grounds may re-invoke their citizenship and the same applies to their descendants, and are permitted to hold dual (or multiple) citizenship.
Children born on or after 1 January 2000 to non-German parents acquire German citizenship at birth if at least one parent has a permanent residence permit (and had this status for at least three years) and the parent was |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 34, "sc": 1057, "ep": 34, "ec": 1700} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 34 | 1,057 | 34 | 1,700 | German passport | Dual citizenship | residing in Germany for at least eight years. The children must have lived in Germany for at least eight years or attended school for six years until their 21st birthday. Non-EU- and non-Swiss-citizen parents born and grown up abroad usually cannot have dual citizenship themselves (but exceptions are made for citizens of countries that do not allow the renunciation of citizenship or have too expensive / difficult / humiliating renunciation procedures and for citizens whose citizenship was restored under Article 116 (2)).
Naturalized Germans can lose their German citizenship if it is found out that they got it by willful deceit |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 34, "sc": 1700, "ep": 38, "ec": 147} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 34 | 1,700 | 38 | 147 | German passport | Dual citizenship & The travel freedom of German citizens | / bribery / menacing / giving intentionally false or incomplete information that had been important for the naturalization process. In June 2019, it was decided to prolong the deadline from 5 to 10 years after naturalization.
A law adopted in June 2019 allows the revocation of the German citizenship of dual citizens who have joined or supported a terror militia such as the Islamic State and are at least 18 years old. The travel freedom of German citizens Visa requirements for German citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Germany. As of |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 38, "sc": 147, "ep": 38, "ec": 743} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 38 | 147 | 38 | 743 | German passport | The travel freedom of German citizens | 26 March 2019, German citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 188 countries and territories, ranking the German passport second in the world in terms of travel freedom as well as the joint most powerful passport in Europe and the EU according to the Henley Passport Index. Additionally, Arton Capital's Passport Index ranks the German passport second in the world in terms of travel freedom, with a visa-free score of 166, as of 17 January 2019.
German citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in |
{"datasets_id": 160833, "wiki_id": "Q566777", "sp": 38, "sc": 743, "ep": 38, "ec": 772} | 160,833 | Q566777 | 38 | 743 | 38 | 772 | German passport | The travel freedom of German citizens | Article 21 of the EU Treaty. |
{"datasets_id": 160834, "wiki_id": "Q224081", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 210} | 160,834 | Q224081 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 210 | Giovanni Ribisi | Early life & Career | Giovanni Ribisi Early life His father, Albert Anthony Ribisi, is an Italian-American musician who had been the keyboard player in People!, and his mother, Gay (née Landrum), is a manager of actors and writers. He is the twin brother of actress Marissa Ribisi and the brother of voice actress Gina Ribisi. He is of Italian, English and German descent. Career Ribisi began acting when he was young, and was on the 1980s sitcom, "My Two Dads" and on films during the 1990s. For My Name Is Earl, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in |
{"datasets_id": 160834, "wiki_id": "Q224081", "sp": 10, "sc": 210, "ep": 14, "ec": 112} | 160,834 | Q224081 | 10 | 210 | 14 | 112 | Giovanni Ribisi | Career & Personal life | a Comedy Series. Ribisi starred in James Cameron's acclaimed highest-grossing film Avatar.
In 2016, Ribisi directed a music video for "Siberian Nights", the third single from Ash & Ice by The Kills.
Ribisi played Marius in the Amazon series Sneaky Pete. The pilot was created and produced by David Shore and Bryan Cranston, who also starred in the series. It was added to Amazon in 2015 and was picked up for ten episodes in 2016. The series premiered on January 13, 2017. Personal life Ribisi married actress Mariah O'Brien in 1997 and together they have one daughter, Lucia. The couple divorced in |
{"datasets_id": 160834, "wiki_id": "Q224081", "sp": 14, "sc": 112, "ep": 14, "ec": 644} | 160,834 | Q224081 | 14 | 112 | 14 | 644 | Giovanni Ribisi | Personal life | 2001. In 2007, he began a relationship with indie rock singer-songwriter Chan Marshall. The couple lived together for five years before ending their relationship in 2012. Ribisi married English model Agyness Deyn on June 16, 2012, and filed for divorce in January 2015.
