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821910901_692-1111 | Git ( / ɡɪt / ) is a version control system for tracking changes in computer files and coordinating work on those files among multiple people . It is primarily used for source code management in software development , but it can be used to keep track of changes in any set of files . As a distributed revision control system it is aimed at speed , data integrity , and support for distributed , non-linear workflows . | Git |
821910901_1112-1314 | Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel , with other kernel developers contributing to its initial development . Its current maintainer since 2005 is Junio Hamano . | Git |
821910901_1315-1595 | As with most other distributed version control systems , and unlike most client -- server systems , every Git directory on every computer is a full - fledged repository with complete history and full version tracking abilities , independent of network access or a central server . | Git |
821910901_1596-1690 | Git is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 . | Git |
821910901_1925-2417 | Git development began in April 2005 , after many developers of the Linux kernel gave up access to BitKeeper , a proprietary source control management ( SCM ) system that they had formerly used to maintain the project . The copyright holder of BitKeeper , Larry McVoy , had withdrawn free use of the product after claiming that Andrew Tridgell had reverse - engineered the BitKeeper protocols . ( The same incident would also spur the creation of another version control system , Mercurial . ) | Git |
821910901_2418-3000 | Linus Torvalds wanted a distributed system that he could use like BitKeeper , but none of the available free systems met his needs , especially for performance . Torvalds cited an example of a source - control management system needing 30 seconds to apply a patch and update all associated metadata , and noted that this would not scale to the needs of Linux kernel development , where syncing with fellow maintainers could require 250 such actions at once . For his design criteria , he specified that patching should take no more than three seconds , and added three more points : | Git |
821910901_3001-3254 | Take Concurrent Versions System ( CVS ) as an example of what not to do ; if in doubt , make the exact opposite decision Support a distributed , BitKeeper - like workflow Include very strong safeguards against corruption , either accidental or malicious | Git |
821910901_3255-3505 | These criteria eliminated every then - extant version control system except Monotone . Performance considerations excluded it , too . So immediately after the 2.6. 12 - rc2 Linux kernel development release , Torvalds set out to write his own system . | Git |
821910901_3506-3837 | Torvalds quipped about the name git ( which means unpleasant person in British English slang ) : `` I 'm an egotistical bastard , and I name all my projects after myself . First ' Linux ' , now ' git ' . '' The man page describes Git as `` the stupid content tracker '' . The readme file of the source code elaborates further : The | Git |
821910901_4515-4931 | The development of Git began on 3 April 2005 . Torvalds announced the project on 6 April ; it became self - hosting as of 7 April . The first merge of multiple branches took place on 18 April . Torvalds achieved his performance goals ; on 29 April , the nascent Git was benchmarked recording patches to the Linux kernel tree at the rate of 6.7 patches per second . On 16 June Git managed the kernel 2.6. 12 release . | Git |
821910901_4932-5140 | Torvalds turned over maintenance on 26 July 2005 to Junio Hamano , a major contributor to the project . Hamano was responsible for the 1.0 release on 21 December 2005 , and remains the project 's maintainer . | Git |
821910901_5159-7522 | Version Original release date Latest version Release date Old version , no longer supported : 0.99 2005 - 07 - 11 0.99. 9n 2005 - 12 - 15 Old version , no longer supported : 1.0 2005 - 12 - 21 1.0. 13 2006 - 01 - 27 Old version , no longer supported : 1.1 2006 - 01 - 08 1.1. 6 2006 - 01 - 30 Old version , no longer supported : 1.2 2006 - 02 - 12 1.2. 6 2006 - 04 - 08 Old version , no longer supported : 1.3 2006 - 04 - 18 1.3. 3 2006 - 05 - 16 Old version , no longer supported : 1.4 2006 - 06 - 10 1.4. 4.5 2008 - 07 - 16 Old version , no longer supported : 1.5 2007 - 02 - 14 1.5. 6.6 2008 - 12 - 17 Old version , no longer supported : 1.6 2008 - 08 - 17 1.6. 6.3 2010 - 12 - 15 Old version , no longer supported : 1.7 2010 - 02 - 13 1.7. 12.4 2012 - 10 - 17 Old version , no longer supported : 1.8 2012 - 10 - 21 1.8. 5.6 2014 - 12 - 17 Old version , no longer supported : 1.9 2014 - 02 - 14 1.9. 5 2014 - 12 - 17 Old version , no longer supported : 2.0 2014 - 05 - 28 2.0. 5 2014 - 12 - 17 Old version , no longer supported : 2.1 2014 - 08 - 16 2.1. 4 2014 - 12 - 17 Old version , no longer supported : 2.2 2014 - 11 - 26 2.2. 3 2015 - 09 - 04 Old version , no longer supported : 2.3 2015 - 02 - 05 2.3. 10 2015 - 09 - 29 Older version , yet still supported : 2.4 2015 - 04 - 30 2.4. 12 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.5 2015 - 07 - 27 2.5. 6 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.6 2015 - 09 - 28 2.6. 7 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.7 2015 - 10 - 04 2.7. 5 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.8 2016 - 03 - 28 2.8. 5 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.9 2016 - 06 - 13 2.9. 4 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.10 2016 - 09 - 02 2.10. 3 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.11 2016 - 11 - 29 2.11. 2 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.12 2017 - 02 - 24 2.12. 3 2017 - 05 - 05 Older version , yet still supported : 2.13 2017 - 05 - 10 2.13. 4 2017 - 08 - 01 Older version , yet still supported : 2.14 2017 - 08 - 04 2.14. 3 2017 - 10 - 24 Older version , yet still supported : 2.15 2017 - 10 - 30 2.15. 1 2017 - 11 - 28 Current stable version : 2.16 2018 - 01 - 17 2.16. 0 2018 - 01 - 17 Legend : Old version Older version , still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release | Git |
821910901_7539-7966 | Git 's design was inspired by BitKeeper and Monotone . Git was originally designed as a low - level version control system engine on top of which others could write front ends , such as Cogito or StGIT . The core Git project has since become a complete version control system that is usable directly . While strongly influenced by BitKeeper , Torvalds deliberately avoided conventional approaches , leading to a unique design . | Git |
