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8750	_____ uses psychological rather than biological means to treat psychological disorders	[ { "docid": "D258873#0", "title": "http://www.psychteacher.co.uk/abnormality/biological-treatments.html\nPsychTeacher", "text": "Biological treatments of abnormality and mental illness Act directly on the biological mechanism responsible for the abnormal behaviour Drugs (antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics) ECT (Electro convulsive therapy) Psychosurgery Treat symptoms more than causes Biological treatments of mental illness and abnormality Biological treatments act directly on the biological mechanisms that cause, or are involved in, mental illness. This can be, for example, by altering the function or availability of a neurotransmitter, changing the way certain cells in the nervous system function, or removing dysfunctional parts of the nervous system. The three main biological treatments for mental illness are: Drug treatments Electroconvulsive therapy Psychosurgery Drug treatments Drugs that have been found to usefully treat mental illnesses generally work by changing the amount of a neurotransmitter that is available at a synapse. If, for example, a certain neurotransmitter causes a certain behaviour then stopping the neurotransmitter working, by making less of it available, may reduce the behaviour it causes. Similarly, it may be useful to increase the quantity of a certain neurotransmitter so the the behaviour it affects may be increased. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has been found to be involved in depression. A class of drugs called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) work by stopping nerve cells reabsorbing the serotonin they have released into the synapse, thereby increasing the amount of serotonin that is available. SSRIs are a very effective treatment for depression and include drugs such as Prozac (fluoxetine) and Seroxat (paroxetine). Benzodiazepine drugs are commonly used to treat stress, anxiety and high blood pressure. They work by blocking receptors that are usually activated by adrenaline and noradrenaline, meaning that the body is less able to produce extreme and unhealthy sympathetic nervous system responses." } ]	[ { "docid": "D134535#0", "title": "https://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html\nAbnormal Psychology", "text": "\"Abnormal Psychology Saul Mc Leod published 2008, updated 2014Abnormal psychology is a division of psychology that studies people who are \"\" abnormal \"\" or \"\" atypical \"\" compared to the members of a given society. There is evidence that some psychological disorders are more common than was previously thought. Depending on how data are gathered and how diagnoses are made, as many as 27% of some population groups may be suffering from depression at any one time (NIMH, 2001; data for older adults). The definition of the word abnormal is simple enough but applying this to psychology poses a complex problem: what is normal? Whose norm? For what age? For what culture? The concept of abnormality is imprecise and difficult to define. Examples of abnormality can take many different forms and involve different features, so that, what at first sight seem quite reasonable definitions, turns out to be quite problematical. There are several different ways in which it is possible to define ‘abnormal’ as opposed to our ideas of what is ‘normal’." }, { "docid": "D1377316#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Psychological+addiction\naddiction", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.addiction (redirected from Psychological addiction) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia. Related to Psychological addiction: psychological dependence Addiction Definition Addiction is a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance. The term hasbeen partially replaced by the word dependence for substance abuse. Addiction has beenextended, however, to include mood-altering behaviors or activities. Some researchers speak of two types of addictions: substance addictions (for example, alcoholism, drug abuse, andsmoking ); and process addictions (for example, gambling, spending, shopping, eating, andsexual activity). There is a growing recognition that many addicts, such as polydrug abusers, areaddicted to more than one substance or process. Description Addiction is one of the most costly public health problems in the United States. It is a progressive syndrome, which means that it increases in severity over time unless it is treated. Substance abuse is characterized by frequent relapse, or return to the abused substance." }, { "docid": "D2202603#0", "title": "https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/historical-understandings/\nHistorical Understandings", "text": "\"Historical Understandings Bridget Engel, Psy. D., Natalie Staats Reiss, Ph. D., and Mark Dombeck, Ph. D. Feb 2, 2007Eating disorders have existed for a long time, and have been documented worldwide. The frequency of self-starvation and purging behaviors vary greatly across certain periods of history, indicating that certain combinations of social and economic factors often facilitate or inhibit these behaviors. Historical evidence suggests that anorexia and bulimia have existed since the at least the first century. During the time of Caesar (700 B. C.), rich ancient Romans overindulged at lavish banquets and then relieved themselves by vomiting so they could return to the feast and continue eating. Ancient Egyptians drew hieroglyphics that depicted their use of monthly purges to avoid illness. Persian medical manuscripts, and Chinese scrolls originating in early dynasties also describe ailments that are very similar to modern eating disorders. The vast body of tribal lore from Africa contains several stories concerning adults who fasted during times of extreme famine in order to save food for their children, and then continued to restrict their diet and were in danger of dying even after the famine was over." }, { "docid": "D1838492#0", "title": "http://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?what_is_abnormal_behavior_dysfunction_distress_danger_abnormal_psychology&b=83&c=2\nAbnormal Psychology", "text": "\"Abnormal Psychology<<< Previous WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: Dysfunction, Distress, Danger Next >>>Abnormal Psychology PSY404 VULESSON 2WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIORDifficulty in defining Abnormality In this era of rapid technological advancement, you might think there would be some objective test like ablood test or a like a brain scan that could determine whether an individual is normal or abnormal? There is no such test available; however psychologists rely on signs, symptoms, and subjective criteria fordeciding when the observed symptoms (signs) constitute abnormality. Four criteria for defining abnormalityhave been proposed. They are often called the four D's, Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction and Danger. Deviant behavior means different extreme unusual and bizarre Distress refers to unpleasant or upsetting behavior of an individual Dysfunctional or disruptive in a way that possibly can became dangerous as well Danger of hurting one self and others1. Deviancea. Deviance from the Cultural Normsb. Deviance from the Statistical Normsa. Deviance from Cultural Norms Every culture has certain standards, norms and yardsticks for acceptable behaviors and behavior thatdeviates or differs markedly from those norms is considered abnormal. The followers of Cultural Criteriaperspective argue that we should respect each culture's definition of abnormality for the members of thatculture." }, { "docid": "D153432#0", "title": "http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html\nAbnormal Psychology", "text": "\"Abnormal Psychology Saul Mc Leod published 2008, updated 2014Abnormal psychology is a division of psychology that studies people who are \"\" abnormal \"\" or \"\" atypical \"\" compared to the members of a given society. There is evidence that some psychological disorders are more common than was previously thought. Depending on how data are gathered and how diagnoses are made, as many as 27% of some population groups may be suffering from depression at any one time (NIMH, 2001; data for older adults). The definition of the word abnormal is simple enough but applying this to psychology poses a complex problem: what is normal? Whose norm? For what age? For what culture? The concept of abnormality is imprecise and difficult to define. Examples of abnormality can take many different forms and involve different features, so that, what at first sight seem quite reasonable definitions, turns out to be quite problematical. There are several different ways in which it is possible to define ‘abnormal’ as opposed to our ideas of what is ‘normal’." }, { "docid": "D134532#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/13637690/abnormal-psychology-ch-1-4-flash-cards/\nAbnormal Psychology Ch 1-4", "text": "\"120 terms veronica_cruts Abnormal Psychology Ch 1-4Terms and definitions for the abnormal psychology text published by Pearson Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sortabnormal psychology the application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders. Includes investigation of the causes and treatment of psychopathological conditionsallegiance effect a characterization of psychotherapy outcome research such that investigators commonly find the most effective treatment is the one to which they hold a theoretical allegianceactuarial interpretation analysis of test results based on an explicit set of rules derived from empirical researchassessment the process of gathering and organizing information about a person's behaviorattachments selective bonds that develop between infants and their caregivers, usually their parents, and a re theorized to be related to later development. Analogous to the process of imprinting, which has been observed in many animalsattribution perceived causes' people's beliefs about cause-effect relationsautonomic nervous system the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the functions of various bodily organs such as the heart and stomach. The actions of the autonomic nervous system are largely involuntary, and it has two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsbiopsychological model a view of the etiology of mental disorders that assumes that disorders can best be understood in terms of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social systemsbehavior genetics the study of broad genetic influences on individual differences in normal and abnormal behavior, usually by studying twins or other family members who differ in terms of shared genes and/or experience. Behavior genetic studies also provide information on environmental influences on behaviorcase study a careful description and analysis of the problems experienced by one personcerebral hemispheres the two major structures of the forebrain and the site of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes. The functions of the cerebral hemispheres are lateralized. In general, the left cerebral hemisphere is involved in language and related functions, and the right side is involved in spatial organization and analysischromosomes chainlike structures found in the nucleus of cells that carry genes and information about heredity. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomesclinical psychology the profession and academic discipline that is concerned with the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorderscomorbidity the simultaneous manifestation of more than one disorderculture-bound syndrome patterns of erratic or unusual thinking and behavior that have been identified in diverse societies around the world and do not fit easily into the other diagnostic categories that are listed in the main body of DSM-IV-TRclassical conditioning Pavlov's form of learning through association. A conditioned response eventually is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (which produces an unconditioned response)concordance rate the rate, often a percentage, at which two related individuals are found to both have a disorder or problem or neither has a disorder or problem, i.e., they are concordant. In discordant pairs, only one individual is disordered." }, { "docid": "D2609780#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/98856012/chapter-8-eating-disorders-exam-2-flash-cards/\nChapter 8: Eating Disorders (Exam 2)", "text": "\"99 terms hailzke Chapter 8: Eating Disorders (Exam 2)Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Eating Disorders -psychological disorders that represent the use of food to met an emotional need -disordered eating becomes an eating disorder when it begins to disrupt your life -considerable pressure to conform to societal ideals can lead to eating disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical manual (DSM) -contains the diagnostic criteria which define eating disorders -branch of the American Psychological Association Vomiting/Purging can cause what? -electrolyte derangement, which if severe enough, can cause heart failure Are eating disorders seen in non-industrialized countries or in lower-income populations of wealthy countries? -rarely -eating disorders are a phenomenon of affluent societies -when food is abundant, we develop behaviors relating to fear of excess but when food is scarce the only concern is when the next meal will be -eating disorders unknown in developing societies, until they reach a certain level of affluence Satiety -sense of satisfaction or fullness after a meal that signals we've had enough -if we were governed solely by the physical needs of our bodies, normal eating would be an appropriate response to need, mediated by the sense of hunger -however, physiological need is not the only thing that triggers us to eat Behavioral Continuum -one extreme: anorexia nervosa -opposite extreme: binge eating disorder -middle: bulimia nervosa -all disorders are related to each other by this continuum -people sometimes shift from one disorder to another -disorders may also have an etiological relationship as well (related to the causes/origins of diseases) -not uncommon that an individual combine some characteristics of both anorexia or bulimia (there are no clean distinctions between eating behaviors on the continuum)Anorexia Nervosa -eating disorder characterized by starving behavior, being underweight, and amenorrhea (abnormal absence of menstruation) -at one behavioral extreme of the continuum where people under eat or starve themselves Binge -to eat an excessively large amount of food within a discrete period of time, usually considered to be about two hours -if binging becomes extreme enough, it becomes Binge Eating Disorder -at the other extreme of the continuum Binge Eating Disorder -eating disorder characterized by binging, without any purging or restriction -those with this diagnosis become overweight, and suffer the health effects of obesity Bulimia Nervosa -alternation between the two extremes of the continuum (anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder) -characterized by an individual trying to compensate for overeating/binging by starving (fasting), excessive exercise, and purging -people with this condition are often normal weight, probably with fluctuations resulting from the impossibility of actually compensating for binging by purging Purging -an inappropriate attempt to compensate for overeating through the use of vomiting, laxative abuse, diuretics, or excessive exercise Disordered Eating -practices that lie between normal and clinical -many people can identify with some disordered eating, but when the disordered eating reaches a sufficient degree of severity or frequency, it is called an eating disorder -there are not fundamental differences between people with eating disorders an people with disordered eating (the difference is one of DEGREE) -disordered eating is very common in our culture Severity -severity of disordered eating or an eating disorder ALSO relates to the difficulty of treatment -many people could correct disordered eating by becoming more aware of it, but a severe eating disorder needs professional treatment and can sometimes be very intractable (hard to control/deal with)Etiology (Origins of Eating Disorders) -eating disorders [in this chapter] are psychological rather than nutritional disorders, but they do have nutritional consequences -origins lie in the dynamics of family, individual, and personality (past experience and probably genetics -origins DON'T lie in eating -each person's development of an eating disorder is unique but the following play a role: demographics, family dynamics/dysfunction, predisposing psychological factors, genetics, biological, emotional, body image -involve combo of personal factors and external factors Demographics -occur usually within a particular demographic -predominately middle and upper class white females (incidence in other populations is much lower) -nearly all eating disorders occur in wealthier, industrialized countries, and are quite rare in developing countries What is the incidence of eating disorders in the U. S.? -about 1 in 100-150 women -some populations can reach much higher levels What percentage of college-age women have an eating disorder int he U. S.? 20%What is the trend in incidence of eating disorders in females involved in certain sports? 74% of varsity female gymnasts have eating disorders What percentage of those with eating disorders are female? 95%What percentage of those with eating disorders are middle and upper class whites? 90%What percentage of those with eating disorders come from highly educated households?" }, { "docid": "D689685#0", "title": "https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-abnormal-psychology-2794775\nWhat Is Abnormal Psychology?", "text": "\"Theories What Is Abnormal Psychology? By Kendra Cherry Updated February 16, 2018Share Pin Email Print Article Table of Contents Understanding Abnormal Psychology Perspectives in Abnormal Psychology Types of Psychological Disorders Understanding Abnormalities Can Improve Lives Back To Top Laguna Design / Science Photo Library / Getty Images Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in this field. Understanding Abnormal Psychology In order to understand abnormal psychology, it's essential to first understand what we mean by the term \"\"abnormal.\"\" On the surface, the meaning seems obvious; abnormal indicates something that's outside of the norm. Many human behaviors can follow what is known as the normal curve. Looking at this bell-shaped curve, the majority of individuals are clustered around the highest point of the curve, which is known as the average. People who fall very far at either end of the normal curve might be considered \"\"abnormal. \"\" It's important to note that the distinctions between normal and abnormal are not synonymous with good or bad." }, { "docid": "D667342#0", "title": "http://www.crystalinks.com/panicdisorder.html\n.", "text": "\"Panic Attacks Each year more people come to talk about panic attacks and what they can do to relieve stress, though most panic attacks from fear. In many cases the symptoms have always been present, but with better mental health care and more awareness of behavioral disorders, people seek help and solutions to their emotional problems. Panic disorder is a diagnosed psychiatric mental condition that causes the sufferer to experience sporadic, intense, and often reoccurring panic attacks. A panic attack is a period of incredibly intense, often temporarily debilitating, sense of extreme fear or psychological distress, typically of abrupt onset. The feeling of fear in the body can be so intense it may even be borderline painful. If one has never suffered from an attack, it is very hard to describe in words. A panic attack is different from a normal 'fear' because the panic attack very often paralyzes the person in complete paranoia and worry. Though it is often a purely terrifying feeling to the sufferer, panic attacks are actually an evolutionary body response often known as the fight-or-flight response occurring out of context. The most common symptoms may include a strange 'skin crawling' sensation throughout the body (fear), trembling, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, chest pain (or chest tightness), sweating, nausea, dizziness (or slight vertigo), light-headedness, hyperventilation, paresthesias (tingling sensations), and sensations of choking, smothering and dreamlike and disconnected sensations. During a panic attack, the body typically releases large amounts of adrenaline into the bloodstream." }, { "docid": "D2616782#0", "title": "http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-vii/psychology/71184-psychology-q-no-1-a.html\n.", "text": "\"# 1 Wednesday, November 21, 2012sarfrazmayo Member Join Date: Nov 2008Location: Kasur Posts: 42Thanks: 2Thanked 78 Times in 29 Posts Psychology Q. No. 1PSYCHOLOGY Psychology, the science of behavior and mental processes, has its roots in many disciplines and countries. Psychology's important issues include the relative contributions of biology and experience. Although the different perspectives on human nature have their own purposes and questions, they are complementary and together provide a fuller understanding of mind and behavior. Some psychologists conduct basic or applied research; others provide professional services, including assessing and treating troubled people. With its perspectives ranging from the biological to the social, and settings from the clinic to the laboratory, psychology has become a meeting place for many disciplines. The scientific attitude reflects an eagerness to skeptically scrutinize competing ideas with an open-minded humility before nature. This attitude, coupled with scientific principles for sifting reality from illusion, prepares us to think critically. Two reliable phenomena-hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence-illustrate the limits of everyday intuition and our need for scientific inquiry and critical thinking. Psychologists construct theories that organize observations and imply testable hypotheses." }, { "docid": "D3302798#0", "title": "http://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/resources/emotional-factors.html\nCrohnâs Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Emotional Factors Q & A", "text": "Home Resources Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Emotional Factors Q & AGo Back Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Emotional Factors Q & AEmail Print + Share Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis affect virtually every aspect of a person’s life. If you, or someone you care about, has one of these inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), you’re bound to have questions about the relationship of psychosocial and emotional factors to these illnesses. Here are some of the most commonly asked questions and their answers, based on a broad range of clinical experience. WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN’S DISEASE? The origin of IBD is still unknown. It is possible that a combination of factors may be the underlying cause of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Researchers theorize that IBD patients may be genetically predisposed to an immunological deficiency, which allows a foreign agent, such as a virus or bacterium, to trigger the disease. CAN TENSION AND ANXIETY CAUSE THESE DISEASES? There is no evidence for this. IBD is a biological disorder." }, { "docid": "D1975037#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia\nPedophilia", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the sexual preference toward prepubescent children. It is not to be confused with hebephilia or ephebophilia. Pedophilia Synonyms Paedophilia, pedophilic disorder Specialty Psychiatry Pedophilia, or paedophilia, is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children. [ 1] [2] Although girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12, [3] criteria for pedophilia extend the cut-off point for prepubescence to age 13. [ 1] A person who is diagnosed with pedophilia must be at least 16 years old, and at least five years older than the prepubescent child, for the attraction to be diagnosed as pedophilia. [ 1] [2]Pedophilia is termed pedophilic disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ), and the manual defines it as a paraphilia involving intense and recurrent sexual urges towards and fantasies about prepubescent children that have either been acted upon or which cause the person with the attraction distress or interpersonal difficulty. [ 1] The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-10) defines it as a sexual preference for children of prepubertal or early pubertal age. [ 4]In popular usage, the word pedophilia is often applied to any sexual interest in children or the act of child sexual abuse. [ 5] [6] This use conflates the sexual attraction to prepubescent children with the act of child sexual abuse, and fails to distinguish between attraction to prepubescent and pubescent or post-pubescent minors. [ 7] [8] Researchers recommend that these imprecise uses be avoided, because although people who commit child sexual abuse are sometimes pedophiles, [6] [9] child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children, [7] [10] [11] and some pedophiles do not molest children. [" }, { "docid": "D2421098#0", "title": "http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Delusional-disorder.html\nDelusional disorder", "text": "\"Delusional disorder Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Photo by: Benjamin Haas Definition Delusional disorder is characterized by the presence of recurrent, persistent non-bizarre delusions . Delusions are irrational beliefs, held with a high level of conviction, that are highly resistant to change even when the delusional person is exposed to forms of proof that contradict the belief. Non-bizarre delusions are considered to be plausible; that is, there is a possibility that what the person believes to be true could actually occur a small proportion of the time. Conversely, bizarre delusions focus on matters that would be impossible in reality. For example, a non-bizarre delusion might be the belief that one's activities are constantly under observation by federal law enforcement or intelligence agencies, which actually does occur for a small number of people. By contrast, a man who believes he is pregnant with German Shepherd puppies holds a belief that could never come to pass in reality. Also, for beliefs to be considered delusional, the content or themes of the beliefs must be uncommon in the person's culture or religion. Generally, in delusional disorder, these mistaken beliefs are organized into a consistent world-view that is logical other than being based on an improbable foundation. In addition to giving evidence of a cluster of interrelated non-bizarre delusions, persons with delusional disorder experience hallucinations far less frequently than do individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder . Description Unlike most other psychotic disorders, the person with delusional disorder typically does not appear obviously odd, strange or peculiar during periods of active illness." }, { "docid": "D1685931#0", "title": "http://psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/Treatment+of+Psychological+Disorders\nWhat is Therapy?", "text": "\"Treatment of Psychological Disorders Edit 14 374 …What is Therapy? Chapter 13 Introduction: When you think of the term \"\" therapy \"\" you probably visualize a patient lying down on a couch with their therapist asking them questions and writing down notes. But what really happens during therapy? Why do people attend therapy? Are there different types of therapy? Therapy is used to help improve a person's mental, behavioral, and/or social functions, especially for those who are unable to solve their own problems and issues. Most therapy sessions follow a process of identifying the problem, identifying the cause of the problem or the conditions maintaining the problem, and deciding on an effective form of treatment to solve the problem. Therapy is used for a wide range of problems besides the DSM-IV disorders. Many people turn to trained professionals, like clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, psychoanalysts, psychiatric nurse practitioners, social workers, pastoral counselors, and psychiatrists, when their problems are severe. Mental illness can be difficult for people to understand because there are no physical effects." }, { "docid": "D2566236#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/81177868/ap-psychology-module-11-exam-review-flash-cards/\nAP Psychology Module 11 Exam Review", "text": "\"31 terms arieskew AP Psychology Module 11 Exam Review Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort•Definition of Psychology Psychology is the scientific approach to answer questions about our actions, thoughts, and emotions.•History of Psychology ◦What is the difference between structuralism and functionalism? Who were the important people in those early fields? ◦Who were the important people behind the Gestalt, psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches? The Greek philosophers Socrates (469-399 BC) and Plato (428-348 BC) believed that we are born with innate knowledge of the world and that the mind and the body exist as two distinct entities, a contention called dualism. Aristotle (384-322 BC), used careful observations to conclude that the mind is not separate from the body (monism) and that we accumulate knowledge through our experiences. Rene Descartes (1595-1650) and John Locke (1632-1704), supported mind/body dualism (Cognito ergo sum - \"\"I think, therefore I am.\"\") and maintained that humans are born with knowledge. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is credited with creating the first experimental psychology laboratory and trained his students to analyze their thoughts, sensations, and perceptions through objective introspection. To understand the elements of the mind, psychologists need to measure and analyze their own thoughts and perceptions. Along with his student, Edward Titchener (1867-1927), Wundt founded structuralism, the belief that every thought or perception can be broken down into separate emotions and sensations." }, { "docid": "D2763378#0", "title": "https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/sigmund-freud/\nSigmund Freud", "text": "\"Sigmund Freud Wikipedia Oct 27, 2005Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, based on his theory that unconscious motives control much behavior, that particular kinds of unconscious thoughts and memories, especially sexual and aggressive ones, are the source of neurosis, and that neurosis could be treated through bringing these unconscious thoughts and memories to consciousness in psychoanalytic treatment. He was initially interested in hypnotism and how it could be used to help the mentally ill, but later abandoned hypnotism in favor of free association and dream analysis in developing what is now known as \"\"the talking cure.\"\" These became the core elements of psychoanalysis. Freud was initially especially interested in what was then called hysteria (now known as conversion syndrome), but expanded his work to other forms of neurosis, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder. While Freud's theories, and his treatment of patients, were controversial in 19th century Vienna and remain debated today, he is considered to be not only one of the major innovators in psychology but also one of the major figures in Western thought. His ideas are often discussed and analyzed as works of literature, philosophy, and general culture, in addition to continuing debate about their merits as scientific and medical treatises. His ideas have impacted not only psychology but also philosophy, sociology, anthropology, political science, history, literary criticism, art history, music history, and cultural studies. He is commonly referred to as \"\"the father of psychoanalysis. \"\" His life Freud was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud, into a Jewish family in Freiberg (Príbor), Moravia, the Austrian Empire (now the Czech Republic) on May 6, 1856. In 1877, at the age of 21, he abbreviated his given name to \"\"Sigmund.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D2414099#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/42732577/myers-exploring-psychology-chapter-15-flash-cards/\nMyers Exploring Psychology Chapter 15", "text": "71 terms jaymeeyh Myers Exploring Psychology Chapter 15Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Psychotherapy treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. Biomedical Therapy prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology. Eclectic Approach an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference's - and the therapists interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing patients to gain self-insight. Resistance in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. Interpretation in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. Transference in psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)." }, { "docid": "D2650843#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/866871/therapy-flash-cards/\nTherapy", "text": "39 terms misslissa328Therapy Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Psychotherapy Any type of treatment for emotional and behavioral disorders that uses psychological rather than biological means. Insight Therapies Approaches to psychotherapy based on the notion that psychological well-being depends on self-understanding. Psychodynamic Therapies Psychotherapies that attempt to uncover childhood experiences that are thought to explain a patient's current difficulties. Psychoanalysis The first psychodynamic therapy, which was developed by Freud and uses free association, dream analysis, and transference. Free Association A psychoanalytic technique used to explore the unconscious by having patients reveal whatever thoughts, feelings, or images come to mind. Transference An emotional reaction that occurs during psychoanalysis, in which the patient displays feelings and attitudes toward the analyst that were present in another significant relationship. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) A brief psychotherapy designed to help depressed people better understand and cope with problems relating to their interpersonal relationships. Humanistic Therapies Psychotherapies that assume that people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices." }, { "docid": "D995839#0", "title": "http://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/12-4-schizophrenia-the-edge-of-reality-and-consciousness/\n12.4 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality and Consciousness", "text": "12.4 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality and Consciousness Previous Next Learning Objectives Categorize and describe the three major symptoms of schizophrenia. Differentiate the five types of schizophrenia and their characteristics. Identify the biological and social factors that increase the likelihood that a person will develop schizophrenia. The term schizophrenia, which in Greek means “split mind,” was first used to describe a psychological disorder by Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939), a Swiss psychiatrist who was studying patients who had very severe thought disorders. Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior. Figure 12.14People with schizophrenia may exhibit disorganized behavior, as this person does. Mark Turnauckas – Got Schizophrenia? – CC BY 2.0. Schizophrenia is the most chronic and debilitating of all psychological disorders. It affects men and women equally, occurs in similar rates across ethnicities and across cultures, and affects at any one time approximately 3 million people in the United States (National Institute of Mental Health, 2010) 1." }, { "docid": "D3128050#0", "title": "https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evil-deeds/200809/is-depression-disease\nIs Depression a Disease?", "text": "\"Is Depression a Disease? The recurring nature of depression. Posted Sep 01, 2008SHARETWEETEMAILMOREWhat is depression? Is it a disease? A mental disorder? Biochemical imbalance? A brain dysfunction? A psychological syndrome? An existential or spiritual crisis? Several of my fellow PT bloggers posted on depression recently." } ]
8751	_____ was a u.s. army officer and general of the confederate forces during the american civil war.	[ { "docid": "D851340#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1276671/civil-war-uil-flash-cards/\nCivil War UIL", "text": "\"15 terms mia5element Civil War UILLearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Joseph E. Johnston - C (born Feb. 3, 1807, near Farmville, Va., U. S.—died March 21, 1891, Washington, D. C.) U. S. Army officer. He graduated from West Point and served in the Mexican War. At the start of the American Civil War he resigned his commission to serve the Confederacy. Appointed brigadier general, he won the first Confederate victory at the Battle of Bull Run. He was promoted to general but remained at odds with Confederate Pres. Jefferson Davis. He defended Richmond in the Peninsular Campaign and was badly wounded at the Battle of Fair Oaks (1862). In 1863 he was sent to conduct the Vicksburg Campaign." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2260964#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_enlistment_in_the_American_Civil_War\nForeign enlistment in the American Civil War", "text": "\"Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War largely favored the Union, which was far more successful in attracting international volunteers. Nonetheless, thousands of immigrants and mercenaries served with the Confederacy. Contents [ hide ]1 Union enlistment2 Confederate enlistment3 See also4 References5 Further reading6 External links Union enlistment [ edit]This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Although the Union Army's most significant foreign-born contingents comprised Irish- and German-Americans, regiments such as the 79th New York Highlanders, initially formed in the 1850s, consisted completely of descendants of Scottish immigrants before accepting Irish, English and others into its ranks during the early years of the war. It should be noted that these immigrants had been living in the US for years before the war. Communication difficulties, especially in Union regiments, were a constant problem in divisions made up of varied nationalities. Such divisions included volunteers from Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and other European countries. One regiment, in particular, [ which?]" }, { "docid": "D2400784#0", "title": "http://thomaslegion.net/generals.html\n.", "text": "\"Civil War Generals Confederate and Union Generals of the American Civil War For most of the American Civil War (1861-1865) the Union Army assigned only two general ranks: brigadier general and major general. In 1864 the rank of lieutenant general was reactivated and assigned to Ulysses Simpson Grant. The three grades were distinguished by their insignia: one star for brigadier general, two for major general, and three for lieutenant general. In 1862, there were four general grades in the Confederate Army: brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, and general being the highest attainable rank. All wore the same insignia making it impossible to identify a general's rank. General Robert E. Lee, however, chose to wear the insignia of colonel*. During informal communication, written or verbal, each of the Union and Confederate general grades may be addressed as general. The general grades may also be abbreviated in various written forms: Major General Jones, for example, may be abbreviated as Maj. Gen. Jones; Maj. General Jones; Maj-Gen. Jones, etc." }, { "docid": "D1365617#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army\nUnion Army", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the current active service branch, see United States Army. Army of the United States of America Flag of the United States from 1863 until 1865 (35 states/stars)Active February 28, 1861 – May 26, 1865 (4 years, 2 months and 4 weeks)Country United States Type Army Size 2,128,948 total who served Part of U. S. Department of War Colors dark blue March \"\" Battle Hymn of the Republic \"\"Engagements American Indian Wars American Civil War Fort Sumter First Bull Run Wilson's Creek Forts Henry and Donelson Shenandoah South Mills Richmond Harpers Ferry Munfordville Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Mississippi River Peninsula Shiloh Jackson's Valley Campaign Second Bull Run South Mountain Antietam Hartsville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Champion Hill Vicksburg siege Corydon Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Atlanta Spotsylvania Sabine Pass New Hope Church Pickett's Mill Cold Harbor Plymouth Fort Pillow Petersburg siege Kennesaw Mountain Jonesborough Franklin Nashville Appomattox Court House Commanders Commander-in-Chief 16th President of the United States - Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) 17th President Andrew Johnson (1865)General-in-Chief 1st: Winfield Scott 2nd: George B. Mc Clellan 3rd: Henry W. Halleck Final: Ulysses S. Grant Washington, District of Columbia. Officers of 3d Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery (1865)General George B. Mc Clellan with staff & dignitaries (from left to right): Gen. George W. Morell, Lt. Col. A. V. Colburn, Gen. Mc Clellan, Lt. Col. N. B. Sweitzer, Prince de Joinville (son of King Louis Phillippe of France ), and on the very right - the prince's nephew, Count de Paris The 21st Michigan Infantry, a regiment serving in the Western Theater. Union private infantry uniform, from plate 172 of the \"\"Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies,\"\" containing illustrations of uniforms worn by Union and Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War The Union Army, or Federal Army as it was also known, was the United States Army land force that fought to keep and preserve the Union of the collective states, proving essential in the preserving of the United States of America as a working, viable republic. The Union Army was made up of the permanent regular army of the United States, but further fortified, augmented, and strengthened by the many temporary units of dedicated volunteers as well as including those who were drafted in to service as conscripts. To this end, the Union Army fought and ultimately triumphed over the efforts of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War." }, { "docid": "D3466450#0", "title": "https://www.geni.com/people/General-Braxton-Bragg-CSA/6000000001900983204\nGeneral Braxton Bragg (CSA)", "text": "\"General Braxton Bragg (CSA)‹ Back to Bragg surname Is your surname Bragg? Research the Bragg family Start your family tree now General Braxton Bragg (CSA)'s Geni Profile Contact profile manager View family tree Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Smart Matching™ technology Free!Get Started Share Tweet This Related Projects Namesakes Battle of Santa Rosa Island (October 9, 1861)Pensacola,Escambia County,Florida Escambia County,Florida Florida in the US Civil War (CSA) 1861-1865General Braxton Bragg Birthdate: March 22, 1817 (59)Birthplace: Warrenton, Warren, North Carolina, United States Death: September 27, 1876 (59) Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States Place of Burial: Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, United States Immediate Family: Son of Thomas Bragg, Sr. and Margaret Bragg Husband of Elizabeth Brooks Ellis Father of Nathan V Bragg; Sarah Frances Bragg; Alma Myrtle Bragg; unknown Bragg; Unknown Bragg and 1 other Brother of John Bragg, U. S. Congress; Thomas Bragg, Gov., U. S. Senator, Attorney General CSA; Alexander J. Bragg; William Bragg; Dunbar Bragg and 5 others Occupation: U. S. Army officer, Confederate States Army general, sugar planter, and railroad inspector, confedeate general, Civil War General Managed by: Private User Last Updated: today View Complete Profile Matching family tree profiles for General Braxton Bragg (CSA)General Braxton T Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Hynes Family Tree Web Site) Braxton T Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Dean Web Site) Braxton T Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Mercer Web Site)Braxton Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Troup Web Site) Braxton T Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Mercer Web Site)Braxton T Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Dean Web Site) Braxton T. Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Deeds Web Site) General Braxton T. Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Vernon Linton Web Site)Braxton Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Thornton Web Site) Braxton Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Giles-Guerin Web Site) Braxton T Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Key Web Site)Braxton T Bragg in My Heritage family trees (Rose Web Site)view all 19Immediate Family Elizabeth Brooks Elliswife Nathan V Braggson Sarah Frances Braggdaughter Alma Myrtle Braggdaughterunknown Braggdaughter Unknown Braggdaughter Abram Braggson Thomas Bragg, Sr.father Margaret Braggmother John Bragg, U. S. Congressbrother Thomas Bragg, Gov., U. S. Senator...brother Alexander J. Braggbrother About General Braxton Bragg (CSA)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg Braxton Bragg (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career United States Army officer, and then a general in the Confederate States Army—a principal commander in the Western Theater of the American Civil War and later the military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Early life and military career Bragg was born in Warrenton, North Carolina, [1] the younger brother of future Confederate Attorney General Thomas Bragg. He was often ridiculed as a child because of his mother's stint in prison. He was of English, Welsh and Scottish descent. He graduated fifth in a class of fifty from the United States Military Academy in 1837 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U. S. Artillery. Bragg served in the Second Seminole War in Florida and took part in the occupation of Texas. He won promotions for bravery and distinguished conduct in the Mexican-American War, including a brevet promotion to captain for the Battle of Fort Brown (May 1846), to major for the Battle of Monterrey (September 1846), and to lieutenant colonel for the Battle of Buena Vista (February 1847). Bragg was also promoted to captain within the regular army in June 1846. [" }, { "docid": "D1588257#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh\nBattle of Shiloh", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the historic site, see Shiloh National Military Park. Battle of Shiloh Battle of Pittsburg Landing Part of the Western Theater of the American Civil War The Battle of Shiloh by Thulstrup Date April 6 – 7, 1862Location Hardin County, Tennessee35°08′18.6″N 88°20′31.6″WCoordinates: 35°08′18.6″N 88°20′31.6″WResult Union victory [1]Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant Don Carlos Buell Albert Sidney Johnston †P. G. T. Beauregard Units involved Army of the Tennessee [2]Army of the Ohio [3] [4]Army of Mississippi [5] [6]Strength∼63,000 (estimated): [7]Army of the Tennessee: 44,894 [8] [9]Army of the Ohio: ∼ 17,918 [10]40,335 [11] [12]Casualties and losses13,047 [13] [14] (1,754 killed; 8,408 wounded; 2,885 captured/missing)10,699 [15] [16] (1,728 killed; 8,012 wounded; 959 captured/missing)Shiloh Location within the state of Tennessee Show map of Tennessee Show map of the USShow all [ show]v t e Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers The Battle of Shiloh (also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing) was a battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee ( Major General Ulysses S. Grant) had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the Tennessee River, where the Confederate Army of Mississippi ( General Albert Sidney Johnston, P. G. T. Beauregard second-in-command) launched a surprise attack on Grant's army from its base in Corinth, Mississippi. Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting; Beauregard succeeded to command of the army and decided against pressing the attack late in the evening. Overnight, Grant was reinforced by one of his divisions stationed further north and was joined by three divisions from the Army of the Ohio (Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell ). The Union forces began an unexpected counterattack the next morning which reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day. On April 6, the first day of the battle, the Confederates struck with the intention of driving the Union defenders away from the river and into the swamps of Owl Creek to the west. Johnston hoped to defeat Grant's army before the anticipated arrival of Buell and the Army of the Ohio. The Confederate battle lines became confused during the fighting, and Grant's men instead fell back to the northeast, in the direction of Pittsburg Landing." }, { "docid": "D2217027#0", "title": "http://military.wikia.com/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army\nGeneral officers in the Confederate States Army", "text": "\"Robert E. Lee, the most well-known CSA general. Lee is shown with the insignia of a Confederate colonel, which he chose to wear throughout the war. The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) prior to the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U. S. armed forces. Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the South's president and therefore commander-in-chief of the Army, Navy, and Marines of the Confederate States. Contents [ show]History Edit CSA general collar insignia. Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure and customs of the U. S. Army [1] when the Confederate Congress established their War Department on February 21, 1861. [ 2] The Confederate Army was composed of three parts; the Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA, intended to be the permanent, regular army), the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS, or \"\"volunteer\"\" Army, to be disbanded after hostilities), and the various Southern state militias . Graduates from West Point and Mexican War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, especially as general officers." }, { "docid": "D1633208#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops\nUnited States Colored Troops", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search USCTUnited States Colored Troops An USCT recruiting poster Active May 22, 1863 – Oct 1865Disbanded October 1865Allegiance Union Branch Army Type infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering Size 175 regiments; 178,000 men Motto (s) Sic semper tyrannis Engagements American Civil War The United States Colored Troops ( USCT) were regiments in the United States Army composed primarily of African-American ( colored) soldiers, although members of other minority groups also served with the units. They were first recruited during the American Civil War, and by the end of that war in April 1865, the 175 USCT regiments constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the Union Army. About 20% of USCS soldiers died, a rate about 35% higher than that for white Union troops. Despite heavy casualties, many fought with distinction, with 15 USCT receiving the Medal of Honor and numerous other honors. The USCT was the precursor to the Buffalo Soldier regiments in the American Old West. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 The Confiscation Act1.2 Volunteer regiments1.3 State volunteers1.4 Corps d'Afrique1.5 Right Wing, XVI Corps (1864)1.6 USCT Regiments2 Notable actions2.1 Prisoners of war3 Numbers of Colored Troops by state, North and South4 Postbellum5 Awards6 Legacy6.1 Tributes6.2 Other7 Similar units8 See also9 Notes10 References11 Further reading12 External links History [ edit]Main article: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War The Confiscation Act [ edit]USCT soldiers at an abandoned farmhouse in Dutch Gap, Virginia, 1864The U. S. Congress passed the Confiscation Act of 1862 [1] in July 1862. It freed slaves whose owners were in rebellion against the United States, and Militia Act of 1862 empowered the President to use former slaves in any capacity in the army. President Abraham Lincoln was concerned with public opinion in the four border states that remained in the Union, as they had numerous slaveholders, as well as with northern Democrats who supported the war but were less supportive of abolition than many northern Republicans. Lincoln opposed early efforts to recruit black soldiers, although he accepted the Army using them as paid workers. Native Americans also played a significant role in the colored regiments of the American Civil War. [" }, { "docid": "D127711#0", "title": "http://www.historynet.com/confederate-army\nConfederate Army", "text": "Confederate Army Facts, information and articles about Confederate Army during The Civil War Confederate Army Flag (1865)Confederate Army summary: The Confederate Army was the army of the Confederate States of America during The Civil War. In 1860, shortly after the election of Abraham Lincoln, southern states began seceding from the union. On February 8, 1861, delegates from Southern states adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States of America, and soon after established a volunteer army. After the attack on Fort Sumter began the civil war, confederate President Jefferson Davis took charge of the army. After four years fighting, it was defeated by the Union Army, ending the Civil War. Though estimates vary, it is said that between 750,000 to 1 million soldiers fought at some time in the confederate army, about half the size of the Union Army. Confederate Army History The confederacy was created at the start of the American Civil War. In 1860, when Abraham Lincoln won the election, the southern states began seceding from the Union. They decided to create a confederacy and thus having an organization by which to make decisions. The strength of the Confederate Army was half of the Union Army." }, { "docid": "D2716203#0", "title": "https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter98_99/art06.html\nLibrary", "text": "\"The Civil War: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence Valuable Sources P. K. Rose\"\"Black Dispatches\"\" was a common term used among Union military men for intelligence on Confederate forces provided by Negroes. This source of information represented the single most prolific and productive category of intelligence obtained and acted on by Union forces throughout the Civil War. In 1862, Frederick Douglass wrote: The true history of this war will show that the loyal army found no friends at the South so faithful, active, and daring in their efforts to sustain the government as the Negroes-. Negroes have repeatedly threaded their way through the lines of the rebels exposing themselves to bullets to convey important information to the loyal army of the Potomac. 1Black Dispatches resulted from frontline tactical debriefings of slaves--either runaways or those having just come under Union control. Black Americans also contributed, however, to tactical and strategic Union intelligence through behind-the-lines missions and agent-in-place operations. Two such Union agents functioned as long-term penetrations of Confederate President Jefferson Davis's \"\"White House\"\" staff in Richmond, Virginia. Even such a prominent woman as Harriet Tubman, best known for her activities involving the \"\"underground railroad,\"\" played an important role in Union intelligence activities. The value of the information that could be obtained, both passively and actively, by black Americans behind Confederate lines was clearly understood by most Union generals early in the war. Popular recognition of this was also apparent through a stream of articles and stories in the Northern press during the war." }, { "docid": "D1055061#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaves_and_the_American_Civil_War\nSlavery during the American Civil War", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Slaves and the American Civil War)navigation search For a related subject, see Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War. Henry Louis Stephens, untitled watercolor ( c. 1863) of a black man reading a newspaper with headline \"\"Presidential Proclamation/Slavery\"\". African-American topics History (timeline) [show]Culture [show]Religion [show]Political movements [show]Civic / economic groups [show]Sports [show]Ethnic subdivisions [show]Languages [show]Diaspora [show]Lists [show]Category: African-American society African American portalv t e Slavery played the central role during the American Civil War. The primary catalyst for secession was slavery, especially Southern political leaders' resistance to attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Slave life went through great changes, as the South saw Union Armies take control of broad areas of land. During and before the war, slaves played an active role in their own emancipation, and thousands of slaves escaped from bondage during the war. On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation, making 3 million blacks legally free. In the war, both sides used African Americans for military purposes; in the South as slave labor and in the north as wage labor and military volunteers. Over 100,000 ex-slaves fought for the Union and over 500,000 fled their plantations for Union lines. Religiosity and cultural expression also developed greatly during the war." }, { "docid": "D563165#0", "title": "http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-soldierlistindex.html\nSoldiers and Officers in American History", "text": "Soldiers and Officers in American History American Revolution From the American Revolution to the Civil War, Indian Wars, and everything in between, there were a number of men, and even a few women, who made names for themselves during these historic periods. Many were career soldiers, such as Generals Sherman and Terry; others went on to make names for themselves as explorers, such as Kit Carson and Zebulon Montgomery Pike; sadly, some died in the line of duty such as Davy Crockett and James Bowie at the Battle of the Alamo, and yet, a few more gained more fame as U. S. Presidents. Though there were hundreds of men who have fought, and continue to risk their lives for our great nation in various American conflicts, this list focuses on some of the most well-known soldiers, sailors, and officers. However, as new articles are added to Legends of America’s many pages, this list is continually updated. AWilliam “Bloody Bill” Anderson (1839-1864) – Best known as one of Quantrill’s Raiders, Anderson fought for the Confederates during the Civil War. Army of Northern Virginia Army of Northern Virginia (1861-1865) – The primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War, the army most often battled against the Union Army of the Potomac. Army of the Potomac (1861-1865) – The primary Union fighting force in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War, primarily in Eastern Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. It’s dual mission was to defeat the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and to safeguard Washington, D. C. Army of the Tennessee – (1862-1865) – A Union army in the Western Theater of the Civil War, it was named for the Tennessee River. When it was first organized in October, 1862, it was led by General Ulysses S. Grant. BEdward F. Beale Edward Fitzgerald “Ned” Beale (1822-1893) – Military Officer, frontiersman, and trail blazer Edward Beale blazed Beale’s Wagon Road, which the Santa Fe Railroad, Route 66, and I-40 later followed." }, { "docid": "D1777173#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard\nP. G. T. Beauregard", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Pierre Beauregard\"\" redirects here. For the Californian Congressional candidate, see Pete Beauregard. General P. G. T. Beauregard Birth name Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard Nickname (s)\"\"Little Frenchman\"\"\"\"Little Napoleon\"\"\"\"Little Creole\"\"\"\"Bory\"\"\"\"Felix\"\"\"\"Hero of Fort Sumter\"\"Born May 28, 1818 St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana Died February 20, 1893 (aged 74) New Orleans, Louisiana Buried Tomb of the Army of Tennessee, Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans, Louisiana Allegiance United States of America (1838–1861)Confederate States of America (1861–1865)Service/ branch United States Army Confederate States Army Years of service 1838–1865Rank Brevet Major (USA) General (CSA)Commands held Army of the Potomac Army of Mississippi Battles/wars Mexican–American War Battle of Contreras Battle of Churubusco Battle for Mexico City Battle of Chapultepec American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter First Battle of Bull Run Battle of Shiloh Siege of Corinth First Battle of Charleston Harbor First Battle of Fort Wagner Second Battle of Fort Wagner Second Battle of Charleston Harbor Second Battle of Fort Sumter Bermuda Hundred Campaign Second Battle of Petersburg Battle of Bentonville Other work Author, civil servant, politician, inventor Signature Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893) was an American military officer who was the first prominent general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Today, he is commonly referred to as P. G. T. Beauregard, but he rarely used his first name as an adult. He signed correspondence as G. T. Beauregard. Trained as a civil engineer at the United States Military Academy, Beauregard served with distinction as an engineer in the Mexican–American War. Following a brief appointment as superintendent at West Point in 1861, after the South seceded he resigned from the United States Army and became the first brigadier general in the Confederate States Army. He commanded the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, at the start of the Civil War at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Three months later he won the First Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia. Beauregard commanded armies in the Western Theater, including at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee, and the Siege of Corinth in northern Mississippi." }, { "docid": "D2499274#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Black_Confederates\nBlack Confederates", "text": "\"In This Entry African American Life in Antebellum Virginia African Americans Respond to the Outbreak of War Black Southerners and the Emancipation Proclamation Confederate Policies Regarding Black Soldiers Black Confederates in Memory and Imagination Time Line Further Reading Share It African American Life in Antebellum Virginia Enslaved Population in Virginia On the eve of the Civil War, Virginia's slave population stood at approximately half a million, making Virginia the largest slaveholding state in the country. While the overwhelming majority of those slaves worked as agricultural and household laborers, the range of possible employments for slaves—especially enslaved men—grew dramatically during the 1850s. Virginia's fledgling industries, including iron manufacturing, tobacco processing, and commercial flour milling, as well as the railroad companies, all depended heavily on the labor of male slaves. Most of these laborers were hired from local farmers, who earned several hundred dollars per year for each worker, and more in the case of skilled slaves. In urban areas and the resort communities of the Virginia Springs, slaves were also hired out to work as hotel cooks, laundresses, and waiters. Hired slaves in urban communities often lived independently of their owners, interacting regularly with the state's free black residents. The 60,000 free African Americans in Virginia at the start of the war accounted for approximately 10 percent of the state's black population. While they benefitted materially from the diversity and general growth of the state's economy late in the antebellum years, free blacks found themselves under mounting scrutiny. In the aftermath of Nat Turner's 1831 rebellion, state officials placed new restrictions on free African Americans. The most significant of these provisions required that any slave granted his or her freedom leave the state within one year of manumission, although between 1831 and 1860 some black men and women received special permission from the General Assembly to remain in Virginia." }, { "docid": "D301381#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(United_States)\nAmerican Civil War", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Civil War (United States))navigation search American Civil War Clockwise from top: Battle of Gettysburg, Union Captain John Tidball's artillery, Confederate prisoners, ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of Richmond, Virginia, Battle of Franklin Date April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865 (by proclamation) [1] (4 years, 3 weeks and 6 days) ( Last shot fired June 22, 1865)Location Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U. S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. Mc Clellan Henry Halleck George Meadeand others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J. E. Johnston G. T. Beauregard A. S. Johnston †Braxton Braggand others Strength2,200,000: [a]Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service698,000 (peak) [2] [ better source needed] [3]750,000–1,000,000: [a] [4]Confederate army Confederate marines Confederate navy360,000 (peak) [2] [5]Casualties and losses110,000+ killed in action/died of wounds 230,000+ accident/disease deaths [6] [7] 25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons [2] [6]365,000+ total dead [8] 282,000+ wounded [7] 181,193 captured [2] [ better source needed] [9]Total: 828,000+ casualties94,000+ killed in action/died of wounds [6] 26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons [7]290,000+ total dead 137,000+ wounded 436,658 captured [2] [ better source needed] [10]Total: 864,000+ casualties50,000 free civilians dead [11] 80,000+ slaves dead [12]Total: 785,000–1,000,000+ dead [13] [14] [ show]v t e Theaters of the American Civil War Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican–American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850Fugitive Slave Act of 1850Uncle Tom's Cabin Kansas–Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumterv t e The American Civil War (also, known by other names) was a civil war that was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U. S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U. S. Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U. S. to form the Confederate States of America, or the South. The Confederacy grew to include eleven slave states. The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government, nor was it recognized by any foreign country (although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status ). The states that remained loyal to the U. S. (including the border states where slavery was legal) were known as the Union or the North. The Union and Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years. The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House, followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states." }, { "docid": "D906311#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/33026437/civil-war-flash-cards/\nCivil War", "text": "\"108 terms Haier1331Civil War Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort New South The term \"\"New South\"\" is used in contrast to the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period. Forty-Eighters The Forty-Eighters were Europeans who participated in or supported the revolutions of 1848 that swept Europe. In Germany, the Forty-Eighters favored unification of the German people, a more democratic government, and guarantees of human rights. Many emigrated to the United States, England, and Australia after the revolutions failed. They included Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, and others. Many were respected, wealthy, and well-educated; as such, they were not typical migrants. A large number went on to be very successful in their new countries. Solid South The term Solid South describes the electoral support of the Southern United States for Democratic Party candidates from 1877 (the end of Reconstruction) to 1964 (the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)." }, { "docid": "D2941891#0", "title": "http://io9.gizmodo.com/the-8-biggest-disasters-in-u-s-military-history-1719489858\nThe 8 Biggest Disasters in U.S. Military History", "text": "The United States has experienced its share of military successes over the years. But its armed forces have also suffered some terrible setbacks. Here are eight of the very worst. Compared to many other countries, the United States has never really suffered a cataclysmic military disaster. The continental U. S. has never faced a significant invasion force, its government has never been supplanted by that of a rival nation’s, nor has its armies ever experienced a colossal collapse on a scale similar to what happened to the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad. Since its inception as a nation, however, the U. S. has involved itself in a number of foreign campaigns, both near and far. And, as such, it has not been immune to military defeats, misfortune, and humiliation. For the purposes of this list, therefore, a “military disaster” will be defined as a historically significant episode in which the U. S. military endured any of the following problems: protracted mission failure, an inability to thwart enemy action, or a breakdown in command and control structure. It can also include an embarrassing, lopsided, or unexpected defeat. Here’s the list in chronological order. (" }, { "docid": "D14370#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_and_the_American_Civil_War\nUlysses S. Grant and the American Civil War", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War General Grant18th President of the United States In office March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877Personal details Born Hiram Ulysses Grant April 27, 1822 Point Pleasant, Ohio, U. S. Died July 23, 1885 (aged 63) Wilton, New York, U. S. Military service Allegiance United States Service/branch United States Army Union Army Years of service 1861–1869Rank General of the Army Commands Company F, 4th Infantry21st Illinois Infantry Regiment District of Southeast Missouri District of Cairo Army of the Tennessee Division of the Mississippi United States Army Battles/wars American Civil War Battle of Belmont Battle of Fort Henry Battle of Fort Donelson Battle of Shiloh Vicksburg Campaign Battle of Champion Hill Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign This article is part of a series about Ulysses S. Grant Birthplace Early life and career American Civil War American Civil War Service Campaigns: Vicksburg Chattanooga Overland Petersburg Appomattox General Order No. 11Post-war army service President of the United States Presidency1868 presidential campaign Election1st inauguration1872 reelection campaign Election2nd inauguration Reconstruction 15th Amendment Scandals Reforms Grantism Peace Policy Judicial Appointments Post-Presidency Later life World tour 3rd term bid Tomb Memorial Historical reputation Depictions Memoirs Bibliographyv t e Ulysses S. Grant was the most acclaimed Union general during the American Civil War [1] and was twice elected President. Grant began his military career as a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1839. After graduation he went on to serve with distinction as a lieutenant in the Mexican–American War. Grant was a keen observer of the war and learned battle strategies serving under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. After the war Grant served at various posts especially in the Pacific Northwest; he was forced to retire from the service in 1854 due to accusations of drunkenness. [ 2] He was unable to make a success of farming and on the onset of the Civil War in April 1861, Grant was working as a clerk in his father's leather goods store in Galena, Illinois. When the war began his military experience was needed, and Congressman Elihu B. Washburne became his patron in political affairs and promotions in Illinois and nationwide. Grant trained Union military recruits and was promoted to Colonel in June 1861. Maj." }, { "docid": "D1436253#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E_Lee\nRobert E. Lee", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Robert E Lee)navigation search This article is about the Confederate general. For other uses, see Robert E. Lee (disambiguation). Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee Julian Vannerson 's photograph of Robert E. Lee in March 1864Birth name Robert Edward Lee Nickname (s) Bobby Lee, Uncle Robert, Marse Robert, Granny Lee, the King of Spades, the Old Man, the Marble Man Born January 19, 1807 Stratford Hall, Virginia, U. S. Died October 12, 1870 (aged 63) Lexington, Virginia, U. S. Buried Lee Chapel Washington and Lee University Lexington, Virginia Allegiance United States of America Confederate States of America Commonwealth of Virginia Service/ branch United States Army Confederate States Army Years of service 1829–1861 (USA) 1861–1865 (CSA)Rank Colonel (U. S. Army) General (C. S. Army)Commands held U. S. Military Academy Army of Northern Virginia General-in-Chief, CSABattles/wars Mexican–American War Harpers Ferry Raid American Civil War Spouse (s) Mary Anna Randolph Custis Children George Washington Custis Lee William Henry Fitzhugh Lee Robert E. Lee Jr. Relations Henry \"\"Light Horse Harry\"\" Lee III (father) Anne Hill Carter Lee (mother)Other work President of Washington and Lee University Signature Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. A son of Revolutionary War officer Henry \"\"Light Horse Harry\"\" Lee III, Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an exceptional officer and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican–American War, and served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. [ 1] During the first year of the Civil War, Lee served as a senior military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Once he took command of the main field army in 1862 he soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning most of his battles, all against far superior Union armies. [ 2] [3] Lee's strategic foresight was more questionable, and both of his major offensives into Union territory ended in defeat. [" }, { "docid": "D1120896#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans\nCapture of New Orleans", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the battle at New Orleans during the War of 1812, see Battle of New Orleans. For other uses, see Battle of New Orleans (disambiguation). Capture of New Orleans Part of the American Civil War Panoramic view of New Orleans; Federal fleet at anchor in the river ( c. 1862)Date April 25, 1862 – May 1, 1862Location New Orleans and St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union) CSA (Confederacy)Commanders and leaders David Farragut Benjamin Butler Mansfield Lovell Units involved Department of the Gulf West Gulf Blockading Squadron Department No. 1Casualties and lossesnone none [ show]v t e Lower Seaboard Theater [ show]v t e New Orleans Expedition Map depicting Louisiana and approaches to New Orleans as depicted during the occupation of New Orleans [1]Approaches to New Orleans, Department of the Gulf Map Number 5, February 14, 1863 [2]The capture of New Orleans (April 25 – May 1, 1862) during the American Civil War was an important event for the Union. Having fought past Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the Union was unopposed in its capture of the city itself, which was spared the destruction suffered by many other Southern cities. However, the controversial and confrontational administration of the city by its U. S. Army military governor caused lasting resentment. This capture of the largest Confederate city was a major turning point and an incident of international importance. Contents [ hide ]1 Background1.1 Jacksonian democracy and manifest destiny1.2 The jewel in the mouth of the Mississippi2 War and battle2.1 The enemy at the dock3 Occupation and pacification3.1 The rise of a political general3.2 Balance between military power and political support3.3 Building a political power base in New Orleans3.4 The poorer classes as the key to the city3.5 The impact of the occupation on slaves and slavery3.6 The moment of truth, the Confederate counterstroke3.7 Reputation vs. results4 Aftermath5 See also6 Notes7 References8 External links Background [ edit]The history of New Orleans contrasts significantly with the histories of other cities that became part of the Confederate States of America. Because it was founded by the French and owned by Spain for a time, New Orleans had a more cosmopolitan culture and diverse population. Only 13 percent of the 1810 population was Anglo-American." }, { "docid": "D1875432#0", "title": "http://classroom.synonym.com/commander-southern-army-during-civil-war-6307.html\nThe Commander of the Southern Army During the Civil War", "text": "\"Home » Classroom The Commander of the Southern Army During the Civil War By Charles Hooper As president, Jefferson Davis was the Confederate Army's commander-in-chief Until February 1865, the only overall commander of Confederate forces was President Jefferson Davis. Different generals commanded various armies and departments throughout the war. The two major Confederate forces were the Army of Northern Virginia in the east, and the Army of Tennessee in the west. Jefferson Davis as President and Commander-in-Chief The Constitution of the Confederate States of America granted the president power as commander-in-chief of all military forces. Few seemed more qualified for that role than Jefferson Davis. A graduate of West Point with distinguished service during the Mexican War, a former member of the U. S. Senate and House of Representatives, Davis had been Secretary of War during the administration of President Franklin Pierce. Until the end of the Civil War, Davis remained actively involved in strategy and command of the Confederate armies. Davis ultimately proved an ineffectual military leader. He stubbornly supported incompetent friends appointed to military commands while refusing the advice of those he disliked. His inordinate attention to defending the Confederate capital at Richmond at the expense of other theaters squandered the South's limited military resources." } ]
8755	______ are a symbiosis between a photosynthetic organism and a fungus.	[ { "docid": "D2633609#0", "title": "http://aventalearning.com/content168staging/2007BiologyB/unit7/section5_5.html\n.", "text": "Biology : Symbiotic Fungal Associations: Lichens and Mycorrhizae: Part Five Symbiotic Fungal Associations: Lichens and Mycorrhizae Lichens are a symbiosis between a photosynthetic organism (an alga or cyanobacterium) and a fungus (either an ascomycete or a basidiomycete). Lichen often live in marginal environments and often grow only one or two centimeters per year. Historically this symbiosis has been considered an example of mutualism, where both organisms benefit and the association harms neither. Structure of a lichen. Examples of lichens Lichens have long been recognized as useful organisms for humans. Certain species of lichen are now recognized as indicators of environmental pollution, other types of lichens have been used to make natural dyes by indigenous people, or even to make poison-tipped arrowheads. Because they often live in marginal habitats, lichens have had to develop chemical defenses, making them prime targets for natural antibiotic research. One estimate places half of lichen species as possessing some sort of antibiotic chemicals. Some lichen are even edible, although many others are harmful if eaten, so extreme caution should be used if investigating edible fungi. Mycorrhizae are fungi (usually a zygomycete or basidiomycete) symbiotic with the roots of plants." } ]	[ { "docid": "D160590#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/microbial-symbioses/\nMicrobial Symbioses", "text": "Mutualism vs. Symbiosis Symbiosis is a relationship between two organisms: it can be mutualistic (both benefit), commensal (one benefits), or parasitic. Learning Objectives Compare Mutualism and Symbiosis Key Takeaways Key Points Mutualism, a relationship in which both species benefit, is common in nature. In microbiology, there are many examples of mutualistic bacteria in the gut that aid digestion in both humans and animals. Commensalism is a relationship between species in which one benefits and the other is unaffected. Humans are host to a variety of commensal bacteria in their bodies that do not harm them but rely on them for survival (e.g. bacteria that consume dead skin). Parasitic relationships, in which one species benefits and the other suffers, are very common in nature. Most of the microorganisms studied in medical microbiology are parasitic and feed on human tissue. For example, cholera, leshmaniasis, and Giardia are all parasitic microbes. Symbiotic relationships can also be classified by the physical relationship between the two species. Endosymbionts live inside the tissues of the host, while ectosymbionts live outside of their partner species." }, { "docid": "D1491185#0", "title": "https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/faculty/davies/research/mycorrhizae.html\n.", "text": "\"Mycorrhizal Effects on Host Plant Physiology The word \"\"Mycorrhiza\"\" is given to a mutualistic association between a fungus (Myco) and the roots (rhiza) of the plants. This ascociation is symbiotic because the relationship is advantageous for both organisms. The macrosymbiont (the plant) gains increased exploration of the soil (rhizo sphere) with the intrincate net of hyphae that increases the uptake of water and nutrients from the soil interphase. The microsymbiont (the fungus) uses the carbon provided by the plant for its physiological functions, growth and development. MYCORRHIZA at TAMUThe Nursery Crop Physiology lab at the Department of Horticulture has been working over the past 25 years with ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under severe outplanting conditions (Texas lignite coal, strip mines, and highway revegetation sites). They have also characterized mycorrhizal associations in herbaceous and woody plant species and some of the mechanisms of enhanced drought, nutrient relations and temperature stress tolerance of mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants can also be used to phytoremediate soil contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals such as chromium (Cr). Benefits of Mycorrhiza: Enhanced plant efficiency in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. Reducing fertility and irrigation requirements. Increased drought resistance Increased pathogen resistance/protection." }, { "docid": "D2465771#0", "title": "http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Endomycorrhizal_fungi\nEndomycorrhizal fungi", "text": "\"Contents [ hide ]1 Introduction2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizae3 Ericoid Mycorrhizae4 Arbutoid Mycorrhizae5 Monotropoid Mycorrhizae6 Orchid Mycorrhizae7 Function of Endomycorrhizal fungi8 Conclusion9 References Introduction Endomycorrhizal fungi (more commonly referred to as endomycorrhizae) is one of the major types of known mycorrhizae which differs from the another type of mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, in structure. Unlike ectomycorrhizae which form a system of hyphae that grow around the cells of the root, the hyphae of the endomycorrhizae not only grow inside the root of the plant but penetrate the root cell walls and become enclosed in the cell membrane as well (1). This makes for a more invasive symbiotic relationship between the fungi and the plant. The penetrating hyphae create a greater contact surface area between the hyphae of the fungi and the plant. This heightened contact facilitates a greater transfer of nutrients between the two. Endomycorrhizae have further been classified into five major groups: arbuscular, ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid, and orchid mycorrhizae (2). This image depicts the symbiotic relationship between an endomycorrhizal fungus in alfalfa root http://jpkc.sdau.edu.cn/zbgpp/vocabulary/endomycorrhiza.htm Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Endomycorrhizae have several functions, the major one being nutrient acquisition. Endomycorrhizae facilitate the exchange of nutrients between the host plant and the soil. Mycorrhizae aid in the uptake of water, inorganic phosphorus, mineral or organic nitrogen, and amino acids. In exchange for the mycorrhizae providing all of these nutrients, the plant in turn provides the mycorrhizae with carbon (1)." }, { "docid": "D159922#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_color_is_lichen\nWhat is lichen?", "text": "Hawkspur 9,196 Contributions What is lichen? Lichen is the symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont, which provides shelter and structure for the partnership or symbiosis), with an alga or cyanobacterium (the pho …Wolfgang schwartzschild 16,616 Contributions What do lichens eat? Lichens don't eat, they are photosynthetic. What is an example of a lichen? Wolf lichen, British soldier lichen, or Christmas lichen. These are a few of many. Where are lichens found?they are highly adaptable to a range of enviorment including extremely condition such ad deserts and artitic tundra Where do you find lichen? Lichen can be found growing on trees and rocks. One characteristicof lichen is its unique ability to grow in inhospitableenvironments including geologically active areas. Misslakey 55 Contributions Where do lichens live?a litchen lives on mostly rocks and trees and where there is a lot of moisture in the air Where can you get Lichen?" }, { "docid": "D1232347#0", "title": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/9-protists-and-fungi\nLife Sciences in Maine", "text": "\"9. Protists and Fungi What does the above image look like to you? A bacteria? An animal? A plant? Actually, it is not found in any of those categories. The above organism is called a \"\"protist. \"\" Protists are a unique category of organisms because they are very different when compared to each other, but they can be very similar to plants, animals, and fungi. What are fungi? They are another kingdom of organisms that are not related to protists, but are equally interesting." }, { "docid": "D232921#0", "title": "http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/biomes.html\nBIOMES", "text": "\"A BIOME is a major ecosystem spread over a wide geographic area, and characterized by certain types of flora and fauna, as determined by climate. Climate and soil determine the flora, which, in turn, largely determine what type of other organisms live in that biome. Major Terrestrial Biomes Arctic Region at the north and south poles Located above 60 o North and South latitudes Arid (for the reasons described in the section on climate)Bitterly cold temperatures Day length varies tremendously, with 24 hour daylight or night at the respective solstices. Low animal diversity Most photosynthetic organisms are marine, and most sun energy is captured in the water. Some typical vertebrates you might find here: penguins (Antarctic only; no penguins in the North), seals, walruses, whales of various species, polar bear. Tundra. See more beautiful images of the tundra . Located just south of the polar regions in the northern hemisphere. Arid (as are the polar regions)Characterized by PERMAFROST: a permanently frozen layer of soil, which may be deeper in summer than in winter, but still prevents the growth of large trees with deep root systems.most plants are scrubby and smalllichens (fungus/algae symbiosis) are a major photosynthetic food source High winds and cold temperatures prevail Very short days in winter, very long days in summer Typical vertebrates: reindeer/caribou, Snowy Owls, Grizzly Bear, Brown Bear, Wolf, Arctic Fox, Ptarmigan (a partridge-like bird), migratory birds, lemmings (small rodents), voles (another rodent). Coniferous (Boreal) Forest (also known as \"\"taiga\"\")." }, { "docid": "D1582236#0", "title": "http://www.course-notes.org/biology/outlines/chapter_31_fungi\nChapter 31 - Fungi", "text": "Home » AP Biology » Outlines Chapter 31 - Fungi Printer Friendly Chapter 31 Fungi Lecture Outline Overview: Mighty Mushrooms The honey mushroom Armillaria ostoyae in Malheur National Park in eastern Oregon is enormous. Its subterranean mycelium covers 890 hectares, weighs hundreds of tons, and has been growing for 2,600 years. Ten thousand species of fungi have been described, but it is estimated that there are actually up to 1.5 million species of fungi. Fungal spores have been found 160 km above the ground. Fungi play an important role in ecosystems, decomposing dead organisms, fallen leaves, feces, and other organic materials. This decomposition recycles vital chemical elements back to the environment in forms other organisms can assimilate. Most plants depend on mutualistic fungi to help their roots absorb minerals and water from the soil. Humans have cultivated fungi for centuries for food, to produce antibiotics and other drugs, to make bread rise, and to ferment beer and wine. Concept 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption Absorptive nutrition enables fungi to live as decomposers and symbionts. Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption." }, { "docid": "D3159146#0", "title": "http://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/9-protists-and-fungi\nLife Sciences in Maine", "text": "\"9. Protists and Fungi What does the above image look like to you? A bacteria? An animal? A plant? Actually, it is not found in any of those categories. The above organism is called a \"\"protist. \"\" Protists are a unique category of organisms because they are very different when compared to each other, but they can be very similar to plants, animals, and fungi. What are fungi? They are another kingdom of organisms that are not related to protists, but are equally interesting." }, { "docid": "D159925#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen\nLichen", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Lichen (disambiguation). A tree covered with leafy foliose lichens and shrubby fruticose lichens Common lichen growth forms Letharia vulpina, wolf lichen, grows like a multiple-branched tuft or leafless mini-shrub, so it has a fruticose growth form. Flavoparmelia caperata has leaf-like structures, so it is foliose. Caloplaca marina grows like an orange crust coating the rock, so it is crustose. Caloplaca thallincola grows like a crust, and in a pattern that radiates outward from the center, so it has a crustose placodioid growth form. Pannaria lurida forms small leaf-like scales crustose below but free at the tips, so it is squamulose. Chrysothrix chlorina grows like powder dusted on the rock so it is leprose. Collema nigrescens is gelatinous, without internal structure for its parts. A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi [1] in a symbiotic relationship. [ 2] [3] [4] The combined lichen has properties different from those of its component organisms." }, { "docid": "D583213#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Characteristics_of_algae\nWhat are the Characteristics of algae?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Home & Garden Plants and Flowers Algae and Phycology What are the Characteristics of algae? Flag What are the Characteristics of algae? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. Algae (singular: alga) are photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms that do not develop multicellular sex organs. Algae can be unicellular, or they may be large, multicellular organisms. Algae can occur in or fresh waters, or on the surfaces of moist soil or rocks. The multicellular algae develop specialized tissues, but they lack the true stems, leaves, or roots of the more complex, higher plants.9 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Luke9ks 2 Contributions What characteristic do all algae share? They are AUTOTROPHS (make their own food). Deathraid55 39 Contributions What are the characteristics of red algae?" }, { "docid": "D2465770#0", "title": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-arbuscular-mycorrhizae.htm\nWhat is Arbuscular Mycorrhizae?", "text": "\"\"\"Arbuscular mycorrhizae\"\" is the scientific way of referring to a specific type of plant fungi, of the Glomeromycota phylum (one of six fungal phyla), which has had a symbiotic relationship with at least 80% of vascular plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizae may be the most abundant type of fungus on Earth. The fungus helps the plant absorb water and nutrients by vastly increasing the surface area of the roots with its hyphae — long, branching filamentous cells. In return, the fungus gets valuable carbon and other essential biochemicals. The singular form of \"\"arbuscular mycorrhizae\"\" is arbuscular mycorrhiza. What separates arbuscular mycorrhizae from other forms of fungi that live within plants is the hyphae of the mycorrhizae pierce the cell walls of the host plant. Within the plant, branching structures called arbuscules serve as the interface of nutrient exchange with the plants. These go in and out of cells. The symbiosis is so close that the expression of DNA of the plant changes in cells where arbuscules are present, the cell's cytoskeletons form around the arbuscules, and the cell's vacuoles shrink to make room for the structures. Arbuscular mycorrhizae is an ancient symbiotic strategy, dating back to at least the middle Ordovician, about 460 million years ago." }, { "docid": "D1490749#0", "title": "https://gradestack.com/MCAT-Complete-Tutor/-Lichens-are-difficult-to/1-3316-3319-16536-sf\nQuestion 2 out of 4", "text": "Biological Sciences Open Flashcards Fungi Question 2 out of 4Lichens are difficult to classify. They are an interaction between a fungus and a photosynthetic species, usually green or blue green algae. The species form a symbiosis, but there is a debate as to what the association between the two species really is. To answer this question, researchers designed a series of experiments. They took advantage of the photosynthetic abilities of an algae to examine the role of association with fungi in the production of sugar, a product of photosynthesis. The carbon in the sugar molecules comes from carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the air. Researchers exposed the algae to CO 2 molecules containing radioactive carbon. The following experiments were done and the data is graphed (note: all graphs use the same scale). Experiment 1: Algae were grown in culture in the lab and exposed to radioactive CO 2. The growth rates and production of sugar containing radioactive carbon are shown in the graphs below." }, { "docid": "D229736#0", "title": "https://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/fungi.htm\n.", "text": "Fungi The Kingdom Fungi. Fungi are heterotrophic - they obtain their organic material from external sources, their environment. They have no chlorophyll; they are not green in color. In comparison, most plants are autotrophic, they are able to manufacture their food from solar radiation and water. As heterotrophs, they may exist as:a. parasites - obtaining nutrients from a living host and ultimately harming that host. An example of another parasite is mistletoe, parasitizing mesquite trees or catclaws.b. mutualistic symbionts - obtaining their nutrients from a living host while providing some benefit to that host. An example \\ would be lichens: an algal-fungal partnership. The fungi that lie in association with algae, obtain sugars and other compounds from the photosynthetic forms and, in return, provide water and minerals to the algae.c." }, { "docid": "D188727#0", "title": "http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_4.html\nBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: FUNGI", "text": "\"BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: FUNGITable of Contents Body Plans and Nutritional Mode \| Classification of Fungi \| Chytridiomycota \| Zygomycota Ascomycota \| Basidiomycota \| Lichens and Mycorrhizae \| Learning Objectives \| Terms Review Questions \| Links Fungi are almost entirely multicellular (with yeast, Saccharomyces cerviseae, being a prominent unicellular fungus), heterotrophic (deriving their energy from another organism, whether alive or dead), and usually having some cells with two nuclei ( multinucleate , as opposed to the more common one, or uninucleate , condition) per cell. Ecologically this kingdom is important (along with certain bacteria) as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients. Economically, the Fungi provide us with food (mushrooms; Bleu cheese/Roquefort cheese; baking and brewing), antibiotics (the first of the wonder drugs, penicillin, was isolated from the fungus Penicillium ), and crop parasites (doing several million dollars per year of damage). Fungi are also important aiders of plant root function, as mycorrizhae . Examples of this diverse group are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Examples of fungi. These images are from http://www.cinenet.net/users/velosa/thumbnails.html. The evolution of multicellular eukaryotes increased the size and complexity of organisms, allowing them to exploit the terrestrial habitat. Fungi first evolved in water but made the transition to land through the development of specialized structures that prevented their drying out." }, { "docid": "D2525920#0", "title": "http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Bodies_Cells.html\n.", "text": "Plant Cells Plants are not only made up of modules, but each module is made up of organs (such as stem, leaves, buds, flowers etc.) and tissues. Plant tissues, like animal tissues are made up of cells. However, plant cells differ in certain respects from animal cells although both have certain features in common. See the section on animalcells to learn more about cells. Plant cells tend to be slightly larger than animal cells and vary from 10 micrometres (one hundredth of a millimetre) to one millimetre in length. The diagram above shows a 'typical' plant cell whose main features are discussed below. As the body is made up of organs, so cells are made up of organelles. Like animal cells, planet cells consist of cell membrane enclosing the protoplast which is divided into the nucleus and cytoplasm. Those organelles common to both plant and animal cells include the mitochondria (sing." }, { "docid": "D3315521#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11280789/bio-exam-4-flash-cards/\nbio exam 4", "text": "\"52 terms heatherrrcbio exam 4Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort-The nuclear envelope is a synapomorphy that defines the Eukarya. -Compared to bacteria and archaea, most eukaryotic cells are large, have many more organelles, and have a much more extensive system of structural proteins called the cytoskeleton. -Multicellularity is rare in bacteria and unknown in archaea, but has evolved multiple times in eukaryotes. -Bacteria and archaea reproduce asexually by fission; many eukaryotes reproduce asexually via mitosis. -Many eukaryotes undergo meiosis and reproduce sexually. Describe the fundamental features of eukaryotes that distinguish them from bacteria and archaea. Protist- Any eukaryote that is not a green plant, animal, or fungus. Protists are a diverse paraphyletic group." }, { "docid": "D3059240#0", "title": "http://www.scienceforums.net/topic/11406-are-fungi-prokaryotes/\nare fungi prokaryotes?", "text": "jazzoff Quark Senior Members1030 posts Posted July 11, 2005Hey, guys, i am just a beginner, and hope you will bear with me for a while. Are fungi prokaryotes? What makes prokaryotes... PROKARYOTES? Primarygun Organism Senior Members101338 posts Location: Hong Kong Special Administrative region Posted July 11, 2005In my country, fungi is classified into the fungi kingdom but not the prokaryote kingdom. Prokaryote kingdom consists of organisms which has simple structure, most are singular-cell and some has simple muticellular structure. Some examples: Algae, paramecium, Amoeba Skye Biology Expert Senior Members1432252 posts Location: Australia Posted July 11, 2005Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, they include the bacteria and archaea. Fungi have nuclei and so they are eukaryotes. Quote Prokaryote kingdom consists of organisms which has simple structure, most are singular-cell and some has simple muticellular structure. Some examples: Algae, paramecium, Amoeba They are all eukaryotes. You are probably getting confused with protists." }, { "docid": "D2783162#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/lichen\nlichen", "text": "\"lichen Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Wikipedia. Related to lichen: lichen planus, Lichen sclerosus, Lichen planopilaris, lichen simplexlichen (lī`kən), usually slow-growing organism of simple structure, composed of fungi (see Fungi Fungi, kingdom of heterotrophic single-celled, multinucleated, or multicellular organisms, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. The organisms live as parasites, symbionts, or saprobes (see saprophyte)...... Click the link for more information.) and photosynthetic green algaealgae [plural of Lat. alga =seaweed], a large and diverse group of primarily aquatic plantlike organisms. These organisms were previously classified as a primitive subkingdom of theplant kingdom, the thallophytes (plants that lack true roots, stems, leaves, and flowers)...... Click the link for more information.or cyanobacteriacyanobacteria or blue-green algae,photosynthetic bacteria that contain chlorophyll. For many years they were classified in the plant kingdom along with algae, but discoveries made possible by the electronmicroscope and new biochemical techniques have shown them to be ..... Click the link for more information.living together in a symbiotic relationshipand resulting in a structure that resembles neither constituent. There are about 25,000 species,most comprised of a sac fungus (Ascomycete) and a green alga of the genus Trebouxia or Trentepohlia or a cyanobacterium of the genus Nostoc; some lichens include multiple species of fungi, and more recently scientists discovered that basidiomycete yeastsyeast,name applied specifically to a certain group of microscopic fungi and to commercial products consisting of masses of dried yeast cells or of yeast mixed with a starchymaterial and pressed into yeast cakes...... Click the link for more information.are present in manylichens in addition. Lichens commonly grow on rocks, trees, fence posts, and similar objects. The body (thallus) of thelichen is made up of the filaments, or hyphae, of the fungus." }, { "docid": "D540728#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091229220905AAkGcJK\nTo which kingdom do lichens belong?", "text": "Science & Mathematics Biology To which kingdom do lichens belong?what i mean to ask is that are lichens classified into monera, protista,fungi,plantae,or animalia? Follow 2 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia) or cyanobacterium (commonly Nostoc). Lichens are named based on the fungal component, which plays the primary role in determining the lichen's form. The fungus typically comprises the majority of a lichen's bulk, though in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not always the case. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota—rarely a member of the Basidiomycota, and then termed basidiolichens to differentiate them from the more common ascolichens. Formerly, some lichen taxonomists placed lichens in their own division, the Mycophycophyta, but this practice is no longer accepted because the components belong to separate lineages. Neither the ascolichens nor the basidiolichens form monophyletic lineages in their respective fungal phyla, but they do form several major solely or primarily lichen-forming groups within each phylum. Even more unusual than basidiolichens is the fungus Geosiphon pyriforme, a member of the Glomeromycota that is unique in that it encloses a cyanobacterial symbiont inside its cells. Geosiphon is not usually considered to be a lichen, and its peculiar symbiosis was not recognized for many years. The genus is more closely allied to endomycorrhizal genera." }, { "docid": "D386886#0", "title": "https://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/zo150/mozley/domkingd.html\nDomains and Kingdoms", "text": "\"Domains and Kingdomsand required information about Plants, Fungi, and Mutualismsdomain Bacteria Kingdom names are not presently being used in this domain. These are part of the large group of organisms commonly called \"\"bacteria.\"\" They include the blue-green algae (= cyanobacteria), purple sulfur bacteria, etc., as well as most of the more familiar decomposing and disease-causing bacteria. General Characteristics Unicellular, absorptive-heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, or chemoautotrophic prokaryotes. Only one set of genes, usually in a single-stranded loop. Lack sexual reproduction. Several chemical types of cell walls. Lack organelles such as centrioles, eukaryotic flagella, cilia, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Some bacteria have a unique type of rotating flagellum." } ]
8757	______ are topwater lures with flat propeller-like blades that churn the water as the bait is retrieved, producing the noisy buzzing sound that gives these baits their name.	[ { "docid": "D471293#0", "title": "https://eposeidon.wordpress.com/2014/04/17/top-ten-bass-lures-2/\nTop Ten Bass Lures", "text": "Aside Top Ten Bass Lures17Thursday Apr 2014Posted by Eposeidon in New Anglers, Tackle Knowledge≈ Leave a comment Tagsbass, fishing, largemouth, lures What should be in the top of your tackle box this season? Here’s a look at the top ten lures for bass. The lure department at a bass fishing superstore is no place for the uninitiated. The staggering selection of bass lures can be downright overwhelming. There are lures of every imaginable shape, size and color, and each of them promises to bring in more and bigger bass with fewer snags. To add to the confusion, there are bass fishing lures designed for every possible variation in water temperature, condition and season — cold water, warm water, murky water and clear water, pre-spawn and post-spawn. Rather than cramming a hundred different bass lures into their tackle boxes, most experienced smallmouth and largemouth bass fishermen narrow down their options to a few favorites that consistently bag the biggest fish. While professional anglers are known to guard their lure selection strategies as closely as the locations of their favorite fishing spots, we’ve managed to reel in this list of 10 essential bass fishing lures that are famous for catching big bass year round across a broad range of water conditions. Want to find out the best lure to use, and when? Read on!Walkabout topwater bait10." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3141832#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallmouth_bass\nSmallmouth bass", "text": "\"Smallmouth bass Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1) [1]Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. dolomieu Binomial name Micropterus dolomieu Lacépède, 1802The smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family ( Centrarchidae) of the order Perciformes. It is the type species of its genus. One of the black basses, it is a popular game fish sought by anglers throughout the temperate zones of North America, and has been spread by stocking—as well as illegal introductions—to many cool-water tributaries and lakes in Canada and more so introduced in the United States. The maximum recorded size is approximately 27 inches and 12 pounds. The smallmouth bass is native to the upper and middle Mississippi River basin, the Saint Lawrence River – Great Lakes system, and up into the Hudson Bay basin. Its common names include smallmouth, bronzeback, brown bass, brownie, smallie, bronze bass, and bareback bass. Contents [ hide ]1 Description2 Habitat3 Migration4 Angling4.1 Tackle5 Footnotes6 References Description [ edit]Detailed underwater photo of Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu. The smallmouth bass is generally brown, appearing sometimes as black or green (seldom yellow) with red eyes, and dark brown vertical bands, rather than a horizontal band along the side. There are 13–15 soft rays in the dorsal fin. The upper jaw of smallmouth bass extends to the middle of the eye." }, { "docid": "D2444301#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_float\nFishing float", "text": "\"This article is about freshwater angling floats. For fishing net floats, see fishing net. For glass net or dropline floats, see glass float. Selection of UK (top) and US (bottom) fishing floats A fishing float (or bobber in the US) is an item of angling equipment. Usually attached to a fishing line, it can serve several purposes. Firstly, it can suspend the bait at a predetermined depth; secondly, due to its buoyancy, it can carry the baited hook to otherwise inaccessible areas of water by allowing the float to drift in the prevailing current; and thirdly, a float also serves as a visual bite indicator. Fishing with a float is sometimes called float fishing. Contents [ hide ]1 Floats2 History of floats3 Common types3.1 Avon3.2 Bubble3.3 Dink3.4 Popper3.5 Quill3.6 Self-cocking3.7 Stick3.8 Waggler3.9 With direction control4 Notes Floats [ edit]Floats come in different sizes and shapes, and can be made from various materials, such as balsa wood, cork, plastic, Indian sarcanda reed (Erianthus family), [1] or even bird/ porcupine quills. The float is used to enable the angler to cast out a bait away from the shore or boat while maintaining a reference point to where the bait is unlike bottom or leger fishing. The angler will select an appropriate float after taking into account the strength of the current (if any), the wind speed, the size of the bait he or she is using, the depth the angler wishes to present that bait at and the distance the bait is to be cast. [" }, { "docid": "D1029926#0", "title": "http://www.scout.com/outdoors/wired2fish/story/1468134-6-tips-for-more-buzzbait-bass\n6 Tips for More Buzzbait Bass", "text": "6 Tips for More Buzzbait Bass When the buzzbait was first developed, many anglers actually considered it too effective and believed it to be unfair for tournament fishing. The bass had never seen anythi... The Editors - Aug 21, 2013 0 (Photo: Scout.com) When the buzzbait was first developed, many anglers actually considered it too effective and believed it to be unfair for tournament fishing. The bass had never seen anything like it and folks were amazed by the giant blowups the lure produced. These days, however, the buzzbait is quickly becoming overlooked and underutilized due to the influx of newer, flashier and trendier lures within the industry. Although it may have been pushed out of the bass fishing limelight, the buzzbait still catches giant bass. Strike King pro Mark Menendez has caught giant bass all over the country on buzzbaits and is a huge believer in their ability to catch trophy bass. In order to further increase his effectiveness with them, he has developed 6 simple tweaks that will help you catch more buzzbait bass. 1. Lose the skirt Whenever we buy buzzbaits, the large majority of them are adorned with big, bulky skirts. Although these skirts are meant to emulate bait, their large profile can actually be a major turnoff to big bass. “" }, { "docid": "D515588#0", "title": "http://www.stripers247.com/Hybrid-striper.php\n.", "text": "\"click logo for the striped bass home page Click Here for The Striper Forums Rockfish, Striper, Linesider. A fishing site dedicated to your favorite fish, the Striped Bass and it's hybrid - the Wiper Stripers247.com All Stripers All The Time! ! The Hybrid Striped Bass Aka - Cherokee Bass - Kentucky Bass The White Bass and Striped Bass cross THE HYBRID STRIPED BASSThe Hybrid striper fishing forum. ( The Wiper Room) information on Inland Sweetwater - Freshwater impoundments and stocking programs The world record hybrid striped bass Jerald C. Shaum, Shirley, Arkansas - 27lb 5oz. 4/24/97Wiper Fishing - The Hard Fighting Hybrid Striper The Hybrid striper is a cross between a white bass and a striped bass. Of the three the hybrid grows the quickest. The original cross (Palmetto Bass) is a female striped bass and a male white bass (marone chrysops) . Was first produced in 1965 The recipical cross a female white bass and a male striped bass is the most common and preferred cross among aquaculturists because a male striped bass will mate readily with many females ( a man after my own heart). The two hybrids are indistinguishable without biochemical tracing. Their horizontal stripes are dark like the stripers yet broken like the white." }, { "docid": "D3509846#0", "title": "http://www.fishin.com/forums2/content.php/581-How-and-When-to-Fish-a-Spinnerbait\nHow and When to Fish a Spinnerbait", "text": "How and When to Fish a Spinnerbaitby Mike Gerry Published on 01-01-2006 02:59 PM 0 Comments Lately I have received many requests about spinner-baits questions from how to use them? To when and where do I fish them? So I thought I would publish an article and try to answer the many questions I have received. 1st let me state that a spinner-bait is a fun bait to fish, the hit you get when a bass strikes it is just unbelievable, the problem is most fisherman do not have confidence in using a spinner bait and if they do not catch a fish rite away they put it down. In this article I will try to explain how to use a spinner-bait as well as how to gain confidence when you do. There are many uses for a spinner-bait; it can be used as a fish finder, a deep water bait, a shallow water bait, a bait that covers a lot of area in a short time, you can drop it like a worm or speed it up like a rattle trap. All these uses allow you to make it one of the most flexible baits in your tackle box. A Bait that you could just about fish exclusively on a fishing trip and catch a good stringer of bass with day after day. The key to this is to understand what a spinner-bait emulates in the water and how to make it perform like you want it to. If you can imagine a baitfish in the water, erratically swimming along the top, bottom or in the thermo-cline you basically understand what this bait emulates." }, { "docid": "D1736298#0", "title": "http://www.gameandfishmag.com/fishing/fishing_bass-fishing_ar_aa050403a/\nThe Natural Stateâs Big 3 Striper Destinations", "text": "Arkansas Bass Fishing The Natural State’s Big 3 Striper Destinations September 24th, 2010 0 Comments They’re not just Arkansas’ best bets for summertime stripers! Lake Ouachita, the Arkansas River and Beaver Lake offer some of the best striper fishing in the Southeast. By Jeff Samsel“Don’t try to reel when the fish first starts to run,” Hugh Albright said, coaching me about the striper that he knew would take my bait very soon, “because you won’t be able to. ”My first strike felt like a crappie tap, which Albright had told me it would, so I followed his instructions and set the hook with a light snap of my wrist. Also true to his promise, the fish took off like a train when it felt the hook, and all I could do was stand there with a deeply bent rod and a huge grin. Eventually the fish wore down, and Albright slipped the net beneath a 12-pound Lake Ouachita striper. Worn out as I was from landing that fish on light spinning tackle and 8-pound test line, I couldn’t imagine what it was like hooking one of Ouachita’s 30- or 40-pound fish on that tackle. I was willing to find out, though, so we returned to the task at hand. The stripers were stacked up from 30 to 40 feet below the surface, suspended among big schools of shad, and we were drifting hair jigs through that zone. Albright, a veteran Lake Ouachita guide and owner of Hugh Albright’s Guide Service, has learned over time that the fish will take a small jig fished that way during early spring, when schooling is sporadic." }, { "docid": "D471296#0", "title": "https://www.eposeidon.com/blog/?p=837\n.", "text": "What should be in the top of your tackle box this season? Here’s a look at the top ten lures for bass. The lure department at a bass fishing superstore is no place for the uninitiated. The staggering selection of bass lures can be downright overwhelming. There are lures of every imaginable shape, size and color, and each of them promises to bring in more and bigger bass with fewer snags. To add to the confusion, there are bass fishing lures designed for every possible variation in water temperature, condition and season — cold water, warm water, murky water and clear water, pre-spawn and post-spawn. Rather than cramming a hundred different bass lures into their tackle boxes, most experienced smallmouth and largemouth bass fishermen narrow down their options to a few favorites that consistently bag the biggest fish. While professional anglers are known to guard their lure selection strategies as closely as the locations of their favorite fishing spots, we’ve managed to reel in this list of 10 essential bass fishing lures that are famous for catching big bass year round across a broad range of water conditions. Want to find out the best lure to use, and when? Read on!Walkabout topwater bait10." }, { "docid": "D2274691#0", "title": "http://myfwc.com/fishing/freshwater/fishing-tips/\nFreshwater Fishing Tips", "text": "\"Freshwater Fishing Tips Black Bass Panfish Striped Bass, Sunshine Bass and White Bass Catfish Butterfly Peacock Bass Safety tips for getting outdoors (PDF; 495KB)Catch and Release, and Fish Handling Black Bass The largemouth bass is the best known and most popular freshwater game fish in Florida. Found statewide, largemouth bass have excellent growth rates, particularly in the productive waters of central Florida. Historically known for huge bass, Florida remains an outstanding destination to catch a trophy. Spring is the best time of year to catch bass, when fish move into shallow water to spawn. Spawning may occur as early as January in extreme south Florida and as late as May in the panhandle, but March and April are peak months. Most large bass are taken at this time; after spawning, many large females move to offshore areas. The best live bait is a golden shiner, fished under a float or free-lined. Typically, the shiner is hooked through the lips or back with a large hook, 2/0 to 5/0. A medium to medium-heavy rod with 14- to 20-pound test line is preferred, particularly when fishing in areas with thick vegetation or cover. The plastic worm is the most dependable artificial bait for largemouth bass." }, { "docid": "D2340084#0", "title": "http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/fish_lm_bass.htm\n.", "text": "NJ Bass Fishing Featured on Backwoods Angler TVGeneral Facts Largemouth bass are the most sought after freshwater fish nationwide. Popularized by numerous fishing shows and professional fishing organizations, the largemouth has gained a loyal following from bass fishing enthusiasts and beginning anglers alike. Historically, New Jersey does not have the reputation for producing world class trophies. However, our overlooked fisheries are some of the best around. The current New Jersey State Record largemouth is 10 lb. 14 oz., caught in Menantico Sand Pond (pdf, 370kb) in 1980. Recent reports indicate that anglers have come close to beating this long-standing record. Where New Jersey has a wide variety of excellent habitat for largemouth bass including deep clear lakes, shallow stained lakes, lakes with aquatic vegetation, tidal freshwater rivers, and small park ponds. Most likely there is a great bass lake very close to you." }, { "docid": "D2225430#0", "title": "http://soundsideadventures.com/how-to-catch-speckled-trout.php\nSpeckled Trout", "text": "Speckled Trout❝Speckled trout or specks (technically, Spotted seatrout) are a favorite catch of saltwater anglers on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. These beautiful, tasty fish are hard fighters who are willing to hit both live and artificial baits. Speckled trout are abundant and readily available in the sounds, including those around Nags Head, Manteo, Manns Harbor, and Oregon Inlet. At times, you will also find plenty in the ocean. Spotted seatrout caught on a Mirr Olure™Speckled trout belong to the drum family, which also includes Black drum, Red drum, and Atlantic croaker. This family derived its name from the drumming sound that they produce through their air bladder. Spawning Behavior Speckled trout have a long spawning season that lasts from April to September. Spawning occurs at night, often around piers, pilings, bridges, points of land, and holes, and it frequently coincides with a full moon. North Carolina maintains a 14-inch limit that ensures that most of the females will have an opportunity to spawn at least once before we can keep them. Speckled Trout Fishing Techniques These fish are a blast to catch on light- to medium-weight tackle." }, { "docid": "D1769460#0", "title": "http://www.walleye411.com/types-of-rods-reels/\nTypes of Rods & Reels", "text": "Types of Rods & Reels Fishing Rods & Reels In determining a fishing rod and reel one must consider the species you are fishing for along with the type of lure or live bait to be used. For instance your rod and reel set-up should match the fishing presentation. If you’re pursuing panfish using light lures or small minnows your outfit should be lightweight for casting and detecting bites, not a heavy baitcaster for pike or bass. There are five main basic categories of fishing rod and reel combinations, and within each there are multiple sub-categories of specialty types of outfits used for specific fishing applications, for example Walleye fisherman use rod and reel set-ups for slip bobber, slip sinker, jigging and trolling. Bass fisherman carry pitchin’, flippin’, crank baiting, and soft plastics combo’s. Muskie anglers have bucktail, jerk bait and top water outfits. In short, fishing rods and reels have come a long way over time, with new space age materials having been developed for rod construction making them longer and much lighter as well as reels with multiple ball bearings and one piece alloy and graphite frames. Fishing Rod & Reel Combinations: Spincasting This is the preferred set-up for the inexperienced angler. Spincasting outfits are excellent in teaching the beginning angler and children the mechanics of casting. The spin cast reel is mounted above the rod with the reel spool enclosed with a nose cone cover, this prevents line snarling and backlash’s that are associated with bait casting reels." }, { "docid": "D1603783#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnerbait\nSpinnerbait", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( February 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)An In-Line Spinnerbait A spinnerbait refers to any one of a family of fishing lures that get their name from one or more metal blades shaped so as to spin like a propeller when the lure is in motion, creating varying degrees of flash and vibration that mimics small fish or other prey. The two most popular types of spinnerbaits are the 'in-line spinner' and 'safety pin' spinnerbaits, though others such as the 'tail-spinner' also exist. Spinnerbaits are used principally for catching predatory fish such as perch, pike and bass. Contents [ hide ]1 Mode of operation2 In-line spinner2.1 The blade factor2.2 Treble or single hook dressing3 Safety pin or overhead arm spinnerbait3.1 Retrieves3.2 Blade options3.3 Skirt options3.4 Trailer considerations3.5 Wire arm length consideration3.6 Stinger (trailer) hooks4 Beetle spin5 Tailspinner6 Blades7 References8 External links Mode of operation [ edit]Spinnerbaits attract predatory fish primarily by activating a special sense organ called the lateral line system through the spinning blade. The Lateral line system enables fish to \"\"touch\"\" and ‘feel’ objects at a distance. Most fish have well-developed sense of touch and can feel the slightest change of water flow around it as a series of vibrations which may warn fish of approaching dangers or indicate the location of prey. Spinnerbaits can also stimulate other senses of fish to mimic prey by creating flashes in the water (sight) and by creating sound waves in the water (hearing). In-line spinner [ edit]The in-line spinner is named for the fact that a metal blade revolves around a central axis (a wire), which may be attached by a clevis (a c-shaped metal piece with holes that accommodates the wire) or by itself." }, { "docid": "D633044#0", "title": "https://www.explorekentuckylake.com/lakesarea/fishing/article.htm\nOut On A Ledge", "text": "\"Note: The following article was written by Kentucky Lake Guide Dave Stewart. Ever wonder why some anglers seem to be consistently successful year round while others do good in the spring and fall but struggle in summer and winter to bring fish to the scales? The most prominent reason for this is that those anglers that are consistently successful have unlocked the key to ledge fishing. Some know it as \"\"drop fishing\"\" and others know it as \"\"ledge fishing\"\" but whatever name you have heard it called, it is the key to being successful on reservoirs during the heat of summer and the cold of winter. What is a ledge? Basically a ledge is a form of structure that can be found at the edge or bank of an old creek channel or the main river channel that remains underwater after the flooding of a reservoir. A quick look at a topographical map of any man made reservoir will show you these old channels. The creek channels will wind their way from the backs of the bays to the old river channel and the main river channel will wind its way thru the reservoir from the headwaters of the lake to the dam. Seasonal fish migration To understand why ledges produce you must first understand fish migration patterns. Although it is true that there are always some fish shallow as it is true there are always some fish deep, the most successful anglers will fish in depths and locations that are holding the majority of the fish during any one given time of the year." }, { "docid": "D1429918#0", "title": "http://www.tackleunderground.com/community/topic/28964-getting-a-bladed-jig-to-hunt/\nGetting A Bladed Jig To Hunt", "text": "\"Sign in to follow this Followers 7Getting A Bladed Jig To Hunt Started by Jeff Hahn, November 11, 201426 posts in this topic1 2 Next Page 1 of 2Jeff Hahn Member TU Member37136 posts Location: Alliance, Ohio Report post Posted November 11, 2014As you can tell by my post count, I'm new around here. Used to hangout on the BFHP a lot and now on BBC. I make a bladed jig and some of them \"\"hunt,\"\" veering off to one side and then centering themselves, just like a crankbait that \"\"hunts.\"\" The problem I'm having is trying to figure out how to consistently create a bait that hunts. I have played around with bending the blade in various ways, but that hasn't produced consistent reults. I got a few suggestions that I am experimenting. Any additional help you can offer would be appreciated. Thanks in advance. Basseducer Advanced Member TU Member1211,152 posts Location: Fresno, CAReport post Posted November 11, 2014You could test them all out and the ones that hunt you could call specials and price them higher.wchilton Member TU Member15151 posts Report post Posted November 11, 2014Since you're able to make \"\"some that hunt\"\" rather than just a single example you have some options that others don't. Before introducing modifications, I'd make up a bunch and test them all and separate into hunt vs. non-hunt. (" }, { "docid": "D2234537#0", "title": "http://everythinglakelanier.com/fishing/\nLake Lanier Fishing", "text": "Lake Lanier Fishing Lake Lanier boasts over 38,000 acres of the best Striped and Spotted Bass fishing in the country. If you have never caught a Spotted Bass you are in for one of the hardest fights pound for pound that exist. Lake Lanier’s Striped Bass record is a massive 47 pounds. The lake record Large Mouth bass is over 17 pounds. If you just want to entertain your kids catching Bream with a small hook and worms, or catch a new state record Bass you are in luck if you visit Lake Lanier. To increase you odds of that record fish, call one of Lake Lanier’s professional guides. Take your kids or clients out and show them the time of their life. Fish You Can Catch in Lake Lanier Striped Bass The striped bass is a large open water predatory fish that can often be found in schools. These fish are anadramous and spend most of their life in salt water. During the spawning season they travel far up rivers to spawn." }, { "docid": "D3315730#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/using-topwater-lures-for-bass-1311420\nWhen To Use Topwater Lures for Bass", "text": "\"Arts, Music, and Recreation ›Hobbies & Activities When To Use Topwater Lures for Bass Certain Times or Conditions Are Best for Surface Fishing Share Flipboard Email Print Photo © Ken Schultzby Ronnie Garrison Updated March 31, 2017Topwater lures (also called surface lures) elicit exciting strikes and will often produce when other lures fail, perhaps because they cause an otherwise uninterested bass to attack what appears to be easy or vulnerable prey. Lures included in this category include a whole array of wooden or hard-plastic plugs that float on the surface (including poppers, walkers, and wobblers), as well as soft-plastic lures that float (such as a frog), and lures with a revolving blade (like a buzzbait), which don't float but are fished exclusively along the surface on a steady retrieve. Using topwater lures can be a good way hook larger-than-average-size bass, as well as trophy-class specimens. And it's fun because the strike is visual. Most topwater fishing for bass occurs in the summer, but it can also be very productive in spring and fall. Topwater lures are less productive when the water is cold and bass are less aggressive. Here are the prime conditions and circumstances in which you might try fishing with topwater lures: Early Morning. Early morning, when the light is low, is a traditional time to fish a topwater lure. Fish them around shallow cover where bass have moved to feed. Work your favorite lure around bushes, logs, stumps, rocks, and brush in the water." }, { "docid": "D1690410#0", "title": "http://myfwc.com/fishing/freshwater/sites-forecast/nw/blackwater/\nBlackwater and Yellow Rivers", "text": "Striped bass in these rivers were stocked by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission in an effort to create a trophy fishery, and to reestablish this species in an area from which they had virtually disappeared. Popular species: Fish graphics by Duane Raver, Jr. Trophy Catch Tracker Trophy Catch is FWC's citizen-science program that rewards anglers for documenting and releasing trophy bass 8 pounds or larger. Be the first to submit a trophy bass from the Blackwater or Yellow Rivers!Blackwater River Santa Rosa and Okaloosa counties The Blackwater River is a 58-mile long river in which 49-miles are in Florida. The river’s headwaters start in the Conecuh National Forest of Southern Alabama and enter Florida in Okaloosa County. The river flows from Okaloosa County through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The Blackwater’s sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the tannic water that gives the river its name. A 31-mile section of river from Kennedy Bridge near Munson, Fl to Deaton Bridge in the Blackwater River State park is designated as the Blackwater River Canoe trail. The river is no longer navigable south of Deaton Bridge due to a log jam. Fishing success on the upper reaches of the Blackwater River generally depends on water levels. High water makes this area difficult to fish; thus, fishermen should always check river levels before visiting the upper river." }, { "docid": "D1107495#0", "title": "http://www.askbassfishing.com/what-do-striped-bass-eat-best-baits-to-use.html\nWhat do striped bass eat? Best baits to use", "text": "What do striped bass eat? Best baits to use Posted by Dan Eggertsen on June 12, 2011 in Editorials · Comments Off on What do striped bass eat? Best baits to use When talking about Striped Bass (Morone saxatilus), it is important to keep in mind that, even though Science still considers them one species, there are two distinct varieties: The anadromous, inshore Stripped Bass, and the land-locked, freshwater Striped Bass, also known as a Striper, or Rockfish. They have very different culinary preferences. Land-locked Striped Bass came into being soon after completion of the dams across the Santee and Cooper rivers in South Carolina. Built as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal, and completed in 1942, these dams created Lake Moultrie, and Lake Marion reservoirs. They also trapped populations of Striped Bass in the lakes, cutting off their migration route back to the sea. It was discovered shortly, that not only were they surviving, they were flourishing. It wasn’t long before they were stocked in large reservoirs across the US, and even crossed with their close cousins, the White Bass, to create the sterile Hybrid Bass, slightly smaller, but able to tolerate warmer water. Sport-Fishing was revolutionized with the greatest Wildlife Management success story ever." }, { "docid": "D2188169#0", "title": "http://www.worldfishingnetwork.com/wfn-ambassadors/post/february-pre-spawn-bass-fishing-tips\nEarly Pre-spawn Bass Fishing Tips and Best Baits to Use", "text": "TIPSBASS FISHINGBy: Skipper Mark Early Pre-spawn Bass Fishing Tips and Best Baits to Use Heed these tried-and-true tips and four proven baits to improve success while fishing for bass during the pre-spawn Fishing for early pre-spawn bass, such as in the month of February, can seem difficult to an angler expecting to catch a lot of fish. However, bass anglers expecting fewer, but better quality bass will be content until the days become longer and the warmer sunnier days begin to increase the water temperature closer to spring. Toward the later part of February and on into early March, depending where you live, warming trends bring big changes to bass behavior. The sluggish, lethargic fish begin to move as they seek out warmer water. Once the water temperature rises from the low 40s up to 50 to 55 and up to the 60-degree range, bass will begin moving and become more active with each passing day. This slow warming trend along with longer days with more sunlight help the bass know when to begin to move toward spawning areas. However, a cold front can often send bass back to deeper water. A cold front also means they will feed less as they move to and from the shallows to their deep lairs, waiting until the water temperature maintains around 60 degrees. Once this happens, bass will start moving shallower to spawn and this is when the bass are hungry. Year to year, many bass anglers record and remember where spawning beds are located, which gives them a distinct advantage when fishing during the pre-spawn." }, { "docid": "D741575#0", "title": "http://www.sportfishingmag.com/10-top-tarpon-lures\n10 Top Tarpon Lures", "text": "Try a professional's favorite tarpon lure next time you hit the tarpon wall. Jon Whittle Tarpon are smart, or stubborn — I’m not sure which. Maybe both? No matter what, a tarpon’s lack of appetite some days makes for frustrating fishing. I remember one summer trip off a Florida beach when school after school of tarpon swam underneath the boat, completely ignoring our best presentations. Dozens of tarpon patrolled just below and at the surface, often gulping air in defiance to our offerings. There’s no better way to get out of that tarpon rut than by switching tactics, as my friends and I learned later that month. A local guide let slip that the tarpon were biting white, oversize jerk baits rigged to appropriate-size jig heads. For the rest of the summer, we jumped and released plenty of tarpon along the beaches. ( I say “jumped” because tarpon are tough fish to land, and getting jumps and long runs out of them is still fun fishing, even if they never make it to the boat. )" } ]