Ribisi is an active Scientologist. He participated in the gala opening of Scientology's Psychiatry: An Industry of Death museum in December 2005. His twin sister, Marissa, is also a Scientologist. She was married to musician Beck, another Scientologist. |
{"datasets_id": 160835, "wiki_id": "Q5572462", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 749} | 160,835 | Q5572462 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 749 | Glutathione-ascorbate cycle | Glutathione-ascorbate cycle Asada -Halliwell pathway
The glutathione-ascorbate cycle is a metabolic pathway that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is a reactive oxygen species that is produced as a waste product in metabolism. The cycle involves the antioxidant metabolites: ascorbate, glutathione and NADPH and the enzymes linking these metabolites.
In the first step of this pathway, H₂O₂ is reduced to water by ascorbate peroxidase (APX) using ascorbate as the electron donor. The oxidized ascorbate (monodehydroascorbate) is regenerated by monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR). However, monodehydroascorbate is a radical and if not rapidly reduced it disproportionates into ascorbate and dehydroascorbate. Dehydroascorbate is reduced to ascorbate |
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{"datasets_id": 160835, "wiki_id": "Q5572462", "sp": 4, "sc": 749, "ep": 4, "ec": 1476} | 160,835 | Q5572462 | 4 | 749 | 4 | 1,476 | Glutathione-ascorbate cycle | by dehydroascorbate reductase at the expense of GSH, yielding oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Finally GSSG is reduced by glutathione reductase (GR) using NADPH as the electron donor. Thus ascorbate and glutathione are not consumed; the net electron flow is from NADPH to H₂O₂. The reduction of dehydroascorbate may be non-enzymatic or catalysed by proteins with dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity, such as glutathione S-transferase omega 1 or glutaredoxins.
In plants, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle operates in the cytosol, mitochondria, plastids and peroxisomes. Since glutathione, ascorbate and NADPH are present in high concentrations in plant cells it is assumed that the glutathione-ascorbate cycle plays a |
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{"datasets_id": 160835, "wiki_id": "Q5572462", "sp": 4, "sc": 1476, "ep": 4, "ec": 1713} | 160,835 | Q5572462 | 4 | 1,476 | 4 | 1,713 | Glutathione-ascorbate cycle | key role for H₂O₂ detoxification. Nevertheless, other enzymes (peroxidases) including peroxiredoxins and glutathione peroxidases, which use thioredoxins or glutaredoxins as reducing substrates, also contribute to H₂O₂ removal in plants. |
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{"datasets_id": 160836, "wiki_id": "Q5587213", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 557} | 160,836 | Q5587213 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 557 | Gosforth Park Nature Reserve | History | Gosforth Park Nature Reserve History In medieval times, what is now Gosforth Park Nature Reserve would have been agricultural land, there is some remaining evidence of ridge and furrow. The general habitat in the area would have been heathland, hence the name of the nearby village of West Moor and the nearby track called Heathery Lane. When the Brandling family took over the land and built their large estate house they had the surrounding area landscaped, as was the fashion of the day. This included planting new woodland and creating a new lake for boating and fishing. From historic maps |
{"datasets_id": 160836, "wiki_id": "Q5587213", "sp": 6, "sc": 557, "ep": 6, "ec": 1122} | 160,836 | Q5587213 | 6 | 557 | 6 | 1,122 | Gosforth Park Nature Reserve | History | it appears that the lake was created in the period 1810–1820 and that most of the woodland was planted around the mid-19th century.
The Brandling family fell on hard times and sold off the estate towards the end of the 19th century and from that period onwards nature began to take over. In 1924 in order to prevent hunting and shooting of the wildlife Mr W. E. Beck leased the shooting rights for the lake and surrounding woodland. He was a member of the Natural History Society of Northumbria and in 1929, in declining health, he passed his rights to the |
{"datasets_id": 160836, "wiki_id": "Q5587213", "sp": 6, "sc": 1122, "ep": 10, "ec": 505} | 160,836 | Q5587213 | 6 | 1,122 | 10 | 505 | Gosforth Park Nature Reserve | History & Habitats and wildlife | trustees of the Society. Since that time the Society has managed this area for the benefit of wildlife. Habitats and wildlife Gosforth Park Nature Reserve contains an important wetland, which is dominated by Phragmites reeds and open water and surrounded by wet carr woodland. These wetland habitats support breeding bird species such as reed warbler, water rail, reed bunting, sedge warbler, common tern and little grebe and in the winter birds such as bittern, kingfisher, wigeon, teal and shoveler. Aquatic mammals such as otter and water shrew are also present. England's second largest colony of coralroot orchid is also found |
{"datasets_id": 160836, "wiki_id": "Q5587213", "sp": 10, "sc": 505, "ep": 14, "ec": 168} | 160,836 | Q5587213 | 10 | 505 | 14 | 168 | Gosforth Park Nature Reserve | Habitats and wildlife & Site of Special Scientific Interest | here.