821910901_7992-8332 | Git 's design is a synthesis of Torvalds 's experience with Linux in maintaining a large distributed development project , along with his intimate knowledge of file system performance gained from the same project and the urgent need to produce a working system in short order . These influences led to the following implementation choices : | Git |
821910901_8333-12785 | Strong support for non-linear development Git supports rapid branching and merging , and includes specific tools for visualizing and navigating a non-linear development history . In Git , a core assumption is that a change will be merged more often than it is written , as it is passed around to various reviewers . In Git , branches are very lightweight : a branch is only a reference to one commit . With its parental commits , the full branch structure can be constructed . Distributed development Like Darcs , BitKeeper , Mercurial , SVK , Bazaar , and Monotone , Git gives each developer a local copy of the full development history and changes are copied from one such repository to another . These changes are imported as added development branches , and can be merged in the same way as a locally developed branch . Compatibility with existent systems and protocols Repositories can be published via Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) , File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) , rsync ( removed in Git 2.8. 0 ) , or a Git protocol over either a plain socket , or Secure Shell ( ssh ) . Git also has a CVS server emulation , which enables the use of extant CVS clients and IDE plugins to access Git repositories . Subversion and svk repositories can be used directly with git - svn . Efficient handling of large projects Torvalds has described Git as being very fast and scalable , and performance tests done by Mozilla showed it was an order of magnitude faster than some version control systems , and fetching version history from a locally stored repository can be one hundred times faster than fetching it from the remote server . Cryptographic authentication of history The Git history is stored in such a way that the ID of a particular version ( a commit in Git terms ) depends upon the complete development history leading up to that commit . Once it is published , it is not possible to change the old versions without it being noticed . The structure is similar to a Merkle tree , but with added data at the nodes and leaves . ( Mercurial and Monotone also have this property . ) Toolkit - based design Git was designed as a set of programs written in C , and several shell scripts that provide wrappers around those programs . Although most of those scripts have since been rewritten in C for speed and portability , the design remains , and it is easy to chain the components together . Pluggable merge strategies As part of its toolkit design , Git has a well - defined model of an incomplete merge , and it has multiple algorithms for completing it , culminating in telling the user that it is unable to complete the merge automatically and that manual editing is needed . Garbage accumulates until collected Aborting operations or backing out changes will leave useless dangling objects in the database . These are generally a small fraction of the continuously growing history of wanted objects . Git will automatically perform garbage collection when enough loose objects have been created in the repository . Garbage collection can be called explicitly using git gc -- prune . Periodic explicit object packing Git stores each newly created object as a separate file . Although individually compressed , this takes a great deal of space and is inefficient . This is solved by the use of packs that store a large number of objects delta - compressed among themselves in one file ( or network byte stream ) called a packfile . Packs are compressed using the heuristic that files with the same name are probably similar , but do not depend on it for correctness . A corresponding index file is created for each packfile , telling the offset of each object in the packfile . Newly created objects ( with newly added history ) are still stored as single objects and periodic repacking is needed to maintain space efficiency . The process of packing the repository can be very computationally costly . By allowing objects to exist in the repository in a loose but quickly generated format , Git allows the costly pack operation to be deferred until later , when time matters less , e.g. , the end of a work day . Git does periodic repacking automatically but manual repacking is also possible with the git gc command . For data integrity , both the packfile and its index have an SHA - 1 checksum inside and the file name of the packfile also contains an SHA - 1 checksum . To check the integrity of a repository , run the git fsck command . | Git |
821910901_12786-13440 | Another property of Git is that it snapshots directory trees of files . The earliest systems for tracking versions of source code , Source Code Control System ( SCCS ) and Revision Control System ( RCS ) , worked on individual files and emphasized the space savings to be gained from interleaved deltas ( SCCS ) or delta encoding ( RCS ) the ( mostly similar ) versions . Later revision control systems maintained this notion of a file having an identity across multiple revisions of a project . However , Torvalds rejected this concept . Consequently , Git does not explicitly record file revision relationships at any level below the source code tree . | Git |