8763	______ heart disease is a malformation of the heart present at birth.	[ { "docid": "D2382731#0", "title": "http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefects/TheImpactofCongenitalHeartDefects/The-Impact-of-Congenital-Heart-Defects_UCM_001218_Article.jsp\nThe Impact of Congenital Heart Defects", "text": "\"The Impact of Congenital Heart Defects Updated: Feb 22,2018A normal heart has valves, arteries and chambers that carry the blood in a circulatory pattern: body-heart-lungs-heart-body. When all chambers and valves work correctly, the blood is pumped through the heart, to the lungs for oxygen, back to the heart and out to the body for delivery of oxygen. When valves, chambers, arteries and veins are malformed, this circulation pattern can be impaired. Congenital heart defects are malformations that are present at birth. They may or may not have a disruptive effect on a person's circulatory system. Congenital heart defects are structural problems with the heart present at birth. They result when a mishap occurs during heart development soon after conception and often before the mother is aware that she is pregnant. Defects range in severity from simple problems, such as \"\"holes\"\" between chambers of the heart, to very severe malformations, such as complete absence of one or more chambers or valves. Having a congenital heart defect can also increase your risk of developing certain medical conditions. Associated Conditions Having a congenital heart defect can increase your risk of developing certain medical conditions." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1776884#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Mongoloid+idiot\nDown syndrome", "text": "\"Down syndrome (redirected from Mongoloid idiot) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. Related to Mongoloid idiot: Mongolian idiot Down Syndrome Definition Down syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation and malformation in a newborn. It occurs because of the presence of an extra chromosome. It was first described in 1866 by Dr. John L. H. Down (1828–1896), an English physician. Down syndrome occurs about once in every 800 births. It is estimated that about 6,000 childrenare born with DS each year in the United States. Description Chromosomes are the units of genetic information that exist within every cell of the body. Twenty-three distinctive pairs, or 46 total chromosomes, are located within the nucleus (centralstructure) of each cell. When a baby is conceived by the combining of one sperm cell with oneegg cell, the baby receives 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Sometimes, an accident in the production of a sperm or egg cell causes that cell to contain 24 chromosomes." }, { "docid": "D142074#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus\nPatent ductus arteriosus", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Patent ductus arteriosus Heart cross-section with PDASpecialty Cardiac surgery Patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA) is a condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Early symptoms are uncommon, but in the first year of life include increased 'work of breathing' and poor weight gain. An uncorrected PDA may lead to congestive heart failure with increasing age. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that closes soon after birth. In a PDA, the vessel does not close and remains \"\"patent\"\" (open), resulting in irregular transmission of blood between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. PDA is common in newborns with persistent respiratory problems such as hypoxia, and has a high occurrence in premature newborns. Premature newborns are more likely to be hypoxic and have PDA due to underdevelopment of the heart and lungs. A PDA allows a portion of the oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs by flowing from the aorta (which has higher pressure) to the pulmonary artery. If this shunt is substantial, the neonate becomes short of breath: the additional fluid returning to the lungs increases lung pressure, which in turn increases the energy required to inflate the lungs. This uses more calories than normal and often interferes with feeding in infancy." }, { "docid": "D1195140#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/presentation/27547505/Common-Teratogens\nCommon Teratogens and Their Effects", "text": "Common Teratogens and Their Effects What is a teratogen? l Isany factor, chemical or physical, that adversely affects the fertilized ovum, embryo or fetus. l Is any agent that can induce or increase the incidence of a congenital malformation. What is teratology? l isthe study of abnormal development in embryos and the causes of congenital malformations or birth defects Effects of teratogens on the fetus Factors that influence the amount of damage a teratogen can cause: l Strength of teratogens (ex: radiation) l Timing of the teratogenic insult l Determining the effects of a teratogen Teratogenic Maternal Infections TORCH: l Toxoplasmosis l Rubella l Cytomegalovirus l Herpes simplex virus Note: some sources identify the O with “other infections”, which include syphilis, HBV, and HIV. Toxoplasmosis l Aprotozoan infection, is spread most commonly through contact with uncooked meat, although it may also be contracted through handling cat stool in soil or cat litter. l If the infection crosses the placenta, the infant may be born with CNS damage, hydrocephalus, microcephaly, intracerebral calcification, & retinal deformities. l Pyrimethamine, an antifolic acid drug and Rubella l Fetaldamage from maternal infection with rubella (german measles) icludes deafness, mental and motor changes, cataracts, cardiac defects (most commonly patent ductus arteriosus & pulmonary stenosis), reatrded intrauterine growth (small for gestational age), thrombocytopenic purpura, & dental & facila clefts, such as cleft lip & palate (Lee & Bowden, 200) l Awomen who is not immunized before pregnancy cannot be immunized during pregnancy. l After a rubella immunization, a woman is advised not to become pregnant for 3 months until the rubella virus is no longer active. l All women w/ low rubella titers should be immunized to provide protection against rubella in future pregnancies Cytomegalovirus (CMV) l Amember of herpes virus family l Transmitted by droplet infection from person to person." }, { "docid": "D92621#0", "title": "https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cornelia-de-lange-syndrome/\nAlone we are rare. Together we are strong.â¥ Donate Today", "text": "\"Cornelia de Lange Syndrome NORD gratefully acknowledges Antonie Kline, MD, Medical Director, Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (Cd LS) Foundation, Inc., Director of Pediatric Genetics, Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, for assistance in the preparation of this report. Synonyms of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome BDLSBrachmann-de Lange syndrome Cd LSde Lange syndrome General Discussion Cornelia de Lange syndrome (Cd LS) is a rare genetic disorder that is apparent at birth (congenital). Associated symptoms and findings typically include delays in physical development before and after birth (prenatal and postnatal growth retardation); characteristic abnormalities of the head and facial (craniofacial) area, resulting in a distinctive facial appearance; malformations of the hands and arms (upper limbs); and mild to severe intellectual disability. Many infants and children with the disorder have an unusually small, short head (microbrachycephaly); a prominent vertical groove between the upper lip and nose (philtrum); a depressed nasal bridge; upturned nostrils (anteverted nares); and a protruding upper jaw (maxillary prognathism) with small chin (micrognathia). Additional characteristic facial abnormalities may include thin, downturned lips; low-set ears; arched, well-defined eyebrows that grow together across the base of the nose (synophrys); an unusually low hairline on the forehead and the back of the neck; and curly, unusually long eyelashes. Affected individuals may also have distinctive malformations of the limbs, such as unusually small hands and feet, inward deviation (clinodactyly) of the fifth fingers, and webbing (syndactyly) of certain toes. Less commonly, there may be absence of the forearms, hands, and fingers. Infants with Cd LS may also have feeding and breathing difficulties; an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections; a low-pitched \"\"growling\"\" cry and low voice; heart defects; delayed skeletal maturation; hearing loss; or other physical abnormalities. The range and severity of associated symptoms and findings may be extremely variable from person to person. Cd LS can be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition or an X-linked condition." }, { "docid": "D2115802#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Malformation\nCongenital heart defect", "text": "\"Congenital heart defect Synonyms Congenital heart anomaly, congenital heart disease The normal structure of the heart (left) in comparison to two common locations for a ventricular septal defect (right), the most common form of congenital heart defect. [ 1]Specialty Cardiology Symptoms Rapid breathing, bluish skin, poor weight gain, feeling tired [2]Complications Heart failure [2]Types Cyanotic heart defects, non-cyanotic heart defects [3]Causes Often unknown [4]Risk factors Rubella infection during pregnancy, alcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother [3] [5]Treatment None, catheter based procedures, heart surgery, heart transplantation [6] [3]Prognosis Generally good (with treatment) [7]Frequency 48.9 million (2015) [8]Deaths 303,300 (2015) [9]A congenital heart defect ( CHD ), also known as a congenital heart anomaly or congenital heart disease, is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth. [ 7] Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of problem. [ 3] Symptoms can vary from none to life-threatening. [ 7] When present they may include rapid breathing, bluish skin, poor weight gain, and feeling tired. [ 2] It does not cause chest pain. [ 2] Most congenital heart problems do not occur with other diseases. [ 3] Complications that can result from heart defects include heart failure. [ 2]The cause of a congenital heart defect is often unknown. [ 4] Certain cases may be due to infections during pregnancy such as rubella, use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother. [" }, { "docid": "D3224614#0", "title": "https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cat-eye-syndrome/\nAlone we are rare. Together we are strong.â¥ Donate Today", "text": "Cat Eye Syndrome NORD gratefully acknowledges Heather Mc Dermid, Ph D, Professor, Dept of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, for assistance in the preparation of this report. Synonyms of Cat Eye Syndrome CESchromosome 22, inverted duplication (22pter-22q11)chromosome 22, partial tetrasomy (22pter-22q11)chromosome 22, partial trisomy (22pter-22q11)Schmid-Fraccaro syndrome General Discussion Cat eye syndrome (CES) is a rare chromosomal disorder that may be evident at birth. Individuals with a normal chromosomal make-up have two 22nd chromosomes, both of which have a short arm, known as 22p, and a long arm, known as 22q. However, in individuals with CES, the short arm and a small region of the long arm of chromosome 22 (i.e., 22pter-22q11) are present four times (partial tetrasomy) rather than twice in cells of the body. In a small number of people with CES, the 22q11 region is present in 3 copies (partial trisomy). The name “cat eye syndrome” is derived from a distinctive eye (ocular) abnormality that is present in a little over half affected individuals. This defect, known as a coloboma, usually appears as a cleft or gap in the iris below the pupil, and the elongated pupil therefore resembles the appearance of a cat’s eye. There are, however, many other features associated with CES involving many organs and systems. These symptoms result from abnormal development during embryo and fetal stages. Associated symptoms vary greatly in presence and severity from one person to another, including among members of the same family." }, { "docid": "D2764668#0", "title": "https://www.birthdefects.org/agent-orange/\nAgent Orange and Birth Defects", "text": "Agent Orange and Birth Defects By Betty Mekdeci, Executive Director The soldiers are dying. But, even more tragic…the children they have left behind are suffering. Sometimes we hear from the veterans, but it is usually the wives and children that send us these poignant messages. “I lost my husband from a cancerous brain tumor 13 months ago. My son has many disabilities including Tourette’s syndrome, mental retardation, mild Cerebral Palsy, hydrocephalus and he is profoundly deaf. He will never be able to live on his own. ”“My father passed away in 1998. He had many health problems including type II diabetes. He was only 50 years old. Agent Orange has been a part of my life from the moment I was born." }, { "docid": "D583925#0", "title": "http://www.dysautonomiainternational.org/page.php?ID=150\n.", "text": "\"Home >> Learn More >> Underlying Causes of Dysautonomia Underlying Causes of Dysautonomia As you may know, dysautonomia is not a specific medical diagnosis. Dysautonomia is an umbrella term used to describe any malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. There are many underlying diseases and conditions that can lead to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. This is not an all inclusive list, so check with your doctor if you believe you might have an underlying cause for your POTS or other form of dysautonomia. Remember that not every dysautonomia patient can find a specific underlying cause, and some of these conditions are very rare. Amyloidosis Amyloidosis is a group of rare disorders caused by the accumulation of harmful protein in various tissues of the body. It can be an inheretied condition or an acquired condition. Symptoms depend on which organs and tissues are impacted. If amyloid proteins are deposited on the heart or the peripheral nerves, it can cause symptoms of dysautonomia. Amyloidosis Foundation Amyloidois Overview from Cleveland Clinic Amyloidosis Overview from Medscape Familial amyloid polyneuropathies: therapeutic issues." }, { "docid": "D555131#0", "title": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347698701192\nCongenital heart disease in patients with Turnerâs syndrome â ââ â ââ", "text": "The Journal of Pediatrics Volume 133, Issue 5, November 1998, Pages 688-692Congenital heart disease in patients with Turner’s syndrome ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★Laura Mazzanti MD Emanuele Cacciari MD Italian Study Group for Turner Syndrome (ISGTS)*Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476 (98)70119-2 Get rights and content Abstract Objective: There is a high prevalence of congenital heart defects in patients with Turner’s syndrome. Few studies have reported echocardiographic data in unselected patients according to the different chromosomal patterns. The aim of our study was to evaluate a large series of patients with Turner’s syndrome, comparing these data with those of the general population. Methods: Five hundred ninety-four patients with Turner’s syndrome, aged 1 month to 24 years, in the Italian Study Group for Turner Syndrome underwent full cardiologic evaluation. Karyotype distribution was: 45,X (54%), X-mosaicism (13%), and X-structural abnormalities (33%). Results: The prevalence of cardiac malformations was 23%. Bicuspid aortic valve (12.5%), aortic coarctation (6.9%), and aortic valve disease (3.2%) were the most prevalent malformations. In comparison with the general population, partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage had the highest relative risk. A correlation was found between type of congenital heart defect and karyotype. The patients with 45,X karyotype had the greatest prevalence of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and aortic coarctation, whereas bicuspid aortic valve and aortic valve disease were more common in the patients with X-structural abnormalities." }, { "docid": "D3173258#0", "title": "https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefects/TheImpactofCongenitalHeartDefects/The-Impact-of-Congenital-Heart-Defects_UCM_001218_Article.jsp\nThe Impact of Congenital Heart Defects", "text": "\"The Impact of Congenital Heart Defects Updated: Aug 28,2017A normal heart has valves, arteries and chambers that carry the blood in a circulatory pattern: body-heart-lungs-heart-body. When all chambers and valves work correctly, the blood is pumped through the heart, to the lungs for oxygen, back the heart and out to the body for delivery of oxygen. When valves, chambers, arteries and veins are malformed, this circulation pattern can be impaired. Congenital heart defects are malformations that are present at birth. They may or may not have a disruptive effect on a person's circulatory system. Congenital heart defects are structural problems with the heart present at birth. They result when a mishap occurs during heart development soon after conception and often before the mother is aware that she is pregnant. Defects range in severity from simple problems, such as \"\"holes\"\" between chambers of the heart, to very severe malformations, such as complete absence of one or more chambers or valves. Having a congenital heart defect can also increase your risk of developing certain medical conditions. Associated Conditions Having a congenital heart defect can increase your risk of developing certain medical conditions." }, { "docid": "D1550733#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Patau+syndrome\nPatau syndrome", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now. Patau syndrome Also found in: Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Patau syndrome: Edwards syndrome, Turner syndrome Patau Syndrome Definition Patau syndrome, also called trisomy 13, is a congenital (present at birth) disorder associatedwith the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 13. The extra chromosome 13 causesnumerous physical and mental abnormalities, especially heart defects. Patau syndrome is named for Dr. Klaus Patau, who reported the syndrome and its association with trisomy in 1960. It is sometimes called Bartholin-Patau syndrome, named in part for Thomas Bartholin, a Frenchphysician who described an infant with the syndrome in 1656. Description Children normally inherit 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes. A typical human being has 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs of non-sex linked chromosomes and onepair of sex-linked chromosomes, that determine that child's sex. Sometimes a child may end up with more than 46 chromosomes because of problems with the father's sperm or the mother'segg; or, because of mutations that occurred after the sperm and the egg fused to form theembryo (conception)." }, { "docid": "D98578#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chiari-malformation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354010\nOverview", "text": "Print Overview Chiari malformation Chiari malformation (kee-AH-ree mal-for-MAY-shun) is a condition in which brain tissue extends into your spinal canal. It occurs when part of your skull is abnormally small or misshapen, pressing on your brain and forcing it downward. Chiari malformation is uncommon, but increased use of imaging tests have led to more frequent diagnoses. Doctors categorize Chiari malformation into three types, depending on the anatomy of the brain tissue that is displaced into the spinal canal, and whether developmental abnormalities of the brain or spine are present. Chiari malformation type I develops as the skull and brain are growing. As a result, signs and symptoms may not occur until late childhood or adulthood. The pediatric forms, Chiari malformation type II and type III, are present at birth (congenital). Treatment of Chiari malformation depends on the form, severity and associated symptoms. Regular monitoring, medications and surgery are treatment options. In some cases, no treatment is needed." }, { "docid": "D1104322#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fetal+alcohol+syndrome\nfetal alcohol syndrome", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.fetal alcohol syndrome Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Definition Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of birth defects, learning, and behavioral problemsaffecting individuals whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Description FAS is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation. This condition was firstrecognized and reported in the medical literature in 1968 in France and in 1973 in the United States. Alcohol is a teratogen, the term used for any drug, chemical, maternal disease or otherenvironmental exposure that can cause birth defects or functional impairment in a developingfetus. Some features may be present at birth including low birth weight, prematurity, andmicrocephaly. Characteristic facial features may be present at birth, or may become moreobvious over time. Signs of brain damage include delays in development, behavioralabnormalities, and mental retardation, but affected individuals exhibit a wide range of abilitiesand disabilities. It has only been since 1991 that the long-term outcome of FAS has been known." }, { "docid": "D2994452#0", "title": "http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/s/spinal_cord_disorders/glossary.htm\nGlossary for Spinal Cord Disorders", "text": "Glossary for Spinal Cord Disorders Intro Symptoms Types Causes Tests Treatment Misdiagnosis Deaths Videos Doctors Must Reads in Health Protecting Your Skin During Winter Watch: My Personal Psoriasis Journey Are You Getting The Best Cancer Care? Keeping An Active Lifestyle With COPDLiver Disease? Find a Doc Who Treats PBCAre You Allergic To Your Clothes? Why Psoriasis Treatments Can Fail Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: A rare neurological disorder where an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord occurs due to damage to the protective covering (myelin sheath) around the nerves. Adrenoleukodystrophy: A rare disorder which has characteristic symptoms of Addison disease (adrenocortical insufficiency) and Schilder disease (cerebral sclerosis). Bronze skin, brain sclerosis and demyelination are the main symptoms. Adrenomyeloneuropathy: A form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy characterized by spinal cord dysfunction and brain involvement may or may not be present. Those with brain involvement suffer serious symptoms that can eventually lead to total disability and even death. Adult SMA: Form of Spinal Muscular Atrophy in adults. Adult progressive spinal muscular atrophy, Aran Duchenne type: A group of inherited motor neuron diseases involving progressive muscle weakness, wasting and paralysis due to degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord." }, { "docid": "D1934944#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chiari-malformation/basics/symptoms/CON-20031115\nOverview", "text": "Print Overview Chiari malformation Chiari malformation (kee-AH-ree mal-for-MAY-shun) is a condition in which brain tissue extends into your spinal canal. It occurs when part of your skull is abnormally small or misshapen, pressing on your brain and forcing it downward. Chiari malformation is uncommon, but increased use of imaging tests have led to more frequent diagnoses. Doctors categorize Chiari malformation into three types, depending on the anatomy of the brain tissue that is displaced into the spinal canal, and whether developmental abnormalities of the brain or spine are present. Chiari malformation type I develops as the skull and brain are growing. As a result, signs and symptoms may not occur until late childhood or adulthood. The pediatric forms, Chiari malformation type II and type III, are present at birth (congenital). Treatment of Chiari malformation depends on the form, severity and associated symptoms. Regular monitoring, medications and surgery are treatment options. In some cases, no treatment is needed." }, { "docid": "D1989751#0", "title": "http://omim.org/entry/188400\nOther entities represented in this entry:DIGEORGE SYNDROME CHROMOSOME REGION, INCLUDED; DGCR, INCLUDEDTAKAO VCF SYNDROME, INCLUDED CATCH22, INCLUDED", "text": "ICD+# 188400DIGEORGE SYNDROME; DGSAlternative titles; symbols CHROMOSOME 22q11.2 DELETION SYNDROME HYPOPLASIA OF THYMUS AND PARATHYROIDS THIRD AND FOURTH PHARYNGEAL POUCH SYNDROMEOther entities represented in this entry: DIGEORGE SYNDROME CHROMOSOME REGION, INCLUDED; DGCR, INCLUDEDTAKAO VCF SYNDROME, INCLUDED CATCH22, INCLUDEDPhenotype-Gene Relationships Location Phenotype Phenotype MIM number Inheritance Phenotype mapping key Gene/Locus Gene/Locus MIM number22q11.21 Di George syndrome 188400 AD 3 TBX1 602054Clinical Synopsis▼ TEXTA number sign (#) is used with this entry because Di George syndrome is caused by a 1.5- to 3.0-Mb hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11.2. Haploinsufficiency of the TBX1 gene ( 602054) in particular is responsible for most of the physical malformations. There is evidence that point mutations in the TBX1 gene can also cause the disorder. ▼ Description Di George syndrome (DGS) comprises hypocalcemia arising from parathyroid hypoplasia, thymic hypoplasia, and outflow tract defects of the heart. Disturbance of cervical neural crest migration into the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches and pouches can account for the phenotype. Most cases result from a deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 (the Di George syndrome chromosome region, or DGCR). Several genes are lost including the putative transcription factor TUPLE1 which is expressed in the appropriate distribution. This deletion may present with a variety of phenotypes: Shprintzen, or velocardiofacial, syndrome (VCFS; 192430 ); conotruncal anomaly face (or Takao syndrome); and isolated outflow tract defects of the heart including tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, and interrupted aortic arch. A collective acronym CATCH22 has been proposed for these differing presentations. A small number of cases of DGS have defects in other chromosomes, notably 10p13 (see 601362 )." }, { "docid": "D2833347#0", "title": "https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/charge-syndrome/\nAlone we are rare. Together we are strong.â¥ Donate Today", "text": "CHARGE Syndrome NORD gratefully acknowledges John M. Graham, JR., M. D., Sc. D., Pediatric Consultant in Clinical Genetics and Dysmorphology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, for assistance in the preparation of this report. Synonyms of CHARGE Syndrome CHARGE association Hall-Hittner syndromecoloboma, heart, atresia of the choanae, retardation of growth and development, genital and urinary anomalies, and ear anomalies General Discussion CHARGE syndrome is a rare disorder that arises during early fetal development and affects multiple organ systems. The CHARGE acronym comes from the first letter of some of the more common features seen in these children: (C) = coloboma (usually retinochoroidal) and cranial nerve defects (80-90%) (H) = heart defects in 75-85%, especially tetralogy of Fallot (A) = atresia of the choanae (blocked nasal breathing passages) (50-60%) (R) = retardation of growth (70-80%) and development (G) = genital underdevelopment due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (E) = ear abnormalities and sensorineural hearing loss (>90%) Diagnosis is based on a specific set of features (see below). In addition to the CHARGE features above, most children with CHARGE syndrome have other features, including characteristic facial features: asymmetric facial nerve palsy, cleft lip or palate, esophageal atresia (blind-ending food pipe) or tracheoesophageal fistula (connection between the wind pipe and the food pipe). The symptoms of CHARGE syndrome vary greatly from one child to another. The cause of CHARGE is usually a new mutation (change) in the CHD7 gene, or rarely, genomic alterations in the region of chromosome 8q12.2 where the CHD7 gene is located. Among 18 Danish CHD7 mutation-positive CHARGE individuals, the following cardinal symptoms were found: coloboma, 16/17; heart defects, 14/18; choanal atresia, 7/17; retarded growth and development, 11/13; genital abnormalities, 5/18; ear anomalies, 15/17 and sensorineural hearing loss, 14/15. Vestibular dysfunction (10/13) and swallowing problems (12/15) were other frequent cranial nerve dysfunctions." }, { "docid": "D200294#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome\nTurner syndrome", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Turner syndrome Synonyms Ullrich–Turner syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, 45X, 45X0Girl with Turner syndrome before and after an operation for neck-webbing Specialty Pediatrics, medical genetics Symptoms Webbed neck, short stature, swollen hands and feet [1]Complications Heart defects, diabetes, low thyroid hormone [1]Usual onset At birth [1]Duration Long term Causes Missing X chromosome [2]Diagnostic method Physical signs, genetic testing [3]Medication Human growth hormone, estrogen replacement therapy [4]Prognosis Shorter life expectancy [5]Frequency 1 in 2,000 to 5,000 [6] [7]Turner syndrome ( TS ), also known as 45,X or 45,X0, is a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome. [ 2] Signs and symptoms vary among those affected. [ 1] Often, a short and webbed neck, low-set ears, low hairline at the back of the neck, short stature, and swollen hands and feet are seen at birth. [ 1] Typically, they develop menstrual periods and breasts only with hormone treatment, and are unable to have children without reproductive technology. [ 1] Heart defects, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone occur more frequently. [ 1] Most people with TS have normal intelligence. [ 1] Many, however, have troubles with spatial visualization that may be needed for mathematics. [ 1] Vision and hearing problems occur more often. [ 5]Turner syndrome is not usually inherited from a person's parents. [ 8] No environmental risks are known, and the mother's age does not play a role. [" }, { "docid": "D2894857#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_atresia\nPulmonary atresia", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Pulmonary atresia Pulmonary valve (center left)Specialty Cardiology Causes No known cause for pulmonary atresia [1]Diagnostic method Chest x-ray, Echocardiogram [1]Treatment Prostaglandin E1, Heart catheterization [1]Pulmonary atresia is a congenital malformation of the pulmonary valve in which the valve orifice fails to develop. The valve is completely closed thereby obstructing the outflow of blood from the heart to the lungs. [ 2] The pulmonary valve is located on the right side of the heart between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. In a normal functioning heart, the opening to the pulmonary valve has three flaps that open and close [3]In congenital heart defects such as pulmonary atresia, one finds that these structural abnormalities can include the valves of the heart, as well as, the walls and arteries / veins near the heart muscle. Consequently, blood flow due to the aforementioned structural abnormalities, is affected, either by blocking or altering the flow of blood through the human cardiac muscle. [ 4]Contents [ hide ]1 Classification2 Signs/symptoms3 Cause4 Diagnosis5 Treatment6 Prognosis7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External links Classification [ edit]Ventricular septal defect via echocardiogram There are two types of pulmonary atresia. Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum (PA-IVS) is a rare congenital malformation. PA-IVS involves complete blockage of the pulmonary valve located on the right side of the heart. This blockage prevents the flow of blood to the lungs. Because of this lack of blood flowing through the right side of the heart, the structures on that side, such as the pulmonary valve and the tricuspid valve, are abnormally small. [" }, { "docid": "D1062792#0", "title": "http://planababy.com/DELIVERY%20ABNORMAL.HTM\nAbnormal Delivery", "text": "Abnormal Delivery You are said to have a normal delivery if you deliver your child vaginally at full term, with the baby’s head coming first, without any instrumentation. Episiotomy is considered to be normal. Even twins are considered to be abnormal-medically speaking . Though in layman's term a normal delivery is Baby In Normal Position Not every woman experiences a text book pattern of delivery. You may have variations in the course of labour. Inspite of these variations you may have safe delivery and a healthy baby. The variations are: Variations in the time of labour. Variations in the positions of the baby. Variations in conducting the vaginal delivery (operative vaginal delivery). Prolonged Labour The word ‘difficult labour’ or ‘dystocia’ suggests that labour has failed to progress normally and is causing difficulties for you and your baby." } ]
8766	______ is classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic.	[ { "docid": "D1859671#0", "title": "https://www.cognifit.com/brain/Stroke\nSpecific training for the effects of stroke", "text": "Specific training for the effects of stroke Fight today the cognitive deficits arising from your brain stroke. Stroke is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment and dementia and can significantly affect your attention, memory, planning and other executive functions. Strokes are usually classified into two major categories: hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke. Hemorrhagic strokes are the ones which result from the rupture of a blood vessel while ischemic strokes are those that are caused by interruption of the blood supply. Average improvement of contextualized memory among Cogni Fit's usersMonthsResults vary among users based on their unique profile and condition In an ischemic stroke, blood supply to part of the brain is decreased, leading to dysfunction of the brain tissue in that area. It might happen for several reasons, one being the obstruction due to an embolus from elsewhere in the body (that is an embolic stroke). In an hemorrhagic stroke, blood accumulates anywhere within the skull vault. Stroke symptoms can start suddenly, over seconds to minutes. The symptoms and consequences are usually link to the area of the brain affected. The more extensive the area, the more functions are likely to be impacted or lost." } ]	[ { "docid": "D712477#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasospasm\nVasospasm", "text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Vasospasm Classification and external resources Specialty angiology ICD - 9-CM 443.9 [ edit on Wikidata]Vasospasm refers to a condition in which an arterial spasm leads to vasoconstriction. This can lead to tissue ischemia and tissue death (necrosis). Cerebral vasospasm may arise in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Symptomatic vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia is a major contributor to post-operative stroke and death especially after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Vasospasm typically appears 4 to 10 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Along with physical resistance, vasospasm is a main cause of ischemia. Like physical resistance, vasospasms can occur due to atherosclerosis." }, { "docid": "D2141599#0", "title": "https://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s03c09.html\n.", "text": "Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine Chapter III.9. Neonatal Seizures Lynn M. Iwamoto, MD Return to Table of Contents This is a term female infant born to a 28 year old mother who is A+, serologies unremarkable, and group B strep (GBS) negative with no preexisting medical problems. Labor and delivery was notable for a tight nuchal cord. The infant was delivered vaginally. Brief oxygen blow by and tactile stimulation were required. Apgar scores were 7 (-1 tone, -2 color) and 9 (-1 color) at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Initial glucose screen was 40mg%. The infant had no respiratory distress and fed adequately overnight. Early in the morning on the second day of life, she has a 1 minute generalized tonic-clonic seizure. She is taken to the nursery and oxygen is administered." }, { "docid": "D998167#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_stroke\nStroke", "text": "\"Stroke From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Ischemic stroke)navigation search For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). Stroke Synonyms Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack CT scan of the brain showing a right- hemisphericischemic stroke. Specialty Neurology Symptoms Inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, loss of vision to one side [1] [2]Complications Persistent vegetative state [3]Causes Ischemic and hemorrhagic [4]Risk factors High blood pressure, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, previous TIA, atrial fibrillation [1] [5]Diagnostic method Based on symptoms and medical imaging [6]Differential diagnosis Low blood sugar [6]Treatment Based on the type [1]Prognosis Average life expectancy 1 year [1]Frequency 42.4 million (2015) [7]Deaths 6.3 million (2015) [8]Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. [ 4] There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. [ 4] They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. [ 4] Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision to one side. [ 1] [2] Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. [ 2] If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke. [ 2] A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. [ 2] The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. [" }, { "docid": "D2254304#0", "title": "http://misc.medscape.com/pi/android/medscapeapp/html/A1223746-business.html\nCentral Retinal Vein Occlusion", "text": "\"Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Back Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Author: Lakshmana M Kooragayala, MDChief Editor: Douglas R Lazzaro, MD, FAAO, FACSOverview Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnoses Workup Treatment & Management Medication Follow-up Overview Background Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Presentation History Physical Causes Workup Laboratory Studies Imaging Studies Other Tests Histologic Findings Treatment & Management Approach Considerations Medical Care Surgical Care Consultations Diet Activity Follow-up Further Outpatient Care Deterrence/Prevention Complications Prognosis Background Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common retinal vascular disorder. Clinically, CRVO presents with variable visual loss; the fundus may show retinal hemorrhages, dilated tortuous retinal veins, cotton-wool spots, macular edema, and optic disc edema. Note the images below. View Image Recent onset central retinal vein occlusion, showing extensive hemorrhages in the posterior pole and giving the \"\"blood and thunder appearance. \"\" View Image Peripheral fundus view of the same patient with central retinal vein occlusion as in the previous image, showing hemorrhages extending all over the fu.... View Image Fluorescein angiograph of same patient with central retinal vein occlusion as in previous images, showing hypofluorescence due to blockage from hemorr.... View Image Fundus picture of the same patient with central retinal vein occlusion as in previous images, showing resolving neovascularization of the disc and pan.... View Image Fluorescein angiogram of the same patient with central retinal vein occlusion as in the previous images, taken more than 1 year later, showing persist.... In view of the devastating complications associated with the severe form of CRVO, a number of classifications were described in the literature. All of these classifications take into account the area of retinal capillary nonperfusion and the development of neovascular complications. [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]Broadly, CRVO can be divided into 2 clinical types, ischemic and nonischemic. In addition, a number of patients may have an intermediate presentation with variable clinical course. On initial presentation, it may be difficult to classify a given patient into either category, since CRVO may change with time. A number of clinical and ancillary investigative factors are taken into account for classifying CRVO, including vision at presentation, presence or absence of relative afferent pupillary defect, extent of retinal hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, extent of retinal perfusion by fluorescein angiography, and electroretinographic changes." }, { "docid": "D432543#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/home/ovc-20117264\nOverview", "text": "\"Print Overview A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. A stroke is a medical emergency. Prompt treatment is crucial. Early action can minimize brain damage and potential complications. The good news is that strokes can be treated and prevented, and many fewer Americans die of stroke now than in the past. Symptoms Watch for these signs and symptoms if you think you or someone else may be having a stroke. Pay attention to when the signs and symptoms begin. The length of time they have been present can affect your treatment options: Trouble with speaking and understanding. You may experience confusion." }, { "docid": "D1880087#0", "title": "https://www.symptomfind.com/diseases-conditions/stroke-types/\nStroke Types", "text": "\"Stroke Types By Tiffany Tseng. May 7th 2016Generally, strokes are categorized into two major types, ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked due to a blood clot or excessive plaque buildup among the artery walls. Plaque buildups are usually consequences of other arterial and blood-related conditions, such as atherosclerosis or high cholesterol. About 85 percent of strokes are ischemic, and they are more common in older adults. There are two types of ischemic stroke: thrombotic and embolic. Thrombotic Stroke Thrombotic strokes are consequences of infected or damaged cerebral arteries that are blocked by blood clots or plaque buildup in blood vessels of the brain. It is also known as a cerebral thrombosis or cerebral infraction, as it occurs deep within the brain. Symptoms can occur slowly over time, as the blockage process is usually gradual. Other medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia or atherosclerosis, often set the stage for thrombotic strokes, since blood vessel and artery blockage is often a symptom of the conditions." }, { "docid": "D316590#0", "title": "https://guidedoc.com/stroke-recovery-time-facts-figures\nStroke Recovery Time: Facts & Figures", "text": "According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), over 700,000 people in the United States experience strokes every year. Two-thirds of those people make it through the stroke and end up needing some form of mental and physical rehabilitation. During the recovery period, patients work to regain the skills and physical abilities that were lost during the stroke. By understanding the recovery timeline, you will be better equipped to assist in the process. Initial Recovery Time The first stages of recovery begin about twenty-four to forty-eight hours after the stroke, when the patient is still in the hospital. Because most strokes damage a person’s ability to move independently, doctors will encourage the patient to complete range-of-motion exercises, change positions, and, depending on the severity of the stroke, stand or walk around the hospital room. Some stroke patients regain a significant amount of mobility in the first few days. Intensive Rehabilitation Time The initial stages of stroke rehabilitation are intensive and last for about five to six weeks. During that period, patients will undergo inpatient or outpatient therapy, depending on their physical state and proximity to a treatment center. For five to six days each week, the patient will undergo intensive physical therapy, tests, and sessions with doctors." }, { "docid": "D2838138#0", "title": "http://strokeeducation.info/types/index.htm\n.", "text": "+ Larger Font \| + Smaller Font Purchase items from our stroke awareness store. Help raise stroke awareness!Injury to the brain tissue can result in many serious physical and cognitive deficits. How a person recovers from a stroke depends on the area of the brain that is involved and the extent of damage done. The brain is divided into three areas, the Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brain Stem. Cerebrum Stroke on Cerebrum Note: The cerebrum is divided into two halves or hemispheres. Left Hemispere - The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body. It can weaken or paralyze the right side of the body (right hemiplegia). Stroke to the left side of the brain can cause memory problems resulting in short attention spans and difficulty with learning new information. It may cause problems with speech and with the understanding of spoken and written language. Right Hemispere - The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body." }, { "docid": "D2732653#0", "title": "https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/cva.htm\nCVA", "text": "\"Audio English.org » Dictionary » C » Cutlassfish ... Cyatheaceae CVADictionary entry overview: What does CVA mean?• CVA (noun) The noun CVA has 1 sense:1. a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain Familiarity information: CVA used as a noun is very rare. Dictionary entry details• CVA (noun)Sense 1 CVA [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain Classified under: Nouns denoting stable states of affairs Synonyms:apoplexy; cerebrovascular accident; CVA; stroke Hypernyms (\"\"CVA\"\" is a kind of...):attack (a sudden occurrence of an uncontrollable condition)Meronyms (parts of \"\"CVA\"\"):cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of \"\"CVA\"\"):ischaemic stroke; ischemic stroke (the most common kind of stroke; caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain (as from a clot blocking a blood vessel))haemorrhagic stroke; hemorrhagic stroke (stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain)Learn English with... Proverbs of the week\"\"Time flies when you're having a good time.\"\" ( English proverb) \"\"As long as there is no wind, the tree won’t blow.\"\" ( Afghanistan proverb) \"\"A bite from a lion is better the look of envy.\"\" ( Arabic proverb) \"\"Who seeds wind, shall harvest storm.\"\" ( Dutch proverb)CVA: related words searches» cerebral hemorrhage meaning » haemorrhagic stroke definition » ischaemic stroke meaning » What does hemorrhagic stroke mean? » Definition of attack CUTTINGLYCUTTLECUTTLEFISHCUTTY STOOLCUTWORKCUTWORMCUVIERCUZCOCVCVAEnglish learning courses About Practical English About Telephone English About Accounting English Learn English Free English Language Dictionary British and American English pronunciation Other popular searches:» what does names mean » international waters » reminiscent meaning » chambermaid » saddle meaning Page delivered in 0.0701 seconds \"" }, { "docid": "D1602567#0", "title": "http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_disorders/types_of_stroke_85,p00813/\nTypes of Stroke", "text": "\"See related health topics and resources<< Back to Nervous System Disorders What are the different types of stroke? Strokes can be classified into 2 main categories: Ischemic strokes. These are strokes caused by blockage of an artery (or, in rare instances, a vein). About 87% of all strokes are ischemic. Hemorrhagic stroke. These are strokes caused by bleeding. About 13% of all strokes are hemorrhagic. What is an ischemic stroke? An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes blocked or \"\"clogged\"\" and impairs blood flow to part of the brain. The brain cells and tissues begin to die within minutes from lack of oxygen and nutrients." }, { "docid": "D95920#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke\nStroke", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). Stroke Synonyms Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack CT scan of the brain showing a right- hemisphericischemic stroke. Specialty Neurology Symptoms Inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, loss of vision to one side [1] [2]Complications Persistent vegetative state [3]Causes Ischemic and hemorrhagic [4]Risk factors High blood pressure, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, previous TIA, atrial fibrillation [1] [5]Diagnostic method Based on symptoms and medical imaging [6]Differential diagnosis Low blood sugar [6]Treatment Based on the type [1]Prognosis Average life expectancy 1 year [1]Frequency 42.4 million (2015) [7]Deaths 6.3 million (2015) [8]Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. [ 4] There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. [ 4] They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. [ 4] Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision to one side. [ 1] [2] Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. [ 2] If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke. [ 2] A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. [ 2] The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. [" }, { "docid": "D880905#0", "title": "http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624.php\nEverything you need to know about stroke", "text": "Newsletter MNT - Hourly Medical News Since 2003Search Log in Newsletter MNT - Hourly Medical News Since 2003Search Login Everything you need to know about stroke Last updated Thu 23 November 2017By James Mc Intosh Reviewed by Nancy Choi, MDWhat is stroke? Treatment Types Causes Symptoms Strokes are brain attacks. They occur when the blood supply to the brain becomes blocked. A stroke is a medical emergency that needs immediate medical attention. Stroke is the fifth-leading cause of death in the United States. Nearly 800,000 people have a stroke each year. That equates to about one person every 40 seconds. This MNT Knowledge Center article will explain why strokes occur and how they are treated, as well as exploring the different types and the steps a person can take to prevent a stroke. Fast facts on stroke: During a stroke, the brain does not receive enough oxygen or nutrients, causing brain cells to die. Strokes need to be diagnosed and treated as quickly as possible to minimize brain damage." }, { "docid": "D2556798#0", "title": "http://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0301/p303.html\nSyncope: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis", "text": "Syncope: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis PDF PRINT COMMENTSSHARELLOYD A. RUNSER, MD, MPH, ROBERT L. GAUER, MD, and ALEX HOUSER, DO, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina Am Fam Physician. 2017 Mar 1;95 (5):303-312B. Patient information: See related handout on fainting. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. Syncope is an abrupt and transient loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. It accounts for 1% to 1.5% of emergency department visits, resulting in high hospital admission rates and significant medical costs. Syncope is classified as neurally mediated, cardiac, and orthostatic hypotension. Neurally mediated syncope is the most common type and has a benign course, whereas cardiac syncope is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with presyncope have similar prognoses to those with syncope and should undergo a similar evaluation. A standardized approach to syncope evaluation reduces hospital admissions and medical costs, and increases diagnostic accuracy. The initial assessment for all patients presenting with syncope includes a detailed history, physical examination, and electrocardiography." }, { "docid": "D432546#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/dxc-20117265\nOverview", "text": "\"Print Overview A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. A stroke is a medical emergency. Prompt treatment is crucial. Early action can minimize brain damage and potential complications. The good news is that strokes can be treated and prevented, and many fewer Americans die of stroke now than in the past. Symptoms Watch for these signs and symptoms if you think you or someone else may be having a stroke. Pay attention to when the signs and symptoms begin. The length of time they have been present can affect your treatment options: Trouble with speaking and understanding. You may experience confusion." }, { "docid": "D80211#0", "title": "http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/821421\nIntracranial Calcification Increases Stroke Risk in White Patients", "text": "\"From Medscape Education Clinical Briefs CMEIntracranial Calcification Increases Stroke Risk in White Patients Authors: News Author: Pauline Anderson CME Author: Laurie Barclay, MD Faculty and Disclosures THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIREDCME Released: 3/12/2014Valid for credit through: 3/12/2015Clinical Context Approximately 80% to 90% of all strokes are ischemic stroke, which is a multifactorial disease involving vascular disease, inflammation, hemostasis, metabolism, and genetic factors. Vascular disease is the most important risk factor, but the extent of that risk may vary considerably across different vessel beds. Intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC) is a known risk factor for stroke in African American and Asian populations. Although it may also be a potentially important cause of stroke in white populations, previous research has not addressed this association. The goal of this study by Ikram and colleagues was to examine the association between ICAC as a marker of intracranial atherosclerosis and stroke risk in a white cohort. Study Synopsis and Perspective Although ICAC is a recognized risk factor for stroke in African Americans and Asians, a new study shows that it is also an important cause of strokes among whites. The association between ICAC and stroke shown in the study was independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and of calcification in other vessel beds, the researchers note. \"\" The results highlight the importance of physicians being aware that even their white patients can have intracranial calcification,\"\" study author Arfan Ikram, MD, Ph D, from the Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology, and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, told Medscape Medical News . \"\" And if doctors are screening for any patient's cardiovascular risks, they should consider intracranial calcification,\"\" he added. \"\" The study also underlines the importance of carrying out more research into treating ICAC or preventing it in the first place. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D2595501#0", "title": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764022/\nAnterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Related to Visual Symptoms", "text": "J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2009 Sep; 46 (3): 232–238. Published online 2009 Sep 30. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2009.46.3.232PMCID: PMC2764022Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Related to Visual Symptoms Jung Hyun Park, M. D., Sang Keun Park, M. D., Tae Hong Kim, M. D., Jun Jae Shin, M. D., Hyung Shik Shin, M. D., and Yong Soon Hwang, M. D. Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract Objective Intracranial aneurysms are sometimes presented with visual symptoms by their rupture or direct compression of the optic nerve. It is because their prevalent sites are anatomically located close to the optic pathway. Anterior communicating artery is especially located in close proximity to optic nerve. Aneurysm arising in this area can produce visual symptoms according to their direction while the size is small. Clinical importance of visual symptoms presented by aneurysmal optic nerve compression is stressed in this study. Methods Retrospective analysis of ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms compressing optic apparatus were carried out." }, { "docid": "D328558#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/107340693/stroke-flash-cards/\nStroke", "text": "\"66 terms djwhite3966Stroke Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort What could damage to parietal lobe cause? Speech deficits, problems with receiving messages, and memory loss Damage to the cerebellum may cause? Ambulatory problems What is a stroke? Functional abnormality of the CNS that occurs when the blood supply is disrupted \"\"Brain attack\"\"What are the two types of stroke? Ischemic and hemorrhagic Describe an ischemic stroke There is a clot; similar to heart attack Disruption of the blood supply due to an obstruction, usually a thrombus or embolism, that causes infarction of brain tissue Describe a hemorrhagic stroke There is a lack of blood flow to the brain; there may be a hole in a vessel/aneurysm Blood is adding to volume inside skull Nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke? Age (>55), male, African-American Modifiable risk factors for stroke HTN** Cardiovascular disease Elevated cholesterol Obesity Diabetes Oral contraceptives (getting lower) Smoking/Drugs/Alcohol Symptoms of ischemic stroke (Depend on the location and size of the affected area) -Numbness/weakness of face, arm, leg on one side -Confusion/change in mental status -Trouble speaking/understanding -Difficulty walking/dizziness/loss of balance & coordination -Sudden severe headache -Perceptual disturbances What does the mnemonic FAST stand for? Face - facial droop; tongue may deviate to one side; ask pt to smile Arms - one arm will not be able to be held up Speech - ask them to say something Time - time is tissue; there is a 3 hour window to reperfuse brain What is hemiplegia? paralysis to a body part What is hemiparesis? weakness of a body part What is dyarthria? difficulty speaking due to muscle weakness What is aphasia?" }, { "docid": "D459369#0", "title": "http://www.uhnj.org/stroke/types.htm\nThe Comprehensive Stroke Center at University Hospital", "text": "The Comprehensive Stroke Center at University Hospital Types of Stroke There are two main types of stroke — ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke is more common and occurs when blood flow to a part or parts of the brain is stopped by a blockage in a vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke is more deadly and occurs when a weakened vessel tears or ruptures, diverting blood flow from its normal course and instead leaking or spilling it into or around the brain itself. ( left) Illustration of Ischemic Stroke showing blockage of one of the brain's arteries. ( right) CT scan of Hemorrhagic Stroke. Arrow points to the area of blood in the brain. Treatment for each type is significantly different. In fact, treating an ischemic stroke as though it were hemorrhagic or vice versa could have life-threatening consequences. Therefore, a reliable determination (diagnosis) of which type has occurred is critical before treatment can begin. There is a third type referred to as transient ischemic attack (TIA) or “mini-stroke.”" }, { "docid": "D1581211#0", "title": "http://www.icd9data.com/2014/Volume1/V01-V91/V10-V19/V12/V12.54.htm\n.", "text": "Personal history of transient ischemic attack (TIA), and cerebral infarction without residual deficits2014 Billable Thru Sept 30/2015 Non-Billable On/After Oct 1/2015Short description: Hx TIA/stroke w/o resid. ICD-9-CM V12.54 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a reimbursement claim, however, V12.54 should only be used for claims with a date of service on or before September 30, 2015. For claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015, use an equivalent ICD-10-CM code (or codes). You are viewing the 2014 version of ICD-9-CM V12.54. More recent version (s) of ICD-9-CM V12.54: 2015. Convert to ICD-10-CM: V12.54 converts directly to:2015/16 ICD-10-CM Z86.73 Personal history of transient ischemic attack (TIA), and cerebral infarction without residual deficits Approximate Synonyms H/o: cva H/o: tia Has had parietal stroke History of - cerebrovascular accident History of - transient ischemic attack History of cardioembolic stroke History of cerebellar stroke History of cerebrovascular accident History of cerebrovascular accident without residual deficits History of embolic stroke without deficits History of embolic stroke without lasting effects History of embolic TIAHistory of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident without residual deficits History of hemorrhagic stroke without lasting effect History of ischemic (interrupted blood flow) stroke History of ischemic stroke without residual deficits History of ischemic transient ischemic attack History of lacunar cerebrovascular accident History of lacunar stroke History of nonatherosclerotic stroke without residual deficits History of parietal cerebrovascular accident History of stroke History of stroke of the cerebellum (part of the brain)History of stroke without residual History of thrombotic stroke without lasting effects History of thrombotic stroke without residual deficits History of transient ischemic attack History of transient ischemic attack (tia)History of transient ischemic attack (TIA) due to embolism History of traumatic cerebrovascular accident without residual deficits History of traumatic stroke HX of cardioembolic stroke Hx of cerebellar stroke HX of embolic stroke wo residual deficits Hx of embolic TIAHX of hemorrhagic stroke wo residual deficits Hx of ischemic stroke wo residual deficits Hx of ischemic TIAHX of lacunar stroke Hx of nonatherosclerotic stroke wo residual deficits HX of parietal stroke HX of stroke HX of stroke WO residual HX of stroke wo residual deficits HX of stroke, parietal HX of thrombotic stroke wo residual deficits HX of transient ischemia attack HX of transient ischemic attack (TIA)Hx of traumatic stroke wo residual deficits V12.54 Excludeshistory of traumatic brain injury ( V15.52)late effects of cerebrovascular disease ( 438.0 - 438.9)Applies To Prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND)Reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND)Stroke NOS without residual deficits ICD-9-CM Volume 2 Index entries containing back-references to V12.54: Accident, accidental - see also conditioncerebrovascular (current) (CVA) (see also Disease, cerebrovascular, acute) 434.91aborted 434.91embolic 434.11healed or old V12.54hemorrhagic - see Hemorrhage, brainimpending 435.9ischemic 434.91late effect - see Late effect (s) (of) cerebrovascular diseasepostoperative 997.02thrombotic 434.01Apoplexia, apoplexy, apoplectic (see also Disease, cerebrovascular, acute) 436healed or old V12.54Deficitneurologic NEC 781.99due tocerebrovascular lesion (see also Disease, cerebrovascular, acute) 436late effect - see Late effect (s) (of) cerebrovascular diseasetransient ischemic attack 435.9ischemicreversible (RIND) 434.91history of (personal) V12.54prolonged (PRIND) 434.91history of (personal) V12.54Encephalorrhagia (see also Hemorrhage, brain) 432.9healed or old V12.54History (personal) ofattack, transient ischemic (TIA) V12.54deficitprolonged reversible ischemic neurologic (PRIND) V12.54reversible ischemic neurologic (RIND) V12.54infarction, cerebral, without residual deficits V12.54prolonged reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (PRIND) V12.54reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND) V12.54stroke without residual deficits V12.54Infarct, infarctionbrain (stem) 434.91embolic (see also Embolism, brain) 434.11healed or old without residuals V12.54iatrogenic 997.02lacunar 434.91late effect - see Late effect (s) (of) cerebrovascular diseasepostoperative 997.02puerperal, postpartum, childbirth 674.0thrombotic (see also Thrombosis, brain) 434.01Lesion (s)brain 348.89congenital 742.9vascular (see also Lesion, cerebrovascular) 437.9degenerative 437.1healed or old without residuals V12.54hypertensive 437.2late effect - see Late effect (s) (of) cerebrovascular diseasecerebrovascular (see also Disease, cerebrovascular NEC) 437.9degenerative 437.1healed or old without residuals V12.54hypertensive 437.2specified type NEC 437.8PRIND (prolonged reversible ischemic neurologic deficit) 434.91history of (personal) V12.54RIND (reversible ischemic neurological deficit) 434.91history of (personal) V12.54Stroke 434.91healed or old V12.54V12.53 ICD9Data.com V12.55ICD-9-CM codes are used in medical billing and coding to describe diseases, injuries, symptoms and conditions. ICD-9-CM V12.54 is one of thousands of ICD-9-CM codes used in healthcare. Although ICD-9-CM and CPT codes are largely numeric, they differ in that CPT codes describe medical procedures and services. Can't find a code? Start at the root of ICD-9-CM, check the 2014 ICD-9-CM Index or use the search engine at the top of this page to lookup any code." }, { "docid": "D1332013#0", "title": "http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_disorders/types_of_stroke_85,P00813/\nTypes of Stroke", "text": "\"See related health topics and resources<< Back to Nervous System Disorders What are the different types of stroke? Strokes can be classified into 2 main categories: Ischemic strokes. These are strokes caused by blockage of an artery (or, in rare instances, a vein). About 87% of all strokes are ischemic. Hemorrhagic stroke. These are strokes caused by bleeding. About 13% of all strokes are hemorrhagic. What is an ischemic stroke? An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes blocked or \"\"clogged\"\" and impairs blood flow to part of the brain. The brain cells and tissues begin to die within minutes from lack of oxygen and nutrients." } ]
8770	______ is regarded as the father of modern geology	[ { "docid": "D943865#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120607164518AAhPpRi\nNeed help with biology?", "text": "\"Science & Mathematics Biology Need help with biology? What type of fossil is a footprint? compression trace fossil body fossil petrifaction Question 2 1 points Save _______ are a type of preservation where the original material decays leaving a mold in surrounding rock that can be filled with another... show more Follow 1 answer Answers Best Answer: What type of fossil is a footprint? -- > Body Fossil _______ are a type of preservation where the original material decays leaving a mold in surrounding rock that can be filled with another sediment. -- > Trace fossils ______ is regarded as the father of modern geology. -- > James Hutton Nicholas Steno recognized \"\"tongue stones\"\" as the teeth from which of the following? -- > Ancient Sharks One _______ is the amount of time needed for half of a given amount of radioisotope to decay into its stable daughter product. -- > Half Life A (n) ______ is used to measure amounts of isotopes in samples. -- > Mass Spectrometer As for the last one, I am not sure. May · 6 years ago2 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D3158264#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain\nGeology of Great Britain", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. ( December 2015)This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The geology of Great Britain is renowned for its diversity. As a result of its eventful geological history, Great Britain shows a rich variety of landscapes across the constituent countries of England, Wales and Scotland. Rocks of almost all geological ages are represented at outcrop, from the Archaean onwards. Geology of Great Britain Quaternary ( Alluvium)Paleogene / Neogene ( Tertiary)Cretaceous Lower Cretaceousmiddle/ upper Jurassiclower Jurassicupper Triassiclower Triassicupper Permianlower Permianupper Carboniferous (Coal Measures)middle Carboniferouslower Carboniferous ( limestone)Devonian Ordovician / Silurian Cambrian Neoproterozoic Proterozoic (upper Precambrian)Lewisian (lower Precambrian)granite Paleogene volcanics Contents [ hide ]1 Overview1.1 Bedrock and past volcanism1.2 Superficial deposits2 Geological history2.1 Precambrian2.1.1 Archaean eon2.1.2 Proterozoic eon2.2 Palaeozoic era2.2.1 Cambrian period2.2.2 Ordovician period2.2.3 Silurian period2.2.4 Devonian period2.2.5 Carboniferous period2.2.6 Permian period2.3 Mesozoic era2.3.1 Triassic period2.3.2 Jurassic period2.3.3 Cretaceous period2.4 Cenozoic era2.4.1 Palaeogene period2.4.2 Neogene period2.4.2.1 Miocene and Pliocene epochs2.4.3 Quaternary period2.4.3.1 Pleistocene epoch2.4.3.2 Holocene epoch3 Geological features4 Geological resources5 Events6 Institutions6.1 Government agencies6.2 Learned societies7 Pioneers of British Geology8 Awards9 See also10 References11 Further reading12 External links Overview [ edit]Seismographical research shows that the crust of the Earth below Great Britain is from 27 to 35 km (17 to 22 miles) thick." }, { "docid": "D1382153#0", "title": "http://www.apologeticspress.org/article/2842\nBill Nye: The (Pseudo-)Science Guy", "text": "\"Tweet Bill Nye: The (Pseudo-)Science Guyby Jeff Miller, Ph. D. [In light of the coming debate between Bill Nye and Ken Ham on February 4 th, we wish to recall your attention to Bill Nye’s statements several months ago regarding Creation and evolution. ] wikipedia.org (Ed Schipul) 2012 CC-by-sa-2.0Many of us who are scientists grew up watching “Bill Nye the Science Guy,” and learned to love science in the process. Sadly, Bill Nye came out in 2012 with a video that indicates he is vehemently opposed to parents who teach children that evolutionary theory is false. In a You Tube video posted by Big Think.com, Nye said: Denial of evolution is unique to the United States…. People still move to the United States, and that’s largely because of the intellectual capital we have—the general understanding of science. When you have a portion of the population that doesn’t believe in that, it holds everybody back. Really. Evolution is the fundamental idea in all of life science. In all of biology." }, { "docid": "D2351726#0", "title": "https://www.famousscientists.org/aristotle/\nAristotle", "text": "\"Aristotle Lived 384 – 322 BC. Aristotle’s influence on western culture and science has been enormous. His writings, many of which survived great periods of turmoil in the millennia separating us from him, show him to be a man of tremendous intellect who thought deeply about the world. The volume, extent and depth of his work is humbling. Speaking from our privileged place in time, it is evident that much of his work actually weakened the progress of science. There are, however, exceptions to this: for example, some of his works on biology and geology. Aristotle’s philosophy is still studied today, but his science is not. Advertisements Beginnings Aristotle was born in Ancient Greece in 384 BC, very nearly 2400 years ago. He was born in the city of Stagira in the Greek state of Macedonia. His early life was very comfortable." }, { "docid": "D1469493#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/James_Hutton.aspx\nHutton, James", "text": "\"Hutton, James ( b. Edinburgh, Scotland, 3 June 1726; d. Edinburgh, 26 March 1797)geology, agriculture, physical sciences, philosophy. Hutton was the only son of William Hutton, a merchant and former city treasurer in Edinburgh, and Sarah Balfour, daughter of John Balfour, another Edinburgh merchant, whose descendants provided two professors of botany at Edinburgh University. William Hutton died in 1729 when James was three years old. His will indicates that he left the family, including Hutton’s three sisters, quite well-off, and apparently Hutton was never under any pressing need to earn a living. He attended Edinburgh High School and in 1740 entered Edinburgh University as a student of the humanities. He attended the lectures given by John Stevenson on logic and rhetoric and those of the mathematician Colin Maclaurin, which included physics, experimental philosophy, and geography as well as mathematics. It is said that Hutton enjoyed Maclaurin’s lectures particularly, but his biographer John Playfair 1 states that it was to Stevenson that Hutton was indebted for his interest in chemistry, as a result of an experiment introduced into a lecture. Little information about chemistry was then available to Hutton, but he retained and developed his interest in the subject throughout his lifetime. On leaving the university it was apparent that Hutton had an inclination for academic studies, but he was persuaded to follow an occupation more likely to provide a professional career. Consequently, in 1743 he was apprenticed to an Edinburgh lawyer." }, { "docid": "D1891917#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Contributions_to_Science\nHistory of science", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Arab Contributions to Science)navigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)For the academic journal, see History of Science (journal). \"\" New science\"\" redirects here. For the treatise about history, see The New Science. Newton's reflector, the first reflecting telescope Part of a series on Science Formal [show]Physical [show]Life [show]Social [show]Applied [show]Interdisciplinary [show]Philosophy History [hide]Basic research Citizen science Fringe science Protoscience Pseudoscience Freedom Policy Funding Method Sociology Technoscience Glossaries of science and engineering [show]Outline Portal Categoryv t e The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences. ( The history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship .) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science." }, { "docid": "D2126136#0", "title": "http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/agassiz/agassiz.htm\nAbstract", "text": "\"Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz History of Geology James S. Aber Born: 28 May 1807, Môtier, Switzerland. Died: 14 Dec. 1873, Boston, U. S. A. Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Major works American works Later life Historical assessment Related websites Abstract Agassiz was a Swiss-American paleontologist, zoologist, and geomorphologist, a renowned natural scientist, and quite influential during his time. His first major scientific work was the description of a collection of Brazilian fish, on which basis he was awarded a Ph. D. degree by the University of Munich in 1829. A year later, he received an M. D. degree. He next worked closely with Cuvier in Paris on fossil fish, and then returned to Neuchâtel, Switzerland, where in 1832 he was appointed Professor of Natural History at the newly formed Academy. During the following decades he published his two most important scientific works: Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (1833-43) and Etudes sur les glaciers (1840). In the latter, he developed the controversial concept of a great \"\"Ice Age,\"\" which he believed was the latest in a series of catastrophies during earth history. In 1846, Agassiz immigrated to the United States, and the following year was appointed Professor of Zoology and Geology at Harvard University. He was instrumental in establishing the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1859, and was active in improving American science education." }, { "docid": "D705443#0", "title": "http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/wegener/wegener.htm\nAbstract", "text": "\"Alfred Wegener History of Geology James S. Aber Born: 1880, Berlin, Germany. Died: 1930, Greenland Ice Sheet. Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Major work Resistance to Wegener Historical assessment Related websites Abstract Alfred Wegener was an accomplished German natural scientist in the fields of meteorology, astronomy, and geology. He was also a skilled balloonist and participated in three scientific expeditions to Greenland. His primary research interest was in the relatively new field of meteorology. He held several academic or research positions in Germany before taking the Chair of meteorology and geophysics at the University of Graz in Austria in 1924. Wegener's most notable scientific contribution was a unified theory for the origin of continents. His mobilist idea of drifting continents contrasted sharply with the contemporary view of fixed continents and a rigid, shrinking Earth. Wegener first presented his theory of continental drift in 1912 at a meeting of the German Geological Association. In 1915, he published his evidence and conclusions in a now-classic book, Die entstehung der kontinente und ozeane (The origin of continents and oceans)." }, { "docid": "D666096#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism\nOld Earth creationism", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Part of a series on Creationism History Neo-creationism Types Young Earth Old Earth Day-age Gap Progressive Intelligent design Biblical cosmology Book of Genesis Creation narrative Framework interpretation As an allegory Omphalos hypothesis Creation science Created kind Flood geology Creationist cosmologies Intelligent design Creation–evolution controversy History Creation myth Public education\"\"Teach the Controversy\"\"Religious views Non-creation Creator in Buddhism Jainism and non-creationism Evolution Theistic evolution Buddhist Catholic Hindu Islamic Jewish Mormon Creationism portalv t e Old Earth creationism is a form of creationism which includes gap creationism, progressive creationism, and evolutionary creationism. [ 1] Old Earth creationism is typically more compatible with mainstream scientific thought on the issues of physics, chemistry, geology, and the age of the Earth, in contrast to young Earth creationism. [ 2]Contents [ hide ]1 Types1.1 Gap creationism1.2 Progressive creationism1.3 Theistic evolution2 Approaches to Genesis 12.1 Framework interpretation2.2 Day-age creationism2.3 Cosmic time3 The biblical flood4 Criticism5 Hindu creationism6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links Types [ edit]Gap creationism [ edit]Main article: Gap creationism Gap creationism is a form of old Earth creationism that posits that the six- yom creation period, as described in the Book of Genesis, involved six literal 24-hour days, but that there was a gap of time between two distinct creations in the first and the second verses of Genesis, which the theory states explains many scientific observations, including the age of the Earth. [ 3] [4] [5] This view was popularized in 1909 by the Scofield Reference Bible. Progressive creationism [ edit]Main article: Progressive creationism Progressive creationism is the religious belief that God created new forms of life gradually over a period of hundreds of millions of years. As a form of Old Earth creationism, it accepts mainstream geological and cosmological estimates for the age of the Earth, some tenets of biology such as microevolution as well as archaeology to make its case. In this view creation occurred in rapid bursts in which all \"\" kinds \"\" of plants and animals appear in stages lasting millions of years." }, { "docid": "D2294703#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism\nYoung Earth creationism", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Part of a series on Creationism History Neo-creationism Types Young Earth Old Earth Day-age Gap Progressive Intelligent design Biblical cosmology Book of Genesis Creation narrative Framework interpretation As an allegory Omphalos hypothesis Creation science Created kind Flood geology Creationist cosmologies Intelligent design Creation–evolution controversy History Creation myth Public education\"\"Teach the Controversy\"\"Religious views Non-creation Creator in Buddhism Jainism and non-creationism Evolution Theistic evolution Buddhist Catholic Hindu Islamic Jewish Mormon Creationism portalv t e Young Earth creationism ( YEC) is a form of creationism, a religious belief, [1] which holds that the universe, Earth, and all life on Earth were created by direct acts of God less than 10,000 years ago. [ 2] Its primary adherents are Christians who subscribe to a literal interpretation of the creation narrative in the Bible's Book of Genesis and believe that God created the Earth in six 24-hour days. [ 3] [4] In contrast to YEC, old Earth creationism is the belief in a metaphorical interpretation of the Book of Genesis and the scientifically-determined estimated ages of the Earth and Universe. [ 5]Since the mid-20th century, young Earth creationists—starting with Henry Morris (1918–2006)—have devised and promoted a pseudoscientific explanation called \"\" creation science \"\" as a basis for a religious belief in a supernatural, geologically recent creation. [ 6] Contemporary YEC movements arose in protest to the scientific consensus, established by numerous scientific disciplines, which demonstrates that the age of the universe is around 13.8 billion years, the formation of the Earth happened around 4.5 billion years ago, and the first appearance of life on Earth was at least 3.5 billion years ago. [ 7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]A 2017 Gallup creationism survey found 38% of adults in the United States held the view that \"\"God created humans in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years\"\" when asked for their views on the origin and development of human beings, which Gallup noted was the lowest level in 35 years. [ 13]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Biblical dates for creation1.2 Scientific revolution and the old Earth1.3 Christian fundamentalism and belief in a young Earth1.4 Impact2 Characteristics and beliefs2.1 View of the Bible2.1.1 Interpretations of Genesis2.2 Age of the Earth2.3 Human history2.4 Flood geology, the fossil record, and dinosaurs2.5 Attitude towards science3 Compared to other forms of creationism3.1 Old Earth creationism3.2 Gap creationism3.3 Omphalos hypothesis4 Criticism4.1 Theological considerations4.2 Scientific refutation5 Adhering church bodies6 See also7 Notes8 References9 External links History [ edit]Biblical dates for creation [ edit]The first major comprehensive draft of Genesis was composed by the Yahwist in the late 7th or the 6th century BC, during the Babylonian captivity, with later additions made by the priestly source in the post-exilic period. [ 14]Young Earth creationists have claimed that their view has its earliest roots in ancient Judaism, citing, for example, the commentary on Genesis by Ibn Ezra (c. 1089–1164). [ 3] Shai Cherry of Vanderbilt University notes that modern Jewish theologians have generally rejected such literal interpretations of the written text, and that even Jewish commentators who oppose some aspects of science generally accept scientific evidence that the Earth is much older. [ 15]Calculations based on the Septuagint have traditionally dated creation to around 5500 BC, while the Samaritan Torah produces a date around 4300 BC, and the Masoretic a date around 4000 BC. [" }, { "docid": "D943866#0", "title": "http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Earth-Science-Vol-2/Historical-Geology-Real-life-applications.html\nHistorical Geology - Real-life applications", "text": "\"Historical Geology - Real-life applications Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Uniformitarianism Late in the eighteenth century, the Scottish geologist James Hutton (1726-1797) put forward an idea that transcended the debate over Earth's origins. Rather than speculate as to how Earth had come into being, Hutton analyzed the processes at work on the planet in his time and reasoned that they must be a key to understanding the means by which Earth was shaped. This was the principle of uniformitarianism, which is still a key concept in the study of Earth. Thanks to his introduction of this influential idea, Hutton today is regarded as the father of modern scientific geology. Uniformitarianism, in general, is the idea that the geologic processes at work today provide a key to understanding the geologic past. This means that the laws of nature have always been the same. The uniformitarianism promoted by Hutton and his fellow Scottish geologist Charles Lyell (1797-1875), however, has undergone some modification, namely, by the addition of the qualifying statement that the speed and intensity of those processes may not always be the same at any juncture in geologic history. For instance, land does not erode today at the same rate that it did before plants existed to hold rocks and soil in place. GOULD'S FOUR UNIFORMITIES. In the late twentieth century, the American paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002) identified four different meanings of uniformity in science, not all of which are equally valid." }, { "docid": "D1441414#0", "title": "https://financesonline.com/13-most-intelligent-people-in-the-history-of-the-world/\n13 Most Intelligent People In The History Of The World", "text": "13 Most Intelligent People In The History Of The World We know these people are exceptionally intelligent and talented. But just how intelligent are they compared to each other? Here are 13 of the most intelligent geniuses in the world, or at least as far as two Western scientific studies had afforded us. How we get the IQEstimating the IQ levels of people who had died centuries before a refined scientific intelligence benchmarking had been developed is tricky; but here we have two of the most often quoted studies: the 1926 Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses by American psychologist Catherine Cox, who computed the IQs of geniuses from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century; and the 1994 Book of Genius by English learning expert, Tony Buzan, who ranked a more encompassing 100 greatest geniuses of our world. The disparity in their lists is evident. Buzan had Da Vinci at the top with an IQ of 220, while Cox gave the artist-inventor only 180 points. Still, it’s fun averaging the two lists to see who among these geniuses trump their fellow brainiacs in sheer IQ performance. Those who didn’t appear in the top twenty of both lists are automatically out of the game, but it’s not to say they are any less than intelligent than the people in this list (we can never tell). Moreover, the list didn’t include twentieth-century geniuses such as Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi and Stephen Hawking. Likewise, you’ll note that these are European geniuses; hence, mind masters from Asia did not appear, too." }, { "docid": "D1078083#0", "title": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Charles\nCharles Darwin", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Darwin, Charles)navigation search For other people named Charles Darwin, see Charles Darwin (disambiguation). Charles Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZSDarwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species for publication [1]Born Charles Robert Darwin 12 February 1809 The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England Died 19 April 1882 (aged 73) Down House, Downe, Kent, England Known for The Voyage of the Beagle On the Origin of Species Spouse (s) Emma Wedgwood ( m. 1839)Children 10Awards FRS (1839) [2]Royal Medal (1853)Wollaston Medal (1859)Copley Medal (1864)Doctor of Laws (Honorary), Cambridge (1877) [3]Scientific career Fields Natural history, geology Institutions Tertiary education: University of Edinburgh Medical School (medicine, no degree) Christ's College, Cambridge Bachelor of Arts (1831) Master of Arts (1836) [4]Professional institution: Geological Society of London Academic advisors John Stevens Henslow Adam Sedgwick Influences Charles Lyell Alexander von Humboldt John Herschel Thomas Malthus Influenced Hooker, Huxley, Romanes, Haeckel, Lubbock Signature Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS [2] ( / ˈ d ɑːr w ɪ n /; [5] 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, [6] best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. [ I] He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors [7] and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. [ 8]Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. [ 9] [10] By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. [ 11] [12] Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life. [ 13] [14]Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge ( Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science. [ 15] His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell 's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. [" }, { "docid": "D709933#0", "title": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/darwinism/\nDarwinism", "text": "\"Darwinism First published Fri Aug 13, 2004; substantive revision Tue May 26, 2015Darwinism designates a distinctive form of evolutionary explanation for the history and diversity of life on earth. Its original formulation is provided in the first edition of On the Origin of Species in 1859. This entry first formulates ‘Darwin's Darwinism’ in terms of five philosophically distinctive themes: (i) probability and chance, (ii) the nature, power and scope of selection, (iii) adaptation and teleology, (iv) nominalism vs. essentialism about species and (v) the tempo and mode of evolutionary change. Both Darwin and his critics recognized that his approach to evolution was distinctive on each of these topics, and it remains true that, though Darwinism has developed in many ways unforeseen by Darwin, its proponents and critics continue to differentiate it from other approaches in evolutionary biology by focusing on these themes. This point is illustrated in the second half of the entry by looking at current debates in the philosophy of evolutionary biology on these five themes.1. Introduction2. Darwin and Darwinism2.1 Darwin's Life2.2 Darwin's Darwinism2.3 Philosophical Problems with Darwin's Darwinism3. The Five Core Philosophical Problems Today3.1 The Roles of Chance in Evolutionary Theory3.2 The Nature, Power and Scope of Selection3.3 Selection, Adaptation and Teleology3.4 Species and the Concept of ‘Species’Bibliography References Further Reading Academic Tools Other Internet Resources Related Entries1. Introduction Scientific theories are historical entities. Often you can identify key individuals and documents that are the sources of new theories—Einstein's 1905 papers, Copernicus’ 1539 De Revolutionibus, Darwin's On the Origin of Species." }, { "docid": "D1815676#0", "title": "https://www.researchgate.net/post/Does_the_term_Earth_Science_include_Environmental_Science\n\"Does the term \"\"Earth Science\"\" include \"\"Environmental Science\"\"?\"", "text": "\"Question Asked 4 years ago Ken H Rubin40.25 University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Does the term \"\"Earth Science\"\" include \"\"Environmental Science\"\"? In common usage of English, do you think people assume that \"\"Environmental Science\"\" is part of the Earth Sciences? To me I see a strong overlap, but I also see Environmental Science as including other non Earth sciences such as biology, atmospheric science, toxicology, geography, sociology and political science (policy). I ask because my Geology and Geophysics department wants to change its name and is debating including \"\"environmental\"\" in the title. Environmental Science Earth Sciences Share3 Recommendations All Answers ( 25)4 years ago Ibrahim Noori University of Sulaimani I think Environmental Science is something partially related to above ground part of earth plus underground part, Environmental Science is Wider than Geology which is dealing with earth surface and everything underneath earth. On the other hand, Geography is relating to above ground resources. So, Environment is dealing with both geological and geographical resources.4 years ago George Japoshvili Agricultural University of Georgia\"\"Earth science\"\" is discussed as a different line of science, studying rocks, minerals, some physics, Chemistry and etc. While \"\"Environmental science\"\" is focused on life. However \"\"Earth science\"\" globally can include \"\"Enviromnetal science\"\" in itself. So my opinion is that these two terms are not correctly segregated.2 Recommendations4 years ago Yoya Vashi Assam Don Bosco University I also agree with George." }, { "docid": "D2491009#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Vinci\nLeonardo da Vinci", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Da Vinci)navigation search For other uses, see Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation). \"\" Da Vinci\"\" redirects here. For other uses with the name Da Vinci, see Da Vinci (disambiguation). This is a Renaissance Florentine name. The name da Vinci is an indicator of birthplace, not a family name and the person is properly referred to by the given name Leonardo. Leonardo da Vinci Portrait by Francesco Melzi Born Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci 15 April 1452 Vinci, Republic of Florence (present-day Italy)Died 2 May 1519 (aged 67) Amboise, Kingdom of France Nationality Italian Known for Art, science Works Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Vitruvian Man Lady with an Ermine Movement High Renaissance Signature Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( Italian: [leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi] ( listen); 15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian Renaissance polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter and tank, [1] [2] [3] he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal. Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"\" Universal Genius \"\" or \"\"Renaissance Man\"\", an individual of \"\"unquenchable curiosity\"\" and \"\"feverishly inventive imagination\"\", [4] and he is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. [ 5] According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"\"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote\"\". [" }, { "docid": "D3334458#0", "title": "http://www.cram.com/flashcards/geology-101-5402716\nGeology 101", "text": "Study your flashcards anywhere!Download the official Cram app for free >How to study your flashcards. Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards. right arrow key left arrow key Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back. down key up key H key: Show hint (3rd side). h key A key: Read text to speech. a key Click or Press Spacebar to Begin »Card Range To Studythrough Share Print Export Clone371 Cards in this Set Front Back Regarding the study of geology, what is geology?the science that pursues an understanding of the planet earth. it uses other sciences to do this.what are the two types of geology sciences?historical and physicalexamines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface. It looks at external and internal processes.physical geologyseeks to understand the origin of the Earth and its development through time.historical geology An important relationship between people and the natural environment exist. This also brings up issues and problems, such as.. Natural hazards, resources, world population growth, and environmental issues. When did the study of geology begin?late 1700's Who was the first real geology textbook author?" }, { "docid": "D327568#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_River\nIllinois River", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the river in Illinois. For the rivers of Illinois, see List of rivers of Illinois. For other uses, see Illinois River (disambiguation). Illinois River River Illinois River valley, Abraham Lincoln Memorial Bridge, and La Salle Rail Bridge near La Salle, Illinois Country United States State Illinois Source Confluence of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers- location Grundy County, Illinois, United States- elevation 505 ft (154 m)- coordinates 41°23′37″N 88°15′37″WMouth Mississippi River- location Grafton, Illinois, United States- elevation 417 ft (127 m)- coordinates 38°58′13″N 90°27′15″WCoordinates: 38°58′13″N 90°27′15″WLength 273 mi (439 km)Basin 28,070 sq mi (72,701 km 2)Discharge for Valley City, about 61.8 mi (99.5 km) from the mouth- average 23,280 cu ft/s (659 m 3 /s) [1]- max 123,000 cu ft/s (3,483 m 3 /s)- min 1,330 cu ft/s (38 m 3 /s)Map of the Illinois River watershed [2] [3]The Illinois River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 273 miles (439 km) long, in the U. S. state of Illinois. [ 4] The river drains a large section of central Illinois, with a drainage basin of 28,756.6 square miles (74,479 km 2 ). [ 5] The drainage basin extends into Wisconsin and Indiana. This river was important among Native Americans and early French traders as the principal water route connecting the Great Lakes with the Mississippi. The French colonial settlements along the rivers formed the heart of the area known as the Illinois Country. After the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the Hennepin Canal in the 19th century, the role of the river as link between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi was extended into the era of modern industrial shipping. It now forms the basis for the Illinois Waterway." }, { "docid": "D264792#0", "title": "http://dictionary.sensagent.com/catastrophism/en-en/\nCatastrophismupdate", "text": "\"For the idea that Earth-like planets have been affected in the past by short-lived, violent galaxy-wide events, see Neocatastrophism. Mount St. Helens, 9:00 am, May 17, 1980. Eruption column around 8:35 am on May 18, 1980. Catastrophism is the theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope. [ 1] The dominant paradigm of modern geology is uniformitarianism (sometimes described as gradualism ), in which slow incremental changes, such as erosion, create the Earth's appearance. This view holds that the present is the key to the past, and that all things continue as they were from the beginning of the world. Recently a more inclusive and integrated view of geologic events has developed, changing the scientific consensus to accept some catastrophic events in the geologic past. Contents1 History1.1 Creationist interpretations1.2 Cuvier and the natural theologians1.3 The rise of uniformitarianism in geology1.4 Immanuel Velikovsky's views2 Current application2.1 Luis Alvarez impact event hypothesis2.2 Comparison to uniformitarianism2.3 Moon-formation3 See also4 Notes5 References6 External links History Creationist interpretations See also: Deluge myth Christians up until the 19th century, held dominant scientific beliefs that were founded on the biblical narratives of Creation and the universal deluge. Other ancient deluge myths have been discovered since then, explaining why the flood story was \"\"stated in scientific methods with surprising frequency among the Greeks \"\", an example being Plutarch 's account of the Ogygian flood. [ 2]Earth's history was viewed as the result of an accumulation of catastrophic events over a relatively short time period, before the depth of geological time was appreciated." }, { "docid": "D1660999#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Redi\nFrancesco Redi", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Francesco Redi Born 18 February 1626 Arezzo, Italy Died 1 March 1697 (aged 71) Pisa, Italy Nationality Tuscan Alma mater University of Pisa Known for Experimental biology Parasitology Criticism of spontaneous generation Scientific career Fields Medicine, entomology, parasitology, linguistics Institutions Florence Francesco Redi (18 February 1626 – 1 March 1697) was an Italian physician, naturalist, biologist and poet. [ 1] He is referred to as the \"\"founder of experimental biology \"\", [2] [3] and as the \"\"father of modern parasitology \"\". [ 4] [5] He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies. [ 6]Having a doctoral degree in both medicine and philosophy from the University of Pisa at the age of 21, he worked in various cities of Italy. A rationalist of his time, he was a critic of verifiable myths, such as spontaneous generation. His most famous experiments are described in his magnum opus Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl'Insetti ( Experiments on the Generation of Insects ), published in 1668. He disproved that vipers drink wine and could break glasses, and that their venom was poisonous when ingested. He correctly observed that snake venoms were produced from the fangs, not the gallbladder, as was believed. He was also the first to recognize and correctly describe details of about 180 parasites, including Fasciola hepatica and Ascaris lumbricoides. He also distinguished earthworms from helminths (like tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms)." }, { "docid": "D2933627#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120722161947AAhr5K3\nHow to become an exploration geologist?", "text": "\"Science & Mathematics Earth Sciences & Geology How to become an exploration geologist? I am currently in high school and i want to become an exploration geologists because i love science, i love challenges, high pay, and i love adventure. My father went to a mongolian gold mine on a business trip and he met an american geologist who had a lot of adventure establishing places for mines and starting... show more Update: Mike, some big drilling companies have taken into account environmental issues, so they hire some environmental scientists and do other things to make sure they aren't destroying ecosystems. This way, many more people will want to get minerals and oil from them. Follow 7 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: If you don't grow it you have to mine it. If you do grow it, you depend on minerals to be able to grow it. Anyone who pretends they are being responsible by not participating in finding and recovering mineral resources is either a hypocrite or naive. Since that same person is using a computer, they are obviously creating a market for copper, silver, aluminum, gold, europium, yttrium, gadolinium, manganese, arsenic, zinc, rare earth metals, silica, petroleum (plastic) and by using their computer are consuming coal, natural gas, uranium, rare earth metals used in wind generators, gallium, indium, iron, molybdenum, tellurium, selenium, phosphate, and lead which are all used in solar cells. So, all an exploration geologist is doing is making it possible for such hypocrites to live in denial and ignorance, and for them to enjoy the convenience of modern technology. To live without mining would be returning to a time before the bronze age." } ]