The majority of the reserve is semi-natural woodland, dominated by oak and birch, however there are also some plantations of conifers. Woodland mammals such as badger, fox, roe deer and stoat can be found and red squirrel are also still present. Most importantly the woodland supports a wide range of insects, including many uncommon species.
There is also a small area of meadow, which contains plants such as heather and northern marsh orchid. Site of Special Scientific Interest Gosforth Park Nature Reserve was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1977. The citation includes:
The locality is regionally important |
{"datasets_id": 160836, "wiki_id": "Q5587213", "sp": 14, "sc": 168, "ep": 18, "ec": 417} | 160,836 | Q5587213 | 14 | 168 | 18 | 417 | Gosforth Park Nature Reserve | Site of Special Scientific Interest & Ownership and public access | for its aquatic, grassland and woodland invertebrate faunas which include two nationally rare species, a small beetle Triplax scutellaris and Adrena alfkenella, a solitary bee. Ownership and public access The nature reserve is still part of Newcastle Racecourse, which as of 2015 is owned by Arena Racing Company. It lies to the north-east of the Whitebridge Park housing estate. It is leased to the Natural History Society of Northumbria.
In order to minimize disturbance to sensitive wildlife there is no public access to the nature reserve, and there are no public rights of way. The reserve is open to members |
{"datasets_id": 160836, "wiki_id": "Q5587213", "sp": 18, "sc": 417, "ep": 18, "ec": 568} | 160,836 | Q5587213 | 18 | 417 | 18 | 568 | Gosforth Park Nature Reserve | Ownership and public access | of the Natural History Society of Northumbria; non-members can buy day-permits upon arrival. Once a year there is an open day for the local community. |
{"datasets_id": 160837, "wiki_id": "Q65122056", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 601} | 160,837 | Q65122056 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 601 | Guapdad 4000 | Musical career | Guapdad 4000 Musical career On December 6, 2017, he released his first mixtape Scamboy Color, which included production from Ducko McFli, IAMSU, and Guapdad himself, among others. In 2018, he made a guest appearance on fellow west coast rapper Buddy's album Harlan & Alondra on the song "Shameless".
On January 6, 2019, Hayes was invited to the Dreamville recording sessions for the compilation album Revenge of the Dreamers III. He was featured on the songs "Don't Hit Me Right Now", "Wells Fargo", and "Costa Rica". He talked about the recording sessions in an interview saying "[It was] Life-changing. The best musical |
{"datasets_id": 160837, "wiki_id": "Q65122056", "sp": 6, "sc": 601, "ep": 10, "ec": 295} | 160,837 | Q65122056 | 6 | 601 | 10 | 295 | Guapdad 4000 | Musical career & Artistry | learning experience ever."
Throughout 2018 and 2019, Guapdad 4000 released a handful of singles including "Flossin'", "Scammin", "First Things First", and "Prada Process". Artistry In an interview with XXL, Hayes said grew up listening to artists like Dom Kennedy, Mac Dre, Pharrell Williams, and Kanye West, saying "I take so much. I got so much from them. I like personalities because I got a big one." His vocals and style also gets compared to Ma$e, Fabolous, and Cam'ron. |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 545} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 545 | Gurnee Mills | Development | Gurnee Mills Development The land where Gurnee Mills stands today was plotted out as part of Section 16 of Warren Township, and most of it was owned by the prominent Lamb family from 1837 until sold to the mall's developers in 1988. The corner of Grand Avenue and Hunt Club Road was long known as Lamb's Corners, where various members of the family farmed and operated a long succession of small businesses. When the latest generation of the family sold the land to be developed, they had some conditions, primarily that the oldest trees on the property be preserved and |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 6, "sc": 545, "ep": 6, "ec": 1201} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 6 | 545 | 6 | 1,201 | Gurnee Mills | Development | the wetlands along the highway be kept intact.