821910901_13516-15597 | It is slightly more costly to examine the change history of one file than the whole project . To obtain a history of changes affecting a given file , Git must walk the global history and then determine whether each change modified that file . This method of examining history does , however , let Git produce with equal efficiency a single history showing the changes to an arbitrary set of files . For example , a subdirectory of the source tree plus an associated global header file is a very common case . Renames are handled implicitly rather than explicitly . A common complaint with CVS is that it uses the name of a file to identify its revision history , so moving or renaming a file is not possible without either interrupting its history , or renaming the history and thereby making the history inaccurate . Most post-CVS revision control systems solve this by giving a file a unique long - lived name ( analogous to an inode number ) that survives renaming . Git does not record such an identifier , and this is claimed as an advantage . Source code files are sometimes split or merged , or simply renamed , and recording this as a simple rename would freeze an inaccurate description of what happened in the ( immutable ) history . Git addresses the issue by detecting renames while browsing the history of snapshots rather than recording it when making the snapshot . ( Briefly , given a file in revision N , a file of the same name in revision N − 1 is its default ancestor . However , when there is no like - named file in revision N − 1 , Git searches for a file that existed only in revision N − 1 and is very similar to the new file . ) However , it does require more CPU - intensive work every time the history is reviewed , and several options to adjust the heuristics are available . This mechanism does not always work ; sometimes a file that is renamed with changes in the same commit is read as a deletion of the old file and the creation of a new file . Developers can work around this limitation by committing the rename and the changes separately . | Git |
821910901_15598-15696 | Git implements several merging strategies ; a non-default strategy can be selected at merge time : | Git |
821910901_15697-16328 | resolve : the traditional three - way merge algorithm . recursive : This is the default when pulling or merging one branch , and is a variant of the three - way merge algorithm . When there are more than one common ancestors that can be used for three - way merge , it creates a merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as the reference tree for the three - way merge . This has been reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without causing mis - merges by tests done on prior merge commits taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history . Also , this can detect and handle merges involving renames . -- Linus Torvalds | Git |
821910901_16419-16511 | Git 's primitives are not inherently a source - code management system . Torvalds explains , | Git |
821910901_16512-16843 | In many ways you can just see git as a filesystem -- it 's content - addressable , and it has a notion of versioning , but I really really designed it coming at the problem from the viewpoint of a filesystem person ( hey , kernels is what I do ) , and I actually have absolutely zero interest in creating a traditional SCM system . | Git |
821910901_16844-17044 | From this initial design approach , Git has developed the full set of features expected of a traditional SCM , with features mostly being created as needed , then refined and extended over time . Some | Git |
821910901_17112-17331 | Git has two data structures : a mutable index ( also called stage or cache ) that caches information about the working directory and the next revision to be committed ; and an immutable , append - only object database . | Git |
821910901_17332-17419 | The index serves as connection point between the object database and the working tree . | Git |
821910901_17473-18670 | A blob ( binary large object ) is the content of a file . Blobs have no proper file name , time stamps , or other metadata . ( A blob 's name internally is a hash of its content . ) A tree object is the equivalent of a directory . It contains a list of file names , each with some type bits and a reference to a blob or tree object that is that file , symbolic link , or directory 's contents . These objects are a snapshot of the source tree . ( In whole , this comprises a Merkle Tree , meaning that only a single hash for the root tree is sufficient and actually used in commits to exactly pinpoint to the exact state of whole tree structures of any number of sub-directories and files . ) A commit object links tree objects together into a history . It contains the name of a tree object ( of the top - level source directory ) , a time stamp , a log message , and the names of zero or more parent commit objects . A tag object is a container that contains a reference to another object and can hold added meta - data related to another object . Most commonly , it is used to store a digital signature of a commit object corresponding to a particular release of the data being tracked by Git . | Git |
821910901_18671-18948 | Each object is identified by a SHA - 1 hash of its contents . Git computes the hash , and uses this value for the object 's name . The object is put into a directory matching the first two characters of its hash . The rest of the hash is used as the file name for that object . | Git |
821910901_18949-19370 | Git stores each revision of a file as a unique blob . The relationships between the blobs can be found through examining the tree and commit objects . Newly added objects are stored in their entirety using zlib compression . This can consume a large amount of disk space quickly , so objects can be combined into packs , which use delta compression to save space , storing blobs as their changes relative to other blobs . | Git |
821910901_19439-19812 | Every object in the Git database which is not referred to may be cleaned up by using a garbage collection command , or automatically . An object may be referenced by another object , or an explicit reference . Git knows different types of references . The commands to create , move , and delete references vary . `` git show - ref '' lists all references . Some types are : | Git |
821910901_19813-20117 | heads : refers to an object locally remotes : refers to an object which exists in a remote repository stash : refers to an object not yet committed meta : e.g. a configuration in a bare repository , user rights ; the refs / meta / config namespace was introduced resp gets used by Gerrit tags : see above | Git |
821910901_20186-20326 | Git is primarily developed on Linux , although it also supports most major operating systems including BSD , Solaris , macOS , and Windows . | Git |
821910901_20327-20841 | The first Microsoft Windows port of Git was primarily a Linux emulation framework that hosts the Linux version . Installing Git under Windows creates a similarly named Program Files directory containing the MinGW port of the GNU Compiler Collection , Perl 5 , msys2. 0 ( itself a fork of Cygwin , a Unix - like emulation environment for Windows ) and various other Windows ports or emulations of Linux utilities and libraries . Currently native Windows builds of Git are distributed as 32 and 64 - bit installers . | Git |