8773	______ is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.	[ { "docid": "D2696973#0", "title": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/p35o743l/Chapter-11-Sexual-Reproduction-and-Meiosis-53-Nondisjunction-is-the-failure-of/\nIn 95 of cases of downs syndrome there is one extra", "text": "In 95 of cases of downs syndrome there is one extra SCHOOLFIUCOURSE TITLEBSC 1010TYPETest Prep UPLOADED BYhelen1175PAGES 8 RATINGS100 % ( 10)This preview shows pages 7–8. Sign up to view the full content. View Full Document42. In 95% of cases of Down's syndrome, there is one extra chromosome (number 21) in every cell. Thisaneuploid condition is most likely the result of A. failure to suppress DNA replication between meiosis I and meiosis IIB. failure of the chromosomes to assort independently during meiosis C. failure of 1 homologous pair to segregate during meiosis. D. failure of 2 homologous pairs to segregate during meiosis E. failure of the cytoplasm to divide at the end of meiosis II43. Why does sexual reproduction require both meiosis and syngamy? A. The process of meiosis results in the production of gametes in which the number of chromosomes remainsthe same. During syngamy, two gametes fuse to form a new cell, and the number of chromosomes is restored tothe full amount." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2156864#0", "title": "http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072421975/student_view0/chapter5/multiple_choice_quiz.html\n.", "text": "Multiple Choice Quiz (See related pages)1 Cells can permanently stop midway in the cell cycle and not complete the cycle. A) True B) False2 DNA must replicate after cell division occurs. A) True B) False3 The diploid chromosome number for the house fly is 12. The haploid number of chromosomes found in their gametes would be ______. A) 1B) 3C) 6D) 12E) 244 Each duplicated chromosome prior to division will be held together at a region called the ______ . A) tetrad B) synapsis C) cross-over D) chromatid E) centromere5 Prior to division, each chromosome is composed of two genetically identical parts called ______ . A) dyads B) nucleosomes C) chromatin D) sister chromatids E) centromeres6 During mitosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate. A) True B) False7 Which of the following is NOT a function of cell division? A) growth of multicellular organisms B) repair of multicellular organisms C) reproduction of single-celled organisms D) reproduction of multicellular organisms E) aerobic cellular respiration of multicellular organisms8 The greater the complexity of the organism, the greater the number of chromosomes within the cell. A) True B) False9 Which of the following statements is NOT correct in regard to cell division?" }, { "docid": "D2805342#0", "title": "http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Nondisjunction\nNondisjunction", "text": "Nondisjunctionnavigation search Definitionnoun (In mitosis) The failure of sister chromatids to separate during and after mitosis . ( In meiosis) The failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate or to separate during and after meiosis . Supplement This could result to a condition wherein the daughter cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes; one cell having too many chromosomes while other cell having none. Examples of nondisjunction: Down syndrome Triple-X syndrome Klinefelter's Syndrome Turner's Syndrome Related forms: nondisjunctional ( adjective ). Related terms: meiotic nondisjunction . Compare: disjunction . See also: anaphase ." }, { "docid": "D596140#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Nondisjunction+(genetics)\nnondisjunction", "text": "\"nondisjunction (redirected from Nondisjunction (genetics)) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia .nondisjunction [ non″dis-jungk´shun] failure either of two homologous chromosomes to pass to separate cells during the first meioticdivision, or of the two chromatids of a chromosome to pass to separate cells during mitosis or during the second meiotic division. As a result, one daughter cell has two chromosomes or twochromatids, and the other has none. If this happens during meiosis, an aneuploid individual (forexample, a child with Down syndrome) may develop following fertilization. Nondisjunction. Normal meiosis (A) is contrasted withfailure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I (B) or of sister chromatids to separate in meiosis II (C). From Dorland's, 2000. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.non·dis·junc·tion ( non'dis-jŭnk'shŭn ), [MIM257300]Failure of one or more pairs of chromosomes to separate at the meiotic stage of karyokinesis, with the result that both chromosomes are carried to one daughter cell andnone to the other. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012nondisjunction/non·dis·junc·tion/ ( -dis-junk´shun) failure either of two homologouschromosomes to pass to separate cells during the first meiotic division, or of the two chromatids of a chromosome to pass to separate cells during mitosis or during the second meiotic division. As a result, one daughter cell has two chromosomes or two chromatids, and the other has none." }, { "docid": "D320862#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome\nHomologous chromosome", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with homo e ologous chromosomes. As this karyotype displays, a diploid human cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. The cell has two sets of each chromosome; one of the pair is derived from the mother and the other from the father. The maternal and paternal chromosomes in a homologous pair have the same genes at the same loci, but possibly different alleles. A couple of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. Homologs have the same genes in the same loci where they provide points along each chromosome which enable a pair of chromosomes to align correctly with each other before separating during meiosis. [ 1] This is the basis for Mendelian inheritance which characterizes inheritance patterns of genetic material from an organism to its offspring parent developmental cell at the given time and area. [ 2]Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 History3 Structure3.1 In humans4 Functions4.1 In meiosis4.1.1 Prophase I4.1.2 Metaphase I4.1.3 Anaphase I4.1.4 Meiosis II4.2 In mitosis4.3 In somatic cells5 Problems5.1 Nondisjunction6 Other uses7 Relevant research8 See also9 References10 Further reading Overview [ edit]Chromosomes are linear arrangements of condensed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histone proteins, which form a complex called chromatin. [ 2] Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother; the other is inherited from the organism's father." }, { "docid": "D2887628#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/15121842/cell-cycle-ap-biology-flash-cards/\nCell Cycle AP Biology", "text": "77 terms hessig Cell Cycle AP Biology Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Life cycle The entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next Sexual reproduction The creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes) forming a diploid zygote Genome A complete (haploid) set of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material Asexual reproduction The creation of offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg Chromosomes A threadlike, gene-carrying stucture found in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells and most visible during mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes consist of DNA and protein Cell division The reproduction of cells Binary fission A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent divides any two individuals of about equal size Chromatin Diffuse, very long, coiled fibers of DNA with proteins attached, the form taken by the chromosomes when a eukaryotic cell is not dividing Somatic cells Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg Sister chromatids One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell. Consisting of copies of a long, coiled DNA moleucle with associated proteins, sister chromatids are jointed at the centromere of the chromosome. Centromere The region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubles attach tot he chromosome during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis Cell cycle An orderly sequence of events (including interphase and the mitotic phase) from the time a eukaryotic cell divides to form two daughter cells to the time those daughter cells divide again Interphase The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing Mitosis The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle Cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs together with telephase of mitosis, and the two processes make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle Mitotic phase (M) mitosis and cytokinesis Prophase The first stage of mitosis, during which duplicated chromosomes condense from chromatin, and the mitotic spindle forms and begins moving the chromosomes toward the center of the cell Metaphase The second phase of mitosis. During metaphse, all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle Anaphase The third stage of mitosis, beginning when the centromeres of duplicated chromosomes divide and sister chromatids separate from each other, and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes are located at each of the two poles of the cell Telophase The fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis Mitotic spindle A spindle-shaped structure formed of microtubles and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes duirng mitosis and meiosis Microtuble organizing center (MTOC) A specialized place in the cell where microtubles of the mitotic spindle begin to form Cleavage furrow The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphse plate Cell plate A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis Anchorage dependence Keeps cells from dividing inappropriately Density-dependent inhibition The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown ina laboratory dish touch one another, generally due to an inadequate supply of growth factors Growth factor A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide Cell-cycle control system A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle Cancer cells A cell that is not subject to normal cell-cycle control mechanisms and that will divide continuously, often killing the organism if unchecked Tumor An abnormal mass of cells that forms within ortherwise normal tissue Benign tumor An abnormal mass of cells that remains as its original site in the body Malignant tumor An abnormal tissue mass that can be spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tissue Metastasis The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site Homologus chromosomes The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologus chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and posess genes or the same characteristics at corresponding loci." }, { "docid": "D1457055#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/18335257/biology-tests-multiple-choice-flash-cards/\nBiology Tests Multiple Choice", "text": "\"93 terms esanin Biology Tests Multiple Choice Mr. Price regular bio Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort E A single carbon atom can form a maximum of _____ covalent bond (s) A) none; carbon only participates in ionic bonds B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4E What name is given to the following reaction? : glucose+ fructose → sucrose+ water A) glucogenesis B) hydrolysis C) Anabolism D) denaturation E) dehydration reaction C Cellulose is an example of _____ A) a polypeptide B) a steroid C) A polysaccharide D) fat E) a nucleic acid B Sometimes when I have my morning coffee, which i drink black with no sugar, i notice a thin film floating on top of the coffee. Since i have just read chapter 3 of the text, i now realize the nature of this substance and so i run to my friend screaming, \"\"look at this _____ in my coffee!\"\" A) hydrophilic substance B) hydrophobic substance C) glucose D) nucleotide E) enzyme D Saturated fats are saturated with _____ A) phosphorus B) carbon C) nitrogen D) hydrogen E) oxygen E Enzymes are _____ A) fats B) steroids C) monosaccharides D) phospholipids E) proteins C Proteins are polymers constructed from____ monomers A) 5-carbon ring B) hydrocarbon C) amino acid D) nucleotide E) fatty acid A The folding (not twisting) of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is known as its ____ structure A) tertiary B) quaternary C) secondary D) pentamerous E) primary C a protein's function is dependent on its _____ a) p H B) temperature C) shape D) size E) weight E Nucleic acids are polymers of ____ monomers A) monosaccharide B) hydrocarbon c) fatty acid D) DNA E) nucleotide A A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is a specific _____ A) gene B) protein C) nucleotide D) nucleic acid E) enzyme B Translation converts the information stored in ____ to _____ a) DNA... RNA B) RNA... a polypeptide C) protein... DNA D) DNA... a polypeptide E) RNA... DNAD In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ____ and guanine pairs with _____ A) cytosine... thymine B) guanine... adenine C) uracil... cytosine D) thymine... cytosine E) cytosine... uracil D Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane A) control center of the cell B) protein synthesis C) lipid synthesis D) regulation of the passage of material into and out of the cell E) digestion of organic materials inside the cell C Where does protein synthesis take place A) in the nucleolus B) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) on the ribosomes D) in the nucleus E) in the Golgi apparatus A Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ____ A) m RNA B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) DNA D) smooth endoplsmic reticulum E) phospholipids A In lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water but not sucrose to make an \"\"artificial cell.\"\" The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. Which of the following will occur A) water will leave the balloon B) water will enter the balloon C) sucrose will leave the balloon d) sucrose will enter the balloon e) none of the above B Some protists have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tell you that the environment... A) is isotonic to the protozoan B) in hypotonic to the protozoan C) is hypertonic to the protozoan D) contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan E) none of the above B the cells that produce hair (filled with the protein keratin) contain a lot of ____. The cells that produce oils that coat the hair contain a lot of _____ A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum... lysosomes B) rough endoplasmic reticulum... smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum... rough endoplasmic reticulum D) microbodies... lysomes E) nuclei... chromatin E which one of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane be diffusing through the lipid bilayer A) CO₂ B) H₂O C) a small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C₄H₁₀) D) O₂ E) Na⁺B The liver detoxifies drugs. Based on this, you would expect to find a large amount of ____ a) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplsmic reticulum C) golgi apparatus D) lysosomes E) mitochondria C What structures move proteins from the ER to Golgi apparatus A) lysosomes B) ribosomes C) transport vesicles D) nucleolus E) nucleosomes C which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus A) protection and support of the cell B) digestion of organic matter inside the cell C) protein modification D) drug detoxification E) protein synthesis A Osmosis can be defined as ______ A) the diffusion of water B) the diffusion of nonpolar molecules C) active transport D) the diffusion of a solute E) endocytosis D Lysosomes are responsible for _____ A) lipid synthesis B) cellular respiration C) photosynthesis D) digestion of organic matter inside the cell E) protein synthesisd in plant cells, ____ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) lysosomes D) central vacuoles E) ribosomes D Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis a) smooth endoplasmic reticulum b) mitochondrion c) ribosome d) chloroplast e) nucleus E If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference A) expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water C) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water D) the fact that plant cells are isotonic to tap water E) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall C How does RNA differ from DNA A) RNA is double stranded; DNA is single stranded B) RNA is a polymer of amino acids; DNA is a polymer of nucleotides C) RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine D) In RNA G pairs with T; In DNA G pairs with C E) RNA contains one less -OH than does DNAD Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by_____ A) synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose B) converting sugar to oxygen and water C) taking in oxygen and making wood D) taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)D What is the function of stomata a) water absorption B) fermentation C) calvin cycle D) gas exchange E) location of photosynthesisc through what structure (s) do plants obtain most of their water A) interior cells B) leaves C) roots D) stems E) stomata D The Calvin cycle requires _____ and ____ from the light dependent reactions in order to operate A) oxygen... carbon dioxide B) Ru BP... NADP⁺ C) glucose... carbon dioxide D) ATP... NADPH E) electrons... NADHD The color that we see when looking at a pigmented object is ____ A) the wavelengths that have been raised to an excited state by the pigmented object B) the wavelengths that have been used and discarded by the pigmented object C) the wavelengths that the pigmented object created after interacting with sunlight D) the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object E) the wavelengths that are absorbed by the pigmente the energy of wavelengths that appear ____ is least useful to photosynthesis a) violet b) orange c) blue D) red E) greenc what is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall A) Ry BP B) chlophyll a C) carotenoids D) chlophyll b E) phycoerythrin B The light reactions of photosynthesis take place _____ a) on the cristae b) in the thylakoid membrane C) in the cytosol D) in the inner membrane e) in the stromab which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis a) citric acid cycle b) electron transport c) Calvin cycle d) lactic acid fermentation e) glycolysisc the Calvin cycle makes direct use of ____ to make ____ a) sugar and O₂... CO₂, NADPH, and ATP b) CO₂, ATP, and NADPH... sugar and O₂ c) CO₂, ATP, and NADPH... sugar D) light energy and CO₂... sugar E) light energy, CO₂, and water... sugar and O₂E the ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe is a) glycolysis B) cellular respiration c) anaerobic metabolism d) chemiosmosis e) photosynthesis C plants use sugars as a) a source of electrons for chemiosmosis b) a fuel for cellular respiration c) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making organic molecules d) a fuel for photophosphorylation e) a starting material for making other organic moleculesc usually, enzymes are ____ a) steroids b) fats c) proteins d) phospholipids e) monosaccharides E which of the following is true a) most enzymes are lipids b) enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction c) enzymes are the products in a chemical reaction d) an enzymes function requires inhibitors e) enzymes catalyze specific reactions E Plant cells_____ a) do not use cellular respiration b) do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs c) use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen d) do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs e) have chloroplasts and mitochondria E Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ____ ATP from glucose a) 6 b) 2 c) 1 d) the number generated depends on whether the end product of aerobic respiration in lactic acid or ethyl alcohol e) 38B you are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road." }, { "docid": "D2408012#0", "title": "https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cell_Division_-_Meiosis\nCell Division - Meiosis", "text": "\"Cell Division - Meiosisnavigation search [ Expand]Embryology - 5 Apr 2018 Expand to Translate Contents [ hide ]1 Introduction2 Some Recent Findings3 Movies4 Comparison of Meiosis/Mitosis5 Meiosis I and II5.1 Prophase I5.1.1 Leptotene5.1.2 Zygotene5.1.3 Pachytene5.1.4 Diplotene5.1.5 Diakinesis5.2 Prometaphase I5.3 Metaphase I5.4 Anaphase I5.5 Telophase I5.6 Cytokinesis I5.7 Prophase II5.8 Metaphase II5.9 Anaphase II5.10 Telophase II5.11 Cytokinesis6 Meiosis Sex Differences7 Female Gametogenesis7.1 Polar Body7.2 Female Abnormalities8 Male Gametogenesis8.1 Human Spermatozoa Development8.2 Puberty8.3 Ejeculate8.4 Male Abnormalities9 Meiosis in Other Species10 Abnormalities10.1 Meiotic Nondisjunction10.2 Chromosomal Translocations11 References11.1 Textbooks11.2 Podcasts11.3 Reviews11.4 Articles11.5 Search Pubmed12 Additional Images13 Terms14 External Links15 Glossary Links Introduction Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis is the special type of reductive cell division occurring only in the generation of the gametes or germ cells (oocyte and spermatozoa). Meiotic cell division reduces (halves) the chromosomal content. The overall process of germ cell development is called \"\"gametogenesis\"\" and includes not only meiosis but also the cellular changes, that occur differently in male and female gametes. Cell Division Links: Meiosis \| Mitosis \| Lecture - Cell Division and Fertilization \| Spermatozoa Development \| Oocyte Development \| Fertilization \| Zygote \| Genetics Female gametogenesis Male gametogenesis Some Recent Findings Bivalent separation into univalents precedes age-related meiosis I errors in oocytes [1]Karyotype of parthenogenetic blastocysts [2]Review - The evolution of meiotic sex and its alternatives [3] \"\"Meiosis is an ancestral, highly conserved process in eukaryotic life cycles, and for all eukaryotes the shared component of sexual reproduction. The benefits and functions of meiosis, however, are still under discussion, especially considering the costs of meiotic sex. \"\" From Meiosis to Mitosis: The Astonishing Flexibility of Cell Division Mechanisms in Early Mammalian Development [4] \"\"The execution of female meiosis and the establishment of the zygote is arguably the most critical stage of mammalian development. The egg can be arrested in the prophase of meiosis I for decades, and when it is activated, the spindle is assembled de novo. This spindle must function with the highest of fidelity and yet its assembly is unusually achieved in the absence of conventional centrosomes and with minimal influence of chromatin. Moreover, its dramatic asymmetric positioning is achieved through remarkable properties of the actin cytoskeleton to ensure elimination of the polar bodies. The second meiotic arrest marks a uniquely prolonged metaphase eventually interrupted by egg activation at fertilization to complete meiosis and mark a period of preparation of the male and female pronuclear genomes not only for their entry into the mitotic cleavage divisions but also for the imminent prospect of their zygotic expression. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D2620217#0", "title": "http://dev.biologists.org/content/140/18/3719.full\n", "text": "PRIMERMolecular causes of aneuploidy in mammalian eggs Keith T. Jones, Simon I. R. Lane Development 2013 140: 3719-3730; doi: 10.1242/dev.090589Article Figures & tables Info & metrics PDFSummary Mammalian oocytes are particularly error prone in segregating their chromosomes during their two meiotic divisions. This results in the creation of an embryo that has inherited the wrong number of chromosomes: it is aneuploid. The incidence of aneuploidy rises significantly with maternal age and so there is much interest in understanding this association and the underlying causes of aneuploidy. The spindle assembly checkpoint, a surveillance mechanism that operates in all cells to prevent chromosome mis-segregation, and the cohesive ties that hold those chromosomes together, have thus both been the subject of intensive investigation in oocytes. It is possible that a lowered sensitivity of the spindle assembly checkpoint to certain types of chromosome attachment error may endow oocytes with an innate susceptibility to aneuploidy, which is made worse by an age-related loss in the factors that hold the chromosomes together. Introduction The oocyte and sperm, following their respective pre-meiotic S phases, undergo two meiotic divisions of their chromosomes to generate the haploid (see Glossary, Box 1) gametes. In women, and especially with increasing age ( Fig. 1 ), these meiotic divisions (MI and MII, see Glossary, Box 1) are error prone, which results in whole chromosomes being either in excess or missing from the embryo following fertilization. Such embryos, which do not contain the diploid (see Glossary, Box 1) number and have lost or gained discrete chromosomes, are referred to as aneuploid (see Box 2 ). Most aneuploid embryos are non-viable, probably as a result of a gene dose effect that causes too much or too little of a crucial gene (s) to be expressed." }, { "docid": "D2696971#0", "title": "https://brainly.com/question/1057280\nThe failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called a. nondisjunction. c. Turnerâs syndrome. b. X-chromosome inactivation. d. Down syndrome.", "text": "High School Biology 5 points The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called a. nondisjunction. c. Turner’s syndrome. b. X-chromosome inactivation. d. Down syndrome. Ask for details Follow Reportby Janaeemondraper 03/04/2016Only registered members have access to verified answers Join now Answers Brainly User Failure to seperate during meiosis is nondisjunction. Comments Report0.0 0 votes Thanks 0" }, { "docid": "D2200337#0", "title": "http://www.bx.psu.edu/~ross/workmg/RecombineDNACh8.htm\n.", "text": "\"CHAPTER 8RECOMBINATION OF DNAThe previous chapter on mutation and repair of DNA dealt mainly with small changes in DNA sequence, usually single base pairs, resulting from errors in replication or damage to DNA. The DNA sequence of a chromosome can change in large segments as well, by the processes of recombination and transposition. Recombination is the production of new DNA molecule (s) from two parental DNA molecules or different segments of the same DNA molecule; this will be the topic of this chapter. Transposition is a highly specialized form of recombination in which a segment of DNA moves from one location to another, either on the same chromosome or a different chromosome; this will be discussed in the next chapter. Types and examples of recombination At least four types of naturally occurring recombination have been identified in living organisms (Fig. 8.1). General or homologous recombination occurs between DNA molecules of very similar sequence, such as homologous chromosomes in diploid organisms. General recombination can occur throughout the genome of diploid organisms, using one or a small number of common enzymatic pathways. This chapter will be concerned almost entirely with general recombination. Illegitimate or nonhomologous recombination occurs in regions where no large-scale sequence similarity is apparent, e.g. translocations between different chromosomes or deletions that remove several genes along a chromosome." }, { "docid": "D1216433#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/42358236/genetics-chromosomes-abnormalities-flash-cards/\nGenetics - Chromosomes & Abnormalities", "text": "\"83 terms jennywillbond Genetics - Chromosomes & Abnormalities Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Centromere Condensed region within the chromosome Required for accurate segregation of chromosomes during cell division - will link up with sister chromatids during mitosis Genetic identity of the chromosome since it is the 1 area that will never recombine with others during meiosis Short DNA sequence - repeated many times - 171bp α-satellite DNAKinetochore Protein that associates with centromeres during cell division Inner = tightly attached to centromere Outer = attachment for spindles Telomere Telomeric repeat sequences at the end of chromosomes e.g. TTAGGG added by telomerase Protection Because DNA replication can only occur in a 5' -> 3' direction, DNA polymerase is unable to complete 3' end replication - if this was not corrected, the chromosomes would progressively shorten Length of telomeric DNA in a cell dictates how many successive cell generations its progency can pass, before the cell enters into a stage of crisis or cell senescence - cells only divide about 60 times Autosomes Non-sex chromosomes Chromosome arms p = \"\"petit\"\" q = long arm Chromosome classification Metacentric = approx. central centromere, equal length arms Submetacentric = p and q arms (different lengths) Acrocentric = centromere much closer to one end - repetitive tandem satellite DNA attached to p arm - 13, 14, 15, 21, 22Chromosome analysis done from what sort of culture? White blood cell - peripheral blood lymphocytes (or any dividing cell) Prenatal = amniocentesis, CVSWhat is cytogenetics? Study of chromosomes How to perform cytogenetic analysis? 1) White blood cells stimulated to divide by phytohaemogluttin (PHA) 2) Trapped in metaphase after 70 hours of incubation with mitotic spindle inhibitor (Colchicine) 3) Cells lysed to collect nuclei - fixed & stained G-banding GIEMSA STAIN Variations in chromatin produce G-banding pattern - specific for each chromosome Dark bands = AT-rich, few genes (20%) Light bands = GC-rich, many genes Silver / NOR (nucleolar organising regions) staining Stain regions that are r RNA active genes Tend to be on p arms of acrocentric chromosomes C-banding Stain regions found in centromeres Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) Hybridisation of fluorescently labelled DNA probe to a metaphase chromosome spread Chromosomes need to be denatured for attachment to single stranded DNA Chromosomal painting (spectral karyotyping) = large number of probes paint the whole chromosome - useful for detecting translocations & chromosomal rearrangements Centromeric probes = identify repetitive centromere sequences - used to check # of chromosomes & checking for aneuploidies Locus specific probe = probes targeted at genes of interest - used to find submicroscopic duplications for specific condition diagnosis Interphase FSH = no need for incubation period - rapid identification of trisomies and chromosomal sex Microarrays Tiny \"\"gene chips\"\" used for gene expression profiling Comparative Genome Hybridisation (CGH) Control and testing sample ratio Cell cycle Interphase = G1, S, G2 - G1 = cell resumes normal metabolic activities, replication of organelles & energy accumulation for DNA replication - S phase = DNA replication in semi-conservative fashion - G2 = intense biochemical activity (protein synthesis, organelle replication), growth in cell size Mitosis Non-dividing cells remain in G0 (resting state) Driven by the alternating activation and deactivation of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks)Mitosis Prophase: - Chromosome condensation (sister chromatids) - Centrioles duplicate and migrate to poles - Spindles form - Nucleoli disperse Prometaphase: - Breakdown of nuclear envelope - Formation of kinetochores Metaphase: - Chromosomes arranged along equatorial plate - Spindle attachment Anaphase: - Spindle fibres separate chromatids Telophase: - Chromosomes uncoil - Nuclear membrane reforms - Nucleoli reappear Cytokinesis: - Cytoplasm divides (centre of cell drawn to form a cleavage furrow - tightens)Meiosis Prophase I: - Chromosome decondense - Homologous pair attraction & movement close together (synapsis) - Crossing over - Homologous pair separation but remain connected at points where crossing over occurred (chiasmata) Metaphase, anaphase, telophase I: - Random assortment of paternal & maternal chromosomes in metaphase I - Homologous chromosomes separated Meiosis II: - Transient interphase with no DNA replication - Remaining stages identical to mitosis 2^23 possible recombinations possible (excluding the crossing over - this creates infinite variation)% of genetic diseases that are chromosomal abnormalities? 3%% of spontaneous abortions due to chromosomal abnormalities? 50%How many chromosomal abnormalities in 1000 live births? 9% of gametes with chromosomal abnormalities? Sperm = 10% Oocytes = 25%Should children with more than one physical abnormality or learning disability be karyotyped because of a suspected chromosomal abnormality? YESNumber abnormalities Body can handle small excesses of genetic material compared to a deficit because: - Any deleterious recessive genes will be expressed if there is a loss of the other component Polyploidy = chromosome multiple greater than diploid - not compatible with life - Triploidy = relatively common in material grown from spontaneous miscarriage Aneuploidy = chromosome numbers are not exact multiples of the haploid set Trisomy = extra chromosome Monosomy = missing chromosome Most common cause of aneuploidy?" }, { "docid": "D305459#0", "title": "http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Each-Organism-s-Traits-Are-Inherited-from-6524917\nEach Organism's Traits Are Inherited from a Parent through Transmission of DNA", "text": "\"Each Organism's Traits Are Inherited from a Parent through Transmission of DNADrosophila chromosome. Scientists first discovered chromosomes in the nineteenth century, when they were gazing at cells through light microscopes. But how did they figure out what chromosomes do? And how did they link chromosomes — and the specific genes within them — to the concept of inheritance? After a long period of observational studies through microscopes, several experiments with fruit flies provided the first evidence. What is a gene? Physically, a gene is a segment (or segments) of a chromosome. Functionally, a gene can play many different roles within a cell. Today, most scientists agree that genes correspond to one or more DNA sequences that carry the coding information required to produce a specific protein, and that protein in turn carries out a particular function within the cell. Scientists also know that the DNA that makes up genes is packed into structures called chromosomes, and that somatic cells contain twice as many chromosomes as gametes (i.e., sperm and egg cells)." }, { "docid": "D416876#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Meiosis+I\nmeiosis", "text": "meiosis (redirected from Meiosis I) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical .meiosis (mīŏ`sĭs), process of nuclear division in a living cell by which the number of chromosomeschromosome, structural carrier of hereditary characteristics, found in the nucleus of every cell and so named for its readiness to absorb dyes. The term chromosome..... Click the link for more information.is reduced to half the original number. Meiosis occurs only in the process of gametogenesis, i.e., when the gametes, or sex cells ( ovumovum, in biology, specialized plant or animal sex cell, also called the egg, or egg cell. It is the female sex cell, or female gamete; the male gamete is the sperm. The study of theovum is included in the science of embryology...... Click the link for more information.and spermsperm or spermatozoon, in biology, the male gamete (sex cell), corresponding to the female ovum in organisms that reproduce sexually. In higher animals the sperm is produced in the testis of themale; it is much smaller than the ovum and consists primarily of a head,..... Click the link for more information. ), are being formed. Because fertilizationfertilization, in biology, process in the reproduction of both plants and animals, involving the union of two unlike sex cells (gametes), the sperm and the ovum, followed by the joining of their nuclei...... Click the link for more information.consists of the fusion of two separate nuclei, one from each of the sex cells,meiosis is necessary to prevent the doubling of the chromosome number in each successivegeneration. An ordinary body cell is diploid; i.e., it contains two of each type of chromosome. Themembers of each pair are known as homologous chromosomes." }, { "docid": "D2828617#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6776209/cell-organelles-prokaryotes-eukaryotes-mitosismeiosis-etc-flash-cards/\nCell Organelles, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Mitosis/Meiosis, etc.", "text": "\"45 terms creisig Cell Organelles, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Mitosis/Meiosis, etc. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Centromeres and their positions -Cetromeres are a condensed or constricted region on a chromosome. - During prophase the centromere becomes the fixed pt for both sister chromatids. -Kinectechores are the protein structures overlaying the centromeres involved in metaphase. -the shorter arm above the centromere is the p (petite) arm and the lower is the q.locus -the site of a gene on a chromosome. -homologous chromosome pairs are denoted by identical loci. -alleles are situated at identical locihomologous chromosomes -chromosomes that synapse or pair during meiosis (specifically prophase I) -have identical gene loci (the exception to this is the sex chromosomes). -in normal cells, one comes from the mother and one from the father. Centrioles -cytosplasmic bodies located in the centrosome region. -they organize spindle microtubules during mitosis and meiosis." }, { "docid": "D1812182#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/16848554/chapter-11-the-cell-cycle-and-cell-division-flash-cards/\nChapter 11: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division", "text": "\"97 terms stephensonchea Chapter 11: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sorte 1. Which of the following is not true about cervical cancer, which is a relatively common cancer? a. It can be detected early by a PAP test. b. It is usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). c. It causes the cervical cells to make peptide E7, which disrupts the cell cycle. d. It spreads by blocking the retinoblastoma protein RB. e. It usually remains localized.d 2. A bacterial cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells by a process known as a. nondisjunction. b. mitosis. c. meiosis." }, { "docid": "D330478#0", "title": "http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Replication-and-Distribution-of-DNA-during-Meiosis-6524853\nReplication and Distribution of DNA during Meiosis", "text": "\"Replication and Distribution of DNA during Meiosis Like mitosis, meiosis is a form of eukaryotic cell division. However, these two processes distribute genetic material among the resulting daughter cells in very different ways. Mitosis creates two identical daughter cells that each contain the same number of chromosomes as their parent cell. In contrast, meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Because meiosis creates cells that are destined to become gametes (or reproductive cells), this reduction in chromosome number is critical — without it, the union of two gametes during fertilization would result in offspring with twice the normal number of chromosomes!Apart from this reduction in chromosome number, meiosis differs from mitosis in yet another way. Specifically, meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four daughter cells. These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between paired chromosomes. Such exchange means that the gametes produced through meiosis exhibit an amazing range of genetic variation. Finally, unlike mitosis, meiosis involves two rounds of nuclear division, not just one. Despite this fact, many of the other events of meiosis are similar to those that occur in mitosis." }, { "docid": "D2479359#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_occurs_when_chromosomes_pair_fails_to_separate\nWhat occurs when chromosomes pair fails to separate?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Biology Genetics What occurs when chromosomes pair fails to separate? Flag What occurs when chromosomes pair fails to separate? Answer by Penguin6636 Confidence votes 2.5KWhen chromosome pairs fail to separate aneuploidy occurs due to non-disjunction. This can result in monosomy or trisomy of the chromosome. These are mistakes made in chromosome segregation during meiosis. If pairs of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during the first meiotic division or if the centromere joining sister chromatids fails to separate during the second meiotic division, gametes, and hence offspring, will be produced that have too many and too few chromosomes. If this occurs in a cell of the body that is undergoing mitosis, the body will destroy the cell. If it occurs in a gametic cell (ovum or sperm) then the result can be trisomy, which is when the offspring receives three of the same chromosome rather than the normal two. Often the embryo will abort itself if this occurs but if you end up with three copies of chromosome 21 this is known as down syndrome. One the creation of a cell with trisomy, another cell results that is missing the chromsome so it is possible to end up with gametes missing a chromosome aswell, which will usuallr cause the embryo to abort, or may lead to serious defects in the offspring The tetrads (pairs of homologous chomosomes) split up during Anaphase I in Meiosis I.14 people found this useful Was this answer useful?" }, { "docid": "D2082453#0", "title": "http://waynesword.palomar.edu/hybrids1.htm\n.", "text": "\"Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia Lemnaceae Biology 101 Botany Search Polyploidy & Hybridization In San Diego County San Diego County Oaks Table of Contents1. How To Make Polyploid Plants 2. Parthenocarpic Seedless Fruits 3. Mule: The Classic Sterile Hybrid 4. Other Interesting Animal Hybrids 5. Chimeras With Different Tissues 6. Some Unusual Plant Hybrids 7. Tangelo: Tangerine X Grapefruit 8. Polyploid Varieties Of Apples 9. Delicious Stone Fruits (Prunus) 10." }, { "docid": "D850040#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Chromosomal+nondisjunction\nnondisjunction", "text": "\"nondisjunction (redirected from Chromosomal nondisjunction) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. Related to Chromosomal nondisjunction: Meiotic nondisjunctionnondisjunction [ non″dis-jungk´shun] failure either of two homologous chromosomes to pass to separate cells during the first meioticdivision, or of the two chromatids of a chromosome to pass to separate cells during mitosis or during the second meiotic division. As a result, one daughter cell has two chromosomes or twochromatids, and the other has none. If this happens during meiosis, an aneuploid individual (forexample, a child with Down syndrome) may develop following fertilization. Nondisjunction. Normal meiosis (A) is contrasted withfailure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I (B) or of sister chromatids to separate in meiosis II (C). From Dorland's, 2000. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.non·dis·junc·tion ( non'dis-jŭnk'shŭn ), [MIM257300]Failure of one or more pairs of chromosomes to separate at the meiotic stage of karyokinesis, with the result that both chromosomes are carried to one daughter cell andnone to the other. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012nondisjunction/non·dis·junc·tion/ ( -dis-junk´shun) failure either of two homologouschromosomes to pass to separate cells during the first meiotic division, or of the two chromatids of a chromosome to pass to separate cells during mitosis or during the second meiotic division." }, { "docid": "D1580664#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1569473/ap-bio-chapter-15-flash-cards/\nAP Bio chapter 15", "text": "38 terms krissytaft AP Bio chapter 15Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortchromosome theory of inheritance mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes and it is the chromosmes that undergo segregation and independent assortmentwild type the phenotype most common in natural populations= normal phenotpye for a character (opposite= mutant phenotype)linked genes genes located on the same chromosome that tend ot be inhertied together in genetic crosses; location of two genes on the same chromosome; linked genes do not assort independently; the allele inhertied for one gene influences the allele inherited for the otherrecombination the production of offspring with cominations of tratis differing from those found in either parentparental types offspring whose phenotpyes match the parents' phenotypesrecombinant types offspring that have new combinations of seed shape and color; when new recombinant chromsomes pair with double mutant chromsomes we see new combinations of phenotypes not seen in parentsrecombination frequency the frequency of recombinants tells us the genetic distance between the loci; the closer two loci are the less likely there is a crossover between them so there are fewer recombinants; # of recombinants/total # of offspring x 100%; tells us the distance between two loci on the chromosme because 1%=1 Map Unit or 1 Morgangenetic map an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosomelinkage map a genetic map based on recombination frequenciesmaximum value of MUs 50%; a result indistinguishalbe from that for genes on different chromosomes; the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome is not reflected in teh results of genetic crosses; despite being on the same chromosome and thus being physically linked the genes are genetically unlinked; assort independentlycytogenetic maps another way to determine gene loci (because a linkage map is based on recombination frequencies so it only gives an approximate picture of a chromsome, the frequency of crossing over is not actually uniform over the length of a chrmosome and therefore map units doe not correspond to actual physical distances); locates genes with respect to chromosomal features such as stained bands that can be seen in a microscope; linkage maps help determine linear order but not distancemodel genetic organisms want to study simple, easy to raise, harmless organisms in lab and apply what we learn to our understanding of more complex organisms (ie us); mice, fruit flies, yeast, worms, zebra fish, arabidopsis, E.coli; simple, small (keep a lot); short life cycle/ reproduce quickly (speeds research), harmless Study of Human genetics can't do experiments; generation span is long; small # of offspring; advantages= written records, good medical care (sometimes) so problems are noticeablesex-linked genes se linked tratis are caused by genes on the X chromosome; sex linked phenotypes are seen primarily in male because males have only on X-chromosome so if it has mutant allele he will show the phenotype while females can mask disease allele with wild type allele on other X; only females can be carriers for an X-linked trait; females can show an X-linked trait but father has to have the trait; a male cannot pass an X-linked trait to a son (he always gives a Y-chromsome)autosomal carried on an autosome (non-sex chromsome);examples of X-linked traits color blindness, hemophilia Barr Body one copy of the X-chromosome in femal cells is inactivated to avoid overdose of genes on x, the copy that is silenced condenses to form a barr body; the X-chromosome that remains active is random but all of the cells produced after that point have the same x activethe inactive X in each cell of a female condeses into a compact object called a bar body which lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope; most of the genes of the X chromsoem that forms the Barr Body are not expressed; in the ovaries Barr Bodies are reactivated in the cells that give rise to ova; the selecton of which X-chromosome will form the Barr body occurs randomly and independently in each embryonic cell present at the time of the X inactivation; as a consequence females consist of a mosaic of two types of cells: those with the actice X derived from teh father and those with the active X derived from the mothernondisjunction failure of chromsomes to separate during meiosis; NDJ can happen in meiosis I or in meiosis II; will result in gametes with inappropriate numbers of chromosomesideally the meiotic spindledistributes chromosome to daughter cells without error but ther is an occasional mishap called a nondisjunction in which members of a pair of homologous chromsomes do not move apaprt properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids do fail to separate in meiosis II; in these cases one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome and another gamete receives no copy; the other chromosomes are usually distributed normally; if either of the aberrant gametes unites with a normal one at fertilization the offspring will have an abnormal number of a particular chromsome; can also occur during mitosisaneuploidy condition of having an abnormal number of a particular chromsome due to nondisjunctiontrisomic if a chromsome is present in triplicate in the fertilized egg (2n +1 chromosomes) the aneuploid cell is said to be trisomicmonosomic if a chromosome is missing (2n-1 chromsomes) then the aneuploid cell is monosomic for that chromsomepolyploidy chromosomal alternation in which some organisms have more than two complete chromsome sets; triploidy= 3n and tetraploidy=4n; triploidy can be produced by the fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg produced by the nondisjunction of all its chromosmes; ex of tetraploidy= the failure of a 2n zygote to divide after replicating its chromsomes and subsequent normal mitotic divisions would then produce 4n embryo; fairly common in the plant kingdom, plays an important role in the evolution of plants; much less common in animal kingdomdeletion when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost; the affected chromsome is then missing certain genes; in some cases if meiosis is in progress such a deleted fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid= duplication; or the detached fragment could attach to a nonsister chromatid of a homologous chromosome and in that cas the duplicated segments might not be indentical because the homologues could carry different alleles of certain genes; deletions and duplications are especially likely to occur during meiosis (in crossing over nonsister chromaitids sometimes break and rejoin at incorrect places so that one partner gives up more genes that it receives, the products of such a nonreciprocal crossove are one chromsome with a deltion and one chromsome with a duplication)duplication when a deleted fragment becomes attached to a sister chromatid during meiosisinversion a chromosomal fragment may also reattach to the original chromosome but in the revers orientation producing inversion;translocation chromosomal fragment can join to a nonhomologous chromsomeharmful affects of alteration a diploid embryo that is homozygous for a large deletion (or has a single X chromsome with a large dleetion in a male) is usally missing a number of essential genes a condition that is ordinarily lethal; duplications and translocations also tend to have harmful effects; in reciprocal translocations in which segments are exchanged between nonhomologous chromosomes and in inversions, the balance of genes is not abnormal (all genes are present in their normal does); translocations and inversions can alter phenotype becausea gene's experession can be influenced by its location among neighboring genes Down syndrome affects approx one out of every 700 children born in the US; usually a reusl of an extra chromsome 21a human disorder due to aneuploidy Down Syndrome (trisomy)a human disorder due to deletion cri du chat= deletion of chromosome 5a human disorder due to translocation leukemia= white blood cells exchange a large part of chromosome 22 with a small fragment of chromsome 9ex's of phenotypes influenced by environment skin color (pigmentation varies according to sun exposure); coat color changes with temperature (himalayan rabbits); height and infant nutrition; personalitypenetrance sometimes a mutation that should produce a mutatn phenotype does not, 100% penetrance means mutation always causes mutant phenotypeepigenetics phenotpye is influenced by chromatin structure in addition to DNA sequence; condensed chromatin= (DNA and histone) no expression of a gene in that regiongenomic imprinting one copy of a gene is silenced (by chromatin condensation); in different genes, the copy from a certain parent will be expressed and the other copy silenced; ex: in a mice population teh mother's allele always gets silencedmaternal effect genes genotype of mother determines the phenotpye of her childrennot her own phenotype; most often maternal effect genes are involved in early embryonic development; the gene affected doe snot have to do with the mother's life, it has to do with how the baby develops inside the mother Organelle inhertiance genes in mitochondria/ chloroplast are passed on by the assortment of those organelles into daughter cells; a mutation in chloroplast or mitochondrion may not be passed on evenly to the daughter cellsleaf variegation patches of leaf without pigment due to chloroplast inhertiance; white patches derive from cells that did not get WT chloroplasts; mitochondria are inherited exclusively from female gametes (egg is big wit hmuch cytoplasm and many mitochondria)" } ]
8775	______ is the personality dimension that describes how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded a person is.	[ { "docid": "D2801149#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/bmng-3013-study-guide-2013-14-pappas/deck/11498000\nBmng 3013 Study Guide (2013-14 Pappas)", "text": "\"Study Blue Size: 1190______ is the personality dimension that describes how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded a person is. Extroversion______ is the personality dimension that describes how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded a person is. Openness to experience How should a manager use personality tests? Create personality profiles of the desirable employee for different jobs. A person who is apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment is said to have a (n) ______ personality.proactive People with high ______ are responsive to social and interpersonal cues of others.self-monitoring The ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways is known asself-management. The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment is called Tori has been telling everyone in the sales department of her incredible skill as a salesperson, since she beat her goal this year by nearly 30%. But last year when she didn't even reach her goal, she said it was simply the economy. This is an example of the Absenteeism, drug and alcohol abuse, and disciplinary problems are examples of Which of the following diversity issues is true in the U. S. workforce? A (n) ______ program includes plans to help employees cope with stress, burnout, substance abuse, health problems, and family issues that influence job performance. A simple model of motivation doesnotinclude which of the following?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D3534010#0", "title": "https://www.andrews.edu/sem/dmin/about/theological-reflection/\nDoing Theology in the Doctor of Ministry Program", "text": "\"Doing Theology in the Doctor of Ministry Program I. The Definition and Necessity of Theological Reflection Doing theology is defined by some as the proces of faith seeking understanding (Jones, 2009). When a believer accepts the Bible as authoritative, theology is centered in the process of reflecting on and applying biblical truth to a particular situation. This interactive reflective process involves scripture, beliefs of the church, the one who seeks understanding, culture, and the specific ministry context to which theological reflection is applied. Theology for a Christian believer is like politics in a democracy–unavoidable. To say that you are not a theologian is not true if you are a Christian. you have simply adopted someone else's theology and that is in itself a theological position. In a democracy if you do not vote, you have made the political decision to let others decide the matter for you. People may question the validity of a broad definition of theology. They do so based on several faulty understandings. First, for a variety of reasons, the definitions of theology and theologian have been progressively narrowed over time." }, { "docid": "D717742#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-genius\nWhat is genius?", "text": "\"Genius and Geniuses Smart People Intelligence What is genius?14 Answers Quora User, >10 years research,>40 tests taken, Author of a new theory Updated Dec 31, 2016 · Author has 1.4k answers and 3.5m answer views Originally Answered: What is a genius? There are many definitions about genius. Starting with some clarification Geniuses have a certain skillset and way of perceiving the world in bigger detail and with higher clarity. They see the world more simply, as it is for them, and thus produce works which can seem so complex. This is evident in all their interaction with the world. Geniuses can understand very complex problems and find solutions for them. Some of them are surprisingly simple! There is some genius in simple solutions which can solve very complex problems. Someone's work is not \"\"genius\"\". It is the \"\"genius\"\" who produced some work." }, { "docid": "D3258659#0", "title": "http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/198033/chapters/Every-Student-Is-a-Genius.aspx\nChapter 1. Every Student Is a Genius", "text": "\"Awakening Genius in the Classroomby Thomas Armstrong Table of Contents Chapter 1. Every Student Is a Genius Every student is a genius. I do not mean this in the psychometric sense of the word, in which an individual must score above the upper 99th percentile on a standardized measure of intelligence to qualify. Nor do I mean it in the sense of every student as a grandmaster chess champion, a virtuoso on the violin, or a world-class artist. These are some of the currently accepted meanings of the word genius in our culture and are not particularly relevant to the topic of this book. For the meaning of genius used here, I have gone back to the origins of the word itself. According to the Compact Oxford English Dictionary (1991, p. 664), the word genius derives from Greek and Latin words meaning “to beget,” “to be born,” or “to come into being” (it is closely related to the word genesis ). It is also linked to the word genial, which means, among other things, “festive,” “conducive to growth,” “enlivening,” and “jovial.” Combining these two sets of definitions comes closest to the meaning of the word genius used in this book: “giving birth to one’s joy. ”From the standpoint of education, genius means essentially “giving birth to the joy in learning.”" }, { "docid": "D1615445#0", "title": "http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/general/mjeff1.htm\nTHE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA ON CONSCIOUSNESS", "text": "\"THE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA ON CONSCIOUSNESSANONYMOUSFrom: Altered States of Consciousness, edited by Charles T. Tart, Doubleday & Co., 1972, Chapter 22A marijuana high usually lasts two or three hours, during which a wide range of effects may occur, varying both in intensity and quality. The usual, most noticeable effect is intensification of sensation and increased clarity of perception. Visually, colors are brighter, scenes have more depth, patterns are more evident, and figure-ground relations both more distinct and more easily reversible. Other sense modalities do not have the variety of visual stimuli, but all seem to be intensified. Sounds become more distinct, with the user aware of sounds he otherwise might not have noticed. Music, recorded and live, is heard with increased fidelity and dimension, as though there were less distance between the source and the listener. Taste and smell are also enhanced under marijuana. The spice rack is a treasure of sensation, and food develops a rich variety of tastes. Skin receptors are also effected. Heat, cold, and pressure receptors become more sensitive." }, { "docid": "D405866#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/Are-IQ-tests-effective-at-measuring-intelligence\nAre IQ tests effective at measuring intelligence?", "text": "\"Alvin Lim, neuroscience researcher; psychology, statistics, and psychometrics lecturer Answered Aug 29, 2015 · Author has 56 answers and 193.4k answer views Don't believe the denialists who claim that IQ doesn't mean anything, or that it only measures one \"\"aspect of intelligence\"\", or that only measures performance on a test and nothing else. A century of research has made quite clear that there is a general factor of intelligence g that quite reliably predicts almost every life outcome that matters - from school grades to work performance to criminal behaviour to life expectancy. No, the prediction is far from perfect, but that doesn't mean that it's a \"\"useless\"\" measure. Height isn't the only factor affecting success in basketball, but is it a useless statistic? The claim that IQ only measures \"\"one aspect of intelligence\"\" is also quite untrue. Most IQ tests actually measure not only g but also various specific/crystallized intelligences. These \"\"other intelligences\"\" may generally be construed as \"\"trained intelligence\"\". And in any case, all intellectual abilities - mathematical or social or linguistic or what have you - correspond quite well with g, so highly g -loaded tests like the Raven's Matrices are rather good at quantifying how intelligent a person is. In other words, someone who reliably does well on (good) IQ tests will typically find themselves more capable than average in all sorts of learning. As for training to beat IQ tests, sure." }, { "docid": "D2277799#0", "title": "https://atmanco.com/blog/psychometrics/big-five-meaning-psychology-psychometrics/\nBig Five: What Does it Mean in Psychology and Psychometrics?", "text": "The Big Five is a research-driven approach in psychology which derives from the notion that the most common personality traits can be captured by five core dimensions: Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (O-C-E-A-N as a useful mnemonic). It is important to note that each of the Big five ocean factors (or big five canoe) represents a spectrum between two polar ends (example: extroverted vs. reserved), and therefore people fall somewhere between the two extremes. The big five ocean theory can also be an effective way in understanding why people chose certain career paths over others. Let’s break down the theory and look at a few examples. Openness to Experience Those who score high on this dimension are typically creative, risk-takers, nontraditional and curious. Think of the artists and writers of our world! Their imagination and intellectual curiosity help them break the mold of typical approaches. Those who score low on this Big 5 dimension tend to be more conventional, conforming and vigilant when faced with change. They are ideal workers in situations where guidelines and protocols must be followed. Preferring familiarity over novelty, they like to stick to mainstream standards and can work quite well in a routine environment." }, { "docid": "D485736#0", "title": "https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/big-five-personality-theory/\nThe Big Five Personality Theory: The 5 Factor Model Explained (+PDF)", "text": "Home » Positive Psychology Articles » The Big Five Personality Theory: The 5 Factor Model Explained (+PDF)The Big Five Personality Theory: The 5 Factor Model Explained (+PDF)23 Jun 2017 89 Comments Sharing is caring. Tweet Who are you? It’s a simple question, but it can be difficult to answer. You could answer with your name, your job title, your place in relation to your family, your hobby or passion, where you’re from, or a description of your beliefs and values. There are billions of humans with billions of answers to this question, and each one can tell a different story about who they are. While we may have a lot in common with our fellow humans, like race, religion, sexual orientation, skills, and eye color, there is one thing that makes us each unique: personality. You can meet hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of people, but no two will be exactly the same. This article contains: What is Personality? Personality Research: A Brief Review OCEAN: The Five Factors The Trait Network Assessing the Big Five A Take Home Message References The Positive Psychology Toolkit Become a Science-Based Practitioner!The Positive Psychology toolkit is a science-based, online platform containing 135+ exercises, activities, interventions, questionnaires, assessments and scales. What is Personality?" }, { "docid": "D3472404#0", "title": "http://mentalhealth.com/home/dx/adhd.html\nATTENTION DEFICIT / HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER", "text": "\"Back to Home Introduction Free Diagnosis Diagnosis Synopsis Description Treatment Self-Help Research Over 500 Canadian DOCTORS PROTEST RAISES , say they're being PAID TOO MUCHInternet Mental Health Quality of Life Scale (Client Version)Internet Mental Health Quality of Life Scale (Therapist Version)Big 5 Factors Of Mental Illness And Code For This Disorder (The \"\"6th Big Factor\"\" of Mental Health, \"\"Physical Health\"\", Is Coded Normal or Green)Had at least 6 months of abnormal inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. These symptoms significantly interfered with social and academic/occupational activities. Onset was before age 12 and present in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, community). Not due to a medical or substance use disorder. Prediction Onset before age 12; 65% persist into adulthood. Problems Occupational-Economic : Avoidance of school tasks. Academic achievement is often markedly impaired. Disinhibited (Low Conscientiousness) : Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (e.g., starts tasks but quickly loses focus and is easily side-tracked)Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities (e.g., difficulty managing sequential tasks; difficulty keeping materials and belongings in order; messy, disorganized work; has poor time management; fails to meet deadlines)Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones)Mood lability, low frustration tolerance, temper outbursts Hyperactivity, impulsivity Bossiness, stubbornness Family discord and negative parent-child interaction Half have Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder Easily Distracted (Impaired Intellect) : Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or during other activities Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities (e.g., has difficulty remaining focused during lectures, conversations, or lengthy reading)Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly (e.g., mind seems elsewhere)Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (e.g., schoolwork or homework; for older adolescents and adults, preparing reports, completing forms, reviewing lengthy papers)Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (for older adolescents and adults, may include unrelated thoughts)Is often forgetful in daily activities (e.g., doing chores, running errands; for older adolescents and adults, returning calls, paying bills, keeping appointments)Some have distractibility without hyperactivity or impulsivity Negative Emotions (Negative Emotion) : Demoralization, dysphoria, rejection by peers, poor self-esteem Explanation Of Terms And Symbols Internet Mental Health Quality of Life Scale (Client Version)Internet Mental Health Quality of Life Scale (Therapist Version)Back to top Click Here For Free Diagnosis Limitations of Self-Diagnosis Self-diagnosis of this disorder is often inaccurate. Accurate diagnosis of this disorder requires assessment by a qualified practitioner trained in psychiatric diagnosis and evidence-based treatment. However, if no such professional is available, our free computerized diagnosis is usually accurate when completed by an informant who knows the patient well." }, { "docid": "D434473#0", "title": "http://study.com/academy/lesson/trait-perspective-theory-definition.html\nTrait Perspective: Theory & Definition", "text": "Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds Add to Timeline Autoplay 60K views Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days!Create An Account Recommended Lessons and Courses for You Related Lessons Related Courses Social Cognitive Perspective: Definition & Experiment Raymond Cattell: Personality Theory & Biography Gordon Allport's Personality Theory What is Biomedical Therapy? Lesson Transcript Instructor: Andrea Mc Kay Andrea teaches high school AP Psychology and Online Economics and has a Masters degree in Curriculum and Instruction. Do your friends describe you as calm, or excitable? Are you careful, or careless? These characteristics indicate something about your personality, and psychologists study these traits to discover what makes each of us unique. Defining Traits Psychologists typically define personality as your characteristic patterns of thinking and behavior. The trait perspective of personality explores your personality traits and how many traits you have. A personality trait is a broad behavioral element that defines your personality. While early personality theories hoped to explain how personality develops, trait theorists seek to describe differences and similarities between people based on traits. Are you shy or outgoing?" }, { "docid": "D2891405#0", "title": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Orwell\nGeorge Orwell", "text": "\"navigation search Political language — and with variations this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists — is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. George Orwell ( 25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) was the pen name of British novelist, essayist, and journalist Eric Arthur Blair . In England, a century of strong government has developed what O. Henry called the stern and rugged fear of the police to a point where any public protest seems an indecency. But in France everyone can remember a certain amount of civil disturbance ... The highly socialised modern mind, which makes a kind of composite god out of the rich, the government, the police and the larger newspapers, has not been developed — at least not yet. See also: The Road to Wigan Pier (1937)Animal Farm (1945)Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film based on the novel)Contents [ hide ]1 Quotes1.1 Down and out in Paris and London (1933)1.2 Burmese Days (1934)1.3 Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936)1.4 Homage to Catalonia (1938)1.5 \"\"The Lion and the Unicorn\"\" (1941)1.6 \"\"As I Please\"\" (1943–1947)1.7 \"\"Looking Back on the Spanish War\"\" (1943)1.8 \"\"Notes on Nationalism\"\" (1945)1.9 \"\"The Prevention of Literature\"\" (1946)1.10 \"\"Politics and the English Language\"\" (1946)1.11 \"\"Reflections on Gandhi\"\" (1949)2 Disputed3 Misattributed4 Quotes about Orwell5 External links Quotes [ edit]And now abideth faith, hope, money, these three; but the greatest of these is money. If you have no money, men won't care for you, women won't love you; won't, that is, care for you or love you the last little bit that matters." }, { "docid": "D2870838#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-word-to-describe-a-curious-person\n\"What is the word to describe a \"\"curious person\"\"?\"", "text": "\"Frank Elliott, Writer Answered Aug 2, 2016 · Author has 4.4k answers and 2.3m answer views A fairly innocuous/inoffensive term for a “curious person” could be “ oddball ,” but thst is also sl Ightly derogatory (mildly insulting), unless by “curious” you mean literally amped-up for learning…In the most-common sense: inquisitive. I think the rather archaic term inquisitor pertained mainly to law-enforcement types (wasn’t Pontius Pilate a Roman inquisitor?). A slightly more-modern type of inquisitor (and by the way, there are reams of short, moralism-thick stories from China featuring their all-in-one judicial expert) is called a magistrate— who combines the modern roles of detective/investigator, prosecutor and judge. Petulent means “seeking attention.” How about researcher? In my specialties within science, my title is Principal Investigator (or PI, here meaning lead researcher or engineer).9.5k Views · View Upvoters · Answer requested by Daisy Grant Related Questions More Answers Below Is British English in real life as unintelligible as in British movies? I can easily understand what Americans say, even if it’s “redneck Engl... What is the best word to describe a person who loves knowledge? What's a simple word to describe a person who seeks quality? What is the word to describe a person who loves being challenged? What is the word to describe a person who loves life?" }, { "docid": "D867177#0", "title": "https://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/the-g-factor-in-intelligence-psychology-essay.php\nThe G Factor in Intelligence", "text": "\"The G Factor in Intelligence Print Reference this Published: 23rd March, 2015Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. The question of what intelligence is and how it differs from other qualities that characterize the work of the human brain is not easy. Nowadays, the natures of intelligence, the mystery of the mind, the riddle of consciousness are the most disturbing human problems. Various facts on the issue of IQ can be reduced to three basic questions: What is the human intelligence? Can IQ measure it? And if not, what does it measure? Attempts to answer all these important issues have appeared in the early 20th century and are still going on. The problem of intelligence can not be considered solved." }, { "docid": "D1987512#0", "title": "http://www.thesaurus.net/generosity\nWhat is another word for generosity?", "text": "What is another word for generosity?362 synonyms found Pronunciation: [ dʒ_ˌɛ_n_ə_ɹ_ˈɒ_s_ɪ_t_ɪ], [ d͡ʒˌɛnəɹˈɒsɪtɪ], [ dʒˌɛnəɹˈɒsɪtɪ]Tweet See GENEROSITY definition at Dictionary.net >>>Find antonyms of the word GENEROSITY >>>Enter your text below to find synonyms and click here Synonyms for Generosity:benevolence (noun)altruism, beneficence, benevolence, benignity, bountifulness,charitableness, charity, compassion, good will, humanitarianism,humanity, kindness, magnanimity, motherliness, munificence,neighborliness, philanthropy, unselfishness, benignancy, kindliness.benignancy (noun)humanitarianism.courtesy (noun)graciousness, mannerliness, unselfishness, politesse.eastern poison oak (noun)benefaction, benevolence, charity, empathy, forbearance, goodness,goodwill, grace, greatness, high-mindedness, hospitableness,hospitality, humaneness, kindness, lenience, mercy, munificence,philanthropy, sublimity, virtue, brotherly love, generousness,idealism, mercifulness, open door, bigheartedness, caritas, warm-heartedness.generosity (noun)bigness, charitableness, freeness, goodwill, graciousness,greatheartedness, greatness, hospitableness, hospitality, largess,lavishness.good manners (noun)courtesy.kindliness (noun)good will.largeness (noun)ampleness, bulk, capaciousness, comprehensiveness, copiousness,expansiveness, extensiveness, grandeur, hugeness, largeness,magnificence, spaciousness, voluminousness.lenity (noun)lenity.nobility (noun)nobility, noblesse, nobleness.open door (noun)warmheartedness.philanthropy (noun)alms-giving, public spirit, Almsgiving.eastern poison oakbenevolence, charity, compassion, give, kindness, liberality,magnanimity, philanthropy. Other synonyms:abundance, affection, affluence, agape, aid, alms-giving, amiability,amicability, ample, amplitude, ardent, artificial, assistance, attention,avalanche, benefaction, benignity, bonhomie, bonuses,bounteousness, bounty, broad, charitable, clemency, clement,concern, congeniality, considerateness, consideration, contributions,cordiality, courteousness, courtesy, decency, delicacy,disinterestedness, donations, earnest, elevation, empathy,endowments, exaltation, excellence, extensive, extravagance,exuberance, false, fanciful, fantastic, favor, fertility, fervent, fervid,fierce, flood, flow, forbearance, forgiveness, frankness, freedom,friendliness, fullness, furious, generous, geniality, gentleness, gifts,give, giving, goodness, grace, grants, greed, gush, heart, heartiness,helpfulness, heroism, high-mindedness, humaneness, humanity,illusory, imaginary, indulgence, intense, knightliness, landslide, large,lavishness, lenience, leniency, liberality, liberalness, liberty, loftiness,lot, lots, love, mannerliness, maximum, meanness, mercy, nobility,numerousness, openness, opulence, passionate, patience, pity,plenteousness, plentifulness, plenty, presents, prevalence,princeliness, prodigality, productiveness, profuseness, quantities,quantity, quarter, readiness, receptiveness, richness, riot, roomy,seemliness, selflessness, sensibility, sensitivity, sentiment, service,shower, sociability, soul, spacious, stream, sublimity, substantiality,superabundance, support, sympathy, tenderness, thoughtfulness,tolerance, toleration, understanding, unreal, unsubstantial,vehement, virtue, warmheartedness, warmness, warmth, wealth,welcome, insubstantial, alms, patronage, spate, whole lot,benignancy, bonanza, overflow, brotherly love, chivalry, politesse,teemingness, profusion, franchise, diplomacy, outpouring, scads,favour, generousness, good naturedness, good turn, idealism, noble-mindedness, kindliness, knight-errantry, largesse, openhandedness,lenity, luxuriance, magnanimousness, mercifulness, noblesse, open door, plenitude, repletion, self-sacrifice, solicitude, substantialness,much, myriad, openheartedness, Almsgiving, good-heartedness,becomingness, bigheartedness, liberalism, largeheartedness,Repleteness, act of kindness, all heart, ample sufficiency, benevolent disposition, benevolentness, big-heartedness, bountiousness,bumper crop, caritas, chivalrousness, errantry, flower power, foison,freehandedness, full measure, generosities, great plenty, great-heartedness, kind-heartedness, large-heartedness, lavishment,nobleness, open-handedness, open-heartedness, opulency, public-spiritedness, riotousness, soft-heartedness, subsidy, subvention,tender-heartedness, unsparingness, utilitarianism, warm-heartedness, Economics glossary, good deed, more than enough,great abundance, myriads, rich harvest, rich vein, do-goodism, love of mankind, philanthropism, welfarism, well-disposedness, hand-outs,chivalrous spirit, loftiness of purpose, strength of character, be prodigal of, be profuse in, easy purse strings, freeheartedness,givingness, great heart, open hand, open heart, greatness of heart,acting generously, breadth of mind, free giving, nobility of mind. Related words for Generosity:altruism, female, humbleness, kindness, people person, selfless. Loading... Rhymes for Generosity:monstrosity, viscosity, ferocity, atrocity, velocity, pomposity;curiosity, virtuosity, reciprocity, animosity;religiosity;Quotes for Generosity: Generosity is not giving me that which I need more than you do, but it is giving me that which you need more than I do . Khalil Gibran. Teach love, generosity good manners and some of that will driftfrom the classroom to the home and who knows, the children willbe educating the parents. Roger Moore. Alfred Nobel stipulated that no distinction of race or colour willdetermine who received of his generosity Abdus Salam. Adjectives for Generosity:wildly selective, overwhelming academic, natural hungarian,seductive sensual, graceful, self-effacing, gloomy but insistent,singular unselfish, impulsive and merely sensual, blind and irrepressible, rare but politic, your special, unbounded and unequalled, wonderfully warm-hearted, eccentric and unaccountable, almost faulty, constant and lavish, wild impulsive,manifest common, sudden and unbidden, large and resolute, artless and unsuspecting, sudden and uncharacteristic, impetuous and reckless, own unparalleled, frank, impulsive, noble and free, sudden spontaneous, quite uncommon, almost mythic, dear, such, such pecuniary, merely sensual, general and universal, true royal, such unselfish, quite surprising, long such, multi-million-dollar, untellable,toadying, curious new, still sufficient, such broad, such royal, such total, almost insane, authorial, quite extraordinary, such excessive,more lofty, wholehearted, self-effacing, own free, overzealous,unbidden, ingratiating, prescient, unflattering, unalloyed, lenient,unintended, feeblest, feckless, asinine, good-hearted, canting,arithmetical, flighty, own natural, didactic, unrestricted, thy own,breathtaking, humanitarian, convivial, unquestioned, mythic, pent-up,laudable, selective, heady, seasonal, sporadic, new-found, fiscal, filial,ducal, compassionate, fickle, gratuitous, flamboyant, excess, ironic,ambiguous, second-hand, benign, indolent, voluptuous, girlish,unending, unaccountable, faulty, mindless, inspiring, overall,awesome, stunning, inverted, hungarian, frenzied, nobler,superfluous, naive, far-sighted missionary, zeal and magnificent,offensive and unnatural, irish impetuous, genial, open-handed,expensive and futile, parental and patriotic, amazing and mad,unassuming but unfailing, wholesale, thoughtless, exquisite and spacious, significant, unconscious, big inherent, unobtrusive and often secret, extreme and even wanton, magnificent careless, regal or individual, inept and criminal, ridiculous and undeserved, lavish and often unwise, wise and lavish, rich, impulsive, frank, self-sacrificing,erratic lavish, impulsive, unlimited, curious spacious, lavish but imperious, careless and excessive, self-denial and outgoing, cheerful, willing and loving, impartial and lavish, magnanimous benevolent,naturally prodigal, infernal, condescending, sincerely chivalrous,inevitable profound, showy and short-lived, haphazard and unlimited, erratic and sentimental, unusual and exemplary,frequently misguided, blind and quixotic, singular and impulsive,imprudent, immoderate, perhaps heedless, sieves—economical,naive feminine, true, syrian, uncontested natural, exceedingly lavish,incurable temperamental, gentle but imprudent, corresponding and proportionate, ignorant and unauthorized, infinite and conscious,unparalleled national, lavish financial, far simple, magnificent and undeserved, exalted and magnanimous, raise unintentional,somewhat interested, ever disinterested, perfectly remarkable, odd and impulsive, broad unselfish, secretive and peculiar, customary careless, longer convenient, free, candid, rich and ready, else true,formerly natural, such piece-meal, zeal and uncommon, strange, unwilling, often unwise, bright, reckless, much unwarranted,intelligent private, careless and easy-going, zeal and noble, same unwise, voluntary individual, public-spirited and patriotic, great and cordial, blind british, pure perfect, rough, frank, somewhat chivalrous,prudent and rational, much stray, usual magnificent, ill concerted,quick, characteristic, boundless personal, purest and most amiable,much stupid, own judicious, large and thoughtful, willing and loving,apparently thoughtless, pure spontaneous, great, thy, passionate and impulsive, usually reckless, certain disdainful, ridiculously romantic,shy and secret, swift and overwhelming, personal and patriotic, usual lavish, necessarily true, often secret, ingenious and delicate,thoughtless, careless, large and vague, best, such, human, more, truly military, brave, loving, usual enthusiastic, same boundless, worthy such, such prodigal, noble intellectual, purely unselfish, great and characteristic, own whimsical, such magnanimous, almost offensive,such profuse, such chivalrous, such erratic, simple, trusting, more architectural, frank and noble, nearly overwhelming, same obvious,splendid human, sudden sweet, somewhat scornful, already overtaxed," }, { "docid": "D1290718#0", "title": "https://cafeastrology.com/zodiacgemini.html\n.", "text": "\"Gemini The Twins Modality: Mutable Element: Air Ruler: Mercury Season: Spring Charge: Positive 3rd Sign of Zodiac Metal: Mercury Stone: Agate Color: Yellow Anatomy: Hands and arms; lungs. Polarity: Yang Key Phrase: “I think”Keywords: talkative, mental, adaptable, flexible, changeable, responsive, sociable, superficial, versatile, inquisitive, witty Comparison with the Gemini symbol, the Twins: Geminis are said to have a dual nature, as symbolized by twins. This duality also represents exchange and interaction. The sign of Gemini is closely associated with the exchange of ideas, communication, and trade. The sign of Gemini is thought to be very adaptable and flexible, sometimes to the point of “being” two different personalities. The glyph for Gemini depicts two lines joined together, showing the symbolism of the twins, and the duality of the nature of the sign. Gemini Select any image from this image grid for more information about associations of the sign Gemini. Gemini: Ruling Planet Mercury is Gemini's planetary ruler, and the planet Mercury is depicted here. Mercury, the messenger of the gods, is the ruler of both Gemini and Virgo. It is the planet of day-to-day expression and communication." }, { "docid": "D905753#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual\nIntellectual", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The American intellectual Jacques Barzun was a teacher, a man of letters, and a scholar. An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about society and proposes solutions for its normative problems. Some gain authority as public intellectuals. [ 1] [2] Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by rejecting, producing or extending an ideology, and by defending a system of values. [ 3]Contents [ hide ]1 Definitions2 Terms and endeavours2.1 \"\"Man of letters\"\"3 Historical background3.1 19th-century3.1.1 Britain3.1.2 Continental Europe3.1.3 Germany3.2 In the East4 Intelligentsia4.1 Marxist perspective5 Public intellectual5.1 Social background5.2 Academic background5.3 Public policy role6 Criticism6.1 Liberal ideology6.2 Intelligentsia7 See also8 Notes9 References9.1 Footnotes9.2 Sources10 Further reading11 External links Definitions [ edit]Socially, intellectuals constitute the intelligentsia, a status class organised either by ideology ( conservative, fascist, socialist, liberal, reactionary, revolutionary, democratic, communist intellectuals, et al. ), or by nationality (American intellectuals, French intellectuals, Ibero–American intellectuals, et al. ). The contemporary intellectual class originated from the intelligentsiya of Tsarist Russia ( c. 1860s –1870s), the social stratum of those possessing intellectual formation (schooling, education, Enlightenment ), and who were Russian society's counterpart to the German Bildungsbürgertum and to the French bourgeoisie éclairée, the enlightened middle classes of those realms. [ 4] [a]In the late 19th century, amidst the Dreyfus affair (1894–1906), an identity crisis of anti-semitic nationalism for the French Third Republic (1870–1940), the reactionary anti–Dreyfusards ( Maurice Barrès, Ferdinand Brunetière, et al.) used the terms intellectual and the intellectuals to deride the liberal Dreyfusards ( Émile Zola, Octave Mirbeau, Anatole France, et al.) as political dilettantes from the realms of French culture, art, and science, who had become involved in politics, by publicly advocating for the exoneration and liberation of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish French artillery captain falsely accused of betraying France to Germany. [" }, { "docid": "D2040062#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-does-intellectual-stimulation-mean\nWhat does intellectual stimulation mean?", "text": "\"Chris Njoka Answered Mar 28, 2015I would say Intellectual Stimulation refers to a state of active thought that involves inference, deduction and results to knowledge/information gain (Learning). For example; Debates: In a debate, you have an proposer (s) and opposer (s) and facts to either support/oppose the motion of the debate. The entire process of using facts to reason and oppose/propose the motion is intellectually stimulating. Reading; your mind is engaged while reading and leads you to question and learn from the literature. It gets better when you talk about it or write a report about it and get other people involved. Puzzles; Solving puzzles like crosswords and Sudoko engages your left-side of the brain (logic part of the brain). Its intellectually stimulating. Subconsiously, through these activities, your brain connects patterns / neural paths - this process is what constitutes learning. In summary, Intellectual Stimulation is a ny activity that gets your mind to ask constructive questions and seek answers.22.2k Views · View Upvoters Thank you for your feedback!Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date?" }, { "docid": "D298823#0", "title": "http://otec.uoregon.edu/intelligence.htm\nTheories of Intelligence", "text": "\"OTEC Home Page Annotated Reference List Cognitive Science Brain Science Learning Styles Learning Theories Theories of Intelligence General Cognitive Science References Theories of Intelligence We can become more intelligent through study and practice, through access to appropriate tools, and through learning to make effective use of these tools (Perkins, 1995). Definition of Intelligence Howard Gardner David Perkins Robert Sternberg References A Definition of Intelligence Intelligence is a complex topic. An overview of some of this complexity is provided in Hunt (1995). Howard Gardner, David Perkins, and Robert Sternberg have all been quite successful in helping spread knowledge about the meaning of \"\"intelligence\"\" and applications of this knowledge to education. The following material reflects the work of these three researchers and is quoted from Chapter 4 of the book: Moursund, D. G. (1999). Project-based Learning Using Information Technology. Eugene, Oregon: ISTE. The study and measurement of intelligence has been an important research topic for nearly 100 years IQ is a complex concept, and researchers in this field argue with each other about the various theories that have been developed. There is no clear agreement as to what constitutes IQ or how to measure it. There is an extensive and continually growing collection of research papers on the topic." }, { "docid": "D2511380#0", "title": "https://www.coursehero.com/tutors-problems/English/9685403-Question-1-Multiple-Choice-Worth-4-points-MC-The-War-of-the-Worlds/\nQuestion 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) (MC) The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells [1898] But who shall dwell in these worlds if they be", "text": "\"Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) (MC) The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells [1898]But who shall dwell in these worlds if they be inhabited?…Are we or they Lords of the World?…And how are all things made for man?— KEPLER (quoted in The Anatomy of Melancholy)BOOK ONE: THE COMING OF THE MARTIANS CHAPTER ONE: THE EVE OF THE WAR, excerpt No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century that this world was being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than man's and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their various concerns they were scrutinised and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinise the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water. With infinite complacency men went to and fro over this globe about their little affairs, serene in their assurance of their empire over matter. It is possible that the infusoria under the microscope do the same. No one gave a thought to the older worlds of space as sources of human danger, or thought of them only to dismiss the idea of life upon them as impossible or improbable. It is curious to recall some of the mental habits of those departed days. At most terrestrial men fancied there might be other men upon Mars, perhaps inferior to themselves and ready to welcome a missionary enterprise. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us. And early in the twentieth century came the great disillusionment. Yet so vain is man, and so blinded by his vanity, that no writer, up to the very end of the nineteenth century, expressed any idea that intelligent life might have developed there far, or indeed at all, beyond its earthly level." }, { "docid": "D2884754#0", "title": "http://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/english-literature/travel-writing-as-a-literary-genre-english-literature-essay.php\nTravel Writing As A Literary Genre English Literature Essay", "text": "\"Print Download Reference This Reddit This Tweet Travel Writing As A Literary Genre English Literature Essay Chapter one Travel writing as a literary genre A web site publishes a chart of the different genres of popular literature, built up by American students of literature, and based on internet resources, enumerating as many as thirty-six different genres, among them the travelogue (or travel writing). The definition provided is as simple as comprehensive:\"\"Travel literature is travel writing of a non-fiction type. Travel writing typically records the experiences of travellers in some interesting places and circumstances. It will include vivid descriptions, illustrations, historical background, and possibly maps and diagrams. \"\" It is given an equal status with: romance, action adventure, fantasy, mystery, detective fiction, and the list might continue. Surprising is the students’ including of a different category which they call creative non-fiction, followed by the following explanation:\"\"According to Columbia College Chicago, creative non-fiction ‘...comes in many forms: memoir, narrative journalism, travel writing, personal essay, descriptive storytelling... What they all have in common is a basis in reality from careful observation to honest emotional truth.’\"\" [ 1]This essay is an example of a student's work Disclaimer This essay has been submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Essay Writing Service Dissertation Writing Service Who wrote this essay Place an Order Among the writers included we find David Sedaris (‘the rock star of writers’), Dave Eggers (author of the autobiographical volume A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, and Zeitoun) and Hunter S. Thompson, author of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. It is not a surprise that the American students do not mention Naipaul, both definitions may be said to contain elements which also apply to Naipaul’s travel writing. *****" }, { "docid": "D187205#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/1160808/Science_Fiction_as_the_Mythology_of_the_Future\nScience Fiction as the Mythology of the Future", "text": "\"doc Science Fiction as the Mythology of the Future66 Pages Science Fiction as the Mythology of the Future Uploaded by Tom Lombardoconnect to download Get doc Science Fiction as the Mythology of the Future Download Science Fiction as the Mythology of the Future “The universe is made of stories, not of atoms.” Muriel Rukeyser Introduction Science fiction is clearly the most visible and influential contemporary form of futurist thinking in the modern world. Why is science fiction so popular? As I will argue, one main reason for the popularity of science fiction is that it resonates with all the fundamental dimensions of the human mind and human experience. It speaks to the total person about the future. At the outset, let me provide a working definition of science fiction. Although not all science fiction deals with the future, its primary focus has been on the possibilities of the future. In this regard, science fiction can be defined as a literary and narrative approach to the future, involving plots, story lines and action sequences, specific settings, dramatic resolutions, and varied and unique characters, human and otherwise. It is imaginative, concrete, and often highly detailed scenario-building about the future set in the form of stories. In this chapter I describe the historical development of science fiction as an approach to the future tracing its origins to science and evolutionary theory, secular philosophy, technological forecasting, mythology, and the philosophy of Romanticism.1 Within this historical review, I consider the rich array of futurist themes and issues examined in science fiction." } ]
8778	______ proposed a three-stage model to describe the physiological changes that occur during exposure to severe stressors.	[ { "docid": "D2862030#0", "title": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/11398732/Chapter-9-Notes/\nChapter 9 Notes - Chapter 9 STRESS 1 Stress occurs when a...", "text": "Chapter 9 Notes - Chapter 9 STRESS 1 Stress occurs when a... SCHOOLCal Poly Pomona COURSE TITLEPSY 201TYPENotes UPLOADED BYwearedustin PAGES 4 RATINGS100 % ( 1)This preview shows pages 1–3. Sign up to view the full content. View Full Document Chapter 9STRESS1. Stress occurs when a situation overwhelms a person’s perceived ability to meet thedemands of that situation.2. Stressors- events that push us to the limit or exceed our ability to manage thesituation at hand. The focus on the situations that cause stress is known as thestimulus view of stress.3. Primary appraisal- is an assessment of what a situation means to us. The outcomeof this appraisal determines whether an emotional response might occur.4. Secondary Appraisal- we find ourselves in a stressful situation, we try to figure outwhat to do about that situation, how to resolve it, or how to make the unpleasantfeeling it creates go away. The Physiology of Stress1." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3227331#0", "title": "http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/glossary/terms/\nPsychology Glossary", "text": "Psychology Glossary<< Prev Section Next Section >>AAbsolute refractory period - The period during which a neuron lies dormant after an action potential has been completed. Absolute threshold - The minimum amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. Accommodation - The process by which the shape of an eye’s lens adjusts to focus light from objects nearby or far away. Also: the modification of a schema as new information is incorporated. Acetylcholine - A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, attention, arousal, memory, and emotion. Achievement motive - An impulse to master challenges and reach a high standard of excellence. Achievement tests - An assessment that measures skills and knowledge that people have already learned. Acronym - A word made out of the first letters of several words. Acrostic - A sentence or phrase in which each word begins with a letter that acts as a memory cue. Action potential - A short-lived change in electric charge inside a neuron." }, { "docid": "D2405785#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biological)\nStress (biology)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Stress (biological))navigation search For other kinds of stress, see Stress. [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. ( March 2014)This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The original scope of this article may be compromised by the addition of terms and concepts which belong in a better article, such as Stress (psychology) (March 2014)Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. Stress is the body's method of reacting to a condition such as a threat, challenge or physical and psychological barrier. Stimuli that alter an organism's environment are responded to by multiple systems in the body. The autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are two major systems that respond to stress. The sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis may activate the fight-or-flight response through the sympathetic nervous system, which dedicates energy to more relevant bodily systems to acute adaptation to stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to homeostasis." }, { "docid": "D658073#0", "title": "http://adapaproject.org/wfuteaching/tiki-index.php?page=Wear+and+Tear+Theory\nWear and Tear Theory", "text": "Wear and Tear Theory The wear and tear theory is a stochastic theory of aging that states that chronic exposure to stressors over periods of time lead to wear on organs, tissues, cells, and macromolecules. A stochastic change is a change based on single, random events. Opposed to a systemic change, which is a directionally based cascade of events leading to a specific common outcome. Â Figure 1. Â Stochastic Versus Systemic Changes Theory Modifications Post-Translational Protein Modification Theory Due to advances in the scientific field, the wear and tear theory has been supplemented with two modern amendments: post translational protein modification theory and the altered protein theory. The post translational protein modification theory says that irreversible chemical modifications occur on central macromolecules, mostly proteins, over time. Changes to these macromolecules reduces their functionality by changing their physical three dimensional structure. Examples include intermolecular cross-links, non-reducible cross-links, and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs). These cross-links can form on proteins such as collagen, causing them to stiffen overtime. Furthermore, AGEs are proteins modified by sugar, whose prevalence increase with age." }, { "docid": "D2450549#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/236169282/vce-psychology-unit-3-4-mega-set-flash-cards/\nVCE Psychology Unit 3 & 4 MEGA SET", "text": "295 terms Rachel Berka TEACHERVCE Psychology Unit 3 & 4 MEGA SETVCE Psychology Units 3 & 4, 2017+ study design. Definitions from Jacaranda text Flashcards Learn Match More ways to study4P factor model a description and explanation of the development and progression of mental health disorders with reference to four types of influences — predisposing risk factor, precipitating risk factor, perpetuating risk factor, protective risk factor Agonist drugs and other medications that stimulate a neurotransmitter's activity Anticipatory anxiety the gradual rise in anxiety level as a person thinks about, or 'anticipates', being exposed to a phobic stimulus in the future Anxiety a state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of apprehension, worry or uneasiness that something is wrong or something unpleasant is about to happen Attachment the emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person, usually their main caregiver Avoidance behaviour actions that help avert any contact, exposure or engagement with a feared object or situation Behavioural model in relation to psychotherapy, an approach to understanding and treating or managing mental disorder that emphasises the role of learning and experience Benzodiazepine a drug that works on the central nervous system, acting selectively on GABA receptors in the brain to increase GABA's inhibitory effects and make post-synaptic neurons resistant to excitation Biological risk factor originate or develop within the body and consequently may not be under our control Biopsychosocial model a description and explanation of mental (and physical) health in terms of the combination and interaction of biological, psychological and social factors Breathing retraining in relation to specific phobia, an anxiety management technique that involves teaching correct breathing habits Catastrophic thinking a thinking style which involves overestimating, exaggerating or magnifying an object or situation and predicting the worst possible outcome Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) a type of psychotherapy that uses cognitive and behavioural strategies to treat mental health problems and disorders. Assumes that the way people feel and behave is largely a product of the way they think Cognitive bias a tendency to think in a way that involves errors of judgment and faulty decision- making Cognitive model in relation to phobia, an approach to understanding and treatment or management that emphasises how the individual processes information about a phobic stimulus and related events, particularly their cognitive biases and 'distorted' ways of thinking Continuum a representation of something that varies or changes over time without clear dividing points, such as consciousness and mental health Cumulative risk the aggregate risk to mental health from the combined effects of exposure to multiple biological, psychological and/or social factors Disorganised attachment a type of attachment that is characterised by inconsistent or contradictory behaviour patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver Emotional wellbeing generally refers to how well we feel about our ability to control our emotions and express them appropriately and comfortably Evidence-based interventions treatments that have been found to be effective on the basis of valid and reliable research studies External factor factor that originates outside a person Fear hierarchy a list of feared objects or situations, ranked from least to most anxiety-producing Functioning generally refers to how well an individual independently performs or operates in their environment Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction failure to produce, release or receive the correct amount of GABA needed to regulate neuronal transmission in the brain Genetic vulnerability in relation to the 4P factor model, a biological risk factor for developing a specific mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance Internal factor influences that originate inside or within a person Informed consent process by which a researcher discloses appropriate information to a potential research participant so that the person may make a voluntary and informed choice about whether or not to participate Long-term potentiation the long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections, resulting in enhanced or more effective neurotransmission across the synapse Memory bias the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs and feelings on the recollection of previous experiences Mental disorder a mental health state that involves a combination of thoughts, feelings and/or behaviours which are usually associated with significant personal distress and impair the ability to function effectively in everyday life Mental health a state of wellbeing in which an individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community Mental health problem a problem or concern that affects the way a person thinks, feels and/or behaves but is typically mild and temporary, of a shorter duration than a mental disorder Mentally healthy being in a generally positive state of mental wellbeing, having the ability to cope with and manage life's challenges, working productively, striving to fulfill one's goals and potential, and having a sense of connection to others and the community in general Panic attack period of sudden onset of intense fear or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom Perpetuating risk factor in the 4P factor model, maintains the occurrence of a specific mental disorder and inhibits recovery Placebo treatment commonly used in research studies (or 'clinical trials') to determine the effectiveness of a new or improved medication or other treatment Poor response to medication having little to no reduction in the number or severity of symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed Precipitating risk factor in the 4P factor model, increases susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of a specific mental disorder; present at the time of onset Predisposing risk factor in the 4P factor model, increases susceptibility to a specific mental disorder Protective factor in the 4P factor model, any characteristic or event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence or recurrence of a mental disorder, either on its own or when risk factors are present Psychoeducation the process of increasing an individual's knowledge and understanding of a mental disorder and its treatment Reasoning goal-directed thinking in which inferences are made or conclusions are drawn from known or assumed facts or pieces of information Resilience the ability to successfully cope with adversity, and to 'bounce back' and restore positive functioning Risk factor in the 4P factor model, any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development or progression of a mental disorder Rumination repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts and feelings, such as problems or bad moods, without acting to change them Self-efficacy an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed in a specific situation or accomplish a specific task Self-stigma the stigmatising views that individuals hold about themselves Short-acting in relation to a drug, remains in the bloodstream and is cleared from the body in a relatively short period of time Social risk factors for mental disorders originate in the external environment and interact with biological and psychological factors in influencing our mental health state Social stigma any aspect of an individual's identity that is devalued in a social context Social wellbeing generally refers to how well we feel about our relationships and interactions with others, including our ability to establish and maintain positive relationships Specific phobia an anxiety disorder characterised by excessive or unreasonable fear produced by exposure to a specific feared object or situation, often leading to avoidance behaviour and interfering with everyday functioning Stigma a mark or sign of shame, disgrace or disapproval typically associated with a particular characteristic or attribute that sets a person apart, such as skin colour, cultural background, a disability or a mental health disorder Substance use the use or consumption of legal or illegal drugs or other products Stress a state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stressors that are perceived by the individual as challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope; may be acute, episodic acute or chronic Systematic desensitisation a behaviour therapy for treatment of specific phobia that aims to replace an undesirable response, such as fear, with a relaxation response through conditioning; the individual learns to associate being relaxed with the fear-arousing stimulus through a series of graded steps Two-factor learning theory a behavioural model that explains precipitation and perpetuation of phobias as a two-part process involving classical conditioning (for precipitation) and operant conditioning (for perpetuation)Unrealistic thoughts unhelpful thoughts triggered by anxious thoughts that can also trigger anxious thoughts Wellbeing our sense of 'wellness' or how well we feel about ourselves and our lives Phobia ... Autonomic nervous system a self-regulating sub-division of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body's internal organs and glands, providing feedback to the brain about their activities Axon a single, tubelike, extension that carries neural information away from the neuron Axon terminal the end part of an axon collateral where terminal buttons that store and secrete neurotransmitter are located Central nervous syst" }, { "docid": "D2675910#0", "title": "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/902155-overview\nBackground", "text": "\"Background Orthostatic intolerance is a confusing topic. Some of the confusion originates from recent appreciation of the condition's clinical variants, some originates from the emerging understanding of its diverse underlying pathophysiologies, and some originates from its nomenclature, which seems to change at least every year. The term orthostasis literally means standing upright. Orthostatic intolerance (OI) may be defined as \"\"the development of symptoms while upright, during standing that are relieved by recumbency.\"\" Although the use of a term such as orthostatic intolerance logically implies the presence of signs and symptoms when upright, variations in blood flow and blood pressure (BP) regulation are also found when supine or sitting, but these may require special equipment to detect and therefore may not be easily discernable until orthostatic stress becomes evident. Standing successfully requires the interplay of blood volume, physical, neurologic, humoral, and vascular factors that compensate for the effects of gravitational venous pooling. Under ordinary conditions, acute humoral alterations have little to do with the initial response to standing upright but may play an important role during chronic orthostatic intolerance or relatively late during upright standing. Also, changes in such factors may affect resting or tonic responses and thus may influence overall vascular regulation through background effects. If symptoms initiate while supine, then there is no OI. Transient OI is commonly experienced during dehydration or infectious disease." }, { "docid": "D18566#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/43715234/chapter-10-stress-flash-cards/\nChapter 10: Stress", "text": "\"114 terms Curlingnut Chapter 10: Stress Fit & Well 3rd Ed Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness Fahey, Insel, Roth, Wong Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Which of the following events can cause stress? a. taking out a loan b. failing a test c. graduating from university or college d. watching a hockey game all four Moderate exercise can stimulate which of the following? a. analgesia (pain relief) b. birth of new brain cells c. relaxation All three Which of the following can be the result of chronic stress? a. violence b. heart attack c. stroke All three Stressor Any physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions. Stress Response The physical and emotional reactions to a stressor. Stress The collective physiological and emotional responses to any stimulus that disturbs an individual's homeostasis. Autonomic Nervous System The branch of the nervous system that controls basic body processes; consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Parasympathetic Division A division of the autonomic nervous system that moderates the excitatory effect of the sympathetic division, slowing metabolism and restoring energy supplies." }, { "docid": "D222940#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_response\nDoseâresponse relationship", "text": "\"It has been suggested that Multivalued treatment be merged into this article. ( Discuss) Proposed since October 2017. \"\" Dose-response\"\" redirects here. For the academic journal, see Dose–Response. Semi-log plots of two agonists with different K d; the blue curve indicates a more potent agonist than the green curve (higher response for the same dose). The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure (or doses) to a stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time, or to a food. [ 1] This may apply to individuals (e.g. : a small amount has no significant effect, a large amount is fatal), or to populations (e.g. : how many people or organisms are affected at different levels of exposure). Although dose and exposure are often interchangeably used, in the area of clinical pharmacology (the study of drugs), the two names are separated. The former means dosage or amount of dose administered to a person, whereas the latter means the time-dependent concentration (often in the circulatory blood or plasma) or concentration-derived parameters such as AUC (area under the concentration curve) and C max (peak level of the concentration curve) of the drug after its administration. Studying dose response, and developing dose–response models, is central to determining \"\"safe\"\", \"\"hazardous\"\" and (where relevant) beneficial levels and dosages for drugs, pollutants, foods, and other substances to which humans or other organisms are exposed." }, { "docid": "D2862029#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physiology)\nStress (biology)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Stress (physiology))navigation search For other kinds of stress, see Stress. [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. ( March 2014)This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The original scope of this article may be compromised by the addition of terms and concepts which belong in a better article, such as Stress (psychology) (March 2014)Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. Stress is the body's method of reacting to a condition such as a threat, challenge or physical and psychological barrier. Stimuli that alter an organism's environment are responded to by multiple systems in the body. The autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are two major systems that respond to stress. The sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis may activate the fight-or-flight response through the sympathetic nervous system, which dedicates energy to more relevant bodily systems to acute adaptation to stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to homeostasis." }, { "docid": "D1738070#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory(stress)\nEffects of stress on memory", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Memory (stress))navigation search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. ( January 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)a diagram of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis The effects of stress on memory include interference with a person's capacity to encode memory and the ability to retrieve information. [ 1] [2] During times of stress, the body reacts by secreting stress hormones into the bloodstream. Stress can cause acute and chronic changes in certain brain areas which can cause long-term damage. [ 3] Over-secretion of stress hormones most frequently impairs long-term delayed recall memory, but can enhance short-term, immediate recall memory. This enhancement is particularly relative in emotional memory. In particular, the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and the amygdala are affected. [ 4] [5] One class of stress hormone responsible for negatively affecting long-term, delayed recall memory is the glucocorticoids (GCs), the most notable of which is cortisol. [ 1] [5] [6] Glucocorticoids facilitate and impair the actions of stress in the brain memory process. [" }, { "docid": "D1089215#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/8218497/tiu-pers-psy-c1-c19-flash-cards/\nTiU Pers Psy C1-C19", "text": "\"558 terms maaike_adams Ti U Pers Psy C1-C19disorder A disorder is a pattern of behavior or experience that is distressing and painful to the person, leads to some disability or impairment in important life domains (e.g., work, marriage, or relationship difficulties), and is associated with increased risk for further suffering, loss of function, death, or confinement.abnormal psychology Abnormal psychology is the study of the various mental disorders, including thought disorders (such as schizophrenia), emotional disorders (such as depression), and personality disorders (such as the antisocial personality).abnormal The term abnormal is based on current levels of societal tolerance. Behaviors that society deems unacceptable would be labeled as abnormal. Yet, because tolerance levels can change over time, psychologists have started directing their attention towards people's subjective views and experiences. Anxiety or depression may be linked to disorganized thought patterns, disruptive perceptions, or unusual beliefs. These may inhibit a person's ability to work or socialize, and may all be considered abnormal.psychopathology Psychopathology is the study of mental disorders that combines statistical, social, and psychological approaches to diagnosing individual abnormality.personality disorder An enduring pattern of experience and behavior that differs greatly from the expectations of the individual's culture. The disorder is usually manifest in more than one of the following areas: the way a person thinks, feels, gets along with others, or controls personal behavior. To be classed as a personality disorder, the pattern must NOT result from drug abuse, medication, or a medical condition such as head trauma.categorical view In psychiatry and clinical psychology today, the categorical view is the dominant approach to viewing personality disorders in distinct categories. There is a qualitative distinction made in which people who have a disorder are in one category, while people who do not have the disorder are in another category.dimensional view The dimensional view approaches a personality disorder as a continuum that ranges from normality at one end to severe disability and disturbance at the other end. According to this view, people with and without the disorder differ in degree only.antisocial personality disorder A person suffering from antisocial personality disorder has a general disregard for others and cares very little about the rights, feelings, or happiness of other people. Also referred to as a sociopath or psychopath, a person suffering from antisocial personality disorder is easily irritated, assaultive, reckless, irresponsible, glib or superficially charming, impulsive, callous, and indifferent to the suffering of others.borderline personality disorder The life of the borderline personality is marked by instability." }, { "docid": "D1896031#0", "title": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/09/10/2013-21583/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-determination-of-endangered-species-status-for-jemez\nAGENCY:", "text": "Start Printed Page 55600AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, determine endangered species status under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Act), as amended, for the Jemez Mountains salamander ( Plethodon neomexicanus ). This final rule implements the Federal protections provided by the Act for this species. We have also determined that critical habitat for the Jemez Mountains salamander is prudent and determinable in the proposed rule and will soon publish in the Federal Register our final determination designating critical habitat for the Jemez Mountains salamander. DATES: This rule becomes effective October 10, 2013. ADDRESSES: This final rule is available on the Internet at http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/New Mexico/index.cfm, and the rule as well as comments and materials received are available at http://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2012-0063. Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this rule, will also be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Ecological Services Field Office, 2105 Osuna NE., Albuquerque, NM 87113; by telephone 505-346-2525; or by facsimile 505-346-2542." }, { "docid": "D1866103#0", "title": "http://www.lifeextension.com/Protocols/Emotional-Health/Anxiety/Page-01\nAnxiety", "text": "Anxiety As nature intended it, anxiety serves a useful purpose. Characterized by the fear or worry that something bad will happen, normal anxiety occurs occasionally in response to situations that threaten our sense of security. This helps us avoid harm and remember not to put ourselves in the same potentially dangerous situation in the future. Anxiety is a normal stress response that has been conserved throughout human evolution and is evident in all other animals. However, when anxiety occurs inappropriately in response to normal everyday events, it can become a debilitating condition known as anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders cause a person to be constantly “primed”, or “tense” in expectation of an impending threat to their physical or psychological well-being. Symptoms of anxiety disorders are often chronic, and can include difficulty concentrating, irritability, tense muscles, sleep disturbances, and trouble overcoming worries. The conventional health care model typically attempts to alleviate anxiety with an array of psychoactive drugs that either mimic or manipulate neurotransmitter signaling. For instance, medications for anxiety might either increase the recycling of existing neurotransmitters or bind directly to neurotransmitter receptors and block or activate them, artificially altering mood. However, psychoactive drugs fall short of addressing the underlying causes of anxiety – hormonal and metabolic imbalances that emerge as our bodies attempt to adapt to chronic stress." }, { "docid": "D3064119#0", "title": "http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No1-Jan-2011/Concept-of-Compassion-Fatigue.html\nReflecting on the Concept of Compassion Fatigue", "text": "\"Home ANA Periodicals OJIN Table of Contents Vol 16 - 2011 No1 Jan 2011 Concept of Compassion Fatigue Reflecting on the Concept of Compassion Fatigue^ m d Brenda Sabo, Ph D, RNAbstract A review of the literature on the health of nurses leaves little doubt that their work may take a toll on their psychosocial and physical health and well being. Nurses working in several specialty practice areas, such as intensive care, mental health, paediatrics, and oncology have been found to be particularly vulnerable to work-related stress. Several types of occupational stress have been identified, including burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatization. While the emphasis of this article is on compassion fatigue and its theoretical conceptualization, the concepts of burnout and vicarious traumatization are also discussed. Two questions are posed for discussion: 1) Does compassion fatigue exist on a continuum of occupational stress? If so, is burnout a pre-condition for compassion fatigue; 2) What are the relationships between the types of occupational stress? To what extent does non-resolution of compassion fatigue increase the risk for developing vicarious traumatization? Case examples are provided to support this discussion. Citation: Sabo, B., (Jan 31, 2011) \"\"Reflecting on the Concept of Compassion Fatigue\"\" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 16, No." }, { "docid": "D336222#0", "title": "https://adrenalfatiguesolution.com/stress-101/\nStress 101: Causes, Symptoms & Coping Strategies", "text": "Stress 101: Causes, Symptoms & Coping Strategies Everyone seems to know what “stress” is when they read or hear the word. When asked to define it, however, you’ll get as many definitions as there are people. The National Institutes of Health define stress as the brain’s response to any demand. The American Academy of Family Physicians describes the stress response as the body’s attempt to defend itself. The American Psychological Association calls stress a reaction to a short-lived situation, which can be long-term, especially with relationships and in serious situations. Perhaps the most creative, if least illuminating, definition was offered by the highly respected British Medical Journal in 1951. Its contribution to the morass of medical conundrums: “Stress, in addition to being itself, was also the cause of itself, and the result of itself. ”This article contains a detailed description of the history of stress, how it affects the body, and how stress management techniques can help to reduce the burden. You can go directly to each section by clicking on these links: The History Of Stress How Stress Affects The Body How Stress Affects Your Health What To Do The History Of Stress“Stress in health and disease is medically, sociologically and philosophically the most meaningful subject for humanity that I can think of.” Hans H. Selye, MDHans Hugo Selye, MD (1907-1982) is usually, if wrongly, credited for originating the science of stress." }, { "docid": "D59742#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_trauma\nPsychological trauma", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the mind that occurs as a result of a severely distressing event. Trauma is often the result of an overwhelming amount of stress that exceeds one's ability to cope, or integrate the emotions involved with that experience. [ 1] A traumatic event involves one's experience, or repeating events of being overwhelmed that can be precipitated in weeks, years, or even decades as the person struggles to cope with the immediate circumstances, eventually leading to serious, long-term negative consequences. However, trauma differs between individuals, according to their subjective experiences. People will react to similar events differently. In other words, not all people who experience a potentially traumatic event will actually become psychologically traumatized. [ 2] However, it is possible to develop posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) after being exposed to a potentially traumatic event. [ 3] This discrepancy in risk rate can be attributed to protective factors some individuals may have that enable them to cope with trauma; they are related to temperamental and environmental factors. Some examples are mild exposure to stress early in life, [4] resilience characteristics, and active seeking of help. [ 5]Contents [ hide ]1 Definition2 Symptoms3 Assessment4 Treatment5 Causative discourses5.1 Situational trauma5.2 In psychoanalysis5.3 Stress disorders5.4 Vicarious6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links Definition [ edit]DSM -IV-TR defines trauma as direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury; threat to one's physical integrity, witnessing an event that involves the above experience, learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death, or injury experienced by a family member or close associate." }, { "docid": "D584541#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wsu-sandbox/chapter/what-is-stress/\nWhat Is Stress?", "text": "What Is Stress? Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Differentiate between stimulus-based and response-based definitions of stress Define stress as a process Differentiate between good stress and bad stress Describe the early contributions of Walter Cannon and Hans Selye to the stress research field Understand the physiological basis of stress and describe the general adaptation syndrome The term stress as it relates to the human condition first emerged in scientific literature in the 1930s, but it did not enter the popular vernacular until the 1970s (Lyon, 2012). Today, we often use the term loosely in describing a variety of unpleasant feeling states; for example, we often say we are stressed out when we feel frustrated, angry, conflicted, overwhelmed, or fatigued. Despite the widespread use of the term, stress is a fairly vague concept that is difficult to define with precision. Researchers have had a difficult time agreeing on an acceptable definition of stress. Some have conceptualized stress as a demanding or threatening event or situation (e.g., a high-stress job, overcrowding, and long commutes to work). Such conceptualizations are known as stimulus-based definitions because they characterize stress as a stimulus that causes certain reactions. Stimulus-based definitions of stress are problematic, however, because they fail to recognize that people differ in how they view and react to challenging life events and situations. For example, a conscientious student who has studied diligently all semester would likely experience less stress during final exams week than would a less responsible, unprepared student. Others have conceptualized stress in ways that emphasize the physiological responses that occur when faced with demanding or threatening situations (e.g., increased arousal)." }, { "docid": "D3277899#0", "title": "http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1004\nTrauma and Adolescents 1", "text": "\"�Trauma and Adolescents 1Ashley Eckes and Heidi Liss Radunovich 2The mention of the word trauma can bring about thoughts of war, rape, kidnapping, abuse, or natural disaster. However, trauma can also come from common events, such as sudden injury or an automobile accident (Costello, Erkanli, Fairbank, & Angold, 2002). In the United States, it is estimated that 5 million children are exposed to traumatic events yearly (Ruzek et al., 2007). Seventy to ninety percent of people will be exposed to a traumatic event at some time in their lives. One study found that by the age of 11, 11% of youth have experienced a traumatic event. By the age of 18, 43% of youth have experienced such an event (\"\"Identifying and addressing trauma in adolescents,\"\" 2007). This means that during adolescence, there is a dramatic increase in the exposure to trauma. What is trauma? Regardless of the source, emotional or psychological trauma develops from being exposed to an incident in which there is a threat to survival and adaptation (Silove, Steel, & Psychol, 2006)." }, { "docid": "D85631#0", "title": "http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/ptsd-overview.asp\nPTSD: National Center for PTSD", "text": "\"PTSD History and Overview Matthew J. Friedman, MD, Ph DA brief history of the PTSD diagnosis The risk of exposure to trauma has been a part of the human condition since we evolved as a species. Attacks by saber tooth tigers or twenty-first century terrorists have probably produced similar psychological sequelae in the survivors of such violence. Shakespeare's Henry IV appears to meet many, if not all, of the diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as have other heroes and heroines throughout the world's literature. The history of the development of the PTSD concept is described by Trimble (1). In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) added PTSD to the third edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) nosologic classification scheme (2). Although controversial when first introduced, the PTSD diagnosis has filled an important gap in psychiatric theory and practice. From an historical perspective, the significant change ushered in by the PTSD concept was the stipulation that the etiological agent was outside the individual (i.e., a traumatic event) rather than an inherent individual weakness (i.e., a traumatic neurosis). The key to understanding the scientific basis and clinical expression of PTSD is the concept of \"\"trauma. \"\" Importance of traumatic events In its initial DSM-III formulation, a traumatic event was conceptualized as a catastrophic stressor that was outside the range of usual human experience. The framers of the original PTSD diagnosis had in mind events such as war, torture, rape, the Nazi Holocaust, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, natural disasters (such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcano eruptions), and human-made disasters (such as factory explosions, airplane crashes, and automobile accidents)." }, { "docid": "D1527381#0", "title": "http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/glossary/terms.html\nPsychology Glossary", "text": "Psychology Glossary<< Prev Section Next Section >>AAbsolute refractory period - The period during which a neuron lies dormant after an action potential has been completed. Absolute threshold - The minimum amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. Accommodation - The process by which the shape of an eye’s lens adjusts to focus light from objects nearby or far away. Also: the modification of a schema as new information is incorporated. Acetylcholine - A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, attention, arousal, memory, and emotion. Achievement motive - An impulse to master challenges and reach a high standard of excellence. Achievement tests - An assessment that measures skills and knowledge that people have already learned. Acronym - A word made out of the first letters of several words. Acrostic - A sentence or phrase in which each word begins with a letter that acts as a memory cue. Action potential - A short-lived change in electric charge inside a neuron." }, { "docid": "D2135555#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/171158029/Robbins-Eob11-Tif-Ch16\nEssentials of Organizational Behavior, 11e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 16 Organizational Change and Stress Management 1) All of the following", "text": "\"Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 11e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 16 Organizational Change and Stress Management 1) All of the followingis most likely to result in the changing nature of the workforce except ________. A) immigration B) outsourcing C) multicultural environment D) demographic changes E) changing literacy levels Answer: E Explanation: E) The nature of the workforce is most likely to change due to a multicultural environment, demographic changes, immigration, and outsourcing. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 234 Objective: Planned Change Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) The recent bankruptcy of auto manufacturers General Motors and Chrysler were caused due to _______. A) changes in the social trend B) political instability C) changes in legal requirements D) economic shocks E) changing nature of the workforce Answer: D Explanation: D) The recent bankruptcy of auto manufacturers General Motors and Chrysler were caused due to global recession. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 234-235 Objective: Action Research Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall3) Organizations are increasingly adjusting their processes and positioning their products as environment friendly and sustainable in order to increase their appeal to consumers. This is a response to changes in ________. A) demographic trends B) social trends C) cultural trends D) legal requirements E) nature of the workforce Answer: B Explanation: B) Social trends don't remain static. Consumers now meet and share information in chat rooms and blogs." } ]