The Western Development Corporation first announced its plans to build a super-regional shopping center in Lake County, Illinois in 1988. The plan was to annex 324 acres of unincorporated land near the intersection of the Tri-State Tollway and Grand Avenue, on which the mall would be built, into the village of Gurnee. "Gurnee Mills" would become the fourth mall in Western Development's "Landmark Mills" chain, after Potomac Mills, which opened in 1985, and Franklin Mills and Sawgrass Mills, which were under construction at the time. Western Development later renamed itself the Mills Corporation |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 6, "sc": 1201, "ep": 6, "ec": 1843} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 6 | 1,201 | 6 | 1,843 | Gurnee Mills | Development | after its malls. Local residents were concerned that the mall would steal customers from small local businesses and existing malls like Waukegan's nearby Lakehurst Mall and the Pleasant Prairie Premium Outlets, while Western Development was worried that Gurnee was too small to handle the construction project, despite the success of Six Flags Great America down the road.
Construction on the mall, which was projected to cost $160 million, began with a groundbreaking ceremony on July 19, 1989. By this time, plans had been expanded and the construction site consisted of 422 acres of farm fields and wetlands. At the ceremony, four |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 6, "sc": 1843, "ep": 10, "ec": 276} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 6 | 1,843 | 10 | 276 | Gurnee Mills | Development & Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | anchor retailers were announced: Sears Outlet, Reading China and Glass, Phar-Mor, and the Gurnee Mills Family Entertainment Center, a children's amusement area modeled after the 49th Street Galleria in Salt Lake City. A total of 1.6 million hours of work went into the construction process, which took 25 months. Mills Corporation (1991–2007) The Gurnee Mills concourse opened to the public at 8 a.m. on August 8, 1991, allowing 70,000 visitors to see the place before stores opened at 10 a.m. The mall's architecture and design was themed after "the agrarian heartland", a look inspired by its rural setting and taking |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 276, "ep": 10, "ec": 903} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 276 | 10 | 903 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | after a wide variety of sources, from the Googie-style diners of the 1950s to Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie School architecture. Unlike most malls of its size, the stores at Gurnee Mills are all on a single level, and oriented along a single Z-shaped corridor that runs for 4,400 ft (1,300 m). 70 percent of the mall's retail spaces were leased at the time of the mall's opening, including seven of the ten anchors: Sears, Phar-Mor, Spiegel, Marshalls, Bed Bath & Beyond, Waccamaw Pottery, and the Family Entertainment Center. An eighth anchor, Filene's Basement, opened in October,
With about 200 retail spaces and two |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 903, "ep": 10, "ec": 1547} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 903 | 10 | 1,547 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | separate food courts: the Dine-O-Rama and the Lake County Fare Food Court, Gurnee Mills was intended from the beginning as a state-of-the-art mall, with high-tech features like a television studio where mall-specific commercials could be produced and shown on the mall's 55 monitors, and its 15 ft (4.6 m) "video wall". The Family Entertainment Center featured a video arcade and other attractions for children. These features were intended to help turn the mall into a center for entertainment, not just for shopping, as the Mills Corporation felt entertainment was the future for shopping malls. One marketing study found Gurnee Mills was so |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 1547, "ep": 10, "ec": 2179} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 1,547 | 10 | 2,179 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | large that many shoppers preferred to drive to the other side of the parking lot rather than walk to the other end of the mall.
Advertised as the "world's largest outlet mall", Gurnee Mills faced confusion from local consumers over the fact that it featured full-price stores as well as discount outlets, and the first six months of profits were lower than Western Development and the Gurnee tax base were hoping. Some retailers were satisfied with the mall's financial performance, while others were disappointed but optimistic. Phar-Mor, on the other hand, closed its store after one year of disappointing sales, becoming |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 2179, "ep": 10, "ec": 2758} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 2,179 | 10 | 2,758 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | the first anchor to leave. Additions to the mall continued in 1993, with a new retail space constructed for Burlington Coat Factory, as well as Foot Locker, Syms, and The Clearinghouse by Saks Fifth Avenue opening that fall. Circuit City opened in the area around the mall on November 24, and a ten-screen movie theater, one of Marcus Theatres' first Illinois locations, opened at the mall on December 10. The same year, Sears closed its chain of catalog outlet stores, leaving a space which was filled by a Macy's Close-Out store and later by J.C. Penney. The vacant space left |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 2758, "ep": 10, "ec": 3389} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 2,758 | 10 | 3,389 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | by Phar-Mor was finally filled by Value City in 1995.