821910901_20842-21049 | The JGit implementation of Git is a pure Java software library , designed to be embedded in any Java application . JGit is used in the Gerrit code review tool and in EGit , a Git client for the Eclipse IDE . | Git |
821910901_21050-21148 | The Dulwich implementation of Git is a pure Python software component for Python 2.7 , 3.4 and 3.5 | Git |
821910901_21149-21417 | The libgit2 implementation of Git is an ANSI C software library with no other dependencies , which can be built on multiple platforms including Windows , Linux , macOS , and BSD . It has bindings for many programming languages , including Ruby , Python , and Haskell . | Git |
821910901_21611-21929 | Cgit : A web frontend for Git repositories written in C . Gitweb : A Git frontend written in Perl . Gogs : A Git frontend with built - in authentication , issue handling , fork and a lot of features , written in Go . Gitea : A fork of Gogs . Gitlist : A Git repository viewer using Bootstrap Framework written in PHP . | Git |
821910901_21950-22471 | As Git is a distributed version control system , it can be used as a server out of the box . Dedicated Git server software helps , amongst other features , to add access control , display the contents of a Git repository via the web , and help managing multiple repositories . Remote file store and shell access : A Git repository can be cloned to a shared file system , and accessed by other persons . It can also be accessed via remote shell just by having the Git software installed and allowing a user to log in . See | Git |
821910901_22542-23220 | The Eclipse Foundation reported in its annual community survey that as of May 2014 , Git is now the most widely used source - code management tool , with 42.9 % of professional software developers reporting that they use Git as their primary source control system compared with 36.3 % in 2013 , 32 % in 2012 ; or for Git responses excluding use of GitHub : 33.3 % in 2014 , 30.3 % in 2013 , 27.6 % in 2012 and 12.8 % in 2011 . Open source directory Black Duck Open Hub reports a similar uptake among open source projects . The Stack Overflow developer survey reported in 2015 that 69.3 % of developers use Git ; 36.9 % use Subversion ; 12.2 % use TFS ; and 7.9 % use Mercurial . | Git |
821910901_23221-23516 | The UK IT jobs website itjobswatch.co.uk reports that as of late September 2016 , 29.27 % of UK permanent software development job openings have cited Git , ahead of 12.17 % for Microsoft Team Foundation Server , 10.60 % for Subversion , 1.30 % for Mercurial , and 0.48 % for Visual SourceSafe . | Git |
821910901_23517-23947 | Since February 2017 , Microsoft has been in the process of migrating Microsoft Windows development to Git , migrating from Perforce . In order to handle the size of the Windows source code tree , Microsoft was required to develop customizations to the software , including Git Virtual File System ( GVFS ) , a system which allows cloned repositories to use placeholders whose contents are downloaded only once a file is accessed . | Git |
821910901_23966-24098 | Git does not provide access control mechanisms , but was designed for operation with other tools that specialize in access control . | Git |
821910901_24099-25506 | On 17 December 2014 , an exploit was found affecting the Windows and Mac versions of the Git client . An attacker could perform arbitrary code execution on a target computer with Git installed by creating a malicious Git tree ( directory ) named . git ( a directory in Git repositories that stores all the data of the repository ) in a different case ( such as . GIT or . Git , needed because Git does n't allow the all - lowercase version of . git to be created manually ) with malicious files in the . git / hooks subdirectory ( a folder with executable files that Git runs ) on a repository that the attacker made or on a repository that the attacker can modify . If a Windows or Mac user pulls ( downloads ) a version of the repository with the malicious directory , then switches to that directory , the . git directory will be overwritten ( due to the case - insensitive trait of the Windows and Mac filesystems ) and the malicious executable files in . git / hooks may be run , which results in the attacker 's commands being executed . An attacker could also modify the . git / config configuration file , which allows the attacker to create malicious Git aliases ( aliases for Git commands or external commands ) or modify extant aliases to execute malicious commands when run . The vulnerability was patched in version 2.2. 1 of Git , released on 17 December 2014 , and announced on the next day . | Git |
821910901_25507-26136 | Git version 2.6. 1 , released on 29 September 2015 , contained a patch for a security vulnerability ( CVE - 2015 - 7545 ) which allowed arbitrary code execution . The vulnerability was exploitable if an attacker could convince a victim to clone a specific URL , as the arbitrary commands were embedded in the URL itself . An attacker could use the exploit via a man - in - the - middle attack if the connection was unencrypted , as they could redirect the user to a URL of their choice . Recursive clones were also vulnerable , since they allowed the controller of a repository to specify arbitrary URLs via the gitmodules file . | Git |
821910901_26137-26409 | Git uses SHA - 1 hashes internally . Linus Torvalds has responded that the hash was mostly to guard against accidental corruption , and the security a cryptographically secure hash gives was just an accidental side effect , with the main security being signing elsewhere . | Git |
806058759_68-825 | ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A | Bill (law) |
806058759_1111-1391 | A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature . A bill does not become law until it is passed by the legislature and , in most cases , approved by the executive . Once a bill has been enacted into law , it is called an act of the legislature , or a statute . | Bill (law) |
806058759_1684-1910 | The term bill is primarily used in Anglophone nations . In the United Kingdom , the parts of a bill are known as clauses , until it has become an act of parliament , from which time the parts of the law are known as sections . | Bill (law) |
806058759_1911-2004 | In Francophone nations a proposed law may be known as a projet de loi or proposition de loi . | Bill (law) |