8779	______ unified mesopotamia and founded the akkadian empire	[ { "docid": "D1914110#0", "title": "http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/MesopotamiaAkkad.htm\nMiddle East Kingdoms", "text": "Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Mesopotamia City State of Agade / Akkad Situated to the immediate north of Sumer, the Akkadians were of Semitic origin. The people of Mari a little to the north were probably of the same stock. Their language is first attested in about 2800 BC, and it survived alongside Sumerian until about 1800 BC, when the latter died out from everyday use. Under the rule of Sargon I, the city state of Agade (which was the Sumerian name for the city in the region of Akkad, known in the Bible as Accad) rose for a brief time to be a powerful empire, becoming one of the first to unify the entire south-central Mesopotamian region. The city was probably located on the west bank of the Euphrates in central Mesopotamia, between Sippar and Kish. Its ruins have yet to be found. Although the Sumerian king list claims that Sargon built Agade, it is mentioned in the reigns of more than one of his predecessors, such as En-cakanca-ana of Uruk and Lugalzaggesi of Uruk, so Sargon was probably just responsible for re -building and expanding it. According to the king list, a total of twelve kings ruled for 197 years, once (in one dynasty) in Agade (List 1), or eleven kings ruled for 181 years, or nine kings ruled for 161 / 177 years ( List 2 ). This is the fifteenth set of entries on the list comprising kings 82-92. Here, List 1 is primarily used, backed up by List 2 (see Sumer for details)." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2327549#0", "title": "http://www.timemaps.com/ancient-mesopotamia-history\nHistory of Ancient Mesopotamia", "text": "History of Ancient Mesopotamia Contents Origins The Sumerians The first empires Early Babylon Further study Origins The first civilization in human history was that of the Sumerians. This emerged in the mid-4th millennium BCE, with the appearance of the first cities on the Mesopotamian flood plain. This was a pivotal event for mankind – but why here? And why now? The Rise of Farming in Mesopotamia By 6000 BCE, farming settlements dotted the Middle Eastern landscape from Egypt to Iran. Most of these were small villages, but some, like Jericho, were sizeable towns. Jericho, situated in a large oasis, consisted of 8 to10 acres of mud-brick homes surrounded by substantial walls. Large water tanks were probably used for irrigation, and a massive stone tower for defence. It had a population of some 2,500 people. The farming population in the Middle East was distributed across the “Fertile Crescent”, that huge stretch of territory from Egypt in the west to Iran in the east were farming is easy and productive." }, { "docid": "D3342292#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/2267684/ultimate-ap-world-history-set-updated-2017-flash-cards/\nUltimate AP World History Set (Updated 2017)", "text": "\"1,748 terms mrwillett Ultimate AP World History Set (Updated 2017)Last Updated May 2017. Designed for AP Exam review over all units, based on updated exam (such as for essay skill related flashcards). Some of this vocab is must-know basics and some is more obscure. Not every specific terms is necessary to memorize nor listed in the AP World Key Concepts, but each term is an example of the big things happening in each period throughout the world. There are many repeated terms, especially for more important terms. I've combined many existing lists and added many…Mesopotamia A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Fertile Crescent The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. Includes Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Nile.ziggurat A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the topcuneiform The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay." }, { "docid": "D1355267#0", "title": "http://www.ancient.eu/syria/\nAncient Syria", "text": "Syria is a country located in the Middle East on the shore of Mediterranean Sea and bordered, from the north down to the west, by Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon. It is one of the oldest inhabited regions in the world with archaeological finds dating the first human habitation at c. 700,000 years ago. The Dederiyeh Cave near Aleppo has produced a number of significant finds, such as bones, placing Neanderthals in the region at that time and shows continual occupation of the site over a substantial period. The first evidence of modern humans appears c. 100,000 years ago as evidenced by finds of human skeletons, ceramics, and crude tools. There seem to have been mass migrations throughout the region that impacted the various communities but, as there is no written record of the period, it is unknown why they happened if they did occur. These migrations are suggested by archaeological finds throughout the region showing significant changes in the manufacture of ceramics and tools found at various sites. These developments, however, could be just as easily explained by cultural exchange between tribes in a region or simply similar developments in the manufacturing process rather than large-scale migration. The historian Soden notes that,Scholars have sought to deduce especially important developments, for example, folk migrations, from cultural changes which can be read in archaeological remains, particularly in ceramic materials…Yet there can be frequent and substantial changes in the ceramic style, even if no other people has come onto the scene. ( 13)It is thought that climate change in the area c. 15,000 years ago may have influenced humans to abandon the hunter-gatherer lifestyle and initiate an agricultural one or that migrating tribes introduced agriculture to different regions. Soden writes, “We term 'prehistoric' those epochs in which nothing had yet been written down, without thereby assuming that events of great significance had not yet taken place” (13)." }, { "docid": "D1914111#0", "title": "http://quatr.us/westasia/history/akkadians.htm\nAkkadians â Mesopotamia â West Asian history", "text": "Head of Akkadian king (maybe Sargon)Sargon of Akkad gradually conquered the area between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers around 2300 BC. The Akkadians spoke a Semitic language, like the Amorites. Sargon, according to Sumerian literature, was born to an Akkadian high priestess and a poor father, maybe a gardener. His mother abandoned him by putting him in a basket woven out of reeds and letting it float away down the river (like Moses a thousand years later). But Sargon was rescued, made friends with the goddess Ishtar, and was brought up in the king’s court. When Sargon grew up, he built himself a new city at Akkad, and made himself the king of it. Then he gradually conquered all the land around him. Sargon built the first empire that we know of: the Akkadian Empire. Sargon also brought to West Asia the new idea that when a king died, his son should be the next king; before this the rich men of each city had elected their new king. Enheduanna in a procession (she’s the one in the fancy dress)Sargon also helped to unify his empire by making his daughter Enheduanna the high priestess for life of the moon god Nanna at Ur, and also the high priestess of the sky god An at Uruk." }, { "docid": "D1408657#0", "title": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/ancient-history-middle-east/mesopotamia\nMesopotamia", "text": "Mesopotamia Between 3000 b.c.e. and 300 b.c.e. the civilizations thriving in Mesopotamia, a large region centered between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, laid the foundation for customs that would dominate later European culture. Though many different societies emerged and organized cities, states, and empires in Mesopotamia, historians study these cultures together because they lived near each other and had many similarities. The main civilizations were the Sumerians (3000 – 2000 b.c.e. ), the Akkadians (2350 – 2218 b.c.e. ), the Babylonians (1894 – 1595 b.c.e. ), the Assyrians (1380 – 612 b.c.e. ), and the Persians (550 – 330 b.c.e.). The people of Mesopotamia The Sumerians created the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia around 3000 b.c.e." }, { "docid": "D3358984#0", "title": "http://historyguide.org/ancient/lecture4b.html\nLecture 4", "text": "\"Lecture 4The Akkadians, Egyptians and the Hebrews The Akkadian Kingdom The Sumerians were not the only people to inhabit the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia (see Lecture 2 ). There were other groups of people who lived in permanent communities and who interacted with the Sumerians in times of peace and in war. By 2350 B. C., Semitic-speaking people united northern Mesopotamia with the Sumerian city-states and a new capital was set up at Akkad. The result was a centralized government under the authority of the king, his royal court, and the high class of priests. The man most responsible for this development is assumed to be SARGON OF AKKAD . Sargon, whose name is taken to mean \"\"the king is legitimate,\"\" carried out more than thirty battles against the Sumerian city-states and eventually, these city-states were incorporated into the Akkadian kingdom. The foundation of the Akkadian state was economic. Sargon and his royal court served as the focal point of all economic activity. Remember, at Sumer, this task was assumed by the priests of the temple. Sargon brought vast amounts of wealth to the capital city – he also brought a huge number of royal servants and administrators, thus creating a bureaucratic organization to help rule his kingdom." }, { "docid": "D2786368#0", "title": "http://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/fierce-amorites-and-first-king-babylonian-empire-003269\nThe Fierce Amorites and the First King of the Babylonian Empire", "text": "\"21 June, 2015 - 04:00 Bryan Hill The Fierce Amorites and the First King of the Babylonian Empire The Amorites, also called Amurru or Martu, were an ancient Semitic-speaking people who dominated the history of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine from about 2000 to 1600 BC. Tribal nomads who forced themselves into the lands that they needed, the Amorites were reputedly fierce warriors. They twice conquered Babylonia and Mesopotamia (at the end of the third and the beginning of the first millennium), establishing new city states; the most famous of which became Babylon. Their most noted king, Hammurabi, was the first king of the Babylon Empire. The name Amorite literally means the “high one.” In the Mesopotamian sources from Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, Amorites appear as a nomadic people and are connected with the mountainous region of Jebel Bishri in northern Syria, called “the mountain of the Amorites.” They were an ancient tribe of Canaanites, technically not of Canaanite ethnicity, which inhabited the region northeast of the Jordan River. Amorites were apparently nomadic clans ruled by tribal chiefs, who pushed into lands they needed to graze their herds. Some Akkadian literature speaks disparagingly of them, and implies that both the Akkadians and Sumerians viewed their nomadic way of life with disgust and contempt:“The MARTU who know no grain.... The MARTU who know no house nor town, the boors of the mountains.... The MARTU who digs up truffles... who does not bend his knees [to cultivate the land], who eats raw meat, who has no house during his lifetime, who is not buried after death...” (Chiera 1934, 58, 112). In Egypt, the Amorites were called “Amar” and were represented on monuments with fair skin, light hair, blue eyes, curved noses, and pointed beards." }, { "docid": "D349742#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer\nSumer", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Sumeria\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Sumeria (disambiguation). For other uses, see Sumer (disambiguation). Not to be confused with summer. Sumer Geographical range Near East, Middle East Period Late Neolithic, Middle Bronze Age Dates c. 4500 – c. 1900 BCPart of a series on the History of Iraq Ancient Mesopotamia Sumer Assyria Akkadian Empire Babylonia Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Median Kingdom Classical antiquity Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Roman Mesopotamia Sasanian Asorestan Middle Ages Islamic conquest Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Hamdanids Buyid amirate of Iraq Marwanids Uqaylids Al-Mazeedi Ayyubids Seljuk Empire Zengids Ilkhanate Jalairid Sultanate Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Early modern period Safavids Ottoman Iraq Mamluk dynasty Modern Iraq Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Republic (1958–68) Ba'athist rule (1968–2003)Occupation (2003–11) Recent history Iraq portalv t e Ancient history Preceded by Prehistory Ancient Near East Egyptian Old Kingdom Sumer Uruk Ur Jiroft culture Ebla Mari Minoan Crete Oxus civilisation Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Lullubi Guti Neo-Sumerian Empire Egyptian Middle Kingdom Yamhad Qatna First Dynasty of Isin Old Assyrian Empire Old Babylonian Empire Hattians Hurrians Amurru kingdom Apum Isuwa Nuhašše Kurda Ṭābetu Tepe Sialk Teppe Hasanlu Shahr-e Sukhteh Marlik Kizzuwatna Tepe Hissar Eshnunna Egyptian New Kingdom Hittite Empire Kassite dynasty Amorites Arameans Kingdom of Edom Kingdom of Moab Kingdom of Ammon Awan dynasty Shimashki Dynasty Chaldea Mitanni Empire Troy Alashiya Ugarit Nuragic civilization Mycenaean Greece Middle Assyrian Empire Second Dynasty of Isin Elam Ellipi Phrygia Lydia Canaan Tyre Sidon Phoenicia Israel and Judah Arzawa Neo-Assyrian Empire Kushite Empire Syro-Hittite states Hayasa-Azzi Georgia Etruscan League Roman Kingdom Urartu Mannaeans Neo-Babylonian Empire Median Empire Classical antiquity Achaemenid Empire Carthaginian Empire Delian League Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Kingdom of Armenia Magna Graecia Macedonian Empire Odrysian kingdom Parthian Empire Peloponnesian League Ptolemaic Kingdom Roman Empire Roman Republic Sassanid Empire Seleucid Empire Antigonid dynasty Palmyra Nabataean Kingdom Kushan Empire Eshnunna East Asia Erlitou Shang dynasty Zhou dynasty Spring and Autumn period Warring States period Qin dynasty Gojoseon Jin (Korean state) Nanyue Han dynasty Three Kingdoms of Korea Silla Three Kingdoms of China Jin dynasty Northern and Southern dynasties Sui dynasty Japan South Asia Indus Valley Vedic period Kuru Kingdom Mahajanapada Magadha Kingdom Nanda Empire Maurya Empire Satavahana Indo-Greek Kingdom Indo-Scythian Kingdom Early Cholas Kushan Empire Vakataka Pallava Gupta Empire Mesoamerica Olmec Epi-Olmec culture Zapotec civilization Maya civilization Tikal Calakmul Palenque Teotihuacan Toltec Empire League of Mayapan Cuzcatlan Mixtec Tepanec Tarascan state Aztec Empire Andes Norte Chico Valdivia Kotosh Casma/Sechin culture Chiripa Cupisnique Chavín Moche Nazca Tiwanaku Empire Wari Empire Chimú culture Chincha Chachapoya Muisca Confederation Inca Empire Mapuche Mississippi Adena Hopewell Mississippian Fort Ancient Huron Confederacy Three Fires Confederacy Mi'kmaq Confederacy Iroquois Confederacy West Africa Dhar Tichitt Djenné-Djenno Nok Bura culture Ghana Empire Mossi Kingdoms Kingdom of Nri Benin Empire Oyo Empire Ghana Empire Kanem–Bornu Empire Almoravid dynasty Sosso Empire Mali Empire Empire of Great Fulo Jolof Empire Hausa Kingdoms Gao Empire Songhai Empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by the Postclassical Erav t e Sumer ( / ˈ s uː m ər /) [note 1] is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the first civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. [ 1] Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC. [ 2]Modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), an agglutinative language isolate. [" }, { "docid": "D1506803#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant\nHistory of the ancient Levant", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about History of the Levant. For what the area is called by natives and others, see Names of the Levant. For region's history, see History of the Middle East. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. [ 1] The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. The term normally does not include Anatolia (although at times Cilicia may be included), the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper." }, { "docid": "D1697039#0", "title": "http://www.worldology.com/Iraq/assyrian_empire.htm\n.", "text": "\"Detailed Timeline of Iraq History Ancient Mesopotamia << Assyrian Empire >> Babylonian Empire (605-539 BC)Age of the Assyrian Empire (2000 - 605 BC)The Rise and Fall of the Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia Go to \"\"History of Iraq\"\" Interactive Map Beginning of Assyria (~ 2000 BC): The ancient Sumerian city of Assur came under Assyrian control by about 2000 BC, serving as the capital of the Assyrian Kingdom. Amorites Conquer Southern Mesopotamia (~ 2000 BC): Amorites (a Semitic tribe) gain control over Southern Mesopotamia (blue), ending independent Sumerian rule in the region. ( Timeline Continued Below)Assyria Conquered by Amorites (~ 1800 BC): Conquered by Amorites, another Semitic people. The Amorites constituted the ruling class, while the Assyrians comprised the general population, retaining their distinct identity. Babylon Captured by Hammurabi of Amorites (1728 BC): The famed Babylonian king was an Amorite, who gained control of Babylon, initiating the First Babylonian Dynasty. Hammurabi would create the world's first written civil law. Central Mesopotamia Conquered by Hammurabi/Amorites (by 1715 BC): Hammurabi conquers the surrounding city-states (gray shading), extending his rule beyond Babylon. Elam Conquered by Hammurabi/Amorites (1702 BC): The Iranian kingdom of Elam invaded Babylon in an attempt to expand its kingdom. The Babylonians defeated the invasion, and in turn invaded and conquered Elam (red). Babylonian Rule of Assyria (~ 1700 BC): The Semitic-ruled Babylonian Empire (a competing Amorite dynasty) conquered the Amorite-ruled Assyrian territory after conquering Southern Mesopotamia in 1700 BC." }, { "docid": "D2077485#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion\nAncient Mesopotamian religion", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Mesopotamian religion)navigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The god Marduk and his dragon Mušḫuššu Part of a series on Ancient Mesopotamian religion Primordial beings [show]Seven gods who decree [show]Other major deities [show]Minor deities [show]Demigods and heroes [show]Spirits and monsters [show]Tales [show]Related topics Ancient Near Eastern religions Sumerian religion Babylonian religionv t e Part of a series on Religions of the ancient Near East Anatolia Ancient Egypt Arabia Canaan Persia Mesopotamia Sumer Semiticv t e Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 3500 BC and 400 AD, after which they largely gave way to Syriac Christianity. The religious development of Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian culture in general was not particularly influenced by the movements of the various peoples into and throughout the area, particularly the south. Rather, Mesopotamian religion was a consistent and coherent tradition which adapted to the internal needs of its adherents over millennia of development. [ 1]The earliest undercurrents of Mesopotamian religious thought date to the mid 4th millennium BC, and involved the worship of forces of nature as providers of sustenance. In the 3rd millennium BC objects of worship were personified and became an expansive cast of divinities with particular functions. The last stages of Mesopotamian polytheism, which developed in the 2nd and 1st millenniums, introduced greater emphasis on personal religion and structured the gods into a monarchical hierarchy with the national god being the head of the pantheon. [ 1] Mesopotamian religion finally declined with the spread of Iranian religions during the Achaemenid Empire and with the Christianization of Mesopotamia." }, { "docid": "D184082#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria\nAssyria", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about ancient Assyria. For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). \"\" Assyrian Empire\"\" redirects here. For the most powerful stage of the ancient Assyrian state, see Neo-Assyrian Empire. Assyrian Empire2500 BC–609 BC [1]Overview map of the Ancient Near East in the 15th century BC (Middle Assyrian period), showing the core territory of Assyria with its two major cities Assur and Nineveh wedged between Babylonia downstream (to the south-east) and the states of Mitanni and Hatti upstream (to the north-west). Capital Aššur, Nineveh Languages Akkadian Sumerian Aramaic Religion Ancient Mesopotamian religion Government Monarchy King• c. 2500 BC Tudiya (first)• 612–609 BC Ashur-uballit II (last)Historical era Mesopotamia• Kikkiya overthrown 2500 BC• Decline of Assyria 612 BC 609 BC [1]Currency Tekel/Shekel Succeeded by Median Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Empire Today part of Syria Iraq Saudi Arabia Turkey Iran Assyria, also called the Assyrian Empire, was a major Semitic speaking Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant. It existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state, [2] until its collapse between 612 BC and 609 BC, spanning the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age. [ 3] [4] From the end of the seventh century BC to the mid-seventh century AD, it survived as a geopolitical entity, for the most part ruled by foreign powers, although a number of Neo-Assyrian states arose at different times during the Parthian and early Sasanian Empires between the mid-second century BC and late third century AD, a period which also saw Assyria become a major centre of Syriac Christianity and the birthplace of the Church of the East. [ 5]Centered on the Tigris in Upper Mesopotamia (modern northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and the northwestern fringes of Iran ), the Assyrians came to rule powerful empires at several times. Making up a substantial part of the greater Mesopotamian \"\" cradle of civilization \"\", which included Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, and Babylonia, Assyria was at the height of technological, scientific and cultural achievements for its time." }, { "docid": "D1697037#0", "title": "http://www.ancient.eu/assyria/\nAssyria", "text": "Assyria was the region located in the ancient Near East which, under the Neo-Assyrian Empire, reached from Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) through Asia Minor (modern Turkey) and down through Egypt. The empire began modestly at the city of Ashur (known as Subartu to the Sumerians ), located in Mesopotamia north-east of Babylon, where merchants who traded in Anatolia became increasingly wealthy and that affluence allowed for the growth and prosperity of the city. According to one interpretation of passages in the biblical Book of Genesis, Ashur was founded by a man named Ashur son of Shem, son of Noah, after the Great Flood, who then went on to found the other important Assyrian cities. A more likely account is that the city was named Ashur after the deity of that name sometime in the 3rd millennium BCE; the same god's name is the origin for `Assyria'. The biblical version of the origin of Ashur appears later in the historical record after the Assyrians had accepted Christianity and so it is thought to be a re-interpretation of their early history which was more in keeping with their newly-adopted belief system. The Assyrians were a Semitic people who originally spoke and wrote Akkadian before the easier to use Aramaic language became more popular. Historians have divided the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire into three periods: The Old Kingdom, The Middle Empire, and The Late Empire (also known as the Neo-Assyrian Empire), although it should be noted that Assyrian history continued on past that point; there are still Assyrians living in the regions of Iran and Iraq, and elsewhere, in the present day. The Assyrian Empire is considered the greatest of the Mesopotamian empires due to its expanse and the development of the bureaucracy and military strategies which allowed it to grow and flourish. The trade colony of Karum Kanesh was among the most lucrative centres for trade in the ancient Near East. The Old Kingdom Although the city of Ashur existed from the 3rd millennium BCE, the extant ruins of that city date to 1900 BCE which is now considered the date the city was founded." }, { "docid": "D1783333#0", "title": "http://www.ancient.eu/hittite/\nThe Hittites", "text": "\"The Hittites occupied the ancient region of Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey) prior to 1700 BCE, developed a culture apparently from the indigenous Hatti (and possibly the Hurrian) people, and expanded their territories into an empire which rivaled, and threatened, the established nation of Egypt. They are repeatedly mentioned throughout the Hebrew Tanakh (also known as the Christian Old Testament) as the adversaries of the Israelites and their god. According to Genesis 10, they were the descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, who was the son of Ham, born of Noah (Genesis 10: 1-6). The name they are known by today, therefore, comes from the Bible and from the Amarna Letters of Egypt which reference a \"\"Kingdom of Kheta\"\" identified today as the `Kingdom of Hatti' (the designation the land of the Hittites was known by) but their own documents refer to them as Nesili, as do others of the time. The Hittite control of the region is divided by modern-day scholars into two periods: The Old Kingdom (1700-1500 BCE)The New Kingdom, also known as the Hittite Empire (1400-1200 BCE)There is an interregnum between these two which, to those who accept that version of history, is known as the Middle Kingdom. The discrepancy between those scholars who recognize a Middle Kingdom and those who do not arises from the fact that there was no discontinuity between the Old Kingdom and the New, merely a `dark age’ of less than 100 years about which little is known. The Hittite Empire reached its peak between under the reign of King Suppiluliuma I (c.1344-1322 BCE) and his son Mursilli II (c.1321-1295 BCE) after which it declined and, after repeated attacks by the Sea Peoples and the Kaska tribe, fell to the Assyrians. Archaeology & Language Little was known of the Hittites other than the references from the Bible and fragmentary documentation from Egypt until the late 19th century CE when excavations began at Boghaskoy (modern-day Bogazkale, Turkey) which was once the site of Hattusa, capital of the Hittite Empire. Historian Christopher Scarre describes Hattusa asa vast fortress- city sprawling over the rocky terrain, with craggy citadels and elaborate temples. It became the center of a powerful empire that covered not only most of Anatolia but also at times extended far to the south, into Syria and the Levant (206)." }, { "docid": "D1358845#0", "title": "http://www.7continentslist.com/mesopotamia-cradle-of-civilization.php\nMesopotamia - Amazing Facts about the Cradle of Civilization", "text": "\"Mesopotamia is widely considered to be the longest and oldest human civilization, where the earliest cities in world history appeared about 3500 BC. It refers to the Tigris-Euphrates river system and corresponds to the modern day Iraq, Kuwait and some parts of Syria, Turkey and Iran. For West, the Bronze Age Mesopotamia is the real cradle of civilization which consisted of four empires, all native to the territory of modern day Iraq. In the first half of the 200 AD, the region was captured by the Sassanid Persians and remained under their control till the 7th century when the Sassanid Empire was conquered by the Arab Muslims. Given below is a brief list of Mesopotamia facts, most probably new to you, that besides adding to your knowledge of world history will also serve as a source of entertainment: Do you really know that Mesopotamians did not believe in after-life and were of the view that all the evil as well as virtuous people went underground in the form of ghosts and ate dirt? Literally, the word \"\"Mesopotamia\"\" means \"\"land between the rivers\"\", and when people talk of it, they are referring to the region between and around the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in the Middle East. Are you aware of the fact that these were Mesopotamians who invented the sailboat, irrigation system, plow and wheel!Individual city-states, controlled by different rulers, were eventually attacked by each other and ended up under a single ruler. It was retaliated and people went back to the city-states, and the whole process was repeated several times. Having grown up in the mountainous regions, the wife of a Mesopotamian king become homesick, so the king ordered the construction of Hanging Gardens for her. Besides the four main gods of Earth, Air, Water and Heavens, there were about 3,000 lesser gods and each represented an everyday item, such as pickaxe." }, { "docid": "D1543239#0", "title": "https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-was-mesopotamia-located.html\nWhere Was Mesopotamia Located?", "text": "Society Where Was Mesopotamia Located? Mesopotamia was situated on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates river, in the modern-day Middle East. The landscape of Mesopotamia in what is now modern-day Turkey. Mesopotamia is a term used to refer to a medieval region located on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, which now lies in the modern-day Middle East. The region corresponds to most parts of modern day Iraq as well as parts of Iran, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey. Mesopotamia is important in history for being the cradle of civilization as it was the site of significant developments throughout history. History Of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia encouraged human settlement because the constant flooding from the two rivers rendered the soil suitable for agriculture. During the Bronze Age, Mesopotamia was home to such empires as the Assyrian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Sumer. These empires were succeeded by the Achaemenid Empire after which it was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. The region was then ruled by the Greek Seleucid and Parthian Empires, Romans, Sassanid Empire, and eventually by the Muslim Caliphate in the 7th century." }, { "docid": "D1496934#0", "title": "http://www.aina.org/articles/toah.htm\n.", "text": "\"Timeline of Assyrian History Peter Bet Basoo5000 B. C. (-250) The earliest known settlement of Nineveh. In 1932, Sir Max Mallowan, the eminent British archaeologist, dug a deep sounding which reached virgin soil ninety feet below the top of the mound of Nineveh; this gave a pottery sequence back to prehistoric times and showed that the site was already inhabited by 5000 B. C..4750 B. C. (0) The first temple of Ashur is built. This marks the beginning of the Assyrian calendar.2500 B. C. (2250) The three great Assyrian cities of Ashur, Arbel and Nineveh are clearly established long before this date, yet no solid archaeological evidence can be cited (because of a lack of research into this area). By 2500 B. C., these cities were thriving metropoli.2371 B. C. (2379) Sargon of Akkad rises to power, establishing the first Assyrian kingdom in South Mesopotamia.2000 B. C. (2750) Assyrian merchant colonies in Cappadocia are well established by this time. From the Assyrian clay tablets found at these sites, trade with the city of Ashur in tin and textiles was the main business.1765 B. C. (2985) The great code of Hammurabi is produced in Babylon.1365 B. C. (3385) Ashuruballit lays the foundations of the first Assyrian empire.1307 B. C. (3443) Adad-narari establishes the first Assyrian empire.1115 B. C. (3635) Tiglath-Pileser establishes the second Assyrian Empire. The Aramean invasions of Assyria begin.934 B. C. (3816) Ashur-dan II establishes the Neo-Assyrian empire. The Empire unifies the Middle East, from Egypt to the Caspian Sea, under one rule and by so doing lays the foundation for the subsequent rise of the Persians, Hellenism, Christianity, and Islam. Great advances in science, technology, philosophy, medicine, and government are made. The Assyrian conquests spread civilization to formerly savage lands. This aspect of the Neo- Assyrian empire is often overshadowed by scholars' baffling preoccupation with the Assyrian military machine and its so-called \"\"barbaric behavior\"\"." }, { "docid": "D2327548#0", "title": "http://www.ducksters.com/history/mesopotamia/great_cities_of_ancient_mesopotamia.php\nAncient Mesopotamia", "text": "\"Advertisement Ancient Mesopotamia Great Cities of Mesopotamia History >> Ancient Mesopotamia Uruk Uruk was one of the first major cities in the history of the world. It reached its peak around 2900 BC when it had an estimated population of nearly 80,000 people making it the largest city in the world. Uruk was located in southern Mesopotamia along the banks of the Euphrates River. It was the center of the Sumerian civilization. It was able to grow so large because of advanced farming and irrigation techniques. The abundance of food made the city rich. The most famous king of Uruk was Gilgamesh. He was later turned into a mythical hero through the tales of his exploits and superhuman strength in the Epic of Gilgamesh . Akkad The city of Akkad was the center of the world's first empire, the Akkadian Empire. The people of Akkad, under the leadership of Sargon the Great, conquered many of the Sumerian city-states and took control of Mesopotamia." }, { "docid": "D504423#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_age\nBronze Age", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bronze age)navigation search For other uses, see Bronze Age (disambiguation). Diffusion of metallurgy in Europe and Asia Minor —the darkest areas are the oldest. Bronze Agev t e↑ Chalcolithic Near East (c. 3300–1200 BC)Anatolia, Caucasus, Elam, Egypt, Levant, Mesopotamia, Sistan, Canaan Late Bronze Age collapse South Asia (c. 3300–1200 BC)Indus Valley Civilization Bronze Age South Asia Ochre Coloured Pottery Cemetery HEurope (c. 3200–600 BC)Aegean, Caucasus, Catacomb culture, Minoan, Srubna culture, Beaker culture, Unetice culture, Tumulus culture, Urnfield culture, Hallstatt culture, Apennine culture, Canegrate culture, Golasecca culture,Atlantic Bronze Age, Bronze Age Britain, Nordic Bronze Age East Asia (c. 2000–300 BC)Erlitou, Erligang, Gojoseon, Jomon, Majiayao, Mumun, Qijia, Siwa, Wucheng, Xindian, Yueshiarsenical bronze writingliterature sword chariot↓ Iron Age The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies. An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere. Bronze itself is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time, allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage. Copper-tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before trading in bronze began in the 3rd millennium BC. Worldwide, the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period, with the Chalcolithic serving as a transition. Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age, in some areas (such as Sub-Saharan Africa ), the Iron Age intruded directly on the Neolithic. [ 1]Bronze Age cultures differed in their development of the first writing." }, { "docid": "D815055#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history\nAncient history", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Ancient\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Ancient (disambiguation) and Ancient history (disambiguation). For the times before writing, see protohistory and prehistory. For related subjects, see Antiquity (disambiguation). \"\" Ancient historian\"\" and \"\"Ancient World\"\" redirect here. For historians who lived in ancient Rome, see Roman historiography. For a TV series, see The Ancient World (TV series). Ancient history Preceded by Prehistory Ancient Near East Egyptian Old Kingdom Sumer Uruk Ur Jiroft culture Ebla Mari Minoan Crete Oxus civilisation Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Lullubi Guti Neo-Sumerian Empire Egyptian Middle Kingdom Yamhad Qatna First Dynasty of Isin Old Assyrian Empire Old Babylonian Empire Hattians Hurrians Amurru kingdom Apum Isuwa Nuhašše Kurda Ṭābetu Tepe Sialk Teppe Hasanlu Shahr-e Sukhteh Tureng Tepe Godin Tepe Marlik Kizzuwatna Tepe Hissar Eshnunna Egyptian New Kingdom Hittite Empire Kassite dynasty Amorites Arameans Kingdom of Edom Kingdom of Moab Kingdom of Ammon Awan dynasty Shimashki Dynasty Chaldea Mitanni Empire Troy Alashiya Ugarit Nuragic civilization Mycenaean Greece Middle Assyrian Empire Second Dynasty of Isin Elam Ellipi Kingdom of Kummuh Gurgum Phrygia Lydia Canaan Tyre Sidon Phoenicia Israel and Judah Arzawa Neo-Assyrian Empire Kushite Empire Kingdom of Kush Hyksos Punt Syro-Hittite states Hayasa-Azzi Georgia Etruscan League Roman Kingdom Urartu Mannaeans Cimmerians Colchis Zikirti Musasir Neo-Babylonian Empire Median Empire Classical antiquity Achaemenid Empire Carthaginian Empire Delian League Bosporan Kingdom Kingdom of Pontus Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Kingdom of Armenia Magna Graecia Macedonian Empire Odrysian kingdom Parthian Empire Peloponnesian League Ptolemaic Kingdom Roman Empire Roman Republic Sassanid Empire Hephthalite Empire Lakhmids Ghassanids Kingdom of Aksum Seleucid Empire Scythians Antigonid dynasty Palmyra Nabataean Kingdom East Asia Erlitou Shang dynasty Zhou dynasty Spring and Autumn period Warring States period Qin dynasty Gojoseon Jin (Korean state) Nanyue Han dynasty Three Kingdoms of Korea Silla Three Kingdoms of China Jin dynasty Northern and Southern dynasties Sui dynasty Japan South Asia Indus Valley Vedic period Kuru Kingdom Mahajanapada Magadha Kingdom Nanda Empire Maurya Empire Satavahana Indo-Greek Kingdom Indo-Scythian Kingdom Early Cholas Kushan Empire Vakataka Pallava Gupta Empire Mesoamerica Olmec Epi-Olmec culture Zapotec civilization Maya civilization Tikal Calakmul Palenque Teotihuacan Toltec Empire League of Mayapan Cuzcatlan Mixtec Tepanec Tarascan state Aztec Empire Andes Norte Chico Valdivia Kotosh Casma/Sechin culture Chiripa Cupisnique Chavín Moche Nazca Tiwanaku Empire Wari Empire Chimú culture Chincha Chachapoya Muisca Confederation Inca Empire Mapuche Mississippi Adena Hopewell Mississippian Fort Ancient Huron Confederacy Three Fires Confederacy Mi'kmaq Confederacy Iroquois Confederacy West Africa Dhar Tichitt Djenné-Djenno Nok Bura culture Ghana Empire Mossi Kingdoms Kingdom of Nri Benin Empire Oyo Empire Ghana Empire Kanem–Bornu Empire Almoravid dynasty Sosso Empire Mali Empire Empire of Great Fulo Jolof Empire Hausa Kingdoms Gao Empire Songhai Empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by the Postclassical Erav t e Human history↑ Prehistory Recorded history Ancient Earliest records Africa Americas Oceania East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Europe Postclassical Africa Americas Oceania East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Europe Modern Early modern Late modern See also Contemporary Modernity Futurology↓ Futurev t e Ancient history is the aggregate of past events [1] from the beginning of recordedhuman history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Post-classical Era. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with Sumerian Cuneiform script, the oldest discovered form of coherent writing from the protoliterate period around the 30th century BC. [ 2]The term classical antiquity is often used to refer to history in the Old World from the beginning of recorded Greek history in 776 BC (First Olympiad )." } ]
8783	_______ are often used to prevent nausea and vomiting	[ { "docid": "D2463994#0", "title": "http://www.cancer.net/olanzapine-may-manage-nausea-and-vomiting-chemotherapy-when-other-treatments-fail\nOlanzapine May Manage Nausea and Vomiting From Chemotherapy When Other Treatments Fail", "text": "Olanzapine May Manage Nausea and Vomiting From Chemotherapy When Other Treatments Fail ASCO Annual Meeting May 16, 2012A recent study showed that the drug olanzapine (Zyprexa) helps manage nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy when the usual treatments for these side effects are not working. Nausea and vomiting is a common, but often manageable, side effect of chemotherapy. However, despite treatments given to prevent nausea and vomiting, about 30% to 40% of patients taking certain types of chemotherapy still have nausea and vomiting. When this happens, it is called breakthrough nausea and vomiting. In this study, researchers compared olanzapine with the drug metoclopramide (Reglan) to find out which one helped prevent breakthrough nausea and vomiting for patients receiving types of chemotherapy that are most likely to cause nausea and vomiting. Metoclopramide is often used to help prevent breakthrough nausea and vomiting, although the research is not clear if it is helpful. The 205 patients who participated in this study had never received chemotherapy and were given the standard drugs to prevent nausea and vomiting before starting their chemotherapy. These drugs helped prevent nausea and vomiting for most of the patients. However, 80 patients experienced breakthrough nausea and vomiting. Once these patients experienced breakthrough nausea and vomiting, they received either olanzapine or metoclopramide every day for three days." } ]	[ { "docid": "D497325#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/motion+sickness\nmotion sickness", "text": "\"motion sickness Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Motion Sickness Definition Motion sickness is the uncomfortable dizziness, nausea, and vomiting that people experiencewhen their sense of balance and equilibrium is disturbed by constant motion. Riding in a car,aboard a ship or boat, or riding on a swing all cause stimulation of the vestibular system andvisual stimulation that often leads to discomfort. While motion sickness can be bothersome, it is not a serious illness, and can be prevented. Description Motion sickness is a common problem, with nearly 80% of the general population suffering from it at one time in their lives. People with migraine headaches or Ménière's syndrome, however, aremore likely than others to have recurrent episodes of motion sickness. Researchers at the Naval Medical Center in San Diego, California, reported in 2003 that 70% of research subjects withsevere motion sickness had abnormalities of the vestibular system; these abnormalities are oftenfound in patients diagnosed with migraines or Ménière's disease. While motion sickness may occur at any age, it is more common in children over the age of two,with the majority outgrowing this susceptibility. When looking at why motion sickness occurs, it is helpful to understand the role of the sensoryorgans. The sensory organs control a body's sense of balance by telling the brain what directionthe body is pointing, the direction it is moving, and if it is standing still or turning." }, { "docid": "D3261061#0", "title": "https://www.treatnheal.com/conditions/dry-heaving/\nHow to Stop Dry Heaving Every Morning, after Eating and from Alcohol Hangover", "text": "How to Stop Dry Heaving Every Morning, after Eating and from Alcohol Hangover Dry heaving or that intense nausea can make you feel miserable. It can happen every morning, after eating or the night after drinking too much alcohol. Anxiety, diarrhea and vomiting may accompany this feeling. Here are cures and remedies for dry heaving and vomiting. Dry heaving meaning (Definition)What is dry heaving? Dry heaves or dry heaving is a condition where a person tries to vomit, but nothing is released from their stomach. It can also be described as repeated involuntary retching that is not accompanied by vomiting. Dry heaving can also be called retching or dry heaves, and is a condition that often occurs after vomiting or nausea. In simple terms, dry heaving implies where there is nothing present in your stomach for you to throw up. It is important to understand that this is very different from vomiting or nausea." }, { "docid": "D2820077#0", "title": "http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/managing-side-effects/nausea-and-vomiting/?region=on\nNausea and vomiting", "text": "Nausea and vomiting Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of cancer treatment and often occur together. About one-half of people treated for cancer will feel sick to their stomach (nausea) or will throw up (vomit). Today, there are many new and effective medicines available to help control these side effects. The process that leads to nausea and vomiting is complicated. Doctors believe that nausea and vomiting are controlled by an area of the brain called the vomiting centre. This area may be stimulated by nerves within certain parts of the esophagus, stomach or intestines (bowels) when they become irritated. It could also be stimulated by other parts of the brain. Types The types of nausea and vomiting are usually described based on how severe the symptoms are and how long they last. Acute nausea or vomiting Acute nausea or vomiting usually occurs several minutes to a few hours after treatment is given. It often goes away within the first 24 hours." }, { "docid": "D2455400#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy-induced_nausea_and_vomiting\nChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV) is a common side-effect of many cancer treatments. Nausea and vomiting are two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side effects for cancer patients and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that patients receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side effects, respectively. Up to 20% of patients receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused, potentially curative treatments. [ 1] Since the 1990s, several novel classes of antiemetics have been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to better manage these symptoms in a large portion of patients. Efficient mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes crippling symptoms results in increased quality of life for the patient, and better overall health of the patient, and, due to better patient tolerance, more effective treatment cycles. Contents [ hide ]1 Types2 Cause3 Risk factors4 Treatments4.1 5-HT 3 inhibitors4.2 NK 1 inhibitors4.3 Other drugs4.4 Alternative treatments4.4.1 Ginger ( Zingiber officinale)4.4.2 Other5 See also6 References Types [ edit]There are several subtypes of CINV. The classifications of nausea and vomiting are: [2]Acute: occurring within 24 hours of chemotherapy Delayed: occurring between 24 hours and 5 days after treatment Breakthrough: occurring despite prophylactic treatment Anticipatory: triggered by taste, odor, memories, visions, or anxiety related to chemotherapy Refractory: occurring during subsequent cycles when antiemetics have failed in earlier cycles Cause [ edit]Emesis is a defense mechanism controlled by the area postrema of the medulla oblongata. There are various sources of input to the vomiting center." }, { "docid": "D145539#0", "title": "http://www.healthline.com/health/migraine\nEverything You Want to Know About Migraine", "text": "Everything You Want to Know About Migraine Symptoms Pain Nausea Tests Treatment Remedies Medication Surgery Causes Trigger foods Types Chronic migraines Acute migraine Vestibular migraine Optical migraine Complex migraine Menstrual migraine Acephalgic migraine Hormonal migraines Stress migraine Cluster migraine Vascular migraine In children Pregnancy Migraine vs tension headache Prevention Takeaway What is migraine? Migraine is a neurological condition that can cause multiple symptoms. It’s frequently characterized by intense, debilitating headaches. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, difficulty speaking, numbness or tingling, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines often run in families and affect all ages. The diagnosis of migraine headaches is determined based on clinical history, reported symptoms, and by ruling out other causes. The most common categories of migraine headache are those without aura (previously known as common migraines) and those with aura (previously known as classic migraines). Migraines can begin in childhood or may not occur until early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to have migraines. Family history is one of the most common risk factors for having migraines." }, { "docid": "D444724#0", "title": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/pregnancy_vomiting/article_em.htm\nMorning Sickness (Vomiting During Pregnancy)", "text": "\"Facts on Morning Sickness (Vomiting During Pregnancy)What Causes Vomiting During Pregnancy? Vomiting During Pregnancy Symptoms When Should You See a Doctor for Vomiting During Pregnancy? Vomiting During Pregnancy Diagnosis What Is the Treatment for Vomiting During Pregnancy? Home Remedies for Morning Sickness (Vomiting During Pregnancy)What Is the Treatment for Morning Sickness (Vomiting During Pregnancy)? Medications for Morning Sickness (Vomiting During Pregnancy)How Do You Prevent Morning Sickness (Vomiting During Pregnancy)? Does Morning Sickness Mean There's a Problem With my Pregnancy? Facts on Morning Sickness (Vomiting During Pregnancy)While you are pregnant, nausea and vomiting are common. A majority of women get mild to moderate symptoms during the first three months ( first trimester) of pregnancy. These symptoms are usually gone by the fourth month. Although this condition is often called morning sickness, most women have symptoms throughout the day." }, { "docid": "D1710804#0", "title": "https://patient.info/health/morning-sickness-in-pregnancy\nWhat are sickness and vomiting in pregnancy?", "text": "Many pregnant women feel sick or vomit during early pregnancy. In most cases it is mild and does not need any specific treatment. In more severe cases, an anti-sickness medicine is sometimes used. Lack of fluid in the body (dehydration) is a complication in severe cases. See a doctor if you suspect that you are becoming dehydrated. What are sickness and vomiting in pregnancy? Most pregnant women feel sick and vomit during early pregnancy. So, it can be considered a normal part of pregnancy. It is often called morning sickness but symptoms can occur at any time - not just in the morning. Symptoms are mild in most cases." }, { "docid": "D2820076#0", "title": "http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/side-effects/nausea-and-vomiting\nNausea and Vomiting", "text": "Nausea and Vomiting Approved by the Cancer. Net Editorial Board, 07/2017Nausea and vomiting are potential side effects of many cancer treatments. Nausea is feeling like you are going to vomit or throw up. Vomiting may happen as treatment nears, within 24 hours after treatment, or 2 or more days after treatment. Causes of nausea and vomiting for people with cancer Nausea and vomiting may be caused by: Medications to treat cancer, including chemotherapy and some targeted treatments Radiation therapy, especially to the spinal cord, abdomen, and pelvis. People who receive total body radiation therapy, such as before stem cell/bone marrow transplantation, have the highest risk. Cancer that has spread to the brain Blocked intestine, also called gastrointestinal obstruction Electrolyte imbalance, which is the loss of minerals such as potassium and sodium Infections or bleeding in the stomach and intestines Other medications Not all patients who are receiving cancer treatment will have nausea and/or vomiting. Mild nausea and vomiting can be uncomfortable. Usually it does not cause serious problems. Vomiting a lot and often is a problem." }, { "docid": "D1319599#0", "title": "https://www.poz.com/basics/hiv-basics/nausea-vomiting-diarrhea\nNausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea", "text": "Advertisement Previous Feeling Tired (Fa... MAIN MENUHIV/AIDSNext Peripheral Neurop... Side Effects Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea Tweet Share Print When it comes to side effects of HIV medications, the gastrointestinal tract—the gut—is one of the most commonly affected organ systems in the body. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are three ways in which the gut deals with toxins. These are important defense mechanisms, as they help keep dangerous germs—such as bacteria, viruses, and other bugs—as well as truly harmful chemicals out of the body. Although antiretrovirals (ARVs) are designed to fight HIV, the gut often considers these HIV meds to be harmful and may turn on its defense mechanisms to clear them from the body. These side effects don’t occur in everyone, and fortunately when they occur as side effects of HIV treatment, they are usually mild and tend to diminish after the first few days or weeks of treatment. Even so, they can have a serious impact on your quality of life and need to be addressed as a part of your overall health so you can get the most out of your treatment. If nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting are severe or prolonged, they can lead to serious health problems and can prevent HIV meds from entering the bloodstream and from doing what they need to do. You should report these symptoms to your doctor, to determine if they are a side effect of treatment or a symptom of something more serious. Nausea and Vomiting Two of the most common gut-related side effects of HIV treatment are nausea and vomiting. Most HIV-positive people who experience nausea or vomiting usually do so after starting a new HIV drug regimen." }, { "docid": "D973168#0", "title": "https://patient.info/health/nausea-and-vomiting\nNausea and Vomiting", "text": "Nausea is the feeling of wanting to be sick (vomit). Vomiting is when you are sick, or 'throw up'. The contents of your stomach rise up your food pipe (gullet, or oesophagus) and spill out of your mouth or nose. Nausea and vomiting are controlled by a combination of the vomiting centre in your brain, and areas within your gut. In this article What are nausea and vomiting? Who is affected by nausea and vomiting? Your doctor will want to know'Red flag' symptoms that may suggest serious underlying disease What causes nausea and vomiting? What treatments may be offered? What can you do if you develop nausea and vomiting? How can I avoid nausea and vomiting?" }, { "docid": "D3478553#0", "title": "http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1942094\n.", "text": "BUTYROPHENONES are powerful antiemetics. Haloperidol, a butyrophenone with a high affinity for dopamine D 2 receptors, has been available 1 since 1958 and received Food and Drug Administration approval as an antipsychotic drug in 1967. It has been used not only in psychiatry but also in medical and surgical patients for the control of severe agitation. Early studies showed that haloperidol effectively protected against apomorphine-induced emesis. 2 Subsequently, haloperidol has been widely used as an antiemetic for more than 40 yr, often despite a lack of evidence-based clinical data on efficacy and side effects. A recent systematic review addressed the usefulness of haloperidol as an antiemetic in palliative care; however, the authors did not find any relevant randomized controlled trial in the literature and therefore were unable to draw a meaningful conclusion. 3 Haloperidol, which is an old and inexpensive drug, may prove to be an interesting and cost-effective alternative to newer and more costly antiemetics. However, before haloperidol can be recommended for this indication, its antiemetic dose range, minimal effective dose, and adverse effects must be defined. The aim of this study was to address these issues using systematically searched valid data from published and unpublished randomized controlled trials. Materials and Methods This quantitative systematic review was performed following QUOROM (Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses) recommendations." }, { "docid": "D1434206#0", "title": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vomiting_and_nausea/page6_em.htm\nVomiting and Nausea", "text": "\"Vomiting and Nausea Facts What Causes Vomiting and Nausea? What are Symptoms of Vomiting and Nausea? When to Seek Medical Care for Nausea and Vomiting How to Test Vomiting and Nausea How to Treat Vomiting and Nausea What are Vomiting and Nausea Home Remedies? What are Vomiting and Nausea Medical Treatment? Most Commom Prescribed Vomiting and Nausea Medications Vomiting and Nausea Follow-up How to Prevent Vomiting and Nausea Vomiting and Nausea Prognosis Vomiting and Nausea Facts Readers Comments 11 Share Your Story Vomiting and nausea are common symptoms that accompany many diseases and conditions. Problems with nausea and vomiting are related to the cause. Nausea and vomiting from motion sickness, seasickness, food poisoning, or cancer therapy can result in loss of water and electrolytes, which can lead to dehydration. Vomiting and nausea known as morning sickness may occur during pregnancy. Nausea is an unpleasant, queasy feeling in the throat or stomach that may result in vomiting. Vomiting is emptying the stomach as a result of strong gagging and retching that leads to throwing up." }, { "docid": "D1041038#0", "title": "https://www.babymed.com/pregnancy-medical-issues/morning-sickness-pregnancy-when-does-nausea-and-vomiting-start\nMorning Sickness: Tips For Coping", "text": "\"The term morning sickness can be a bit deceptive. It alludes to the fact that nausea only occurs in the morning, but this is a myth. Feelings of nausea can spring up at all times of day and may be triggered by certain scents, odors or foods. Between 50-80% of pregnant women have morning sickness. It happens in about 70-80% of pregnancies. About 50% of pregnant women will have nausea plus vomiting, 25% will have nausea only, and 25% of women will have neither nausea nor vomiting. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, with no known definitive cause as to why some pregnant women suffer from mild symptoms as opposed to severe symptoms. Morning Sickness As First Symptom of Pregnancy Morning sickness, nausea and vomiting can be among the first early pregnancy symptoms and signs. It typically begins around 4 weeks to 6 weeks into the pregnancy or around the time you miss your period. Morning sickness is one of the most common (and most irritating) parts of early pregnancy." }, { "docid": "D1993315#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/ondansetron-injection/article.htm\nondansetron - injection, Zofran", "text": "\"The display and use of drug information on this site is subject to express terms of use. By continuing to view the drug information, you agree to abide by such terms of use. GENERIC NAME: ONDANSETRON - INJECTION (on-DANS-eh-tron)BRAND NAME (S): Zofran Medication Uses \| How To Use \| Side Effects \| Precautions \| Drug Interactions \| Overdose \| Notes \| Missed Dose \| Storage USES: This medication is used alone or with other medications to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy. It is also used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting after surgery. It works by blocking one of the body's natural substances ( serotonin) that causes vomiting. HOW TO USE: To prevent nausea from chemotherapy, ondansetron is mixed in a solution and given by injection into a vein as directed by your doctor, usually over 15 minutes. This drug is usually started 30 minutes before your chemotherapy treatment begins. Do not give this medication any faster than recommended or take more than the recommended dose because this may increase the chance of serious side effects such as blurred vision or slowed/irregular heartbeat. The usual maximum single dose is 16 milligrams. Depending on the type of chemotherapy treatment you are receiving, a second and third dose may be given 4 and 8 hours after your first dose." }, { "docid": "D812816#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/aprepitant-oral/article.htm\naprepitant - oral, Emend", "text": "home / / aprepitant-oral articleaprepitant - oral, Emend The display and use of drug information on this site is subject to express terms of use. By continuing to view the drug information, you agree to abide by such terms of use. GENERIC NAME: APREPITANT - ORAL (a-PRE-pi-tant)BRAND NAME (S): Emend Medication Uses \| How To Use \| Side Effects \| Precautions \| Drug Interactions \| Overdose \| Notes \| Missed Dose \| Storage USES: Aprepitant is used with other medications to help prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer drug treatment ( chemotherapy ). This medication is also used to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery. Aprepitant works by blocking one of the body's natural substances (substance P/neurokinin 1) that causes vomiting. This medication will not treat nausea or vomiting if you already have it. Contact your doctor for further instructions if you are experiencing nausea or vomiting. HOW TO USE: Read the Patient Information Leaflet available from your pharmacist before you start taking this medication and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist. Take this medication by mouth, with or without food." }, { "docid": "D2297774#0", "title": "http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/chemotherapy-and-other-drug-therapies/chemotherapy/side-effects-of-chemotherapy/?region=qc\nSide effects of chemotherapy", "text": "Side effects of chemotherapy Chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells, but they can also damage healthy cells. Damage to healthy cells causes side effects. Different cells and tissues in the body cope differently with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs affect cells that are actively growing and dividing, such as blood cells in the bone marrow, cells lining the mouth and gastrointestinal (GI) tract and hair follicle cells. Side effects can happen with any type of treatment, but not everyone has them or experiences them in the same way. If you develop side effects, they can happen any time during, immediately after or a few days or weeks after chemotherapy. Sometimes late side effects develop months or years after chemotherapy. Most side effects go away on their own or can be treated, but some side effects may last a long time or become permanent. You may worry about the side effects of chemotherapy. But many types of chemotherapy given today are easier to tolerate than they were in the past." }, { "docid": "D1890394#0", "title": "http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hearing-problems-dizziness-and-ototoxicity.aspx\nHearing Problems, Dizziness, and Ototoxicity", "text": "\"Hearing Problems, Dizziness, and Ototoxicity Includes: Dizziness , hearing loss, ototoxicity, tinnitus (ringing in the ears)Dizziness and Vertigo What Is Dizziness? Dizziness is a term used to describe when you feel \"\"woozy\"\" or \"\"faint.\"\" Vertigo is a word used to describe the feeling that the room is spinning around you. When people experience dizziness, it may be a sign that the balance mechanism in your inner ear is not working properly. Some dizziness and hearing loss are due to chemotherapy. Many medications, treatments, and diseases can cause dizziness. It may also be a result of injury to your ear. Some causes of dizziness may include: If you are dehydrated and change positions. This is a result of low blood pressure. Your healthcare provider may check your vital signs (including your blood pressure and heart rate) while lying down, sitting up, and standing, to help in determining this." }, { "docid": "D1405049#0", "title": "https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a549314/morning-sickness-natural-remedies\nMorning sickness (natural remedies)", "text": "\"Morning sickness (natural remedies)Approved by the Baby Centre Medical Advisory Board Share In this article What causes nausea and vomiting in pregnancy? How can I prevent nausea? Which complementary therapies could help? What causes nausea and vomiting in pregnancy? Your nausea is caused by high levels of pregnancy hormones flooding your body. It’s very common. Up to nine out of 10 pregnant women experience nausea or vomiting. Now that you’re pregnant, your body is producing the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (h CG) in large quantities. This hormone makes sure that your baby gets what he needs from your body in the early weeks. Once the placenta takes over nourishing your baby, h CG levels drop and your nausea should ease." }, { "docid": "D141855#0", "title": "https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/cannabinoid-hyperemesis-syndrome\nWhat is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?", "text": "What is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome? Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition that leads to repeated and severe bouts of vomiting. It is rare and only occurs in daily long-term users of marijuana (cannabis). Usually marijuana and other cannabinoids decrease nausea and vomiting, but in some high frequency long-term users, marijuana has the opposite effect. Marijuana is the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the Cannabis sativa plant. Hashish is made from the concentrated resins of the Cannabis satvia's female flower. Marijuana has several active substances. These include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and related chemicals. These bind to molecules found in the brain. That causes the drug “high” and other effects that users feel." }, { "docid": "D38766#0", "title": "http://www.catie.ca/en/practical-guides/hiv-drug-side-effects/11-nausea-appetite-loss\nA Practical Guide to HIV Drug Side Effects", "text": "Contents [ hide]Figuring out the cause Infections Antiretroviral drugs, other medications and supplements Liver problems, pancreatitis, testosterone deficiency, depression Changing your medications or your medication schedule Changing your eating habits Countering nutrient deficiencies Anti-nausea and appetite-stimulating drugs Other anti-nausea agents Acupuncture and acupressure Figuring out the cause Nausea, or feeling sick to your stomach, is something everyone feels sometimes. It can also lead to vomiting, or throwing up. Sometimes it passes after a few hours or within a day. When nausea causes repeated vomiting over time, it can result in serious malnutrition, dehydration and imbalances in some of the normal chemical compounds, called electrolytes, in the blood. Appetite loss, or not feeling the urge to eat, can accompany nausea, but it can also occur on its own. It may be harder to notice, but it can be even more serious when it leads you to not consume enough nutrients to maintain your health. Keeping notes that detail your problems can help your doctor know how to successfully address them. Keep track of: How often you feel nauseated each day, how long the nausea lasts, and whether you vomit on any of these occasions. If the feeling persists through much of the day, note this. Also keep track of how many days of the week the nausea occurs." } ]
8786	_______ are swellings containing sensory cell bodies.	[ { "docid": "D562601#0", "title": "http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/325\nHistology of the Dorsal Root Ganglion", "text": "Histology of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Image courtesy David B. Fankhauser, Ph. D.,Many of the cell bodies of the sensory and motor neurons of the peripheral neves are grouped into nodules or swellings called ganglia. There are two major types of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system: the craniospinal ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons of cranial and spinal nerves. The autnomic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system contain the cell bodies of the motor neurons of autonomic nerves. The Ganglia of the Spinal Nerves - The Dorsal Root Ganglia Each of the spinal nerves is equipped with a spinal ganglion, commonly called a dorsal root ganglion. The dorsal root ganglion is a swelling found along the dorsal root of the nerve. The dorsal root is one of two nerve roots associated with each spinal nerve. Through the dorsal root, pseudounipolar sensory axons continue, exclusively, from the nerve, to the spinal cord, entering the spinal cord along the cord's dorsolateral surface. The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of these pseudounipolar sensory neurons. The other nerve root, the ventral root, contains the axons of the large multipolar motor neurons." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1526864#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_cell\nNeuron", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Nerve cell)navigation search This article is about cells in the nervous system. For other uses, see Neuron (disambiguation). \"\" Brain cell\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Glial cell. Neuron Anatomy of a multipolar neuron Identifiers Me SH D009474Neuro Lex ID sao1417703748TA A14.0.00.002TH H2.00.06.1.00002FMA 56566Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]This schematic shows an anatomically accurate single pyramidal neuron, the primary excitatory neuron of cerebral cortex, with a synaptic connection from an incoming axon onto a dendritic spine. A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These signals between neurons occur via specialized connections called synapses. Neurons can connect to each other to form neural networks. Neurons are the primary components of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and of the peripheral nervous system, which comprises the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. There are many types of specialized neurons." }, { "docid": "D3267702#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-2-review/deck/5966531\nPopular Study Materials from Psychology 101", "text": "An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body is called the Nervous System The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system is called a Neuron The long tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells on the neuron is the Axon On a neuron, the branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons are the Dendrites The cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell and containing the mitochondriasoma The fatty substances produced by certain glialcells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse is themyelin The bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body are known as the The charged particles located inside and outside of the neuron are called The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse is known as the resting potential refers to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all. Are sack-like structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals. Are chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, have an effect on the next cell. The blank neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire The blank mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell. Is a long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes. A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system and is also known as the afferent is called a blank neuron. All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself are in the The division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body is the The blank system division of the PNS consists of nerves which control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, glands, and sensory pathway nerves. The part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the blank of the nervous system A machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain is called a (n) The part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movements is called thethe part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area and is called the The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming left-right body coordination, and arousal is called the Is an arena of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons, and slightly beyond, that is a responsible for selective attention The blank is a curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects The blank is a brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear The blank is the outermost covering of the brain, consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the The section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain is called The sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations is called the Are the areas of the cortex located just behind the temples, containing the neurons responsible for the sens of hearing and meaningful speech. Are the areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision-making as well as the production of fluent speech The glands secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.the endocrine glands located on the top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occurred during adolescence are called the Related Study Materialspsychology flashcards reviewpsychology final exam review part 4chapter 1&2ch 11 testfinal examlab portal quizzespsych midterm studypsych vocab 1-150chp.11 post test questions2ch 6 testch 15 test Recent Class Questionsyou can use a social comparison to fool yourself bywhich of the following describe mariachi music?what best explains why some observers of congress might be upset that the vast... Popular Study Materials from Psychology 101chapter 3 reviewchapter 4 quizchapter 2 quiztheory test 1chapter 4 reviewchapter 2 review" }, { "docid": "D386146#0", "title": "http://leavingbio.net/nervous-system/\nThe Nervous System", "text": "The Nervous Systemby Bio Teacher \| LC Biology Class 1, Organism \|Contents [ hide]Types of Neurons The Structure of Neurons The Synapse Nerve Impulses Resting Neuron All Or Nothing Law Movement of the Impulse Neural Impulse Terms The Central Nervous System The Brain The Cerebrum The Cerebellum The Medulla Oblongata The Thalamus The Hypothalamus The Spinal Cord Reflex Action Related Courses The nervous system allows the animal to quickly detect, communicate and co-ordinate information about its external and internal environment so it can make efficient appropriate responses for survival and/or reproduction. The two major parts of our nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia make up the PNS. The cranial nerves connect to the brain. The cranial and spinal nerves contain the axons (fibres) of sensory and motor nerve cells. Nerve cells areas are also known as neurons. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. They carry information or impulses as electrical signals from one place to another in the body. Types of Neurons There are 3 types of neurons: Sensory Neurons- Sensory neurons carry electrical signals (impulses) from receptors or sense organs to the CNS." }, { "docid": "D731650#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurons\nNeuron", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Neurons)navigation search This article is about cells in the nervous system. For other uses, see Neuron (disambiguation). \"\" Brain cell\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Glial cell. Neuron Anatomy of a multipolar neuron Identifiers Me SH D009474Neuro Lex ID sao1417703748TA A14.0.00.002TH H2.00.06.1.00002FMA 56566Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]This schematic shows an anatomically accurate single pyramidal neuron, the primary excitatory neuron of cerebral cortex, with a synaptic connection from an incoming axon onto a dendritic spine. A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These signals between neurons occur via specialized connections called synapses. Neurons can connect to each other to form neural networks. Neurons are the primary components of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and of the peripheral nervous system, which comprises the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. There are many types of specialized neurons." }, { "docid": "D1550959#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11086222/nervous-system-flash-cards/\nNervous System", "text": "\"194 terms wannapass Nervous System Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Functions of the Nervous system: Collecting information, processing and evaluation of information, responding to information Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous system: Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the Brain and spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System consist of the Cranial nerves and the Spinal Nerves Functions Divisions of the nervous system: Sensory division (afferent division), Motor Division (efferent division)Somatic sensory receive impulses from sensory receptors on skin bones, muscles, & joints and carry to CNS through sensory (afferent) fibers Visceral Sensory Division of the Sensory Division of the Peripheral nervous system; Bring impulses from organs in the ventral body cavity to CNSSomatic Motor \"\"voluntary' nervous system: conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles causing them to contract. Autonomic Motor (ANS) division of the efferent division of the PNS that deals with movement you are not conscious of (heart rate). Has parts in the PNS and CNS. Can be further divied into sympathetic subdivision, parasympathetic subdivision Neuron a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.axon long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron, the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Soma the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell Sensory Neurons or afferent neurons Motor Neurons or efferent neurons Interneurons or association neurons Bipolar neuron A neuron with a single axon and a single dendrite, often projecting from opposite sides of the cell body. Typically associated with sensory organs; an example is theneuron in the retina of the eye. - note that one axon may innervate many different muscles Unipolar neuron Nerve cell with only one process projecting from its cell body. The process divides into a sensory nerve fiber and an axon which synapses with neurons in the CNS. Its cell body resides in a ganglion in the PNS." }, { "docid": "D889202#0", "title": "http://www.iupui.edu/~anatd502/lecture.f04/Nervetf04/Nervous%20Tissue%2007.htm\n.", "text": "\"Nervous Tissue I. Organization of Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue, which is derived from neuroectoderm, is organized into two major systems: A. Central nervous system (CNS)—Brain—Spinal cord B. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that emerge from the brain stem and spinal cord:—Cranial nerves, from the brain stem—Spinal nerves, from the spinal cord II. The Neuron The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell or neuron. Neurons are structurally classified according to the number of cytoplasmic processes, called nerve fibers, that they possess. For example, a unipolar neuron has one fiber, a bipolar neuron has two fibers, and a multipolar neuron has several fibers. Each neuron consists of a cell body or perikaryon, from which arise the nerve fibers. And each neuron has two kinds of fibers: a single axon, which conveys nerve impulses away from the cell body, and one or more dendrites, which convey nerve impulses towards the cell body. Neurons are functionally linked by their fibers at connections called synapses . All neurons are post-mitotic. A. The functional classification of neurons Functionally, there are three kinds of neurons:—Afferent neurons These neurons convey sensory information towards the CNS.—Efferent neurons These neurons convey motor impulses away from the CNS.—Interneurons These neurons interlink and coordinate activity in the other two neurons. B. The location of neurons Whereas the interneurons all lie within the CNS, portions of the afferent and efferent neurons project out of the CNS and constitute the nerves of the PNS." }, { "docid": "D931213#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11417988/chapter-5-the-integumentary-system-and-body-membranes-flash-cards/\nChapter-5 The Integumentary System and Body Membranes.", "text": "\"Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads111 terms gita96Chapter-5 The Integumentary System and Body Membranes. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Hair follicle tubelike pocket of the epidermal cells that extends to the dermis. Hair papilla where hair growth begins, small cuplike cluster of cells. Hair root The portion of hair hidden in the follicle. Hair shaft visible part of the hair and extends from the follicle. Bulboid (Krause end bulbs) The receptors in the skin that respond to low-frequency vibration. Tactile (Meissner)corpuscles Sensory receptors that are stimulated by light touch. Lamellar (Pacini) corpuscles a receptor found deep in the dermis that detects pressure on the skin surface,deep pressure." }, { "docid": "D3067586#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/12480466/integumentary-system-continued-flash-cards/\nIntegumentary System continued", "text": "\"117 terms Happybunny67Integumentary System continued Janet's Lecture notes Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Organs Skin (Cutaneous Membrane) Sweat and Oil Glands Hair Nails Function of Organs Protection (Physical, Biological, Chemical) Body Temperature Regulation General Sensation Structure of the Skin Epidermis Epithelial tissue - Keratinized Stratified Squamous Dermis Connective Tissue - Areolar and Dense Irregular Hypodermis (not really a part of skin, but related) Connective Tissue - Adipose and Areolar Thick skin Lacks hairs (Dermis) Locations: palms, soles Associated with epidermal ridges - Fingerprints (Very Sensitive)Thin Skin Covers most of body Hairs; less sensitive than thick skin Cells of the skin Keratinocytes Melanocytes Merkel Cells Langerhan's cells Keratinocytes most common epidermal cells Produce keratin - protein that toughens the skin Melanocytes Second most common Produces melanin - protein that gives color Merkel Cells less common Attach to nerve endings - sensory cells Langerhan's Cells - less common macrophages Structure of the Epidermis Statum basel basal layer cuboidal cells both keratinocytes & melanocytes Stratum spinosum thick keratinocyte layer Stratum granulosum very thin layer contains dead and dying keratinocytes Stratum lucidum thin translucent layer thick skin only Stratum Corneum outer layer of dead keratinocytes keratin and waterproof glycolipids Layer of skin diagram Dermis 2 layers Papillary Layer w/ Dermal Papillae (papilla=nipple Reticular Layer Papillary Layer w/Dermal Papillae Areloar CT Heavily vascularized Pain and touch receptors - Meissner's corpuscles Reticular Layer Dense irregular CT Pacinian corpuscles - deep pressure receptor Hair follicles, glands and large blood vessels found here Actual Skin layer diagram Meissner's Corpuscle responsive to low frequency touch located in dermal papillae of hairless skin, i.e. lips and palmer surfaces. Pacinian Corpuscle deep pressure receptors for mechanical and vibratory pressure. found in: deep dermis and hypodermis connective tissue in joints and internal organs. Hypodermis Not technically a part of the skin aka superficial fascia Adipose and areolar tissue Location of subcutaneous fat Very loose tissue Function: absorb shock; insulate the body (heat); store nutrients Varies in thickness considerably Agents responsible for skin color Melanin Major pigment from yellow to black Pigment affected in tanning and freckling Carotene Yellow to orange pigment Derived from Diet Hemoglobin - in blood vessels Makes skin pink Alterations to skin color Bluish - lack of blood flow (hemoglobin) Reddish - excess blood flow to skin Pale/Palar - lessened blood flow Jauncice - yellow - indicates liver malfuntion Black/Blue Blood clots UNDER epidermis - a bruise Glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Produce sweat - 99% water via Merocrine Secretion Eccrine glands Normal sweat glands found over entire body Apocrine The scent glands Secretes sweat with additional organic molecules onto hair Quite odoriforous when molecules decay Found in axillary and pubic regions Specialized glands Ceruminous- ear wax; Mammary - milk Sebaceous glands Oily secretion - sebum via Holocrine secretion Ejects into the hair follicle and dermal ridges Acne - blocked sebaceous glands with bacterial infection Gland diagram Hairs o Made up of dead keratinocyets w/ hard keratin o Follicle o Root o Shaft (Pili)Follicle Hair Papilla o hair making portion of follicle Epidermal and Dermal o root sheaths around hair o internal epithelial, external epithelial, connective tissue Root bulbous root of hair Shaft (pili) cylindrical hair with three layers of keratin o Medulla - Inner core o Cortex - Middle layer o Cuticle - Outer, thin layerhair diagram Hair Functions o Protections from insects o Protection from heat loss o Protect the eyes and airways from debris Protection from insects Root Hair Plexus - neural endings surrounding hair - enables sensation when hair moves Protection from heat loss Arrector pili muscle - muscle attached to follicle - when contracted causes hair to stand up. Not effective in humans as we lack pelt. Protect the eyes and airway from debris eye lashes/hair in nose Root Hair Plexus & Arrector pili muscle diagram Shape of hair Kinky - Flat cross section Strait - Round cross section Wavy - Oval cross section Color of hair Melainin - blond to black Trichosiderin - red pigment Grey/white - decreasing amount of melanin production What determines hair growth o Growth cycle o Vellus o Terminal o Alopecia Growth cycle of hair o Growth is followed by inactive period o Existing hair root dies and loosens in follicle o Different hair lengths can be produced by changing the length of the growth period Vellus o fine body hair o short growth period, o nonpigmented Terminal pigmented large body hair o Longer growth period (varies) Found on o Head, o axilla, o anogenital region (only after puberty)Alopecia - baldness Growth period extremely short. Growth stops before hair is long enough to clear the scalp Nails o Hard keratin o Nail bed has both epithelial and connective tissues o Nail originates in nail matrix - keratinocytes Summary of Funtions Physical Biological Chemical Melanin Body Temperature Regulation General Sensation Physical o Stratum corenum of epidermis; o tough reticular layer of dermis; o hair protects eyes and airway from debris; o Sebaceous glands keeps hair and skin healthy Biological o Macrophages in epidermis; o vascularized papillary layer ideal site for immune response and inflammation Chemical o Melanin (UV radiation); o acidic sweat reduces microbial growth Body Temperature Regulation o Sweat cools us by evaporation o Arrector pili muscles assist in keeping us warm by trapping air (if we had dense enough hair.....we don't)General Sensation o Receptors in dermis and merkel cells o Root hair plexus allows us to sense when a hair is jostled Minor integument functions Metabolic - Vitamin D is synthesized in epidermis when stimulated by UV radiation Blood Reservoir - 5% of the body's blood is in the dermis and can be diverted if it is needed elsewhere Excretion - small amounts of nitrogenous waste is found in sweat Cancer Primary cause is UV radiation exposure o Basal Cell Carcinoma o Squamous Cell Carcinoma o Melanoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Basal keratinocytes become cancerous Least malignant and most common Squamous Cell Carcinoma Spinosum keratinocytes If caught early, prognosis is usually good Melanoma Melanocytes Very dangerous, metastasize rapidly Burns Radiation, chemical or heat Rule of nines to calculate extent of burns 1st - epidermis only 2nd - partial thickness (dermis also included) 3rd - full thickness (all epidermis and dermis destroyed)Burn diagram Name the cell types of skin and their functions Keratinocytes o Produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective qualities Melanocytes o Responsible for skin pigmentation Merkel cells o. Sensory receptor for touch Langerhans' cells o Present antigens to killer T lymphocytes Stratum basale o Single row of cells Cells: keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells Stratum Spinosum o Several cell layers thick, of intermediate filaments, Cells: keratinocytes Langerhans' cells Stratum granulosum Three to five layers of: o flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments o keratohyaline o lamellated granules Stratum lucidum A thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes Stratum corneum Many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)Primary tissue of Epidermis layer Keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumtissue of papillary layer Areolar connective tissue Tissue of the reticular layer of dermis Dense irregular connective tissue Tissue of Hypodermis Adipose Function of protections o Provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion o provide \"\"waterproofing\"\"Function of Body temperature o Dilation of blood vessels and o secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface Function of Cutaneous sensation Activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system Blood reservoir Potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels Associated skin color of Hemoglobin Red Associated skin color of Carotene Yellow to orange Cyanosis Blue Melanin Ranges from yellow/reddish to black/brown Root The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin Cuticle Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one anothershaft Region of hair that projects above the skin surface Medulla The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces Cortex The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells Hair matrix Actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair Connective tissue root sheath Superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis Hair bulb The expanded, deep region of a hair follicle Root hair plexus A knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle Arrector pili Bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps First degree burn Damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, and pain Second degree burn Injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters Third degree burn The entire thickness of the skin is consumed, resulting in the burned area appearing white, red, or blackened. Basal cell carcinoma Least malignant form of skin cancer in which the stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis" }, { "docid": "D3099277#0", "title": "https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/13-4-the-peripheral-nervous-system/\n89 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System", "text": "Chapter 13. Anatomy of the Nervous System89 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the structures found in the PNSDistinguish between somatic and autonomic structures, including the special peripheral structures of the enteric nervous system Name the twelve cranial nerves and explain the functions associated with each Describe the sensory and motor components of spinal nerves and the plexuses that they pass through The PNS is not as contained as the CNS because it is defined as everything that is not the CNS. Some peripheral structures are incorporated into the other organs of the body. In describing the anatomy of the PNS, it is necessary to describe the common structures, the nerves and the ganglia, as they are found in various parts of the body. Many of the neural structures that are incorporated into other organs are features of the digestive system; these structures are known as the enteric nervous system and are a special subset of the PNS. Ganglia A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery. Ganglia can be categorized, for the most part, as either sensory ganglia or autonomic ganglia, referring to their primary functions. The most common type of sensory ganglion is a dorsal (posterior) root ganglion. These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. The ganglion is an enlargement of the nerve root." }, { "docid": "D290129#0", "title": "http://meandmymastcells.com/receptors/\nEffects of Histamine Release", "text": "Posted by admin on May 10, 2013 in Blog \|Effects of Histamine Release Histamine is the chemical in the body that causes allergic reactions. According to Family Doctor.org, when someone encounters an allergen, the body releases Ig E antibodies to fight off the substance. This release causes a chain reaction in the body that causes the mast cells to over-produce histamine. Increased histamine causes irritation and inflammation in various parts of the body. The most common places histamine causes a reaction is in the skin, the nasal passages and the bronchial tubes. Talk with a doctor about any allergy-related symptoms for the most effective treatment options. Upper-Respiratory Symptoms The most common condition in the upper-respiratory system affected by histamine release is called allergic rhinitis. This allergy condition primarily focuses on the sinuses and the eye's reaction to increased histamine, according to the University of Maryland's Medical Center. Common symptoms include nasal congestion, a runny nose, sneezing and sinus pressure pain. Post nasal drip is associated with allergic rhinitis, especially when the nostrils are obstructed." }, { "docid": "D2048803#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/14839248/unit-3-flatworms-flash-cards/\nUnit 3-flatworms", "text": "49 terms kellyvogely Unit 3-flatworms Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Body Structure -acoelomates -bilateral symmetry -they are in the Phylum Platyheim -they range in length -they have flat, ribbon like bodies -definite head area and body regions -some are parasites in living animals, while others are free-living in marine habitatsbilateral symmetry allows them to develop different organs and more efficient movement Feeding and Digestion -free-living flatworms feed on dead or slow moving organisms -they extend the pharynxpharynx- tubelike muscular organ that releases enzymes that begin digestion of prey tapeworms in freeliving organisms -food is then sucked into digestion tract -waste is also ejected through mouth -parasitic flatworms use hooks and suckers to feed. this enables them to stay attacted to host -some have no digestive system and just absorb nutrients in their hosts' intestines through body walls Respiration in flatworms no respriation organs -they use diffison to dissolve oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Circulation, in flatworms -no circulatory organs -they use diffison to dissolve oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Excretion in flatworms -they have an excretory system that consists of a small network of tubes throughout the body -flame cells They sweep water and excretorysubstances into tubles. These substances then exit through poresoutside ofthe body. Theykeep the flatworm from becoming waterlogged. maintain homeostatic water balance. -they also maintain homeostatic water balance thhrough mouthsflame cells- Theseare on the side branches ofthe excretory system. THeyare bulblikeand lined eith cilia. They sweep water and excretorysubstances into tubles." }, { "docid": "D1924684#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/The_Spinal_Nerves.html\nThe Spinal Nerves", "text": "Figure 5-11 Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Nerve plexuses (networks) are shown. ( A) Lateral view. ( B) Posterior view. Figure 5-12 The spinal cord. ( A) Cross-section of the spinal cord showing the organization of the gray and white matter. The roots of the spinal nerves are also shown. ( B) Microscopic view of the spinal cord in cross-section (x5). The Spinal Nerves There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each pair numbered according to the level of the spinal cord from which it arises (see Fig. 5-11)." }, { "docid": "D2010198#0", "title": "http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/25913\n.", "text": "\"1Types of Muscleo Cardiac Striated muscle (regular array of actin and myosin in the sarcomeres) Each muscle has a single, centered nucleus Cells are connected by intercalated discs o Skeletal Hundreds of randomly located nuclei per cell (cells fuse together in development) Striated o Smooth Single nuclei Not striated2describe the muscle levels of organization and components (largest to smallest)muscle covered with epimysium made up of fascicles (bundle of cells) covered in perimysium made up of muscle fibers (cells) covered in endomysium myofibrils (made of molecular motors) make up each muscle fiber and sarcomeres are contained in each myofibril blood vessels line in between the connective tissue coverings in between the fascicles sarcolemma is the cell membrane of muscles with invaginations (t tubules) that go into the cells sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium3Muscle Connective tissue coveringsepimysium- covers whole muscle (allows muscles to contract with respect to each other without friction between them) perimysium- covers the fascicles endomysium- covers each muscle fiber tendons- formed by the fusion of these 3 connective tissues4malignant hypothermiatoo much calcium is released and not stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum so muscle keeps contracting and generating heat5sarcomere construction• Actin filaments (thin filaments) are held at the Z line • Myosin (molecular motor) makes up the thick filament and is located on the A band o I band only has thin filaments o A band- mostly thick filaments with some areas where thick and thin filaments overlap o Z line are thick vertical lines o H zone/band- only thick filaments o M line- holds thick filaments together6What changes in a sarcomere when a muscle contracts?o The entire sarcomere decreases in width o A band is the same width o Z lines are closer together o I band decreases in width o Whole sarcomere decreases in width7name the tissue and label the numbersskeletal muscle 1- Z line 2- H zone 3- I band 4- M line 5- A band8name the tissue and label the numbersskeletal muscle 1. Z line 2. M line 3. H zone 4. I bands 5. A band 6. Sarcomere9Uncovering the myosin binding site for muscle contraction Actin (thin) filaments are made of G proteins with binding sites for myosin that are covered up with tropomyosin when the muscle is relaxed sarcolemma receives an electrical impulse that releases acetylcholine which causes a change in membrane potential that travels to the t tubules that connects directly to the sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcoplasmic reticulum then releases calcium calcium causes a conformation change which causes tropomyosin to be released and the binding site to be uncovered10muscle contraction -> relaxation (starting after the myosin binding site is uncovered)myosin binding sites are uncovered ATP oxidation (ADP + Pi -> ATP)causes myosin to flip up in the activated position so actin can bind and begin the power stroke (pulls thin filaments in towards the center) ATP hydrolysis (ATP-> ADP + Pi) causes ACh to be removed sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures calcium myosin binding site on the actin filament are covered by tropomyosin contraction ends11rigormortisno more ATP is left 8-12 hours after death to replace the ADP on the myosin head, so there is no relaxation in muscle tissues12label1. triad (2 terminal cisternae and a t tubule in between) 2. sarcolemma (plasma membrane) 3. myofibril (bundled thick and thin filaments, contains a chain of sarcomeres) 4." }, { "docid": "D3437727#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Preganglionic+neurons\nganglion", "text": "\"ganglion (redirected from Preganglionic neurons) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. Related to Preganglionic neurons: postganglionic neurons Ganglion Definition A ganglion is a small, usually hard bump above a tendon or in the capsule that encloses a joint. A ganglion is also called a synovial hernia or synovial cyst. Description A ganglion is a non-cancerous cyst filled with a thick, jelly-like fluid. Ganglions can develop on or beneath the surface of the skin and usually occur between the ages of 20 and 40. Most ganglions develop on the hand or wrist. This condition is common in people who bowl or who play handball, raquetball, squash, or tennis. Runners and athletes who jump, ski, or playcontact sports often develop foot ganglions. Causes and symptoms Mild sprains or other repeated injuries can irritate and tear the thin membrane covering a tendon,causing fluid to leak into a sac that swells and forms a ganglion. Ganglions are usually painless, but range of motion may be impaired." }, { "docid": "D1140114#0", "title": "http://histology.medicine.umich.edu/resources/peripheral-nervous-system\nPeripheral Nervous System", "text": "\"Peripheral Nervous System View other topics Resources Access to the supplemental resources for this session is password-protected and restricted to University of Michigan students. If you are a University of Michigan student enrolled in a histology course at the University of Michigan, please click on the following link and use your Kerberos-password for access to download lecture handouts and the other resources. Resources on M+Box Jump to: Suggested Readings Learning Objectives I. Spinal Cord II. Neurons (slide #65)III. Ganglia IV. Peripheral nerves (and more ganglia)V. Neuromuscular junctions and muscle spindles Electron Micrographs Review Questions Practice Questions Suggested Readings Atlas Wheater's, Nervous Tissues, pgs. 122-139, 148-150Text Ross and Pawlina (6th ed), Chapter 12 Nerve Tissue, pgs. 352-381 and 390-393Back to Top Learning Objectives Be able to identify cells and tissues in the peripheral nervous system (nerves, neurons and glia). Describe the organization of a typical neuron and the direction of information flow. Describe and contrast the function and organization of sensory and motor neurons." }, { "docid": "D1578332#0", "title": "https://healthjade.com/cranial-nerves/\nCranial nerves", "text": "Cranial nervesby Health Jade Team 6.21K viewsfacebook Twitter Google + Pinterest Contents [ hide]Cranial nerves Cranial nerves mnemonic Cranial nerves function I. Olfactory Nerve II. Optic Nerve III. Oculomotor Nerve IV. Trochlear Nerve V. Trigeminal Nerve VI. Abducens Nerve VII. Facial Nerve VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve X. Vagus Nerve XI. Accessory Nerve XII. Hypogloassal Nerve Cranial nerves The cranial nerves contain the sensory and motor nerve fibers that innervate the head." }, { "docid": "D1057971#0", "title": "http://www.ndrf.org/ans.html\nThe Autonomic Nervous System", "text": "\"The Autonomic Nervous System Anatomical Structure of the System Transmission of Autonomic Stimuli Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (a) The Parasympathetic System (b) The Sympathetic Nervous System (c) The Adrenal Medulla Anatomical Structure of the System The nervous system comprises the brain and various types of nerves, including afferent nerves (from the Latin, ad = towards; ferro = I carry), which carry sensory impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and efferent nerves (ex = from; ferro = I carry) through which \"\"messages\"\" are conducted from the brain to the muscles and all of the organs of the body. The somatic part of the nervous system has sensory components which convey sensations from the eyes, the nose and other sensory organs to the brain (mainly the cerebral cortex) where most of the impulses reach our awareness, and motor components transmitting impulses to the skeletal muscles in the limbs and trunk permitting voluntary control of movements. The autonomic nervous system conveys sensory impulses from the blood vessels, the heart and all of the organs in the chest, abdomen and pelvis through nerves to other parts of the brain (mainly the medulla, pons and hypothalamus). These impulses often do not reach our consciousness, but elicit largely automatic or reflex responses through the efferent autonomic nerves, thereby eliciting appropriate reactions of the heart, the vascular system, and all the organs of the body to variations in environmental temperature, posture, food intake, stressful experiences and other changes to which all individuals are exposed. There are two major components of the autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems. The afferent nerves subserving both systems convey impulses from sensory organs, muscles, the circulatory system and all the organs of the body to the controlling centers in the medulla, pons and hypothalamus. From these centers efferent impulses are conveyed to all parts of the body by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. The impulses of the parasympathetic system reach the organs of the body through the cranial nerves # 3, 7, 9, & 10, and some sacral nerves to the eyes, the gastrointestinal system, and other organs. The sympathetic nerves reach their end-organs through more devious pathways down the spinal cord to clusters of sympathetic nerve bodies (ganglia) alongside the spine where the messages are relayed to other nerve bodies (or neurons) that travel to a large extent with the blood vessels to all parts of the body. Through these nervous pathways, the autonomic nerves convey stimuli resulting in largely unconscious, reflex, bodily adjustments such as in the size of the pupil, the digestive functions of the stomach and intestines, the rate and depth of respiration and dilatation or constriction of the blood vessels." }, { "docid": "D590596#0", "title": "http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/hist0509/html/Lec07Anervoussytem.html\n.", "text": "HISTOLOGY BIOL-4000 LECTURE NOTES #7ANERVOUS SYSTEM - INERVOUS SYSTEM TEXT A - POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONThe study of nervous system histology could easily comprise the entire subject matter of this course and a couple more. Thus, we will just be considering only a broad overview of the subject. Nervous tissue is the subject of intense interest, not only because of its complexity, but because it is the seat of thought, emotion, and behavior. All the technological, philosophical, and cultural achievements of human beings are the result of the structure and metabolism of this tissue. Two major components of nervous system,1. central nervous system (CNS) - brain, spinal cord2. peripheral nervous system (PNS) - nerves extending toward or away from CNS and ganglia (aggregations of nerve cell bodies outside CNS). Nervous tissue consists of two major types of cells,1. neurons - responsible for conduction, propagation, and reception of nervous impulses. Processes called axons or dendrites extend from these cells.2." }, { "docid": "D11710#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron\nNeuron", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about cells in the nervous system. For other uses, see Neuron (disambiguation). \"\" Brain cell\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Glial cell. Neuron Anatomy of a multipolar neuron Identifiers Me SH D009474Neuro Lex ID sao1417703748TA A14.0.00.002TH H2.00.06.1.00002FMA 56566Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]This schematic shows an anatomically accurate single pyramidal neuron, the primary excitatory neuron of cerebral cortex, with a synaptic connection from an incoming axon onto a dendritic spine. A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These signals between neurons occur via specialized connections called synapses. Neurons can connect to each other to form neural networks. Neurons are the primary components of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and of the peripheral nervous system, which comprises the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. There are many types of specialized neurons." }, { "docid": "D2440587#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/14441286/chapt-1-2-14-15-16-17-flash-cards/\nChapt 1, 2, 14, 15, 16, 17", "text": "\"277 terms elizabethmcphs Chapt 1, 2, 14, 15, 16, 17First Exam Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Plasma Membrane Is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that allow cells to communicate with one another through physical contact and by providing receptors for chemicals Selective Permeability The membrane only lets in certain molecules through selectivitiy (i.e. osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport)Fluid Mosaic Model Cell membranes are not static sheets of molecules locked rigidly in place. A cell membrane is constantly changing depending on our body's needs. altering the number and patterns of receptors to bacteria, antibodies, and chemicals. Cellular Communication 1. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. 2. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells that are in direct physical contact. 3. They secrete chemicals that signal cells some distance away (the most common means Hormone Signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete hormone chemicals (e.g., thyroid-stimulating hormone) released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells. Paracrine vs Autocrine Paracrine signaling: cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized." } ]
8789	_______ currents are responsible for powering the movement of tectonic plates.	[ { "docid": "D469604#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/science/convection-currents-move-tectonic-plates-1109c5e57db41277\nHow Do Convection Currents Move Tectonic Plates?", "text": "\"Science Earth Science Plate Tectonics Q: How Do Convection Currents Move Tectonic Plates? A: Quick Answer Convection currents move tectonic plates when there is heat inside the mantle that is rising and falling. The radioactive decay in the core is responsible for the convection currents. Continue Reading Keep Learning How Is the Earth's Crust Related to Tectonic Movement? What Causes the Tectonic Plates to Move? How Does the Movement of Tectonic Plates Cause Earthquakes? Full Answer The convection currents in tectonic plates occur in the geosphere. The radioactive decay of elements is responsible for the heat deep within the earth, and this results in the creation of magma. Magma is a type of material that can be semi-fluid or completely fluid. It is very hot and when it starts to cool, it forms into igneous rock and lava." } ]	[ { "docid": "D326977#0", "title": "https://christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c001.html\nWhat about continental drift?", "text": "\"See this page in: Bulgarian, Spanish B efore the 1960s, most geologists were adamant that the continents were stationary. A handful promoted the notion that the continents had moved (continental drift), but they were accused by the majority of indulging in pseudo-scientific fantasy. Today, that opinion has reversed—plate tectonics, incorporating continental drift, is the ruling theory. Interestingly, it was a creationist, Antonio Snider, who in 1859 first proposed horizontal movement of continents catastrophically during the Genesis flood. 1 The statements in Genesis 1:9-10 about the gathering together of the seas in one place, which implies there was one landmass, influenced his thinking. Geologists put forward several lines of evidence that the continents were once joined together and have moved apart, including: The fit of the continents (taking into account the continental shelves). Correlation of fossil types across ocean basins. A zebra-striped pattern of magnetic reversals parallel to mid-ocean floor rifts, in the volcanic rock formed along the rifts, implying seafloor spreading along the rifts. Seismic observations interpreted as slabs of former ocean floor now located inside the Earth. The current theory that incorporates seafloor spreading and continental drift is known as “plate tectonics.”" }, { "docid": "D2425902#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/How_does_the_plasticity_of_the_Asthenosphere_help_tectonic_plates_move\nHow does the plasticity of the Asthenosphere help tectonic plates move?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Earth Sciences Geophysics Plate Tectonics How does the plasticity of the Asthenosphere help tectonic plates move? Flag How does the plasticity of the Asthenosphere help tectonic plates move? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. Because the Asthenosphere is malleable, divergent boundaries and convergent boundaries are formed. The plasticity of the Asthenosphere allows the plates to move through sea floor spreading and subduction zones. Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Anylasor 13 Contributions Why is the asthenosphere important to plate tectonics? The crust slides around on this layer. ( Continental+Oceanic drift) It helps the theory of tectonic plates because continental drift is where the continents were one big island …Adrian Virtudazo 8 Contributions How does motions in the asthenosphere can move tectonic plates? The asthenosphere lies beneath the lithosphere, which is where the tectonic plates lie." }, { "docid": "D831596#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_plate\nPlate tectonics", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Continental plate)navigation search The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. Diagram of the internal layering of the Earth showing the lithosphere above the asthenosphere (not to scale)Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός \"\"pertaining to building\"\") [1] is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth 's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (the crust and upper mantle), is broken into tectonic plates. The Earth's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain -building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries (or faults ). The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 100 mm annually. [ 2]Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust." }, { "docid": "D2422245#0", "title": "http://www.religioustolerance.org/tsunami04e.htm\nSuggestions by many scientists, secularists, etc.", "text": "\"Why did the South Asian Tsunami happen? Suggestions by many scientists, secularists, etc. Sponsored link. In summary: The devastating Tsunami (a.k.a. ocean surge, or tidal wave) which hit Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and many other countries in the region was triggered by a massive earthquake in Indonesia. Earthquakes are often created when two rigid tectonic plates, which are grinding against each other, suddenly rupture. The largest earthquakes, those capable of triggering a Tsunami, occur at subduction zones where one plate dives underneath the edge of an adjoining plate. Tsunamis, earthquake, plate movements and ruptures are not protective of humans, or antagonistic towards us, or even aware of our existence; they just happen. Our job is to prevent loss of life and damage by the future tsunamis. About tectonic plates: Until the mid 19th century, scientists assumed that the continents were fixed in place and subjected to only vertical movements such as those motions which create mountain ranges." }, { "docid": "D2504568#0", "title": "http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/IGCSE+Plate+Tectonics+and+GCSE+Plate+Tectonics\nIGCSE Plate Tectonics and GCSE Plate Tectonics", "text": "\"IGCSE Plate Tectonics and GCSE Plate Tectonics Specification:2.1 Plate tectonics Candidates should be able to: • Describe the general distribution of fold mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes and explain how this distribution is related to movements at plate boundaries. • Show a basic understanding of plate tectonics, describing the global pattern of plates, their structure, and be aware of plate movements and their effects – constructive (plates moving away from each other), destructive (subduction) (plates moving towards each other) and conservative (plates sliding past each other). • Demonstrate an understanding of the main features of volcanoes (and their eruptions) and earthquakes. 2.4 Interrelationships between the natural environment and human activities Candidates should be able to: • Demonstrate an understanding that the natural environment presents hazards and offers opportunities for human activities. Reference should be made to the hazards posed by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tropical storms, flooding and drought. The topic of plate tectonics is largely based on Alfred Wegner's theory of continental drift. Wegner was a German geophysicist and meteorologist who in 1912 hypothesized that the world's continents were moving. However, because he could not prove his theory, it was not accepted until the 1950's. His hypothesis was largely based on observations made of the shapes of the world's continents - he noticed that most appeared to fit together like a jig-saw e.g. Africa and South America. The theory late became accepted with the discovery of sea floor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean and fossil, flora and geological studies in Africa and South America." }, { "docid": "D2380887#0", "title": "http://earthsky.org/earth/what-is-the-ring-of-fire\nMore than 450 volcanoes in Ring of Fire", "text": "More than 450 volcanoes in Ring of Fire By Deanna Conners in Earth \| Science Wire \| August 13, 2016The Pacific’s Ring of Fire has 75% of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes, plus it’s prone to powerful earthquakes. Here’s why. Image via Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park The Ring of Fire is a long chain of volcanoes and other tectonically active structures that surround the Pacific Ocean. The chain runs up along the western coast of South and North America, crosses over the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, runs down the eastern coast of Asia past New Zealand and into the northern coast of Antarctica. The Ring of Fire is one of the most geologically active areas on Earth, and is a site for frequent earthquakes and powerful volcanic eruptions. There are more than 450 active and dormant volcanoes located within the Ring of Fire. Many of these volcanoes were created through the tectonic process of subduction whereby dense ocean plates collide with and slide under lighter continental plates. Many volcanoes on Earth are located around the Pacific Ring of Fire. Image Credit: U. S. Geological Survey. The material from the ocean floor melts as it enters the Earth’s interior and then rises to the nearby surface as magma." }, { "docid": "D52842#0", "title": "http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/galsite/research/projects/leonard/Geospot.htm\nThe Formation and Geological Setting of the GalÃ¡pagos Islands", "text": "\"The Formation and Geological Setting of the Galápagos Islands Kenneth Leonard Criminology and Criminal Justice Major and College Park Scholars - Science, Technology, & Society 7/12/2000Contents: The Galápagos Platform and Setting Platetectonics Hot Spot Theory The Galápagos Islands are well known for their extraordinary diversity of flora and fauna, while the actual formation of the Galápagos has been overlooked until recently. The creation of the Galápagos is one of the most unique processes on Earth, yet it is still a mystery that scientists are trying to solve. One thousand kilometers (six hundred miles) west off the coast of Ecuador, isolated in the Pacific Ocean, lie the Galápagos Islands. The islands have been formed in the Pacific by the interaction of Plate Tectonics and Hot Spot Volcanism. Map of the Galapagos Islands; Image from: http://www.rit.edu/%7Erhrsbi/Galapagos Pages/Vulcanism2.html The Galápagos consists of thirteen major islands and hundreds of smaller rocky outcroppings. A few of the islands lie above or on the equator; however, most are found in the southern hemisphere. A single volcano formed each Island except for Isabela, which resulted from the union of six different volcanoes. The Galápagos Islands lie on a platform of \"\"land\"\" that is higher than the surrounding ocean seabed. This platform is approximately 1,000 meters (3,000 feet) below the surface of the ocean. The area of submerged platform between San Cristobal and Fernandina is approximately 200 meters (600 feet) below sea level." }, { "docid": "D1668522#0", "title": "http://www.scienceclarified.com/landforms/Basins-to-Dunes/Canyon.html\nCanyon", "text": "\"Canyon Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Photo by: Katrina Brown Canyons exist below the rim of the land, below the horizon. These ragged scars on the face of the planet descend hundreds to thousands of feet below their surrounding landscape, giving it depth. Their widths may stretch for miles or mere feet. Sunlight may fill them or may never reach their darkened bottom regions. Winding through many is water, possibly the most powerful force on the planet. Sudden, tremendous events in Earth's history did not produce these landforms. Instead, it was mainly the slow, orderly process of erosion, the wearing away of the planet's surface through the action of wind and water. While wind has played a part in their formation, its effect has been subtle. The true creator of a canyon is water, primarily in the form of a river. Over millions of years, water has scoured and cut away layer upon layer of rock, lowering a canyon's floor and widening its walls." }, { "docid": "D53622#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/37940613/science-chapter-5-plate-tectonics-flash-cards/\nScience Chapter 5 Plate Tectonics", "text": "\"59 terms dfairhead1Science Chapter 5 Plate Tectonics Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Plate A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continent and ocean crust. Scientific theory A well tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. Plate tectonics The theory that pieces of the earth's lithosphere are in constant motion driven by convection currents in the mantle. Fault A break or crack in the earth's lithosphere along which the rocks move. Divergent boundary A plate boundary where two plates MOVE AWAY from each other Rift Valley A deep valley that forms where two plates move apart. EX: The Great Rift Valley in Africa Convergent boundary A plate boundary where two plates MOVE TOWARD each other. Transform boundary A plate boundary where two plates move PAST each other in OPPOSITE directions Continental drift Wegner's idea that continents slowly moved over Earth's surface Pangaea super continent Fossil Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock Mid-ocean ridge An undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced Sonar A device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves Sea-floor spreading The process by which molten material adds oceanic crust to the ocean floor Deep-ocean trench A deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly shrink toward the mantle Seismic waves Vibrations that travel through the earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake Pressure The force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted Crust The layer of rock that forms the Earth's outer skin. Basalt A dark rock with a fine texture that makes up the ocean's crust. Granite A light rock with a coarse texture that forms the continental crust. Mantle A layer of hot rock below the crust." }, { "docid": "D3354935#0", "title": "https://brainly.com/question/1864314\n_______ currents are responsible for powering the movement of tectonic plates. A. Plutonium B. Tectonic C. Convection D. Platonic", "text": "High School Geography 5 points_______ currents are responsible for powering the movement of tectonic plates. A. Plutonium B. Tectonic C. Convection D. Platonic Ask for details Follow Report09/28/2016Verified answer What is a Verified Answer? Log in to view the full answer. Unlock Verified Answers and get help from subject experts. Unlock verified answer Answers W0lf93 Ambitious C. Convection currents move tectonic plates. Convection currents are created by radioactive decay in the earth's core. Radioactive decay is the process of an unstable atom turning into a lighter atom, which release radiation as alpha and beta particles and gamma rays, among other types of particles. Comments Report5.0 1 vote Thanks 6The Brain Helper Not sure about the answer? See next answers Learn more with Brainly!Having trouble with your homework? Get free help!80% of questions are answered in under 10 minutes Answers come with explanations, so that you can learn Answer quality is ensured by our experts I want a free account!" }, { "docid": "D3425271#0", "title": "https://prezi.com/n3nw8icnibcd/causes-of-tectonic-hazards/\nCauses of Tectonic Hazards", "text": "Public Create your own Share Embed Like Causes of Tectonic Hazards No descriptionby Douglas Greigon 22 January 20131 Tweet Comments ( 0)Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Causes of Tectonic Hazards The physical causes of tectonic hazards. Convergent/Destructive Boundaries There are a range of complex causes which vary depending on the precise location and circumstances of each tectonic event. Conclusion Subduction zones Divergent/Constructive Plate Boundaries Most occur as oceanic ridges where two plates move apart - eg Mid-Atlantic ridge. Transform Boundaries Transform boundaries occur where two plates slide past each other. Hot Spots Explore the physical causes, including those at different plate boundaries in contrasting places. Other Factors Fracking http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/07/fracking-earthquake-conne_n_1752414.html Active Choice (Behaviourist) Limits on Choice (Structuralist) Climate Change http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/feb/26/why-climate-change-shake-earth Often less dense and thinner oceanic plate forced down under more dense and thicker continental crust. Melting of the plate takes place releasing magma and creating magma chambers in the mantle creating the conditions for volcanic activity and development of stratovolcanoes. Friction between the plates creates heat and further melting and the creation of plutons (v large 'bubbles' of magma) which create magma chambers. The hotter magma is more buoyant than the mantle and rises into the lithosphere creating magma chambers which trigger volcanoes." }, { "docid": "D702895#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Geographical+plate\nplate tectonics", "text": "\"plate tectonics (redirected from Geographical plate) Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia .plate tectonicsn.1. ( used with a sing. verb) A theory that explains the global distribution of geologicalphenomena such as seismicity, volcanism, continental drift, and mountain building in terms of the formation, destruction, movement, and interaction of the earth's lithospheric plates.2. ( used with a sing. or pl. verb) The dynamics of plate movement.plate′-tec·ton′ic adj. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.plate tectonicsn (Geological Science) ( functioning as singular) geology the study of the structure of the earth'scrust and mantle with reference to the theory that the earth's lithosphere is divided into largerigid blocks ( plates) that are floating on semifluid rock and are thus able to interact with eachother at their boundaries, and to the associated theories of continental drift and seafloorspreading Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014plate′ tecton′icsn.a geologic theory that describes the earth's crust as divided into a number of rigid plates,movement of which accounts for such phenomena as continental drift and the distribution of earthquakes. [" }, { "docid": "D2587758#0", "title": "https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.lp_platetectonics/plate-tectonics/\nPlate Tectonics", "text": "\"Lesson Summary Overview According to the theory of plate tectonics, Earth's crust is composed of a number of individual plates that change shape and position over time. Geophysical evidence indicates that the face of Earth's surface has changed significantly since its initial formation and that the plates on which the continents are located are in constant motion. The movement of the plates is responsible for the formation of ocean basins, mountain ranges, islands, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Important concepts in the theory of plate tectonics include the following: The ocean floors are continually moving — spreading from the center, sinking at the edges, and being regenerated. Convection currents beneath the plates are responsible for plate movement. The source of energy responsible for generating the heat and convection currents that move the plates is most likely radioactivity deep in Earth's mantle. In this lesson, students are introduced to the theory of plate tectonics and explore how the theory was developed and supported by evidence. Through class discussion, videos, and activities, students seek connections between tectonic activity and geologic features and investigate how the theory of plate tectonics evolved. Objectives Understand how Earth is dynamic and how moving plates form ocean basins, mountain ranges, islands, volcanoes, and earthquakes Identify the three general categories of plate boundaries recognized by scientists: convergent, divergent, and transform Understand how the theory of plate tectonics was developed and supported Grade Level: 6-8Suggested Time Two class periods Multimedia Resources Tectonic Plates, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes Flash Interactive Plate Tectonics: An Introduction Quick Time Video Mountain Maker, Earth Shaker Flash Interactive Plate Tectonics: The Scientist Behind the Theory Quick Time Video Plate Tectonics: Further Evidence Quick Time Video Plate Tectonics: Lake Mead, Nevada Quick Time Video Tectonic Plates and Plate Boundaries Flash Interactive Plate Tectonics: The Hawaiian Archipelago Quick Time Video Use these resources to create a simple assessment or video-based assignment with the Lesson Builder tool on PBS Learning Media. Materials World Map With Shorelines and Continental Shelf Boundaries PDF Image Scissors Two desks Two sheets of paper (longer is better)Two markers, different colors Cornstarch10 small aluminum baking pans (disposable; loaf or pie shape work well)Water10 candles Matches Before the Lesson If possible, arrange computer access for all students to work in pairs." }, { "docid": "D1677197#0", "title": "https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/galsite/research/projects/leonard/Geospot.htm\nThe Formation and Geological Setting of the GalÃ¡pagos Islands", "text": "\"The Formation and Geological Setting of the Galápagos Islands Kenneth Leonard Criminology and Criminal Justice Major and College Park Scholars - Science, Technology, & Society 7/12/2000Contents: The Galápagos Platform and Setting Platetectonics Hot Spot Theory The Galápagos Islands are well known for their extraordinary diversity of flora and fauna, while the actual formation of the Galápagos has been overlooked until recently. The creation of the Galápagos is one of the most unique processes on Earth, yet it is still a mystery that scientists are trying to solve. One thousand kilometers (six hundred miles) west off the coast of Ecuador, isolated in the Pacific Ocean, lie the Galápagos Islands. The islands have been formed in the Pacific by the interaction of Plate Tectonics and Hot Spot Volcanism. Map of the Galapagos Islands; Image from: http://www.rit.edu/%7Erhrsbi/Galapagos Pages/Vulcanism2.html The Galápagos consists of thirteen major islands and hundreds of smaller rocky outcroppings. A few of the islands lie above or on the equator; however, most are found in the southern hemisphere. A single volcano formed each Island except for Isabela, which resulted from the union of six different volcanoes. The Galápagos Islands lie on a platform of \"\"land\"\" that is higher than the surrounding ocean seabed. This platform is approximately 1,000 meters (3,000 feet) below the surface of the ocean. The area of submerged platform between San Cristobal and Fernandina is approximately 200 meters (600 feet) below sea level." }, { "docid": "D3493561#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Are_volcanic_eruptions_caused_by_the_movements_of_tectonic_plates\nAre volcanic eruptions caused by the movements of tectonic plates?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Earth Sciences Natural Disasters Earthquakes Are volcanic eruptions caused by the movements of tectonic plates? Flag Are volcanic eruptions caused by the movements of tectonic plates? Answer by Gralgrathor Confidence votes 2.7KUsually, volcanic eruptions above water are the result of a magma-plume burning through a spot in the Earth's crust, or by the rising part of a magma convection cell. Such conditions are often found near the edges of the continental plates. There are also spots where the Earth's crust is so thin that magma breaks through even without there being a plume, such as near oceanic ridges. Most of the volcanic eruptions on this planet take place under water, near oceanic ridges.1 person found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Rebeccamelka 261 Contributions How does the movement of tectonic plates cause earthquakes? It result from the moving of rock deep under the ground. This movement is caused by the rubbing of one plate into another. The plates have jagged edges, and so when they rub a …How do tectonic plates cause volcanoes to erupt?" }, { "docid": "D1521865#0", "title": "http://factslegend.org/30-interesting-earthquake-facts/\n30 Interesting Earthquake Facts", "text": "Random30 Interesting Earthquake Factswritten by Sankalan Baidya June 1, 2014Volcanoes are not the only destructive weapons in Mother Nature’s arsenal. Yet another catastrophic force is the earthquake. Believe it or not, earthquakes have been responsible for killing over 13 million people in last 4,000 years. Well, that’s an estimated figure. The actual figure may be way more than that. Anyway, we hear about earthquakes killing people every year but did you ever wonder, what causes them? Where do they originate from? Do earthquakes follow any specific pattern? Today we are here with a list of facts that will answer all those questions. So, if your mind is curious enough, we invite you on this journey of 30 interesting earthquake facts.1." }, { "docid": "D2800681#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate_boundaries\nPlate tectonics", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Tectonic plate boundaries)navigation search The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. Diagram of the internal layering of the Earth showing the lithosphere above the asthenosphere (not to scale)Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός \"\"pertaining to building\"\") [1] is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth 's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (the crust and upper mantle), is broken into tectonic plates. The Earth's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain -building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries (or faults ). The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 100 mm annually. [ 2]Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust." }, { "docid": "D1099340#0", "title": "http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b689/homework/homework/Inside%20Earth%20WebQuest.htm\nInside Earth WebQuest", "text": "\"Inside Earth Web Quest Mr. Conant · Briscoe Middle School · Beverly, Massachusetts Introduction Task Process Conclusion Evaluation Web Resources Introduction A Web Quest is a internet based activity that will provide you with information that will be useful in class. When completing this Web Quest you will visit many Web sites that will enhance your knowledge in the areas of the earth's interior (layers), heat transfer, continental drift and plate tectonics. Task This Web Quest is divided into sections. When you come to a link (always in orange), click it. The link will bring you to an outside Web site that will provide you with information on the above topics. After reading the entire Web page answer the questions that follow. Process Part 1: Earth's Interior Earth is many thousand kilometers in depth. If you could travel deep into the earth's surface you would find that it contains three main layers; the crust, mantle and core. To learn more about the layers of Earth, click the following links and answer the questions that follow. Go to The Earth's Interior How is Earth's interior like an apple?" }, { "docid": "D2191425#0", "title": "http://msp.ehe.osu.edu/wiki/index.php/MSP:MiddleSchoolPortal/Plate_Tectonics:_Moving_Middle_School_Science\nMSP:MiddleSchoolPortal/Plate Tectonics: Moving Middle School Science", "text": "\"MSP: Middle School Portal/Plate Tectonics: Moving Middle School Science Plate Tectonics: Moving Middle School Science - Introduction +When we asked middle school science teachers which topics are important to them, plate tectonics was among the most popular answers. And why not? It is a rich topic that opens students' minds to changes occurring through time. It challenges the students to exercise their critical thinking skills as they consider Earth movements they rarely feel. It also gives students insight into the changes typical in scientists' thinking. Students see how ideas were rejected and accepted as the plate tectonics theory developed. Contents1 Plate Tectonics: Moving Middle School Science - Introduction2 Background Information3 Animations4 Activities5 SMARTR: Virtual Learning Experiences for Students6 Careers7 Latest Science News from the New York Times8 National Science Education Standards9 Author and Copyright This publication offers a sampling of exciting activities and animations to support students as they piece together the plate tectonics puzzle. In some activities, students examine different sources of evidence to try to figure out where and how the Earth has changed. They will experience those cherished \"\"aha!\"\" moments when natural phenomena start to make sense." }, { "docid": "D1039301#0", "title": "https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_is_plate_tectonics_related_to_climate_change\nHow is plate tectonics related to climate change?", "text": "\"Question Asked 3 years ago Abhijit Mitra63.95 University of Calcutta How is plate tectonics related to climate change? The movement of plates may expose limestone or cover limestone resulting in pulling or emitting carbon dioxide. Is there any other mechanism? Climate Change Carbon Dioxide Plate Tectonics Share1 Recommendation Popular Answers ( 2)3 years ago YOGESH CHANDRA TRIPATHIForest Research Institute Dehradun Movement of plate tectonics causes a change in the ocean currents and in turn generates more heat. Shifting of these tectonic plates result in the creation of the volcanic eruptions increases the degree of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere that also leads to a rise in the temperature levels. On the contrary, if the move is insignificant, the temperature levels record a fall. Conclusively plate tectonic movement result in a change in climate though the rate is slow.5 Recommendations3 years ago Glenn Robert Dolphin The University of Calgary I find the question puzzling. \"\" Climate change\"\" is usually (today, anyway) reserved for the anthropogenic warming of the atmosphere. In this case plate tectonics has really no role at all. If the question is how is plate tectonics related to global climate, then may of the above answers work." } ]