By 1995, Gurnee Mills was the second-most popular tourist attraction in Illinois, behind the rival Woodfield Mall, drawing 14.4 million visitors and 2,300 tour buses in a year. Capitalizing on this growth and the idea of the mall as a regional entertainment destination, major new developments began to be added to Gurnee Mills, beginning with the Rainforest Cafe in 1996. The Mills Corporation announced its plans to invest $50 million into expanding the mall in 1997, beginning with the July opening of a Planet Hollywood restaurant, the second location in Illinois. |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 3389, "ep": 10, "ec": 4055} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 3,389 | 10 | 4,055 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | Another major addition was the Bass Pro Shops Outdoor World, second in a chain of heavily themed outdoor recreation destination superstores, in November 1997. The former location of Filene's Basement was combined with other spaces to create the new 133,000 sq ft (12,400 m²) anchor store, the mall's largest retail space, which previously was intended to hold an Incredible Universe store before plans fell through in 1996.
The focus on entertainment and experiences over shopping continued through the late 1990s, as the dot-com boom threatened to cut into the profits of traditional retailers. Serpent Safari, the first reptile zoo and store to be located |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 4055, "ep": 10, "ec": 4660} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 4,055 | 10 | 4,660 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | in a shopping mall, opened next to the Rainforest Cafe in January 1999, and in August Rink Side Sports, an entertainment center centered around an NHL-size ice rink, was added to the existing arcade and children's play area. These efforts were heralded as a success: 21 million people visited the mall in 1998, representing a growth of 30% in the past three years.
Waukegan's nearby Lakehurst Mall, one of Gurnee Mills' primary competitors, closed in 2001 after the few remaining tenants pulled out, and after declining in the shadow of the much larger mall for a decade. The closure of Lakehurst |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 4660, "ep": 10, "ec": 5261} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 4,660 | 10 | 5,261 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | was one of the main concerns among local residents when Gurnee Mills was originally proposed, and all of their concerns had been proven true by the gradual exodus of its retailers. Lakehurst was also suffering from the early 2000s recession, which affected Gurnee Mills as well: the mall lost two of its major anchors, with Syms leaving and Waccamaw furniture going out of business in 2001, and Spiegel closing its retail chain entirely in 2002. Two of these vacant spaces were filled fairly quickly, with Kohl's lined up to replace Spiegel before the latter even closed, and Circuit City, previously |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 5261, "ep": 10, "ec": 5863} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 5,261 | 10 | 5,863 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | located in a separate building outside the mall, moving in to replace Syms.
A decade after closing its outlet store in the mall, Sears returned to Gurnee Mills with a 201,000 sq ft (18,700 m²) Sears Grand hypermarket store in 2004, replacing and expanding the vacant space formerly home to Waccamaw Pottery. On its opening, Sears Grand became the largest store at Gurnee Mills, and it was the second of its kind after the store in Jordan Landing in West Jordan, Utah. Unlike most Sears Grand locations, the store in Gurnee was directly attached to a shopping mall, and after the Sears Grand at |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 5863, "ep": 10, "ec": 6508} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 5,863 | 10 | 6,508 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) | Pittsburgh Mills closed in 2015, it became the only mall-attached Sears Grand location until its own closure in 2018. The introduction of new full-price department stores like Sears and Kohl's represented the beginning of the mall's "third life", as retail analysts described it, following its period as an outlet mall and as an entertainment center.