806058759_2026-2238 | The preparation of a bill may involve the production of a draft bill prior to the introduction of the bill into the legislature . In the United Kingdom , draft bills are frequently considered to be confidential . | Bill (law) |
806058759_2261-2605 | In the British / Westminster system , where the executive is drawn from the legislature and usually holds a majority in the lower house , most bills are introduced by the executive ( government bill ) . In principle , the legislature meets to consider the demands of the executive , as set out in the Queen 's Speech or Speech from the Throne . | Bill (law) |
806058759_2606-2968 | While mechanisms exist to allow other members of the legislature to introduce bills , these are subject to strict timetables and usually fail unless a consensus is reached . In the US system , where the executive is formally separated from the legislature , all bills must originate from the legislature . Bills can be introduced using the following procedures : | Bill (law) |
806058759_2969-3506 | Leave : A motion is brought before the chamber asking that leave be given to bring in a bill . This is used in the British system in the form of the Ten Minute Rule motion . The legislator has 10 minutes to propose a bill , which can then be considered by the House on a day appointed for the purpose . While this rule remains in place in the rules of procedure of the US Congress , it is seldom used . Government motion : In jurisdictions where the executive can control legislative business a bill may be brought in by executive fiat . | Bill (law) |
806058759_3574-3858 | Bills are generally considered through a number of readings . This refers to the historic practice of the clerical officers of the legislature reading the contents of a bill to the legislature . While the bill is no longer read , the motions on the bill still refer to this practice . | Bill (law) |
806058759_3859-4631 | In the British / Westminster system , a bill is read the first time when it is introduced . This is accompanied by an order that the bill be printed and considered again . At the second reading the general merits of the bill are considered -- it is out of order to criticise a bill at this stage for technical defects in drafting . After the second reading the bill is referred to a committee , which considers the bill line by line proposing amendments . The committee reports to the legislature , at which stage further amendments are proposed . Finally a third reading debate at which the bill as amended is considered in its entirety . In a bicameral legislature the process is repeated in the other house , before the Bill is submitted to the executive for approval . | Bill (law) |
806058759_4661-4975 | Where a piece of primary legislation is termed an act , the process of a bill becoming law may be termed enactment . Once a bill is passed by the legislature , it may automatically become law , or it may need further approval , in which case enactment may be effected by the approver 's signature or proclamation . | Bill (law) |
806058759_4994-5552 | Bills passed by the legislature usually require the approval of the executive such as the monarch , president , or governor to become law . Exceptions are the Irish Free State from the abolition of the Governor - General in December 1936 to the creation of the office of President in December 1937 , and Israel from its formation until today , during which period bills approved by the Oireachtas and Knesset respectively became / become law immediately ( Though , in Israel 's case , the laws are ceremonially signed after their passage by the President ) . | Bill (law) |
806058759_5553-6221 | In parliamentary systems , approval is normally a formality , since the head of state is directed by an executive controlled by the legislature . In constitutional monarchies , this approval is called royal assent . In rare cases approval may be refused or `` reserved '' by the head of state 's use of a reserve power . The legislature may have significantly less power to introduce bills on such issues and may require the approval beforehand . In Commonwealth realms the royal prerogative informs this . In the United Kingdom , for example , cases include payments to the royal family , succession to the throne , and the monarch 's exercise of prerogative powers . | Bill (law) |
806058759_6222-6448 | In presidential systems , the need to receive approval can be used as a political tool by the executive , and its refusal is known as a veto . The legislature may be able to override the veto by means of a supermajority vote . | Bill (law) |
806058759_6469-6744 | A bill may come into force as soon as it becomes law , or it may specify a later date to come into force , or it may specify by whom and how it may be brought into force ; for example , by ministerial order . Different parts of an act may come into force at different times . | Bill (law) |
806058759_6745-6886 | An act is typically promulgated by being published in an official gazette . This may be required on enactment , coming into force , or both . | Bill (law) |
806058759_6966-7860 | In the United States , all bills originating in the House of Representatives begin with `` H.R. '' and all bills originating from the Senate begin with an `` S . '' . Every two years , at the start of odd - numbered years , the United States Congress recommences numbering from 1 , though for bills the House has an order reserving the first 20 bill numbers and the Senate has similar measures for the first 10 bills . Joint resolutions also have the same effect as bills , and are titled as `` H.J. Res . '' or `` S.J. Res . '' depending on whether they originated in the House or Senate , respectively . This means that two different bills can have the same number . Each two - year span is called a congress , tracking the terms of Representatives elected in the nationwide biennial House of Representatives elections , and each congress is divided into year - long periods called sessions . | Bill (law) |
806058759_7861-8476 | In the United Kingdom , for example , the Coroners and Justice Act in 2009 started as Bill 9 in the House of Commons . Then it became Bill 72 on consideration by the Committee , after that it became House of Lords Bill 33 . Then it became House of Lords Bill 77 , returned to the House of Commons as Bill 160 before finally being passed as Act no . 29 . Parliament recommences numbering from one at the beginning of each session . This means that two different bills may have the same number . Sessions of parliament usually last a year . They begin with the State Opening of Parliament , and end with Prorogation . | Bill (law) |