8790	_______ deficiency can cause the destruction of heart muscle. a. iron	[ { "docid": "D2475391#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=45PWWB9Q\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: __________ deficiency causes the destruction of heart muscle. a.iron b.iodine c.selenium d.zinc A: Iron deficiency causes the destruction of heart muscle. Expert answered\| mmowry1 \|Points 0\|Log in for more information. Question Asked 5/16/2014 4:57:04 PMUpdated 5/28/2016 12:41:54 PM0 Answers/Comments This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Edited by Andrew. [ 5/28/2016 12:41:53 PM], Confirmed by Andrew. [ 5/28/2016 12:41:54 PM]Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)__________ deficiency causes the destruction of heart muscle. a.iron b.iodine c.selenium d.zinc New answers Rating There are no new answers. Comments There are no comments. Add an answer or comment Log in or sign up first.26,776,028 questions answered" } ]	[ { "docid": "D2088874#0", "title": "https://upwardliving.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/what-nutrient-deficiencies-can-lead-to-weak-brittle-hair/\nUpwardliving's Blog", "text": "afro hair brittle Apart from many other possible causes, brittle hair may be a symptom of, or aggravated by, deficiency of certain nutrient (s). This could be a direct result of the lack of the nutrient, or indirectly, when the deficiency causes conditions such as hypothyroidism, which leads to symptoms that include dry brittle hair. What nutrient deficiencies can lead to Brittle Hair : BIOTIN \| More on Biotin Biotin is recognized as one of the major hair, skin and nail vitamins. It is often used in shampoos and other treatment for dry hair. A deficiency of biotin can lead to brittle nails and dry brittle hair. Other symptoms that may indicate deficiency of Biotin : thinning of hair which may lead to total hair loss dry scaly scalp or face in infants (cradle crap), or in various parts of the body in adults mental depression insomnia intestinal tract symptoms like loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting fatigue or extreme exhaustion due to impaired energy production muscle pain or cramps related to physical exertion nervo-muscular symptoms like seizures, numbness and tingling of extremities, and movements characterized by lack of muscle tone and coordination Biotin-rich foods that may contribute to the efficacy of dry hair home remedies Swissgarde's NAFDAC approved Skin Hair & Nails - N5,200 - Contains: 1. Kelp. 2. Soya. 3." }, { "docid": "D3558308#0", "title": "http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/iron-dangers.shtml\n.", "text": "\"A R T I C L E Iron's Dangers Q: You believe iron is a deadly substance. Why? Iron is a potentially toxic heavy metal. In excess, it can cause cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses. Q: Could you tell us about some of these studies? In the 1960s the World Health Organization found that when iron supplements were given to anemic people in Africa, there was a great increase in the death rate from infectious diseases, especially malaria. Around the same time, research began to show that the regulation of iron is a central function of the immune system, and that this seems to have evolved because iron is a basic requirement for the survival and growth of cells of all types, including bacteria, parasites, and cancer. The pioneer researcher in the role of iron in immunity believed that an excess of dietary iron contributed to the development of leukemia and lymphatic cancers. Just like lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel and other heavy metals, stored iron produces destructive free radicals. The harmful effects of iron-produced free radicals are practically indistinguishable from those caused by exposure to X-rays and gamma rays; both accelerate the accumulation of age-pigment and other signs of aging." }, { "docid": "D1811267#0", "title": "http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-blood-work\nBlood tests & lab analysis: How it works and what you need to know.", "text": "Blood tests & lab analysis: How it works and what you need to know. By Ryan Andrews Share Blood tests (aka blood work) can show us, obviously, what’s in our blood. ( And, by extension, what’s in our bodies). That’s because blood gives us insight into what we can’t see from the outside. In this article we outline how it works and what you need to know. What is blood work? Blood is a transport system for the body. We carry all kinds of things in the approximately 5 litres of blood that circulates constantly through our system. Blood tests, aka blood work, can show us what’s in our blood — and by extension, what’s in our bodies. Blood can also show us changes in our bodies that we might not be able to see from the outside — such as our blood sugar levels or nutritional status." }, { "docid": "D16582#0", "title": "http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/blood-questions.html\nBlood", "text": "Blood Study Easy Questions and Answers on Blood The Functions of Blood1. What are the main functions of blood? Blood is a means of substance transportation throughout the body. Blood distributes nutrients, oxygen, hormones, antibodies and cells specialized in defense to tissues and collects waste such as nitrogenous wastes and carbon dioxide from them. The Components of Blood More Bite-Sized Q&As Below2. What elements make up blood? Blood is made of a liquid and a cellular portion. The fluid part is called plasma and contains several substances, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and mineral salts. The cellular components of blood are also known as blood corpuscles and they include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes and platelets. Blood Questions Review - Image Diversity: red blood cellsleukocytes platelets Select any question to share it on FB or Twitter Just select (or double-click) a question to share." }, { "docid": "D1014069#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lack_of_red_blood_cells_disorder\nAnemia", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Lack of red blood cells disorder)navigation search For other uses, see Anemia (disambiguation). Anemia Synonyms Anaemia Human blood from a case of iron-deficiency anemia Pronunciation/ ə ˈ n iː m i ə /Specialty Hematology Symptoms Feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath, feeling like passing out [1]Causes Blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, increased red blood cell breakdown [1]Diagnostic method Blood hemoglobin measurement [1]Frequency 2.36 billion / 33% (2015) [2]Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, [3] [4] or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. [ 5] When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise. [ 1] Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms, which may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, or increased thirst. [ 1] Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. [ 1] Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause. [ 1]The three main types of anemia are due to blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. [ 1] Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others. [ 1] Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia, and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow. [ 1] Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases. [" }, { "docid": "D749093#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pernicious+anemia\npernicious anemia", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.pernicious anemia Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to pernicious anemia: iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia Pernicious Anemia Definition Pernicious anemia is a disease in which the red blood cells are abnormally formed, due to an inability to absorb vitamin B 12. True pernicious anemia refers specifically to a disorder of atrophied parietal cells leading to absent intrinsic factor, resulting in an inability to absorb B 12. Description Vitamin B 12, or cobalamin, plays an important role in the development of red blood cells. It is found in significant quantities in liver, meats, milk and milk products, and legumes. During thecourse of the digestion of foods containing B 12, the B 12 becomes attached to a substance calledintrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells that line the stomach. The B 12 -intrinsic factor complex then enters the intestine, where the vitamin is absorbed into thebloodstream. In fact, B 12 can only be absorbed when it is attached to intrinsic factor." }, { "docid": "D2222246#0", "title": "https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/catvit2.htm\nFat-Soluble Vitamins, Minerals And Trace Elements", "text": "Nutrition Supplementation Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Minerals And Trace Elements Big Cat November 03, 2015 • 22 min read I started at 153 lbs. and have worked my way up to a competitive 218 and hope to be on my way to 225-228 by November. As the logical continuation of the previous article I'm about to give you some more information on other micronutrients that are necessary for proper functioning of the body, and as a result to achieve your maximum genetic potential in bodybuilding. For most of us the main focus of nutrition is, was and will always be the macronutrients carbohydrate, protein and fat. So we easily lose track of the fact that our dietary needs include a large amount of other ingredients, more than we think, and each one with its own special functions to provide health and better use of macronutrients. You are familiar with water-solubles and their status as the poor man's supplements, now comes the rest. Fat-Soluble Vitamins The Fat-solubles differ from the watersolubles in their transport. They are usually found in the fatty substances of food and as such are taken in through the ingestion of these things. Without proper fat use and absorption you will not get enough of these vitamins. They have one key benefit, and that is there storage in the body." }, { "docid": "D2288673#0", "title": "http://www.medicalhealthtests.com/diseases-and-tests/anemia/hemolytic-anemia.html\nCauses, Symptoms, Treatment & Tests For Hemolytic Anemia", "text": "Medical Health Tests Diseases and Tests Anemia Hemolytic Anemia Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Tests For Hemolytic Anemia Submitted on March 27, 2012Tweet Hemolytic Anemia Normocytic Anemia Pernicious Anemia Aplastic Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia Megaloblastic Anemia Thalassemia Microcytic Anemia The process of the destruction of red blood cells in the body is called hemolysis. Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when the cycle of red blood cell destruction and replacement gets disrupted. Accelerated destruction of red blood cells before the bone marrow can produce enough new ones to replace them leads to the presence of fewer red blood cells in the body to transport oxygen to various tissues in the body. This puts a strain on the heart to work harder so that oxygen-rich blood reaches all parts of the body. There are several factors, medical conditions, or diseases that may be acquired or inherited that lead to the premature destruction of red blood cells. While the inherited form of hemolytic anemia may remain a lifelong condition, acquired hemolytic anemia often responds to treatment when the cause of the condition is addressed. Weakness, fatigue, and lack of energy are usually associated with hemolytic anemia since oxygen supply to tissues all over the body is affected. Those with severe forms of inherited hemolytic anemia, which is also sometimes referred to as intrinsic anemia, usually inherit one defective gene from each parent. Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia patients are the most common among those with inherited hemolytic anemia. Acquired hemolytic anemia, also classified as extrinsic, may be the result of infections, certain types of medications, auto-immune disorders, tumors, or leukemia." }, { "docid": "D1250457#0", "title": "http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions\nDiseases A-Z: Dog", "text": "Diseases A-Z: Dog Select from our A to Z list to read all about a disease or condition in one comprehensive overview. Find your topic by first letter. MOST READLyme Disease in Dogs Lyme disease in dogs is a dangerous tick-borne illness that is transmitted through deer ticks. Symptoms of lyme disease in dogs include fever, lack of appetite, stiffness, and more.... Category: Infectious-Parasitic Parvo in Dogs The canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is a highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs. The virus manifests itself in two different forms. The more common form is the intestinal... Category: Infectious-Parasitic Demodectic Mange in Dogs Mange (demodicosis) is an inflammatory disease in dogs that can lead to skin lesions, genetic disorders and hair loss. Find out how to treat it at pet MD. Category: Skin55 Signs of Dog Dementia5 Things Not to Do During Your Pet’s Cancer Treatmenta Abnormal Development of the Elbow in Dogs Abnormal Eyelid in Dogs Abnormal Growths in the Lower Intestines of Dogs Abnormal Heart Rhythm in Dogs Abnormal Molar Development in Dogs Abnormal Passage Between Artery and Vein in Dogs Abnormal Passageway Between the Mouth and Nasal Cavity in Dogs Abnormal Protein Production in Dogs Abnormal Urine Outflow Due to Urinary Bladder Dysfunction in Dogs Abortion in Dogs Abscesses in Dogs Accumulation of Air Between Chest and Lungs in Dogs Acid Reflux in Dogs Acne in Dogs Acute (Sudden) Dog Diarrhea Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Dogs Acute Vomiting in Dogs Addison’s Disease in Dogs Adenovirus 1 in Dogs Adrenal Gland Cancer (Pheochromocytoma) in Dogs Adverse Reaction in Dogs to Glow Stick Jewelry Advil Poisoning in Dogs Aggression in Dogs (Overview)Aggression in Dogs Toward Familiar People Allergic Shock in Dogs Ameba Infection in Dogs Amphetamine Poisoning in Dogs Anaerobic Bacterial Infections in Dogs Anal Gland Cancer in Dogs Anal Sac Disorders in Dogs Anemia (Methemoglobinemia) in Dogs Anemia Due to Bone Marrow Failure (or Toxicity) in Dogs Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs Anemia Due to Deformed Red Blood Cells in Dogs Anemia Due to Enlarged Blood Cells in Dogs Anemia Due to Iron Deficiency in Dogs Anemia Related to the Immune System in Dogs Anemia, Nonregenerative in Dogs Anemia, Regenerative in Dogs Antibiotic-resistant Bacterial Infections in Dogs Antibiotic-Resistant Infections in Dogs Antibodies that Attack Blood Cells at Lower Temperatures in Dogs Anticoagulant Poisoning in Dogs Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs Anxiety and Compulsive Disorders in Dogs Are Onions and Garlic Bad For Your Dog? Arrhythmias after Blunt Heart Trauma in Dogs Arsenic Poisoning in Dogs Artery Inflammation in Dogs Arthritis (Septic) in Dogs Arthritis of Multiple Joints in Dogs Aspirin Poisoning in Dogs Atopic Dermatitis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatmentsb Bacterial Infection (Actinomycosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Campylobacteriosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Leptospirosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Metritis) of the Uterus in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Acoleplasma) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Nocardiosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Pyelonephritis) of the Kidneys in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Pyoderma) of the Skin in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Streptococcus) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Tularemia) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Tyzzer Disease) in Dogs Bacterial Infection of the Breast in Dogs Bad Breath (Chronic) in Dogs Baldness and Hormone-Related Skin Disorders in Dogs Bartonella Infection in Dogs Bile Duct Cancer in Dogs Bile Duct Obstruction in Dogs Birth Difficulties in Dogs Black Widow Spider Bite Poisoning in Dogs Black, Tarry Feces Due to Presence of Blood in Dogs Bladder Inflammation with Polyps in Dogs Bleeding Disorder in Dogs Bleeding of the Retina in the Eye in Dogs Bleeding Under the Skin of Dogs Blind Quiet Eye in Dogs Bloat or Stomach Dilatation in Dogs Blood Clot in the Lungs in Dogs Blood in the Chest in Dogs Blood in the Front of the Eye in Dogs Blood in the Urine in Dogs Blood Related Deficiencies in Dogs Blood Thickening in Dogs Blood Transfusion Reactions in Dogs Blue Skin and Mucus Membranes in Dogs Bone Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Cancer (Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Cancer (Hemangiosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Cancer (Osteosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Deformity and Dwarfism in Dogs Bone Infection in Dogs Bone Inflammation (Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy) in Puppies Bone Inflammation (Panosteitis) in Dogs Bone Marrow Cancer (Myeloma) in Dogs Bone Overgrowth in Dogs Botflies (Maggots) in Dogs Botulism in Dogs Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation (Meningoencephalomyelitis, Eosinophilic) in Dogs Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation in Dogs Brain Cell Degeneration in Dogs Brain Disorder Due to Liver Disease in Dogs Brain Inflammation Due to Parasitic Infection in Dogs Brain Inflammation in Dogs Brain Injury in Dogs Brain Tissue Inflammation and Death (Breed Specific) in Dogs Brain Tissue Undervelopment in Dogs Brain Tumor (Astrocytoma) in Dogs Brain Tumors in Dogs Breathing Difficulties in Dogs Breathing Problem in Short-Nose Breed Dogs Breeding Timing in Dogs Brown Recluse Spider Bite Poisoning in Dogsc Calcium Buildup in Lungs of Dogs Calcium Deposits in the Urinary Tract in Dogs Can Dogs Be Allergic to Grass? Can Grass Kill Your Dog?" }, { "docid": "D2475387#0", "title": "http://theironmaiden.ca/the-connection-between-iron-deficiency-and-heart-failure/\nThe Connection between Iron Deficiency and Heart Failure", "text": "\"The Connection between Iron Deficiency and Heart Failure February 9, 2015Today, in honour of Heart Month, I want to talk about the link between iron deficiency and heart failure because it’s far more common than you might realize. According to a paper published in the Cardiology Journal Heart, iron deficiency is present in 30 – 50% of patients with heart failure and has been associated with poorer medical outcomes including a higher risk of death. What is Heart Failure? Heart failure (often referred to as congestive heart failure) occurs when the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the body, especially when activity is increased. In addition to other possible causes, this can happen when the heart is left damaged, stiff, or weakened as a result of conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart attack, cigarette smoking, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, obesity, etc. Over time, the heart can no longer keep up with the demands placed upon it. Heart failure in these cases most often involves the left side of the heart (left ventricle). Heart failure can be chronic (ongoing) or acute (begin suddenly), depending on the cause. How Iron Deficiency Affects the Heart Since iron helps carry oxygen throughout the body , when iron is in low supply hemoglobin – which carries oxygen – is decreased in your blood. This causes your heart to have to work harder in order to provide the same amount of oxygen to your organs." }, { "docid": "D1063913#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hemolytic+anemia\nhemolytic anemia", "text": "\"hemolytic anemia Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to hemolytic anemia: hemolytic uremic syndrome, iron deficiency anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia Hemolytic Anemia Definition Red blood cells have a normal life span of approximately 90-120 days, at which time the old cellsare destroyed and replaced by the body's natural processes. Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in which the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. The cells are broken down at a faster ratethan the bone marrow can produce new cells. Hemoglobin, the component of red blood cells thatcarries oxygen, is released when these cells are destroyed. Description As a group, anemias (conditions in which the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in them is below normal) are the most common blood disorders. Hemolytic anemias,which result from the increased destruction of red blood cells, are less common than anemiascaused by excessive blood loss or by decreased hemoglobin or red cell production. Since a number of factors can increase red blood cell destruction, hemolytic anemias aregenerally identified by the disorder that brings about the premature destruction. Those disordersare classified as either inherited or acquired. Inherited hemolytic anemias are caused by inborndefects in components of the red blood cells—the cell membrane, the enzymes, or thehemoglobin." }, { "docid": "D1730205#0", "title": "http://www.petmd.com/dog/topiccenter\nTopic Center: Dog", "text": "Topic Center: Dog Category: All MOST READLyme Disease in Dogs Lyme disease in dogs is a dangerous tick-borne illness that is transmitted through deer ticks. Symptoms of lyme disease in dogs include fever, lack of appetite, stiffness, and more.... Category: Infectious-Parasitic Parvo in Dogs The canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is a highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs. The virus manifests itself in two different forms. The more common form is the intestinal... Category: Infectious-Parasitic Demodectic Mange in Dogs Mange (demodicosis) is an inflammatory disease in dogs that can lead to skin lesions, genetic disorders and hair loss. Find out how to treat it at pet MD. Category: Skin55 Signs of Dog Dementia5 Things Not to Do During Your Pet’s Cancer Treatmenta Abnormal Development of the Elbow in Dogs Abnormal Eyelid in Dogs Abnormal Growths in the Lower Intestines of Dogs Abnormal Heart Rhythm in Dogs Abnormal Molar Development in Dogs Abnormal Passage Between Artery and Vein in Dogs Abnormal Passageway Between the Mouth and Nasal Cavity in Dogs Abnormal Protein Production in Dogs Abnormal Urine Outflow Due to Urinary Bladder Dysfunction in Dogs Abortion in Dogs Abscesses in Dogs Accumulation of Air Between Chest and Lungs in Dogs Acid Reflux in Dogs Acne in Dogs Acute (Sudden) Dog Diarrhea Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Dogs Acute Vomiting in Dogs Addison’s Disease in Dogs Adenovirus 1 in Dogs Adrenal Gland Cancer (Pheochromocytoma) in Dogs Adverse Reaction in Dogs to Glow Stick Jewelry Advil Poisoning in Dogs Aggression in Dogs (Overview)Aggression in Dogs Toward Familiar People Allergic Shock in Dogs Ameba Infection in Dogs Amphetamine Poisoning in Dogs Anaerobic Bacterial Infections in Dogs Anal Gland Cancer in Dogs Anal Sac Disorders in Dogs Anemia (Methemoglobinemia) in Dogs Anemia Due to Bone Marrow Failure (or Toxicity) in Dogs Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs Anemia Due to Deformed Red Blood Cells in Dogs Anemia Due to Enlarged Blood Cells in Dogs Anemia Due to Iron Deficiency in Dogs Anemia Related to the Immune System in Dogs Anemia, Nonregenerative in Dogs Anemia, Regenerative in Dogs Antibiotic-resistant Bacterial Infections in Dogs Antibiotic-Resistant Infections in Dogs Antibodies that Attack Blood Cells at Lower Temperatures in Dogs Anticoagulant Poisoning in Dogs Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs Anxiety and Compulsive Disorders in Dogs Are Onions and Garlic Bad For Your Dog? Arrhythmias after Blunt Heart Trauma in Dogs Arsenic Poisoning in Dogs Artery Inflammation in Dogs Arthritis (Septic) in Dogs Arthritis of Multiple Joints in Dogs Aspirin Poisoning in Dogs Atopic Dermatitis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatmentsb Bacterial Infection (Actinomycosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Campylobacteriosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Leptospirosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Metritis) of the Uterus in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Acoleplasma) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Nocardiosis) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Pyelonephritis) of the Kidneys in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Pyoderma) of the Skin in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Streptococcus) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Tularemia) in Dogs Bacterial Infection (Tyzzer Disease) in Dogs Bacterial Infection of the Breast in Dogs Bad Breath (Chronic) in Dogs Baldness and Hormone-Related Skin Disorders in Dogs Bartonella Infection in Dogs Bile Duct Cancer in Dogs Bile Duct Obstruction in Dogs Birth Difficulties in Dogs Black Widow Spider Bite Poisoning in Dogs Black, Tarry Feces Due to Presence of Blood in Dogs Bladder Inflammation with Polyps in Dogs Bleeding Disorder in Dogs Bleeding of the Retina in the Eye in Dogs Bleeding Under the Skin of Dogs Blind Quiet Eye in Dogs Bloat or Stomach Dilatation in Dogs Blood Clot in the Lungs in Dogs Blood in the Chest in Dogs Blood in the Front of the Eye in Dogs Blood in the Urine in Dogs Blood Related Deficiencies in Dogs Blood Thickening in Dogs Blood Transfusion Reactions in Dogs Blue Skin and Mucus Membranes in Dogs Bone Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Cancer (Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Cancer (Hemangiosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Cancer (Osteosarcoma) in Dogs Bone Deformity and Dwarfism in Dogs Bone Infection in Dogs Bone Inflammation (Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy) in Puppies Bone Inflammation (Panosteitis) in Dogs Bone Marrow Cancer (Myeloma) in Dogs Bone Overgrowth in Dogs Botflies (Maggots) in Dogs Botulism in Dogs Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation (Meningoencephalomyelitis, Eosinophilic) in Dogs Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation in Dogs Brain Cell Degeneration in Dogs Brain Disorder Due to Liver Disease in Dogs Brain Inflammation Due to Parasitic Infection in Dogs Brain Inflammation in Dogs Brain Injury in Dogs Brain Tissue Inflammation and Death (Breed Specific) in Dogs Brain Tissue Undervelopment in Dogs Brain Tumor (Astrocytoma) in Dogs Brain Tumors in Dogs Breathing Difficulties in Dogs Breathing Problem in Short-Nose Breed Dogs Breeding Timing in Dogs Brown Recluse Spider Bite Poisoning in Dogsc Calcium Buildup in Lungs of Dogs Calcium Deposits in the Urinary Tract in Dogs Can Dogs Be Allergic to Grass? Can Grass Kill Your Dog? Cancer of the Blood Vessel Cells in Dogs Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Growths in a Dogs Mouth Cancerous Lymphoid Cells in the Lungs of Dogs Canine Coronavirus Infection in Dogs Canine Herpesvirus Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Capillariasis in Dogs Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Dogs Carcinoid Cancer in Dogs Cardiac Arrest in Dogs Cardiac Electrical Failure in Dogs Cardiomyopathy in Boxer Dogs Carnitine Deficiency in Dogs Cataracts in Dogs Cavities in Dogs Chagas Disease in Dogs Chemical Imbalance of Urine in Dogs Chest Bone Deformity in Dogs Chocolate Poisoning in Dogs Chronic Inflammation of the Anus, Rectum or Perineum Region in Dogs Chronic Inflammation of the Bronchi in Dogs Chronic Vomiting in Dogs Cirrhosis and Fibrosis of the Liver in Dogs Claw and Nail Disorders in Dogs Cleft Palate in Dogs Clotting Deficiency (Inherited) in Dogs Clotting Deficiency (Liver Related) in Dogs Clotting Disorders of the Platelets in Dogs Collapse During Exercise in Labrador Retrievers Collapse of the Wind Pipe in Dogs Collection of Fluid in the Lungs (Not Due to Heart Disease) in Dogs Collie Eye Defect in Dogs Colonic or Rectal Inflammation in Dogs Colonic Ulcer in Dogs Conditions Due to Abnormal Secretions from a Tumor in Dogs Congenital Heart Defect (Atrial Septal Defect) in Dogs Congenital Heart Defect (Ebstein’s Anomaly) in Dogs Congenital Heart Defect (Pulmonic Stenosis) in Dogs Conjuctivitis (Pink Eye) in Dogs Constipation (Severe) in Dogs Constipation in Dogs Coonhound Paralysis In Dogs Coral Snake Bite Poisoning in Dogs Corneal Disease (Inherited) in Dogs Corneal Inflammation (Nonulcerative Keratitis) in Dogs Coughing in Dogs Crystals in the Urine of Dogs Cushings Disease in Dogs Cyst on the Gums in Dogsd Defect of the Ventricular Septum in Dogs Degeneration of the Cerebellum of the Brain in Dogs Degeneration of the Cornea in Dogs Degeneration of the Image Forming Part of the Eye in Dogs Degeneration of the Iris in the Eye in Dogs Degenerative Joint Disease in Dogs Degenerative Skin Disorder (Necrolytic Dermatitis) in Dogs Dementia (Geriatric) in Dogs Demodectic Mange in Dogs Destruction of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs Destructive Behavior in Dogs Diabetes (Hepatopathy) in Dogs Diabetes in Dogs Diabetes with Coma in Dogs Diabetes with Ketone Bodies in Dogs Diarrhea (Long-term) in Dogs Diarrhea Due to Clostridium perfringens in Dogs Dietary Reactions in Dogs Different Types of Dog Vomit, and What They Indicate Difficult Defecation and Blood in Stool in Dogs Diseases of the Orbit of the Eye in Dogs Diseases of the Skin on the Nose in Dogs Dislocated Eye Lens in Dogs Distemper in Dogs Do Carrots Naturally Improve Your Dogs Vision? Does Your Dog Have a Snoring Problem?" }, { "docid": "D986487#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/document/224624531/HOTS-questions-for-blood\nBlood Questions", "text": "\"Blood Questions Blood Review Made Easy Powered by Translate Blood Questions Review 1. What are the main functions of the blood? The blood is a means of substance transportation throughout the body. The blood distributes nutrients, oxygen, hormones, antibodies and cells specialized in defense to the tissues and collects residuals like nitrogen wastes and carbon dioxide from them. 2. What are the constituent elements of the blood? The blood is made of a liquid and a cellular part. The fluid part is called plasma and in it there are several substances, like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and mineral salts. The cellular constituents of the blood are also known as blood corpuscles and they comprise the erythrocytes (red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets. ! lood \"\"uestions # $mage %iversity& red blood cells leukocytes platelets 3." }, { "docid": "D3239470#0", "title": "https://www.healthtap.com/topics/polychromasia\nTop 29 Doctor insights on: Causes Of Polychromasia", "text": "\"Top 29 Doctor insights on: Causes Of Polychromasia Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Gurmukh Singh1 My Recent blood Smear showed Slight \"\"Polychromasia\"\"; CBC is normal except: Low Granulocytes & High Lymphocytes. ( Last 2 Years showed: Poikilocytosis & Mild Neutropenia). Not Anemic. Possible Causes of this Polychromasia? Should this be checked into? Any symptoms? : Why was the test done? All laboratory results need to be interpreted in the clinical context and the doctor who ordered the tests is usually in the best position to do that. Talk to the doctor who ordered the tests. Having said that, nothing in the information you provided warrants any concern. ..." }, { "docid": "D307469#0", "title": "http://alternativehealth.co.nz/cancer/tests/interpret.htm\n.", "text": "\"How to interpret your blood test resultsfor accurate interpretations please consult your health care professional Review your lab test results Overview Glucose Electrolytes Waste Products Enzymes Proteins Blood Fats Minerals Thyroid Glycohemoglobin CBC Risk Factors Urinalysis Overview Laboratory tests are tools helpful in evaluating the health status of an individual. It is important to realize that laboratory results may be outside of the so-called \"\"normal range\"\" for many reasons. These variations may be due to such things as race, dietetic preference, age, sex, menstrual cycle, degree of physical activity, problems with collection and/or handling of the specimen, non-prescription drugs (aspirin, cold medications, vitamins, etc. ), prescription drugs, alcohol intake and a number of non-illness-related factors, Any unusual or abnormal results should be discussed with your physician. It is not possible to diagnose or treat any disease or problem with this blood test alone. It can, however, help you to learn more about your body and detect potential problems in early stages when treatment or changes in personal habits can be most effective. Our lab, like almost all labs, sets the normal result range for a particular test so that 95% of our healthy patients fall within the normal range. That means that 5% of our healthy patients fall outside of the normal range, even when there is nothing wrong with them. Thus an abnormal test does not necessarily mean that there is something wrong with you. Statistically if you have 20 or 30 individual tests run as part of a panel, chances are 1 or 2 will be slightly outside the normal range." }, { "docid": "D2238177#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_anemia\nAnemia", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Refractory anemia)navigation search For other uses, see Anemia (disambiguation). Anemia Synonyms Anaemia Human blood from a case of iron-deficiency anemia Pronunciation/ ə ˈ n iː m i ə /Specialty Hematology Symptoms Feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath, feeling like passing out [1]Causes Blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, increased red blood cell breakdown [1]Diagnostic method Blood hemoglobin measurement [1]Frequency 2.36 billion / 33% (2015) [2] [ edit on Wikidata]Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, [3] [4] or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. [ 5] When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise. [ 1] Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms, which may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, or increased thirst. [ 1] Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. [ 1] Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause. [ 1]The three main types of anemia are due to blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. [ 1] Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others. [ 1] Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia, and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow. [ 1] Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases. [" }, { "docid": "D3447635#0", "title": "http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/pale_tongue.htm\nPale tongue", "text": "\"Pale tongue Intro Causes Treatment Symptom Checker Misdiagnosis Deaths Glossary Must Reads in Health Protecting Your Skin During Winter Watch: My Personal Psoriasis Journey Are You Getting The Best Cancer Care? Keeping An Active Lifestyle With COPDLiver Disease? Find a Doc Who Treats PBCAre You Allergic To Your Clothes? Why Psoriasis Treatments Can Fail Pale tongue: Pale tongue: Introduction Causes (12 conditions)Symptom Checker Misdiagnosis Deaths Treatments Comorbid Symptoms Classifications Stories from Users Pale tongue: Introduction Pale tongue: The occurrence of a pale tongue. See detailed information below for a list of 12 causes of Pale tongue, Symptom Checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes.» Review Causes of Pale tongue: Causes \| Symptom Checker »Causes of Pale tongue: The following medical conditions are some of the possible causes of Pale tongue. There are likely to be other possible causes, so ask your doctor about your symptoms. Iron deficiency anaemia Central cyanosis See causes of central cyanosis Shock Anaemia Decreased red blood cell production Malignancy Increased red cell destruction Intestinal Helminths Mennorhagia Acute haemorrhagemore causes...»See full list of 12 causes of Pale tongue» Review Causes of Pale tongue: Causes \| Symptom Checker »Causes of Types of Pale tongue: Review causes of types of Pale tongue in more specific categories: Pale tongue in children (10 causes)more types...»See full list of 1 types for Pale tongue Pale tongue: Symptom Checker Listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with Pale tongue, as listed in our database. Visit the Symptom Checker , to add and remove symptoms and research your condition. Symptom Checker Pale tongue: Symptom Checker Symptom Checker Pale tongue and Blood symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Breath symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Breathing difficulties (4 causes)Pale tongue and Cardiovascular symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Circulation symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Drowsiness (4 causes)Pale tongue and Energy symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Face symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Fainting (4 causes)Pale tongue and Fatigue (4 causes)Pale tongue and Head symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Heart rhythm symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Heart symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Movement symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Muscle symptoms (4 causes)Pale tongue and Muscle weakness (4 causes)Pale tongue and Musculoskeletal symptoms (4 causes)more...»See full list of 501 Symptom Checkers for Pale tongue Pale tongue Treatments Review further information on Pale tongue Treatments ." }, { "docid": "D746404#0", "title": "https://www.livestrong.com/article/223900-causes-of-low-hct-hgb/\nCauses of Low HCT and HGB", "text": "Causes of Low HCT and HGBby DR. MARY D. DALEY Aug. 14, 2017HCT and HGB are extremely common blood tests, which are usually measured together. HCT -- short for hematocrit -- is the volume of red blood cells (RBCs) within a specific volume of blood. HGB -- or hemoglobin -- is the amount of HGB in a specific volume of blood. As HGB is the oxygen-carrying protein within RBCs, the HCT and HGB are closely linked. When one falls, the other generally falls as well. Both HCT and HGB provide approximations of the number of RBCs contained in the blood, and low values indicate the presence of anemia. Low HCT and HGB may be caused by a reduced total number of RBCs or by excessive fluid within the blood, which dilutes the RBCs. The number of RBCs may be reduced by blood loss, impaired RBC production or excessive RBC destruction. Video of the Day4-Ingredient Banana Pancakes Next Up Roasted Beet Hummus00:44Blood Loss Bleeding is one of the most common causes of low HCT and HGB." }, { "docid": "D823258#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/39096968/health-and-nutrtition-minerals-flash-cards/\nHealth and Nutrtition - Minerals", "text": "\"234 terms learningohya Health and Nutrtition - Minerals Minerals Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Water Water is a simple compound; a molecule of water is comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O). Water does not need to be digested, and it is easily absorbed by the intestinal tract.50 to 75% of his or her body is water weight Lean muscle tissue contains more water (about 73%) than fat tissue (about 20%).young adult men have more lean tissue than young women 55 to 60% of an average young man's body weight is water; the average young adult woman's body has more fat and, therefore, slightly less water than an average young man's body A person's percentage of body weight that is water declines from birth to old age. Water may comprise only 45% of a typical older adult's weight Water is a major solvent many substances, including glucose, dissolve in water. Water often participates directly in chemical reactions, such as those involved in digesting food. Water's other physiological roles include transporting substances, removing waste products, lubricating tissues, and regulating body temperature and acid-base balance (proper blood p H). Furthermore, water is a major component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, and the fluid in joints. Water is a solvent a major component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucous, joint fluid removes waste transports substances lubricates tissues regulates temperature digests food participates in chemical reactions maintains proper blood p Hwater is essential You can survive for weeks, even months, if your diet lacks carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins. But if you do not have any water, your life will end within a week or two.your body obtains water from beverages and foods, especially fruits, vegetables, and meats." }, { "docid": "D1771428#0", "title": "https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-247312\n.", "text": "\"Final - Med Term IExams 1-8Question Answer False True or False - A word cannot end with a combining form (word root + vowel). False True or False - The definition of a medical word usually begins with defining the prefix first, the suffix second and the word root last. False True or False - Paralysis occurring on only one half of the body is known as quadriplegia. True True or False - Hyper-, hypo-, and poly- are all prefixes that indicate measurement. False True or False - Bi-, mono-, and primi- are all prefixes that indicate position and/or direction. True True or False - The suffix -cide means to kill or to destroy. Plural form of thorax thoraces Plural form of bacterium bacteria Plural form of ganglion ganglia Plural form of apex apiceseponym A name for a disease, organ, procedure, or body function that is derived from the name of a person. Tetra four Para near,beside,beyondbrady slowperi aroundhalf - semirapid tachyoutside ectonot an An abnormal accumulation of fluid (water) within the head is known as hydrocephalus Uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep are known as narcolepsy–ptosis drooping-rrhaphy suturing-gram record-scopy process of viewingsuffix that means:toward, increase -adsuffix that means:decrease in, deficiency -peniasuffix that means:blood condition -emiasuffix that means:sensitivity to pain -algesiaa vowel ending is placed at the end of the word root. If a suffix begins with a consonant the root will need a combining vowel before attaching to the suffix Which prefixes indicate the color red? eosin/o, erythr/o Each of the following suffixes indicate \"\"pertaining to\"\" -al -ous -ic The prefix -pan means: all Compound words are usually composed in the following order: combining form + word root + suffix3 suffixes that pertain to a surgical procedure -plasty, -pexy,-centesissuffix with a similar meaning of –ula -olesupra above, over-megaly enlargement-algia pain-oid resembling-tripsy intentional crushing-lysis destruction or detachment-genic pertaining to, formation, producing-gravida pregnancy-rrhagia excessive flow or discharge-philia attracted to-cele swelling or herniation-lith stone-desis binding or surgical fusion-oma tumor-ectomy surgical removal-osis condition Label on the body Plane: 1 frontal 2 medisagittal (divides the body into equal right and left portions)3transverse Label the terms concerning the foot in the body plane diagram: dorsum and plantar Name of the position of the body in Diagram (standing, arms at sides, Palms forward, head and feet pointing forward - anatomical Identify the four types of tissues: Muscle - Produces movement of the parts and organs of the body,Connective-Binds other body tissue and parts; may be liquid,fatty,fibrous,cartilage,or solid." } ]
8792	_______ established providence after he was ordered to leave the massachusetts colony	[ { "docid": "D828506#0", "title": "https://www.geni.com/people/Rev-Roger-Williams-Founder-of-Rhode-Island/6000000004549633554\nRev. Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Island", "text": "\"Rev. Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Island‹ Back to Williams surname Is your surname Williams? Research the Williams family Start your family tree now Rev. Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Island's Geni Profile Contact profile manager View family tree1 Discussion Records for Roger Williams31,032,797 Records Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Smart Matching™ technology Free!Get Started Share Tweet This Related Projects Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame Town Founders Baptist Church Members Pembroke College, Cambridge Middlesex - Famous People Roger Williams Also Known As: \"\"Founder of Rhode Island\"\", \"\"Rev. Roger Williams\"\", \"\"Pioneer of Religious Liberty\"\"Birthdate: December 21, 1603 (79)Birthplace: Long Lane, London, Middlesex, England Death: April 1, 1683 (79) Providence, (Present Providence County), Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Place of Burial: Providence, Providence County, Rhode Island, United States Immediate Family: Son of James Williams and Alice Williams Husband of Mary Williams and Mary Williams Father of Daniel Williams; Mary Sayles; Freeborn Clark (Williams); Providence Williams; Jabez Williams and 3 others Brother of Catherine Davis (Williams); Daniel Williams; Robert Williams; Sydrach Williams and Elizabeth Williams Occupation: Founder of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Theologian; Author, Clergyman, Reverend, Preacher of the Gospel/ Statesman, Reverand Managed by: Private User Last Updated: today View Complete Profileview all 18Immediate Family Mary Williamswife Daniel Williamsson Mary Williamswife Mary Saylesdaughter Freeborn Clark (Williams)daughter Providence Williamsson Jabez Williamsson Mercy Winsordaughter Joseph Williamsson Sowwe Roger Williamsson James Williamsfather Alice Williamsmother About Rev. Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Islandhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fbgsq Qs0KNU Roger Williams was the founder of the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island's first permanent settlement (Providence Plantations) was established at Providence in 1636 by English clergyman Roger Williams and a small band of followers who had left the repressive atmosphere of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to seek freedom of worship. Narragansett Indian Sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi granted Williams a sizable tract of land for his new village. Roger Williams named this land “Providence”, in tribute to “God’s merciful providence unto me in my distresse”. The word “Plantations” is an old English term meaning “new settlement or colony”. Other noncomformists followed Williams to the Narragansett Bay area and founded the towns of Portsmouth (1638), Newport (1639) and Warwick (1642). Because titles to these lands rested only on Indians deeds, neighboring colonies began to covet them. To meet this threat, Roger Williams journeyed to England and secured a parliamentary patent in March 1643-44 uniting the four towns into a single colony and confirming his fellow settlers' land claims." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3041279#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams\nSamuel Adams", "text": "\"Samuel Adams From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the beer brand, see Samuel Adams (beer). For other uses, see Samuel Adams (disambiguation). Samuel Adams In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley, Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter, which he viewed as a constitution that protected the peoples' rights. [ 1] [2] [3] [4]4th Governor of Massachusetts In office October 8, 1794 – June 2, 1797Lieutenant Moses Gill Preceded by John Hancock Succeeded by Increase Sumner3rd Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts In office 1789 – 1794 Acting Governor October 8, 1793 – 1794Governor John Hancock Preceded by Benjamin Lincoln Succeeded by Moses Gill President of the Massachusetts Senate In office 1782–1785 1787–1788Delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress In office 1774–1781Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives In office 1766–1774Personal details Born September 27 [ O. S. September 16] 1722 Boston, Massachusetts Bay Died October 2, 1803 (aged 81) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. Resting place Granary Burying Ground, Boston Political party Democratic-Republican (1790s)Spouse (s) Elizabeth Checkley ( m. 1749; d. 1757)Elizabeth Wells ( m. 1764)Alma mater Harvard College Signature Samuel Adams (September 27 [ O. S. September 16] 1722 – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a politician in colonial Massachusetts, a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to fellow Founding Father, President John Adams. Adams was born in Boston, brought up in a religious and politically active family. A graduate of Harvard College, he was an unsuccessful businessman and tax collector before concentrating on politics. He was an influential official of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and the Boston Town Meeting in the 1760s, and he became a part of a movement opposed to the British Parliament 's efforts to tax the British American colonies without their consent. His 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter calling for colonial non-cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, eventually resulting in the Boston Massacre of 1770." }, { "docid": "D2008708#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6544505/apush-ch-2-flash-cards/\nApush CH 2", "text": "\"44 terms jennicadandy Apush CH 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Captain Willian Rudyerd A. British captain of royal birth appointed muster master general by the colonists of Providence Island. Often quarreled with people who on Britain would have been his inferiors. B. People of his situation soon found that their status back in Britain meant little in a colony setting. He could be challenged by people who back on mainland Britain would have been his inferiors. Providence Island A. Founded in 1630 in modern day Nicaragua, it was meant as a base for British privateers and hoped to establish a footing in mainland Central America. Attacked by Spanish twice in 1635 and 1640. Survivors scattered or returned to Britain. B. One of the first non-Spanish colonies in the New World." }, { "docid": "D421038#0", "title": "http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Plymouth_Colony\nPlymouth Colony", "text": "\"Plymouth Colony was the first English Settlement in Massachusetts (1620-1691). Contents [ show]Overview Plymouth Colony (sometimes \"\"New Plymouth\"\") was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691. The first settlement was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement, which served as the capital of the colony, is today the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts. Founded by a group of separatists who later came to be known as the Pilgrims, Plymouth Colony was, along with Jamestown, Virginia, one of the earliest colonies to be founded by the English in North America and the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region. Aided by Squanto, a Native American, the colony was able to establish a treaty with Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure the colony's success. The colony played a central role in King Phillip's War, one of the earliest and bloodiest of the Indian Wars. Ultimately, the colony was annexed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. Plymouth holds a special role in American history." }, { "docid": "D3320267#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/english-administration-of-the-colonies/\nEnglish Administration of the Colonies", "text": "English Administration of the Colonies Britain’s 13 North American colonies reflected different structures of government: provincial, proprietary, and charter. Learning Objectives Differentiate between the three different types of colonies Key Takeaways Key Points By 1776, Britain had evolved three different forms of government for its North American colonies: provincial, proprietary, and charter. All were subordinate to the king in London and had no explicit relationship with the British Parliament. Provincial colonies, also known as royal colonies, were under the direct control of the King, who usually appointed a royal governor. These colonies included New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and eventually Massachusetts. Proprietary colonies, including Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland, were were owned by a person or family (known as Lords Proprietors ) who could make laws and appoint officials as they pleased. Charter colonies, also known as corporate colonies or joint stock companies, included Rhode Island, Providence Plantation, and Connecticut; Massachusetts began as a charter colony in 1684, but became a provincial colony in 1691. Key Termsroyal colonies: Another term for provincial colonies; colonies that were under the direct control of the King, who usually appointed a Royal Governor.proprietary colonies: Owned by a person (always a white male) or family, who could make laws and appoint officials as he or they pleased.letters patent: A type of legal document which is an open letter issued by an authority granting a right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or organization.charter colonies: Also known as corporate colonies or joint stock companies. One of the three classes of colonial government established in the 17th-century English colonies of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and originally Massachusetts Bay. The King allowed the colonial government to establish the rules under which the colony was to be governed." }, { "docid": "D1680232#0", "title": "http://americanhistory.about.com/cs/colonialamerica/p/connectcolony.htm\nConnecticut Colony", "text": "\"Humanities ›History & Culture Connecticut Colony The Founding of One of the 13 Original Colonies Share Flipboard Email Printcite Connecticut Colony - Thomas Hooker's Emigration. Public Domain / http://ushistoryimages.comby Martin Kelly Updated September 10, 2017The founding of the Connecticut colony began in 1633 when the Dutch established the first trading post on the Connecticut River Valley in what is now the town of Hartford. The move into the valley was part of a general movement out of Massachusetts colony. By the 1630s, the population in and around Boston had grown so dense that settlers began to move out throughout southern New England, concentrating on navigable river valleys such as the Connecticut. Founding Fathers The man credited as the founder of Connecticut was Thomas Hooker, an English yeoman and clergyman born in 1586 at Marfield in Leicester, England. He was educated at Cambridge, where he received a BA in 1608 and an MA in 1611. He was one of the most learned and powerful preachers of old and New England and was the minister of Esher, Surrey, between 1620–1625, and lecturer at St. Mary's Church at Chelmsford in Essex from 1625–1629. He was also a nonconformist Puritan who was targeted for suppression by the English government under Charles I and was forced to retire from Chelmsford in 1629. He fled to Holland, where other exiles were located. The First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony John Winthrop wrote to Hooker as early as 1628 or 1629, asking him to come to Massachusetts, and in 1633 Hooker sailed for North America." }, { "docid": "D266014#0", "title": "http://www.britishbattles.com/american-revolution.htm\nAmerican Revolutionary War", "text": "American Revolutionary War Battles of the War of the American Revolution 1775 to 1783: First Shots fired at Lexington on 19th April 1775 in the American Revolutionary War Introduction (below): Battle of Lexington and Concord: The opening shots of the American Revolutionary War on 19 th April 1775, that ‘echoed around the world’. Battle of Bunker Hill: The British ‘Pyrrhic Victory’ on 17 th June 1775 in the opening weeks of the American Revolutionary War. Battle of Quebec 1775: The unsuccessful American invasion of Canada and attack on Quebec on 31 st December 1775. Battle of Sullivan’s Island: The successful defence of Fort Sullivan on 28 th June 1776 by Charleston’s recruit artillerymen against a powerful Royal Navy squadron. Battle of Long Island: The disastrous defeat of the Americans on 27 th August 1776 leading to the loss of New York and the retreat to the Delaware River. Battle of Harlem Heights: The skirmish on 16 th September 1776 in northern New York island that restored the confidence of the American troops. Battle of White Plains: The battle on 28 th October 1776, leading to the American withdrawal to the Delaware River and the capture of Fort Washington by the British. Battle of Fort Washington: The battle on 16 th November 1776 that saw the American army forced off Manhattan Island and compelled to retreat to the Delaware River. Battle of Trenton: George Washington’s iconic victory on 26 th December 1776 over Colonel Rahl’s Hessian troops after crossing the frozen Delaware River; the battle that re-invigorated the American Revolution. Battle of Princeton: The sequel on 3 rd January 1777 to the successful Battle of Trenton: the two battles began the resurgence of the fortunes of the American Colonists in the Revolutionary War." }, { "docid": "D804348#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy\nAntinomian Controversy", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the Antinomian Controversy in Massachusetts from 1636 to 1638. For the Antinomian Controversies in Europe, see Antinomianism. Antinomian Controversy Anne Hutchinson at trial and John Winthrop Date October 1636 to March 1638Location Massachusetts Bay Colony Participants Free Grace Advocates (sometimes called \"\" Antinomians \"\")Anne Hutchinson John Wheelwright John Cotton Governor Henry Vane the Younger Followers of Hutchinson and Wheelwright Magistrates John Winthrop Thomas Dudley John Endecott Others Ministers John Wilson Thomas Shepard Thomas Weld Hugh Peter John Eliot Others Outcome Anne Hutchinson banished and excommunicated John Wheelwright disfranchised and banished Supporters disarmed, dismissed, disfranchised, excommunicated, or banished The Antinomian Controversy, also known as the Free Grace Controversy, was a religious and political conflict in the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. It pitted most of the colony's ministers and magistrates against some adherents of the Free Grace theology of Puritan minister John Cotton. The most notable Free Grace advocates, often called \"\"Antinomians\"\", were the charismatic Anne Hutchinson, her brother-in-law Reverend John Wheelwright, and the young governor of the colony Henry Vane. The controversy was a theological debate concerning the \"\"covenant of grace\"\" and \"\"covenant of works\"\". Anne Hutchinson has historically been placed at the center of the controversy, a strong-minded woman situated with the Puritan movement who had grown up under the religious guidance of her father Francis Marbury, an Anglican clergyman and school teacher. In England, she embraced the religious views of dynamic Puritan minister John Cotton, who became her mentor; Cotton was forced to leave England and Hutchinson followed him to New England. In Boston, Hutchinson was influential among the settlement's women and hosted them at her house for discussions on the weekly sermons. Eventually, men were included in these gatherings, such as Henry Vane the Younger, the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony." }, { "docid": "D1690383#0", "title": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Founding_of_New_England/V\nThe Founding of New England/V", "text": "< The Founding of New Englandnavigation search← IV. Some Aspects of Puritanism The Founding of New England by James Truslow Adams V. The First Permanent Settlement VI. New England and the Great Migration →CHAPTER VTHE FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENTSIn 1606, in the obscure English village of Scrooby, in Nottinghamshire, a little group of men, which included John Robinson, William Brewster, and William Bradford, had for some years been meeting together in Brewster’s house for worship, and had formed themselves into an Independent church. Robinson was a graduate of Cambridge, and had been a Church of England clergyman in Norwich. [ 1] Brewster, after a short attendance at Cambridge, had become connected, in some capacity, with Davison, then Secretary of State, and had accompanied him to the Low Countries in 1585. When Davison fell from power, Brewster’s career at court was ended, and at the time of the formation of the church in Scrooby, he had, for some years, been occupying the position of postmaster there, living in the old manor-house which had attracted the covetous eyes of James the First. A spiritually minded man of some culture but of modest means, he was the most influential layman in the little congregation, which, for the most part, was composed of the untutored farmers and farm-hands of that remote rural district. With little or no education, without even that sharpening of wits which comes from mere contact in the more populous ways of life, they were, as their own historian has said, only such as had been “used to a plaine countries life and the innocent trade of husbandry.” [ 2] That historian. William Bradford, was himself of yeoman stock, and a mere lad of sixteen or so, when the Scrooby church was formed. [" }, { "docid": "D2361220#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Standish\nMyles Standish", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the astronomer, see E. Myles Standish. Myles Standish This portrait, first published in 1885, was alleged to be a 1625 likeness of Standish, although its authenticity has never been proven. [ 1]Born c. 1584 Probably Lancashire, England Died October 3, 1656 (aged 72) Duxbury, Massachusetts Allegiance England Plymouth Colony Rank Captain Commands held Plymouth Colony militia Battles/wars Eighty Years' War (Netherlands) Wessagusset Colony ( Plymouth Colony)Spouse (s) Rose Standish Barbara Standish Signature Myles Standish ( c. 1584 – October 3, 1656) was an English military officer hired by the Pilgrims as military adviser for Plymouth Colony. He accompanied them on the Mayflower journey and played a leading role in the administration and defense of Plymouth Colony from its inception. [ 2] On February 17, 1621, the Plymouth Colony militia elected him as its first commander and continued to re-elect him to that position for the remainder of his life. [ 3]Standish served as an agent of Plymouth Colony in England, as assistant governor, and as treasurer of the Colony. [ 4] He was also one of the first settlers and founders of the town of Duxbury, Massachusetts. [ 5]A defining characteristic of Standish's military leadership was his proclivity for preemptive action which resulted in at least two attacks (or small skirmishes) on different groups of Native Americans—the Nemasket raid and the conflict at Wessagusset Colony. During these actions, Standish exhibited considerable courage and skill as a soldier, but also demonstrated a brutality that angered Native Americans and disturbed more moderate members of the Colony. [ 6]One of Standish's last military actions on behalf of Plymouth Colony was the botched Penobscot expedition in 1635." }, { "docid": "D2763731#0", "title": "http://www.iboston.org/mcp.php?pid=taleOfTwoBostons\n.", "text": "\"eligion. Politics. Rebellion. Boston’s pedigree was forged back in England in the midst of religious dissension, where Puritans and Pilgrims sought religious reform, and Cavaliers and Roundheads vied for political power. The question isn't where did Boston get its name – but how. The Short Answer Like a great many towns in New England, Boston has its naming roots in old England. Boston, Massachusetts is named after Boston, Lincolnshire, and is situated about 100 miles north of London on the North Atlantic Sea. Massachusetts began life as the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Company) in 1629. Its first Governor was John Winthrop, and its first deputy-Governor was Thomas Dudley, who shortly after their arrival in America in 1630 suggested that the capital of the colony be named after their hometown back in England. Both men were part of a fleet of Puritans - about 1000 - that came over to escape religious and political persecution for their desires to reform the Church and State." }, { "docid": "D2665940#0", "title": "http://www.history-world.org/united_states_of_america.htm\n.", "text": "\"The United States Of America Various Authors Edited By: R. A. Guisepi This is the story of how the American Republic developed from colonial beginnings in the 16th century, when the first European explorers arrived, until modern times. \"\" We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. \"\" As the nation developed, it expanded westward from small settlements along the Atlantic Coast, eventually including all the territory between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the middle of the North American continent, as well as two noncontiguous states and a number of territories. At the same time, the population and the economy of the United States grew and changed dramatically. The population diversified as immigrants arrived from all countries of the world. From its beginnings as a remote English colony, the United States has developed the largest economy in the world. Throughout its history, the United States has faced struggles, both within the country—between various ethnic, religious, political, and economic groups—and with other nations. The efforts to deal with and resolve these struggles have shaped the United States of America into the late 20th century. EARLY CULTURAL INTERACTION Early American history began in the collision of European, West African, and Native American peoples in North America. Europeans \"\"discovered\"\" America by accident, then created empires out of the conquest of indigenous peoples and the enslavement of Africans." }, { "docid": "D1689887#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts\nHistory of Massachusetts", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Flag of Massachusetts Massachusetts was first colonized by principally English Europeans in the early 17th century, and became the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the 18th century. Prior to English colonization of the area, it was inhabited by a variety of mainly Algonquian language indigenous tribes. The first permanent English settlement in New England came in 1620 with the founding of Plymouth Colony by the Pilgrims who sailed on the Mayflower. It set precedents but never grew large. A large-scale Puritan migration began in 1630 with the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and spawned the settlement of other New England colonies. Friction with the natives erupted in the high-casualty King Philip's War in the 1670s. Puritanism was the established religion and was strictly enforced; dissenters were exiled. The Colony clashed with Anglican opponents in England over its religious intolerance and the status of its charter. Most people were farmers. Businessmen established wide-ranging trade links, sending ships to the West Indies and Europe, and sometimes shipping goods in violation of the Navigation Acts." }, { "docid": "D2207717#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_%28Plymouth_Colony_governor%29\nWilliam Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search William Bradford A conjectural image of Bradford, produced as a postcard in 1904 by A. S. Burbank of Plymouth. [ 1]2nd, 5th, 7th, 9th & 12th Governor of Plymouth Colony In office 1621–1657Personal details Born ca. 19 March 1590 Austerfield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England Died May 9, 1657 (aged 67) Plymouth Colony Spouse (s) Dorothy May [2] Alice (Carpenter) Southworth [3]Children 4Occupation weaver, settler Profession Colonial Governor, Judge Portfolio treasurer, chief magistrate Signature William Bradford ( c. 19 March 1590 – May 9, 1657) was an English Separatist originally from the West Riding of Yorkshire. He moved to Leiden in Holland in order to escape persecution from King James I of England, and then emigrated to the Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower in 1620. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and went on to serve as Governor of the Plymouth Colony intermittently for about 30 years between 1621 and 1657. His journal Of Plymouth Plantation covered the years from 1620 to 1657 in Plymouth. [ 4]Contents [ hide ]1 Early life2 Separatist congregation2.1 In Leiden and London3 Founding Plymouth Colony3.1 Departure aboard the Speedwell3.2 The Mayflower voyage3.3 Anchored and first explorations at Plymouth Colony3.4 Loss of first wife3.5 Great sickness3.6 Relationship with Massasoit3.7 Governor of Plymouth4 Literary works5 Family6 Will, death, and burial7 See also8 Notes9 References10 Further reading11 External links Early life [ edit]Manor House, Austerfield —birthplace of William Bradford William Bradford was born to Alice and William Bradford in Austerfield, West Riding of Yorkshire, and was baptized on March 19, 1589/90. [ 5] The family possessed a large farm and were considered wealthy and influential in a time when most of their countrymen were farmers of modest means. [ 6] [7] Bradford's grandfather was William Bradforthe who had at least four children, including Bradford's father, and was probably of noble ancestry, according to researcher George J. Hill. [ 8]Coat of Arms of William Bradford Bradford's childhood was marked by numerous deaths in the family." }, { "docid": "D2483074#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/7034985/chapter-2-britain-and-its-colonies-flash-cards/\nChapter 2: Britain and its Colonies", "text": "\"40 terms daw2034Chapter 2: Britain and its Colonies Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort1. Which is true of English society by the early 1600s? a. The right to trial by jury had yet to be established. b. Titled nobles dominated the House of Commons. c. There was a growing population of beggars and vagabonds. d. There were no significant class distinctions. e. There were no limits on the power of the monarch. c James I: a. was wise and open-minded b. was the first of the Stuart monarchs c. recognized the supreme authority of Parliament d. conquered Scotland e. openly favored the Puritans b The Glorious Revolution of 1688: a. resulted in the execution of Charles I b. temporarily abolished the monarchy c. increased the power of Parliament d. ended with the death of Oliver Cromwell e. delayed the American Revolution b The stockholders who invested in the Virginia Company were motivated primarily by: a. personal loyalty to James I b. a spirit of adventure c. curiosity about the New World d. religion e. financial profit e The British colonies differed from the Spanish in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a. they were able to establish settlements which still exist today b. they were developed with private investment funds rather than royal money c. they were in a more compact geographical area d. they experienced less centralized control e. they encountered no Indian empires like the Aztecs or Incas a One of the important factors aiding the survival of the early Jamestown settlers was: a. the assistance they received from the Indians b. the large sums of money that were used to bring additional supplies to them regularly c. the democratic government established by the Virginia Company d. the lack of the diseases and hardships that afflicted other colonies e. their willingness to work hard and sacrifice for the good of the whole colony a One outstanding characteristic of Jamestown in its initial years was: a. the high mortality rate among its settlers b. complete freedom of religion c. the high percentage of slaves in its population d. the influence of women in its government e. the absence of effective leaders a In the winter of 1610, starving Jamestown settlers: a. went to live with the Indians b. overthrew John Smith c. first started growing tobacco d. went back to England e. ate horses, dogs, rats, boots, and mice e The Jamestown colony finally attained a measure of prosperity from: a. trade with Spanish Florida b. gold discoveries c. tobacco d. land sales e. trade with Indians c Pocahontas: a. died in England b. married John Smith c. is a fictional character d. showed the English how to grow corn e. led an attack against the English a The headright system adopted for the Virginia colony consisted of: a. giving free land to all servants who came to the colony b. giving free land in return for five years of military service c. giving fifty acres of land to anyone who would transport himself to the colony and fifty more for any servants he might bring d. \"\"selling\"\" wives to single male settlers e. auctioning black slaves to settlers c In 1624, a British court dissolved the struggling Virginia Company, and Virginia: a. was given to the king's brother, the Duke of York b. became a royal colony c. no longer existed d. lost all its funding e. was merged with New England b Bacon's Rebellion mainly involved a dispute between Nathaniel Bacon and Governor Berkeley over: a. how to respond to Indian attacks on the frontier b. whether Virginia should be a democracy c. restrictions on tobacco production d. whether aristocrats or common men should run the colony e. slave prices a Bacon's Rebellion: a. resulted from changes in the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina that discriminated against Puritans b. brought indentured servants and small farmers together against the colony's rich planters and political leaders c. had the support of nearby Indian tribes d. sought to make Virginia independent of England e. led to the burning of Charleston b Maryland was much like Virginia in that it: a. was owned by a joint-stock company b. promoted religious freedom c. was politically dominated by small farmers d. banned Catholics e. had a tobacco-based economy e The early settlers of New England differed from those of the Chesapeake in being primarily: a. male b. English c. white d. Protestant e. middle-class e The English Puritans: a. converted James I to their perspective b. opposed Catholic elements in the Church of England c. believed people could be saved by their own actions, not just by God's grace d. believed in religious freedom e. rejected the doctrines of Martin Luther b All of the following are true of the Pilgrims EXCEPT that they: a. were Separatists who had abandoned the Church of England b. based their initial colonial government on the Mayflower Compact c. originally fled to Holland d. were a sect of radical Catholics e. established the Plymouth colony d The leader of the Pilgrims who established the Plymouth colony was: a. John Winthrop b. Roger Williams c. Lord Baltimore d. John Calvin e. William Bradford e The Mayflower Compact: a. originated in the House of Commons b. provided the original government for the Plymouth colony c. was developed by settlers in Massachusetts Bay d. called for total religious toleration e. completely separated civil and church governments b New England's Congregationalist churches were: a. open to everyone b. self-governing c. tolerant of other religions d. morally opposed to slavery e. financially supported by the King b After 1644, the right to vote in Massachusetts Bay was restricted to those who: a. had been listed as freemen in the original charter b. were members of a Puritan church c. owned 100 acres of land d. were literate and had good moral character e. had come in the first voyage from Britain b Roger Williams founded Rhode Island after he: a. had been banished from Massachusetts for his religious opinions b. decided he was no longer a Christian c. led a rebellion against the government of Massachusetts d. devoted himself to converting the Indians e. discovered it had the best farmland in New England a Roger Williams's mistrust of the purity of others eventually led him to the belief that: a. there should be complete separation of church and state b. all churches were equally valid c. everyone has an equal chance for salvation d. the government must direct actions of the church to assure its purity e. only those people who believed exactly as he did could be saved a Anne Hutchinson was kicked out of Massachusetts for: a. challenging the authority of local ministers b. refusing to uphold the Sabbath c. believing good works would earn a place in heaven d. championing equal rights for women e. insufficient knowledge of the Bible a For the Pequots, the result of the 1637 war they fought with New England settlers was: a. revenge for the previous cruelties of the English b. a religious crisis c. leadership of all other Indians in the region d. slaughter and enslavement e. retention of most of their traditional lands d The major cause of King Philip's War was: a. Indian anger over their destruction from European diseases b. Indian resentment over forced conversions to Christianity c. King Philip's desire for territorial expansion d. Indian feelings of racial superiority over the English e. the need of Indian warriors to prove themselves in battle b King Philip's War: a. was named for the French king who ordered the Indians to leave his New World colonies b. led to the virtual destruction of the Pequots c. led to the formation of the Iroquois League d. was the first in a series of wars between the French and the English e. devastated the Native American culture in New England e During Oliver Cromwell's rule, defeated English Royalists would most likely seek refuge in: a. Massachusetts b. Connecticut c. New Hampshire d. Virginia e. New Jersey d The colonies established after the Restoration were all: a. royal colonies b. proprietary colonies c. corporate colonies d. Christian commonwealths e. west of the Appalachians b A large number of South Carolina's original settlers were British planters from: a. Georgia b. Barbados c. Jamaica d. Maryland e. North Carolina b English merchants in the Carolinas by the early 1700s established a thriving trade with Southern Indians for: a. deerskins b. indigo c. beaver pelts d. fish e. corn a The log cabin: a. was the chief form of housing for Eastern Woodlands Indians b. originated in the Carolinas c. was the essential form of housing for the early settlers in all colonies d. was the contribution of Scandinavian settlers in New Sweden e. was first used by the Pilgrims in Plymouth colony d The major reason Charles II decided to wrest New Netherland from the Dutch was the threat of that colony's: a. manufacturing sector b. commercial success c. ethnic diversity d. form of government e. religious freedom b The first Jews in the colonies: a. found quick acceptance from Christians b. were wealthy c. arrived in New Netherland d. migrated to Massachusetts e. soon became very numerous c The Iroquois: a. consistently supported the French over the English b. controlled much of eastern North America during the second half of the seventeenth century c. developed a written language and a constitutional government d. was a group of five Indian tribes that united to fight the Dutch settlers who invaded their homeland e. were known for their pacifism, even in the face of almost certain destruction b All of the following are true of the English Quakers EXCEPT that they: a. counted William Penn among their number b. followed charismatic preachers c. refused to take oaths d. suffered great persecution e. were pacifists b The colony of Pennsylvania a. was open to all religious believers b. was populated solely by the English c. was governed by Quaker ministers d. was based upon lands seized from the Indians e. was consid" }, { "docid": "D3482839#0", "title": "http://josfamilyhistory.com/stories/hooker.htm\nREV. THOMAS HOOKER July 5, 1586 â July 7, 1647", "text": "\"REV. THOMAS HOOKER July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647Thomas Hooker was probably the pre-eminent founder of the Colony of Connecticut. He was born in Marefield, Leicestershire, England. After his religious conversion, he rose into the leadership of the Puritan movement in England due to his keenly reasoned reflections upon Christian life and the meanings of Biblical passages. An excellent discussion of Thomas Hooker's life was written by Benjamin Hart, published by the Christian Defense Fund as Lesson Seven, with the title \"\"Thomas Hooker Tries Democracy\"\". The following is a brief paragraph that I found extremely interesting: Hooker was the most famous of all the English preachers to make the journey to New England. He was a learned scholar, widely published, and his preaching had electrified the English countryside, winning converts by the thousands. As Perry Miller recounts in his book (Errand Into the Wilderness), Samuel Collins, an agent of Archbishop Laud, warned in 1629 that Hooker had become too powerful, and threatened to undermine the established church:\"\"I . . . have seen the people idolizing many new ministers and lecturers; but this man surpasses them all for learning. . . [ and] gains more and far greater followers than all before him. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D2316241#0", "title": "https://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/the-new-england-colonies/\nThe New England Colonies", "text": "\"The New England Colonies Share Tweet Post Next Outline Massachusetts Bay Colony In the early seventeenth century, the Puritan community was divided into two groups: Separatist Puritans and non-Separatist Puritans. Separatist Puritans saw themselves as different from the corrupt English society around them. Disillusioned with the Anglican Church and by the King’s challenge to their beliefs, they fled to the New World in the beginning of the seventeenth century. They established what they felt were ideal Christian communities at Plymouth, Salem, Dover, and Portsmouth. By contrast, moderate, non-Separatist Puritans remained in England because they believed that they could still reform the church from the inside. In 1603, moderate Puritans in England hoped the new monarch, James I, would be sympathetic to their views, since he had been raised in Calvinist Scotland. Although this did not prove to be the case, the Puritans still tried to work within the religious system while he was king. In 1629, James’ son, King Charles I, dismissed Parliament and allowed the anti-Puritan Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, to tighten royal control over the church. He removed ministers with Puritan tendencies and threatened church elders who harbored such ministers. With these increasing pressures from the crown, the non-Separatist Puritans no longer felt they could remain in England within the Anglican fold and decided to migrate to the New World." }, { "docid": "D1945412#0", "title": "http://www.britishbattles.com/war-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783/\nAmerican Revolutionary War", "text": "American Revolutionary War Battles of the War of the American Revolution 1775 to 1783: First Shots fired at Lexington on 19th April 1775 in the American Revolutionary War Introduction (below): Battle of Lexington and Concord: The opening shots of the American Revolutionary War on 19 th April 1775, that ‘echoed around the world’. Battle of Bunker Hill: The British ‘Pyrrhic Victory’ on 17 th June 1775 in the opening weeks of the American Revolutionary War. Battle of Quebec 1775: The unsuccessful American invasion of Canada and attack on Quebec on 31 st December 1775. Battle of Sullivan’s Island: The successful defence of Fort Sullivan on 28 th June 1776 by Charleston’s recruit artillerymen against a powerful Royal Navy squadron. Battle of Long Island: The disastrous defeat of the Americans on 27 th August 1776 leading to the loss of New York and the retreat to the Delaware River. Battle of Harlem Heights: The skirmish on 16 th September 1776 in northern New York island that restored the confidence of the American troops. Battle of White Plains: The battle on 28 th October 1776, leading to the American withdrawal to the Delaware River and the capture of Fort Washington by the British. Battle of Fort Washington: The battle on 16 th November 1776 that saw the American army forced off Manhattan Island and compelled to retreat to the Delaware River. Battle of Trenton: George Washington’s iconic victory on 26 th December 1776 over Colonel Rahl’s Hessian troops after crossing the frozen Delaware River; the battle that re-invigorated the American Revolution. Battle of Princeton: The sequel on 3 rd January 1777 to the successful Battle of Trenton: the two battles began the resurgence of the fortunes of the American Colonists in the Revolutionary War." }, { "docid": "D3509660#0", "title": "http://www.biography.com/people/roger-williams-082515\nRoger Williams Biography.com", "text": "Quick Facts Name Roger Williams Occupation Minister Birth Datec. 1603Death Date1683Did You Know? Roger Williams was gifted in languages, competent in several classical and Native American languages. Education Pembroke College, Cambridge Place of Birth London, England Place of Death Providence, Rhode Island, American Colonies Cite This Page IN THESE GROUPSFamous People Named Williams Famous People Who Died in Rhode Island1683Famous People Named Roger Show All Groupsquotes“God requireth not a uniformity of religion. ”—Roger Williams Roger Williams Biography.com Minister (c. 1603–1683)21SHARESRoger Williams was a political and religious leader best remembered for his strong stance on the separation of church and state and founding the colony of Rhode Island. Synopsis Roger Williams was born in London, circa 1603, during a period of intense religious intolerance. After finishing school in England, he traveled to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, initially to be a missionary. His radical views on religious freedom and disapproval of the practice of confiscating land from the Native Americans earned him the wrath of church leaders and he was banished from the colony. With his followers, he fled to Narragansett Bay, where he purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and established a new colony, which became a haven for Baptists, Quakers, Jews and other religious minorities. Nearly a century after his death, Williams's notion of religious freedom and the separation of church and state inspired the framers of the U. S. Bill of Rights." }, { "docid": "D3326510#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11946683/early-colonies-1607-1750-flash-cards/\nEarly Colonies 1607-1750", "text": "\"77 terms history4u PLUSEarly Colonies 1607-1750Early America colonies Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort New England A region in the northeastern United States, consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island Middle Colonies Region of the 13 Colonies located between the New England and Southern Colonies Southern Colonies The colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgiajoint stock company A business in which people invested their money for a common purpose, then share the profits. Similar to modern corporations. London Company A joint-stock company chartered in 1606 and was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607Susan Constant One of the ship from the London Company, which brought English settlers to America. ( Jamestown). Godspeed, Susan Constant, & Discovery The three ships of the Virginia Company in the 1607 voyage that resulted in the founding of the first permanent English settlement in North America, Jamestown. Virginia Company The Virginia Company refers to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I in 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. The investors hoped gold would be found in Virginia, and they expected to get rich on the profits from the wealth of the new colony. Jamestown The first permanent settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. John Rolfe He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony." }, { "docid": "D1522158#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/2210563/ap-us-review-flash-cards/\nAP US Review", "text": "\"239 terms garrettrosen1AP US Review Columbus he began the first migration since the Paleo Indians in 1492. He was a deeply religious man, who was obsessed with getting support for his voyage to sail across the Atlantic Ocean to get to China. Columbus hoped to be honored and elevated to the aristocracy for his daring and bold travels across the Atlantic to America. Drake Francis Drake was an English Sea Captain. He was a politician during the Elizabethan Era. Elizabeth the I crowned him to knighthood. He was and English hero and a Spanish pirate. Raleigh in 1585 he made plans to settle in Roanoke Island, and after the explorers left there were no more colonists until two years later. In 1594 he heard of a \"\"city of gold\"\" in South America, and Sailed to find it. Throughout his trip he wrote a book called El Dorado." } ]
8794	_______ introduced a bill to congress to organize the territories of kansas and nebraska.	[ { "docid": "D2412843#0", "title": "http://civilwarmo.org/educators/resources/info-sheets/kansas-nebraska-act-bleeding-kansas\n", "text": "\"\"\"Come to the Rescue!!\"\" Broadside ( Download 1.1 MB PDF)Introduction Highlights In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas introduced a bill before Congress for the organization of Kansas and Nebraska (Kansas-Nebraska Act). The territories would be divided by the 40th parallel. In addition, the issue of slavery in the territories would be decided by popular sovereignty instead of by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Despite fierce opposition in the North by such abolitionists as Horace Greeley and William Lloyd Garrison, the bill passed on May 26, 1854, and was quickly signed by President Franklin Pierce. Northern abolitionists were not done fighting, however. They began organizing groups for the settlement of Kansas Territory to combat western Missourians who were by and large pro-slavery and had begun moving into the area. In-Depth In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas introduced a bill before Congress for the organization of two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. The territories would be divided by the 40th parallel. In addition, the issue of slavery in the territories would be decided by popular sovereignty instead of by the Missouri Compromise of 1820." } ]	[ { "docid": "D285036#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act\nKansasâNebraska Act", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Kansas-Nebraska Act)navigation search This 1856 map shows slave states (gray), free states (pink), U. S. territories (green), and Kansas in center (white). The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 (10 Stat. 277) created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and was drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and President Franklin Pierce. The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to open up thousands of new farms and make feasible a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. The popular sovereignty clause of the law led pro- and anti-slavery elements to flood into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, resulting in Bleeding Kansas. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Background2 Congressional action2.1 Introduction of Nebraska bill2.2 Meeting with Pierce2.3 Debate in Senate2.4 Debate in House of Representatives3 Reaction4 Bleeding Kansas5 Effect on Native American tribes6 Aftermath7 References8 Sources9 External links Background [ edit]Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican–American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850Fugitive Slave Act of 1850Uncle Tom's Cabin Kansas–Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumterv t e The availability of tens of millions of acres of excellent farmland in the area made it necessary to create a territorial infrastructure to allow settlement. Railroad interests were especially eager to start operations since they needed farmers as customers. Four previous attempts to pass legislation had failed. The solution was a bill proposed in January 1854 by Douglas: the Democratic Party leader in the US Senate, the chairman of the Committee on Territories, an avid promoter of railroads, an aspirant to the presidency, and a fervent believer in popular sovereignty: the policy of letting the voters, almost exclusively white males, of a territory decide whether or not slavery should exist in it. [ 2]Since the 1840s, the topic of a transcontinental railroad had been discussed." }, { "docid": "D580539#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier\nAmerican frontier", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Wild West\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Wild West (disambiguation). For cultural influences and their development, see Western (genre). American frontier The cowboy, the quintessential symbol of the American frontier, circa 1887Date1607–1912 (territorial expansion)1783–1920 (myth of the Old West)Location Currently the United States, historically in order of their assimilation: Indigenous Lands Thirteen Colonies New Sweden New Netherland New France Vermont Republic Louisiana territory Rupert's Land (Dakota Territory)Spanish Florida Indian Territory Republic of Texas Oregon Country California New Mexico Russian America (Alaska)Kingdom of Hawaii Republic of Hawaii The American frontier comprises the geography, history, folklore, and cultural expression of life in the forward wave of American expansion that began with English colonial settlements in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last mainland territories as states in 1912. \"\" Frontier\"\" refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the conquest and settlement of Native American lands, west of the Mississippi River, in what is now the Midwest, Texas, the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, the Southwest, and the West Coast. This era of massive migration and settlement was particularly encouraged by the Colonial and early United States government following the Louisiana Purchase, and coined the term and political philosophy known as \"\" Manifest Destiny \"\". Enormous popular attention in the 19th and early 20th century media focused on the Western United States in the second half of the 19th century, a period sometimes called the Old West, or the Wild West, the theme of which typically exaggerated the romance, anarchy, and chaotic violence of the period for greater dramatic effect. This eventually inspired the Western genre of film, which spilled over into comic books, and children's toys, games and costumes. As defined by Hine and Faragher, \"\"frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D2215157#0", "title": "https://historygcp.wordpress.com/unit-2-compromise-and-conflict/kansas-nebraska-act/\nKansas Nebraska Act", "text": "Kansas Nebraska Act SWBAT Identify the causes effects and characteristics of the Kansas Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U. S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. This is called “Popular Sovereignty”. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´. The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was strongly supported. After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed in to settle Kansas to affect the outcome of the first election held there after the law went into effect. Violence soon erupted, with the anti-slavery forces led by John Brown. The territory earned the nickname “bleeding Kansas” as the death toll rose. When was the Kansas/Nebraska Act passed?" }, { "docid": "D2855261#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/4860686/chapter-14-a-divided-nation-1848-1860-flash-cards/\nChapter 14: A Divided Nation (1848-1860)", "text": "\"47 terms Ms Cavanagh TEACHERChapter 14: A Divided Nation (1848-1860)Ms. Cavanagh Muirlands Middle School 8th grade History Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Wilmot Proviso a bill, sponsored by David Wilmot, that would have banned slavery in the remaining territories of the Mexican Cession; it led to the introduction of the idea of popular sovereignty, as a kind of compromise between those who fully supported this bill, and those who opposed itsectionalism devotion to the interests of one region instead of to the country as a wholepopular sovereignty principle that would allow voters in a particular territory to decide whether they wanted to ban or permit slavery Free-Soil Party a small political party, active in the U. S. in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections; the party was formed by antislavery northerners who supported the Wilmot Proviso Henry Clay a politician from Kentucky who was responsible for the Missouri Compromise (1820) and the Compromise of 1850; he has been called the \"\"Great Compromiser\"\"Fugitive Slave Act a law put into practice in September of 1850, that made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest slaves in free states as well as slave states; slaves captured under the law were not allowed to testify for themselves and were not allowed to have a trial with a jury Uncle Tom's Cabin a powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe person who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin; Abraham Lincoln once said to her, \"\"So, you're the little lady who made this big war\"\"Republican Party formed in 1854 by former Whigs, Free-Soilers, and some Democrats who were united against the spread of slavery in the West and against the Kansas-Nebraska Act;Whig Party An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements; fell apart after Bleeding Kansas The Seventh of March Speech a speech given by Senator Daniel Webster on the floor of the Senate, in favor of the Compromise of 1850; in the speech, Webster expressed concern that if the southern states seceded, violence would arise Compromise of 1850 a plan, developed by Senator Henry Clay, that was meant to help the U. S. maintain peace, while allowing California to be admitted as a free state; the terms of the plan were: 1. Remaining land from war with Mexico divided into Utah and New Mexico popular sovereignty territories 2. California is admitted as Free State 3. No slave trade in Washington DC (slavery still legal) 4. Stricter Fugitive Slave Act 5. Texas agrees to give up some lands to New Mexico in exchange for federal aid David Wilmot a senator from Pennsylvania who sponsored the Wilmot Provisooppose (verb) to disapprove of and attempt to stop John C. Calhoun a senator from South Carolina who was Vice President of the U. S. under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson; when debating the Compromise of 1850, he believed that letting California enter as a free state would destroy the nation's balance and lead to warban (verb) to officially or legally forbidpermit (verb) to allow or give permission for (something)resort (verb) to turn to a strategy in order to resolve a difficult situationcommissioner (noun) a person chosen by an authority figure or group to perform a specific task; with the new Fugitive Slave Act in 1850, commissioners were hired to decide the whether or not captured African Americans were free people or runaway slaves Frederick Douglass a former slave who was an abolitionist, a brilliant public speaker, and a self-educated man (and a well-educated one, for that matter). He helped convince many people that slavery; he also wrote and published \"\"Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass;\"\" which depicted slavery as being cruel." }, { "docid": "D2857055#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/4048460/ch-13-14-ids-flash-cards/\nCh. 13-14 IDS", "text": "\"49 terms kwon Ch. 13-14 IDSUS HISTORYLearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Mormans -Also known as Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -Migrated to Utah -Founded by Joseph Smith who claimed church descended from the lost tribes of ancient Israel -Refused to separate church and state, also known for polygamy→ Illinois then Brigham Young leads to Utah as a refuge where they could practice their faith undisturbed Texas Revolt -TX=first part of MX to be settled by a significant number of Americans -MX gov't makes a deal with Moses Austin to help colonize area with Americans -Moses' son, Stephen resells land in smaller plots to American settlers→MX gets afraid→1830 anulled exisiting land contracts and barred future emigration from the US -Austin+followers (i.e. Tejano elite) join in demanding autonomy from MX -March 13, 1836 MX ruler Santa Anna's army storms the Alamo killing 187 Americans sparks rebellion... April TX becomes independent Republic of Texas -1837 TX asks to be admitted into the Union, but not allowed because of fear of war between MX (Jackson=pres) -many settlers from the US go to TXJames K. Polk -former governor of TN -main asets while running were his support for the annexation and his close association with Andrew Jackson -slaveholder -considered the first \"\"dark horse\"\" candidate (nomination=completely unexpected)Annexation of Texas -Democratic party claims/wants a \"\"reannexation\"\" of TX (implying that TX was a part of the original Louisiana Purchase) & the \"\"reoccupation\"\" of all of Oregon (54''40') -March 1845 Congress declares TX part of the USOregon Treaty -Polk's goals=reduce the tariff, reestablish the independent treasury system, settle the dispute over ownership of Oregon, and bring CA into the Union -Congress works with Britain to split/divide Oregon at the 49th parallel (many=disappointed b/c of 54'40' cry) -Oregon Treaty still gave most important parts (i.e. Willamette Valley & Puget Sound) to the USMexican War -Polk claimed the American blood was shed by Mexicans after American troops provoked Mexicans -War=first American conflict to be fought primarily on foreign soil and the first in which American troops occupied a foreign capital -War caused a rift amongst citizens (fear that expansion=expansion of slavery, US=acting like a European Monarchy and not a democratic republic, president's power=out of hand) -Americans=much stronger than Mexicans→ CA becomes free from MX control in June 1846; CA=temporarily independent until Navy sails into Monterey and SF harbors -bulk of war occurred in Central MexicoTreaty of Gaudelupe Hidalgo -Feb. 1848, two governments agreed to Treaty confirming the annexation of TX, ceded CA and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the US -US pays Mexico 15 million -Mexico Cession (land annexed from MX) established the present territorial boundaries of the North American continent except for the Gasden Purchase (extra land from MX plus Alaska) -go guaranteed male citizens the free enjoyment of their liberty and property and all the rights of Americans (protecting Mexican landowners), ignored \"\"savage tribes\"\"Manifest Destiny -spirit of MD gave a new stridency to ideas about racial superiority -the territorial expansion supported the innate superiority of the \"\"Anglo-Saxon race\"\" -race=amorphous notion involving color, culture, national origin, class, and religion...everyone else vs. Anglo=Saxon Protestants CA Gold Rush -Jan 1848 gold was discovered and resulted in a frenzy for gold worldwide -CA goldrush population=very diverse (Chinese, European immigrants, etc.) -SF becomes world's most racially and ethnically diverse city; CA would become/remain a place of infinite opportunity even though boundaries of freedom were tightly drawn (limited voting, right to testify in court to whites only.... Indians=totally overrun)Wilmot Proviso -status of slavery had been \"\"settled\"\" by Missouri Compromise -Acquisition of new land reopened the question of slavery's expansion -David Wilmot of PA proposes a resolution prohibiting slavery from all territory acquired from MX (W. P...supported by northerners both Demo and Whigs; completely rejected by southerners) -measure passed in the House where North=majority, but failed in Senate where there was an equal balance Free Soil Party -organization/party created by opponents of slavery's expansion in 1848 -nominated Martin Van Buren for president w/Charles Francis Adams as running mate -position had a popular appeal in North...exceeded the abolitionist's demand for immediate emancipation and equal rights: barring slavery from western territories and for the federal gov't to provide free homesteads to settlers in the new territories; \"\"Free Soil\"\" still appealed to the racism so widespread in northern society--> advance \"\"the cause and rights of the free white man\"\"popular sovereignty status of slavery is determined by the votes of the local settlers, not Congress -Senator Douglas believed popular sovereignty embodied the idea of local self-government and offered a middle ground between the extremes of North and South. Compromise of 1850 -Henry Clay offered a plan to resolve issue about CA -four main provisions: 1) CA would enter the Union as a free state 2) the slave trade, but not slavery itself, woudl be abolished in the nation's capital 3) new law would allow southerners to reclaim runaway slaves (Fugitive Slave Act) 4) status of slavery in the remaining territories acquired from Mexico would be left to the decision of the local white inhabitants (popular sovereignty) -helped remove for the last time the dangerous slavery question from congressional debateFugitive Slave Act -law allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without benefit of a jury trial or even testimony by the accused individual. -prohibited local authorities from interfering with the capture of fugitives and required individual citizens to assist in such capture when called upon by federal agents -ironic b/c southerners were typical pro-state/local gov't, but were now supportive of a federal law...security of slavery was more important to them -dangerous example of how gov't doing the bidding of the South overrides an individual's ability to act according to his conscience Stephen Douglas -Illinois senator -believed in popular sovereignty -introduced a bill to provide territorial governments for KS and Nebraska, which repealed the Missouri Compromise -saw himself as the new leader of the Senate Idea of Slave Power -South's proslavery political leadership -North/Republicans believed that Slave Power served as a more immediate threat to their liberaties and aspirations -helped develop the idea of \"\"free labor\"\" (see Republican party)Kansas-Nebraska Act -proposed/created by Stephen Douglas to provide territorial governments for Kansas and Nebraska--> allowed settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; -repealed slavery in those territories (Missouri Compromise of 1820) resulting in violence in Kansas and the formation of the Republican party (democratic party was also divided)Uncle Tom's Cabin -book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 -antislavery novel that popularized the abolitionist position...but also viewed now as a piece of literature that objectifies blacks*Republican Party -organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act; nominated John C. Fremont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860; -dedicated to preventing the further expansion of slavery Know-Nothing Party or American Party -began as a secret organization in reaction to large-scale German and Irish immigration. -dedicated to reserve political office for native-born Americans and to resist the \"\"aggressions\"\" of the Catholic Church (composed of nativists/anti-Cathlics) -swept the 1854 elections in MA and other major cities -only presidential candidate=Millard Fillmore in 1856Franklin Pierce -the fourteenth President of the United States. -Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West." }, { "docid": "D2546325#0", "title": "http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Kansas+Nebraska+Act+of+1854\nKansas-Nebraska Act", "text": "\"Kansas-Nebraska Act (redirected from Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854) Also found in: Encyclopedia . Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (10 Stat. 277) was a significant piece of legislation because it dealt with several controversial issues, including Slavery, western expansion, and the construction of a transcontinental railroad. Slavery was a widely debated divisive issue for many years preceding the Civil War and there wereseveral attempts at conciliation. The first of these was the Missouri Compromise of 1820 (3 Stat.545), which decided the slavery question in regard to the creation of two new states, Missouri and Maine. The compromise declared that Maine was to be admitted as a free state, while Missouri wasallowed to enter the Union with no restrictions regarding slavery. Subsequently, however, Missourientered as a slave state. The compromise also prohibited the extension of slavery north of the36°30′ latitude which established the southern border of Missouri. The Compromise of 1850 (9 Stat. 452) settled another controversy concerning slavery andinstituted the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which permitted the residents of the area to decide thequestion." }, { "docid": "D3511639#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/kansas-nebraska-act\nKansas-Nebraska Act", "text": "\"Kansas-Nebraska Act An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was the third and last of the series of compromises enacted before the u.s. civil war in an attempt to resolve the question of whether slavery should be permitted in the western territories. Senator stephen a. douglas of Illinois, drafted the legislation that revoked the missouri compromise of 1820, which had banned slavery north of 36°30' latitude. Douglas applied the doctrine of popular sovereignty to the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, as he had successfully urged Congress to do in the compromise of 1850. The 1850 law left to New Mexico and Utah the decision of whether to enter the Union as free or slave states. The Kansas-Nebraska Act failed to end the national conflict over slavery. Antislavery forces viewed the statute as a capitulation to the South, and many abandoned the Whig and Democratic parties to form the republican party. Kansas soon became a battleground over slavery. On May 25, 1856, the militant abolitionist john brown led a raid against proslavery supporters at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, killing five persons. The violence between the abolitionists and those who were proslavery soon gave the territory the name \"\"Bleeding Kansas. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D1532282#0", "title": "http://thomaslegion.net/borderstatecivilwarhistory.html\n.", "text": "\"Border State Civil War History Border State Civil War Map American Civil War Border State Map Border State Civil War History During the American Civil War (1861-1865) the Border States were geographically vital to the conflict, as both the Union and Confederacy recognized the strategic value of the region. To march on Southern soil, consequently, meant marching through hostile Border States. The Border State Civil War History portrays divided loyalties, the Brother against Brother War, bushwhackers, and an environment well-known for its guerrilla warfare. The Border States -- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland , Missouri , and West Virginia -- comprised the Civil War's middle ground, a region of moderation lying between the warring North and South. It was the region in which no states supported Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election. Yet, any hope that this pursuit of the middle ground would bring peace to Border State residents was quickly dashed in wartime. Angry confrontations, including some of the most violent guerrilla warfare in American history, became an everyday fact of life in this region, as the two sides lived side-by-side and confronted one another on a daily basis. The Border States were both compromising in peacetime and antagonistic in war, two seemingly contradictory positions that in fact sprung from the same source: each state encompassed deep and enduring internal divisions. In the Border States, civilian loyalties were divided, with some favoring secession and others remaining loyal to the Union. These divided populations had a profound impact on Union and Confederate strategy, both political and military." }, { "docid": "D2970928#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kansas-Nebraska_Act.aspx\nKansas-Nebraska Act", "text": "\"Kansas-Nebraska Act An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was the third and last of the series of compromises enacted before the u.s. civil war in an attempt to resolve the question of whether slavery should be permitted in the western territories. Senator stephen a. douglas of Illinois, drafted the legislation that revoked the missouri compromise of 1820, which had banned slavery north of 36°30' latitude. Douglas applied the doctrine of popular sovereignty to the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, as he had successfully urged Congress to do in the compromise of 1850. The 1850 law left to New Mexico and Utah the decision of whether to enter the Union as free or slave states. The Kansas-Nebraska Act failed to end the national conflict over slavery. Antislavery forces viewed the statute as a capitulation to the South, and many abandoned the Whig and Democratic parties to form the republican party. Kansas soon became a battleground over slavery. On May 25, 1856, the militant abolitionist john brown led a raid against proslavery supporters at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, killing five persons. The violence between the abolitionists and those who were proslavery soon gave the territory the name \"\"Bleeding Kansas. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D3200062#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/59490582/slavery-flash-cards/\nSlavery", "text": "\"70 terms sophia_antony Slavery Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Republicans In 1854 when the northern wigs broke up what party did they join? Stop the spread of slavery into western territories What was the republicans main goal He was a slave owner by a US army doctor Who was dread Scott Illinois state legislature, lawyer , and congress (as a Whig) Abraham Lincoln served as what Kansas-Nebraska Act What act did senator Stephen Douglas write Republicans chose Lincoln to run against Douglas. They both gave speeches about slavery. What was the senate race of 1858? States should have the right to own slaves Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina would have agreed that Northerners wanted the slave trade abolished in Washington DC What issue caused disagreement between the north and south in 1850? Never became law but alarmed people in the south The Wilmot Proviso, a proposal that slavery be banned in all territory gained from Mexico Free-Soil party Keeping slavery out if the western territories was the main goal of the Popular sovereignty The process of allowing people of each state or territory to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery was called? Voters in the territories should decided the issue The proposal by Stephan Douglas on the issue of slavery in the kansas and Nebraska Territories was that The fugitive salve act needed to be resisted What statement would John Brown probably agree with? Persuaded many people that slavery was wrong Uncle Tom's Cabin was an important book because it Proslavery and antislavery forces fought violently over whether Kansas would be a free state or a slaveholding state What earned the territory of Kansas the name \"\"bleeding Kansas\"\"He had denounced the ideas of his attacker's uncle an elderly senator What was Senator Charles Sumner badly beaten with a cane on the Senate floor In 1855Northern Whigs felt their party was not doing enough to stop the spread of slavery The Republican Party was formed because One hundred and five Republican Party candidates were elected to the House of Representatives What was the result of the election of 1854 showed the importance of the antislavery issue to northern voters Roger Taney Who wrote the Dread Scott decision?" }, { "docid": "D2666489#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Legislature\nKansas Legislature", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Kansas Legislature Type Type Bicameral Houses Kansas Senate Kansas House of Representatives Leadership President of the Senate Susan Wagle, R Since January 14, 2013Senate Majority Leader Jim Denning, R Since January 9, 2017Speaker of the House Ron Ryckman Jr., R Since January 9, 2017House Majority Leader Don Hineman, R Since January 9, 2017Structure Seats 165Senate political groups Republican: 31 Democratic: 9House political groups Republican: 85 Democratic: 40Authority Kansas Constitution Elections Senate last election November 8, 2016House last election November 8, 2016Senate next election November 3, 2020House next election November 6, 2018Meeting place Kansas State Capitol, Topeka The Kansas Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Kansas. It is a bicameral assembly, composed of the lower Kansas House of Representatives, with 125 state representatives, and the upper Kansas Senate, with 40 state senators. Prior to statehood, separate pro-slavery and anti-slavery territorial legislatures emerged, drafting four separate constitutions, until one was finally ratified and Kansas became a state in 1861. Republicans hold a long-standing supermajority in both houses of the state legislature, despite a short-lived dominance by the Populist Party. The state legislature approved one of the first child labor laws in the nation. Composed of 165 state lawmakers, the state legislature meets at the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka once a year in regular session. Additional special sessions can be called by the governor of Kansas. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Pre-statehood1.2 Statehood-present2 Legislative procedure2.1 Bills3 See also4 References5 External links History [ edit]Pre-statehood [ edit]Main articles: Bleeding Kansas and Kansas Territory\"\"Bogus Legislature\"\" redirects here. For the meeting places of this body, see First Territorial Capitol of Kansas; Shawnee Methodist Mission; and Lecompton, Kansas. The Kansas Territory was created out of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. [" }, { "docid": "D1798807#0", "title": "http://www.dpsinfo.com/women/history/timeline.html\nTimeline of Women's Suffrage in the United States", "text": "\"Timeline of Women's Suffrage in the United States Site Map for Women's Resources1776 Abigail Adams writes to her husband, John Adams, asking him to \"\"remember the ladies\"\" in the new code of laws. Adams replies the men will fight the \"\"despotism of the petticoat. \"\" 1777 Women lose the right to vote in New York.1780 Women lose the right to vote in Massachusetts.1784 Women lose the right to vote in New Hampshire.1787 US Constitutional Convention places voting qualifications in the hands of the states. Women in all states except New Jersey lose the right to vote.1792 Mary Wollstonecraft publishes Vindication of the Rights of Women in England.1807 Women lose the right to vote in New Jersey, the last state to revoke the right. Women Join the Abolitionist Movement1830s Formation of the female anti-slavery associations.1836 Angelina Grimke appeals to Southern women to speak out against slavery.1837 The \"\"Pastoral Letter of the General Association of Massachusetts to the Congregational Churches Under Their Care\"\" is promulgated against women speaking in public against slavery, it is mainly directed against the Grimke sisters.1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other women barred from participating on account of their sex. Women Begin to Organize For Their Own Rights1848 First Women's Rights convention in Seneca Fall, New York. Equal suffrage proposed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton After debate of so radical a notion, it is adopted.1850 Women's rights convention held in April in Salem, Ohio. First national women's rights convention held in October in Worcester, Massachusetts.1850-1861 Annual Women's Rights conventions held. The last, in 1861, in Albany, New York lobbies for a liberalized divorce bill." }, { "docid": "D2215159#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_organized_the_Nebraska_territory\nWhen did Nebraska become part of the territory of the US?", "text": "Carina Vaughn 3 Contributions When did Nebraska become part of the territory of the US? When did Nebraska become part of the territory of the US? Who introduced a bill to Congress to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska? Stephon A. Douglas Iloveslimshady 2 Contributions Why did Stephen Douglas propose organizing the region west of Missouri and Iowa as the territories of kansas and nebraska? For expanding nations. Kaylop7 216 Contributions Introduced a bill to Congress to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska? ( Stephen A. Douglas)Organization of the Nebraska territory was necessary in order to? The Nebraska Territory was an incorporated territory of the U. S.from 1854 to 1867. It consisted of Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota,North Dakota, Colorado and Montana. Jazmine Pender 3 Contributions How did congress attempt to solve the dispute over the organization of the Nebraska territory?novanet - It split nebraska into 2 distinct territories: Nebraskaand Kansas. :-]" }, { "docid": "D3159363#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/23659320/us-history-h-ch-14-flash-cards/\nUS HISTORY H CH. 14", "text": "\"17 terms sportscrazy33US HISTORY H CH. 14Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Why did Northerners support the Wilmot Proviso? What was the source of its appeal? would have banned slavery in the conquered territories, and increased tensions. Resolved by the Compromise of 1850. North wanted to preserve West for free labor (so whites were able to expand and to get land); It was called Wilmot Proviso BECAUSE of David Wilmot (Democrat) PA \"\"Hose of Reps (passed).\"\" 1846-48 = Mexican-American War (unusual- proposed only about 2 months into the Mexican-American war) Lincoln objects to the expansion to the West. What happened in the presidential election of 1848?" }, { "docid": "D3457658#0", "title": "http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Kansas-Nebraska+Act\nKansas-Nebraska Act", "text": "\"Kansas-Nebraska Act Also found in: Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (10 Stat. 277) was a significant piece of legislation because it dealt with several controversial issues, including Slavery, western expansion, and the construction of a transcontinental railroad. Slavery was a widely debated divisive issue for many years preceding the Civil War and there wereseveral attempts at conciliation. The first of these was the Missouri Compromise of 1820 (3 Stat.545), which decided the slavery question in regard to the creation of two new states, Missouri and Maine. The compromise declared that Maine was to be admitted as a free state, while Missouri wasallowed to enter the Union with no restrictions regarding slavery. Subsequently, however, Missourientered as a slave state. The compromise also prohibited the extension of slavery north of the36°30′ latitude which established the southern border of Missouri. The Compromise of 1850 (9 Stat. 452) settled another controversy concerning slavery andinstituted the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which permitted the residents of the area to decide thequestion." }, { "docid": "D3457657#0", "title": "http://mrnussbaum.com/history-2-2/kansasnebraska/\nKansas-Nebraska Act for Kids", "text": "\"Stephen A. Douglas Kansas-Nebraska Activities on Mr Nussbaum.com Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas Complete Lesson Plan – This is a complete 90 minute lesson plan for teaching the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas. It includes background information, suggestions for discussion, teaching scripts, connections, the maps labeled below (with answer sheet), printable activities and the informational text sheet. America in 1854 Label-me Map – This activity requires students to label the states and territories as they were in 1854America in 1854 Blank Outline Map – This is a blank outline map of America in 1854. Futility versus Immortality – This activity requires students to analyze the qualities of poor leaders such as Pierce and Buchanan and contrast them with a leader such as Abraham Lincoln. Bleeding Kansas Billboard – This ativity requires students to play the role of a \"\"Jawhawker\"\" and to design a billboard that urges settlers to relocate in Kansas. Students must make the images and persuasive text. Jawhawkers and Strange College Mascots – This activity explains the genesis of the University of Kansas \"\"Jayhawk\"\" mascot and requires students to author explanations of other strange college mascots such as the Tarheel, Sooner, and Razorback. Actual explanations are provided. The Kansas-Nebraska Act In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which organized the remaining territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase so that such territories could be admitted to the Union as states. Probably the most important result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was its language concerning the contentious issue of slavery." }, { "docid": "D2712441#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110521084538AAhsiEJ\nHow did the Kansas-Nebraska act lead to the Civil War?", "text": "Education & Reference Homework Help How did the Kansas-Nebraska act lead to the Civil War? Please explain clearly? :) Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Eventually, however, anti-slavery settlers outnumbered pro-slavery settlers and a new constitution was drawn up. On January 29, 1861, just before the start of the Civil War, Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state. Kansas-Nebraska Act, bill that became law on May 30, 1854, by which the U. S. Congress established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. By 1854 the organization of the vast Platte and Kansas river countries W of Iowa and Missouri was overdue. As an isolated issue territorial organization of this area was no problem. It was, however, irrevocably bound to the bitter sectional controversy over the extension of slavery into the territories and was further complicated by conflict over the location of the projected transcontinental railroad. Under no circumstances did proslavery Congressmen want a free territory (Kansas) W of Missouri. Because the West was expanding rapidly, territorial organization, despite these difficulties, could no longer be postponed." }, { "docid": "D1059652#0", "title": "http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/speech-on-the-repeal-of-the-missouri-compromise/\nSpeech on the Repeal of the Missouri Compromise", "text": "Full Document Summary Related Documents Peoria, Illinois The repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and the propriety of its restoration, constitute the subject of what I am about to say. As I desire to present my own connected view of this subject, my remarks will not be, specifically, an answer to Judge Douglas; yet, as I proceed, the main points he has presented will arise, and will receive such respectful attention as I may be able to give them. I wish further to say, that I do not propose to question the patriotism, or to assail the motives of any man, or class of men; but rather to strictly confine myself to the naked merits of the question. I also wish to be no less than National in all the positions I may take; and whenever I take ground which others have thought, or may think, narrow, sectional, and dangerous to the Union, I hope to give a reason, which will appear sufficient, at least to some, why I think differently. And, as this subject is no other, than part and parcel of the larger general question of domestic-slavery, I wish to MAKE and to KEEP the distinction between the EXISTING institution, and the EXTENSION of it, so broad, and so clear, that no honest man can misunderstand me, and no dishonest one, successfully misrepresent me. In order to [get?] a clear understanding of what the Missouri Compromise is, a short history of the preceding kindred subjects will perhaps be proper. When we established our independence, we did not own, or claim, the country to which this compromise applies. Indeed, strictly speaking, the confederacy then owned no country at all; the States respectively owned the country within their limits; and some of them owned territory beyond their strict State limits. Virginia thus owned the North-Western territory — the country out of which the principal part of Ohio, all Indiana, all Illinois, all Michigan and all Wisconsin, have since been formed." }, { "docid": "D2618872#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/8750631/mexican-american-warcivil-war-flash-cards/\nMexican-American War/Civil War", "text": "\"153 terms lary123Mexican-American War/Civil War AP U. S. History Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Frederick Douglas Ex-slave. Abolitionist Nat Turner Self-taught preacher slave. Led a rebellion in Virginia where they killed and dismembered 60 white people. William Lloyd Garrison Massachusetts abolitionist. Published the anti-slavery journal Liberator. He alienated some abolitionists because he was also pro-women's rights and kind of an anarchist. He thought government was bad because it relied on force. But all in all a very influential abolitionist. Founded American Anti-Slavery Society with Weld. Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin American Anti-slavery Society Started by William Lloyd Garrison and Theodore Weld." }, { "docid": "D1844111#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/133790789/history-chapter-16-questions-flash-cards/\nHistory Chapter 16 Questions", "text": "\"38 terms ryan1030History Chapter 16 Questions Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort The Missouri Compromise There were 11 free states and 11 slave states in 1819. That year, Congress considered Missouri's application to join the Union as a slave state. Immediately, a crisis erupted. Conflict in Missouri Compromise Missouri's admission would give the South a majority in the Senate. Determined not to lose power, northerners opposed letting Missouri enter as a slave state. The argument lasted many months. Finally, Senator Henry Clay made a proposal. During the long debate, Maine had also applied for statehood." } ]