The focus on supplementing shopping with entertainment did not end there, however. In 2005, a Wannado City theme park was planned for the mall. The Wannado company already had a partnership with the Mills Corporation, having its first location at Sawgrass Mills and another planned for |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 10, "sc": 6508, "ep": 14, "ec": 403} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 10 | 6,508 | 14 | 403 | Gurnee Mills | Mills Corporation (1991–2007) & Simon Property Group (2007–present) | Mills' 108 North State Street development in Chicago. Plans continued to be developed through 2007, but both companies faced financial downturns and the project was never realized. Nike opened in May 2006. Simon Property Group (2007–present) The Mills Corporation faced bankruptcy in 2006 after the Securities & Exchange Commission found that management had made $350 million in accounting errors during the previous four years. All existing Mills malls were sold to the Simon Property Group in 2007, making Gurnee Mills one of over 300 Simon properties around the world. From early on in the mall's new ownership, Simon expressed discontentment |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 14, "sc": 403, "ep": 14, "ec": 1025} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 14 | 403 | 14 | 1,025 | Gurnee Mills | Simon Property Group (2007–present) | with the aging decor of the mall, particularly the agricultural theming, which had not been updated since the mall's opening in 1991. After weathering the financial downturn, Simon announced its plans for a major $5 million renovation of the mall in 2010, updating the style and the facilities of the mall to make it more "sophisticated."
Neiman Marcus opened a Clearance Center in 2009. Meanwhile, Gurnee Mills announced in 2011 that it would demolish the vacant former Circuit City location entirely and construct an entirely new building for a Macy's department store at one end of the building, and remodel an |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 14, "sc": 1025, "ep": 14, "ec": 1617} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 14 | 1,025 | 14 | 1,617 | Gurnee Mills | Simon Property Group (2007–present) | area between Kohl's and Value City Furniture to create a "full price wing." The mall promised that these new developments would turn it into the "first true hybrid center" and change its "personality." The new stores opened on July 24, 2013 in time for the mall's 22nd anniversary, with the promise of other retailers following Macy's path, and "positioning Gurnee Mills for another 20 years of relevance". The upgrades mirrored those being done by Simon at the dozens of other Mills malls, as part of a nationwide strategy to remake them into "timeless" shopping centers. Bed Bath & Beyond |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 14, "sc": 1617, "ep": 14, "ec": 2202} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 14 | 1,617 | 14 | 2,202 | Gurnee Mills | Simon Property Group (2007–present) | and Buy Buy Baby opened a combined store in 2012.
Floor & Decor opened on January 14, 2017, replacing Shopper's World. Another round of renovations, with a budget of $6 million, began in September 2017. A new theme is planned for the Dine-O-Rama food court. The Rink Side Sports ice rink had been closed since April 15, after a series of "catastrophic" equipment failures, but a plan to reopen the rink under the new management of the Tilt arcade was announced in October. Dick's Sporting Goods opened at Gurnee Mills in April 2018 in the former Sports Authority, a plan which |
{"datasets_id": 160838, "wiki_id": "Q5620192", "sp": 14, "sc": 2202, "ep": 14, "ec": 2428} | 160,838 | Q5620192 | 14 | 2,202 | 14 | 2,428 | Gurnee Mills | Simon Property Group (2007–present) | was inadvertently revealed early by a Gurnee village trustee.
On May 31, 2018, it was announced that Sears Grand would be closing as part of a plan to close 72 stores nationwide. The store closed on September 2, 2018. |
{"datasets_id": 160839, "wiki_id": "Q95289", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 368} | 160,839 | Q95289 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 368 | Gustav Eduard von Hindersin | Life | Gustav Eduard von Hindersin Gustav Eduard von Hindersin (18 July 1804 – 23 January 1872) was a Prussian general from Wernigerode (now in Saxony-Anhalt). Until 1864, when he was ennobled, his name was Gustav Eduard Hindersin. Life Hindersin was the son of a Lutheran minister and received a good education, but his early life was spent in great poverty, and the struggle for existence developed in him an iron strength of character. Entering the Prussian artillery in 1820, he became an officer in 1825. From 1830 to 1837 he attended the Prussian Military Academy at Berlin, and in 1841, while still |
{"datasets_id": 160839, "wiki_id": "Q95289", "sp": 8, "sc": 368, "ep": 8, "ec": 982} | 160,839 | Q95289 | 8 | 368 | 8 | 982 | Gustav Eduard von Hindersin | Life | a subaltern, he was posted to the great General Staff, in which he afterwards directed the topographical section.
In 1849 Hindersin served with the rank of major on the staff of General Peucker, who commanded a federal corps in the suppression of the Baden insurrection. He fell into the hands of the insurgents at the action of Ladenburg, but was released just before the fall of Rastatt. In the Second Schleswig War of 1864, Hindersin, now a lieutenant-general, directed the artillery operations against the lines of Düppel, and for his services was ennobled by King William I. Soon afterwards he became |
{"datasets_id": 160839, "wiki_id": "Q95289", "sp": 8, "sc": 982, "ep": 8, "ec": 1639} | 160,839 | Q95289 | 8 | 982 | 8 | 1,639 | Gustav Eduard von Hindersin | Life | inspector-general of artillery.