806058759_8477-8918 | In the Irish Oireachtas , bills are numbered sequentially from the start of each calendar year . Bills originating in the Dáil and Seanad share a common sequence . There are separate sequences for public and private bills , the latter prefixed with `` P '' . Although acts to amend the constitution are outside the annual sequence used for other public acts , bills to amend the constitution are within the annual sequence of public bills . | Bill (law) |
815582686_88-778 | ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_779-891 | `` Shooting the messenger '' is a metaphoric phrase used to describe the act of blaming the bearer of bad news . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_892-1187 | Until the advent of modern telecommunication , messages were usually delivered by human envoys . For example , in war , a messenger would be sent from one camp to another . If the message was unfitting , the receiver might blame the messenger for such bad news and take their anger out on them . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_1188-1269 | `` Shooting the messenger '' is a subdivision of the ad hominem logical fallacy . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_1416-1787 | An analogy of the phrase can come from the breaching of an unwritten code of conduct in war , in which a commanding officer was expected to receive and send back emissaries or diplomatic envoys sent by the enemy unharmed . During the early Warring States period of China , the concept of chivalry and virtue prevented the executions of messengers sent by opposing sides . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_1788-2207 | An early literary citing of `` shooting the messenger '' is in Plutarch 's Lives states : `` The first messenger , that gave notice of Lucullus ' coming was so far from pleasing Tigranes that , he had his head cut off for his pains ; and no man dared to bring further information . Without any intelligence at all , Tigranes sat while war was already blazing around him , giving ear only to those who flattered him '' . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_2208-2464 | A related sentiment was expressed in Antigone by Sophocles as `` no one loves the messenger who brings bad news '' or `` no man delights in the bearer of bad news '' ( Greek : στέργει γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἄγγελον κακῶν ἐπῶν ) . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_2465-2798 | The sentiment that one should not shoot the messenger was expressed by Shakespeare in Henry IV , Part 2 ( 1598 ) and in Antony and Cleopatra : Cleopatra threatens to treat the messenger 's eyes as balls when told Antony has married another , eliciting the response `` Gracious madam , I that do bring the news made not the match . '' | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_2799-3006 | The term also applied to a town crier , an officer of the court who made public pronouncements in the name of the ruling monarch , and often including bad news . Harming a town crier was considered treason . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_3034-3501 | Sigmund Freud considered shooting the messenger a `` marginal case of this kind of defense ... of fending off what is distressing or unbearable '' , citing the example of `` the famous lament of the Spanish Moors Ay de mi Alhama , which tells how King Boabdil received the news of the fall of his city of Alhama . He feels that this loss means the end of his rule . But he will not ' let it be true ... He threw the letters in the fire and killed the messenger ' '' . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_3502-3732 | Freud added that `` a further determinant of this behaviour of the king was his need to combat a feeling of powerlessness . By burning the letters and having the messenger killed he was still trying to show his absolute power . '' | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_3733-5017 | Carl G. Jung , a peer of Freud 's , describes the shadow in the individual as part of the unconscious mind , which is largely negative . `` Everyone carries a shadow '' , Jung wrote , `` and the less it is embodied in the individual 's conscious life , the blacker and denser it is '' . It may be in part one 's links to more primitive animal instincts , which are superseded in early childhood by the conscious mind . V.G. Hufnagel , a bioethics expert wrote , `` the shadow of the institution protects its own fraternity '' . The fraternity members form a collective and share a collective consciousness with a predatory instinctive animal in nature and hold the fears of childhood . These fears stimulate actions to destroy any message that may harm them . There is no cognitive process in these actions . These are forced on death of an individual and of an idea through human sacrifice . There are religious aspects to these actions . The fraternity of authority believes it holds a right to exterminate those who could harm them . The shadow is a part of the `` psychology of institutions '' . Institutions have enormous funds to use unlike an individual whistleblower . Institutions also have massive communication systems and a loyal population that supports the institution . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_5047-5383 | A modern version of `` shooting the messenger '' can be perceived when someone blames the media for presenting bad news about a favored cause , person , organization , etc . `` Shooting the messenger '' may be a time - honored emotional response to unwanted news , but it is not a very effective method of remaining well - informed . '' | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_5384-5969 | Getting rid of the messenger may be a tactical move , but danger found in nondisclosure may result in either hostile responses or negative feedback from others . `` People learn very quickly where this is the case , and will studiously avoid giving any negative feedback ; thus the ' Emperor ' continues with the self - delusion ... Obviously this is not a recipe for success '' . Barbara Ehrenreich in Bright - sided / Smile or Die argued that a culture of `` thinking positive '' so as to `` purge ' negative people ' from the ranks ... ( fed into ) the bubble-itis '' of the 2000s . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_5970-6066 | Reactions to the whistleblowing organization WikiLeaks led to calls not to shoot the messenger . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_6092-6487 | A syntactically similar expression `` Please do not shoot the pianist . He is doing his best '' . It originated around 1860 in the Wild West of the United States when Oscar Wilde , during his 1883 tour of the United States , saw this saying on a notice in a Leadville , Colorado , saloon . This phrase is sometimes attributed to Mark Twain , but neither Wilde nor Twain ever claimed authorship . | Shooting the messenger |