8797	_______ is a fuel produced by fermenting crops	[ { "docid": "D505606#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel\nBiofuel", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A bus fueled by biodiesel Information on pump regarding ethanol fuel blend up to 10%, California Part of a series on Renewable energy Biofuel Biomass Geothermal Hydropower Solar energy Tidal power Wave power Wind power Topics by country 100% renewable energy Marketing and policy trendsv t e Part of a series about Sustainable energy Energy conservation Cogeneration Efficient energy use Green building Heat pump Low-carbon power Microgeneration Passive solar building design Renewable energy Anaerobic digestion Biofuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar Tidal Wave Wind Sustainable transport Carbon-neutral fuel Electric vehicle Fossil fuel phase-out Green vehicle Plug-in hybrid Sustainable development portal Renewable energy portal Environment portalv t e A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes. [ 1] Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass (referring to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy-containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasolineadditive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2920545#0", "title": "http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/05/13/corn-based-ethanol-the-real-cost/\nCorn-based Ethanol: The Real Cost", "text": "Corn-based Ethanol: The Real Cost Posted by Michael Economides Date: May 13, 2011It was supposed to be the fuel that could wean, at least partially, the United States and other petroleum importing countries from their dependence on foreign oil. Corn-based ethanol was heralded to do the trick and with massive political support from both sides of the political spectrum, it has emerged as the biofuel of choice, anointed by the United States government and enjoying the support of agricultural lobbies and states. Ethanol, added to motor vehicle gasoline, is a great oxygenate and can stretch gasoline supplies blended from 10 to 85 percent, by volume. ( Note that 1.5 gallons of ethanol are needed to replace one gallon of gasoline on an equivalent energy basis.) The ability of ethanol to stretch the gasoline stocks is the reason it was supposed to provide a measure of energy independence from imported oil. In addition, it is “renewable” and it evokes credits in net CO2 emissions because of the photosynthesis during the growing of corn. In theory these are all positive things; in reality the situation is quite unattractive if not outright catastrophic. First, the net energy ratio of corn-based ethanol (useful energy divided by the energy required to produce a unit of ethanol) is at best 1.25 but in practice a lot worse. Some have calculated a ratio less than one, meaning that it takes more energy to produce ethanol from corn than the energy content of the fuel. Because of very large government subsidies (see more below) the growth in corn-based ethanol has been nothing short of meteoric." }, { "docid": "D1247114#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel\nAlgae fuel", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A conical flask of \"\"green\"\" jet fuel made from algae Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. [ 1] [2] Several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable. [ 3] Like fossil fuel, algae fuel releases CO 2 when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuels only release CO 2 recently removed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as the algae or plant grew. The energy crisis and the world food crisis have ignited interest in algaculture (farming algae) for making biodiesel and other biofuels using land unsuitable for agriculture. Among algal fuels' attractive characteristics are that they can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources, [4] [5] can be produced using saline and wastewater, have a high flash point, [6] and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. [ 7] [8] Algae cost more per unit mass than other second-generation biofuel crops due to high capital and operating costs, [9] but are claimed to yield between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area. [ 10] The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (39,000 km 2 ), which is only 0.42% of the U. S. map, [11] or about half of the land area of Maine. This is less than 1⁄ 7 the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000. [ 12]The head of the Algal Biomass Organization stated in 2010 that algae fuel could reach price parity with oil in 2018 if granted production tax credits. [" }, { "docid": "D843607#0", "title": "http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/waste-renewable-energy-source/\nWaste as a Renewable Energy Source", "text": "Sep 22Waste as a Renewable Energy Source Posted in Environment and Sustainability \| Future Technology \| Waste to Energy The enormous increase in the quantum and diversity of waste materials generated by human activity and their potentially harmful effects on the general environment and public health, have led to an increasing awareness about an urgent need to adopt scientific methods for safe disposal of wastes. While there is an obvious need to minimize the generation of wastes and to reuse and recycle them, the technologies for recovery of energy from wastes can play a vital role in mitigating the problems. Besides recovery of substantial energy, these technologies can lead to a substantial reduction in the overall waste quantities requiring final disposal, which can be better managed for safe disposal in a controlled manner while meeting the pollution control standards. Waste generation rates are affected by socio-economic development, degree of industrialization, and climate. Generally, the greater the economic prosperity and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced. Reduction in the volume and mass of solid waste is a crucial issue especially in the light of limited availability of final disposal sites in many parts of the world. Although numerous waste and byproduct recovery processes have been introduced, anaerobic digestion has unique and integrative potential, simultaneously acting as a waste treatment and recovery process. Waste-to-Energy Conversion Pathways A host of technologies are available for realizing the potential of waste as an energy source, ranging from very simple systems for disposing of dry waste to more complex technologies capable of dealing with large amounts of industrial waste. There are three main pathways for conversion of organic waste material to energy – thermochemical, biochemical and physicochemical. Thermochemical Conversion Combustion of waste has been used for many years as a way of reducing waste volume and neutralizing many of the potentially harmful elements within it." }, { "docid": "D1947989#0", "title": "https://www.biooekonomie-bw.de/en/articles/dossiers/which-biomass-is-the-best-source-of-alternative-energy/\nWhich biomass is the best source of alternative energy?", "text": "Which biomass is the best source of alternative energy? We talk about bioenergy, but what do we actually mean? The term bioenergy refers to renewable energy produced from material of biological origin. But is the term really exact? Does it create false expectations? “ Bio” is often associated with something that is ecological, environmentally friendly and clean. Perhaps “energy from biomass” would be more appropriate? It’s a bulkier term than bioenergy, but also much more neutral. The debate on bioenergy in Germany tends to revolve mainly around first-generation biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) whose sustainability is often questioned (“tank or plate” dilemma). Biomass used for the generation of energy includes materials from biological sources, such as wood, rape, maize, perennial plants as well as algae and cyanobacteria." }, { "docid": "D511979#0", "title": "http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/luk1/\nEthanol Fuel Production", "text": "\"Ethanol Fuel Production Brian Luk October 24, 2010Submitted as coursework for Physics 240 , Stanford University, Fall 2010Introduction Ethanol fuel has been lauded as a viable alternative to petroleum-based fuels, offering not only less pollution to the environment, but also a sustainable source of energy. Interestingly enough, ethanol fuel is made from exactly the same liquid courage that college students use to wash away their sorrows every weekend. Ethanol fuel is an alternative to gasoline, and is manufactured from the conversion of carbon-based feed stocks such as sugarcane, sugar beets, switchgrass, corn, and barley. Ethanol is currently used in gasoline for vehicles. Most vehicles run on mixtures of gas and ethanol; this mixture is common at most gas stations across the country. Advocates posit that ethanol fuel has the potential to bring us to a point where the United States becomes independent of imported oil from other countries. On the other hand, opponents say that ethanol fuel cannot possibly be fully viable as a replacement to petroleum-based fuels, though it will be able to slightly ameliorate our dependence on other countries for oil. To make an adequate hypothesis concerning the feasibility of ethanol fuel as a replacement for oil as an energy source, it is necessary to investigate the process of ethanol fuel production, and compare the process for different countries. This report, specifically, will compare ethanol fuel production in the United States and Brazil. Some Background The process of ethanol fuel production involves fermentation, distillation, and dehydration." }, { "docid": "D570696#0", "title": "http://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/biofuel/\nBiofuels", "text": "Reference Biofuels Biofuels offer plant-based solutions to the Earth's growing energy problems. The Swedish city of Kristianstad uses biogas to generate electricity and heat and to fuel cars and municipal garbage trucks and buses. Its two refineries produce enough biofuel to replace 1.1 million gallons of gasoline each year. Photograph by Mark Thiessen Biofuels have been around as long as cars have. At the start of the 20th century, Henry Ford planned to fuel his Model Ts with ethanol, and early diesel engines were shown to run on peanut oil. But discoveries of huge petroleum deposits kept gasoline and diesel cheap for decades, and biofuels were largely forgotten. However, with the recent rise in oil prices, along with growing concern about global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions, biofuels have been regaining popularity. Gasoline and diesel are actually ancient biofuels. But they are known as fossil fuels because they are made from decomposed plants and animals that have been buried in the ground for millions of years. Biofuels are similar, except that they're made from plants grown today." }, { "docid": "D972169#0", "title": "https://web.extension.illinois.edu/ethanol/\n.", "text": "\"Ethanol: What Is It? Ethanol is a grain alcohol that can be blended with gasoline and used in motor vehicles. Many gasoline stations provide a blended fuel, which typically is 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline. Vehicles do not need any modifications to use this blend of fuel. Flex fuel vehicles, which have modifications to the fuel systems, can use E85, which is a blend of up to 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline. With the modifications, these vehicles can use straight gasoline or any blend of ethanol up to 85 percent.2008 U. S. Ethanol Production180+ ethanol plants:3+ billion bushels of corn used in ethanol production (23% of U. S. production) =9.2 billion gallons of ethanol produced (approximately 10 billion gallon capacity)Where Does It Come From? Ethanol can be fermented from many sources of starch, including corn, wheat, grain sorghum, barley, and potatoes, and from sugar crops such as sugar cane and sweet sorghum. Because there has been has been an abundant supply of corn, most of the ethanol made in the United States is from corn. Most of the ethanol is produced in the Midwest and Upper Midwest where ethanol plants are close to and have a consistent supply of corn, access to water resources, and have livestock production nearby. A by-product of ethanol production is distillers grains, which can be fed to livestock either wet or dried." }, { "docid": "D3187698#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing_yeast\nYeast", "text": "\"Yeast From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Brewing yeast)navigation search For the use of yeast as a baking ingredient, see baker's yeast. Yeast Yeast of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cross-sectional labelled diagram of a typical yeast cell Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Phyla and Subphyla Ascomycota p. p. Saccharomycotina (true yeasts)Taphrinomycotina p. p. Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts)Basidiomycota p. p. Agaricomycotina p. p. Tremellomycetes Pucciniomycotina p. p. Microbotryomycetes Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and 1,500 species are currently identified. [ 1] [2] [3] They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species. [ 4] Yeasts are unicellular organisms which evolved from multicellular ancestors, [5] with some species having the ability to develop multicellular characteristics by forming strings of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae or false hyphae. [ 6] Yeast sizes vary greatly, depending on species and environment, typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, although some yeasts can grow to 40 µm in size. [ 7] Most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by the asymmetric division process known as budding. Yeasts, with their single-celled growth habit, can be contrasted with molds, which grow hyphae. Fungal species that can take both forms (depending on temperature or other conditions) are called dimorphic fungi (\"\"dimorphic\"\" means \"\"having two forms\"\"). By fermentation, the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols – for thousands of years the carbon dioxide has been used in baking and the alcohol in alcoholic beverages. [" }, { "docid": "D2949965#0", "title": "http://www.alcohol4fuel.com/id20.html\n.", "text": "\"Heineken Brewing kettles, Amsterdam There are 4 different types of kettles here = 4 of 5 stages of brewing How Heineken brews beer: This photo shows the main brewing room of the original Heineken Brewery in downtown Amsterdam. It is no longer used for brewing, but rather is now a high-tech visiter's center. It is quite an interesting place to visit, if you are in Amsterdam and have a couple of hours for a fun tour, followed by some product sampling in the tap room at the end of the tour. First, they sprout some barley grains to activate the natural enzymes in the grain. Once the new little roots are about 2 cm long, this grain is then dried and ground into powder. This is then known as barley malt, rich in enzymes which help break the starches into simple sugars, which is what the yeast likes. The malt is added to the mash (cooked barley and water) early in the brewing process, while it is cooling down, and before yeast is added. The first kettle, in this photo, is the cooker kettle. It is smaller than the others, as they heat the whole batch by heating only a portion of it and then pump the hot liquid back into the first brewing kettle. This is batch cooking." }, { "docid": "D915192#0", "title": "http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ethanol/\n.", "text": "\"Ethanol: What Is It? Ethanol is a grain alcohol that can be blended with gasoline and used in motor vehicles. Many gasoline stations provide a blended fuel, which typically is 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline. Vehicles do not need any modifications to use this blend of fuel. Flex fuel vehicles, which have modifications to the fuel systems, can use E85, which is a blend of up to 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline. With the modifications, these vehicles can use straight gasoline or any blend of ethanol up to 85 percent.2008 U. S. Ethanol Production180+ ethanol plants:3+ billion bushels of corn used in ethanol production (23% of U. S. production) =9.2 billion gallons of ethanol produced (approximately 10 billion gallon capacity)Where Does It Come From? Ethanol can be fermented from many sources of starch, including corn, wheat, grain sorghum, barley, and potatoes, and from sugar crops such as sugar cane and sweet sorghum. Because there has been has been an abundant supply of corn, most of the ethanol made in the United States is from corn. Most of the ethanol is produced in the Midwest and Upper Midwest where ethanol plants are close to and have a consistent supply of corn, access to water resources, and have livestock production nearby. A by-product of ethanol production is distillers grains, which can be fed to livestock either wet or dried." }, { "docid": "D2740092#0", "title": "http://www.wgbn.wisc.edu/key-concepts/grassland-biomass-sources/sources-biomass\nSources of biomass", "text": "Sources of biomass Sources of biomass Drivers of bioenergy Forms of bioenergy Crop fact sheets Biomass? materials, after pre-processing into suitable forms for various conversion technologies, provide feedstock? for a variety of bioenergy? end products and end uses. The majority of biomass for bioenergy feedstocks comes from three sources: forests, agriculture, and waste. However, non-forest conservation lands, such as grasslands? and savannahs, and algaculture (cultivation of algae) are also potential sources of bioenergy feedstocks. Regardless of source, biomass materials can be divided into two broad categories: woody and non-woody (figure 1). While forests provide only woody materials, agriculture sources provide both woody and non-woody biomass for bioenergy production (figure 2). Figure 1." }, { "docid": "D2967102#0", "title": "http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G310\nAgriculture and Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "text": "Ray Massey and Hannah Mc Clure Agricultural Economists Commercial Agriculture Program Polls reveal that U. S. citizens consider global climate change to be a low-priority policy problem. However, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is moving forward with plans to regulate greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture remains in the middle of the discussion. A 2014 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report concludes that, from 2001 to 2010, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crop and livestock production increased 14 percent and from land use changes decreased by 10 percent. Although efforts to regulate GHG emissions have been sporadic and developing markets to address the issue have failed, crop and livestock farmers in the U. S. continue to show interest in the opportunity to be paid for sequestering carbon in the soil or for capturing GHG from manure storage. This guide presents basic information on agriculture’s role in GHG emissions. It draws heavily upon a report issued in 2014 by the EPA titled Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2012. Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that capture solar radiation and warm the surface of the earth. Without GHG, the temperature of the earth would be about minus 2 degrees F rather than its current temperature of about 59 degrees F. The concern among many scientists is that the concentration of GHG has increased significantly since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 1800s. Some scientists hypothesize that these increased concentrations of GHG can warm the surface of the earth and cause changes in climatic conditions." }, { "docid": "D589936#0", "title": "https://www.bls.gov/green/biofuels/biofuels.htm\nCareers in Biofuels", "text": "Careers in Biofuels PDF file of Careers in Biofuels \| Other Green Career articlesby Emily Richards Bureau of Labor Statistics Emily Richards is an economist in the Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, BLS. Emily is available at (202) 691-6558 or [email protected]. On This Page What are biofuels? From feedstock to fuel Biofuel as an alternative fuel Cellulosic biofuels Government initiatives Infrastructure Biofuels occupations Occupations in scientific research Occupations in engineering Occupations in construction Occupations in agriculture Occupations in plant operations Occupations in sales Conclusion In 2010, there were about 250 million registered vehicles on U. S. highways. [ 1] Most of these vehicles have engines that use oil-based fuel, such as gasoline or diesel. Even hybrid-electric cars use gasoline to power their internal combustion engines, although they use less fuel than traditional automobiles. [ 2]The use of oil-based fuels has both economic and environmental impacts. Both consumers and businesses are affected by fluctuations in oil prices. Fuel prices have been trending upward, with the annual average price of a gallon of gas increasing by about 170 percent between 2002 and 2012. [ 3] And vehicles powered by oil-based fuels release emissions that are harmful to the environment, including greenhouse gases (GHGs)." }, { "docid": "D966851#0", "title": "https://brainly.com/question/1365985\n_______ is a fuel produced by fermenting crops", "text": "High School Geography 5 points_______ is a fuel produced by fermenting crops Ask for details Follow Reportby Amansukikalabigpan 05/27/2016Only registered members have access to verified answers Join now Answers Richard USA Helping Hand Biofuel / Ethanol Fuel Comments Report5.0 1 vote Thanks 11" }, { "docid": "D3381535#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-methane\nBiogas", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bio-methane)navigation search Pipes carrying biogas (foreground) and condensate Part of a series about Sustainable energy Energy conservation Cogeneration Efficient energy use Green building Heat pump Low-carbon power Microgeneration Passive solar building design Renewable energy Anaerobic digestion Biofuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar Tidal Wave Wind Sustainable transport Carbon-neutral fuel Electric vehicle Fossil fuel phase-out Green vehicle Plug-in hybrid Sustainable development portal Renewable energy portal Environment portalv t e Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source. Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials. [ 1]Biogas is primarily methane ( CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide ( H 2S ), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide ( CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. [ 2]Biogas can be compressed, the same way as natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the United Kingdom, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel. [" }, { "docid": "D972171#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-ethanol-1203782\nWhat Is Ethanol Fuel?", "text": "Science, Tech, Math ›Social Sciences What Is Ethanol Fuel? Share Flipboard Email Print Ground Corn Used for Ethanol Production. Scott Sinklier / Getty Imagesby Larry West Updated April 01, 2018Ethanol is simply another name for alcohol--the liquid made from the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. Ethanol is also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol and is abbreviated as Et OH. In the context of alternative fuels, the term refers to an alcohol-based fuel that is blended with gasoline to produce a fuel with a higher octane rating and fewer harmful emissions than unblended gasoline. The chemical formula for ethanol is CH3CH2OH. Essentially, ethanol is ethane with a hydrogen molecule replaced by a hydroxyl radical ,--OH--which is bonded to a carbon atom. Ethanol Is Made from Grains or Other Plants No matter what it is used for, ethanol is produced by processing grains such as corn, barley, and wheat. The grain is first milled, then fermented with yeast in order to transform the grain's starches into alcohol. A distillation process then increases the ethanol concentrations, such as when a liquor distiller refines whiskey or gin through a distilling process." }, { "docid": "D3638#0", "title": "http://www.culturechange.org/cms/content/view/107/1/\n.", "text": "\"by Alice Friedemann10 April 2007Released April 10, 2007\"\"The nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.\"\" - President Franklin D. Roosevelt Peak Soil: Why Cellulosic ethanol and other Biofuels are Not Sustainable and are a Threat to America’s National Security Part 1. The Dirt on Dirt. Part 2. The Poop on Ethanol: Energy Returned on Energy Invested (EROEI) Part 3. Biofuel is a Grim Reaper. Part 4. Biodiesel: Can we eat enough French Fries? Part 5. If we can’t drink and drive, then burn baby burn. -" }, { "docid": "D2760977#0", "title": "http://www.healthybenefitsof.com/p/cassava.html\n.", "text": "\"Cassava Culinary Cassava-based dishes are widely consumed wherever the plant is cultivated; some have regional, national, or ethnic importance. Cassava must be cooked properly to detoxify it before it is eaten. Cassava can be cooked in various ways. The soft-boiled root has a delicate flavor and can replace boiled potatoes in many uses: as an accompaniment for meat dishes, or made into purées, dumplings, soups, stews, gravies, etc. Deep fried (after boiling or steaming), it can replace fried potatoes, with a distinctive flavor. Fufu is made from the starchy cassava-root flour. Tapioca (or fecula), essentially a flavourless starchy ingredient produced from treated and dried cassava (manioc) root, is used in cooking. It is similar to sago and is commonly used to make a milky pudding similar to rice pudding. Boba tapioca pearls are made from cassava root. It is also used in cereals for which several tribes in South America have used it extensively." }, { "docid": "D511977#0", "title": "http://www.energyrefuge.com/archives/ethanol-fermentation.htm\nEthanol Fermentation", "text": "Ethanol Fermentation Ethanol, which is a type of alcohol, is one of the most popular biofuels. It can be made out of feedstocks such as corn, barley and sugarcane through a chemical process known as ethanol fermentation. Any sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose that be converted into cellular energy can produce ethanol. Yeast performs the conversion in the absence of oxygen, which means ethanol fermentation is anaerobic. Fermentation is one of the oldest chemical processes that humans became familiarized with. It can be used to make fuels, several types of food, flavoring, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. Fermentation of any material that contains sugar or compounds that can be converted to sugar can produce ethanol. There are three types of raw materials that can be used to make ethanol via fermentation. These are sugars (sugar cane, molasses sugar beets); starches (includes grains, root crops, potatoes, which need to be hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars by enzymes from malt or moulds); and cellulose (includes agricultural residues, wood, or waste sulfite liquor from pulp and paper mills). Cellulose must also be converted to sugars through the action of enzymes." }, { "docid": "D608926#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol\nCellulosic ethanol", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit. It is a biofuel produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants. The fibrous parts of the plants are mostly inedible to animals, including humans, except for ruminants (grazing, cud-chewing animals such as cows or sheep). Considerable interest in cellulosic ethanol exists because it has the potential for strong economic importance. Growth of cellulose by plants is a mechanism that captures and stores solar energy chemically in nontoxic ways with resultant supplies that are easy to transport and store. Additionally, transport may be unneeded anyway, because grasses or trees can grow almost anywhere temperate. This is why commercially practical cellulosic ethanol is widely viewed as a next level of development for the biofuel industry that could reduce demand for oil and gas drilling and even nuclear power in ways that grain -based ethanol fuel alone cannot. Potential exists for the many benefits of carbonaceous liquid fuels and petrochemicals (which today's standard of living depends on) but in a carbon cycle –balanced and renewable way (recycling surface and atmosphere carbon instead of pumping underground carbon up into it and thus adding to it). Commercially practical cellulosic alcohol could also avoid one of the problems with today's conventional (grain-based) biofuels, which is that they set up competition for grain with food purposes, potentially driving up the price of food. To date, what stands in the way of these goals is that production of cellulosic alcohol is not yet sufficiently practical on a commercial scale." } ]
8804	_______ is one of the most important and oft-cited elements of virtue, and refers to being whole, sound, and in an unimpaired condition.	[ { "docid": "D2174378#0", "title": "https://essay-paper.com/personal-ethical-stylecase-study-false-advertising/\nPersonal Ethical Style/Case Study: False Advertising", "text": "Personal Ethical Style/Case Study: False Advertising EACH DISCUSSION QUESTION NEEDS TO BE AT LEAST 250 WORDS AND IM ATTACHING THE REFERENCE TO GO WITH THEM. THE FIRST PART I ATTACHED GOES TO DISCUSSION 2. THE NEXT SECTION IS A PART OF CHAPTER 3 THAT YOU CAN USE TO ANSWER THE DISCUSSION QUESTION 1. DISCUSSION 1: Personal Ethical Style Read through a number of the ethical dilemmas provided in Chapter 3 of your text, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. As you do so, observe your thought process. Post your observations to this discussion, engaging this question: What is my personal ethical style, what are the considerations for leadership in crisis, and how do I apply them to public administration DISCUSSION 2: Case Study: False Advertising Analyze the false advertising case study from the “Resolving Ethical Business Challenges” section in Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases (pages 8788) by answering the three questions immediately following the case study. Share any observations from Chapter 3, or from any journal articles or dissertations that you may find on ethical dilemmas. RESOLVING ETHICAL BUSINESS CHALLENGES * Daniel just graduated from Michigan University and landed a job as a copywriter at Young, Olsen, Lindle, and Olson (YOLO) Advertising assigned to one of the subsidiary accounts of Delicious Uber Bacon Ingredients Extraordinaire Corporation. This conglomerate was primarily a food processing manufacturer beginning one hundred years ago with pork in the Midwest. Overall corporate sales of beef, chicken, pork, and seafood were more than $ 750 million each year." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3224158#0", "title": "https://1828.mshaffer.com/d/word/integrity\n.", "text": "\"Stats Browse Search Word Select All0 1integrity INTEG'RITY, n. [L. integritas, from integer.]1. Wholeness; entireness; unbroken state. The constitution of the U. States guaranties to each state the integrity of its territories. The contracting parties guarantied the integrity of the empire.2. The entire, unimpaired state of any thing, particularly of the mind; moral soundness or purity; incorruptness; uprightness; honesty. Integrity comprehends the whole moral character, but has a special reference to uprightness in mutual dealings, transfers of property,and agencies for others. The moral grandeur of independent integrity is the sublimest thing in nature, before which the pomp of eastern magnificence and the splendor of conquest are odious as well as perishable.3. Purity; genuine, unadulterated, unimpaired state; as the integrity of language. Evolution (or devolution) of this word [integrity]1828 Webster 1844 Webster 1913 Webster INTEG'RITY, n. [L. integritas, from integer.]1. Wholeness; entireness; unbroken state." }, { "docid": "D860818#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/perspective\nperspective", "text": "\"perspective Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to perspective: perspective drawingper·spec·tive (pər-spĕk′tĭv)n.1.a. A view or vista.b. A mental view or outlook: \"\"It is useful occasionally to look at the past to gain a perspective on the present\"\" (Fabian Linden).2. The appearance of objects in depth as perceived by normal binocular vision.3.a. An understanding of how aspects of a subject relate to each other and to the whole:a perspective of history; a need to view the problem in the proper perspective.b. Subjective evaluation of relative significance; a point of view: the perspective of thedisplaced homemaker.c. The ability to perceive things in their actual interrelations or comparative importance:tried to keep my perspective throughout the crisis.4. The technique of representing three-dimensional objects and depth relationships on a two-dimensional surface.adj. Of, relating to, seen, or represented in perspective. [" }, { "docid": "D41848#0", "title": "http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/\nAristotle (384â322 B.C.E.)", "text": "\"Aristotle (384—322 B. C. E.)Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of forms. As a prolific writer and polymath, Aristotle radically transformed most, if not all, areas of knowledge he touched. It is no wonder that Aquinas referred to him simply as \"\"The Philosopher.\"\" In his lifetime, Aristotle wrote as many as 200 treatises, of which only 31 survive. Unfortunately for us, these works are in the form of lecture notes and draft manuscripts never intended for general readership, so they do not demonstrate his reputed polished prose style which attracted many great followers, including the Roman Cicero. Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics. Some of these classifications are still used today. As the father of the field of logic, he was the first to develop a formalized system for reasoning." }, { "docid": "D2285984#0", "title": "http://www.iep.utm.edu/moral-eg/\nMoral Egalitarianism", "text": "\"Moral Egalitarianism Egalitarianism is the position that equality is central to justice. It is a prominent trend in social and political philosophy and has also become relevant in moral philosophy (moral egalitarianism) since the late twentieth century. In social and political philosophy, the main focus of the debate is on two different trends, the Equality-of-What trend and the Why-Equality trend. The authors of the older, first trend focused on the main question, what the goods of distribution are (resources, equality of opportunity for welfare, and so forth) and according to which standard one should distribute the goods. The question, in the late twentieth century is, whether equality is the most or one of the most important part (s) of justice or whether it has no or nearly no importance for the nature of justice at all. Egalitarians believe that justice and equality are closely connected; prioritarians, instead, emphasise that the two concepts are unrelated. This article gives an overview of the main arguments and objections in the Why-Equality debate. These are the by-product objection of equality, the objection of inhumanity, the objection of complexity, the argument of the presumption of equality, and the argument for a pluralistic egalitarianism. Table of Contents Preliminary Distinctions On some Difficulties within the Why-Equality Debate Objections to Moral Egalitarianism The By-Product Objection of Equality The Objection of Inhumanity The Fault is-Up-to-Them Objection The Objection of Stigmatizing The Tutelage Objection The Objection of Complexity Two Egalitarian Arguments The Egalitarians’ Assumption of the Presumption of Equality Pluralistic Egalitarianism Reference and Further Reading1. Preliminary Distinctions Egalitarianism is the position that equality is central to justice." }, { "docid": "D1513026#0", "title": "http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciBhan.htm\n.", "text": "\"Plato in his philosophy gives very important place to the idea of justice. He used the Greek word \"\"Dikaisyne\"\" for justice which comes very near to the work 'morality' or 'righteousness', it properly includes within it the whole duty of man. It also covers the whole field of the individual's conduct in so far as it affects others. Plato contended that justice is the quality of soul, in virtue of which men set aside the irrational desire to taste every pleasure and to get a selfish satisfaction out of every object and accommodated themselves to the discharge of a single function for the general benefit. Plato was highly dissatisfied with the prevailing degenerating conditions in Athens. The Athenian democracy was on the verge of ruin and was ultimately responsible for secrate's death. Plato saw in justice the only remedy of saving Athens from decay and ruin, for nothing agitated him in contemporary affairs more than amateurishness, needlesomeness and political selfishness which was rampant in Athens of his day in particular and in the entire Greek world in general. In additional, Sophistic teaching of the ethics of self-satisfaction resulted in the excessive individualism also induced the citizens to capture the office of the State for their own selfish purpose and eventually divided \"\"Athens in to two histile camps of rich and poor, opressor and opressed. \"\" Evidently, these two factors amateur needlesomeness and excessive individualism became main targets of Plato's attack. The attack came in the form of the construction of an ideal society in which \"\"Justice\"\" reigned supreme, since Plato found in justice the remedy for curing these evils." }, { "docid": "D1675882#0", "title": "http://www.psu.edu/dept/inart10_110/inart10/aristotle.html\n.", "text": "Translated by S. H. Butcher POETICS 1 I I PROPOSE to treat of Poetry in itself and of its various kinds, noting the essential quality of each, to inquire into the structure of the plot as requisite to a good poem; into the number and nature of the parts of which a poem is composed; and similarly into whatever else falls within the same inquiry. Following, then, the order of nature, let us begin with the principles which come first. Epic poetry and Tragedy, Comedy also and Dithyrambic poetry, and the music of the flute and of the lyre in most of their forms, are all in their general conception modes of imitation. They differ, however, from one another in three respects- the medium, the objects, the manner or mode of imitation, being in each case distinct. For as there are persons who, by conscious art or mere habit, imitate and represent various objects through the medium of color and form, or again by the voice; so in the arts above mentioned, taken as a whole, the imitation is produced by rhythm, language, or 'harmony,' either singly or combined. Thus in the music of the flute and of the lyre, 'harmony' and rhythm alone are employed; also in other arts, such as that of the shepherd's pipe, which are essentially similar to these. In dancing, rhythm alone is used without 'harmony'; for even dancing imitates character, emotion, and action, by rhythmical movement. There is another art which imitates by means of language alone, and that either in prose or verse- which verse, again, may either combine different meters or consist of but one kind- but this has hitherto been without a name. For there is no common term we could apply to the mimes of Sophron and Xenarchus and the Socratic dialogues on the one hand; and, on the other, to poetic imitations in iambic, elegiac, or any similar meter. People do, indeed, add the word 'maker' or 'poet' to the name of the meter, and speak of elegiac poets, or epic (that is, hexameter) poets, as if it were not the imitation that makes the poet, but the verse that entitles them all to the name." }, { "docid": "D1890114#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_techniques\nPropaganda techniques", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search See also: Doublespeak, Cult of personality, Spin (politics), Demonization, Factoid, Outline of public relations, and List of cognitive biases Anti-capitalist propaganda Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, junk science, books, leaflets, movies, social media, radio, television, and posters. Less common nowadays are letter post envelopes, examples of which have survived from the time of the American Civil War. ( Connecticut Historical Society; Civil War Collections; Covers.) In the case of radio and television, propaganda can exist on news, current-affairs or talk-show segments, as advertising or public-service announcement \"\"spots\"\" or as long-running advertorials. Propaganda campaigns often follow a strategic transmission pattern to indoctrinate the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission such as a leaflet dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a web site, hot line, radio program, etc. The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to opinion leader through indoctrination. [ 1]A number of techniques based on social psychological research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under logical fallacies, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid." }, { "docid": "D2057154#0", "title": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/\nEpistemeand Techne", "text": "Epistemeand Techne First published Fri Apr 11, 2003; substantive revision Sun Jun 22, 2014Epistêmê is the Greek word most often translated as knowledge, while technê is translated as either craft or art. These translations, however, may inappropriately harbor some of our contemporary assumptions about the relation between theory (the domain of ‘knowledge’) and practice (the concern of ‘craft’ or ‘art’). Outside of modern science, there is sometimes skepticism about the relevance of theory to practice because it is thought that theory is conducted at so great a remove from the facts, the province of practice, that it can lose touch with them. Indeed, at the level of practice, concrete experience might be all we need. And within science, theory strives for a value-free view of reality. As a consequence, scientific theory cannot tell us how things should be — the realm of ‘art’ or ‘craft’ . So we must turn elsewhere for answers to the profound, but still practical, questions about how we should live our lives. However, some of the features of this contemporary distinction between theory and practice are not found in the relation between epistêmê and technê. As we move chronologically from Xenophon to Plotinus, we go from an author who does not distinguish between the two terms, to an author who has little use for technê because it is so far from reality. It is in Aristotle that we find the basis for something like the modern opposition between epistêmê as pure theory and technê as practice." }, { "docid": "D2317199#0", "title": "http://cstl-cla.semo.edu/hill/PL120/glossary.htm\n.", "text": "\"PL 120 Symbolic Logic IGlossary of Terms A proposition In categorical logic, an A proposition is a universal affirmative proposition. Abbreviated Truth Table In constructing a reverse truth table, assume that all the premises are true and the conclusion is false, then consistently assign truth values to the components in an attempt to show that your assumption is correct. If the argument is invalid, this method allows you to construct one line of a truth table that demonstrates the invalidity. If the argument is valid, it is impossible consistently to assign truth values on the assumption that the argument is invalid. Absorption (Abs.) In propositional logic, absorption is a rule of inference in which a conditional statement is given as a premise; you conclude a conditional statement with the same antecedent, and the consequent is a conjunction of the antecedent and consequent of the given proposition. The form of the rule is: p → q ⊢ p → (p · q)Accent The fallacy of accent rests upon the ways in which you emphasize the words in a statement or by quoting passages out of context. Accident An argument commits the fallacy of accident if it applies a general rule in a case in which that rule does not apply. Ad hoc Hypothesis An ad hoc hypothesis is a hypothesis posed solely to explain why another hypothesis or theory fails in a particular case or kind of case. Addition (Add.)" }, { "docid": "D1674534#0", "title": "http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/\nIntegrity", "text": "Integrity First published Mon Apr 9, 2001; substantive revision Mon Feb 20, 2017Integrity is one of the most important and oft-cited of virtue terms. It is also perhaps the most puzzling. For example, while it is sometimes used virtually synonymously with ‘moral,’ we also at times distinguish acting morally from acting with integrity. Persons of integrity may in fact act immorally—though they would usually not know they are acting immorally. Thus one may acknowledge a person to have integrity even though that person may hold what one thinks are importantly mistaken moral views. When used as a virtue term, ‘integrity’ refers to a quality of a person’s character; however, there are other uses of the term. One may speak of the integrity of a wilderness region or an ecosystem, a computerized database, a defense system, a work of art, and so on. When it is applied to objects, integrity refers to the wholeness, intactness or purity of a thing—meanings that are sometimes carried over when it is applied to people. A wilderness region has integrity when it has not been corrupted by development or by the side-effects of development, when it remains intact as wilderness. A database maintains its integrity as long as it remains uncorrupted by error; a defense system as long as it is not breached." }, { "docid": "D1508541#0", "title": "http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-freewill/\nHume on Free Will", "text": "Hume on Free Will First published Fri Dec 14, 2007; substantive revision Tue Oct 7, 2014But to proceed in this reconciling project with regard to the question of liberty and necessity; the most contentious question of metaphysics, the most contentious science… —David Hume (EU, 8.23/95)David Hume is widely recognized as providing the most influential statement of the “compatibilist” position in the free will debate — the view that freedom and moral responsibility can be reconciled with (causal) determinism. The arguments that Hume advances on this subject are found primarily in the sections titled “Of liberty and necessity”, as first presented in A Treatise of Human Nature (2.3.1–2) and, later, in a slightly amended form, in the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (sec. 8). Although there is considerable overlap in content between these two statements of Hume's position, there are also some significant differences. This includes, for example, some substantial additions in the Enquiry discussion as it relates to problems of religion, such as predestination and divine foreknowledge. While these differences are certainly significant they should not be exaggerated. Hume's basic strategy and compatibilist commitments in both works remain the same in their essentials It has become common practice to treat the two sections “Of liberty and necessity” as self-standing contributions that can be fully understood more or less in isolation from Hume's philosophical commitments and principles as found outside these sections. ( Many anthologies present one or other of these sections as complete statements of Hume's position on this subject.) There is, nevertheless, an intimate and complex relationship between what Hume has to say in the sections “Of liberty and necessity” and his moral psychology and philosophical system as a whole. Neglect of these features has led to some serious misunderstanding concerning the character and content of Hume's compatibilism." }, { "docid": "D1423603#0", "title": "http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/education/catholic-contributions/the-virtue-of-prudence.html\nThe Virtue of Prudence", "text": "\"The Virtue of Prudence DOUGLAS MCMANAMANThe mould and mother of all the virtues is prudence. It is defined as the intellectual virtue which rightly directs particular human acts, through rectitude of the appetite, toward a good end. Emotional well-being, we will argue, comes about through a certain structuring of the entire network of human emotions, one that results from a proper disposing of the emotions by the virtues. If we are correct, then prudence is the mother of emotional health. And if virtue is the secret to looking beautiful, then prudence is, in many ways, the mother of beautiful character. For it is prudence that determines the mean of reason in all human actions and situations. Prudence, however, is not merely an intellectual virtue; it is also a moral virtue. A moral virtue is a habit that makes its possessor good. One may be brilliant and learned without being morally good, but it is not possible to be prudent and not morally good. The prudent man is one who does the good, as opposed to one who merely knows the good." }, { "docid": "D1771185#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith\nHadith", "text": "Alternative Title: hadīt Hadith, Arabic Ḥadīth (“News” or “Story”), also spelled Hadīt, record of the traditions or sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, revered and received as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, second only to the authority of the Qurʾān, the holy book of Islam. It might be defined as the biography of Muhammad perpetuated by the long memory of his community for their exemplification and obedience. The development of Hadith is a vital element during the first three centuries of Islamic history, and its study provides a broad index to the mind and ethos of Islam. Read More on This Topicʿilm al-ḥadīth…the validity of accounts ( hadith s) of Muhammad’s statements, actions, and approbations as reported by various authorities. READ MORENature and origins The term Hadith derives from the Arabic root ḥ-d-th meaning “to happen” and so “to tell a happening,” “to report,” “to have, or give, as news,” or “to speak of.” It means tradition seen as narrative and record. From Hadith comes the Sunnah (literally, a “well-trodden path”—i.e., taken as precedent and authority or directive), to which the faithful conform in submission to the sanction that Hadith possesses and that legalists, on that ground, can enjoin. Tradition in Islam is thus both content and constraint, Hadith as the biographical ground of law and Sunnah as the system of obligation derived from it. In and through Hadith, Muhammad may be said to have shaped and determined from the grave the behaviour patterns of the household of Islam by the posthumous leadership his personality exercised." }, { "docid": "D3233262#0", "title": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04312.x/full\nDiscovery of the cardiovascular system: from Galen to William Harvey", "text": "INVITED REVIEWDiscovery of the cardiovascular system: from Galen to William Harvey Authors W. C. AIRDThe Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 July 2011 Full publication history DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04312.x View/save citation Cited by (Cross Ref): 15 articles Check for updates Citation tools William C. Aird, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston MA 02215, USA. Tel. : +1 617 667 1031; fax: +1 617 667 1035. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Summary. The goal of this review is to examine the events that led to discovery of blood circulation. The Ancient Greeks, including Hippocrates and Galen viewed the cardiovascular system as comprising two distinct networks of arteries and veins. Galen claimed that the liver produced blood that was then distributed to the body in a centrifugal manner, whereas air or pneuma was absorbed from the lung into the pulmonary veins and carried by arteries to the various tissues of the body. Arteries also contained blood, which passed from the venous side via invisible pores in the interventricular septum and peripheral anastomoses. This was an open-ended system in which blood and air simply dissipated at the ends of veins and arteries according to the needs of the local tissue. Blood was not seen to circulate but rather to slowly ebb and flow." }, { "docid": "D2557915#0", "title": "http://www.gradesaver.com/hamlet/study-guide/quotes/\nby William Shakespeare", "text": "\"Section Navigation Home Study Guides Hamlet Quotes and Analysis Hamletby William Shakespeare Buy Study Guide Hamlet Quotes and Analysis O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, / Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew, / Or that the Everlasting had not fixed / His canon 'gainst self-slaughter. O God, God, / How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable / Seem to me all the uses of this world!Act One scene two, ll. 129-34Hamlet's first soliloquy finds him more melancholic, more desperate, than at any other point in the play. In the beginning, his motives and feelings are clear in a way that they never are after his encounter with the ghost. Hamlet is simply disgusted that his mother, who had appeared to be so much in love with his father, has married Claudius, her vastly inferior former brother-in-law. For Hamlet as the play opens, existence itself is a burden; he wishes that the body could simply melt away and free him from his torment. Although sometimes his rhetoric in the ensuing Acts resonates with this first declaration of misery, Hamlet's sincerity becomes much more difficult to judge once he has received his supernatural charge. His moods become more manic, his language more explosive and punning, and his motivation becomes infinitely mysterious. Here, though, freed from the need to act on his thoughts and feelings (he even says, at the end of the speech, \"\"But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue\"\"), he is truly in his miserable element. By the way, the first line of this speech reads differently in different editions." }, { "docid": "D762789#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascetical_theology\nAscetical theology", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology · Philosophy [hide]Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices [show]People (by era or century) [show]Literature · Media [show]v t e Ascetical theology is the organized study or presentation of spiritual teachings found in Christian Scripture and the Church Fathers that help the faithful to more perfectly follow Christ and attain to Christian perfection. The word ascetic is from the Greek word ἄσκησις askesis, [1] meaning practice. The English term ascesis means \"\"the practice of self-discipline\"\". [ 2]Christian asceticism is commonly thought to imply self-denial for a spiritual purpose. The term ascetical theology is used primarily in Roman Catholic theology; Eastern Orthodox theology carries its own distinct terms and definitions (see below), and other religious traditions conceive of following and conforming to God and Christ differently from either Orthodoxy or Catholicism. Contents [ hide ]1 Purpose2 Essential concepts in ascetical theology3 In Catholicism3.1 Nature of Christian perfection3.2 Dangers of the Ascetical Life3.3 Means for realizing the Christian ideal3.4 Application of the means in the three degrees of Christian perfection3.5 Relation of ascetics to moral theology and mysticism3.6 Historical development of asceticism3.6.1 Holy Bible3.6.2 Fathers and Doctors of the Church3.6.3 Medieval-Scholastic period3.6.4 Modern times3.7 Further Catholic bibliography4 Other religious traditions4.1 Eastern Orthodox4.2 Protestant4.3 Islam5 Notes6 References Purpose [ edit]Christianity purposes to provide the means to follow Christ so we may enter eternal bliss. Christian perfection is a perfection of love. Attaining this love involves rejecting (or denying) that which is disordered within ourselves, learning to love and trust God, and growing in prayer life toward union with God." }, { "docid": "D1317309#0", "title": "http://www.textetc.com/traditional/sound.html\nSOUND IN POETRY", "text": "SOUND IN POETRYIntroduction Sound-patterning is a feature of the great majority of poems, and only in the last few centuries have readers become accustomed to silently reading a printed text. Poems were previously written for performance, and only committed to print subsequently, if at all. Poetry also derived from oral traditions, most spectacularly in the case of Homer, but continuing today in many less literate societies. We know, to begin with, that the brain is a complicated instrument which digests and acts on information by a variety of complex and inter-linked processes. At its simplest, the left hemisphere (in right-handed people) attends to the literal sense, while the right is more intuitive. Logic is a therefore left-brain activity, and music a right-brained activity. The distinction should not be overdone: no human activity is limited to one hemisphere, and even the most elementary operations involve levels deeper than the cerebellum. But the common view that poetry is as more concerned with how than with what is said, does contain an element of truth. In ordinary listening we respond to the speaker's intention without attending overmuch to their shape and presentation. In poetry, however, with its double code, both sound and sense are important, and the two are processed on different and not necessarily parallel tracks." }, { "docid": "D561166#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/7702369/Opera_Melodrama_and_the_Musical_Thriller_Genre_in_Stephen_Sondheim_s_Sweeney_Todd\nOpera, Melodrama and the Musical Thriller: Genre in Stephen Sondheimâs Sweeney Todd", "text": "pdf Opera, Melodrama and the Musical Thriller: Genre in Stephen Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd37 Pages Opera, Melodrama and the Musical Thriller: Genre in Stephen Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd Uploaded by Barney Samsonconnect to download Get pdf Opera, Melodrama and the Musical Thriller: Genre in Stephen Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd Download Barney Samson Opera, Melodrama and the Musical Thriller: Genre in Stephen Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd Sweeney Todd has always provoked debate as to whether it is opera, operetta or musical theatre. I will examine this debate and explore various commentators’ generic readings of the work, giving an account of how the presence of melodrama, metatheatre and the idea of the ‘musical thriller’ affect the work’s genre. My discussion will take into account the varying and evolving definitions of the genres, the interaction between them, the connotations of such generic distinctions, and the extent to which they rely on institutional, reception and performance histories. Barney Samson Contents Why examine genre? 2 Artifice, distance and the musical thriller 6 Opera and machine music 15 Melodrama and virtue 26 Conclusion 30 Bibliography and Discography 33 Note on the text In specific references to the music, bold numbers refer to the song numbers in the printed vocal score. For example, (4, bb. 139-142, p. 47) refers to bars 139-142 of song 4 (‘Poor thing’), which can be found on page 47 of the score. 1 Barney Samson Why examine genre? Ever since the opening Broadway production of 1979, much of the literature on Sweeney Todd has debated its genre: should the work be considered a musical or an opera? This debate is misguided." }, { "docid": "D954344#0", "title": "http://www.iep.utm.edu/responsi/\nResponsibility", "text": "\"Responsibility We evaluate people and groups as responsible or not, depending on how seriously they take their responsibilities. Often we do this informally, via moral judgment. Sometimes we do this formally, for instance in legal judgment. This article considers mainly moral responsibility, and focuses largely upon individuals. Later sections also comment on the relation between legal and moral responsibility, and on the responsibility of collectives. The article discusses four different areas of individual moral responsibility: (1) Responsible agency, whereby a person is regarded as a normal moral agent; (2) Retrospective responsibility, when a person is judged for her actions, for instance, in being blamed or punished; (3) Prospective responsibility, for instance, the responsibilities attaching to a particular role; and (4) Responsibility as a virtue, when we praise a person as being responsible. Philosophical discussion of responsibility has focused largely on (1) and (2). The article points out that a wider view of responsibility helps explore some connections between moral and legal responsibility, and between individual and collective responsibility. It also enables us to relate responsibility to its original philosophical use, which was in political thought. Table of Contents Introduction Individual Responsibility Moral Agency Retrospective Responsibility Prospective Responsibility Responsibility as a Virtue Moral versus Legal Responsibility Collective Responsibility The Agency of Groups Retrospective Responsibility of Collectives Prospective Responsibilities of Groups Responsibility as a Group Conclusion References and Further Reading1." }, { "docid": "D68356#0", "title": "http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/\nAristotle", "text": "Aristotle First published Thu Sep 25, 2008; substantive revision Wed Jul 29, 2015Aristotle (384–322 B. C. E.) numbers among the greatest philosophers of all time. Judged solely in terms of his philosophical influence, only Plato is his peer: Aristotle’s works shaped centuries of philosophy from Late Antiquity through the Renaissance, and even today continue to be studied with keen, non-antiquarian interest. A prodigious researcher and writer, Aristotle left a great body of work, perhaps numbering as many as two-hundred treatises, from which approximately thirty-one survive. [ 1] His extant writings span a wide range of disciplines, from logic, metaphysics and philosophy of mind, through ethics, political theory, aesthetics and rhetoric, and into such primarily non-philosophical fields as empirical biology, where he excelled at detailed plant and animal observation and description. In all these areas, Aristotle’s theories have provided illumination, met with resistance, sparked debate, and generally stimulated the sustained interest of an abiding readership. Because of its wide range and its remoteness in time, Aristotle’s philosophy defies easy encapsulation. The long history of interpretation and appropriation of Aristotelian texts and themes—spanning over two millennia and comprising philosophers working within a variety of religious and secular traditions—has rendered even basic points of interpretation controversial. The set of entries on Aristotle in this site addresses this situation by proceeding in three tiers. First, the present, general entry offers a brief account of Aristotle’s life and characterizes his central philosophical commitments, highlighting his most distinctive methods and most influential achievements. [ 2] Second are General Topics, which offer detailed introductions to the main areas of Aristotle’s philosophical activity." } ]
8810	_______ is the largest independent nation on the subcontinent of south asia.	[ { "docid": "D2146166#0", "title": "http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-continent-and-subcontinent\nDifference between Continent and Subcontinent", "text": "Difference between Continent and Subcontinent Tweet Key difference: The difference between a continent and a subcontinent is that a subcontinent is a small part of a continent. A continent is a large land mass, whose borders are defined by oceans, whereas a subcontinent is a large, relatively self-contained landmass formed as a subdivision of a continent. The terms continent and subcontinent are used in similar context by people, which can be confusing. This article helps differentiate between the two terms. A continent is a large continuous landmass. It is a part of the Earth. There are seven continents: Asia, Australia, Antarctica, Africa, North America, South America and Europe. Australia and Antarctica are the two exceptions, since both are considered as countries as well as continents. Continents are described by the means of tectonic plates. Plate tectonics is the study of continental drift i.e. the movement, collision and division of continents." } ]	[ { "docid": "D26929#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire\nMughal Empire", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Moghul\"\" and \"\"Mughals\"\" redirect here. For the village in Iran, see Moghul, Iran. For the ethnic group, see Mughal tribe. Not to be confused with Mongol Empire. Mughal Empireگورکانیان ( Persian)Gūrkāniyānمغلیہ سلطنت ( Urdu)Mug̱liyah Salṭanat1526–15401555–1857The empire at its greatest extent, in the late 17th and early 18th centuries Capital Agra (1526–1540; 1555–1571; 1598–1648)Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585)Lahore (May 1586–1598)Shahjahanabad, Delhi (1648–1857)Languages Persian (official and court language) [1]Arabic (for religious ceremonies)Chagatai Turkic (only initially)Urdu (Language of the elite, later made official) [2]Other South Asian languages Religion Sunni Islam (1526–1857)Din-i Ilahi (1582–1605)Government Absolute monarchy, unitary state with federal structure, centralized autarchy [4]Emperor [3]• 1526–1530 Babur (first)• 1837–1857 Bahadur Shah II (last)Historical era Early modern• First Battle of Panipat 21 April 1526• Empire interrupted by Sur Empire1540–1555• Death of Aurangzeb 3 March 1707• Siege of Delhi 21 September 1857Area• 1690 [5] 4,000,000 km 2 (1,500,000 sq mi)Population• 1700 [6] est. 158,400,000Currency Rupee, dam [7]Preceded by Succeeded by Timurid Empire Delhi Sultanate Rajput states Bengal Sultanate Deccan sultanates Maratha Empire Bengal Subah Durrani Empire Sikh Confederacy Company rule in India British Raj Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC) [show]Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC) [show]Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC) [show]Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC) [show]Iron Age (1500–200 BC) [show]Middle Kingdoms (230 BC– AD 1206) [show]Late Medieval Period (1206–1526) [show]Early Modern Period (1526–1858) [show]Colonial States (1510–1961) [show]Periods of Sri Lanka [show]National histories [show]Regional histories [show]Specialised histories [show]v t e The Mughal Empire ( Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت , translit. Mughliyah Saltanat) [8] [2] or Mogul Empire [9] was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, [10] [11] [12] but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; [13] [14] only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry. [ 15] The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, [16] combining Persianate culture [9] [17] with local Indian cultural influences [16] visible in its traits and customs. [ 18]The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent [6] and parts of Afghanistan." }, { "docid": "D1161771#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II\nIndia in World War II", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Indian infantrymen of the 7th Rajput Regiment about to go on patrol on the Arakan front in Burma, 1944. During the Second World War (1939–1945), India was controlled by the United Kingdom, with the British holding territories in India including over five hundred autonomous Princely States; British India officially declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. [ 1] The British Raj, as part of the Allied Nations, sent over two and a half million soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers. The British government borrowed billions of pounds to help finance the war. India also provided the base for American operations in support of China in the China Burma India Theater. Indians fought with distinction throughout the world, including in the European theatre against Germany, in North Africa against Germany and Italy, in the South Asian region defending India against the Japanese and fighting the Japanese in Burma. Indians also aided in liberating British colonies such as Singapore and Hong Kong after the Japanese surrender in August 1945. Over 87,000 Indian soldiers (including those from modern day Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh) died in World War II. [ 2] Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from 1942 asserted the British \"\"couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the Indian Army .\"\" [ 3] [4]The Muslim League supported the British war effort while the largest and most influential political party existing in India at the time, the Indian National Congress, demanded independence before it would help Britain." }, { "docid": "D3146171#0", "title": "https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080618084402AArgRbb\nWhat is a sub-continent?", "text": "Science & Mathematics Geography What is a sub-continent? Follow 11 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: A subcontinent is a large part of a continent. There is no agreement on what constitutes a subcontinent. Generally, however, a subcontinent is split from the rest of a continent by something like a mountain range or by tectonic plates. a large and distinctive landmass (as India or Greenland) that is a distinct part of some continent. 1. A large landmass, such as India, that is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity. 2. A large landmass, such as Greenland, that is smaller than a continent. Source (s):http://www.answers.com/topic/subcontinent?cat=travel Anonymous · 10 years ago0 0 Comment There is no fixed definition of asubcontinent A subcontinent is a large landmass, such as India, that is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity. [" }, { "docid": "D2563745#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarhad_Province\nKhyber Pakhtunkhwa", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Sarhad Province)navigation search Khyber Pakhtunkhwaخیبر پښتونخوا خیبر پختونخواProvince Flag Seal Nickname (s): Frontier, Frontier Province, Sarhad Location of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within Pakistan Coordinates (Peshawar): 34.00°N 71.32°ECoordinates: 34.00°N 71.32°ECountry Pakistan Established 14 August 1947 re-established 1 July 1970Capital Peshawar Largest city Peshawar Government• Type Province• Body Provincial Assembly• Governor Iqbal Zafar Jhagra ( PML (N)) [1]• Chief Minister Pervez Khattak ( PTI)• Chief Secretary Muhammad Azam Khan (PAS)• Legislature Unicameral (124 seats)• High Court Peshawar High Court Area• Total 74,521 km 2 (28,773 sq mi)Population (2017) [2]• Total 30,523,371• Density 410/km 2 (1,100/sq mi)Time zone PKT ( UTC+5)Area code (s) 9291ISO 3166 code PK-KPMain Language (s)Pashto (official and national)English (official)Other languages: Urdu, Hindko, Khowar, Kalami, Torwali, Maiya, Bateri, Kalkoti, Chilisso, Gowro, Kalasha, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Yidgha, Burushaski, Wakhi Notable sports teams Peshawar Zalmi Peshawar Panthers Abbottabad Falcons Assembly seats 124Districts 27Union Councils 986Website http://www.kp.gov.pk/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (abbreviated as KP; Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا ; Pashto: خیبر پښتونخوا ) [1] is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan, located in the northwestern region of the country along the international border with Afghanistan. It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP) until 2010, and is known colloquially by various other names. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan by the size of both population and economy, though it is geographically the smallest of four. [ 3] It comprises 10.5% of Pakistan's economy, and is home to 11.9% of Pakistan's total population, with the majority of the province's inhabitants being Pashtuns, Hazarewal, Chitrali, and Kohistanis. The province is the site of the ancient kingdom Gandhara, including the ruins of its capital Pushkalavati near modern-day Charsadda. Originally a stronghold of Hinduism and Buddhism, the history of the region was characterized by frequent invasions under various Empires due to its geographical proximity to the Khyber Pass. Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a major theatre of militancy and terrorism which intensified when the Taliban began an unsuccessful attempt to seize the control of the province in 2004. With the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against the Taliban insurgency, the casualty and crime rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40.0% as compared to 2011–13, with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. [ 4] As of July 2014, about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from North Waziristan to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb. [ 5] [6]On March 2, 2017, the Government of Pakistan considered a proposal to merge the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations, which are currently applicable to the tribal areas. [" }, { "docid": "D1205755#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh\nHistory of Bangladesh", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Part of a series on the History of Bangladesh Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat Ancient [show]Classical [show]Medieval [show]Modern [show]Related articles [show]Bangladesh portalv t e This article is part of a series on theবাঙালি Bengalis Language and Literature Language Dialects Alphabet Romanisation Literature Poetry Science fiction Novels Folklore Regions Bengal Bangladesh West Bengal Tripura Barak Valley Assam Overseas Subgroup Bangal Ghoti people Bengali Muslims Bengali Hindus Bengali Buddhists Bengali Christians Arts and Tradition Art Music Cinema Theatre Weddings Cuisine Architecture Calendar Bengali Festivals New Year Spring Monsoon Harvest Symbols Bangamata Bengal tiger Bengal cat Bungalow Bengal fire Bengali renaissance Amar Sonar Bangla National symbols of Bangladesh Fish and rice Ilish Chingri malai curry Rasgulla Chomchom Jamdani Ganges Gangaridai Suvarnabhumi Bay of Bengalv t e Part of a series on the Culture of Bangladesh History [show]People [show]Languages [show]Traditions Mythology and folklore [show]Cuisine Festivals Religion Art [show]Literature [show]Music and performing arts [show]Media [show]Sport Monuments [show]Symbols [show]Bangladesh portalv t e Part of a series on the History of Bengal Ancient Geopolitical units [show]Ancient and Classical dynasties [show]Medieval and Early Modern periods [show]European colonisation [show]East Bengal [show]East Pakistan [show]Bangladesh [show]Indian Bengal [show]Calendar [show]Related [show]v t e Modern Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in 1971 after breaking away and achieving independence from Pakistan in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The country's borders coincide with the major portion of the ancient and historic region of Bengal in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, where civilisation dates back over four millennia, to the Chalcolithic. The history of the region is closely intertwined with the history of Bengal and the history of India. The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Islam became dominant gradually since the 13th century when Sunni missionaries such as Shah Jalal arrived. Later, Muslim rulers initiated the preachings of Islam by building masjid (mosques) and madrassas. From the 13th century onward, the region was controlled by the Bengal Sultanate. Afterwards, the region came under the suzerainty of the Mughal Empire, as its wealthiest province. Bengal Subah generated 50% of the empire's GDP and 12% of the world's GDP, [1] [2] [3] with the capital city Dhaka having a population exceeding a million people. Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal, before it was conquered by the British East India Company at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, directly contributing to the Industrial Revolution in Britain [1] [2] [3] [4] and to deindustrialization and famines in Bengal. [" }, { "docid": "D1240656#0", "title": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh\nBangladesh", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search People's Republic of Bangladeshগণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশGônoprojatontri Bangladesh Flag Emblem Motto: Nationalism, secularism, socialism, and democracy Anthem: Amar Shonar Bangla My Golden Bangla Capital and largest city Dhaka Official languages Bengali Ethnic groups (1998)98% Bengali 2% other [1]Demonym Bangladeshi/Bengali Government Unitary parliamentary democracy [2]•President Abdul Hamid [3]•Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina• Speaker Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury•Chief Justice Surendra Kumar Sinha Legislature Jatiya Sangsad Independence from Pakistan•Declared 26 March 1971• Current constitution 4 November 1972 [1]Area• Total 142,576 km 2 (55,049 sq mi) ( 94th)• Water (%) 6.4Population• 2011 estimate 161,083,804 ( 8th)• Density 964.42/km 2 (2,497.8/sq mi) ( 9th)GDP ( PPP) 2010 estimate• Total $755 billion (29th• Per capita $2800 [4]GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate• Total $173.8 billion [4]• Per capita $1180 [4]Gini (2005) 33.2 [5]medium HDI (2011) 0.500 [6]low · 146th Currency Taka ( BDT)Time zone BST ( UTC +6)Drives on the left Calling code 880ISO 3166 code BDInternet TLD .bd Adjusted population, p.4,The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: Bangladesh. Bangladesh (officially called People's Republic of Bangladesh) is a country in South Asia. It is next to the North-east Indian provincial regions of India, which converges with Southeast Asia to the east. Its full name is The People's Republic of Bangla-Desh. The capital and the largest city is Dhaka (also spelled 'Dacca'). Bangladesh is surrounded on all three sides by the Republic of India (Bharat), and Myanmar (Burma) on the south-eastern corner, it is near the People's Republic of China, Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal. Its independence was fully realised after it declared it self as independent most of 1971 from Pakistan after a bloody war in which over a million people died. Later by Indian military intervention, by that time the provisional government went into exile in Calcutta, Bengal (India) which they considered their homeland to be under Pakistani military occupation. After the Instrument of Surrender, the Bengali peoples became a sovereign nation and when its founder was released from political imprisonment had returned in 1972. Present-day Bangladesh has an area of 55,049 mi² or (142,576 km²) and it is bigger than Somalian breakaway territory of Somaliland but is smaller than the Persian state of Tajikistan." }, { "docid": "D2645441#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bengal\nHistory of Bengal", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Part of a series on the History of Bengal Ancient Geopolitical units [show]Ancient and Classical dynasties [show]Medieval and Early Modern periods [show]European colonisation [show]East Bengal [show]East Pakistan [show]Bangladesh [show]Indian Bengal [show]Calendar [show]Related [show]v t e This article is part of a series on theবাঙালি Bengalis Language and Literature Language Dialects Alphabet Romanisation Literature Poetry Science fiction Novels Folklore Regions Bengal Bangladesh West Bengal Tripura Barak Valley Assam Overseas Subgroup Bangal Ghoti people Bengali Muslims Bengali Hindus Bengali Buddhists Bengali Christians Arts and Tradition Art Music Cinema Theatre Weddings Cuisine Architecture Calendar Bengali Festivals New Year Spring Monsoon Harvest Symbols Bangamata Bengal tiger Bengal cat Bungalow Bengal fire Bengali renaissance Amar Sonar Bangla National symbols of Bangladesh Fish and rice Ilish Chingri malai curry Rasgulla Chomchom Jamdani Ganges Gangaridai Suvarnabhumi Bay of Bengalv t e The history of Bengal includes modern-day Bangladesh and West Bengal in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, at the apex of the Bay of Bengal and dominated by the fertile Ganges delta. The advancement of civilization in Bengal dates back four millennia. [ 1] The region was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Gangaridai. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers act as a geographic marker of the region, but also connect it to the broader Indian subcontinent. [ 2] Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas (kingdoms), while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period. A thalassocracy and an entrepôt of the historic Silk Road, [2] Ancient Bengal established colonies on Indian Ocean islands and in Southeast Asia; [3] had strong trade links with Persia, Arabia and the Mediterranean that focused on its lucrative cotton muslin textiles. [ 4] The region was part of several ancient pan-Indian empires, including the Mauryans and Guptas. It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms." }, { "docid": "D226002#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas\nHimalayas", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Himalaya\"\" and \"\"Imaus\"\" redirect here. For the genus of moth, see Imaus (moth). For other uses, see Himalaya (disambiguation). Himalayas Aerial view of Mount Everest and surrounding landscape Highest point Peak Mount Everest ( Nepal and China)Elevation 8,848 m (29,029 ft)Coordinates 27°59′17″N 86°55′31″ECoordinates: 27°59′17″N 86°55′31″EDimensions Length 2,400 km (1,500 mi)Geography The general location of the Himalayas mountain range Countries List [show]State/Province Asia A satellite image showing the arc of the Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya ( / ˌ h ɪ m ə ˈ l eɪ ə, h ɪ ˈ m ɑː l ə j ə / ), form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has many of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 metres (23,600 ft) in elevation, including all of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia ( Aconcagua, in the Andes) is 6,961 metres (22,838 ft) tall. [ 1]Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan mountain range runs, west-northwest to east-southeast, in an arc 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) long. [ 2] Its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River (upper stream of the Brahmaputra River )." }, { "docid": "D96539#0", "title": "http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/as.htm\nAsia", "text": "Print this map LARGER (printable, easier to read) ASIA MAPDescription Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world, sharing borders with Europe and Africa to its West, Oceania to its South, and North America to its East. Its North helps form part of the Arctic alongside North America and Europe. Though most of its continental borders are clearly defined, there are gray areas. Europe and Asia are technically located on the same overall landmass, and combined the two are referred to as Eurasia. As a result of its porous land border, some countries on Asia’s western border have been at times referred to as part of Europe’s East. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are sometimes referred to as Asian and other times as European. Russia and Turkey tend to be cut into regions. Russia is generally split along the Ural Mountains, with its western half called “European Russia” and its East as simply “Russia.” The land between Turkey’s largest city, Istanbul, and its direct borders with Bulgaria and Greece is at times referred to as a part of Europe called “Thrace,” while the rest of its territory is called “Anatolia” and is part of Asia. On the other side of the continent, the islands which separate Asia from Oceania can also be difficult to delineate." }, { "docid": "D2639844#0", "title": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas\nHimalayas", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Himalayas from the International Space Station, looking south from over the Tibetan Plateau. The summits are Makalu [left (8,462 metres; 27,765 feet)], Everest [middle (8,848 metres; 29,035 feet)], Lhotse [middle (8,516 metres; 27,939 feet)] and Cho Oyu [right (8,201 metres; 26,906 feet)The position of the Himalayas mountain range The 6,000 km plus journey of the Indian subcontinent before its collision with Asia about 40 to 50 million years ago The Taktshang Monastery, also known as the \"\"Tiger's Nest\"\"The Himalayas are a mountain range in South Asia. The west end is in Pakistan. They run through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh states in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. The east end is in the south of Tibet. The 15 highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas. The main ones are Mount Everest, K2, Annapurna, and Nanga Parbat. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on the face of the Earth. Mount Everest is 8,849 meters. Of the fifteen highest mountain peaks in the World, nine are in the Nepali Himalayas." }, { "docid": "D473094#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/geography/india-called-subcontinent-31ae13406d142dc1\nWhy Is India Called a Subcontinent?", "text": "\"Geography Asia South Asia Q: Why Is India Called a Subcontinent? A: Quick Answer India is considered a subcontinent of South Asia because it has distinct geographical features not shared by other Asian countries, and has a unique system of governance as well. The Indian subcontinent fits the criteria for a subcontinent, which includes geographical features or governmental system different from those of surrounding nations. The Indian subcontinent resides in south-central Asia, and forms the shape of a large peninsula. Continue Reading Keep Learning Why Is South Asia Called a Subcontinent? What Are the Biggest Problems Facing India? When and Why Was the Caste System Abolished by Law in India? Credit: Thangaraj Kumaravel CC-BY 2.0Full Answer The Indian subcontinent contains a number of unique and distinguished topographical features and landmarks, including the Himalayan mountain range. The Himalayas are located in the northern region of the subcontinent, and help to form the border of India, Nepal and Pakistan. In the western part of the subcontinent are the Hindu Kush mountains, while the Arkanese lies to the east." }, { "docid": "D1956476#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh\nBangladesh", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the People's Republic of Bangladesh. For other uses, see Bangladesh (disambiguation). Coordinates: 23.8°N 90.3°EPeople's Republic of Bangladeshগণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ( Bengali)Gaṇaprajātantrī Bāṃlādēśa Flag Emblem Anthem: \"\" Amar Sonar Bangla \"\" ( Bengali)\"\"My Golden Bengal\"\"March: \"\" Notuner Gaan \"\" \"\"The Song of Youth\"\" [1]Government Seal of Bangladesh Capital and largest city Dhaka23°42′N 90°21′EOfficial languages Bengali [2]Ethnic groups (2011 [3])98% Bengalis2% Minorities [show]Religion (2011 [4])90% Islam (Official)9.5% Hinduism0.3% Buddhism0.2% Christianity Demonym Bangladeshi Government Unitary parliamentaryrepublic•President Abdul Hamid•Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina•House Speaker Shirin Chaudhury•Chief Justice Syed Mahmud Hossain Legislature Jatiya Sangsad Formation and independence•East Bengal 14 August 1947•East Pakistan 14 October 1955•Independence 26 March 1971•Recognized 16 December 1971•Constitution 4 November 1972Area• Total 147,570 [5] km 2 (56,980 sq mi) ( 92nd)• Water (%) 6.4Population• 2016 estimate 162,951,560 [6] ( 8th)• 2011 census 149,772,364 [7] ( 8th)• Density 1,106/km 2 (2,864.5/sq mi) ( 10th)GDP ( PPP) 2018 estimate• Total $748.811 billion [8] ( 31st)• Per capita $4,541 [8] ( 139th)GDP (nominal) FY 2017-18 estimate• Total $275 billion [9] ( 43rd)• Per capita $1,752 [10] ( 148th)Gini (2010) 32.1 [11]medium HDI (2015) 0.579 [12]medium · 139th Currency Taka ( ৳) ( BDT)Time zone BST ( UTC +6)Date formatdd-mm-yyyy BS দদ-মম-বববব ( CE −594)Drives on the left Calling code +880ISO 3166 code BDInternet TLD .bd. বাংলাWebsitebangladesh .gov .bd This article contains Bengali text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Bangladesh ( / ˌ b æ ŋ ɡ l ə ˈ d ɛ ʃ, ˌ b ɑː ŋ -/ ( listen); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ Bāṃlādēśa [ˈbaŋlad̪eʃ] ( listen), lit. \"\" The country of Bengal\"\"), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gaṇaprajātantrī Bāṃlādēśa ), is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar (Burma). Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The country's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area. [" }, { "docid": "D605382#0", "title": "http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-132_t-373_c-1305/south-east-asia/nsw/south-east-asia/australia-in-its-regional-context/australia-s-place-in-the-region\nSouth-East Asia", "text": "South-East Asia Unit Home Topic Home Chapter Home 11 Pictures 0 Animations 0 Videos Chapter Summary 0 Activities 1 Exams Introduction Many of Australia's neighbours are South-East Asian nations. These form part of the South-East Asian region which physically stretches from the south-eastern peninsula to the East Asian archipelago. It is also roughly bounded by the Indian subcontinent to the west, China on the north, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. The region also includes the Indochina Peninsula, which juts into the South China Sea, the Malay Peninsula, and the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos. It can be further divided into the regions of Peninsular South-East Asia, which is bounded by mountains and great rivers such as the Thanlwin, Ayeyarwady, Chao Phraya, and Mekong, as well as Insular South-East Asia, which is made up of numerous volcanic and coral islands. The boundary between Australia and this region is commonly placed between the island of Papua New Guinea and the northern Australian coastline. The name 'South-East Asia' has come into popular use since the Second World War and has replaced the use of former phrases for the region such as 'Further India', 'Indo-China', 'the East Indies' and 'the Malay Peninsula'. It consists of ten countries that include: Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam. See image 1South-East Asian neighbours Indonesia Indonesia is situated to the immediate north of Australia in the Malay Archipelago. It shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, Brunei and Malaysia." }, { "docid": "D2449761#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)\nIndependence Day (Pakistan)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Fourteenth of August\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see 14 August. Not to be confused with Pakistan Day. Independence Day of Pakistanیوم آزادیThe flag of Pakistan hoisted at the mount of the Pakistan Monument in Islamabad. Official name Independence Day of Pakistan Also called Youm-e-Azaadi Observed by Pakistan Type National holiday Significance Commemorates the independence of Pakistan Celebrations Flag hoisting, parades, award ceremonies, singing patriotic songs and the national anthem, speeches by the president and prime minister, entertainment and cultural programs Date 14 August Next time 14 August 2018Frequency Annual Independence Day ( Urdu: یوم آزادی ; Yaum-e Āzādī ), observed annually on 14 August, is a national holiday in Pakistan. It commemorates the day when Pakistan achieved independence and was declared a sovereign nation following the end of the British Raj in 1947. Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement, which aimed for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the north-western regions of South Asia via partition. The movement was led by the All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The event was brought forth by the Indian Independence Act 1947 under which the British Raj gave independence to the Dominion of Pakistan which comprised West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ). In the Islamic calendar, the day of independence coincided with Ramadan 27, the eve of which, being Laylat al-Qadr, is regarded as sacred by Muslims." }, { "docid": "D1621811#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-countries-does-the-Indian-subcontinent-comprise\nWhat countries does the Indian subcontinent comprise?", "text": "\"Saurabh Umar, In process..... Answered Nov 12, 2015There is no particular definition for countries of South Asia, some suggest that only Indian Subcontinent countries are south Asia but other might say outside countries are also in south Asia like by following definitions there different countries in south Asia: Core Definition- Afghanistan , Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri lanka. UN subregion definition- All above countries +Iran SAARC- Afghanistan , Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri lanka. Political Definition- Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri lanka and Myanmar. With extended Definition- Afghanistan , Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri lanka, British Indian Ocean Territory, Tibet, Myanmar.4.1k Views Thank you for your feedback!Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date? Related Questions More Answers Below Which language is beautiful in the Indian subcontinent? What is the Indian subcontinent? What are the countries included in the Indian subcontinent? Why is India called a subcontinent? How many countries are in the Indian subcontinent?" }, { "docid": "D2509368#0", "title": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/india\nIndia 1", "text": "\"India 1 [ in -dee- uh]Spell Syllables Examples Word Originnoun1. Hindi Bharat [ buh - r uht] ( Show IPA). a republic in S Asia: a union comprising 25 states and 7 union territories; formerly a British colony; gained independence Aug. 15, 1947; became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations Jan. 26, 1950. 1,246,880 sq. mi. ( 3,229,419 sq. km). Capital: New Delhi.2. a subcontinent in S Asia, occupied by Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Republic of India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sikkim. Origin of India 1Expand Latin Greek1000before 1000; < Latin < Greek Indía, equivalent to Ind (ós) “the Indus river” (< Old Persian Hindu literally, “the river”; cognate with Sanskrit sindhu) + -ia -ia India 2 [ in -dee- uh]Spell Syllablesnoun1." }, { "docid": "D1855727#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent\nHistory of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Grand Anicut dam on river Kaveri (1st-2nd Century CE) is one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use. [ 1]History of science and technology in India Inventions Science in India Science in Bangladesh Science in Pakistan By subject Mathematics Astronomy Calendar Measurement systems Units of measurement Cartography Geography Printing Metallurgy Coinage Indian Alchemy Traditional medicine Agriculture Education Architecture Bridges Transport Maritime history Navigation Militaryv t e Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals. [ 2] Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture. [ 3] [4] Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year. [ 5] Indian products soon reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India. [ 5] [6] Plants and animals—considered essential to their survival by the Indians—came to be worshiped and venerated. [ 7]The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in India and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world. Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth. [ 8] [9] Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme. [ 10] [11]Contents [ hide ]1 Early history1.1 Neolithic1.2 Indus Valley Civilisation2 Iron Age India (1500 BCE – 200 CE)3 Early Common Era – High Middle Ages (200–1200 CE)4 Late Middle Ages (1200–1526 CE)5 Mughal Era (1526–1757 CE)6 Colonial British Era (1757–1947 CE)7 Republic of India (1947 CE onwards)8 See also9 Notes10 References11 Sources Early history [ edit]Neolithic [ edit]In the period of the Neolithic revolution, roughly 8000-4000 BCE, agriculture was far from the dominant mode of support for human societies. [" }, { "docid": "D835516#0", "title": "http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-57_u-484_t-1316_c-5066/countries-of-the-region/qld/countries-of-the-region/asia-pacific-challenges-world-environments/the-asia-pacific-region\nCountries of the region", "text": "Countries of the region Unit Home Topic Home Chapter Home 9 Pictures 1 Animations 0 Videos Chapter Summary 0 Activities 0 Exams Introduction The Asia-Pacific region includes countries which are situated along the western shoreline of Pacific Ocean, as well as countries which are situated in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The Asia-Pacific region does not, therefore, include all of the countries located in Asia. It also does not encompass all countries which border, or are located within, the Pacific Ocean (the Pacific Rim countries), as this would include Russia and many countries which are located in the North, Central and South America. The Asia-Pacific region comprises many countries of varying sizes, which together posses an diverse array of physical and built environments. Human populations within the Asia-Pacific region have also attained varying degrees of social and economic development. This chapter focuses on Australia and its nearest neighbours in the Asia-Pacific region, which include the countries of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand. It also introduces the countries of South-East Asia and briefly discusses the Pacific Islands. See image one Australia Australia is unique in being a country that occupies a whole continent. It is located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans in the southern hemisphere. Its latitude stretches from 10° S to 44° S and its latitude is from 113° E to 154° E. Australia has an area of 7.6 million square kilometres and a continuous coastline of over 20 000 kilometres." }, { "docid": "D983709#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965\nIndo-Pakistani War of 1965", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Indo–Pakistani War of 1965Part of the Indo–Pakistani war and conflicts Geopolitical map of Kashmir provided by the United States CIA, ca. 2004Date August – 23 September 1965Location Western Front Indo-Pakistani border Line of Control, Working Boundary, Radcliffe Line, Sir Creek, and Zero-Point Arabian sea Eastern Front India-East Pakistan border Result Inconclusive; United Nations mandated ceasefire. No permanent territorial changes (see Tashkent Declaration ). Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders and leaders S. Radhakrishnan ( President of India)Lal Bahadur Shastri ( Prime Minister of India)Gen J. N. Chaudhuri ( Chief of the Army Staff)Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh ( GOC-in-C, Western Command)Lt Gen P. O. Dunn (GOC, I Corps)Lt Gen Joginder Dhillon (GOC, XI Corps)Lt Gen Kashmir Singh Katoch (GOC, XV Corps)AM Arjan Singh ( Chief of the Air Staff)Adm Bhaskar Soman ( Chief of the Naval Staff)Ayub Khan ( President of Pakistan)Gen Musa Khan Hazara ( Cdr-in-Chief, Army)Lt. Gen Bakhtiar Rana (Commander, I Corps)Lt. Gen Attiqur Rahman (Commander, IV Corps)MGen A. H. Malik (GOC, 12th Infantry Division)MGen Yahya Khan ( GOC, 7th Infantry Division)AM Nur Khan ( Cdr-in-Chief, Air Force)VAdm A. R. Khan ( Cdr-in-Chief, Navy)RAdm S. M. Ahsan ( (Cdr. Eastern Naval Command) Cdre S. M. Anwar ( OTC, 25th Destroyer Sqn)Strength700,000 Infantry [1]700+ aircraft [2]720 Tanks [1]186 Centurions [3]346 Shermans [1]90 AMX [1] [3]90 PT-76 [1]628 Artillery [3]66x 3.7\"\"How [3]450x 25pdr [3]96x 5.5\"\" [3]16x 7.2\"\" [3]260,000 Infantry [1]280 aircraft [2]756 Tanks [3]352 Pattons [3]308 Shermans [3]96 Chaffees [3]552 Artillery [3]72x105mm How [3]234X25pdr [3]126x155mm How [3]48x8\"\" How [3]72x3.7\"\" How [3]POK Lt Btys [3]Casualties and losses Neutral claims [4] [5]3,000 men [4]150 [6] –190 tanks [4]60–75 aircraft [4]540 km 2 (210mi 2) of territory lost (primarily in Rann of Kutch) [7] [8] [9]Indian claims35 [10] –59 aircraft lost [11] In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down. [ 12]322 km 2 territory lost [13]Pakistani claims8,200 men killed or captured [13]110 [14] –113 [13] aircraft destroyed500 tanks captured or destroyed [13]2602, [15] 2575 km 2 [13] territory gained 1600 square miles territory gained according to Husain Haqqani Neutral claims [4]3,800 men [4]200 [4] -300 Tanks [16]20 aircraft [4]Over 1,840 km 2 (710 mi 2) of territory lost (primarily in Sialkot, Lahore, and Kashmir sectors) [7] [8] [9]Pakistani claims19 aircraft lost [14]Indian claims5259 men killed or captured [13]43 [17] −73 aircraft destroyed [13]471 tanks destroyed [13]3,900 km 2 [18] territory gained [ show]v t e Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 [ show]v t e Indo-Pakistani conflicts The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan." }, { "docid": "D3026111#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/5925806/ap-world-history-governments-and-empires-flash-cards/\nAP World History Governments and Empires", "text": "\"39 terms grace_w15AP World History Governments and Empires Summer Work- in chronological order Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Old Kingdom: Egypt 2686-2181 BCE. The period in which Egypt got its first continuous peak of civilization. A time of wealth when Pharoah was a live god. Pharoah had complete power and ordered the building of the pyramids. Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro 2600-1500 BCE. 2 of the greatest cities of the Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan. Mohenjo-Daro was the administrative center and probably the most developed city in the world. Harappa had a writing system, centers for people to gather, and social/economic structure." } ]
8814	_______ is the temporary physiological and psychological state that occurs when certain drugs are discontinued	[ { "docid": "D2690576#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence\nPhysical dependence", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Addiction and dependence glossary [1] [2] [3] [4]addiction – a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequencesaddictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcingaddictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcingdependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dosedrug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug usephysical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical– somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens)psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia)reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with themrewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approachsensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to itsubstance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distresstolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dosev t e Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms. [ 5] [6] Physical dependence can develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, antiepileptics and antidepressants, as well as the recreational misuse of drugs such as alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepines. The higher the dose used, the greater the duration of use, and the earlier age use began are predictive of worsened physical dependence and thus more severe withdrawal syndromes. Acute withdrawal syndromes can last days, weeks or months. Protracted withdrawal syndrome, also known as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome or \"\"PAWS\"\", is a low-grade continuation of some of the symptoms of acute withdrawal, typically in a remitting-relapsing pattern, often resulting in relapse and prolonged disability of a degree to preclude the possibility of lawful employment. Protracted withdrawal syndrome can last for months, years, or depending on individual factors, indefinitely. Protracted withdrawal syndrome is noted to be most often caused by benzodiazepines. [ 7] To dispel the popular misassociation with addiction, physical dependence to medications is sometimes compared to dependence on insulin by persons with diabetes. [ 8]Contents [ hide ]1 Symptoms2 Treatment3 Drugs that cause physical dependence4 Rebound syndrome5 See also6 References7 External links Symptoms [ edit]Physical dependence can manifest itself in the appearance of both physical and psychological symptoms which are caused by physiological adaptions in the central nervous system and the brain due to chronic exposure to a substance. Symptoms which may be experienced during withdrawal or reduction in dosage include increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors." } ]	[ { "docid": "D470569#0", "title": "http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2014/08/06/lyrica-withdrawal-symptoms-duration/\nLyrica Withdrawal Symptoms + Duration", "text": "Lyrica Withdrawal Symptoms + Duration Share Pin Reddit Stumble Email2.7KLyrica (Pregabalin) is an anticonvulsant drug utilized primarily to treat neuropathic pain. It is also used as an adjunctive treatment option for adults with partial seizures. In countries outside of the United States, it was approved in 2007 to treat generalized anxiety disorder. Doctors also have found that it works well to treat chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia in select patients. It was originally designed to be a more promising offshoot of the drug Gabapentin. The drug works by binding to voltage-dependent calcium channels in the central nervous system, which leads to decreases in release of various neurotransmitters including: norepinephrine, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Despite carrying a relatively low abuse potential, it is classified as a Schedule V drug in the United States. It is regarded as being a depressant of the central nervous system (CNS). There is some evidence suggesting that there may be initial mood-boosting effects associated with Lyrica usage, but these tend to disappear with long term use. Many people experience an array of uncomfortable symptoms when they initially discontinue this drug." }, { "docid": "D2888976#0", "title": "http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2016/05/14/acupuncture-side-effects-adverse-reactions-list/\nAcupuncture Side Effects & Adverse Reactions (List)", "text": "Acupuncture Side Effects & Adverse Reactions (List)Share Pin Reddit Stumble Email15Acupuncture is a form of complementary alternative medicine (CAM) in which a practitioner (acupuncturist) stimulates the skin of his/her client transcutaneously [with needles] or transdermally [with electrical pulses or lasers]. According to proponents of traditional Chinese medicine, the precise stimulation of sites across the skin (referred to as “acupuncture points”) modulates the flow of energy within the body [through energy channels known as meridians]. The resulting modulation of internal energy flow is said to provide relief from chronic health conditions and promote recovery from diseased states. Although there’s zero evidence to substantiate the existence of acupuncture points and meridians, it is understood that stimulation of the skin and peripheral nerves [as is induced by acupuncture], may significantly alter physiology and neurobiology. The physiological and/or neurobiological alterations that occur following acupuncture are theorized to enhance health and/or alleviate symptomatic severity of medical conditions. Whether a legitimate therapeutic effect can be attained from acupuncture is somewhat unclear. Data published in Chinese, Japanese, and Taiwanese journals report that acupuncture is an effective intervention for an array of medical conditions. However, a critical look at these data reveals that they: were published in journals with an impact factor of zero, of low methodological quality, and subject to significant bias. Conversely, data attained from reputable scientific journals (e.g. Cochrane) suggests that acupuncture is largely ineffective for a myriad of medical conditions. The technique may provide modest short-term therapeutic benefit in combatting post-surgical emetic symptoms, certain types of pain, as well as headaches. Despite its non-existent efficacy for most conditions, an estimated 21 million Americans (6.5% of the United States population) have tried acupuncture. When practiced properly by a licensed professional, acupuncture is associated with few unwanted side effects and/or adverse events." }, { "docid": "D3303892#0", "title": "http://nobaproject.com/modules/states-of-consciousness\nStates of Consciousness", "text": "\"States of Consciousness By Robert Biswas-Diener and Jake Teeny Portland State University, The Ohio State University No matter what you’re doing--solving homework, playing a video game, simply picking out a shirt--all of your actions and decisions relate to your consciousness. But as frequently as we use it, have you ever stopped to ask yourself: What really is consciousness? In this module, we discuss the different levels of consciousness and how they can affect your behavior in a variety of situations. As well, we explore the role of consciousness in other, “altered” states like hypnosis and sleep. Awareness bias Consciousness Hypnosis Priming Sleep Trance Learning Objectives Define consciousness and distinguish between high and low conscious states Explain the relationship between consciousness and bias Understand the difference between popular portrayals of hypnosis and how it is currently used therapeutically Introduction Have you ever had a fellow motorist stopped beside you at a red light, singing his brains out, or picking his nose, or otherwise behaving in ways he might not normally do in public? There is something about being alone in a car that encourages people to zone out and forget that others can see them. Although these little lapses of attention are amusing for the rest of us, they are also instructive when it comes to the topic of consciousness. This guy is singing his heart out in his one-man mobile music studio. Have you ever done this? [ Image: Joshua Ommen, https://goo.gl/Za97c3, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0, https://goo.gl/Toc0ZF]Consciousness is a term meant to indicate awareness." }, { "docid": "D3542346#0", "title": "http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/483506_3\nAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Side Effects -- Physiologic and Non-Physiologic Considerations", "text": "\"Physiologic Side Effects The site of ACE inhibitor activity (within the renin angiotensin aldosterone axis) can be pinpointed at the pluripotent ACE, an enzyme known to catalyze the conversion of angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II, as well as to facilitate the degradation of bradykinin to assorted vasoactive peptides. [ 2, 3] The basis for physiologic side effects with ACE inhibitors relates to these aforementioned changes in angiotensin-II (and possibly the increase in bradykinin) and is particularly prominent when the effected system -- cardiovascular and/or renal -- is heavily dependent on the presence of angiotensin-II for maintenance of function. ACE inhibitor side effects of a physiologic nature are typically worsened when patients are volume depleted, but even in the face of an overly sodium restricted diet, such side effects can develop. [ 11]Hypotension is not a specific side effect with ACE inhibitors; rather, it is a broadening of the physiologic action of these drugs that occurs most commonly when a patient becomes volume contracted. In the setting of ACE inhibitor-related hypotension, circumstances have evolved in such a way that peripheral resistance (and thereby BP) is dependent on angiotensin-II. As angiotensin-II is subtracted from this hemodynamic equation, there can be a precipitous fall in BP, which is only worsened by the actions of the vasodilator bradykinin. ACE inhibitor hypotension can present as a first-dose phenomenon or anytime in the course of chronic therapy. [ 12] Hypotension observed in the first days of treatment with an ACE inhibitor may be best managed with a dose reduction or temporary discontinuation of the drug. Hypotension developing in the course of chronic therapy can be anticipated -- such as in heart failure -- where oftentimes as much ACE inhibitor is given as BP permits. [ 13] In other instances hypotension is coupled to intercurrent febrile or gastrointestinal forms of dehydration and is unexpected." }, { "docid": "D76796#0", "title": "https://americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments/clonazepam/\nClonazepam Withdrawal Symptoms, Length, and Treatment", "text": "Content Overview What Are Some Clonazepam Withdrawal Symptoms? Clonazepam withdrawal symptoms can include: Headaches Stomach pain Nausea Tremors Sweating Hallucinations Dizziness Fatigue Confusion Anxiety Depression Seizures Thoughts of suicide Acute withdrawal symptoms peak two weeks after stopping use of clonazepam, but subtle signs can last anywhere from a week to a month. Find Fast Withdrawal Symptoms Benzo Withdrawal Phases Things Influencing Withdrawal Treating Clonazepam Withdrawal Safely Beyond Detox Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, or sedatives and tranquilizers. Clonazepam, with a trade name of Klonopin, is an anxiolytic drug prescribed to manage seizure disorders and also panic disorders by slowing down some of the bodily and brain functions related to anxiety and stress. Clonazepam is thought to increase the presence of gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to slow down heart rate and blood pressure, and calm emotional disturbances. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, warns that taking Klonopin can be habit-forming and that users may become physically and psychologically dependent to the drug. Users should therefore not stop taking clonazepam suddenly without medical supervision due to the dangerous side effects, or withdrawal symptoms that may occur even when taken as prescribed. Klonopin and other benzodiazepines are commonly abused and even taken with other drugs and/or alcohol, which may increase the withdrawal side effects. The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) reported that over 61,000 people sought emergency department treatment for a negative reaction involving the recreational, or nonmedical use, of clonazepam in 2011. Clonazepam, when taken or abused for any length of time, can create chemical changes in the brain." }, { "docid": "D114288#0", "title": "http://www.rxlist.com/roxanol-drug/indications-dosage.htm\nRoxanol", "text": "Drug Description ROXANOL™ (morphine sulfate) Immediate Release Oral Solution (Concentrate) Highly Concentrated Check Dose Carefully DESCRIPTIONEach m L of Roxanol™ contains: Morphine Sulfate...................................... 20 mg Chemically, Morphine Sulfate is, Morphinan-3,6-diol, 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-, (5α,6α)-, sul-fate (2:1) (salt), pentahydrate, which can be represented by the following structural formula: Morphine Sulfate acts as a narcotic analgesic. For Consumers What are the possible side effects of morphine (Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin, MSIR, Oramorph SR)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:shallow breathing, slow heartbeat;stiff muscles, seizure (convulsions);cold, clammy skin;confusion, unusual thoughts or behavior;severe weakness, feeling like you might pass out;trouble swallowing;urinating less than usual or not at all;pale skin,... Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Roxanol »Take the Pain Quiz Back Pain Slideshow: Myths and Facts Chronic Pain Slideshow Indications & Dosage INDICATIONSMorphine is indicated for the relief of severe acute and severe chronic pain. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONCAUTION: Roxanol™ (Morphine Sulfate 20 mg/m L) is a HIGHLY CONCENTRATED solution of Morphine Sulfate for Oral Administration. Error in dosage or confusion between milligrams (mg) of morphine and milliliters (m L) of solution may cause significant over-dosage. Dosing instructions should be clearly pre-scribed in milligrams (mg) of morphine and milliliters (m L) of solution. VERIFY CORRECT DOSE AND VOLUME BEFORE ADMINISTRATION TO PATIENT. Usual Adult Oral Dose10 to 30 mg every 4 hours or as directed by physician. Dosage is a patient dependent variable, therefore increased dosage may be required to achieve adequate analgesia." }, { "docid": "D1592677#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Addiction\naddiction", "text": "\"addiction Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to addiction: addition, alcohol addiction, drug addiction, Internet addiction Addiction Definition Addiction is a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance. The term hasbeen partially replaced by the word dependence for substance abuse. Addiction has beenextended, however, to include mood-altering behaviors or activities. Some researchers speak of two types of addictions: substance addictions (for example, alcoholism, drug abuse, andsmoking ); and process addictions (for example, gambling, spending, shopping, eating, andsexual activity). There is a growing recognition that many addicts, such as polydrug abusers, areaddicted to more than one substance or process. Description Addiction is one of the most costly public health problems in the United States. It is a progressive syndrome, which means that it increases in severity over time unless it is treated. Substance abuse is characterized by frequent relapse, or return to the abused substance. Substance abusers often make repeated attempts to quit before they are successful." }, { "docid": "D1853581#0", "title": "http://americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments/clonazepam/\nClonazepam Withdrawal Symptoms, Length, and Treatment", "text": "Content Overview What Are Some Clonazepam Withdrawal Symptoms? Clonazepam withdrawal symptoms can include: Headaches Stomach pain Nausea Tremors Sweating Hallucinations Dizziness Fatigue Confusion Anxiety Depression Seizures Thoughts of suicide Acute withdrawal symptoms peak two weeks after stopping use of clonazepam, but subtle signs can last anywhere from a week to a month. Find Fast Withdrawal Symptoms Benzo Withdrawal Phases Things Influencing Withdrawal Treating Clonazepam Withdrawal Safely Beyond Detox Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, or sedatives and tranquilizers. Clonazepam, with a trade name of Klonopin, is an anxiolytic drug prescribed to manage seizure disorders and also panic disorders by slowing down some of the bodily and brain functions related to anxiety and stress. Clonazepam is thought to increase the presence of gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to slow down heart rate and blood pressure, and calm emotional disturbances. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, warns that taking Klonopin can be habit-forming and that users may become physically and psychologically dependent to the drug. Users should therefore not stop taking clonazepam suddenly without medical supervision due to the dangerous side effects, or withdrawal symptoms that may occur even when taken as prescribed. Klonopin and other benzodiazepines are commonly abused and even taken with other drugs and/or alcohol, which may increase the withdrawal side effects. The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) reported that over 61,000 people sought emergency department treatment for a negative reaction involving the recreational, or nonmedical use, of clonazepam in 2011. Clonazepam, when taken or abused for any length of time, can create chemical changes in the brain." }, { "docid": "D1997193#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/theoretical-perspectives-in-modern-psychology-23/behavioral-psychology-113-12650/\nTheoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology", "text": "Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology seeks to study, understand, diagnose, and treat psychological disorders. Learning Objectives Distinguish between disordered and normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors using psychological criteria Key Takeaways Key Points Abnormal psychology is the study of psychological disorders; its purpose is to describe, predict, explain, and treat abnormal or disordered patterns of functioning. Psychological disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Although challenging, it is essential for psychologists to agree on what kinds of inner experiences and behaviors constitute the presence of a psychological disorder. Inner experiences and behaviors that are atypical or violate social norms could signify the presence of a disorder. “Harmful dysfunction” describes the view that psychological disorders result from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function. According to the American Psychological Association, psychological disorder is signaled by significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; these disturbances must reflect some kind of dysfunction; they must cause significant impairment in one’s life; and they must not reflect culturally expected reactions to certain life events. The diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders, aided in the US by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), is essential in studying and treating psychopathology. Key Termscomorbidity: The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder.psychopathology: The study of the origin, development, diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders. Abnormal psychology is the study of abnormal thoughts, behaviors, or internal experiences in order to describe, predict, explain, and treat these patterns of functioning." }, { "docid": "D22125#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_adaptation\nNeural adaptation", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Neural adaptation or sensory adaptation is a change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus. It is usually experienced as a change in the stimulus. For example, if one rests one's hand on a table, one immediately feels the table's surface on one's skin. Within a few seconds, however, one ceases to feel the table's surface. The sensory neurons stimulated by the table's surface respond immediately, but then respond less and less until they may not respond at all; this is an example of neural adaptation. All sensory and neural systems have a form of adaptation to constantly detect changes in the environment. Neural receptor cells that process and receive stimulation go through constant changes for mammals and other living organisms to sense vital changes in their environment. Some key players in several neural systems include Ca 2+ ions (see Calcium in biology) that send negative feedback in second messenger pathways that allow the neural receptor cells to close or open channels in response to the changes of ion flow. [ 1] There are also mechanoreception systems that use calcium inflow to physically affect certain proteins and move them to close or open channels. Functionally, it is highly possible that adaptation may enhance the limited response range of neurons to encode sensory signals with much larger dynamic ranges by shifting the range of stimulus amplitudes. [" }, { "docid": "D89304#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor\nTremor", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Tremor (disambiguation). Tremor Writing by a person with Parkinson's disease Pronunciation/ ˈ t r ɛ m ər /Classification and external resources Specialty Neurology / Psychiatry ICD - 10 R25.1ICD - 9-CM 781.0Diseases DB 27742Medline Plus 003192Patient UK Tremor Me SH D014202 [ edit on Wikidata]A tremor is an involuntary, [1] somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can affect the hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal folds, trunk, and legs. Most tremors occur in the hands. In some people, a tremor is a symptom of another neurological disorder. A very common tremor is the teeth chattering, usually induced by cold temperatures or by fear. Contents [ hide ]1 Causes1.1 Types of tremors2 Diagnosis2.1 Categories3 Treatment3.1 Medications3.2 Lifestyle3.3 Surgery3.4 Biomechanical loading4 See also5 References6 External links Causes [ edit]Tremor can be a symptom associated with disorders in those parts of the brain that control muscles throughout the body or in particular areas, such as the hands. Neurological disorders or conditions that can produce tremor include multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, chronic kidney disease and a number of neurodegenerative diseases that damage or destroy parts of the brainstem or the cerebellum, Parkinson's disease being the one most often associated with tremor. Other causes include the use of drugs (such as amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, corticosteroids, SSRIs) or alcohol, mercury poisoning, or the withdrawal of drugs such as alcohol or benzodiazepine. Tremors can also be seen in infants with phenylketonuria (PKU), overactive thyroid or liver failure." }, { "docid": "D3413463#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/pro/butisol.html\nButisol", "text": "Butisol Generic Name: butabarbital sodium Dosage Form: tablet and solution Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Interactions More Pregnancy Warnings Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Support Group Q & AOn This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Drug Abuse and Dependence Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling On This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Drug Abuse and Dependence Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling Description Butisol SODIUM ® (butabarbital sodium tablets, USP and butabarbital sodium oral solution, USP) is a non-selective central nervous system depressant which is used as a sedative or hypnotic. It is available for oral administration as Tablets containing 30 mg or 50 mg butabarbital sodium; and as Oral Solution containing 30 mg/5 m L, with alcohol (by volume) 7%. Other ingredients in the Tablets are: calcium stearate, corn starch, dibasic calcium phosphate, FD&C Blue No. 1 (30 mg only), FD&C Yellow No. 5 (30 mg and 50 mg — see Precautions ), FD&C Yellow No. 6 (50 mg only). Other ingredients in the Oral Solution are: D&C Green No. 5, edetate disodium, FD&C Yellow No. 5 (see Precautions ), flavors (natural and artificial), propylene glycol, purified water, saccharin sodium, sodium benzoate. Butabarbital sodium occurs as a white, bitter powder which is freely soluble in water and alcohol, but practically insoluble in benzene and ether." }, { "docid": "D1198362#0", "title": "http://www.benzo.org.uk/lader1.htm\n.", "text": "\"Benefits and risks of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia Professor Malcolm Lader OBE, LLB, DSc, Ph D, MD, FRC Psych, FMed Sci Professor of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London, England Professor Lader's Curriculum Vitae & Quotations Introduction The benzodiazepines are a large group of drugs which are widely used in psychiatry, neurology and other branches of medicine. They were first introduced over 30 years ago, and have been extensively prescribed to treat anxiety, insomnia, muscle spasm, and epilepsy. They have also been used as induction agents in anaesthetic practice. Generally regarded as safe and effective drugs, their safety profile is becoming increasingly questioned. ( 1,2)The benzodiazepines were originally marketed as improvements on the barbiturates but it became evident that they were much safer in overdose, had fewer drug interactions and probably a low propensity for both dependence in licit medical use and illicit abuse \"\"on the street\"\". More recently, the unwanted effects of the benzodiazepines have become more obvious. They comprise psychomotor/cognitive impairment and more serious neuropsychiatric reactions such as amnesic and aggressive episodes. On long-term use, dependence is now a recognized risk, and abuse, orally, intravenously and by \"\"snorting\"\" is a burgeoning world-wide concern. Nonetheless, the benzodiazepines are still regarded as useful drugs providing they are prescribed appropriately in the various indications, such as anxiety and insomnia, which tend to be chronic conditions. This review will first list the benefits and risks of these drugs and then outline their uses." }, { "docid": "D2888014#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/psychology-chapter-5.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "\"Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Psychology Chapter 5Description Chapter 5Total Cards 83Subject Psychology Level 11th Grade Created 04/08/2012Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Psychology Flashcards Cards Term Altered state of consciousness Definition Change in the quality and pattern of mental activity Term Microsleep Definition A brief shift in brainwave patterns to those recorded during sleep Term Sleep deprivation Definition Being prevented from obtaining desired or necessary amounts of sleep Symptoms can often be reversed by a single night's worth of rest Term Sleep-deprivation psychosis Definition A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning bought about by sleep loss Term Short sleeper Definition One who averages 5 hrs or less of sleep a night Term Long sleeper Definition One who averages 9 hours or more of sleep per night Term Sleep hormone (Melatonin)Definition A sleep-promoting substance found in the brain and spinal chord Term Electroencephalography (EEG)Definition A device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in the brain Term Beta waves Definition Small, fast brainwaves associated with being awake and alert Term Alpha waves Definition Large, slow brainwaves associated with relaxation and falling asleep Term Light sleep (stage 1 sleep)Definition Stage 1 sleep; marked by small, irregular brainwaves, and some alpha waves Irregular breathing, muscle relaxation, hypnic jerk, if awoken at this time people may not realize that they were asleep Term Hypnic jerk Definition Reflex associated with entrance into stage 1 (light) sleep as muscles relax Term Sleep spindles Definition Brainwaves that are short bursts of distinctive activity that are characteristic of stage 2 sleep; seem to mark the \"\"true\"\" boundary of sleep Term Stage 2 sleep Definition Characterized by sleep spindles and a drop in body temperature Term Delta waves Definition Very large and slow waves that are characteristic of stages 3 and 4 sleep Term Stage 3 sleep Definition Sleep stage when delta waves begin to appear Term Stage 4 (deep) sleep Definition Stage that is the deepest level of normal sleep; brainwaves almost pure delta; sleeper is in a state of oblivion; this stage is first reached in about an hour Term REM sleep Definition Characterized by rapid eye movements; return to a fast, irregular EEG pattern characteristic of stage 1 sleep; can correspond to dreaming stages; normally about 90 minutes per night, but can increase during emotionally tumultous times Present in mammals, but absent in reptiles Term NREM sleep Definition This sleep is dream-free 90% of the time; includes the first period of stage 1 sleep and stages 2, 3, and 4; increases after physical exertion and may help recover after body fatigue Term Sleep paralysis Definition Normally prevents moving during REM sleep; lack thereof causes REM behavior disorder; can also occur as you wake up, resulting in hypnopompic hallucinations Term Insomnia Definition Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and not feeling rested after sleep Term Temporary insomnia Definition Insomnia caused by worry, stress, and excitement; can turn into a self-defeating cycle if the person continues to struggle against the stimulus Term Chronic insomnia Definition Insomnia that lasts for more than 3 weeks Term Drug-dependency insomnia Definition Insomnia caused by withdrawal from sleeping pills Term Nonprescription sleeping pills Definition Superficially effective drugs that reduce stage 4 sleep and REM sleep, thus eroding sleep quality Term Stimulus control Definition (Treat insomnia) Linking a response to certain stimuli (to get into a rhythm so that sleeping and relaxation become associated with going to bed at a specific time)Term Sleep restriction Definition (Treat insomnia) Restricting sleep to normal bedtime hours to prevent fragmented sleep rhythms Term Paradoxical intention Definition (Treat insomnia) To keep the eyes open and awake as long as possible to allow sleep to come unexpectedly and lowers anxiety Term Tryptophan Definition An amino acid associated with starchy foods that promotes sleep in the brain Term Somnambulism Definition Sleep-walking; occurs during NREM sleep Term Nightmare Definition Bad dream during REM sleep Term Night terrors Definition Occur during stage 4 sleep; person suffers total panic and may hallucinate frightening dream images into the bedroom; because body is not immobilized, people may thrash around, run, scream, etc. ; most common in children Term Imagery Rehearsal Definition Actively summarizing and altering a nightmare while awake in order to render it \"\"unscary\"\"Term Narcolepsy Definition A sudden, irresistible sleep attack that occurs especially commonly during emotional excitement (e.g. laughing) and is associated with temporary total paralysis; It is a sudden entrance into REM sleep Term Cataplexy Definition Total, temporary paralysis associated with a narcoleptic attack Term Sodium Oxybate Definition Drug that can reduce the severity of narcoleptic symptoms Term Sleep apnea Definition Repeated interruption of of breathing during sleep; can severely affect the quality of sleep and can cause people to intermittently awaken Term Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask Definition Treatment to reduce to severity of sleep apnea Term SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome)Definition The sudden, unexplained death of an apparently healthy, but often premature, baby; often due to a weakened arousal reflex that is necessary to resume breathing after oxygen deprivation (especially during a cold, for example)Term REM rebound Definition The occurrence of extra REM sleep following REM sleep deprivation; explains why alcoholics have nightmares when they stop drinking (alcohol reduces the amount of REM sleep)Term Psychodynamic dream theory Definition Freud's dream theory that emphasizes internal conflicts, hidden motives, and unconcious forces Term Dream symbols Definition Images in dreams that Freud believed served as visible signs of hidden ideas, desires, impules, relationships, etc. Term Activation-synthesis hypothesis Definition Hobson's and Mc Carley's theory that attempts to explain how dream content is affected by motor commands in the brain during REM sleep but are not carried out Term Hypnosis Definition An altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility Term Hidden observer Definition The detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events Term Basic suggestion effect Definition The tendency of hypnotized persons to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary Term Hypnotic susceptibility Definition One's capacity for becoming hypnotized Term Meditation Definition A mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness Term Concentrative meditation Definition Meditative exercise based on attending to a single object or thought Term Mindfulness meditation Definition Meditative exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment Term Relaxation response Definition The pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs during times of relaxation (such as meditation)Term Sensory deprivation Definition Any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation; can result in dangerous lapses in attention and wildly distorted perceptions in excess; can be oddly relaxing in small amounts Term Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST)Definition A form of sensory deprivation which allows for significant behavioral changes by making people more open to suggestion, thus entailing a variety of psychological benefits Term Mindfulness Definition A state of open, nonjudgemental awareness of current experience Term Psychoactive drug Definition A substance capable of altering attention, memory, judgement, time sense, self-control, mood, or perception Term Stimulant Definition A substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system Term Depresssant Definition A substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system Term Physical dependence Definition When a person compulsively uses a drug to mainain bodily comfort Term Withdrawal symptoms Definition Physical illness and discomfort following the withdrawal of a drug Term Drug tolerance Definition A reduction in the body's response to a drug, thus prompting increased drug use to achieve the same physiological effect Term Psychological dependence Definition Drug dependence based primarily on emotional or psychological needs Term Types of drug use Definition Experimental - short-term use out of curiosity Social recreational - occasional social use for pleasure/relaxation Situational - use to cope with a specific problem Intensive - daily use with elements of dependence Compulsive - extensive use and extreme dependence Term Nucleus accumbense Definition A brain area part of the reward circuitry that is stimulated by many addictive drugs to release dopamine Term Amphetamine Definition Synthetic stimulants; once widely used for weight loss and depression; today, main legitimate use is for childhood hyperactivity and depressant drug overdose; rapidly produce tolerance; can cause nausea, stroke, heart attack, and fatigue Term Cocaine Definition Powerful CNS stimulant from coca leaves; one of the most dangerous drugs of abuse; increases dopamine and norepinephrine release; Withdrawal results in anhedonia Term Anhedonia Definition Inability to feel pleasure Term Ecstasy (MDMA)Definition Powerful stimulant; can cause fatal heat exhaustion; often abused in raves; damages serotonergic brain cells, leading to depression Term Caffeinism Definition Excessive consumption of caffeine, leading to dependence and a variety of physical and psychological complaints Term Nicotine Definition Found in cigarretes/tobacco; stimulant; builds a tolerance over time and is ver" }, { "docid": "D2690577#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/health-chapter-7.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "\"Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Health Chapter 7Description Health Chapter 7 Vocab Words Total Cards 18Subject Health Care Level 9th Grade Created 05/09/2012Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Health Care Flashcards Cards Term Drugs Definitionnonfood chemicals that alter the way a person thinks, feels, fucntions, or behaves Term Psychoactive Definitionhaving mind-altering or mood-altering effects Term Drug Misuse Definitionthe temporary and improper use of a legal drug Term Drug Abuse Definitionthe intentional improper or nonmedical use of any drug Term Euphoria Definitionan intense feeling of well-being commonly called a \"\"high\"\"Term Detoxification Definitionthe process of converting harmful substances into less dangerous compounds Term Intoxication Definitionthe state of being poisoned by a drug or other poisonous substance Term Polyabuse Definitionabusing more than one drug at a time Term Synergism Definitionthe multiplied effects produced by taking combinations of certain drugs Term Drug Dependence or Addiction Definitiona state in which one develops a habitual pattern of taking drugs that usually produces a compulsive need to use these substances, tolerance, and withdrawal Term Tolerance Definitionan adaptation to drugs in which the usual dose no longer produces the anticipated degree of physical or psychological effects Term Withdrawal Definitiona temporary physical and psychological state that ocurs when certain drugs are discontinued Term Anesthetics Definitiondrugs that interfere with normal sensations Term Sedatives Definitiondrugs that produce calming effects Term Hypnotics Definitiondrugs that produce trancelike effects Term Analgesics Definitiondrugs that alleviate pain Term Narcotics Definitiondrugs that induce euphoria and sleep as well as alter the perception of pain Term Analogs Definitiondrugs that are chemically similar but have different effects in the body \"" }, { "docid": "D2320951#0", "title": "http://www.rxlist.com/fentanyl-citrate-injection-drug.htm\nFentanyl Citrate Injection", "text": "Drug Description Take the Pain Quiz Back Pain Slideshow: Myths and Facts Chronic Pain Slideshow Sufenta (fentanyl citrate) Injection, for Intravenous or Intramuscular Use WARNINGADDICTION, ABUSE, AND MISUSE; LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 INTERACTION; and RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH BENZODIAZEPINES OR OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTSAddiction, Abuse, and Misuse Fentanyl Citrate Injection exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Assess each patient's risk prior to prescribing Fentanyl Citrate Injection, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of Fentanyl Citrate Injection. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of Fentanyl Citrate Injection or following a dose increase [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction The concomitant use of Fentanyl Citrate Injection with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. In addition, discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentration. Monitor patients receiving Fentanyl Citrate Injection and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Risks From Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS Depressants Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. Reserve concomitant prescribing of Fentanyl Citrate Injection and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required." }, { "docid": "D1299305#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/pro/xanax.html\nXanax", "text": "\"Xanax Generic Name: alprazolam Dosage Form: tablet Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Tips More Interactions Pregnancy Warnings Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Drug Images Support Group Q & ACompare Alternatives Pricing & Coupons On This Page Boxed Warning Description Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Studies Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Drug Abuse and Dependence Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling On This Page Boxed Warning Description Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Studies Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Drug Abuse and Dependence Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling CIVWARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDSConcomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [ see Warnings, Drug Interactions]. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Xanax Description Xanax Tablets contain alprazolam which is a triazolo analog of the 1,4 benzodiazepine class of central nervous system-active compounds. The chemical name of alprazolam is 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo [4,3-α] [1,4] benzodiazepine. The structural formula is represented to the right: Alprazolam is a white crystalline powder, which is soluble in methanol or ethanol but which has no appreciable solubility in water at physiological p H. Each Xanax Tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg of alprazolam. Xanax Tablets, 2 mg, are multi-scored and may be divided as shown below: Inactive ingredients: Cellulose, corn starch, docusate sodium, lactose, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide and sodium benzoate. In addition, the 0.5 mg tablet contains FD&C Yellow No. 6 and the 1 mg tablet contains FD&C Blue No. 2." }, { "docid": "D2231237#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/tremor/page3.htm\nTremors", "text": "\"Tremors Center Dementia Slideshow Pictures Take the ADHD Quiz Brain Foods Slideshow Patient Comments: Tremor - Treatments Patient Comments: Tremor - Share Your Experience Find a local Neurologist in your town What is tremor? What causes tremor? What are the characteristics of tremor? What are the different categories of tremor? How is tremor diagnosed? Are there any treatments for tremor? What research is being done on tremor? Where can I get more information? What is tremor? Tremor is an unintentional, rhythmic muscle movement involving to-and-fro movements (oscillations) of one or more parts of the body." }, { "docid": "D379012#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria\nEuphoria", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with Euphorbia. \"\" Euphoric\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Euphoria (disambiguation) and Euphoric (disambiguation). Playing can induce an intense state of happiness and contentment. Euphoria ( / juː ˈ f ɔːr i ə / ( listen)) is an affective state in which a person experiences pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness. [ 1] [2] Certain drugs, many of which are addictive, can cause euphoria, which at least partially motivates their recreational use. [ 3] Similarly, certain natural rewards and social activities, such as aerobic exercise, laughter, listening to emotionally arousing music, music-making, and dancing, can induce a state of euphoria. [ 4] [5] Euphoria is also a symptom of certain neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders, such as mania. [ 6] Romantic love and components of the human sexual response cycle are also associated with the induction of euphoria. [ 7] [8] [9]According to Kent Berridge, an affective neuroscientist, intense euphoria occurs from the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the brain's reward system. [" }, { "docid": "D689329#0", "title": "http://psyking.net/id183.htm\n.", "text": "\"ADOLESCENCE.... Overview, Historical Background and Theoretical Perspectives Overview and Background Adolescence is a developmental transition between childhood and adulthood. It is the period from puberty until full adult status has been attained. In our society, adolescence is a luxury. It is reported that the real reason there is the developmental period of adolescence was to delay young people from going into the workforce, due to the scarcity of jobs. There are also varying views on the actual time line of adolescence-especially about when it ends. Typically, we view adolescence beginning at puberty and ending at 18 or 21 years. Others suggest that there is a period of late adolescence that extends well into what is now known as the period of young adulthood. G. Stanley Hall's Biogenetic Psychology of Adolescence G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924), was the first psychologist to advance a psychology of adolescence in its own right and to use scientific methods to study them. He defined this period to begin at puberty at about 12 or 13 years, and end late, between 22 years to 25 years of age. Hall also described adolescence as a period of Sturm und Drang,\"\" -- storm and stress.\"\"" } ]
8817	_______ is usually measured in cubic meters per second. weegy	[ { "docid": "D2904040#0", "title": "https://brainly.com/question/1115905\n_______ is usually measured in cubic meters per second. a. Bed load b. Flooding c. Suspension d. Discharge", "text": "High School Biology 5 points_______ is usually measured in cubic meters per second. a. Bed load b. Flooding c. Suspension d. Discharge Ask for details Follow Reportby Rucky Cindsey 03/21/2016Verified answer What is a Verified Answer? Log in to view the full answer. Unlock Verified Answers and get help from subject experts. Unlock verified answer Answers Worldly Glass49 Ambitious Discharge ( the volume of water flowing through the channel in a given period of time) is usually measured in cubic meters per second. Comments Report4.9 16 votes Thanks 63The Brain Helper Not sure about the answer? See next answers Learn more with Brainly!Having trouble with your homework? Get free help!80% of questions are answered in under 10 minutes Answers come with explanations, so that you can learn Answer quality is ensured by our experts I want a free account!" } ]	[ { "docid": "D2904041#0", "title": "https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictN.html\nHow Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Â© Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillTable of ContentsAbout the DictionaryUsing the DictionaryN", "text": "\"Na unit of refractive index sometimes used in atmospheric science. The index of refraction of the atmosphere is only slightly greater than 1. The value of the index in N units is the number of millionths by which the index exceeds one; that is, an index of refraction n is equivalent to ( n - 1) x 10 6 N units.nailan old English unit of length equal to 1/20 ell. Like the ell, the nail was used for measuring cloth; traditionally, it represented the length of the last two joints (including the fingernail) of the middle finger. The nail is equivalent to 1/16 yard, 1/4 span, 2.25 inches, or exactly 5.715 centimeters.nano- (n-)a metric prefix meaning 10 -9, or one billionth. The prefix comes from the Greek word nanos, dwarf.nanoacrea humorous unit of area on a computer chip, equal to one billionth of an acre or about 4.047 square millimeters.nanobar (nb or nbar)a CGS unit of pressure equal to 10 -9 bar or 0.1 milli pascal (m Pa). The nanobar is frequently used in meteorology to express the partial pressure of atmospheric ozone.nanocurie (n Ci)a common unit of radioactivity. The nanocurie equals 10 -9 curie or 37 becquerels; this corresponds to a radioactivity of 37 atomic disintegrations per second.nanofarad (n F)a common metric unit of electric capacitance equal to 10 -9 farad. This unit was previously called the millimicrofarad (mµF).nanogram (ng)a metric unit of mass equal to 10 -9 gram, or one millionth of a milligram.nanogray (n Gy)a unit of radiation dose equal to 10 -9 gray or 0.1 micro rad (µrad). This unit often occurs in the study of inhalation exposures.nanoliter (nl or n L)a metric unit of volume equal to 10 -9 liter or 0.001 cubic millimeter.nanometer (nm)a metric unit of distance equal to 10 -9 meter." }, { "docid": "D1621545#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Convert_cubic_feet_per_minute_to_liters_per_second\nHow do you convert normal liters per minute to standard cubic feet per hour?", "text": "4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com How do you convert normal liters per minute to standard cubic feet per hour?liters per minute x 2.1189 = cubic feet per hour Edit4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com How do you convert cubic feet per second to cubic feet per minute?cubic feet per second x 60 = cubic feet per minute Edit4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com Convert cubic feet per minute to cubic meters per second? Cubic feet per minute x 0.000472 = cubic meters per second. Edit Quirkyquantummechanic 134,852 Contributions How do you convert cubic feet per minute to liters per second? There are about 28.317 liters in a cubic foot, and there are 60 seconds in a minute. To convert a quantity expressed in cubic feet per minute into one expressed in liters per …4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com How do you convert 1 standard cubic feet per hour in liter per minute? Conversion: cubic feet per hour x 0.4719 = liters per minute Edit4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com Convert cubic feet per second to cubic feet per minute? Multiply cubic feet per second by 60 to get cubic feet per minute. Edit4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com In gas how do you convert cubic feet per hour to liter per minute?cubic feet per hour x 0.471947443 = liters per minute Edit4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com How do you convert liters per minute to cubic feet per minute? Multiply liters per minute by 0.0353146667 to get cubic feet per minute. Edit4 JAYSMathematics, facts, figures, definitions, conversions and physics are my interests on Answers.com How do you convert cubic meters per second to liters per minute?" }, { "docid": "D835177#0", "title": "http://www.traditionaloven.com/tutorials/flow-rate/convert-m3-cubic-meter-per-hour-to-ft3-cubic-foot-per-minute.html\nflow rate conversion", "text": "Category: main menu • flow rate menu • Cubic meters per hourflow rate conversion Amount: 1 cubic meter per hour (m3/h) of flow rate Equals: 0.59 cubic feet per minute (cu ft/min) in flow rate Converting cubic meter per hour to cubic feet per minute value in the flow rate units scale. TOGGLE : from cubic feet per minute into cubic meters per hour in the other way around.flow rate from cubic meter per hour to cubic foot per minute Conversion Results: Enter a New cubic meter per hour Amount of flow rate to Convert From* Whole numbers, decimals or fractions (ie: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8) * Precision is how many numbers after decimal point (1 - 9)Enter Amount : Decimal Precision : CONVERT : between other flow rate measuring units - complete list. Conversion calculator for webmasters. Flow rate. Gas & Liquids. This unit-to-unit calculator is based on conversion for one pair of two flow rate units. For a whole set of multiple units for volume and mass flow on one page, try the Multi-Unit converter tool which has built in all flowing rate unit-variations. Page with flow rate by mass unit pairs exchange. Convert flow rate measuring units between cubic meter per hour (m3/h) and cubic feet per minute (cu ft/min) but in the other reverse direction from cubic feet per minute into cubic meters per hour.conversion result for flow rate: From Symbol Equals Result To Symbol1 cubic meter per hour m3/h = 0.59 cubic feet per minute cu ft/min Converter type: flow rate units This online flow rate from m3/h into cu ft/min converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals. First unit: cubic meter per hour (m3/h) is used for measuring flow rate." }, { "docid": "D346403#0", "title": "https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictG.html\nHow Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Â© Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillTable of ContentsAbout the DictionaryUsing the DictionaryG", "text": "\"ga symbol for the average acceleration produced by gravity at the Earth's surface (sea level). The actual acceleration of gravity varies from place to place, depending on latitude, altitude, and local geology. The symbol g is often used informally as a unit of acceleration. By agreement among physicists, the standard acceleration of gravity g n is defined to be exactly 9.806 65 meters per second per second (m/s 2 ), or about 32.174 05 feet per second per second. At latitude p, a conventional value of the acceleration of gravity at sea level is given by the International Gravity Formula, g ( p )=9.7803267714 (1+0.00193185138639sin 2 ( p ))/√ (1-0.0069437999013sin 2 ( p )). The variation, caused by the oblateness of the Earth and the accleration we experience due to the rotation of the Earth, is about half a percent, from 9.780 327 m/s 2 at the Equator to 9.833 421 m/s 2 at the poles. The symbol g was used as a unit first in aeronautical and space engineering, where it is important to limit the accelerations experienced by the crew members of aircraft and spaceships: the \"\" g forces,\"\" as they are called. This use became familiar through the space programs, and now a variety of accelerations are measured in g 's. The names gee and grav is also used for this unit. Note that g is also the symbol for the gram. G [1]informal abbreviation in computer science for 2 30 = 1 073 741 824." }, { "docid": "D2731740#0", "title": "http://www.convertunits.com/from/pound+per+(cubic+foot)/to/kg+/+(cubic+meter)\nConvert pound per (cubic foot) to kg / (cubic meter) - Conversion of Measurement Units", "text": "\"Convert pound/cubic foot to kilogram/cubic metrepound per (cubic foot)kg / (cubic meter)More information from the unit converter How many pound per (cubic foot) in 1 kg / (cubic meter)? The answer is 0.062427960576145. We assume you are converting between pound/cubic foot and kilogram/cubic metre. You can view more details on each measurement unit: pound per (cubic foot) or kg / (cubic meter) The SI derived unit for density is the kilogram/cubic meter. 1 pound per (cubic foot) is equal to 16.01846337396 kilogram/cubic meter. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between pounds/cubic foot and kilograms/cubic meter. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!Want other units? You can do the reverse unit conversion from kg / (cubic meter) to pound per (cubic foot), or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: To: Metric conversions and more Convert Units.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data." }, { "docid": "D2026862#0", "title": "http://www.convertunits.com/from/litres+per+minute/to/cubic+foot/minute\nConvert litres per minute to cubic foot/minute - Conversion of Measurement Units", "text": "\"Convert litre/minute to cubic foot/minutelitres per minutecubic foot/minute More information from the unit converter How many litres per minute in 1 cubic foot/minute? The answer is 28.316847. We assume you are converting between litre/minute and cubic foot/minute. You can view more details on each measurement unit: litres per minute or cubic foot/minute The SI derived unit for volume flow rate is the cubic meter/second. 1 cubic meter/second is equal to 60000 litres per minute, or 2118.8799727597 cubic foot/minute. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between liters/minute and cubic feet/minute. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!Want other units? You can do the reverse unit conversion from cubic foot/minute to litres per minute, or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: To: Definition: Cubic foot/minute Cubic feet per minute (CFM) is a measure used in Industrial hygiene and ventilation engineering. It describes the rate of flow of a gas or air volume into or out of a space." }, { "docid": "D2541901#0", "title": "http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.html\nHow Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Â© Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillTable of ContentsAbout the DictionaryUsing the DictionaryL", "text": "\"Lthe Roman numeral 50. L, lsymbols for the liter. The lowercase l is the official symbol, but because it is so easily confused with the numeral 1 the SI permits the capital letter L to be used instead. Sometimes a script version of the lowercase letter is used, but this is not approved by the SI.lábthe traditional Hungarian foot, equal to about 31.6 centimeters (12.44 English inches). This was the Hungarian version of the Viennese fuß.labora traditional unit of area in Latin American countries. The labor is equal to the area of a square 1000 varas on a side, or 0.04 legua. Using the Texas standard for the vara (33 1/3 inches), this is equivalent to 177.136 acres or 71.685 hectares. The word labor means work in Spanish, as it does in English. As a unit it represents the area that could be cultivated by a single farmer, somewhat like the old English hide.lachtera traditional unit of length used in mining in Germany and other German-speaking regions. A variation on the fathom, the unit varied regionally (and even from mine to mine) but it was usually close to 2 meters (about 78.74 inches)." }, { "docid": "D160141#0", "title": "https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictT.html\nHow Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Â© Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillTable of ContentsAbout the DictionaryUsing the DictionaryT", "text": "\"T [1]informal abbreviation for \"\"trillion,\"\" meaning the American trillion 10 12. T [2]symbol for the Dvorak T-number, a subjective estimate of the strength of a tropical cyclone based on its appearance in satellite imagery. The T-numbers range from T1.0 to T8.0 in steps of 0.5; ratings above T2.5 indicate a tropical storm and ratings above T4.0 indicate a hurricane or typhoon. The scale was developed by the U. S. meteorologist Vernon Dvorak in 1974. Wikipedia has details. T [3]the symbol for the tesla (see below).tablespoon or tablespoonful (tbsp, tblsp, Tsp or T) [1]a unit of volume used in food recipes. In the U. S., the tablespoon is equal to 1/2 fluid ounce; this is about 14.8 milliliters. In Canada, the traditional tablespoon is 1/2 Imperial fluid ounce (14.2 milliliters). In Britain, traditional tablespoons varied somewhat in size, and various older references give sizes in the range from 1/2 to 5/8 Imperial fluid ounce (14.2-17.6 milliliters). Under the metric system the tablespoon has become more or less standardized at 15 milliliters in Britain, Canada, and New Zealand, 20 milliliters in Australia." }, { "docid": "D332544#0", "title": "http://www.listnbest.com/20-longest-rivers-african-continent/\n20 Longest rivers in the African continent", "text": "20 Longest rivers in the African continent Africa continent combined of hot and pleasant places such as desert, rain forest and plains, the rivers here longer and acquires lots of drainage area since the continent large in size and thousands of tributaries join to the rivers. Many countries in Africa naturally rich by a depth of forest with the variety of Animals including endangered. The Rivers usually flow heavily in the rainy season and create many streams which merge to main rivers where that Make Rivers size larger could be longer. As everyone knows the Nile is the longest river on earth that measured officially but there are some discussions whether Nile or Amazon is the longest in the World.1. Nile River The Nile is the longest River in Africa and even in the World which flows through 11 African countries (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Sudan). The main outflow is Mediterranean and its total length is about 6,650 km, the Drainage area of 3,254,555 km2 with average discharge around 5,100 cubic meters per second. Length: 6,650 km Countries: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudanfunwallz.com2. Zaire (Congo–Chambeshi)Merge into the Atlantic Ocean and flow through many countries and different landscapes meet this river including desert and rain forest. The Congo River length is 4,700 km with a discharge of 41,800 cubic meters per second. Length: 4,700 km Countries: Countries: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda3." }, { "docid": "D896266#0", "title": "http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0579E/t0579e03.htm\n1. PRINCIPLES OF COST CONTROL", "text": "\"1. PRINCIPLES OF COST CONTROL1.1 Introduction1.2 Basic Classification of Costs1.3 Total Cost and Unit-Cost Formulas1.4 Breakeven Analysis1.5 Minimum Cost Analyses1.1 Introduction Cost is important to all industry. Costs can be divided into two general classes; absolute costs and relative costs. Absolute cost measures the loss in value of assets. Relative cost involves a comparison between the chosen course of action and the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action - the action not taken - is often called the \"\"opportunity cost\"\". The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost. However, the forest engineer, the planner, the manager needs to be concerned with the alternative cost - the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be able to make comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such comparisons require the ability to predict costs, rather than merely record costs." }, { "docid": "D2513845#0", "title": "http://control.com/thread/1026177675\n.", "text": "\"Normal vs. Standard Flow Difference in flow By Nick on 21 July, 2003 - 7:47 pm I have a customer who wants his gas regulator (that we make) to flow with \"\"normal\"\" litres per minute. So I need to calculate his Cv - but the flow calcs we use in-house are based on 'standard' litres per minute and I cannot find anywhere that explains the difference between 'normal' and 'standard' flow. Does it mean that a normal flow rate is bigger or smaller than a standard one? I have searched via the net but cannot find any reference to 'normal' litres per minute of gas. Help? Many thanks - any help is appreciated - Nick By Jeff Le Blanc on 22 July, 2003 - 5:25 pm Nick,Could he mean standard flow at normal conditions? Sea level, standard temp and pressure? Jeff By Anonymous on 23 July, 2003 - 12:03 am Standard flow rate is a correction applied to an Actual (or Normal) flow measurement; based on measured temperature and measured pressure of the flow system. The correction is applied using the ideal gas law. Standard conditions, 1 atm at sea level and 77 deg F, are used for comparison." }, { "docid": "D2697228#0", "title": "http://www.traditionaloven.com/tutorials/flow-rate/convert-m3-cubic-meter-per-second-to-l-liter-per-second.html\nflow rate conversion", "text": "Category: main menu • flow rate menu • Cubic meters per secondflow rate conversion Amount: 1 cubic meter per second (m3/sec) of flow rate Equals: 1,000.00 Liters per second (L/sec) in flow rate Converting cubic meter per second to Liters per second value in the flow rate units scale. TOGGLE : from Liters per second into cubic meters per second in the other way around.flow rate from cubic meter per second to Liter per second Conversion Results: Enter a New cubic meter per second Amount of flow rate to Convert From* Whole numbers, decimals or fractions (ie: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8) * Precision is how many numbers after decimal point (1 - 9)Enter Amount : Decimal Precision : CONVERT : between other flow rate measuring units - complete list. Conversion calculator for webmasters. Flow rate. Gas & Liquids. This unit-to-unit calculator is based on conversion for one pair of two flow rate units. For a whole set of multiple units for volume and mass flow on one page, try the Multi-Unit converter tool which has built in all flowing rate unit-variations. Page with flow rate by mass unit pairs exchange. Convert flow rate measuring units between cubic meter per second (m3/sec) and Liters per second (L/sec) but in the other reverse direction from Liters per second into cubic meters per second.conversion result for flow rate: From Symbol Equals Result To Symbol1 cubic meter per second m3/sec = 1,000.00 Liters per second L/sec Converter type: flow rate units This online flow rate from m3/sec into L/sec converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals. First unit: cubic meter per second (m3/sec) is used for measuring flow rate." }, { "docid": "D2337847#0", "title": "https://www.acronymattic.com/Standard-Cubic-Feet-per-Day-(SCFD).html\nWhat does SCFD stand for?", "text": "\"Tweet What does SCFD stand for? SCFD stands for Standard Cubic Feet per Day This definition appears somewhat frequently See other definitions of SCFDOther Resources: Acronym Finder has 9 verified definitions for SCFDTweet Link/Page Citation Abbreviation Database Surfer« Previous Next »Scientific and Cultural Facility District Scientific Cultural and Facilities District Scientific Cultural Facilities District Sedgwick County Fire District Service Counter Fire Door Smart Card Forum Deutschland Snohomish County Fire District Social and Cultural Foundations Southern California Fault Database Special Committee on Faculty Development Stevens County Fire District Sugar Creek Fire Department Sunshine Coast Forest District Superior Court Family Division Support Centre for Food Development Suwannee County Fire Dist Swift Creek Fire Department Systems Computational Fluid Dynamics Southeast Community Futures Development Corporation Signal Conditioner Fault Detection Processing Samples in periodicals archive: Edit; Delete; Million standard cubic feet per day is a unit of measurement for gases that is predominantly used in the United States. It is frequently abbreviated MMSCFD. Best Answer: mmbtu = million British thermal units mmscfd = million standard cubic feet per day m^3/hr = cubic meters per hour kg/hr = kilograms/hr In...gt; MMSCFD conversion calculation; What is the MMSCFD (Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day) flowrate corresponding to 100m 3 /hr of nitrogen flowing through a pipe? A cubic meter is a cubic meter and that is; between Standard cubic meter per hour and Normal; to million million standard cubic feet per day ... First unit: Million standard cubic feet of gas per day (MMSCFD at 15°C) is used for measuring gas flow. Second: cubic meter per day (m3/d) is unit of flow rate. Convert standard cubic meter per hour to million million standard cubic feet per day? First unit: Million standard cubic feet of gas per day (MMSCFD at 15°C) is used for measuring gas flow. Second: cubic meter per hour (m3/h) is unit of flow rate. Million standard cubic feet per day (Redirected from MMSCMD) Million standard cubic feet per day is a unit of measurement for gases that is predominantly used in the... Standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) = Million standard cubic feet per day (mmscfd)Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day of gas." }, { "docid": "D1662504#0", "title": "http://www.asknumbers.com/\nMeasurement Converters", "text": "\"Weight/Mass Metric and imperial weight conversions for pound, kilogram, gram, ounce, carat, ton Length/Distance Metric and imperial length units such as meter, centimeter, inch, foot, yard, km, mile Volume Metric and imperial volume conversions for liter, gallon, cup, quart, ounce, cubic meter, cubic feet Area Metric and imperial area units, acre, hectare, square meter, square feet Pressure Pressure units, bar, pascal, kpa, psi, atm, torr (mm Hg)Temperature Celsius, fahrenheit, kelvin, reaumur and rankine Cooking Cooking measurement units, teaspoons, tablespoon, cups, pints, quarts, m LSize Conversion Men's and women's clothing, shoes and ring size conversions Acceleration Foot/square second, kilometer/hour second, meter/square second, mile/hour minute Base Numbers Base number conversions from base 2 to base 36, including binary, octal, decimal Calorific Calorific units, btu/cubic foot, joule/cubic meter, therm/cubic foot Circular/Angle Circular and angle units, radian, degree, grade, minute, second, circumference, sextant, octant Currency Currency conversions for all countries, updated daily Data Transfer Data transfer units, adsl, modem, usb, ethernet, fiber optics and other several networking devices Date/Time Date and time conversions for second, millisecond, minute, hour, day, week, month, year, century Density Gram/cubic millimeter, kilogram/liter, ounce/cubic foot, pound/gallon Digital Storage Digital storage units, bit, byte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte, exabyte Electrical Electrical conversions, resistance, capacitance, conductance, current, charge Energy/Work Energy and work units, btu, calorie, joule, kilojoule, newton meter, kilowatt hour Flow Rate Flow mass, flow volume and molar units. Force Force units, dyne, gram force, kilogram force, kilonewton, newton, ounce and pound force Frequency Hertz, kilohertz, radian hour, degree second, revolution minute Fuel Economy Fuel economy conversions within and between the North American and European metrics Heat Heat transfer coefficient, heat capacity and flux density units. Calorie per second square centimeter, calorie/gram celsius Light Illumination, luminance, luminous intensity units. Lux, flame, phot, nox, nit, lambert, candela Magnetic Magnetic flux and flux density units. Maxwell, weber, tesla per square meter, tesla, gauss Power Power units, btu/hour, megawatt, gigawatt, horsepower, joule/hour Radiation Radioactivity, radiation exposure, absorbed dose units. Curie, becquerel, roentgen, rem, sievert, gray, rad Sound Sound units, bel, decibel (d B), neper (Np)Speed Metric and imperial speed conversion, meter per second, kilometers per hour, miles per hour Torque Force units, kilogram force meter, newton meter, ounce force inch, pound force foot Viscosity Dynamic and kinematic viscosity conversions History of Measurement Systems People have been measuring things for thousands of years. Ancient egyptians used fingers, hands and arms to measure things. One finger is a digit, 4 fingers a palm, distance between their elbow to the fingers is a cubit etc. All these units of measurement were based on something familiar to them such as their body parts but even the results varied from person to person. Almost all countries or cultures used different units of measurement and conversion of units within or between the same systems have become a problem." }, { "docid": "D2137454#0", "title": "http://www.sengpielaudio.com/ConvVolum.htm\n.", "text": "\"Deutsche Versionprefixes \| length \| area \| weight \| pressure \| temperature \| time \| energy \| power \| density \| velocity \| acceleration \| force• Conversions of volume and capacity units •Volume or capacity conversion VThis program converts English and American measures to metric unitscubic centimeters (cm³): = milliliters (m L)cubic decimeters (dm³): = liters (L)hectoliters (h L):cubic meters (m³):cubic kilometers (km³):cubic inches:cubic feet:cubic yards:cubic miles: UK pints: UK quarts: US gallons: UK gallons: Conversion: milliliter in liter and liter in milliliter and more Conversion: units of volume, measures of capacity, and the weight of water Conversions of many more volume units Volume conversion chart Sorted from small to big Name of volume unit, V Symbol Definition Relation to SI units m Lcubic metre (SI unit) m³ ≡ 1 m × 1 m × 1 m = 1 m³ = 1000 L 1 L = 1000 m L; 1 m L = 0,001 Llitre L ≡ 1 dm × 1 dm × 1 dm = 1 L ≡ 1 dm³ = 0.001 m 3lambda λ ≡ 1 mm³ = 1 μLdrop (metric) ≡ 1/20 m L = 0.05 m Lminim (Imperial) min ≡ 1/480 fl oz (Imp) = 1/60 fl dr (Imp) ≈ 0.059 193 880 208 333 m Lminim (U. S.) min ≡1/480 US fl oz = 1/60 US fl dr = 0.061 611 519 921 875 m Ldrop (U. S.) (alt) gtt ≡ 1/456 US fl oz ≈ 0.064 854 231 m Ldrop (Imperial) (alt) gtt ≡ 1/1824 gi (Imp) ≈ 0.077 886 684 m Ldrop (U. S.) gtt ≡ 1/360 US fl oz = 0.082 148 693 229 1 (6) m Ldrop (medical) ≡ 1/12 m L = 0.08 (3) m Ldrop (Imperial) gtt ≡ 1/288 fl oz (Imp) = 0.098 656 467 013 (8) m Ldash (U. S.) - ≡1/96 USfl oz = ½ US pinch = 0.308 057 599 609 375 m Ldash (Imperial) - ≡ 1/384 gi (Imp) = ½ pinch (Imp) = 0.369 961 751 302 08 (3) m Lpinch (U. S.) - ≡1/48 US fl oz = 1/8 US tsp = 0.616 115 199 218 75 m Lpinch (Imperial) - ≡ 1/192 gi (Imp) = 1/8 tsp (Imp) = 0.739 923 502 604 1 (6) m Lfluidscruple (Imperial) fl s ≡ 1/24 fl oz (Imp) = 1.183 877 604 1 (6) m Lfluid drachm (Imperial) fl dr ≡ 1/8 fl oz (Imp) = 3.551 632 812 5 m Lfluiddram (U. S.); U. S.fluidram fl dr ≡ 1/8 US fl oz = 3.696 691 195 312 5 m Lteaspoon (Canadian) tsp ≡ 1/6 fl oz (Imp) ≈ 4.735 510 416 667 m Lteaspoon (U. S.) tsp ≡ 1/6 US fl oz = 4.928 921 595 m Lteaspoon (metric) - - ≡5 m Lteaspoon (Imperial) tsp ≡ 1/24 gi (Imp) = 5.919 388 020 8 (3) m Ldessertspoon (Imperial) - ≡ 1/12 gi (Imp) = 11.838 776 041 (6) m Ltablespoon (Canadian) tbsp ≡ ½ fl oz (Imp) = 14.206 531 25 m Ltablespoon (U. S.) tbsp ≡ ½ US fl oz = 14.786 764 782 5 m Ltablespoon (metric) - - ≡15 m Lcubic inch cu in ≡ 1 in³ = 16.387 064 m Ltablespoon (Imperial) tbsp ≡ 5/8 fl oz (Imp) = 17.758 164 062 5 m Lpony - ≡ 3/4 US fl oz = 22.180 147 171 875 m Lfluidounce (Imperial) fl oz (Imp) ≡ 1/160 gal (Imp) = 28.413 062 5 m Lfluid ounce (U. S.) fl oz (US) ≡ 1/128 gal (US) = 29.573 529 562 5 m Lshot - ≡ 1 US fl oz = 29.573 529 562 5 m Ljigger - ≡ 1 ½ US fl oz = 44.360 294 343 75 m Lgill (U. S.) gi (US) ≡ 4 US fl oz = 118.294 118 25 m Lgill (Imperial); Noggin gi (Imp); nog ≡ 5 fl oz (Imp) = 142.065 312 5 m Lcup (Canadian) c (CA) ≡ 8 fl oz (Imp) = 227.3045 m Lcup (U. S.) c (US) ≡8 US fl oz ≡1/16 gal (US) = 236.588 236 5 m Lcup (metric) c ≡250 m Lbreakfast cup - ≡ 10 fl oz (Imp) = 284.130 625 m Lpint (U. S.fluid) pt (US fl) ≡ 1/8 gal (US) = 473.176 473 m Lpint (U. S. dry) pt (US dry) ≡ 1/4 bu (US lvl) = 0.550 610 471 357 5 Lpint (Imperial) pt (Imp) ≡ 1/8 gal (Imp) = 0.568 261 25 Lfifth - ≡ 1/5 US gal = 0.757 082 356 8 Lquart (U. S.fluid) qt (US) ≡ 1/4 gal (US fl) = 0.946 352 946 Lquart (U. S. dry) qt (US) ≡1/32 bu (USlvl) = ¼ gal (US dry) = 1.101 220 942 715 Lquart (Imperial) qt (Imp) ≡ ¼ gal (Imp) = 1.136 522 5 Lpottle; quartern - ≡ ½ gal (Imp) = 80 fl oz (Imp) = 2.273 045 Lboard-foot fbm ≡ 144 cu in = 2.359 737 216 Lgallon (U. S.fluid; Wine) gal (US) ≡ 231 cu in = 3.785 411 784 Lgallon (U. S. dry) gal (US) ≡ 1/8 bu (US lvl) = 4.404 883 770 86 Lgallon (Imperial) gal (Imp) ≡ = 4.546 09 Lbeer gallon beer gal ≡ 282 cu in = 4.621 152 048 Lpeck (U. S.dry) pk ≡ ¼ US lvl bu = 8.809 767 541 72 Lpeck (Imperial) pk ≡ 2 gal (Imp) = 9.092 18 Lbucket (Imperial) bkt ≡ 4 gal (Imp) = 18.184 36 Ltimber foot - ≡ 1 cu ft = 28.316 846 592 Lcubic foot cu ft ≡ 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 ft = 28.316 846 592 Lfirkin - ≡ 9 gal (US) = 34.068 706 056 Lbushel (U. S.dry level) bu (US lvl) ≡ 2150.42 cu in = 35.239 070 166 88 Lbushel (Imperial) bu (Imp) ≡ 8 gal (Imp) = 36.368 72 Lbushel (U. S.dry heaped) bu (US) ≡ 1 ¼ bu (US lvl) = 44.048 837 708 6 Lstrike (U. S.) - ≡ 2 bu (US lvl) = 70.478 140 333 76 Lstrike (Imperial) - ≡ 2 bu (Imp) = 72.737 44 Lkilderkin - ≡ 18 gal (Imp) = 81.829 62 Lsack (U. S.) - ≡ 3 bu (US lvl) = 105.717 210 500 64 Lsack (Imperial); bag - ≡ 3 bu (Imp) = 109.106 16 Lbarrel (U. S.dry) bl (US) ≡105 qt (US) = 105/32 bu (USlvl) = 115.628 198 985 075 Lbarrel (U. S. fluid) fl bl (US) ≡ 31 ½ gal (US) = 119.240 471 196 Lcoomb - ≡ 4 bu (Imp) = 145.474 88 Lbarrel (petroleum) bl ≡ 42 gal (US) = 158.987 294 928 Lbarrel (Imperial) bl (Imp) ≡ 36 gal (Imp) = 163.659 24 Lhogshead (U. S.) hhd (US) ≡ 2 fl bl (US) = 238.480 942 392 Lseam - ≡ 8 bu (US lvl) = 281.912 561 335 04 Lquarter; pail - ≡ 8 bu (Imp) = 290.949 76 Lhogshead (Imperial) hhd (Imp) ≡ 2 bl (Imp) = 327.318 48 LName of Volume unit, V Symbol Definition Relation to SI units cubic metre, m 3cord-foot - ≡ 16 cu ft = 0.453 069 545 472 m³butt, pipe - ≡ 126 gal (wine) = 0.476 961 884 784 m³perch per ≡ 16 ½ ft × 1 1/2 ft × 1 ft = 0.700 841 953 152 m³cubic yard cu yd ≡ 27 cu ft = 0.764 554 857 984 m³tun - ≡ 252 gal (wine) = 0.953 923 769 568 m³displacement ton - ≡ 35 cu ft = 0.991 089 630 72 m³water ton - ≡ 28 bu (Imp) = 1.018 324 16 m³freight ton - ≡ 40 cu ft = 1.132 673 863 68 m³wey (U. S.) - ≡ 40 bu (US lvl) = 1.409 562 806 675 2 m³load - ≡ 50 cu ft = 1.415 842 329 6 m³register ton - ≡ 100 cu ft = 2.831 684 659 2 m³last - ≡ 80 bu (Imp) = 2.909 497 6 m³cord (firewood) - ≡ 8 ft × 4 ft × 4 ft = 3.624 556 363 776 m³cubic fathom cu fm ≡ 1 fm × 1 fm × 1 fm = 6.116 438 863 872 m³acre-inch - ≡ 1 ac × 1 in = 102.790 153 128 96 m³acre-foot - ≡ 1 ac × 1 ft = 1233.481 837 547 52 m³cubic mile cu mi ≡ 1 mi³ = 4.168 181 825 440 579 584 km³There are a variety of U. S. Customary, British Imperial and metric (SI) units for volume. The U. S. has two definitions of the pint and quart called the dry and wet measures. Each has a different size, something most Americans probably don't even realize. The U. S. system has an ounce which refers to a fluid volume, but also an ounce that refers to mass; these are not interchangeable. In general, an ounce of liquid does not weigh an ounce. The British Imperial system of liquid and dry measure uses only one ounce, pint and quart, but these differ from any of the U. S. measures as does the British Imperial gallon, peck and bushel. Unit Equivalent volume measures Ounce (oz, U. S.) One fluid ounce = 1/8 of a half-pint = 1/16 of a pint = 1/32 of a quart = 1/128 of a gallon. One fluid ounce = 29.5735 milliliters. Pint (pt, U. S.) There are two half-pints = 16 ounces in a pint. There are 2 pints in a quart and 8 pints in a gallon." }, { "docid": "D1011712#0", "title": "http://www.traditionaloven.com/building/masonry/concrete/convert-cubic-metre-m3-concrete-to-cubic-foot-cu-ft-concrete.html\nconcrete conversion", "text": "Category: main menu • concrete menu • Cubic metersconcrete conversion Amount: 1 cubic meter (m3) of volume Equals: 35.31 cubic feet (cu ft - ft3) in volume Converting cubic meter to cubic feet value in the concrete units scale. TOGGLE : from cubic feet into cubic meters in the other way around.concrete from cubic meter to cubic foot Conversion Results: Enter a New cubic meter Amount of concrete to Convert From* Whole numbers, decimals or fractions (ie: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8) * Precision is how many numbers after decimal point (1 - 9)Enter Amount : Decimal Precision : CONVERT : between other concrete measuring units - complete list. Conversion calculator for webmasters. Concrete This general purpose concrete formulation, called also concrete-aggregate (4:1 - sand/gravel aggregate : cement - mixing ratio w/ water) conversion tool is based on the concrete mass density of 2400 kg/m3 - 150 lbs/ft3 after curing (rounded). Unit mass per cubic centimeter, concrete has density 2.41g/cm3. The main concrete calculator page. The 4:1 strength concrete mixing formula uses the measuring portions in volume sense (e.g. 4 buckets of concrete aggregate with 1 bucket of water.) In order not to end up with a too wet concrete, add water gradually as the mixing progresses. If mixing concrete manually by hand; mix dry matter portions first and only then add water. This concrete type is commonly reinforced with metal rebars or mesh." }, { "docid": "D2562291#0", "title": "https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html\nHow Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Â© Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillTable of ContentsAbout the DictionaryUsing the DictionaryB", "text": "\"B [1]informal abbreviation for \"\"billion,\"\" generally meaning the American billion 10 9. This abbreviation is non-metric: the metric abbreviation for 10 9 is G, standing for the prefix giga-. The B form has been used in such units as Bcf (billion cubic feet) and Be V (billion electron volts). B [2]a symbol for international standard paper sizes, followed by the size number, as in B4. A table of sizes is provided. A sheet of size B n has a width of 100·2 -n /2 centimeters and a length of 100·2 1/2- n /2 centimeters (rounded to the nearest millimeter).bag [1]another name for a sack (3 bushels) used as unit of measure in Britain.bag [2]an old English unit of weight, varying with the contents of the bag but generally in the range of 2-4 hundredweight (100-200 kilograms).bag [3]a unit of weight for cement. Traditionally a bag of portland cement weighs 94 pounds (42.6 kilograms) in the US. and 87.5 pounds (39.7 kilograms) in Canada. However, cement is now being sold also in metric-sized bags of 50 kilograms (110.2 pounds) by many suppliers.bahta traditional weight unit in Thailand, now equal to exactly 15 grams or 1/40 catty (0.5291 ounce ). The baht, originally the weight of a silver coin of the same name, is used to measure the weight of precious metals." }, { "docid": "D2513846#0", "title": "http://www.traditionaloven.com/tutorials/flow-rate/convert-l-liter-per-hour-to-m3-cubic-meter-per-hour.html\nflow rate conversion", "text": "Category: main menu • flow rate menu • Liters per hourflow rate conversion Amount: 1 Liter per hour (L/h) of flow rate Equals: 0.0010 cubic meters per hour (m3/h) in flow rate Converting Liter per hour to cubic meters per hour value in the flow rate units scale. TOGGLE : from cubic meters per hour into Liters per hour in the other way around.flow rate from Liter per hour to cubic meter per hour Conversion Results: Enter a New Liter per hour Amount of flow rate to Convert From* Whole numbers, decimals or fractions (ie: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8) * Precision is how many numbers after decimal point (1 - 9)Enter Amount : Decimal Precision : CONVERT : between other flow rate measuring units - complete list. Conversion calculator for webmasters. Flow rate. Gas & Liquids. This unit-to-unit calculator is based on conversion for one pair of two flow rate units. For a whole set of multiple units for volume and mass flow on one page, try the Multi-Unit converter tool which has built in all flowing rate unit-variations. Page with flow rate by mass unit pairs exchange. Convert flow rate measuring units between Liter per hour (L/h) and cubic meters per hour (m3/h) but in the other reverse direction from cubic meters per hour into Liters per hour.conversion result for flow rate: From Symbol Equals Result To Symbol1 Liter per hour L/h = 0.0010 cubic meters per hour m3/h Converter type: flow rate units This online flow rate from L/h into m3/h converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals. First unit: Liter per hour (L/h) is used for measuring flow rate." }, { "docid": "D1295343#0", "title": "http://www.convertunits.com/from/US+gallons+per+minute/to/cubic+foot/minute\nConvert US gallons per minute to cubic foot/minute - Conversion of Measurement Units", "text": "\"Convert gallon [US]/minute to cubic foot/minute US gallons per minutecubic foot/minute More information from the unit converter How many US gallons per minute in 1 cubic foot/minute? The answer is 7.4805195566834. We assume you are converting between gallon [US]/minute and cubic foot/minute. You can view more details on each measurement unit: US gallons per minute or cubic foot/minute The SI derived unit for volume flow rate is the cubic meter/second. 1 cubic meter/second is equal to 15850.323074494 US gallons per minute, or 2118.8799727597 cubic foot/minute. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between gallons [US]/minute and cubic feet/minute. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!Want other units? You can do the reverse unit conversion from cubic foot/minute to US gallons per minute, or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: To: Definition: Cubic foot/minute Cubic feet per minute (CFM) is a measure used in Industrial hygiene and ventilation engineering. It describes the rate of flow of a gas or air volume into or out of a space." }, { "docid": "D1745727#0", "title": "http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictM.html\nHow Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Â© Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillTable of ContentsAbout the DictionaryUsing the DictionaryM", "text": "\"M [1]an informal abbreviation for million in expressions such as \"\"$500M\"\" for 500 million dollars or \"\"Unemployment Reaches 4M\"\" in a newspaper headline. In binary contexts such as computer memory, M often represents 2 20 = 1 048 576 (see mebi-, below). M [2]the Roman numeral 1000, sometimes used in symbols to indicate a thousand, as in Mcf, a traditional symbol for 1000 cubic feet. Given the widespread use of M to mean one million, this older use of M to mean one thousand is very confusing and should be scrapped. M [3]the symbol for \"\"molar\"\" in chemistry (see below). Maa symbol for one million years, often used in astronomy and geology. The \"\"a\"\" stands for the Latin annum.mabsymbol for \"\"meters above bottom\"\" (bottom of the sea), a unit used in oceanography.macea traditional Chinese unit for weighing precious metals, especially silver. In the European colonial period, the mace was considered equal to 0.1 tael or liang; this would be 2/15 ounce or about 3.78 grams. Mach or mach (M or Ma)a measure of relative velocity, used to express the speed of an aircraft relative to the speed of sound. The name of the unit is often placed before the measurement." } ]
8826	_______ was a great leader of the ottoman empire.	[ { "docid": "D2662645#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/29807533/ottoman-empire-flash-cards/\nOttoman Empire", "text": "\"33 terms Larlissa Ottoman Empire Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Ghazi Muslim religious warriors, who aided the Ottomans in their rise to power. Ottoman Turk A group of Turks from northwest Asia Minor ruled by Osman who conquered Anatolia. They used guns and cannons and had a large navy. Changed name of Constantinople to Istanbul. Constantinople Great center of medieval Christian world and unbroken link to Roman times Hagia Sophia \"\"Holy Wisdom\"\"; Once a cathedral before conversion into a mosque; mosaics were white washed; symbol of Eastern Orthodox church Suleiman the Magnificent The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. ( p. 526); Unable to Conquer Vienna; influenced by wife to have son killed Safavid Dynasty Shi'ite and struggled with the Sunni Ottomans; defeated by Selin I; Bayezid deported Shiites from Anatolia to Greece in 1502; 1511 dangerous Shiite revolt in central Anatolia Sultan \"\"overlord\"\" or \"\"one with power\"\"; title for Ottoman rulers during the rise of the Ottoman Empire; absolute ruler and commander-in-chief Pasha provincial ruler in the Ottoman empire Tax-farming A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1636546#0", "title": "http://staff.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lect10.htm\n.", "text": "\"Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the \"\"Eastern Question\"\"Previous lecture / Complete list of lectures / Next lecture Two things happened during the nineteenth century to disturb the internal affairs of the Balkans. The first was the introduction of novel social and economic forces (see Lecture 9). The second was the increasing intervention of outside political forces. As the century advanced these developments merged, as international diplomacy and international commerce became linked in the thinking of Europe's Great Powers. In the 1800s this process was only beginning. Concerns about raw materials and world markets were only spreading slowly from England to the rest of Europe. International diplomacy still operated on the basis of simpler calculations. Wars were still fought about drawing borders and putting kings on thrones, without sophisticated consideration of economic elements or the impact of social change. Diplomacy was conducted from the top down, by social elites with little interest in social change or popular unrest. If we look at the history of international relations in the Balkans in the nineteenth century, it is hard to set aside our foreknowledge that the train of events will lead to World War I. Ultimately, diplomacy of the old style failed in 1914 when new forces such as nationalism and militarism escaped its control." }, { "docid": "D1558126#0", "title": "http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml\nOttoman Empire (1301-1922)", "text": "\"Ottoman Empire (1301-1922)Last updated 2009-09-04The Ottoman Empire was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam. On this page Introduction Why was the Empire successful? Constantinople Other religions Sultan and court Suleiman - a golden age Decline Find out more Print this page Introduction The Ottoman Empire The Great Mosque in Damascus, Syria ©The Ottoman Empire was the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history. It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions. It replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520-66), when it expanded to cover the Balkans and Hungary, and reached the gates of Vienna. The Empire began to decline after being defeated at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and losing almost its entire navy. It declined further during the next centuries, and was effectively finished off by the First World War and the Balkan Wars. One legacy of the Islamic Ottoman Empire is the robust secularism of modern Turkey. At its peak it included: Turkey Egypt Greece Bulgaria Romania Macedonia Hungary Palestine Jordan Lebanon Syria Parts of Arabia Much of the coastal strip of North Africa Top Why was the Empire successful?" }, { "docid": "D1375357#0", "title": "http://constructionlitmag.com/culture/how-peter-the-great-modernized-russia/\nHow Peter the Great Modernized Russia", "text": "How Peter the Great Modernized Russiapeter the great [quote]Ladies and gentlemen of the court caught sleeping with their boots on will be instantly decapitated.–Peter the Great of Russia [/quote]T he smallest person on our list is followed by the largest. In 1696, a six-foot, seven-inch, 24-year-old Peter Romanov inherited a backwards Russian kingdom and transformed it into an empire that rivaled those of the West. In fact, it’s because of Romanov that we can even consider Russia, despite its mostly Asian geography, a Western nation at all. By the time of his 1725 death, Peter Romanov—better known as Peter the Great—set Russia on a trajectory that would one day meet and outstrip the strength of all other European nations. Without question, this enormous man was enormously important. I n 1672, Peter Romanov was born to Tsar Alexis I and his second wife, Natalya . { { 1}} The seventeenth century Russia into which he was born did not resemble the formidable Russian Empire of later days. While the European powers of Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France were already grinding their footprints overseas, exporting Western culture to other continents, the isolated Tsardom of Russia struggled for an identity. Centuries earlier, before the turn of the millennium, a local east Slavic ethnic group known as the Rus consolidated around the city of Kiev in Eastern Europe. Kieven Russia remained as a sizeable Eastern European entity for several hundred years." }, { "docid": "D1480066#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence\nGreek War of Independence", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Greek War of Independence Clockwise: The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Kastella, burning of a Turkish frigate by a Greek fire ship, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt at the Third Siege of Missolonghi, Battle of Navarino Date 21 February 1821 – 12 September 1829 [3] (8 years, 6 months and 3 weeks)Location The Balkans (mainly Greece) and the Aegean Sea. Result Greek independence Establishment of the First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832)London Protocol Treaty of Constantinople Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece (1832)Territorial changes The Peloponnese, Saronic Islands, Cyclades, Sporades and, Continental Greece ceded to the independent Greek state Belligerents Greek revolutionaries (1821)First Hellenic Republic (from 1822)Supported by: Russian Empire (after 1827) United Kingdom (after 1823) France Haiti [1] [2]Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Beylik of Tunis Regency of Algiers Eyalet of Tripolitania Commanders and leaders Political: Filiki Eteria Alexandros Mavrokordatos Ioannis Kapodistrias (from 1828) Military: Th. Kolokotronis Alexander Ypsilantis Demetrius Ypsilantis Georgios Karaiskakis †Richard Church Andreas Miaoulis Constantine Kanaris Markos Botsaris Papaflessas †Clergy: Germanos III of Patras Bishop Hesaias of Salona Mahmud IIMuhammad Ali Pasha Omer Vrioni Mahmud Dramali Pasha Hursid Pasha Husrev Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Casualties and lossesest. 25,000 [4] [ better source needed]est. 20,000 [4] [ better source needed]Civilian deaths: estimated as high as 105,000 [4] [ better source needed] [ show]v t e Greek War of Independence Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece [show]Greek Bronze Age [show]Ancient Greece [show]Medieval Greece [show]Early modern Greece [show]Modern Greece [show]History by topic [show]Greece portalv t e The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution ( Greek: Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi, or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the Αγώνας, Agonas, \"\" Struggle \"\"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, \"\" Greek Uprising \"\"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, the Kingdom of France, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, the eyalets of Egypt, Algeria, and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis. Even several decades before the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, most of Greece had come under Ottoman rule. [ 5] During this time, there were several revolt attempts by Greeks to gain independence from Ottoman control. [ 6] In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and in Constantinople and its surrounding areas." }, { "docid": "D1812858#0", "title": "http://lostislamichistory.com/the-decline-of-the-ottoman-empire-part-3-nationalism/\nThe Decline of the Ottoman Empire: Part 3 Nationalism", "text": "\"The Decline of the Ottoman Empire: Part 3 Nationalism In Part 1 of this series, we looked at what impact political and economic problems had on bringing down this long-lasting dynasty. In Part 2, a loss of Islamic character was analyzed in connection to the the overall decline and fall of the empire, despite the best efforts of Sultan Abdülhamid II. In this post, the far reaching effects of nationalism will be understood in relation to the ethnic and political groups within the Ottoman Empire. The Millet System Before looking at how nationalism affected the Ottomans, we have to look further back, at how different nationalities originally were a source of strength for the Ottomans. After Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, he had a unique problem on his hands: how to deal with the sizable Christian minority within his realm. Islam has numerous rules about how to treat religious minorities and what kinds of rights they are accorded. Working within these rules, Sultan Mehmed established a system later known as the millet system (millet coming from the Arabic word ملة meaning “nation”). Sultan Mehmed II established the millet system, giving religious freedom to minorities in the Ottoman Empire According to the millet system, Christians within the Ottoman Empire were allowed to live much like they did before Ottoman rule. They were allowed to chose their own religious leaders, collect their own taxes, use their own language, and even to have their own courts where Christians were tried according to Christian laws, not Muslim ones. This type of a system was revolutionary at that time in Europe, where in Christian-dominated areas, there was no concept of religious freedom or minority rights." }, { "docid": "D250962#0", "title": "http://www.cotf.edu/earthinfo/balkans/bkdef.html\n.", "text": "\"Pick a Region: . . The Balkans Geographic For a complete understanding of the term Balkans, one needs to know more than just which countries and languages are located in the region ( Peoples ). It helps quite a bit, in terms of grasping both current events, recent history, and not-so-recent history, to look at the Balkans in the context of a larger geographical region called Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe: Unfortunately, there are almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region. One very common, but now outdated, definition of Eastern Europe was the Soviet-dominated communist countries of Europe. This definition created problems for scholars of Albania and Yugoslavia, which had communist governments but were not under the control of the USSR. This definition also creates confusion with regard to the former East Germany, which has now been reunited with West Germany. For 40 years, this splinter of the traditional German lands ended up in Eastern Europe, politically, because it was the Soviets who captured Berlin at the end of World War II. But the German lands more properly belong to the history of Western Europe, or perhaps to their own zone of Europe known as Mitteleuropa (Middle Europe). Some scholars define Eastern Europe as \"\"the other Europe,\"\" meaning that it is the network of countries and peoples that lie to the east of familiar countries such as France and Germany." }, { "docid": "D1650936#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph\nCaliphate", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Caliph)navigation search\"\"Caliph\"\" redirects here. For the ship, see USS Caliph (SP-272). For the butterflies, see Enispe (butterfly). For a list, see List of Caliphs. CaliphateخِلافةMain caliphates [show]Parallel caliphates [show]Islam portalv t e Part of a series on Islam Beliefs [show]Practices [show]Texts and laws [show]History [hide]Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society [show]Related topics [show]Islam portalv t e Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracypower of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchypower of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracypower of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republicsocio-political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertariansocio-economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. localgeo-cultural ideologies Commune City-state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portalv t e Part of a series on Islam Usul al-fiqh Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid Urf Ahkam Batil Bid‘ah Fard Fasiq Fitna Gunah Halal Haram Istishhad Jihad Makruh Moharebeh Mubah Mustahabb Taghut Taqiya Thawab Theological titles Caliph Shaykh al-Islām Sayyid Sharif Ashraf Ulama Faqīh Grand Imam of al-Azhar Allamah Mufti Grand Mufti Hujjat al-Islam Mujtahid Ayatollah Marja' (Grand Ayatollah) Hafiz Hujja Hakim Imam Mullah Mawlawi Khatib Khawaja Mawlānā Mawla Mufassir Murshid Pir Akhoond Muhaddith Mujaddid Qadi Sheikh Marabout Ustad Muezzin Murid Mujahideen Ghazi Shahid Hajji Ansar Salaf Sahabah Tabi‘un Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in Da'i al-Mutlaqv t e A caliphate ( Arabic: خِلافة khilāfah) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph ( / ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ -/, Arabic: خَليفة khalīfah, pronunciation ( help · info) ), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community. [ 1] Historically, the caliphates were polities based in Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. [ 2] During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. During the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates. [ 1]Prior to the rise of Muhammad and the unification of the Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam, the tribes of Arabia followed a pre-Islamic Arab polytheism, lived as self-governing sedentary and nomadic communities and often raided their neighbouring tribes. [" }, { "docid": "D1626442#0", "title": "http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/The-Ottoman-Empire.htm\nThe Ottoman Empire", "text": "Humanities ›Geography The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire Was One of the World's Largest Empires Share Flipboard Email Print The sun sets over an mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul, which was previously known as Constantinople, was the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Getty Imagesby Amanda Briney Updated March 07, 2017The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that was founded in 1299 after growing out of the break-down of several Turkish tribes. The empire then grew to include many areas in what is now present-day Europe to and it eventually became one of the largest, most powerful and longest-lasting empires in the history of the world. At its peak, the Ottoman Empire included the areas of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. It had a maximum area of 7.6 million square miles (19.9 million square kilometers) in 1595 (University of Michigan). The Ottoman Empire began to decline power in the 18th century but a portion of its land became what is Turkey today. Origin and Growth of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire began in the late 1200s during the break-up of the Seljuk Turk Empire. After that empire broke up the Ottoman Turks began to take control of the other states belonging to the former empire and by the late 1400's all other Turkish dynasties were controlled by the Ottoman Turks. In the early days of the Ottoman Empire, the main goal of its leaders was expansion." }, { "docid": "D1374041#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans\nHistory of the Balkans", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. ( October 2014)This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( October 2014)This article focuses too much on specific examples without explaining their importance to its main subject. ( October 2014)Balkan peninsula (as defined geographically, by the Danube-Sava-Kupa line)The Balkans is an area situated in Southeastern and Eastern Europe. The distinct identity and fragmentation of the Balkans owes much to its common and often violent history regarding centuries of Ottoman conquest and to its very mountainous geography. [ 1] [2]Contents [ hide ]1 Prehistory1.1 Neolithic1.2 Copper Age2 Antiquity2.1 Iron Age2.2 Achaemenid Persian Empire (6th to 5th century BC)2.3 Pre-Roman states (4th to 1st centuries BC)3 Roman period3.1 Rise of Christianity4 Early Middle Ages4.1 Eastern Roman Empire4.2 Barbarian incursions4.3 First Bulgarian Empire5 High Middle Ages5.1 Republic of Venice6 Late Middle Ages7 Early modern period7.1 Ottoman Empire8 Rise of nationalism in the Balkans8.1 Congress of Berlin9 20th century9.1 Balkan Wars9.2 World War I9.2.1 Coming of war 19149.2.2 Fighting in 19149.2.3 Bulgaria9.3 Consequences of World War I9.4 World War II9.5 Aftermath of World War II9.6 Cold War9.7 Post-Communism9.7.1 Yugoslav wars10 2000 to present11 Overview of state histories12 Cultural history12.1 Byzantine culture12.2 Ottoman culture12.3 Eastern Orthodoxy13 See also14 References15 Sources16 Further reading17 External links Prehistory [ edit]Main article: Prehistory of Southeastern Europe Neolithic [ edit]A burial at Varna, Bulgaria, with some of the world's oldest gold jewelry. Archaeologists have identified several early culture-complexes, including the Cucuteni culture (4500 to 3500 BC), Starcevo culture (6500 to 4000 BC), Vinča culture (5000 to 3000 BC), Linear pottery culture (5500 to 4500 BC), and Ezero culture (3300—2700 BC). The Eneolithic Varna culture in Bulgaria (4600-4200 BC radiocarbon dating) produced the world's earliest known gold treasure and had sophisticated beliefs about afterlife." }, { "docid": "D2659407#0", "title": "http://www.armeniapedia.org/wiki/Armenian_History\nArmenian History", "text": "\"Map of ancient Armenia. The Armenian civilization had its beginnings nearly 5,000 years ago. Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat. The original Armenian name for the country was Hayk, later Hayastan ( Armenian: Հայաստան), translated as the land of Haik, and consisting of the name Haik and the suffix '-stan' (land). Hayk is identified with the Sun-God Orion. The name Armenia was given to the country by the surrounding states, and it is traditionally derived from Armenak or Aram (the great-grandson of Haik's great-grandson, and another leader who is, according to Armenian tradition, the ancestor of all Armenians). In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600-1200 BC). Soon after the Hayasa-Azzi were the Nairi (1400-1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Ararat (1000-600 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highlands. Each of the aforementioned Armenian tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. [ 1] Yerevan, the modern capital of Armenia, was founded in 782 BC by king Argishti I. The Iron Age kingdom of Ararat was replaced by the Orontid dynasty." }, { "docid": "D2198549#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Caliph\nCaliphate", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Islamic Caliph)navigation search\"\"Caliph\"\" redirects here. For the ship, see USS Caliph (SP-272). For the butterflies, see Enispe (butterfly). For a list, see List of Caliphs. CaliphateخِلافةMain caliphates [show]Parallel caliphates [show]Islam portalv t e Part of a series on Islam Beliefs [show]Practices [show]Texts and laws [show]History [hide]Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society [show]Related topics [show]Islam portalv t e Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracypower of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchypower of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracypower of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republicsocio-political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertariansocio-economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. localgeo-cultural ideologies Commune City-state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portalv t e Part of a series on Islam Usul al-fiqh Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid Urf Ahkam Batil Bid‘ah Fard Fasiq Fitna Gunah Halal Haram Istishhad Jihad Makruh Moharebeh Mubah Mustahabb Taghut Taqiya Thawab Theological titles Caliph Shaykh al-Islām Sayyid Sharif Ashraf Ulama Faqīh Grand Imam of al-Azhar Allamah Mufti Grand Mufti Hujjat al-Islam Mujtahid Ayatollah Marja' (Grand Ayatollah) Hafiz Hujja Hakim Imam Mullah Mawlawi Khatib Khawaja Mawlānā Mawla Mufassir Murshid Pir Akhoond Muhaddith Mujaddid Qadi Sheikh Marabout Ustad Muezzin Murid Mujahideen Ghazi Shahid Hajji Ansar Salaf Sahabah Tabi‘un Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in Da'i al-Mutlaqv t e A caliphate ( Arabic: خِلافة khilāfah) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph ( / ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ -/, Arabic: خَليفة khalīfah, pronunciation ( help · info) ), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community. [ 1] Historically, the caliphates were polities based in Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. [ 2] During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. During the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates. [ 1]Prior to the rise of Muhammad and the unification of the Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam, the tribes of Arabia followed a pre-Islamic Arab polytheism, lived as self-governing sedentary and nomadic communities and often raided their neighbouring tribes. [" }, { "docid": "D2542673#0", "title": "http://www.institutkurde.org/en/institute/who_are_the_kurds.php\nA brief survey of The History of the Kurds", "text": "\"A brief survey of The History of the Kurds Kendal NEZAN President of the Kurdish Institute of Paris Who Are the Kurds? Brushing over a depiction of 25 centuries of history in half an hour is obviously a tough task. That means about one minute per century! In this quick skimming through 1 can limit myself to merely pointing out a few major landmards and mentioning facts likely to help in the understanding of the present situation of the Kurds. 1 hope the specialists present here won't hold this approach of reducing and simplifying against me and, in response to questions raised during the discussion, I'd be happy to consider any aspect, which seems to you to have been insufficiently covered, in more depth. The first question which comes to mind is that of the origins of the Kurds. Who are they? Where do they come from? Historians generally agree to consider them as belonging to the Iranian branch of the large family of Indo-European races. In prehistoric times, kingdoms called Mitanni, Kassites and Hourites reigned these mountainous areas, situated between the Iranian plateau and the Euphrates." }, { "docid": "D2437851#0", "title": "http://www.genocide1915.org/fragorochsvar_bakgrund.html\n.", "text": "\"1 What is the Armenian Genocide or the 1915 genocide?2 What was the Armenian question?3 How long have Armenians lived in the area and how many were there before the genocide?4 What was the Millet system?5 What were the reasons for the massacres and the persecutions?6 Who were responsible and carried out the genocide?7 Who were the Young Turks?8 What was the so-called Triumvirate?9 What was Teshkilati Mahsusa?10 What happened on April 24 which is the annual commemoration day?11 How was the genocide implemented?12 In what other ways than massacres and deportations was the genocide carried out?13 Did the assault and the abuse cease with the end of the World War?14 What was the outcome of the genocide and how many died?15 Were there any eyewitnesses to the genocide?16 Were there any reactions from the contemporary world?17 What happened at the end of the war when Turkey surrendered?18 What was the Sevres Treaty?19 What was the Lausanne Treaty?20 What role did religion play in the genocide?21 What was Operation Nemesis?22 What happened to the individuals primarily responsible for the genocide?23 Who were ASALA and JCAG?24 Where all the Turks and Kurds guilty of the assaults and the abuse?25 What role did the Kurds have in the genocide?26 Was it a single genocide or talk we talk about three different genocides?27 Which present-day consequences has the genocide resulted in?28 How is the Karabakh conflict related to the Armenian genocide?29 Are Seyfo the same thing as the 1915 genocide?1 What is the Armenian Genocide or the 1915 genocide? The events of World War I in the Ottoman Empire, where approximately two million Christian inhabitants were killed or disappeared traceless, are usually described as the 1915 genocide or the Armenian genocide since the Armenians constituted up to 1.5 million of these victims. The genocide practically emptied the Ottoman Empire and current Turkey from its Christian population, leaving an almost entirely Muslim/Turkish Turkey. Genocide is considered to have been intended as a solution to the Armenian Question (see question 2 ), but also other minorities in the Ottoman Turkey, mainly Christian Assyrians/Syrians/Chaldeans and Greeks suffered as well (compare with the Holocaust that primarily affected Jews, but also Roma)Back to top2 What was the Armenian Question? With the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire from early 1800s, when the Christian nations in the Balkans began to free themselves from Turkish rule (Greece, 1829; Montenegro, 1851; Romania, 1856; Serbia, 1878; Bulgaria, 1878), the so-called Orient Question was born. It was referring to the Turkish Empire's disintegration and the rivalry in which the Great Powers struggled for the control of the important Bosporus and Dardanelles, the strait that controls the fairway to and from the entire Black Sea region. The Armenian Question was part of the Orient Question since the Armenians demanded fair treatment in face of the corrupt Ottoman misrule that prevailed in the empire. The Armenians demanded, among other things, guarantees for their lives and property from attacks by Kurdish tribes. These tribes supported themselves by forced and illegal taxes they exacted from the Armenian population in the empire. [ 1] But the Ottoman government refused to accept any kind of reforms in the Armenian provinces (see question 3 )." }, { "docid": "D2581291#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide\nArmenian Genocide", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Armenian Genocide Part of the Late Ottoman genocides [1] [2]Armenian civilians, escorted by Ottoman soldiers, marched through Harput (Kharpert) to a prison in nearby Mezireh (present-day Elâzığ ), April 1915. Location Ottoman Empire Republic of Turkey Date 1914–1923 [note 1]Target Armenian population Attack type Deportation, genocide, mass murder, starvation Deaths c. 1.5 million (disputed) [note 2]Perpetrators Ottoman Empire ( Committee of Union and Progress)Motive Anti-Armenian sentiment [8]History of Armenia Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat Prehistory Antiquity Middle Ages Early modern age Perso - Ottoman period Safavid and Qajar rule 1502–1828Five Melikdoms Shah Abbas I's deportation 1606Ceding of Eastern Armenia 1828Ottoman rule 1548–1915Six Vilayets 1878Hamidian massacres 1895–1896Armenian Genocide 1909–1918Russian period Russian rule 1828–1918Armenian Oblast 1828–1840Western Armenia 1915–1918National Liberation Movement Armenakan 1885S. D. Hunchakian Party 1887ARF (Dashnaktsutyun) 1890Caucasus Campaign 1914–1918Battle of Sardarapat 1918Battle of Karakilisa 1918Modern Armenia First Republic of Armenia 1918–1920Treaty of Batum 1918War with Azerbaijan 1918–1920War with Georgia 1918Treaty of Sèvres 1920Wilsonian Armenia 1920War with Turkey 1920Treaty of Alexandropol 1920Modern age Armenia portalv t e Part of a series on Genocide Issues Cultural genocide Democide Ethnic cleansing Ethnic relations Ethnocide Genocide Genocidal rape Utilitarian genocide Double genocide Holocaust uniqueness debate Rwandan genocide Genocide of indigenous peoples European colonization of the Americas Dzungar genocide, 1750s Manifest Destiny Indian Removal, 1830s California Genocide, 1848–1873Circassian genocide, 1860s Selk'nam genocide, 1890s–1900s Herero and Namaqua genocide, 1904–1907Greek genocide, 1914–1923Assyrian genocide, 1914–1925Armenian Genocide, 1915–1923Libyan Genocide, 1923–1932Soviet genocide Ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Union Soviet famine of 1932–33Holodomor, 1931–1933 Kazakhstan, 1930–1933Mass Deportations during World War IIKalmyks, 1943 Chechens and Ingush, 1944Crimean Tatars, 1944Nazi Holocaust and genocide (1941–1945)Final Solution Porajmos Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs Serbian genocide Cold War1971 Bangladesh genocide (1971)Burundian genocides (1972 & 1993)East Timorese genocide (1974–1999)Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)Guatemalan genocide (1981–1983)Kurdish genocide (1986–1989)Isaaq genocide (1988–1989)Contemporary genocide Rwandan genocide (1994)Bosnian genocide (1992–1995)Srebrenica massacre (1995)Darfur genocide (2003–) Genocides by ISIS (2014–)Yazidi genocide Shia genocide Christian genocide Central African genocide Related topics Genocides in history Khmer Rouge Killing Fields Hutu Power Holodomor genocide question Extermination camp Effects of genocide on youth List by death toll Mass killings under Communist regimes Anti-communist mass killings Mass killings compilation Categoryv t e The Armenian Genocide ( Armenian: Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, [note 3]Hayots tseghaspanutyun ), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, [9] was the Ottoman government 's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, [note 2] mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire and its successor state, the Republic of Turkey. [ 10] [11] The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the region of Ankara 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, the majority of whom were eventually murdered. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases—the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. [ 12] Other ethnic groups were similarly targeted for extermination in the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide, and their treatment is considered by some historians to be part of the same genocidal policy. [ 1] [2] Most Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide. [ 13]Raphael Lemkin was moved specifically by the annihilation of the Armenians to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters and coin the word genocide in 1943. [ 14] The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides, [15] [16] [17] because scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out. It is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust. [" }, { "docid": "D2421360#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire\nDefeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire)navigation search This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2015)Part of a series on the History of the Ottoman Empire Rise (1299–1453) [show]Classical Age (1453–1566) [show]Transformation (1566–1703) [show]Old Regime (1703–1789) [show]Decline and modernization (1789–1908) [show]Defeat and dissolution (1908–1922) [show]Historiographyv t e The period of the defeat and end of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two stage electoral system ( electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire’s citizens to modernize the state’s institutions and dissolve inter-communal tensions. [ 1]Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Ottoman military reforms resulted in the Ottoman Army engaging in the Italo-Turkish War (1911), the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), and the continuous unrest caused by the Ottoman counter-coup of 1909, which preceded the 31 March Incident (Restoration, 1909) and 1912 Ottoman coup d'état ( Saviours) and the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état in the Empire up to World War I. The Ottoman entry into World War I in the Middle Eastern theatre ended with the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, gave a nominal land and permitted the title Ottoman Caliphate (compared with Vatican; a sacerdotal - monarchical state ruled by the Catholic Pope ), not to be a further threat but just powerful enough to protect Britain from the Khilafat Movement. The occupation of Constantinople along with the occupation of Smyrna mobilized the Turkish national movement which ultimately won the Turkish War of Independence. The formal abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate was performed by Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 1 November 1922." }, { "docid": "D2409396#0", "title": "http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ottoman-empire-declares-a-holy-war\nOttoman Empire declares a holy war", "text": "World War I1914Ottoman Empire declares a holy war Share this:facebook twitter google+Print Cite On November 14, 1914, in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire, the religious leader Sheikh-ul-Islam declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I. By the time the Great War broke out in the summer of 1914, the Ottoman Empire was faltering, having lost much of its once considerable territory in Europe with its defeat in the First Balkan War two years earlier. Seeking to ally themselves with one of the great European powers to help safeguard them against future loss, the ambitious Ottoman leaders–members of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), known collectively as the Young Turks–responded favorably to overtures made by Germany in August 1914. Though Germany and Turkey secretly concluded a military alliance on August 2, the Turks did not officially take part in World War I until several months later. On October 29, the Ottoman navy–including two German ships, Goeben and Breslau, which famously eluded the British navy in the first week of the war to reach Constantinople–attacked Russian ports in the Black Sea, marking the beginning of Turkey’s participation in the war. The sheikh’s declaration of a holy war, made two weeks later, urged Muslims all over the world–including in the Allied countries–to rise up and defend the Ottoman Empire, as a protector of Islam, against its enemies. “ Of those who go to the Jihad for the sake of happiness and salvation of the believers in God’s victory,” the declaration read, “the lot of those who remain alive is felicity, while the rank of those who depart to the next world is martyrdom. In accordance with God’s beautiful promise, those who sacrifice their lives to give life to the truth will have honor in this world, and their latter end is paradise.”" }, { "docid": "D462623#0", "title": "http://lostislamichistory.com/6-great-converts-to-islam/\n6 Great Converts To Islam", "text": "\"6 Great Converts To Islam Barmakid Family (600s-900s)The Barmakids were a family of Buddhist administrators from the city of Balkh, in what is now Afghanistan. When the Umayyad Caliphate conquered the area in the the mid-600s, the family converted to Islam. After the Abbasid Revolution in 750, the Barmakids rose to prominence as talented administrators. They carried with them centuries of experience in the Persian Empire of how to manage large government bureaucracies, something the Arab Abbasid caliphs were ignorant of. As viziers, they exercised great influence on the formation of the empire in the late 8th century. Yahya ibn Khalid al-Barmaki was particularly influential. He was appointed as the tutor and mentor to the young Harun al-Rashid, who would go on to become the caliph during which the Abbasids had their golden age. Under his tutelage, Harun al-Rashid managed to establish peace with the empire’s neighbors, exponential economic growth, the patronage of scholars, and a system of infrastructure that rivaled that of ancient Rome. The Barmakid family as a whole thus had a huge impact on the political shape of the Muslim world that would continue for centuries. Berke Khan (Unknown-1266)As the grandson of the great Mongol conqueror, Genghis Khan, Berke Khan was an important figure in the Mongol world in the mid-1200s." }, { "docid": "D1056030#0", "title": "http://www.historytoday.com/geoffrey-woodward/ottomans-europe\nThe Ottomans in Europe", "text": "The Ottomans in Europe Geoffrey Woodward assesses how great an impact the Turks had on sixteenth-century Europe. Geoffrey Woodward \| Published in History Review Issue 39 March 2001The Ottoman Empire from Abraham Ortelius' atlas, 1570. Everett Collection Historical / Alamy Stock Photo Introduction‘Now shalt thou feel the force of Turkish arms Which lately made all Europe quake for fear. ’Christopher Marlowe’s observation in Tamburlaine (1587) held true for most of the sixteenth century. The Ottoman army was the largest in Europe, its navy ruled the shipping lanes of the eastern Mediterranean, and its capital Istanbul was five times the size of Paris. Its resources seemed limitless, and its capacity to sweep aside opposition in the name of Islam gave the Turkish Empire an awesome presence. Indeed between 1520 and 1565 its momentum seemed unstoppable. Well might Christians in western Europe ‘quake for fear’. This article sets out to trace some of the ways in which Europeans were affected by the Turkish Empire in the course of the sixteenth century. First, it considers the impact on the Balkans and the consequences for the Holy Roman Empire." }, { "docid": "D822559#0", "title": "http://www.allaboutturkey.com/ottoman.htm\nThe Ottoman Empire", "text": "\"Home > History > The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire Origins of the Ottoman Empire See also Ottoman government Ottoman Sultans Military sign Pressured out of their homes in the Asian steppes by the Mongols, the Turkish nomadic tribes converted to Islam during the eighth and ninth centuries. By the tenth century, one of the Turkish tribes, the Seljuk, had become a significant power in the Islamic world and had adopted a settled life that included Islamic orthodoxy, a central administration, and taxation. However, many other Turkish groups remained nomadic and, pursuing the gazi tradition, sought to conquer land for Islam and to acquire war booty for themselves. This led them into conflict with the Seljuk Turks, and to pacify the nomadic tribes, the Seljuks directed them to the eastern domain of the Byzantine Empire, Anatolia . The tribe known as the Ottomans arose from one of the smaller emirates established in northwestern Anatolia after 1071. The dynasty was named for Osman (1259-1326), who began to expand his kingdom into the Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor, moving his capital to Bursa in 1326. Ottoman Empire ( enlarge this map )The political and geographical entity governed by the Muslim Ottoman Turks. Their empire was centered in present-day Turkey, and extended its influence into southeastern Europe as well as the Middle East. Europe was only temporarily able to resist their advance: the turning point came at the Battle of Varna in 1444 when a European coalition army failed to stop the Turkish advance. Only Constantinople ( Istanbul) remained in Byzantine hands and its conquest in 1453 seemed inevitable after Varna." }, { "docid": "D2051300#0", "title": "http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/lectures/13na-isl.htm\n.", "text": "\"Lecture on \"\"Islam in North Africa\"\" by Jim Jones, West Chester University of Pennsylvania (Copyright 2003, All Rights Reserved)Return to the Syllabus \| Return to the African History Resource Page INTRODUCTIONThis lecture covers the history of Islam in northern Africa from the time of the first Muslim invasion in 639 to the Ottoman Empire in 1600. It is based on the reading from Kevin Shillington's History of Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pages 72-77, 107-13 and 157-69. As you read this material, please refer to the following maps from Shillington's book:\"\"The Arab Conquest of North Africa, 640-711\"\" (page 72)\"\"Muslim States of North Africa, 750-950\"\" (page 76)\"\"Egypt Under Fatimid, Ayyubid & Mamluk Rule, 969-1517\"\" (page 159)\"\"Egypt Under the Ottomans, 16th & 17th centuries\"\" (page 164)Map of Arabia during Mohammed's lifetime The following new vocabulary words are italicized on this web page: Medina, Mecca, Kabaa, monotheism, personal religion, Abu Bakr, jihad, Omar, Ummayyids, Abbassids, Fatimids, Seljuks, Mamluks, Quran, Damascas, Baghdad, Maghrib, Pyrennees, Poitiers, Cairo, bedouin, Sarah al-Din, Ottomans, fellahin, caliph, sultan. ARABIC VOCABULARYamir/emir/emin: military commanderbey/dey: local political authority in the Maghribcaliph: spiritual and political leader of Islam chosen by Islamic jurists (the ulama)imam: Muslim teacher with moral authority, not no political powerjihad: literally \"\"striving,\"\" it refers to all efforts to extend the influence of Islam including warfareqadi: officially recognized local religious leader; possibly one of the ulamasultan: local political leader who answers to the caliph; analogous to a provincial governorulama: scholars of Islamic law who voted to select or confirm a caliphumma: the community of Islam; i.e. all Muslimsvizier: advisor to a caliph or sultan who exercises political power in the name of his supervisor INTRODUCTIONIslam arrived in Africa as a unified external invasion, unlike the piecemeal military and economic incursions of the Greeks and the Romans. In other words, all of the people who invaded Egypt around the year 640 shared at least one motivation- -the spread of the true religion. Islam introduced a new concept of universalism. Note that the first adherents of Islam were desert dwellers on the edge of two large empires. It was entirely logical that their first expansion would be into another desert area (the Sahara) located away from the major powers. THE BIRTH OF ISLAMMedina, located near the Red Sea coast of the Arabian peninsula, was the first Muslim city. It was a trading center on a caravan route that prospered when war between the Persian and Byzantine Empires interrupted sea trade between Mediterranean and India." } ]
8827	_______ was a sculptor and painter who who created the sistine chapel	[ { "docid": "D1467154#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling\nSistine Chapel ceiling", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For a collection of images, see Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling. The interior of the Sistine Chapel showing the ceiling in relation to the other frescoes. The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. The ceiling is that of the Sistine Chapel, the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV, for whom the chapel is named. It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II. The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many other important services. [ 1]The ceiling's various painted elements form part of a larger scheme of decoration within the Chapel, which includes the large fresco The Last Judgment on the sanctuary wall, also by Michelangelo, wall paintings by several leading painters of the late 15th century including Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Pietro Perugino, and a set of large tapestries by Raphael, the whole illustrating much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church. [ 2] [3]Central to the ceiling decoration are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis of which The Creation of Adam is the best known, having an iconic standing equaled only by Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, the hands of God and Adam being reproduced in countless imitations. The complex design includes several sets of individual figures, both clothed and nude, which allowed Michelangelo to fully demonstrate his skill in creating a huge variety of poses for the human figure and which have provided an enormously influential pattern book of models for other artists ever since. Contents [ hide ]1 Context and history2 Method3 Content4 Michelangelo's scheme realised5 Architectural scheme5.1 Real5.2 Illusionary6 Pictorial scheme6.1 Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis6.1.1 Creation6.1.2 Adam and Eve6.1.3 Story of Noah6.1.4 Shields6.2 Twelve prophetic figures6.2.1 Prophets6.2.2 Sibyls6.3 Pendentives6.4 Ancestors of Christ6.4.1 Subject6.4.2 Treatment6.5 Ignudi7 Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy8 Restoration9 Quotations10 See also11 Notes12 References12.1 Reference images12.2 Biblical sources13 Bibliography14 External links Context and history [ edit]Pope Julius II by Raphael Pope Julius II a \"\"warrior pope\"\" who in his papacy undertook an aggressive campaign for political control, to unite and empower Italy under the leadership of the Church." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2522044#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Baroque_art\nItalian Baroque art", "text": "\"Italian Baroque art From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Art of Italy Periods Etruscan Ancient Roman Gothic Renaissance and Mannerism Baroque and Rococo Neoclassical and 19th century Modern and contemporary Centennial divisions Trecento - Quattrocento - Cinquecento - Seicento - Settecento Important art museums Uffizi - Pinacoteca di Brera - Vatican Museums - Villa Borghese - Sabauda Gallery - Gallerie dell'Accademia - Pitti Palace - Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze - Bargello Important art festivals Venice Biennale - Rome Quadriennale Major works The Tribute Money (Masaccio) - Botticelli's Venus - Primavera - Mona Lisa - The Last Supper - Annunciation (Leonardo) - Sistine Chapel ceiling - Sistine Madonna - Pietà - The Last Judgment - The Creation of Adam - David (Michelangelo) - The School of Athens - The Battle of San Romano - Venus of Urbino - David (Donatello) - The Calling of St. Matthew - Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Italian artists Painters - Sculptors - Architects - Photographers - Illustrators Italian art schools Bolognese school - Ferrarese school - Forlivese school - Florentine school - Lucchese and Pisan School - Sienese school - Venetian school Art movements Renaissance - Mannerism - Baroque - I Macchiaioli - Metaphysical art - Futurism - Arte Povera - Novecento Italiano - Pittura infamante - Purismo - Transavantgarde - Scuola Romana Other topics Italian architecture - Sculpture of Italy - Timeline of Italian artists to 1800 - Raphael Rooms This box:view talk edit Italian Baroque art is a term that is used here to refer to Italian painting and sculpture in the Baroque manner executed over a period that extended from the late sixteenth to the mid eighteenth centuries. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Historical background2 The emergence of Italian baroque painting3 Italian High Baroque painting4 Later Italian Baroque painting5 Baroque sculpture6 Gallery of Italian Baroque art and sculpture7 See also8 References Historical background [ edit]During the Counter Reformation, the Council of Trent (1545–63), in which the Roman Catholic Church answered many questions of internal reform raised by both Protestants and by those who had remained inside the Catholic Church, addressed the representational arts in a short and somewhat oblique passage in its decrees. This was subsequently interpreted and expounded by clerical authors such as Molanus, the Flemish theologian, who demanded that paintings and sculptures in church contexts should depict their subjects clearly and powerfully, and with decorum, without the stylistic airs of Mannerism. The emergence of Italian baroque painting [ edit]Two of the leading figures in the emergence of Baroque painting in Italy were Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci Caravaggio (1571–1610), born and trained in Milan, stands as one of the most original and influential contributors to late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century European painting. Controversially, he not only painted figures, even those of classical or religious themes, in contemporary clothing, or as ordinary living men and women, but his inclusion of the seedier side of life (such as dirty feet) was in marked contrast to the usual trend of the time which was to idealise the religious or classical figure by treating it with the decorum considered appropriate to its status. He used tenebrism and stark contrasts between partially lit figures and dark backgrounds to dramatic effect. Some of his famous paintings are 'The Calling of St. Mathew', 'St. Thomas', 'The Conversion of St. Paul', 'The Entombment', and 'The Crowning of the Christ'. His use of light and shadow was emulated by the Caravaggisti, the followers of Caravaggio, such as Orazio Gentileschi (1563–1639), Artemisia Gentileschi (1592-1652/3), [2]Mattia Preti, Carlo Saraceni and Bartolomeo Manfredi. Annibale Carracci (1560–1609) came from Bologna where, with his brothers Agostino Carracci (1557–1602) and Ludovico Carracci (1555–1619), he set up an influential studio or academy to train painters. Amongst their various joint commissions, the Carracci carried out the fresco decorations in the Palazzo Fava." }, { "docid": "D2177200#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_art\nItalian Renaissance painting", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Italian Renaissance art)navigation search Raphael, The Betrothal of the Virgin Giovanni Bellini, The San Zaccaria Altarpiece Italian Renaissance painting is the painting of the period beginning in the late 13th century and flourishing from the early 15th to late 16th centuries, occurring in the Italian peninsula, which was at that time divided into many political areas. The painters of Renaissance Italy, although often attached to particular courts and with loyalties to particular towns, nonetheless wandered the length and breadth of Italy, often occupying a diplomatic status and disseminating artistic and philosophical ideas. [ 1]The city of Florence in Tuscany is renowned as the birthplace of the Renaissance, and in particular of Renaissance painting. A detailed background is given in the companion articles Renaissance and Renaissance architecture. Italian Renaissance painting can be divided into four periods: the Proto-Renaissance (1300–1400), the Early Renaissance (1400–1475), the High Renaissance (1475–1525), and Mannerism (1525–1600). These dates are approximations rather than specific points because the lives of individual artists and their personal styles overlapped the different periods. The Proto-Renaissance begins with the professional life of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna and Altichiero. The Early Renaissance was marked by the work of Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Paolo Uccello, Piero della Francesca and Verrocchio. The High Renaissance period was that of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. The Mannerist period included Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo and Tintoretto." }, { "docid": "D815874#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/4208102/artists-2-flash-cards/\nArtists 2", "text": "\"50 terms eowynbakke Artists 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Andrew Wyeth This 20th century American painter is known for works such as \"\"Christina's World. \"\" Whistler's Mother What is the popular title of the painting officially called \"\"Arrangement in Grey and Black Number 1? \"\" James Whistler This 19th century American Painter spent most of his career in England and France. He is best known for the painting popularly called \"\"Whistler's Mother. \"\" Smithsonian Institution This Washington D. C. museum can be found in the Washington Mall. Washington Crossing the Delaware This painting by the 19th century German Emanuel Leutze depicts a famous scene from the American Revolution. Andy Warhol This 20th century American artist is best known for an enlarged image of a can of Campbell's tomato soup. Jan Vermeer This 17th century Dutch painter is known for painting domestic scenes of great clarity and repose with subtle uses of light and shade." }, { "docid": "D2896206#0", "title": "http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/07.html\n\"T he Italian Renaissance was one of the most productive periods in the history of art, with large numbers of outstanding masters to be found in many centers and in all the major fields painting, sculpture, and architecture. In Florence, in the first half of the fifteenth century, there were great innovators in all these fields, whose work marked a beginning of a new era in the history of art. These innovators included Masaccio in painting, Brunelleschi in architecture, and Donatello in sculpture. Their new ideals and methods were systematized in the theoretical writings of their friend and fellow artist Leon Battista Alberti. There can also be observed in this period a change in the social status of the artist. Heretofore, he had been an artisan, a craftsman. Now the attempt was made to include artists among the practitioners of the \"\"liberal arts,\"\" which were regarded as being on a higher level than the \"\"mechanical arts.\"\" These efforts bore fruit, and some of the great masters, for example, Titian and Michelangelo, by the force of their genius and personality, were able to achieve a measure of status and respect rarely enjoyed by their predecessors. The idea of artistic genius became popular; Michelangelo was called \"\"divine\"\" because of the greatness of his creative powers.\"", "text": "\"CHAPTER 7 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARTT he Italian Renaissance was one of the most productive periods in the history of art, with large numbers of outstanding masters to be found in many centers and in all the major fields painting, sculpture, and architecture. In Florence, in the first half of the fifteenth century, there were great innovators in all these fields, whose work marked a beginning of a new era in the history of art. These innovators included Masaccio in painting, Brunelleschi in architecture, and Donatello in sculpture. Their new ideals and methods were systematized in the theoretical writings of their friend and fellow artist Leon Battista Alberti. There can also be observed in this period a change in the social status of the artist. Heretofore, he had been an artisan, a craftsman. Now the attempt was made to include artists among the practitioners of the \"\"liberal arts,\"\" which were regarded as being on a higher level than the \"\"mechanical arts.\"\" These efforts bore fruit, and some of the great masters, for example, Titian and Michelangelo, by the force of their genius and personality, were able to achieve a measure of status and respect rarely enjoyed by their predecessors. The idea of artistic genius became popular; Michelangelo was called \"\"divine\"\" because of the greatness of his creative powers. In the Renaissance, art and science were closely connected." }, { "docid": "D2512470#0", "title": "http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Michelangelo.html\nMichelangelo Biography. The Life and Work of a Renaissance Giant.", "text": "\"Michelangelo Biography. The Life and Work of a Renaissance Giant. Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6th 1475 in Caprese Tuscany. His father, Ludovico, was an official and local governor of the towns of Caprese and Chiusi. His mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena, unfortunately she died when he was only seven years old. He was raised in Florence and, as a thirteen year old, was apprenticed to the busy workshop of the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. In this workshop he mastered the techniques of fresco painting and of draughtsmanship. The young artist studied the great masters of the past, Giotto, Donatello, Masaccio and the Greek and Roman sculptors, whose work he could find in the Medici collection in Florence. The Buanarroti family, through the artist's grandmother, were distantly related to the powerful Medici banking family. From 1490-1492 Michelangelo was living in the Medici household and he claimed to be of noble birth for the rest of his life." }, { "docid": "D1068753#0", "title": "http://www.michelangelo-gallery.com/the-sistine-chapel-ceiling.aspx\nThe Sistine Chapel Ceiling", "text": "Michelangelo • Paintings • The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel Ceiling In 1508, Michelangelo was summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II. He first thought that he would only be working on the pope’s tomb, but was also given the job of painting figures of the twelve apostlesagainst a starry sky on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Michelangelo had been given this job through a recommendation from Donato Bramante, then the chief architect of St Peter’s Basilica. Bramante hoped that by suggesting a sculptor to paint a fresco, Michelangelo would present “less creditable work than Raphael of Urbino, to whom, out of hatred for Michelangelo, they gave every support. ”Originally, since he considered himself a sculptor rather than a painter, Michelangelo attempted to turn down the job, but was unsuccessful. Since he now had no choice, he lobbied for a far more complex design. As a result, upon completion, the ceiling contained over 300 figures, as opposed to just the twelve apostles as was originally intended. In May of 1508, Michelangelo began making plans for the layout of the ceiling, though he did not begin painting until the fall. Recognizing the scale of this enormous undertaking, he called on a number of laborers and assistants to aid him. However, dissatisfied with the quality of their work, he fired everyone that he had recruited and removed what they had painted, beginning the whole work anew on his own." }, { "docid": "D1644647#0", "title": "http://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance_artists.php\nRenaissance", "text": "\"Advertisement Renaissance Artists History >> Renaissance for Kids There were many great artists during the Renaissance. Perhaps the most famous are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Other artists, however, had great influence both during Renaissance times and later, even influencing modern day artists. Here is a list of some of the most famous Renaissance artists: Donatello (1386 - 1466) Donatello was a sculptor and one of the pioneers in Renaissance art. He lived in Florence, Italy at the start of the Renaissance. He was a humanist and interested in Greek and Roman sculpture. He introduced new ways of creating depth and perspective in art. Some of Donatello's most famous sculptures include David, St. Mark, the Gattamelata, and the Magdalene Penitent. Jan van Eyck (1395 - 1441) Jan van Eyck was a Flemish painter. He is often known as the \"\"father of oil painting\"\" because of all the new techniques and advances he made in oil painting." }, { "docid": "D1784672#0", "title": "http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/renaissance.htm\nRenaissance Sculpture in Italy (c.1250-1530) History and Characteristics", "text": "\"Italian Renaissance Sculpture History of Plastic Art in Italy, Florence, Rome, Siena, Milan, Venice. MAIN A-Z INDEX - A-Z of SCULPTURELife of John the Baptist - Panel on Doors to the Florence Baptistery (1330-36) By Andrea Pisano (1295-1348)Jacob & Esau Relief, Gates of Paradise. Florence Baptistery (1425–52) By Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455). Note: the term \"\"Renaissance\"\", used to describe the new forms of sculpture which appeared in Italy during the period 1400-1530, was first coined by the 19th century historian Jules Michelet 1798-1874. Renaissance Sculpture in Italy (c.1250-1530) History and Characteristics Contents• Pre-Renaissance Sculpture (1250-1400) • Renaissance Italy (1400-1530) • General Characteristics • Types of Sculpture: Religious and Secular • Themes • Materials and Methods • Florentine Sculpture (c.1400-1450) - Lorenzo Ghiberti - Donatello - Luca Della Robbia • Florentine Sculpture (c.1450-1490) - Desiderio da Settignano - Bernardo and Antonio Rossellino - Mino da Fiesole - Benedetto da Maiano - Matteo Civitali • Florentine Bronze Sculptors - Antonio Pollaiuolo - Andrea del Verrocchio • Sienese School - Jacopo della Quercia (1371-1438) • Milanese School • Venetian School • Paduan School • High Renaissance Italian Sculpture • Florence • Northern Italy • Michelangelo • High Renaissance Roman Scuptors • Collections Pieta (1500) St Peter's Basilica, Rome. By Michelangelo. A perfect example of restrained emotion in a work of Christian art of the High Renaissance. ART HISTORIANS For the great historians of Renaissance art, see: Jacob Burckhardt (1818-97) Bernard Berenson (1865-1959) Kenneth Clark (1903-83) Leo Steinberg (1920-2011)Pre-Renaissance Sculpture (1250-1400)In studying the art of sculpture in Italy during this period, it is important to remember that Renaissance sculptors had before their eyes tangible examples of classical Greek sculpture - the very work they admired - whereas painters had no examples of antique painting to refer to. While Giotto, for instance, had to construct his own 'foundations', the first important pre-Renaissance sculptor Nicola Pisano (c.1206-1278) already had foundations ready for him to build on. These 'foundations' had been available throughout the Dark Ages and the era of Medieval sculpture." }, { "docid": "D1121738#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquecento\nCinquecento", "text": "\"For other uses, see Cinquecento (disambiguation). For the Fiat car, see Fiat Cinquecento. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Art of Italy Periods Etruscan Ancient Roman Gothic Renaissance and Mannerism Baroque and Rococo Neoclassical and 19th century Modern and contemporary Centennial divisions Trecento - Quattrocento - Cinquecento - Seicento - Settecento Important art museums Uffizi - Pinacoteca di Brera - Vatican Museums - Villa Borghese - Sabauda Gallery - Gallerie dell'Accademia - Pitti Palace - Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze - Bargello Important art festivals Venice Biennale - Rome Quadriennale Major works The Tribute Money (Masaccio) - Botticelli's Venus - Primavera - Mona Lisa - The Last Supper - Annunciation (Leonardo) - Sistine Chapel ceiling - Sistine Madonna - Pietà - The Last Judgment - The Creation of Adam - David (Michelangelo) - The School of Athens - The Battle of San Romano - Venus of Urbino - David (Donatello) - The Calling of St. Matthew - Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Italian artists Painters - Sculptors - Architects - Photographers - Illustrators Italian art schools Bolognese school - Ferrarese school - Forlivese school - Florentine school - Lucchese and Pisan School - Sienese school - Venetian school Art movements Renaissance - Mannerism - Baroque - I Macchiaioli - Metaphysical art - Futurism - Arte Povera - Novecento Italiano - Pittura infamante - Purismo - Transavantgarde - Scuola Romana Other topics Italian architecture - Sculpture of Italy - Timeline of Italian artists to 1800 - Raphael Rooms This box:view talk edit The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1500 to 1599 are collectively referred to as the Cinquecento ( Italian pronunciation: [ˌtʃiŋkweˈtʃɛnto] from the Italian for the number 500, in turn from millecinquecento, which is Italian for the year 1500. Cinquecento encompasses the styles and events of the Italian Renaissance. Contents [ hide ]1 Art2 Music3 Literature4 Architecture5 See also6 References7 External links Art [ edit]Main articles: High Renaissance and Mannerism From around 1500, especially in Northern Italy, artists began to use new techniques in the manipulation of light and darkness, such as the tone contrast evident in many of Titian 's portraits and the development of sfumato and chiaroscuro by Leonardo da Vinci and Giorgione. The period also saw the first secular (non-religious) themes. Debate has ensued as to the secularism of the Renaissance emphasized by early 20th-century writers like Jacob Burkhardt due to the presence of these - actually few - mythological paintings." }, { "docid": "D304977#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance\nRenaissance", "text": "Renaissance, (French: “Rebirth”) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of Classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation. Florence: Renaissance Overview of Florence, widely regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises Gmb H, Mainz A brief treatment of the Renaissance follows. For full treatment, see Europe, history of: The Renaissance. Read More on This Topichistory of Europe: The Renaissance Few historians are comfortable with the triumphalist and western Europe-centred image of the Renaissance as the irresistible march of modernity and progress. A sharp break with medieval values and institutions, a new awareness of the individual, an awakened interest in the material world…READ MOREOrigins and rise of humanism The term Middle Ages was coined by scholars in the 15th century to designate the interval between the downfall of the Classical world of Greece and Rome and its rediscovery at the beginning of their own century, a revival in which they felt they were participating. Indeed, the notion of a long period of cultural darkness had been expressed by Petrarch even earlier. Events at the end of the Middle Ages, particularly beginning in the 12th century, set in motion a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations that culminated in the Renaissance." }, { "docid": "D2699414#0", "title": "http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters/botticelli.htm\n.", "text": "\"Botticelli Biography of Early Renaissance Painter from Florence. MAIN A-Z INDEX - A-Z of ARTISTSDetail of The Birth of Venus (1484) by Botticelli, one of the finest painters of the Italian Renaissance in Florence. WORLD'S BEST ARTFor the finest oil painting, see: Greatest Paintings Ever. Alessandro Botticelli (1445-1510)Contents• Biography • Botticelli's Art • Early Paintings • Sistine Chapel Frescoes • Returns to Florence: 1482-98 • Savonarola and Aftermath: 1498-1510 • Reputation As an Artist and Legacy Birth of Venus (c.1484-6, Uffizi) This portrays the goddess Venus who has emerged from the sea on a shell, blown towards shore by the Zephyrs, symbols of spiritual passion. She is met by one of the Horae, goddesses of the seasons, who hands her a flowered cloak. The picture has a variety of political, mythological and physical meanings. See Female Nudes in Art History. Biography One of the great painters of the Early Renaissance, Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi - better known by his nickname Botticelli (\"\"little barrels\"\") - was active during the golden age of the Renaissance in Florence, and by 1480 was possibly the most influential painter in the city. A pupil of Fra Filippo Lippi, he suffered from ill health for much of his life, and - apart from a period in Rome (1481-2) when he was commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV to paint the Story of Moses in the Sistine Chapel - he spent virtually all of his life working for the great families of the Florentine Renaissance, notably the Medici family. As well as standard religious works, Botticelli specialized in idealized paintings of classical mythology that are filled with atmosphere and populated with enormously imaginative figures." }, { "docid": "D392269#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/5407464/sistine-chapel-flash-cards/\nSistine Chapel", "text": "\"98 terms hillschoolas Sistine Chapel Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort When and where was Michelangelo born? 1475 near Florence What was Michelangelo's \"\"stone fever\"\"? marble dust in his wet nurse's milk - her husband was a stone cutter When he was 13, who was Michelangelo an apprentice of? Ghirlandio What did he complete when he was only 15? The Madonna of the Steps What are \"\"bozzettos\"\"? small sculptures out of wax, wire, and wooden boards to test various poses What are \"\"ornatistas\"\"? sculptors who specialize in hair What do ornatistas use? bow drills and chisels What was the name of someone who specialized in sculpting drapery?" }, { "docid": "D473702#0", "title": "http://www.moodbook.com/history/renaissance/michelangelo-david.html\nMichelangelo's David", "text": "\"Michelangelo's David Michelangelo 's David, sculpted from 1500 to 1504, is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture and one of Michelangelo's two greatest works of sculpture, along with the Pieta. However, it is the David alone that almost certainly holds the title of the most recognizable statue in the history of art. It has become regarded as a symbol both of strength and youthful human beauty. The 5.17 meter (17 ft) marble statue portrays the Biblical King David at the moment that he decides to do battle with Goliath. It came to symbolise the Florentine Republic, an independent city state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states. This interpretation was also encouraged by the original setting of the sculpture outside the Palazzo della Signoria, the seat of civic government in Florence. The completed sculpture was unveiled on 8 September 1504. Style and detail Michelangelo's David is based on the artistic discipline of disegno, which is built on knowledge of the male human form. Under this discipline, sculpture is considered to be the finest form of art because it mimics divine creation. Because Michelangelo adhered to the concepts of disegno, he worked under the premise that the image of David was already in the block of stone he was working on - in much the same way as the human soul is thought by some to be found within the physical body." }, { "docid": "D1891272#0", "title": "http://totallyhistory.com/the-last-judgment/\nThe Last Judgment", "text": "The Last Judgment Artist Michelangelo Year 1537-1541Medium Fresco Location Sistine Chapel, Vatican City Dimensions 539.3 in × 472.4 in1370 cm × 1200 cm Prominently placed in the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment is a breathtaking fresco painted by Michelangelo. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was an Italian painter, poet and sculptor. He was one of the most famous artists of that time. It took four years to complete the painting and it was done between 1536 & 1541. This mighty composition spans the entire wall behind the altar of Sistine Chapel. The Last Judgment is one of the artist’s last works of art, which offers a concrete example of controversies of the day. The painting became famous for both its display of artistic genius as well as outrageous response from people due to its scandalous content. Pope Paul III believed in the artistic abilities of Michelangelo and commissioned him to paint The Last Judgment. Originally, the painting was commissioned by Pope Clement VII, who had chosen the subject of resurrection for the painting. But, after the death of Pope Clement, his successor Pope Paul changed the subject to Last Judgment, as he felt it more appropriate for the 1530s Rome." }, { "docid": "D11158#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts\nVisual arts", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Vincent van Gogh: The Church at Auvers (1890)The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines ( performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts [1] are the applied arts [2] such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art. [ 3]Current usage of the term \"\"visual arts\"\" includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' was often restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the handicraft, craft, or applied art media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms. [ 4]Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts. The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art as well as East Asian art. In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist, and the furthest removed from manual labour – in Chinese painting the most highly valued styles were those of \"\"scholar-painting\"\", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes." }, { "docid": "D1453045#0", "title": "http://michelangelo-renaissance.weebly.com/michelangelos-influence.html\n.", "text": "What influence did Michelangelo have on renaissance art and modern western society ? Michelangelo had an unparalleled influence on the renaissance. A master of both painting and sculpting, he was also an architect, engineer and poet. His abilities as a painter and sculptor were unsurpassed in his day. While many artists studied under him and assisted him with the painting of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, none equaled him as an artist. At the young age of 17, Michelangelo began dissected corpses at the local church graveyard to gain a deeper understanding of the human body 1. Examining corpses was strictly banned by the church so Michelangelo's activities were illegal, nevertheless the understanding he had of the human body and its proportions were critical to his success as a sculptor and artist. Michelangelo's incredibly realistic sculptures depicted finely chiseled veins,wrinkles, muscles, bones and nerves. Such skill was and is still unsurpassed in the 21st century. Michelangelo's life-like sculptures and painting were widely influential to renaissance artists, His art was copied and imitated by many artists and eventually developed into its own art movement called Mannerism 2." }, { "docid": "D1127932#0", "title": "http://westernreservepublicmedia.org/middleages/reform_art.htm\n.", "text": "Renaissance Art and Literature The Renaissance began after the plague in the 14th and 15th centuries and was fueled by soldiers returning from the Crusades. There was renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman art. Human beings were included in artwork. Artwork was no longer just depictions of holy topics. There was new interest in science, the environment and philosophy. The Printing Press — The “Grand Invention” Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445. This invention changed the lives of people in Europe and all over the world. Prior to its invention, books were made by hand. Words were copied and illustrations were all drawn on parchment paper and animal skins that were dried and scraped until they were smooth. This made books very expensive." }, { "docid": "D1236133#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/734376/renaissance-flash-cards/\nRenaissance", "text": "\"43 terms skahlon Renaissance Renaissance Test Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort What are the 3 values portrayed in Renaissance Art celebration of the individual, love of classical learning, enjoyment of worldy pleasures Who was Giotta and 2 things he used in his profession? one of the first renaissance artists; new techniques: fresco-painting wet plaster, painted lifelike figures- a stark contrast to lifeless Middle Ages paintingprofession of Lorenzo Ghiberti goldsmith from Florence2 importances of Lorenzo Ghiberti had the 1st great work of the Renaissance: The Doors to the baptistery of Florence; used continuous narrationwhat is continuous narration using more than one scene in a picture, telling a story3 importances of Donatello created free standing statues; statues=real, lifelike, nude; his great work, Statue of Davidimportance of Masaccio developed perspectivewhat is perspective technique that gave objects the appearance of distance; objects look smaller, the farther they are; parallel lines come together in distancehow was Middle Ages art size determined? by importance- more importance, bigger sizewho was the greatest Renaissance artist Michelangeloprofessions of Michelangelo painter, sculptor, architect, poetgreat works of Michelangelo Sistine Chapel, Statue of David, Pieta (man holding Jesus), St. Peter's Basilicagreat works of Raphael paintings of Madonna; The School of Athensimportance of Raphael blended secular work with religious ideaswhich artist was a true Renaissance man? Leonardo Da Vinci2 importances of Leonardo Da Vinci used lighting to add depth and meaning; works focused on human emotions2 greatest works of Leonardo Da Vinci The Last Supper; The Mona Lisa Medici Family- 4 facts richest family in Europe; controlled banking; ruled Florence; spent own money to beautify itwhat did Gutenburg do and why and what was the result? developed printing press because block printing was slow; incorporating a number of technologies in a new way into the printing press; as a result, books became cheaper and were made faster Van Eyck Flemish Painter; used oil-based paints; used layers to create variety of subtle colors when painting Hans Holbein the Younger german painter; influenced by the realism of Durer; specialized in painting portraits that were almost photographic in detail; emigrated to England where he painted portraits of King Henry VIII and other members of the English royal family Albrecht Dürer german artist; He traveled to Italy to study in 1494. After returning to Germany, Dürer produced woodcuts and engravings. Many of his prints portray religious subjects Baldassare Castiglione wrote \"\"The Courtier\"\" which taught how to become a Renaissance man/woman Francesco Petrarch humanist; poet; \"\"Father of Renaissance humanism\"\"; wrote both in Italian and Latin; wrote sonnets (14 lined poems) in Italian about a mysterious woman named Laura, his ideal Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince; examines the imperfect conduct of human beings. It does so by taking the form of a political guidebook. In The Prince, Machiavelli examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies. In answering this question, he began with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt." }, { "docid": "D2322141#0", "title": "http://newrenart.com/michelangelo-and-the-pieta/\nMichelangelo and the PietÃ ", "text": "You are here: Home » Michelangelo and the Pieta Translate This Michelangelo and the PietàMICHELANGELO Michelangelo is widely considered the greatest artistic genius that ever lived — a man whose name has become synonymous with the word “masterpiece.” He was born Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni at Caprese, Italy and grew up in Florence, home of the Italian High Renaissance. It was here that he received his education under the patronage of the de Medici family. His works include the world famous Pieta, David and the breathtaking frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. As an artist he was unmatched, the creator of works of sublime beauty that express the full breadth of the human condition. He left immortal works in sculpture, painting, architecture and poetry. Through this vast and multifaceted body of artistic achievement, Michelangelo made an indelible imprint on the Western imagination. No other artist has ever attained such a high level of mastery in all of these four areas of artistic endeavor. Although the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (Vatican) are probably the best known of his works today, the artist thought of himself primarily as a sculptor, once avowing that he drank in with his wet-nurses’ milk, the love of the stone cutters’ tools. Michelangelo worked in marble sculpture all his life and in the other arts only at certain periods." }, { "docid": "D935625#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Palace\nApostolic Palace", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with Lateran Palace. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Apostolic Palace Palazzo Apostolico ( Italian)Official residence of the Pope A view of the Papal Apartments from Saint Peter's Square Location on a map of Vatican City Alternative names Palace of Sixtus VPalace of the Vatican Papal Palace General information Type Official residence Country Vatican City Coordinates 41°54′13″N012°27′23″ECoordinates: 41°54′13″N 012°27′23″EConstruction started 30 April 1589 [1]Owner The Pope The Apostolic Palace ( Latin: Palatium Apostolicum; Italian: Palazzo Apostolico) is the official residence of the Pope of Rome, which is located in Vatican City. It is also known as the Papal Palace, Palace of the Vatican and Vatican Palace. The Vatican itself refers to the building as the Palace of Sixtus V in honor of Pope Sixtus V. [2]The Portone di Bronzo at the Vatican Apostolic Palace entrance. The building contains the Papal Apartments, various offices of the Catholic Church and the Holy See, private and public chapels, Vatican Museums, and the Vatican Library, including the Sistine Chapel, Raphael Rooms, and Borgia Apartment. The modern tourist can see these last and other parts of the palace, but other parts, such as the Sala Regia and Cappella Paolina, are closed to tourists. The Scala Regia can be seen into from one end but not entered." } ]