Hindersin's experience at Düppel had convinced him that the days of the smooth-bore gun were past, and he now devoted himself with unremitting zeal to the rearmament and reorganization of the Prussian artillery. The available funds were small, and grudgingly voted by the parliament. There was a strong feeling moreover that the smooth-bore was still tactically superior to its rival. There was no practical training for war in either the field or the fortress artillery units. The latter had made scarcely any progress since the days of Frederick the Great, and before Hindersin's appointment had practised with the |
{"datasets_id": 160839, "wiki_id": "Q95289", "sp": 8, "sc": 1639, "ep": 8, "ec": 2261} | 160,839 | Q95289 | 8 | 1,639 | 8 | 2,261 | Gustav Eduard von Hindersin | Life | same guns in the same bastion year after year. All this was altered, the whole foot-artillery was reorganized, manoeuvres were instituted, and the smooth-bores were, except for ditch defence, eliminated from the armament of the Prussian fortresses. But far more important was his work in connection with the field and horse batteries. In 1864 only one battery in four had rifled guns, but by the unrelenting energy of Hindersin the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War one and a half years later found the Prussians with ten in every sixteen batteries armed with the new weapon.
The battles of 1866 showed, besides |
{"datasets_id": 160839, "wiki_id": "Q95289", "sp": 8, "sc": 2261, "ep": 8, "ec": 2847} | 160,839 | Q95289 | 8 | 2,261 | 8 | 2,847 | Gustav Eduard von Hindersin | Life | the superiority of the rifled gun, a very marked absence of tactical efficiency in the Prussian artillery, which was almost always outmatched by that of the enemy. Hindersin had pleaded, in season and out of season, for the establishment of a school of gunnery; and in spite of want of funds, such a school had already been established. After 1866, however, more support was obtained, and the improvement in the Prussian field artillery between 1866 and 1870 was extraordinary, even though there had not been time for the work of the school, to leaven the whole arm. Indeed, the German |
{"datasets_id": 160839, "wiki_id": "Q95289", "sp": 8, "sc": 2847, "ep": 8, "ec": 3201} | 160,839 | Q95289 | 8 | 2,847 | 8 | 3,201 | Gustav Eduard von Hindersin | Life | artillery played by far the most important part in the victories of the Franco-Prussian War. Hindersin accompanied the king's headquarters as chief of artillery, as he had done in 1866, and was present at Gravelotte, Sedan and the siege of Paris. But his work, which was now accomplished, had worn out his physical powers, and he died in 1872 at Berlin. |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 602} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 602 | Hammond arson case | Location | Hammond arson case Location Harney County is a rural county in eastern Oregon. The county seat is the city of Burns. Although it is one of the largest counties by area in the United States, its population is only about 7,700, and cattle outnumber people 14-to-1. About 75 percent of the county's area is federal land, variously managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the United States Forest Service (USFS). Besides ranching and farming, forestry and manufacturing are important industries in the county.
The |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 6, "sc": 602, "ep": 10, "ec": 217} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 6 | 602 | 10 | 217 | Hammond arson case | Location & Cattle ranching tensions in Harney County | Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, located in Harney County, was established in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt, a conservationist. Located in the Pacific Flyway, and currently encompassing 187,757 acres (760 km²), it is "one of the premiere sites for birds and birding in the U.S.," according to the Audubon Society of Portland. Tourism, especially birding, injects US$15 million into the local economy annually. Cattle ranching tensions in Harney County Cattle ranching in Harney County predates the 1908 establishment of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, with some cattle trails, including those used by the Hammond family, dating back to the 1870s. Disputes between |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 10, "sc": 217, "ep": 10, "ec": 921} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 10 | 217 | 10 | 921 | Hammond arson case | Cattle ranching tensions in Harney County | cattle ranchers and the federal government over management of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge have gone on for "generations" and the situation has regularly deteriorated to taunts and threats directed at federal officials from ranchers since at least the early 1970s.
In an effort to address concerns of neighboring landowners and interests, the completion of a 15-year management plan for the refuge heavily involved various stakeholders, including ranchers, in its development process. The plan was completed in 2013 and won praise from some area ranchers for its collaborative approach.