815582686_6514-6611 | `` Killing the messenger '' `` Attacking the messenger '' `` Blaming the bearer of bad tidings '' | Shooting the messenger |
830934195_92-357 | `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' Cover of 1906 sheet music for `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' . Song Published 1906 ( 1906 ) Genre Patriotic , American march Songwriter ( s ) George M. Cohan `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' , as performed by a United States Army band . | You're a Grand Old Flag |
830934195_358-712 | `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' is an American patriotic march . The song , a spirited march written by George M. Cohan , is a tribute to the American flag . In addition to obvious references to the flag , it incorporates snippets of other popular songs , including one of his own . Cohan wrote it in 1906 for George Washington , Jr. , his stage musical . | You're a Grand Old Flag |
830934195_824-1174 | The song was first publicly performed on February 6 , the play 's opening night , at Herald Square Theater in New York City . `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' quickly became the first song from a musical to sell over a million copies of sheet music . The title and first lyric comes from someone Cohan once met ; the Library of Congress website notes : | You're a Grand Old Flag |
830934195_1175-1846 | The original lyric for this perennial George M. Cohan favorite came , as Cohan later explained , from an encounter he had with a Civil War veteran who fought at Gettysburg . The two men found themselves next to each other and Cohan noticed the vet held a carefully folded but ragged old flag . The man reportedly then turned to Cohan and said , `` She 's a grand old rag . '' Cohan thought it was a great line and originally named his tune `` You 're a Grand Old Rag . '' So many groups and individuals objected to calling the flag a `` rag , '' however , that he `` gave ' em what they wanted '' and switched words , renaming the song `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' . -- | You're a Grand Old Flag |
830934195_1867-2540 | In the play itself , the scene with the Civil War soldier was replicated . The soldier 's comment was the lead - in to this song . Thus the first version of the chorus began , `` You 're a grand old rag / You 're a high - flying flag '' . Despite Cohan 's efforts to pull that version , some artists such as Billy Murray had recorded it under its original title , `` The Grand Old Rag '' , in advance of the play 's opening , and copies under that title still circulate among collectors . Cohan 's second attempt at writing the chorus began , `` You 're a grand old flag / Though you 're torn to a rag '' . The final version , with its redundant rhyme , is as shown below . | You're a Grand Old Flag |
830934195_2557-3609 | Verse 1 There 's a feeling comes a-stealing , And it sets my brain a-reeling , When I 'm list'ning to the music of a military band . Any tune like `` Yankee Doodle '' Simply sets me off my noodle , It 's that patriotic something that no one can understand . `` Way down South , in the land of cotton , '' Melody untiring , Ai n't that inspiring ? Hurrah ! Hurrah ! We 'll join the jubilee ! And that 's going some , for the Yankees , by gum ! Red , White and Blue , I am for you ! Honest , you 're a grand old flag ! Verse 2 I 'm no cranky hanky panky , I 'm a dead square , honest Yankee , And I 'm mighty proud of that old flag that flies for Uncle Sam . Though I do n't believe in raving Ev'ry time I see it waving , There 's a chill runs up my back that makes me glad I 'm what I am . Here 's a land with a million soldiers , That 's if we should need ' em , We 'll fight for freedom ! Hurrah ! Hurrah ! For ev'ry Yankee Tar , And old G.A.R. , ev'ry stripe , ev'ry star . Red , White and Blue , hats off to you ! Honest , you 're a grand old flag ! | You're a Grand Old Flag |
830934195_3617-3963 | You 're a grand old flag , You 're a high - flying flag , And forever in peace may you wave . You 're the emblem of the land I love , The home of the free and the brave . Ev'ry heart beats true ' Neath the Red , White and Blue , Where there 's never a boast or brag . But should auld acquaintance be forgot , Keep your eye on the grand old flag . | You're a Grand Old Flag |
830934195_3979-4583 | `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' A 1997 recording of the United States Air Force Band performing Cohan 's `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' . `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' Billy Murray performing a rendition of Cohan 's `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' in 1906 . `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' A recording of a United States Army band performing `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' . `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' A recording of a U.S. Marine band performing `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' during a flag - raising ceremony at MCB Camp Pendleton in February 2012 . Problems listening to the files ? See media help . | You're a Grand Old Flag |
850372895_76-430 | New World monkeys Temporal range : Early Oligocene - Holocene , 31 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Brown spider monkey Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Primates Suborder : Haplorhini Infraorder : Simiiformes Parvorder : Platyrrhini E. Geoffroy , 1812 Families Callitrichidae Cebidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae | New World monkey |