In June 1994, the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge manager, Forrest Cameron, notified Dwight |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 10, "sc": 921, "ep": 10, "ec": 1531} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 10 | 921 | 10 | 1,531 | Hammond arson case | Cattle ranching tensions in Harney County | Hammond that his permit to graze his cattle and grow hay on the refuge was revoked. Two months later, Hammond and his son Steven obstructed the completion of a refuge boundary fence intended to keep their cattle out of the refuge's protected marsh and wetland, prompting their arrest by federal agents. The fence was needed to stop the Hammonds' cattle from moving onto the refuge after the ranchers had repeatedly violated the terms of their special permit, which limited those times when they could move their cattle across refuge property. Officials also reported that Dwight had made death threats against |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 10, "sc": 1531, "ep": 10, "ec": 2130} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 10 | 1,531 | 10 | 2,130 | Hammond arson case | Cattle ranching tensions in Harney County | refuge managers in 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1994, stating, "he was going to tear his head off and shit down his neck," and that Steven Hammond also made incendiary remarks against them, calling the employees and managers, "worthless cocksuckers" and "assholes." After the arrest, locals were given the names and phone numbers of refuge employees, and encouraged to harass them. One caller threatened to wrap the Camerons’ 12-year-old boy in a shroud of barbed wire and stuff him down a well. Other callers warned his mother that she ought to move out before something "bad" happened to her family. She |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 10, "sc": 2130, "ep": 10, "ec": 2835} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 10 | 2,130 | 10 | 2,835 | Hammond arson case | Cattle ranching tensions in Harney County | gathered their four children, one wheelchair-bound, and fled to Bend, 135 miles west. The families of three other refuge employees received telephone threats after a meeting held in support of the Hammonds, where the workers' phone numbers were circulated. Businesses in Burns displayed signs warning, "This establishment doesn’t serve federal employees." Voters recalled a pair of Harney County commissioners because they wouldn’t put the county "supremacy" ordinance on the ballot or intervene against the refuge managers. Oregon's then-Congressional District 2 U.S. Representative, Robert Freeman Smith, protested the arrests to President Bill Clinton's United States Secretary of the Interior, Bruce |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 10, "sc": 2835, "ep": 14, "ec": 321} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 10 | 2,835 | 14 | 321 | Hammond arson case | Cattle ranching tensions in Harney County & Arson prosecutions | Babbitt. In 1999 Steven started a fire, intending to burn off juniper trees and sagebrush, but the fire escaped onto BLM land. The agency reminded him of the required burn permit and that if the fires continued, there would be legal consequences. Arson prosecutions Both Dwight and Steven Hammond later set more fires, one in 2001 and one in 2006, that would lead to eventual convictions of arson on federal land: The 2001 Hardie-Hammond fire began after hunters in the area witnessed the Hammonds illegally slaughtering a herd of deer. Less than two hours later, a fire erupted, forcing |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 14, "sc": 321, "ep": 14, "ec": 910} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 14 | 321 | 14 | 910 | Hammond arson case | Arson prosecutions | the hunters to leave the area but also intending to conceal evidence of the deer herd slaughter. Steven's nephew Dusty Hammond testified his uncle told him to "light the whole countryside on fire," and that he was "almost burned up in the fire," having to flee for his life. The Hammonds claimed they started the fire to stop invasive plants from growing onto their grazing fields.
The 2006 Krumbo Butte fire started out as a wildfire, but several illegal backburns were set by the Hammonds with an intent of protecting their winter feed. The backfires were set under the cover of |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 14, "sc": 910, "ep": 18, "ec": 3} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 14 | 910 | 18 | 3 | Hammond arson case | Arson prosecutions & Mid-trial pre-sentencing agreement | night, without warning the firefighters they knew were camped on the slopes above. The fires threatened to trap four BLM firefighters. One of those later confronted Dwight Hammond at the fire scene after he had moved his crews to avoid the danger. Two days later, Steven Hammond threatened to frame a BLM employee with arson if he didn't terminate the investigation. Following their release from jail on their own recognizance, a rally attended by 500 other cattle ranchers was held in Burns, Oregon in support of the Hammonds. Some charges against the Hammonds were later dropped. Mid-trial pre-sentencing agreement In |
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