850372895_431-1250 | New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Central and South America and Mexico : Callitrichidae , Cebidae , Aotidae , Pitheciidae , and Atelidae . The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea , the only extant superfamily in the parvorder Platyrrhini . Platyrrhini means flat - nosed , and their noses are flatter than those of other simians , with sideways - facing nostrils . Monkeys in the family Atelidae , such as the spider monkey , are the only primates to have prehensile tails . New World monkeys ' closest relatives are the other simians , the Catarrhini ( `` down - nosed , '' comprising Old World monkeys and apes ) . New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America , a line that split off about 40 million years ago . | New World monkey |
850372895_1511-2385 | New World monkeys are small to mid-sized primates , ranging from the pygmy marmoset ( the world 's smallest monkey ) , at 14 to 16 cm ( 5.5 to 6.5 in ) and a weight of 120 to 190 g ( 4.2 to 6.7 oz ) , to the southern muriqui , at 55 to 70 cm ( 22 to 28 in ) and a weight of 12 to 15 kg ( 26 to 33 lb ) . New World monkeys differ slightly from Old World monkeys in several aspects . The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose , which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups . The clade for the New World monkeys , Platyrrhini , means `` flat nosed '' . The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of the Old World monkeys , and have side - facing nostrils . New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails -- in comparison with the shorter , non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World . | New World monkey |
850372895_2386-2964 | New World monkeys ( except for the howler monkeys of genus Alouatta ) also typically lack the trichromatic vision of Old World monkeys . Colour vision in New World primates relies on a single gene on the X-chromosome to produce pigments that absorb medium and long wavelength light , which contrasts with short wavelength light . As a result , males rely on a single medium / long pigment gene and are dichromatic , as are homozygous females . Heterozygous females may possess two alleles with different sensitivities within this range , and so can display trichromatic vision . | New World monkey |
850372895_2965-3885 | Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve premolars instead of eight ; having a dental formula of 2.1. 3.3 2.1. 3.3 or 2.1. 3.2 2.1. 3.2 ( consisting of 2 incisors , 1 canine , 3 premolars , and 2 or 3 molars ) . This is in contrast with Old World Anthropoids , including gorillas , chimps , bonobos , siamangs , gibbons , orangutans , and most humans , which share a dental formula of 2.1. 2.3 2.1. 2.3 . Many New World monkeys are small and almost all are arboreal , so knowledge of them is less comprehensive than that of the more easily observed Old World monkeys . Unlike most Old World monkeys , many New World monkeys form monogamous pair bonds , and show substantial paternal care of young . They eat fruits , nuts , insects , flowers , bird eggs , spiders , and small mammals . Unlike humans and most Old World monkeys , their thumbs are not opposable ( except for some Cebids ) . | New World monkey |
850372895_3902-4797 | About 40 million years ago , the Simiiformes infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini ( New World monkeys -- in South America ) and Catarrhini ( apes and Old World monkeys -- in Africa ) . The individuals whose descendents would become Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have migrated to South America either on a raft of vegetation or via a land bridge . There are two possible rafting routes , either across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa or across the Caribbean from North America . However , there is no fossil record to support the hypothesis of a migration from North America . The land bridge hypothesis relies on the existence of Atlantic Ocean ridges and a fall in the sea level in the Oligocene . This would have either produced a single land bridge or a series of mid-Atlantic islands to act as stepping stones for the migration . The latter is now the favorite choice . | New World monkey |
850372895_4798-5172 | At the time the New World monkeys split off , the Isthmus of Panama had not yet formed , ocean currents and climate were quite different , and the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present 2,800 km ( 1,700 mi ) width by about a third ; possibly 1,000 km less , based on the current estimate of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge formation processes spreading rate of 25 mm / year . | New World monkey |
850372895_5192-5366 | The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54 . In extant species , the 2n value varies from 16 in the titi monkey to 62 in the woolly monkey . | New World monkey |
850372895_5367-5521 | A Bayesian estimate of the most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95 % credible interval of 27 million years ago - 31 million years ago . | New World monkey |
850372895_5546-5656 | The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families , and their placement in the Order Primates : | New World monkey |
850372895_5657-6238 | ORDER PRIMATES Suborder Strepsirrhini : lemurs , lorises , galagos , etc . Suborder Haplorrhini : tarsiers + monkeys , including apes Infraorder Tarsiiformes Family Tarsiidae : tarsiers Infraorder Simiiformes Parvorder Platyrrhini : New World monkeys Family Callitrichidae : marmosets and tamarins Family Cebidae : capuchins and squirrel monkeys Family Aotidae : night or owl monkeys ( douroucoulis ) Family Pitheciidae : titis , sakis , and uakaris Family Atelidae : howler , spider , woolly spider , and woolly monkeys Parvorder Catarrhini : Old World monkeys , apes , and humans | New World monkey |
817602474_330-517 | This article needs editing for compliance with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . Please help improve it if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | How to Train Your Dragon |
817602474_518-1209 | How to Train Your Dragon Cover of the first edition of How to Train Your Dragon How to Train Your Dragon How to Be a Pirate How to Speak Dragonese How to Cheat a Dragon 's Curse How to Twist a Dragon 's Tale A Hero 's Guide to Deadly Dragons How to Ride a Dragon 's Storm How to Break a Dragon 's Heart How to Steal a Dragon 's Sword How to Seize a Dragon 's Jewel How to Betray a Dragon 's Hero How to Fight a Dragon 's Fury Author Cressida Cowell Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , young adult fiction , coming of age Publisher Hodder Children 's Books ( UK ) Little , Brown and Company ( US ) Published 2003 -- 2015 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook | How to Train Your Dragon |
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