8831	________ are cartilaginous joints.	[ { "docid": "D274818#0", "title": "http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46381.html\nCartilaginous Joints", "text": "\"Cartilaginous Joints By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the structural features of cartilaginous joints Distinguish between a synchondrosis and symphysis Give an example of each type of cartilaginous joint As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. These types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones that are joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage ( [link] ). There are two types of cartilaginous joints. A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. Also classified as a synchondrosis are places where bone is united to a cartilage structure, such as between the anterior end of a rib and the costal cartilage of the thoracic cage. The second type of cartilaginous joint is a symphysis, where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage. Synchondrosis A synchondrosis (“joined by cartilage”) is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage, or where bone is united to hyaline cartilage. A synchondrosis may be temporary or permanent. A temporary synchondrosis is the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) of a growing long bone. The epiphyseal plate is the region of growing hyaline cartilage that unites the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone to the epiphysis (end of the bone)." } ]	[ { "docid": "D610219#0", "title": "http://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-joint-movement-tissue-structure-and-function.html\nTypes of Joint Movement & Tissue Structure and Function", "text": "Instructor: Artem Cheprasov Find out how your joints are categorized. You'll learn about the synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints as well as diarthrosis, synarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis. Joint Categorization Just like every person is a bit different, so are the joints in your body. They may look similar superficially, but, oftentimes, they are made of different types of tissue and do not allow the same type of movement as other joints might. Therefore, joints can be classified in one of two main ways. The first is by their structure or tissue type, and the second is by the amount of movement they allow. The structural classification system groups joints into three types: synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints, while the functional, or degree of movement, classification system groups joints into diarthrosis, synarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis type joints. Synovial Joints Synovial joints are the most common joint tissue type. I like to think of joint tissue types similar to the stages of life in a human. When we're little, we can easily move about, but as we age, we are less able to do so." }, { "docid": "D562288#0", "title": "http://arh.adam.com/pages/guide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html\n.", "text": "\"Navigation links Introduction Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Ossification and reconstruction Bone marrow Joints Introduction This system has 206 bones and associated cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Because bone is rigid, it gives the body a framework, maintains its shape, and protects vital organs. Bones provide a place for muscles and supporting structures to attach, and, with the movable joints, form a system of levers upon which muscles can act to produce body movements. A joint is a place of union between two or more bones that may be movable or immovable. Bone also functions as a site for mineral storage and blood cell formation. Tendons and ligaments are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bones, and bones to bones, respectively. Back to top Axial skeleton The skeleton has two parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column (spine, sacrum, and coccyx), the sternum, and the ribs. Its components are aligned along the long axis of the body. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper extremities (arms, forearms, and hands), the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, the pelvic (hip) girdle, and the bones of the lower extremities (thigh, knee, leg, and foot)." }, { "docid": "D472962#0", "title": "http://www.uwmsk.org/residentprojects/intraarticularbodies.html\nIntra-articular Bodies", "text": "Home About Intra-articular Bodies Print-friendly version of this page Posted by [email protected], 9/21/04 at 9:43:11 AM. What are intra-articular bodies? Fragments of cartilage or bone that may occur free within the joint space. What is the most common cause of intra-articular bodies? Synovial osteochondromatosis (SOC). SOC is a benign proliferation of the synovium. Etiology is unknown. In this condition, cartilaginous metaplasia takes place within the synovial membrane of the joint. Metaplastic synovium organizes into nodules. With minor trauma, nodules are shed as small bodies into the joint space." }, { "docid": "D2962903#0", "title": "http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/anc06.htm\nCARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:", "text": "CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: In cartilaginous joints the bones are united with each other by cartilage. Again, there is NO JOINT CAVITY . There are two subtypes of cartilaginous joints: 1. Primary cartilaginous joints (= synchondroses): A plate of hyaline cartilage connects the bones at the joint. Only hyaline cartilage is involved, and the joints are immoveable. An example is the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate which separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis in long bones during growth. These joints are immoveable (synarthroses) and are obliterated by bone in the adult. A second example is the joint between the first rib and the sternum.2. Secondary cartilaginous joints (= symphyses)It involves both hyaline and fibrocartilage. The articular surface of each bone is covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, and fibrocartilage unites these two layers." }, { "docid": "D1746309#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fibrous+renal+capsule\ncapsule", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.capsule (redirected from fibrous renal capsule) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia. Related to fibrous renal capsule: Detrusor musclecapsule [ kap´sul, kap´sūl] 1. an enclosing structure, as a soluble container enclosing a dose of medicine.2. a cartilaginous, fatty, fibrous, or membranous structure enveloping another structure, organ, or part. adj., adj cap´sular. Capsule. Generalized structure of a synovial joint showingthe joint or articular capsule. From Applegate, 2000.articular capsule the saclike envelope that encloses the cavity of a synovial joint by attaching to the circumference of the articular end of each involved bone." }, { "docid": "D3538712#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/28484813/bio121-joints-flash-cards/\nBIO121 Joints", "text": "\"35 terms petermabraham BIO121 Joints Fall 2013 Principals of Anatomy & Physiology - 13 Edition - Tortora & Derrickson Professor Mason Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints Fibrous Joints There is no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers. Cartilaginous Joints There is no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by cartilage. Synovial Joints The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity, and are united by the dense connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments. Functional Classification of Joints Synarthrosis Amphiathrosis Diathrosis Subtypes of Fibrous Joints Suture Syndesmosis Interosseous Membrane Sutures Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue; sutures occur only between bones of the skull. Syndesmoses Fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surface and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture. The dense irregular connective tissue is typically arranged as a bundle (LIGAMENT), allowing the joint to permit limited movement. Inerosseus Membranes Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement (amphiathrosis). How are Joints Classified? Joints are classified structurally, based on their anatomical characteristics, and functionally, based on the type of movements they permit. Synathrosis (synarthroses) An immoveable joint." }, { "docid": "D562284#0", "title": "http://learn.visiblebody.com/skeleton/joints-and-ligaments\nLearn SiteSKELETONMUSCULARCIRCULATORYRESPIRATORYDIGESTIVELYMPHATICURINARYREPRODUCTIVENERVOUSENDOCRINESkeleton Muscular Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Lymphatic Urinary Reproductive Nervous Endocrine", "text": "Tweet Bones Come Together: Types of Joints in the Human Body Joints hold the skeleton together and support movement. There are two ways to categorize joints. The first is by joint function, also referred to as range of motion. The second way to categorize joints is by the material that holds the bones of the joints together; that is an organization of joints by structure. Joints in the human skeleton can be grouped by function (range of motion) and by structure (material). Here are some joints and their categorizations. Joint Range of Motion and Material Skull Sutures Immovable fibrous joints Knee Full movement synovial capsule hinge joint Vertebrae Some movement cartilaginous joint1. Joints Can Be Grouped By Their Function into Three Ranges of Motion Immovable joints (called synarthroses) include skull sutures, the articulations between the teeth and the mandible, and the joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum. Examples of joints allowing slight movement (called amphiarthroses) include the distal joint between the tibia and the fibula and the pubic symphisis of the pelvic girdle. Joints allowing full movement (called diarthroses) include many bone articulations in the upper and lower limbs." }, { "docid": "D2230317#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/joints-and-skeletal-movement/\nJoints and Skeletal Movement", "text": "Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure and Function Joints, responsible for movement and stability of the skeleton, can be classified based on structure or function. Learning Objectives Differentiate among the types of skeletal joints based on structure and function Key Takeaways Key Points Fibrous joints contain fibrous connective tissue and cannot move; fibrous joints include sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. Cartilaginous joints contain cartilage and allow very little movement; there are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses. Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space (a synovial cavity filled with fluid) between the adjoining bones. The presence of synovial fluid and an articular capsule give synovial joints the greatest range of movement among the three joint types; however they are the weakest of the joint types. Based on function, joints can be divided into synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. Synarthrosis joints include fibrous joints; amphiarthrosis joints include cartilaginous joints; diarthrosis joints include synovial joints. Key Termssynovial fluid: a viscous, fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints whose main purpose is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movementdiarthrosis: a joint that can move freely in various planessynarthrosis: immovable joint in which two bones are connected rigidly by fibrous tissueamphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint in which the surfaces of bones are connected by ligaments or cartilage Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure and Function The point at which two or more bones meet is called a joint or articulation. Joints are responsible for movement (e.g., the movement of limbs) and stability (e.g. ,the stability found in the bones of the skull)." }, { "docid": "D2839263#0", "title": "http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/arthritis/your-joints.html\n.", "text": "Your joints Arthritis is a progressive disease which causes inflammation and pain in the joints leading to stiffness and restrictive movements. This has a major impact on a person’s quality of life. In order to help you learn more about arthritis we have included a section about the joints of the human body; what they are; how they work and what can go wrong. This is useful information to know and can be helpful when discussing your condition with your GP, orthopaedic surgeon or another specialist connected with your treatment. This section is arranged as follows: What are joints? Three types of joints Movement of the joints Biomechanics of the joints What are joints? A joint is a connection between two or more bones. It acts as a meeting point for these and holds the bones together, enabling them to move (articulate) as well as supporting the entire skeleton. Your joints include knee joints, hip joints, shoulder joints, elbow joints and wrist joints. Three types of joints Your joints are categorised into the following three classes: Cartilaginous Fibrous Synovial These classes describe the way that the bones within these are joined together." }, { "docid": "D1034099#0", "title": "http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-cartilage-and-vs-ligament/\nDifference Between Cartilage and Ligament", "text": "\"Difference Between Cartilage and Ligament Posted on September 16, 2012 by admin Cartilage vs Ligament Connective tissues are the most abundant tissue in the body. It mainly consists of three main components, namely cells, fibers and extracellular matrix. The main functions of connective tissues include, storage of energy, protection of organs, make structural framework for the body, connection of body tissues etc. Cartilages and ligaments are considered as important connective tissues that associate with bones, to provide the support framework of the musculoskeletal system. The characteristic cells called fibroblast produce the fibers of the proteins collagen and elastin in these connective tissues. What is Cartilage? Cartilage is a type of specialized connective tissue in which collagen fibers laid down along lines of stress in long, parallel arrays. It does not have blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels in its extracellular matrix. The ground substance of cartilage is made up of a special type of glycoprotein, called ‘chondroitin’. Ground substance also has spaces called lacunae." }, { "docid": "D3533004#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cartilage\ncartilage", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.cartilage Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to cartilage: hyaline cartilage, articular cartilagecartilage [ kahr´tĭ-lij] a specialized, fibrous connective tissue present in adults, and forming most of the temporaryskeleton in the embryo, providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important part of the organism's growth mechanism; the three most important types are hyalinecartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Also, a general term for a mass of such tissue in a particular site in the body. Involvement of joint and cartilage in osteoarthritis. From ARHP Arthritis Teaching Slide Collection, American College of Rheumatology.alar c's the cartilages of the wings of the nose.aortic cartilage the second costal cartilage on the right side.arthrodial cartilage ( articular cartilage) that lining the articular surfaces of synovial joints.arytenoid c's two pyramid-shaped cartilages of the larynx.connecting cartilage that connecting the surfaces of an immovable joint.costal cartilage a bar of hyaline cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum in the case of trueribs, or to the immediately above rib in the case of the upper false ribs.cricoid cartilage a ringlike cartilage forming the lower and back part of the larynx.diarthrodial cartilage articular cartilage.elastic cartilage cartilage that is more opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage, and is further distinguished by its yellow color. The ground substance is penetrated in all directions by frequently branching fibers that give all of the reactions for elastin.ensiform cartilage xiphoid process.fibrous cartilage fibrocartilage.floating cartilage a detached portion of semilunar cartilage in the knee joint.hyaline cartilage flexible, somewhat elastic, semitransparent cartilage with an opalescentbluish tint, composed of a basophilic fibril-containing substance with cavities in which thechondrocytes occur. Hyaline cartilage. The matrix nearest the chondrocytes is intensely staining; although the matrix appears homogeneous,collagen fibrils may be visualized by polarized light or electronmicroscopy. From Dorland's, 2000." }, { "docid": "D1644686#0", "title": "http://www.livestrong.com/article/186643-where-are-the-4-types-of-joints-on-the-human-body/\nWhere Are the 3 Types of Joints in the Human Body?", "text": "Where Are the 3 Types of Joints in the Human Body?by DOUG DOHRMAN Aug. 14, 2017The human body contains more than 200 joints -- sites where 2 or more bones come together. Joints not only allow for movement but can also provide stability. The human body has 3 different types of joints, based on their structure: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Each type serves a different function and is found at specific locations within the body. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Fibrous Joints Fibrous joints are held together by strong connective tissue with only a slight capacity to stretch. This tough connection allows very little movement between the joined bones, thus providing great stability. Fibrous joints are found in the skull, which is made up of several bone plates held tightly together to protect the fragile brain. A dense band of tissue connects the radius and ulna bones in the lower arm forming a fibrous joint that keeps these bones stable as the forearm rotates. The lower leg bones, called the tibia and fibula, are also joined by a fibrous joint that limits movement between these bones. Fibrous joints also hold the teeth firmly within their sockets in the jaw bones." }, { "docid": "D3211825#0", "title": "http://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/joints/\nJoints", "text": "Joints Human Joints Introduction Classification of Joints Functional Classification of Joints Structural classification of Joints Fibrous joints Sutures Syndesmosis Gomphosis Cartilaginous joints Primary cartilaginous joints Secondary cartilaginous joints Synovial Joints Plane joints Hinge joints Saddle joints Condyloid joints Ball and socket joints Pivot joints Human Joints Introduction A human joint is defined as a region where there is unification of two or more bones or parts of bones of the skeleton, in medical practice this is referred to as an articulation. The structure of the joint, including the way in which the surfaces interact, the flexibility of surrounding tissues, and position of ligaments, muscles and tendons all play an essential role in determining the type of movement that occurs across the joint. Classification of Joints Functional Classification of Joints This classification is based on the amount of movement permitted by the joint. Synarthroses Joints: immovable joints e.g. joints between the skull bones, a tooth in its socket Amphiarthroses Joints: slightly moveable joints e.g. between the tibia and fibula, the discs between vertebrae Diarthroses Joints: these joints are the most common type of joint and are highly mobile e.g. hip joint, elbow etc. Structural classification of Joints This classification is based on the differences in the type of material and mechanism by which the bone surfaces interact. Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Below is an x-ray of a healthy knee joint. Fibrous joints Fibrous joints are united by fibrous tissue. Some examples of types of fibrous joints are: Sutures: Sutures are found within the skull. Sutures consist of two bones situated close together that unite by either interlocking or overlapping one another. Syndesmosis: A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint which consists of two bones which are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue." }, { "docid": "D2446317#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081106105546AAX0Kpm\nFibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joint?", "text": "Science & Mathematics Biology Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joint?a. cartilaginous b. fibrous c. synovial 1. typically allows a slight degree of movement 2 includes joint btwn the vertebral bodies and pubic symphysis 3 essentially immovable joints 4 sutures are the most remembered examples 5 characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions 6 all characterized by a... show more1 following 1 answer Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: 1. cartilaginous 2. cartilaginous 3. fibrous 4. fibrous 5. synovial 6. synovial 7. synovial 8." }, { "docid": "D3389426#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/subject/term%3Apelvis%20%3D%20lower%20part%20of%20the%20trunk%20of%20the%20body/\n\"Study sets matching \"\"term:pelvis = lower part of the trunk of the body\"\"\"", "text": "\"Study sets matching \"\"term:pelvis = lower part of the trunk of the body\"\"Study sets Diagrams Classes Users Options9 terms jjovzparyparts of trunk and lower bodyleg hip thighlower limb or extremity coxa thigh15 terms SYDNEYKMATTHEWSNames of the parts of the trunk and lower body Leg (Anatomic) Hip (anatomic) Hip (adj)lower limb or extremity Coxa Coxal9 terms taylor_lamb76Names of the Parts of the Trunk and Lower Body Leg Hip Thigh Lower limb or extremity Coxa (Latin) Thigh9 terms katie_magnuson92 PLUSNames of the Parts of the Trunk and Lower Body Leg Hip Thigh Lower limb or extremity Coxa (Latin) Thigh35 terms rachel_christine63Lower Trunk & Pelvis Lab3 broad muscles lay flat that make up a… Structure that forms superior border of… General fiber direction of anterior ab…1) external oblique (superficial)... 2) internal oblique (middle)… Inguinal ligament External oblique: spiral down & forward at side... Internal obliq…14 terms sarah_jackson62Muscles of the Back, Trunk, & Lower Body Latissimus Dorsi (O- Vertebrae; A- Addu… Sartorius (O- ASIS; A- Flexes Thigh) Adductor Group (O- Os Coxae; A- Adducts…14 terms sarah_____Bones of the Pelvis and Lower Body How is the pelvis attached to the axial… Ilium Alae Sacral attachment of the lower-most lumbar vertebrae -connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint Wing like portions of the ilia57 terms taylor_kizer Trunk and Lower Body Jointsspecific type of joint between manubriu… specific type of joint between bodies o… specific type of joint between atlas an…synchondrosis symphysis condylar90 terms falconermemuscles of trunk and lower bodyadductor group origin adductor group insertion adductor group actionpubis and pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosity linea aspera and posterior surface of femur adducts, flexes, extends thigh; rotates thigh laterally30 terms khavenridge Trunk and Lower body Musclesadductor group biceps femoris diaphragm Origin: pubis and pubis symphysis, ischial tuberosity... Inserti… Origin: ischial tuberosity, linea aspera of femur... Insertion (s… Origin: Xiphoid process, ribs 7-12, lumbar vertebrae... Insertio…14 terms Westley_Wedell Skeletal muscles of the lower body: Trunk Muscle: Rectus abdominis... Major action:… Muscle: Rectus abdominis... Major action:… Muscle: Rectus abdominis... Major action:…Identify this muscle.... State its major action, origin, and inse… Identify this muscle.... State its major action, origin, and inse… Identify this muscle.... State its major action, origin, and inse…28 terms alexhoatson PLUSTrunk & Lower Body Jointsif asking for structure/anatomy if asking for function or degree of mov… manubrium of sternum and first ribfibrous ... cartilaginous ... synovial synarthrotic ... amphiarthrotic ... diarthrotic cartilaginous ... synchondrosis90 terms pofahlcc Trunk and Lower Body Musclesadductor group (action) adductor group (origin) adductor group (insertion)adducts, flexes, extends thigh; rotates thigh laterally pubis and pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosity linea aspera and posterior surface of femur107 terms taylor_kizer Trunk and Lower Body Skeletonatlas fovea dentis of atlas superior articular process of atlas90 terms taylor_kizer Trunk and Lower Body Musclesorigin of adductor group insertion of adductor group action of adductor grouppubis and pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosity linea aspera and posterior surface of femur extends thigh17 terms Kota_Waddell Trunk and Lower Body Joints Manubrium of sternum & first rib Bodies of adjacent vertebrae Atlas & occipital bonecartilaginous; synchondrosis; synarthrotic (upper body) cartilaginous; symphysis; amphiarthrotic (upper body) synovial; condylar; diarthrotic (upper body)41 terms maddy_quinn3Lower body and trunk Gluteus Maximus... -origin... -insertion... -act… Gluteus Medius... -origin... -insertion... -acti… Gluteus minimus... -origin... -insertion... -act…-illium, sacrum, coccyx... -gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibi… -illium... -greater trochanter of femur... -thigh abduction, medial… -illium... -greater trochanter of femur... -thigh abduction, medial…19 terms ian_smith496Lower Body & Trunk Innervations Tensor fascia latae, gluteus min, gleut… gluteus maxiumus quadratus lumborum, psoas major, pirifo…superior gluteal inferior gluteal ventral primary ramus30 terms alliriley14 PLUSTrunk and Lower Body Muscles Adductor group Biceps femoris Diaphragmadducts, flexes, extends thigh; rotates thigh laterally flexes lower leg, extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally Enlarges thorax by depressing floor of thoracic cavity during…13 terms morganjohnston16Trunk and Lower Body Jointmanubrium of sternum and first rib Bodies of adjacent vertebrae Atlas and occipital bone Synchondrosis (cartilaginous), synarthrotic joint Symphysis (cartilaginous), amphiarthrotic Condylar (synovial), diarthrotic9 terms Madeline_Hearn VCOM ANATOMY TERMS: Names of the Parts of the Trunk and Lower Body Anatomic Name: Lower Limb or extremity… Anatomic Name: coxa (latin)... Adjective:… Anatomic Name: thigh... Adjective: femoral Common Name: leg Common Name: Hip Common Name: thigh19 terms Benjarmin_Stevens Lower Body Anatomy (Pelvis)Pelvis Ilium Ischium19 terms angusgaffney9Lower body/pelvis/legs Iliac crest Ilium Acetabulum20 terms maddie_shermanlower body/ pelvis/ legs Iliac crest ilium acetabulumhip bone you can grab the rim on the inside of the hip hip socket30 terms taylor_kizer Muscles of Trunk and Lower Body (Images)diaphragm external intercostals external oblique1 of 20 \"" }, { "docid": "D1390239#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/science/skeleton/The-vertebrate-skeleton\nThe vertebrate skeleton", "text": "The vertebrate skeleton General characteristics In vertebrates the adult skeleton is usually formed of bone or cartilage—living substances that grow with the animal, in contrast to the many types of invertebrate skeleton that do not grow or are dead secretions, deposits, or crystals. The internal position of bones and their central position in limbs provide firm support for small and large animals. Muscles can be inserted on all surfaces of the skeleton, in contrast to the limitations of the cuticular skeleton of arthropods, in which muscles occur on only one side. Antagonistic muscles are easily placed upon vertebrate bones to allow contrasting movements at the joints between them.vertebrate: skeleton Selected vertebrate skeletons. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The component parts of the skeletons of vertebrates, although remarkably uniform in basic plan, are subject to wide superficial differences, which are associated with each class and with adaptations for particular habits or environments. The axial skeleton consists of the skull and the vertebral column. The appendicular skeleton supports the fins in fish and the legs in tetrapods (four-legged animals) and is associated with limb girdles, which become progressively more closely linked with the vertebral column in the higher vertebrates. Superficially there may be an exoskeleton of scales; some scales on the head may be incorporated into the skull. Swimming of a typical fish occurs by undulations passing along a greater or lesser part of the body. The mechanism for caudal (tail) propulsion involves the vertebral column, the axial musculature, and the lateral surfaces of the body and caudal fin." }, { "docid": "D1033084#0", "title": "https://www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy/spinal-column-integral-part-human-body\nSpinal Column: An Integral Part of the Human Body", "text": "\"Spinal Column: An Integral Part of the Human Body Written by Stewart G. Eidelson, MDEmail Print The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the human spine. As part of the body, the spine is a unique and complex structure. The spine is composed of living bone, cartilaginous elements (car-t-lay-gin-us), joints, a spinal cord, nerve roots, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and a vascular system. The whole body, as well as the spine, is dependent on the function of each element. Knowledge about these spinal elements may help you to better understand how lifestyle, aging, injury, and disease may adversely affect the spine. The Human Skeleton is the body's framework or scaffolding system. Skeletal bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular and vary in length, width, and depth. The bones in the spine are irregular in shape and provide places to connect to other bones. The function of the skeletal system is to support the body against the force of gravity, protect soft body parts, produce red blood cells, store inorganic calcium, and phosphorus salts, and to provide sites for muscle attachment to enable body movement. Bone is a living tissue." }, { "docid": "D2147536#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/718300/the-skeletal-system-flash-cards/\nThe Skeletal System", "text": "\"193 terms Dr Bremer The Skeletal System This set of terms comes from Chapter 6 in your text. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Abduction The joint movement whereby an extremity is moved away from the median plane. Acetabulum The socket portion of the ball-and-socket hip joint; it is formed at the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones of the pelvis. Adduction The joint movement whereby an extremity is moved toward the median plane. Amphiarthroses A slightly movable cartilaginous joint, such as the pubic symphysis. Anconeal Process A beak-shaped process at the proximal end of the trochlear notch of the ulna; when it fails to unite with the ulna, an ununited process can cause the elbow joint to become unstable, leading to lameness. Antebrachium The \"\"forearm\"\" region of the thoracic limb. Appendicular Skeleton The bones of the limbs (appendages)Arthrodial Joint A gliding joint in which two flat, articular surfaces rock on each other; this type of joint usually allows only the movements of flexion and extension. Articular Cartilage The thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of long bones in synovial joints; it forms a smooth layer over the joint surfaces of the bones, which decreases friction and allows free joint movement. Articular Process The process of a vertebra that forms a synovial joint with an adjacent vertebra." }, { "docid": "D2830758#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/3500585/classification-of-joints-flash-cards/\nClassification of Joints", "text": "32 terms yungindependent Classification of Jointsch 8Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Joints are also called articulations which are functional junctions between bones Functions of joints Joints bind parts of the skeletal system, make possible bone growth, permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth, and enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions. Three general groups of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Joints can also be grouped according to the degree of movement possible at the bony junctions. Immovable joints are called synarthrotic. Slightly movable joints are called amphiarthrotic. Freely movable joints are called diarthrotic. Fibrous joints are so named because the dense connective tissue holding them together contains many collagenous fibers. The three types of fibrous joints are syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis." }, { "docid": "D3195052#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1914798/ch-9-joints-flash-cards/\nCh 9: Joints", "text": "60 terms kaitlynd_berezowski Ch 9: Joints Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortabduction movement away from the midline of the bodyadduction movement toward the midline of the bodyarthritis inflammation of a joint Arthrology study or discription of joints Arthroplasty Surgical replacement of joints, for example, the hip and knee joints. Arthroscopy A procedure for examining the interior of a joint, usually the knee, by inserting an arthroscope into a small incision; used to determine extent of damage, remove torn cartilage, repair cruciate ligaments, and obtain samples for analysis.arthrosis a joint or articulationarticular Sleevelike structure around a synovial joint composed of a fibrous membrane and a synovial membrane.articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces.articular disc Fibrocartilage pad between articular surfaces of bones of some synovial joints. Also called a meniscusarticulation A joint; a point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.ball-and-socket joint A synovial joint in which the rounded surface of one bone moves within a cup-shaped depression or socket of another bone, as in the shoulder or hip joint. Also called a spheroid joint.bursa A sac or pouch of synovial fluid located at friction points, especially about joints. Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa.cartilaginous A joint without a synovial (joint) cavity where the articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage, allowing little or no movement.circumduction A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of a bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable.condyloid A synovial joint structured so that an oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone, permitting side-to-side and back-and-forth movements, such as the joint at the wrist between the radius and carpals. Also called an ellipsoidal (ē-lip-SOYD-al) jointdepression Movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly.dislocation Displacement of a bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules. Also called luxation (luks-Ā-shun).dorsiflexion Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface).elevation Movement in which a part of the body moves superiorly.eversion The movement of the sole laterally at the ankle joint or of an atrioventricular valve into an atrium during ventricular contraction.extension An increase in the angle between two bones; restoring a body part to its anatomical position after flexionfibrous joint A synarthrosis in which the connective tissue core is dense collagenous connective tissue.flexion Movement in which there is a decrease in the angle between two bones.fracture Any break in a bone. Gomphosis A fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket. (" } ]
8833	________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.	[ { "docid": "D364164#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/macrophage\nmacrophage", "text": "\"macrophage Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to macrophage: mast cell, alveolar macrophagemacrophage [ mak´ro-fāj] any of the large, mononuclear, highly phagocytic cells derived from monocytes, occurring in the walls of blood vessels (adventitial cells) and in loose connective tissue (histiocytes, phagocytic reticularcells). They are components of the reticuloendothelial system. Macrophages have their origin in thebone marrow, where they pass through the monoblast and promonocyte stages to the monocytestage; the monocytes enter the blood and then the tissues, where they become macrophages. Macrophages are usually immobile but become actively mobile when stimulated by inflammation. Their functions include phagocytosis and pinocytosis, presentation of antigens to T and B lymphocytes, and secretion of a variety of products, including enzymes, several complementcomponents and coagulation factors, some prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and several regulatorymolecules. See also immunity. A macrophage ingests an antigen. From Polaski and Tatro, 1996.alveolar m's rounded, granular, mononuclear phagocytes within the alveoli of the lungs thatingest inhaled particulate matter.armed m's those capable of inducing cytotoxicity as a consequence of antigen binding by cytophilic antibodies on their surfaces or by factors derived from T lymphocytes. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition." } ]	[ { "docid": "D942665#0", "title": "http://textbookofbacteriology.net/Bact100/phago_defense.html\nThe Phagocytic Response of the Host", "text": "\"The Microbial World University of Wisconsin - Madison The Phagocytic Response of the Host Phagocytic Defenses When invading an pathogen penetrates the tissues, the inflammatory response is immediately brought into play. Part of this response leads to the recruitment of phagocytes at the site of inflammation. Phagocytes are a class of cells which are capable of ingestion (engulfment) and destruction of microorganisms and viruses that are responsible for inciting the inflammatory response. First to accumulate around the invaders and initiate the phagocytic process are neutrophils. Later, local and blood-borne macrophages also migrate to the tissue site and initiate phagocytosis. Neutrophils (also known as polymorphonuclear leucocytes or PMNs) and macrophages are sometimes referred to as professional phagocytes for their roles in this process. Properties of Neutrophils Neutrophils have their origin in multi-potential stem cells in the bone marrow. They differentiate in the marrow and are released in a mature form, containing a full complement of bactericidal agents. They are short-lived cells which constitute 30-70% of the circulating white blood cells (leukocytes). During differentiation in the marrow (2-3 days) the nucleus of the cell becomes multilobed (hence the name polymorphonuclear leukocyte ), cell division ceases, and mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum disappear from the cytoplasm." }, { "docid": "D1605259#0", "title": "http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/immunity-types-components-and-characteristics-of-acquired-immunity/1447\nImmunity: Types, Components and Characteristics of Acquired Immunity", "text": "Immunity: Types, Components and Characteristics of Acquired Immunity Article Shared by ADVERTISEMENTS: Immunity: Types, Components and Characteristics of Acquired Immunity!Definition: Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances, etc. which enter the body. Immunity is also called disease resistance. The lack of immunity is known as susceptibility. ADVERTISEMENTS: The science dealing with the various phenomena of immunity, induced sensitivity and allergy is called immunology. Types of Immunity: There are two major types of immunity: innate or natural or nonspecific and acquired or adaptive. ( A) Innate or Natural or Nonspecific Immunity (L. innatus = inborn): Innate immunity is inherited by the organism from the parents and protects it from birth throughout life. For example humans have innate immunity against distemper, a fatal disease of dogs. As its name nonspecific suggests that it lacks specific responses to specific invaders. Innate immunity or nonspecific immunity is well done by providing different barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body." }, { "docid": "D195056#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma\nGranuloma", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Granulomatous\"\" and \"\"Granulomatous reactions\"\" redirect here. For the Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction, see Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction. Not to be confused with Granulation tissue. Granuloma Picture of a granuloma (without necrosis) as seen through a microscope on a glass slide. The tissue on the slide is stained with two standard dyes ( hematoxylin: blue, eosin: pink) to make it visible. The granuloma in this picture was found in a lymph node of a patient with Mycobacterium avium infection Classification and external resources Specialty Pathology ICD - 10 L92ICD - 9-CM 686.1, 709.4Me SH D006099 [ edit on Wikidata]Granuloma is an inflammation found in many diseases. It is a collection of immune cells known as histiocytes (macrophages). [ 1] Granulomas form when the immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate. Such substances include infectious organisms including bacteria and fungi, as well as other materials such as keratin and suture fragments. [ 1] [2] [3] [4]Contents [ hide ]1 Definition2 Diseases with granulomas2.1 Tuberculosis2.2 Leprosy2.3 Schistosomiasis2.4 Histoplasmosis2.5 Cryptococcosis2.6 Cat-scratch disease2.7 Rheumatic Fever2.8 Sarcoidosis2.9 Crohn's disease2.10 Listeria monocytogenes2.11 Pneumocystis pneumonia2.12 Aspiration pneumonia2.13 Rheumatoid arthritis2.14 Granuloma annulare2.15 Foreign-body granuloma2.16 Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis3 Granulomas associated with vasculitis4 Etymology5 See also6 References7 External links Definition [ edit]In Dr. Aaron Moses: pathology, a granuloma is an organized collection of macrophages. [" }, { "docid": "D2295702#0", "title": "https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/growth-factors.php\nIntroduction", "text": "\"Introduction Growth Factors Table Interleukins and Cytokines Table Adipokines Table Hepatokines Table Myokines Table Wnts, TGFs and BMPs Discussion of Individual Factors/Factor Families Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs)Transforming Growth Factors-β TGFs-β)Transforming Growth Factor-α (TGF-α)Erythropoietin (Epo)Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1)Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2 (IGF-2)Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Superfamily This listing is not intended to be comprehensiveindex sitemap advancedsite search by freefind Return to The Medical Biochemistry Page© 1996–2017 themedicalbiochemistrypage.org, LLC \| info @ themedicalbiochemistrypage.org Introduction The term growth factor is generally used to describe a protein or peptide whose function is predominantly, although not exclusively, related to the regulation of target tissue growth and potential proliferation. Growth factors are, therefore, proteins or peptides that are produced by a variety of different cell types and when released into the vasculator interact with and bind to specific receptors on the cell surface eliciting responses within the taerget tissue. The primary result of activating growth factor receptors is cellular proliferation and/or differentiation. Many growth factors are quite versatile, stimulating not only cell growth but also cellular division in numerous different cell types, while others are specific to a particular cell-type. Cytokines are a class of signaling proteins that are used extensively in cellular communication, immune function and embryogenesis. Cytokines are produced by a variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types and can exert autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects as do the hormones. They are, therefore, more correctly related to hormones than to growth factors in their overall functions. However, many cytokines also exhibit growth factor activity so they are discussed here as well as in the Peptide Hormones page. Numerous tissues produce and secrete peptides and proteins that exert effects that, in some cases are growth stimulating, and in others are metabolic and/or cellular homeostasis regulating. Using the terminology adopted for hematopoietic modulating proteins (the cytokines) the descriptors for these peptides and proteins includes \"\"kine\"\" as the suffix." }, { "docid": "D162039#0", "title": "http://www.iupui.edu/~anatd502/Labs.f04/digestive%20III%20lab/Digestive%20System%20III%20Lab.html\n.", "text": "\"1. Identify and distinguish the three extrinsic salivary glands.2. Identify the components of the secretory end-pieces.3. Describe the flow of saliva from its synthesis to secretion.4. Identify the glands and bladder associated with the lower digestive system.5. Describe the organization of the parenchyma in the pancreas and its duct system.6. Define and characterize the cellular components found in the acini of the pancreas.7. Describe the organization of the liver parenchyma.8. Describe/diagram the flow of blood and bile through the liver.9. Define and characterize the cellular components of the liver.10." }, { "docid": "D2392754#0", "title": "http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/IRON/IRON.html\nNormal Iron Metabolism", "text": "\"Normal Iron Metabolism A well-balanced diet contains sufficient iron to meet body requirements. About 10% of the normal 10 to 20 mg of dietary iron is absorbed each day, and this is sufficient to balance the 1 to 2 mg daily losses from desquamation of epithelia. Greater iron utilization via growth in childhood, greater iron loss with minor hemorrhages, menstruation in women, and greater need for iron in pregnancy will increase the efficiency of dietary iron absorbtion to 20%. Iron is mainly absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum. A transporter protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) facilitates transfer of iron across the intestinal epithelial cells. DMT1 also facilitates uptake of other trace metals, both good (manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc) and bad (cadmium, lead). Iron within the enterocyte is released via ferroportin into the bloodstream. Iron is then bound in the bloodstream by the transport glycoprotein named transferrin. Both DMT-1 and ferroportin are found in a wide variety of cells involved in iron transport, such as macrophages. ( Fuqua et al, 2012)Normally, about 20 to 45% of transferrin binding sites are filled (the percent saturation)." }, { "docid": "D725193#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytic_cells\nPhagocyte", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Phagocytic cells)navigation search Scanning electron micrograph of a neutrophil phagocytosing anthrax bacilli (orange)Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, \"\"to eat\"\" or \"\"devour\"\", and \"\"-cyte\"\", the suffix in biology denoting \"\"cell\"\", from the Greek kutos, \"\"hollow vessel\"\". [ 1] They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. [ 2] Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom [3] and are highly developed within vertebrates. [ 4] One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. [ 5] They were discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. [ 6] Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. [ 7] Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life. [ 8]Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called \"\"professional\"\" or \"\"non-professional\"\" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. [ 9] The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells ). [" }, { "docid": "D2283501#0", "title": "http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-reticuloendothelial-system.htm\nWhat is the Reticuloendothelial System?", "text": "The reticuloendothelial system, also known as the macrophage system or the mononuclear phagocyte system, is a network of cells located throughout the body that help filter out dead and toxic particles and also work to identify foreign substances in both the blood and tissues. The network is an important part of the larger immune system, and helps maintain healthy organ function and blood chemistry, too. Though these sorts of cells can be found in most parts of the body, they are often particularly dense in the spleen, an organ tasked with blood balance and purification. Filtering and Destroying Cells in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) typically have one of two main functions: they either filter out and destroy other particles and dead cells, or they identify foreign substances for presentation and cataloging. So-called “destroyer” cells are often referred to by the name “ phagocytes .” These are capable of engulfing cells whole, preventing them from causing harm to the body. Sometimes phagocytes focus on cells that are abnormal, old, or dead; in this case, they are sort of like trash removers. These cells usually also remove foreign matter that could be harmful, like bits of thread left from surgical sutures or flecks of metal from an accident. In other instances they actually attack viruses and bacteria, neutralizing their power to infect and cause damage. Ad When phagocytes group together or grow very large, they are usually called “ macrophages .”" }, { "docid": "D1248551#0", "title": "http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46049.html\nConnective Tissue Supports and Protects", "text": "\"Connective Tissue Supports and Protects As may be obvious from its name, one of the major functions of connective tissue is to connect tissues and organs. Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. The matrix usually includes a large amount of extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells that are embedded within it. The matrix plays a major role in the functioning of this tissue. The major component of the matrix is a ground substance often crisscrossed by protein fibers. This ground substance is usually a fluid, but it can also be mineralized and solid, as in bones. Connective tissues come in a vast variety of forms, yet they typically have in common three characteristic components: cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers. The amount and structure of each component correlates with the function of the tissue, from the rigid ground substance in bones supporting the body to the inclusion of specialized cells; for example, a phagocytic cell that engulfs pathogens and also rids tissue of cellular debris. Functions of Connective Tissues Connective tissues perform many functions in the body, but most importantly, they support and connect other tissues; from the connective tissue sheath that surrounds muscle cells, to the tendons that attach muscles to bones, and to the skeleton that supports the positions of the body. Protection is another major function of connective tissue, in the form of fibrous capsules and bones that protect delicate organs and, of course, the skeletal system." }, { "docid": "D2046468#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/4866283/micro-ch-16-flash-cards/\nMicro Ch 16", "text": "\"73 terms Chasecardburns Micro Ch 16Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Susceptibility Vulnerability or lack of immunity Innate immunity Non specific Defenses that are present at birth. Provide rapid responses to disease. Does not involve specific recognition of microbes, and acts against all microbes in the same way. Does not have memory component Consists of first and second line of defense. Designed to be an early warning system, prevent microbes from entering the body and eliminate those that do. Adaptive immunity Specific Defenses that involved specific recognition of a microbiology once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. Based on specific responses to specific microbes Changes and adapts Slower to respond Has a memory component Involves lymphocytes T and B cells. Toll like receptors Protein receptors on plamsma membranes of defensive cells of INNATE IMMUNITY detects LPS, flagellin, peptidoglycan, bacterial nucleotide sequences." }, { "docid": "D146417#0", "title": "https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1181220\n.", "text": "\"anatomy test 2 Ch4Question Answer Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories osseous tissue The tissue that always has a \"\"top\"\" and \"\"bottom\"\" is Epithelial Tissue Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except Extracellular matrix The Junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the Gap junction Functions of epithelia include all of the following, except: Supporting muscles cells Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretin usually have ___ at their free surface microvilli A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed a (n) occluding junction Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by \"\"spots\"\" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called Desmosomes Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for Support Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by A basal lamina Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach? simple columnar epithelium A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelia is the lamina lucida Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as neuroepithelia Germinative cells Divide continually to produce new epithelial cells In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant? desmosomes Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of epithelium Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue. epithelial Transitional epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder. The heart and blood vessels are lined by simple squamous epithelium." }, { "docid": "D116514#0", "title": "http://clt.astate.edu/mgilmore/tissues.htm\n.", "text": "\"Overheads used in class for tissue chapter: A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually have a similar embryological origin and are specialized for a particular function. Tissue cells are often separated by non-living, intercellular materials that cells produce. This substance is called the matrix. Four types of tissues: (Table 5.1)epithelial - Most epithelial cells are being constantly replaced. connective - Connective tissue with a good blood supply regenerates better than those without. ( affects the rate at which injuries heal) muscularnervous - Muscle cells and nerve cells remain in interphase (G 0 ), and do not regenerate. CELL JUNCTIONS ( Chapter 4)tight junctions (form fluid-tight seals between cells), found in epithelial cells that line stomach, intestines and bladder, they prevent leaks. Very tight junctions are found in capillaries in the brain and testes.anchoring junctions (fasten cells to one another or the matrix) found where there is friction and stretching - outer layer of skin, heart muscle, neck of uterus, and G. I. tract. The desosome is the most common -like a spot weld made up of intermediate filaments attached to a dense area of protein. Found in the heart and muscles of digestive tract.gap junctions (permit electrical or chemical signals to pass between cells)." }, { "docid": "D3100130#0", "title": "http://www.parasitetesting.com/White-Blood-Cells.cfm\nWHITE BLOOD CELLS", "text": "\"White blood cells, or leukocytes (also spelled \"\"leucocytes\"\"; from the Greek word leuko- meaning \"\"white\"\"), are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body and very strong cell live up to only 1 day. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease. There are normally between 4-109 and 1.1-1010 white blood cells in a litre of blood, and ranging from 7 and 21 micrometres in diameter, they make up approximately 1% of blood in a healthy adult. An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis, and a decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia. The physical properties of leukocytes, such as volume, conductivity, and granularity, may change due to activation, the presence of immature cells, or the presence of malignant leukocytes in leukemia. ETYMOLOGYThe name \"\"white blood cell\"\" derives from the fact that after centrifugation of a blood sample, the white cells are found in the buffy coat, a thin, typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma. Blood plasma may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample, due to the heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce." }, { "docid": "D1190674#0", "title": "http://histology.medicine.umich.edu/resources/connective-tissue\nConnective Tissue", "text": "\"Connective Tissue View other topics Resources Access to the supplemental resources for this session is password-protected and restricted to University of Michigan students. If you are a University of Michigan student enrolled in a histology course at the University of Michigan, please click on the following link and use your Kerberos-password for access to download lecture handouts and the other resources. Resources on M+Box Jump to: Suggested Readings Learning Objectives I. Loose Connective Tissue II. Reticular Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Electron Micrographs Review Questions Practice Questions Suggested Readings Atlas Wheater's, pgs. 65-81, Supporting/Connective tissues Text Ross and Pawlina (6th ed), Chapter 6 Connective Tissue, pgs. 158-197Ross and Pawlina (6th ed), Chapter 9 Adipose Tissue, pgs. 254-267Back to Top Learning Objectives Be able to describe the functions of cells commonly found in connective tissue and identify them. Be able to recognize interstitial (fibrillar) collagens and elastic fibers at the light and electron microscopic levels. Be able to distinguish between type I collagen, type III (reticular) collagen, and elastic fibers when appropriately stained material is presented. Be able to use knowledge about the physical characteristics of collagen and elastin in explaining the functions of tissue where these molecules occur in large quantities ( e.g .," }, { "docid": "D3281280#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/12527736/inflammation-and-phagocytosis-flash-cards/\nInflammation and Phagocytosis", "text": "\"219 terms spettis89Inflammation and Phagocytosis Exam ILearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Inflammation is defined as what? The reaction of vascularized living tissues to local injury The vascular and cellular events that highlight acute inflammation serve to what? Deliver mediators of host defense (ex: leukocytes and plasma proteins) to sites of microbial invasion and/or tissue injury T/F: Inflammation is ALWAYS as evoked response set in motion by some kind of a stimulus True: (ex: tissue injury)Inflammation only occurs in what type of tissue? Only in living tissue Inflammation is fairly ______________ regardless of the inducing stimulus? Stereotypical What are the overlapping series of events of inflammation? 1. Acute vascular (minutes) 2. Acute cellular (hours) 3. Chronic cellular (days/weeks/months) 4. Repair What are the 3 outcomes of the inflammatory response?" }, { "docid": "D2215016#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/13661530/cells-systems-and-disease-flash-cards/\nCells, Systems and Disease", "text": "\"725 terms ES1302Cells, Systems and Disease Reversible cell injury when stress is resolved, cell will return to normal, full fxn. -swelling of ER and mitochondria, clumping of chromatin, and membran blebs Irreversible cell injury if cell is exposed to pathological stimulus it will exceed capacity to adapt of tolerate and result in irreversible cell injury -swelling of ER, loss of ribosomes, lysosome rupture, nuclear condensation, swelling mitochondria with amphorous densities - leads to necrosis is cell membrane ruptured Causes of cell injury -lack of oxygen (ischemia or hypoxia) ischemia more damaging -chemical injury (exogenous or endogenous) -infectious organisms -immune mediated injury -genetic defects -nutritional imbalances ( slvoholidmz0 -aging (accumulation of pigments)Cellular accumulation -may or may not be a result of damage may occur as a result of an intrinsic abnormality -due to : abnormal metabolism, defect in protein folding transport, lack of enzyme, ingestion of indigestible material. -steatosis, glycogen, bilirubin,lipofuscin,hemosiderin, melanin, metatstatic calcification, dystrophic calcification -may or may not cause injury Steatosis fat accumulation -accumulation of triglycerides, cholesterol or phospholipids - vacuoles w/in cells, yellow discoloration -affects liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle - can be reversible, usually sign of metabolic disorder Glycogen Accumulation -impaired glucose metabolism -can be caused by genetic disease sx: puffy cheeks, liver swelling, thin limbs Bilirubin accumulation -pigment accumulation -pigment component of bile derived from breakdown of hemoglobin sx: jaudice Lifofuscin accumulation -pigment that is product of lipid peroxidation -lipid and protein cell membrane components -\"\"wear and tear protein\"\" - no pathological consequence originally yet linked to Alzheimers and Parkinson's -tissue looks brown -accumulates in brain, heart, liver Hemosiderin -iron derived from hemoglobin -yellow brown granules -can accumulate anywhere Melanin -brown black pigment derived from tyrosine in melanocytes -UV radiation stimulates more pigments -protective accumulation - non Caucasians break down is very long Metastatic Calcification -Ca deposits in normal or abnormal tissue -hypercalcemia -associated with dysfxn of parathyroid gland -heart valves and atherosclerotic vessels Dystrophic calcification -Ca deposits in abnormal tissue if systemic CA levels are normal -usually deposits in necrotic tissue particularly if systemic levels of Ca are normaltypes of cellular adaption -hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia Atrophy -decrease in cell size of a cell that was a normal size -physiologic or pathological -arises due to disuse, poor blood supply, decrease in oxygenation/nutrition, agin or loss of neuronal or endocrine stimulation Hypertrophy - increase in cell size of normal cell - physiologic , normal stressor ( wt training) -pathological (high BP--> hypertrophy of L ventricle) - results in increased func capacity Hyperplasia -increase in cell number (compensatory and hormonal) - physiologic: increase in breast size in pregnancy - pathologic : increase in adrenal glands due to dysfxn of pituitary gland cannot occur in cells that are post mitotic Metaplasia -reversible replacement of one cell type by another cell type -new cell type not identical in previous fxn -metaplasia can lead to dysplasia ex: pulmn cells in smoker Dysplasia -cells vary in size and shape from normal cell - indicative of cancer or neoplasm -irreversible -cells proliferate more often bc mitosis is increased, leading to more likely genetic defect Aplasia - complete lack of cell synthesis -results from teratogen in fetus Hypoplasia -only occurs during fetal life -decrease in cell synthesis - end result is a smaller than normal tissue or organ Apoptosis (general definition) programmed cell death Necrosis (general definition) cell death caused by intracellular protein denaturation and enzymatic degradation Apoptosis (more detail) -intracellular signalling mechanism activated--> fragmentation of the cell into vesicles--> phagocytosis by neighboring cells - cell membrane remains intact -ATP dependent, still has O2 avail -naturally occuring -consumed by macrophages Necrosis ( more detail) -exhaustion of O2 or nutrients--> depletion of ATP -cell membrane does not remain intact -can occur in cluster of cells = enzyme release causes inflammation -liquefactive, caseous,coagulative, fat,Liquefactive necrosis -autolysis and conversion of tissue into structureless mass -effects organs with high fat low protein content -effects brain and pancreas Coagulative Necrosis -components of the cell are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved -protein denaturation is more prominent -necrotic cells are enetually removed by phagocytosis Caseous Necrosis -combo of Liquefactive, and coagulative. -common in TB -yellow white appearance -macrophages morph and surround tissue Fat Necrosis Death of adipose tissue arising from either trauma or anzymatic digestion -visible chalky white areas -can occur due to auto accident Definition of inflammation A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues reulting from the original insult. It is a response that occurs in living tissue only Inflammation is -a localized, protective mechanism -caused by a variety of insults to the sytem (bacteria, trauma, foreign bodies, immune mediated etc) -An interaction btwn tissues,blood vessels, chemical mediators and inflammatory cells Steps of inflammatory response Recognition of injurious agent recruitment of leukocytes removal of agent regulation of response (most important) resolution Acute inflammation -rapid response to injury or microbes -designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury -lasts less than 48 hrs Characterisitcs of acute inflammation -increases blood flow -increased vessel permeability to cells Vascular alterations during acute inflammation: Hemodynamic changes - vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation mediated by CNS reflex -Increased pressure in capillaries --> transudate -blood stasis, blood begins to touch sides of vessels - Margination of WBC's (neutrophils) due to stasis Vascular alterations during acute inflammation: Increase in Hydrostatic pressure - leads forcing out of cell transudate -decrease in colloid osmotic pressure --> exudate (high protein conc.) due to increased vascular permeability What Mechanisms mediate increased vascular permeability? -chem mediator trigger contraction of EC -cytokines trigger cytoskeletal reorg -leukocyte and endothelial cell interaction -Increased transcytosis Stasis signals EC's and WBC to upregulate cellular adhesion molecules and their receptors - -Selectins up regulated in response to IL-F, TNF, histamine -L selectin on neutrophil, P and E selectins on EC bind--> leukocyte rolling After leukocyte rolling and marginization due to upregulation of selectings --integrins bind to EC's and leukocytes to allow for firm adhesion of neutrophil on EC wall -ICAM (ligand) on EC bind to integrin on Leukocyte--> adhesion--> diapedesis After diapedesis of WBC -WBC moves toward high concentration of cytokines toward injury -sensed by G coupled associated receptors on leukocytes -called chemotaxis Inflammatory cell types -PMN's, Mast cells, macrophages,PMN's -major inflamm cell - PMN--> neutrophil outside vessel -1st cell to respond in acute inflammation -mobility, bactericidal activity, phagocytosis, cytokine production Mast cells -major inflamm cell -contain preformed granules - basophils in side vessel -major source of histamine Macrophages -respond days or weeks later to inflammatory stimulus - monocytes are precursors -survive for a long time - releases chemical mediatiors-->release -blast cells for repair -primary cell type in chronic inflamm What activates leukocytes to phagocytize foreign cells- toll receptors -toll like receptors recognize protein on foreign body surface - binding causes ramp up of immune response -antimicrobial substances increase - Up regulation of G coupled protein receptors triggers activation of complements and production of antibodies After complement has been activated and toll receptors have marked foreign cells, what happens? - binding of WBC to foreign cells through opsonization -triggers leukocyte to engulf the cell -termed a phagosome--> degranulated tissue is tossed up into the tissue Opsonization - attachment of immunoglobulins and complement proteins to cell surface to \"\"mark\"\" substances for phagocytosis and death. ( from immune response)Release of degranulated tissue into surrounding area promotes -killing of extracellular microbes -recruitment of more leukocytes - tissue damage due to the ramped up response of leukocytes -amplification of inflamm response in order to reach resolution and get rid of inflammatory signal Vasoactive amines -histamine, serotonin, Arachidonic acid, platelet activating factor, cytokinesplasma derived chemical mediators -complement system - Kinin system Histamine -granules of mast cells- -dilate blood vessels, increase vascular perm, acts as signaller in setting of autoimmune diseases Serotonin present in platelets -released when platelets aggregate -dilate blood vessels, increase vasc perm Arachidonic acid -derived from phospholipids that make up plasma membrane - 2 pathways -lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase pathway Lipoxygenase pathway: Leukotrienes -chemoattractants that trigger vasoconstriction - signals the repair of the permeability Lipoxygenase pathway: Lipoxins -inhibit EC+ leukocyte adhesion -inhibits migration of leukocytes to inflammation -wants to shut off inflammatory response -down regulates selectins, integrins and adhesion molecules Cyclooxygenase pathway: prostaglandins -vasodilators -responsible for pain and fever with inflammation Cyclooxygenase pathway: Thrombaxanes -vasoconstrictors -trigger" }, { "docid": "D1506599#0", "title": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978110001531\nReviewAtrial natriuretic peptide and oxidative stress", "text": "Peptides Volume 31, Issue 7, July 2010, Pages 1412-1419Review Atrial natriuretic peptide and oxidative stress Paolo De Vito a Sandra Incerpi b Jens Z. Pedersen a Paolo Luly a Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.001 Get rights and content Abstract Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone, produced mainly by cardiomyocytes, with a major role in cardiovascular homeostatic mechanisms such as natriuresis and vasodilation, which serve to regulate blood pressure. However, ANP also acts as an autocrine/paracrine factor on other targets such as kidney, lung, thymus, liver and the immune system. ANP participates in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, and evidence is accumulating that these effects are associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vascular cells and cardiomyocytes ANP stimulates the antioxidant defense, but in other systems such as hepatoblastoma and macrophages ANP may produce either antioxidant or prooxidant effects, depending on experimental conditions and cell context. At present very little is known on the relationship between ANP and ROS production in the normal homeostatic processes or during the development of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Our current knowledge of the role of ANP in signaling pathways leading to the generation of intracellular messengers such as diacylglycerol (DAG), and guanosine 3′-5′-cyclic monophosphate has been examined in order to clarify the mechanisms by which the hormone may counteract or contribute to the potentially dangerous effects of free radicals. Previous article Next article Keywords ANP Reactive oxygen species Superoxide Antioxidant1. Introduction1.1. The peptide Research on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) can be traced back to electron microscopy studies showing the presence in atrial cells of granules similar to those found in endocrine glands [58]. In 1981 de Bold et al. [ 26] showed that the number of these granules was inversely correlated with dietary sodium assumption, and that intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extracts induced a rapid and potent natriuretic response with a decrease of blood pressure in rats." }, { "docid": "D3213382#0", "title": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961215009618\nLow cost delivery of proteins bioencapsulated in plant cells to human non-immune or immune modulatory cellsâ", "text": "Biomaterials Volume 80, February 2016, Pages 68-79Low cost delivery of proteins bioencapsulated in plant cells to human non-immune or immune modulatory cells☆Yuhong Xiao a 1 Kwang-Chul Kwon a 1 Brad E. Hoffman b 1 Aditya Kamesha Noah T. Jones b Roland W. Herzog b Henry Daniell a Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.051 Get rights and content Under a Creative Commons license open access Abstract Targeted oral delivery of GFP fused with a GM1 receptor binding protein (CTB) or human cell penetrating peptide (PTD) or dendritic cell peptide (DCpep) was investigated. Presence of GFP + intact plant cells between villi of ileum confirm their protection in the digestive system from acids/enzymes. Efficient delivery of GFP to gut-epithelial cells by PTD or CTB and to M cells by all these fusion tags confirm uptake of GFP in the small intestine. PTD fusion delivered GFP more efficiently to most tissues or organs than the other two tags. GFP was efficiently delivered to the liver by all fusion tags, likely through the gut–liver axis. In confocal imaging studies of human cell lines using purified GFP fused with different tags, GFP signal of DCpep-GFP was only detected within dendritic cells. PTD-GFP was only detected within kidney or pancreatic cells but not in immune modulatory cells (macrophages, dendritic, T, B, or mast cells). In contrast, CTB-GFP was detected in all tested cell types, confirming ubiquitous presence of GM1 receptors. Such low-cost oral delivery of protein drugs to sera, immune system or non-immune cells should dramatically lower their cost by elimination of prohibitively expensive fermentation, protein purification cold storage/transportation and increase patient compliance. Previous article Next article Keywords Chloroplasts Cell-penetrating peptides Molecular farming Protein drug delivery1." }, { "docid": "D364162#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophages\nMacrophage", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Macrophages)navigation search For the ecological classification, see Macrophage (ecology). Macrophage A macrophage of a mouse stretching its \"\"arms\"\" ( pseudopodia) to engulf two particles, possibly pathogens. Trypan Blue Exclusion. Details Pronunciation /ˈmakrə (ʊ)feɪdʒ/System Immune system Function Phagocytosis Identifiers Latin macrophagocytus Acronym (s) M φ, MΦMe SH D008264TH H2.00.03.0.01007Anatomical terms of microanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]Macrophages ( Greek: big eaters, from Greek μακρός ( makrós) = large, φαγείν ( phageín) = to eat [1]) are a type of white blood cell, of the immune system, that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the type of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface [2] in a process called phagocytosis. These large phagocytes are found in essentially all tissues, [3] where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in nonspecific defense ( innate immunity) and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms ( adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes. For example, they are important as antigen presenters to T cells. In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections. Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of cytokines." }, { "docid": "D2522841#0", "title": "http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-4/300-306.htm\nEndotoxin and Kupffer Cell Activation in Alcoholic Liver Disease", "text": "Endotoxin and Kupffer Cell Activation in Alcoholic Liver Disease Michael D. Wheeler, Ph. D. Michael D. Wheeler, Ph. D., is an assistant professor in the Center for Alcohol Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. One central component in the complex network of processes leading to the development of alcoholic liver disease is the activation of immune cells residing in the liver (i.e., Kupffer cells) by a substance called endotoxin, which is released by bacteria living in the intestine. Alcohol consumption can lead to increased endotoxin levels in the blood and liver. When activated, Kupffer cells produce signaling molecules (i.e., cytokines) that promote inflammatory reactions as well as molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage liver cells. Endotoxin activates Kupffer cells by interacting with a complex of protein molecules that are located on the outside of the Kupffer cell or which extend into the cell. Binding of endotoxin alters the activities of the proteins in this complex so that they trigger a cascade of biochemical signals in the Kupffer cell, resulting in cytokine and ROS production and, ultimately, liver damage. Because alcohol can enhance endotoxin release and, therefore, Kupffer cell activation, novel approaches to inhibit these processes might help prevent or ameliorate alcoholic liver disease. Key words: alcoholic liver disorder; chronic AODE (alcohol and other drug effects); endotoxins; Kupffer cell; cell growth and differentiation; biological activation; cell signaling; cytokines; intestinal cell; epithelium; membrane permeability; treatment method Alcoholic liver disease progresses through several stages of tissue damage and liver dysfunction." } ]
8836	________ are special employment agencies retained by employers to seek out top management talent for their clients.	[ { "docid": "D1427559#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/26270308/hr-ch-5-personnel-planning-and-recruiting-flash-cards/\nHR Ch 5-Personnel Planning and Recruiting", "text": "\"31 terms darn0692HR Ch 5-Personnel Planning and Recruiting Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Job Analysis human requirement for each job. Traditional way of recruitment and selection 1. Decide what position to fill, through workforce/personnel planning and forecasting 2. Build a pool of candidates for these jobs, by recruiting internal/external candidates. 3. Have candidates complete application forms and perhaps undergo initial screening interviews 4. Use selection tools like tests, background investigations, and physical exams to identify viable candidates 5. Decide who to make an offer to, by having the supervisor and perhaps others interview the candidates." } ]	[ { "docid": "D400179#0", "title": "http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/pay-raises-for-us-employees-continue-to-grow-steadily-new-mercer-survey-finds.html\nNewsroom", "text": "Employers’ focus remains on retaining and engaging top performers Along with the strengthening economy and growing job market, pay raises for US employees are improving. According to Mercer’s 2014/2015 US Compensation Planning Survey, the average raise in base pay is expected to be 3.0% in 2015, up slightly from 2.9% in 2014, 2.8% in 2013 and 2.7% in 2012. These results are indicative of a steadily increasing trend. Additionally, salary increases for top-performing employees – 8% of the workforce – will be higher as companies continue to focus on retaining and engaging top talent. See Figure 1.“Employee engagement and retention continue to be a top priority for employers,” said Mary Ann Sardone, Partner in Mercer’s Talent practice and Regional Leader of the firm’s Rewards segment. “ As a result, employers recognize that they need to reward top-performing employees. And while pay is still most important, they’re continuing to provide rewards beyond compensation in the form of training and career development. ”Mercer’s most recent survey on compensation trends, which has been conducted annually for more than 20 years, includes responses from more than 1,500 mid-size and large employers across the US and reflects pay practices for more than 16 million workers. The survey results are captured for five categories of employees: executive, management, professional (sales and non-sales), office/clerical/technician, and trades/production/service. Differentiation for top performers As organizations strive to balance reward programs with budgets and the need to retain critical talent, they are analyzing key segments of their workforce and concentrating rewards on top performers." }, { "docid": "D3004367#0", "title": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbersin/2013/05/23/corporate-recruitment-transformed-new-breed-of-service-providers/\nCorporate Recruiting Explodes: A New Breed of Service Providers", "text": "Josh Bersin Contributor I analyze corporate HR, talent management and leadership. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Leadership 5/23/2013 @ 8:18AM 88,784 views Corporate Recruiting Explodes: A New Breed of Service Providers As the economy and job market heats up, so has the market for corporate recruiting… and recruiting services and consultants. Our latest data shows that businesses around the world spend over $3,300 per hire on recruiting and this budget has increased by almost 6% in the last year. This means that US corporations spend nearly $72 billion each year on a variety of recruiting services, staff, and products – and the worldwide number is likely three times bigger. A critical part of the recruitment market is the market for recruitment services firms (often called staffing firms, search firms, or headhunters) who do the recruitment for you. These companies bring together a wide variety of skills and technologies to bring you top quality candidates. And they can become “your recruiting team. ”Over the last few months we’ve met a variety of these companies and they are growing rapidly and playing an increasingly important role in the market. Why?" }, { "docid": "D1829785#0", "title": "http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm\nSalary/Compensation Surveys", "text": "\"Salary/Compensation Surveys Survey Vendors EHResearch Survey of Executive and Administrative Assistants ( http://www.ehresearch.com) EHResearch Data Services ( www.ehresearch.com ), conducts pay research for corporations and associations, administers custom salary surveys, and advises select consulting firms in various aspects of compensation and benefits data. Since 1991, EHResearch has conducted numerous national and regional compensation surveys targeting the nation's most prestigious employers. EHResearch Data Services conducts annual compensation surveys in several industries and functional areas. Each year, billion dollar corporations across the United States participate in our premier survey for Executive Assistant compensation. Our surveys include: the Greater Pittsburgh Compensation Survey, the Survey of Executive and Administrative Assistants, the Salary Planning Survey, the Hospital Officer Total Pay Report. EHResearch Data Services also conducts custom compensation surveys for our clients in targeted industries, regions, and functional specialties. Let us help you measure competitive pay for your market, members, industry or technology. AAIM Employers' Association ( http://aaimea.org/services/benchmarking-surveys/) Benchmarking improves organizational success by comparing current business practices and policies to best practices of similar thriving companies. Survey topics span compensation, benefits, policies, and other HR practices. Gathered data is used to help drive standards development and align organizational goals with proven success factors." }, { "docid": "D3406733#0", "title": "http://www.psychologyschoolguide.net/social-work-careers/case-manager/\nCase Manager Careers", "text": "The Basics Sometimes life becomes too difficult to handle its challenges on your own. This might be due to a medical illness, a mental health condition, old age, or a run in with the law. But in these situations, it can be hard to know what to do or where to turn for help. There might be difficulties finding a place to live or work. Relationships with your family and friends might be strained. You might need medical care or mental health services as well. Whatever the case, relying on others – your friends, your family, or professionals – can become necessary to get your life back on track. This is where a case manager can make a significant, positive difference in your life. What is a Case Manager? A case manager is a human services worker that works as part of a larger team to coordinate care and services for individuals and families." }, { "docid": "D358900#0", "title": "https://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/careers-advice/what-can-you-do-art-degree\nWhat Can You Do With an Art Degree?", "text": "What Can You Do With an Art Degree?09:30AM Sep 10, 2015 Savei 94 shares If you’re creative and imaginative, a degree in art could be just what you’re looking for to express yourself. Art may not be a vocational subject – that is, one that leads to a specific career – but this doesn’t mean it won’t be a good preparation for the world of work. Whether you choose to specialize in fine art or the history of art, the skills you gain during your degree are likely to be highly valued and transferable to many sectors, including specialized art careers as well as many general graduate roles. Alongside a range of practical arts skills, art graduates should also have good observational, analytical and research skills, including the ability to solve problems creatively and work well both independently and in groups. In the majority of the art careers detailed below, you will find it essential or highly advantageous to have a varied portfolio of work to show prospective employers, including some of your own original ideas as well as coursework. The theoretical side of your degree should allow you to put this work into context, explaining your influences, the thought behind your choice of themes and why you used certain materials and techniques. Be sure to network at every opportunity throughout your studies, and find ways to present your work in public spaces by entering as many competitions and exhibitions as you can. Read on to find out more about which careers in art would best suit you, and how to increase your employability in these areas. Typical art careers Fine artist Kicking off with perhaps the most obvious of art careers, there is no reason why you cannot pursue a career as a professional artist if you have talent and dedication. You will also need plenty of self-belief, stamina and the ability to promote yourself, as this is a highly competitive career path." }, { "docid": "D975990#0", "title": "https://www.recruiter.com/i/talent-acquisition-manager/\nTalent Acquisition Manager", "text": "The job title of Talent Acquisition Manager and even the use of the term Talent Acquisition, is quite new. The definition of talent acquisition and the accompanying profession simply refers to the job and process of sourcing, attracting, recruiting, interviewing, and on-boarding employees to an organization. It is a function of corporate recruiting and is usually housed within the Human Resources department. Human Resources, as many other corporate departments, is awash in a ever-changing vernacular of corporate colloquialisms. Human Resources itself is a new development from the old naming convention of the Personnel department. But does calling a corporate recruiter a different name really signify change, or is it simply another example of job-title scope creep? Corporate recruiting may be one of the few examples where a name change means something. Recruiting has gone through a process of upheaval and transformation over the past ten years which might explain the need for a changing nomenclature. Talent acquisition now comprises a very broad field, since recruitment channels have multiplied and the scope of the recruiters’ job has broadened. Talent Acquisition Managers now head up employment marketing initiatives, branding campaigns, internal referral programs, and develop employee engagement metrics and retention programs." }, { "docid": "D821740#0", "title": "https://www.jotform.com/form-templates/category/employment\nEmployment Forms", "text": "Employment Forms Job applications and employment forms can be quite complicated to put together. Make it easier on yourself by choosing a template as a starting point. Creating online job application forms is pretty easy at Jot Form. Just choose one of the online employment form templates here and watch your form receive all the applicant information as responses. You can include additional fields like company branding and an upload button for resumes. Get started with the employee form templates below!Form Templates: Simple Job Application Form This simple template is the easy and fastest way to apply online. Gather information and upload resume using the form. CV Application Form Do you want to recruit a new team for your company or project? Use this template to collect information and documents from your prospective employees. Employee Information Keep a record of your employee’s information with this form." }, { "docid": "D1122438#0", "title": "http://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/disability-employment/\nDisability Employment", "text": "Disability Employment Job Seekers The Federal Government is actively recruiting and hiring persons with disabilities. We offer a variety of exciting jobs, competitive salaries, excellent benefits, and opportunities for career advancement. Hiring people with disabilities into Federal jobs is fast and easy. People with disabilities can be appointed to Federal jobs non-competitively through a process called Schedule A. Learn how to be considered for Federal jobs under the noncompetitive process. People with disabilities may also apply for jobs through the traditional or competitive process. To find Federal jobs for which you can apply, use USAJOBS (external link)Getting a Job Learn the difference between the competitive and non-competitive hiring processes, how to use the Schedule A Authority, and how to conduct a job search in the Federal government. Find a Selective Placement Program Coordinator Most Federal agencies have a Selective Placement Program Coordinator, a Special Emphasis Program Manager (SEPM) for Employment of Adults with Disabilities, or equivalent, who helps to recruit, hire and accommodate people with disabilities at that agency. Reasonable Accommodations The Federal Government may provide you reasonable accommodation in appropriate cases. Requests are considered on a case-by-case basis. Federal Agencies As the Nation's largest employer, the Federal Government has a special responsibility to lead by example in including people with disabilities in the workforce." }, { "docid": "D1977283#0", "title": "http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices-careers/2012/09/25/5-myths-about-working-with-recruiters\n5 Myths About Working With Recruiters", "text": "\"Arnie Fertig Despite continued high unemployment numbers, companies are hiring. Surprisingly, they are finding it difficult to find just the right people for positions that they need to fill. Recruiters, often called \"\"headhunters,\"\" who took a huge hit when the economy tanked in 2008, are reporting that they are now busier than they have been in several years. Working with a recruiter can be a great benefit in your job hunt, but only if you understand their role in the hiring process. Unfortunately, too many people have misconceptions about what they do, and how to motivate them to be your advocate. It's time to clear the air and bust some of the myths.1. MYTH: The Recruiter's Job is to Help a Job Hunter Find Employment FACT: Recruiters work for employers, not job hunters. Their job is to find the best talent for the position the employer is seeking to fill, bearing in mind all of the employer's \"\"must haves,\"\" \"\"should haves,\"\" and \"\"shouldn't haves.\"\" They aren't paid to help people to transition to new fields, but rather to find talented individuals who have done the job already in a different context, or people ready to move up to the next level in their same career path. To be sure, they help individuals whom they are able to place, but their primary responsibility is not to be a career counselor or coach for job seekers.2." }, { "docid": "D1249445#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-major-challenges-facing-Human-Resources\nWhat are the major challenges facing Human Resources?", "text": "\"Challenges Human Resources Business What are the major challenges facing Human Resources?ad by Zoho One Run your entire business with Zoho. Trusted by 30 million users. Zoho has everything your business needs to boost sales, productivity, and manage day-to-day activities. Learn More at zoho.com21 Answers Maninder Singh, PGDIM from National Institute of Industrial Engineering (2017)Answered Jan 15, 2017 · Author has 109 answers and 96.1k answer views Human Resource Management (HRM) is one of the critical areas where a lot of startups and established companies are working continuously to increase an efficiency of the whole cycle of hiring, training, giving performance appraisals, managing work atmosphere & disputes, developing relations and retaining employees. The year 2017 will see a lot of changes in work style of Human resources people. Traditionally, HRM was all about hiring people, but now it is a whole system which plays important role in growth and performance of any business. Recently, companies have started seeing HR as a part of a business and not just a paperwork department. Accordingly, they are facing challenges as well in improving the performance of processes of HRM. One of the major challenges is changing in the definition of work. Employees look for flexibility in working hours, engagement of work could be short as well these days, demand based employment is on the rise and talent management is becoming heavily dependent of analytical predictions." }, { "docid": "D2975224#0", "title": "https://job-outlook.careerplanner.com/Management-Analysts.cfm\nJob Outlook for: Management Analysts", "text": "\"Job Outlook for: Management Analysts SOC: 13-1111 OOH: U045Management Analysts Quick Stats Total Jobs in 2016 806,400Expected Growth 12% (Faster than average)New Jobs To Be Added from 2016 to 2026 96,500Median Pay $75,000 or more Job Outlook for Management Analysts Pay for Management Analysts What do Management Analysts do all day The work environment How to become one Employment Outlook for Management Analysts Employment of management analysts is projected to grow 12 percent from 2016 to 2026, faster than the average for all occupations. Demand for consulting services is expected to grow as organizations seek ways to improve efficiency and control costs. As markets become more competitive, firms will need to use resources more efficiently. Demand for management analysts is expected to be strong in healthcare. This industry segment is experiencing higher costs in part because of an aging population. In addition, more management analysts may be needed to help navigate the regulatory environment within health insurance. Information technology (IT) consultants are also expected to see high demand. Businesses will seek out consulting firms to help them attain a high level of cyber security, and make sure their IT systems are efficient and up to date. Growth will be particularly strong in smaller consulting companies that specialize in specific industries or types of business function, such as information technology or human resources. Government agencies will also seek the services of management analysts as they look for ways to reduce spending and improve efficiency." }, { "docid": "D59069#0", "title": "https://definitions.uslegal.com/h/human-resource-management/\nHuman Resource Management", "text": "\"Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) is the term used to describe formal systems devised for the management of people within an organization. The responsibilities of a human resource manager fall into three major areas: staffing, employee compensation and benefits, and defining/designing work. Essentially, the purpose of HRM is to maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees. This mandate is unlikely to change in any fundamental way, despite the ever-increasing pace of change in the business world. As Edward L. Gubman observed in the Journal of Business Strategy, \"\"the basic mission of human resources will always be to acquire, develop, and retain talent; align the workforce with the business; and be an excellent contributor to the business. Those three challenges will never change. \"\" Until fairly recently, an organization's human resources department was often consigned to lower rungs of the corporate hierarchy, despite the fact that its mandate is to replenish and nourish what is often cited—legitimately—as an organization's greatest resource, it's work force. But in recent years recognition of the importance of human resources management to a company's overall health has grown dramatically. This recognition of the importance of HRM extends to small businesses, for while they do not generally have the same volume of human resources requirements as do larger organizations, they too face personnel management issues that can have a decisive impact on business health. As Irving Burstiner commented in The Small Business Handbook, \"\"Hiring the right people—and training them well—can often mean the difference between scratching out the barest of livelihoods and steady business growth…." }, { "docid": "D2676338#0", "title": "https://www.telework.gov/guidance-legislation/telework-guidance/recruitment-retention/\nTelework Guidance", "text": "\"Pay, Leave, & Work Schedules Agency Closure Performance Management Official Worksite Reasonable Accommodations Emergency Telework Recruitment & Retention Security & ITMail Management Telework Guide Telework and Dependent Care Recruitment & Retention JOIN THE FEDERAL WORKFORCEUSAJOBS.gov (external link) is a free web-based job board enabling Federal job seekers access to thousands of job opportunities across hundreds of Federal agencies and organizations Agencies are encouraged to use telework as a tool to help attract, recruit, and retain the best possible workforce. The implementation of the Telework Enhancement Act (the Act) (external link) (PDF file) provides a unique opportunity to leverage telework as a human capital management tool. Many people seek jobs with an option to telework as a means to reduce commuting time and costs, and to improve their work-life effectiveness. Telework can broaden the pool of highly qualified candidates because it provides flexibilities that meet varying needs. For example, telework may be used as a reasonable accommodation for an individual with a disability who may require, or prefer, to work at home. While not all persons with disabilities need, or want, to work from home, telework provides a viable option for individuals with disabilities that affect mobility or pose related challenges. Additionally, telework allows employers to hire individuals who live further away from what would be considered a reasonable commuting distance from their place of employment and who are not able to relocate. It also helps employers retain top-performing employees who want or need to relocate their residence beyond the local commuting area. Telework can also help managers in other ways. For example, it can be used as an effective succession planning tool." }, { "docid": "D2444830#0", "title": "http://www.beyond.com/articles/how-to-look-like-a-purple-squirrel-12079-article.html\nHow to Look Like a Purple Squirrel", "text": "\"How to Look Like a Purple Squirrel Posted by Staff Editor • Jan 14, 2013You may never have heard of a “purple squirrel,” but if you’re a job seeker, it’s an important term to know. Here’s why: Recruiters are looking for purple squirrels. Recruiters use the term “purple squirrel” to describe the perfect candidate—a job seeker who fits an open job in every way, including skills, experience, and the many requirements listed for a job description. For recruiters, such a candidate is essentially a Holy Grail or unicorn. A rare occurrence. Nearly impossible to find, and perhaps only mythical. But that doesn’t stop recruiters from searching. Now, while the notion of a purple squirrel exists for any number of reasons, there’s one in particular I’d like to focus on—the communications gap between recruiters and job seekers. This gap is important to recognize, as it complicates the process of job placement and makes it difficult for all parties. Simply put, if recruiters and job seekers aren’t speaking the same language, the odds are slim that the perfect job seeker gets the perfect job." }, { "docid": "D3217298#0", "title": "https://workdesign.com/2014/05/difference-employee-engagement-employee-experience/\nThe Difference Between Employee Engagement and Employee Experience", "text": "By Natalie Grasso / Tips & Trends May 9, 2014The Difference Between Employee Engagement and Employee Experience Anthony Pannozzo is a managing principal at Continuum, a global design and innovation consultancy that has worked with everyone one from Herman Miller to Rollerblade on developing growth strategies, discovering customer insights, and designing new businesses. We interviewed him via email to find out more about what he sees as an important distinction between engagement and experience, how one feeds off the other, and how customer service can be turned inward toward on your business to better engage employees. Through your eyes, describe the current state of employee experience and engagement in offices. Employee engagement has been a hot topic in HR for over a decade. Every leading organization seeks to find ways to engage employees. The research linking to engagement to positive outcomes is clear. However, only recently have organizations begun to think deliberately about employee experience. As organizations strive to become the employer of choice in their industries, they are taking steps to attract and retain top talent by fostering an environment and culture that inspires people to join them. It’s not about ping-pong tables and cool furniture, or even CSR policies; it is about developing strategies that lead to job experiences that employers can tout along with more traditional benefits like health insurance and 401 (k) plans. Right now, only a handful of organizations are thinking deliberately about designing employee experiences." }, { "docid": "D1241278#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_agency\nEmployment agency", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( May 2012)This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. ( June 2012)Journalist Nellie Bly investigating employment agencies An employment agency is an organization which matches employers to employees. In all developed countries, there is a publicly funded employment agency and multiple private businesses which act as employment agencies. Contents [ hide ]1 Public employment agencies2 Private employment agency2.1 Legal status2.2 Executive recruitment2.3 Executive agent2.4 Staffing Types3 See also4 References5 Further reading Public employment agencies [ edit]Main article: Public employment service One of the oldest references to a public employment agency was in 1650, when Henry Robinson proposed an \"\"Office of Addresses and Encounters\"\" that would link employers to workers. [ 1] The British Parliament rejected the proposal, but he himself opened such a business, which was short-lived. [ 2]The idea to create public employment agencies as a way to fight unemployment was eventually adopted in every developed country by the beginning of the twentieth century. In the United Kingdom, the first labour exchange was established by social reformer and employment campaigner Alsager Hay Hill in London in 1871." }, { "docid": "D1800053#0", "title": "https://www.recruiter.com/recruitment-strategies.html\nRecruitment Strategies", "text": "\"Recruitment Strategies Find the right talent across all industries, specialties and locations. Recruiter.com helps you recruit your next great hire. START RECRUITING >Learn more Recruiters employ various tactics to bring the best talent to their companies. Find best practices and research strategies in employment branding, sourcing techniques, social recruiting, and stay on top of the latest recruiting technology trends. Download our free ebooks, such as \"\" Your Recruiters Are Your Employer Brand: Why It Matters Who Does Your Recruiting \"\" to learn about modern recruitment strategies. Recruitment, covering the entire process of sourcing, selecting, and onboarding employees to an organization, is a function typically housed within Human Resources. The person responsible for developing effective recruiting strategies will usually be a talent acquisition manager, director of personnel, or a recruiting/sourcing manager. Recruiting program changes at a strategic level may include the enhancement of candidate communications, the development of talent pipe-lining, succession planning, the optimization of recruitment channels, re-evaluation of interviewing processes, and the deployment of new recruitment technology. RELATED ARTICLES3 Recruiting Strategies We Should Stop Using The Pros and Cons of Recruiting Strategies When You're on a Tight Budget Want to Increase the Size of Your Applicant Pool? Expand Your Geographical Reach Top 3 Benefits of AI in Recruitment A Look Back at the Recruiting Trends of 2016 The 8 Biggest Mistakes You Can Make in Talent Acquisition TAtech Tip: Build Farms, Not Stores The Recruiting Reel: 2016 Recruiting Tech Trends (With Janine Woodworth)5 Trends for Talent Acquisition in 2016 4 Major Recruiting Mistakes and How to Fix Them Create a job alert today and stay on top of new opportunities in your area." }, { "docid": "D2518618#0", "title": "https://www.profitableventure.com/middleman-broker-business-ideas/\n50 Best Business ideas to Start as a Middleman/Broker in 2018", "text": "50 Best Business ideas to Start as a Middleman/Broker in 2018Do you want to start a business without using your own money? If YES, here are 50 best lucrative small business ideas you can start as a middleman or broker in 2018. The best way to explanation of what a middleman business is that it is a business where you bring two opposing people together. The two different sets of people need each other and a middleman business puts them together. Many new and valuable startups don’t really make anything. Instead of cutting out middlemen, they’ve become them, connecting people with specific genres of services or merchants. Successful examples of this include transportation providers Uber and Lyft, and travel rental startup Airbnb. They have all raised huge amounts of money and spawned numerous copycats. The companies that do it well have two major things in common; they use human input to better serve a narrow market, and actively steer clear of anything that you can’t do in minutes on a smartphone. Whether it’s through intuitive ratings, manually curating products, treating suppliers well, or instantly responding when something goes wrong, successful middlemen use their staff and users to make markets work better." }, { "docid": "D67530#0", "title": "https://www.ziprecruiter.com/blog/how-to-turn-workforce-attrition-into-a-positive/\nHow to Turn Workforce Attrition Into a Positive", "text": "How to Turn Workforce Attrition Into a Positive November 12, 2014What is workforce attrition? The definition, according to the article “ What is workforce attrition? ” by Marquis Codjia is:“When a business experiences a gradual reduction in its workforce because personnel are leaving and department heads don’t hire substitutes. An attrition phenomenon doesn’t necessarily happen because the business is taking practical steps to terminate labor contracts; it may come from employees voluntarily leaving the company. For example, a company has 1,000 active workers at the beginning of the year. On Dec. 31, the headcount is down to 980, leaving a deficit of 20 employees. As a result, the attrition rate for the year equals 2 percent, or 1,000 minus 980 expressed as a percentage. ”The exact definitions of positive and negative attrition factors differ from business to business, according to Philip Lop’s article titled The Differences between Positive and Negative Attrition. Said Lop: “Indeed, some businesses will see one scenario as a very negative thing, whereas others will view that scenario as a positive move. Ensuring that understanding of the definitions is agreed locally is essential and while it can be useful to benchmark this against other businesses, as long as the definitions drive the right behaviors internally, then there is no ‘right or wrong'”." }, { "docid": "D669414#0", "title": "http://www.diversityjournal.com/15431-25-of-the-most-influential-companies-for-veteran-hiring-2015/\n25 of the Most Influential Companies for Veteran Hiring", "text": "25 of the Most Influential Companies for Veteran Hiring Veterans April 30, 2015 PDJ 2Featured 1425 of the Most Influential Companies for Veteran Hiring Thanks to the commitment made by organizations across the country, more of America’s former service members are going back to work. Thanks in no small part to initiatives by both federal and private sector employers, the veteran unemployment rate dropped to 5.3 percent last year —the lowest level since 2008, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Figures released in March of this year marked 2014 as the fourth consecutive year this rate has declined. For the second year in a row, we’ve identified 25 of the organizations that are influencing the conversation, developing programs and best practices, creating or advancing new tools, and providing the philanthropic support that is helping to level the playing field. These organizations have a deeply rooted commitment to supporting veterans as they make the transition to a civilian workforce. Their internal and external efforts have helped to promote promising new approaches, create innovative tools and identify best practices, and the entire business community has benefitted. The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company Heroes Work Here (HWH) initiative, announced in 2012 by Chairman and CEO Robert Iger, has greatly accelerated and helped solidify the Company’s recruitment, retention, leadership development and support strategies for veteran employees and their families. With a commitment to hiring at least 1,000 veterans by 2015, the Company quickly exceeded that goal and as of March 2015, has made more than 5,000 job offers to veterans. Last year, Disney made our list when it launched a first-of-its-kind training program to encourage other companies to hire veterans. The inaugural Disney Veterans Institute brought together more than 500 attendees representing more than 350 organizations for a day of networking and sharing best practices at Disney World headquarters in Florida." } ]
8849	________ connected to the left side of the heart, carry blood full of oxygen to the rest of the body.	[ { "docid": "D1852961#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=LFJEOD1Q&Link=i\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: ______ connected to the left side of the heart, carry blood full of oxygen to the rest of the body. A: Arteries connected to the left side of the heart, carry blood full of oxygen to the rest of the body. Log in for more information. Question Asked 2/6/2014 7:34:06 AMUpdated 4/2/2017 7:42:22 PM1 Answer/Comment Edited by yumdrea [4/2/2017 7:03:33 PM]Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)______ connected to the left side of the heart, carry blood full of oxygen to the rest of the body." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1828495#0", "title": "http://www.cardiachealth.org/long-qt-syndrome-lqts\nHow Your Heart Works", "text": "How Your Heart Works Anatomy \| Right Side \| Left Side \| Interior \| Septum \| Valves \| Blood Flow How your heart works Your heart is located under the ribcage in the center of your chest between your right and left lungs. A normal, healthy, adult heart is about the size of an average fist: Your heart is a muscle that pumps blood to the rest of your body. Your heart is part of your circulatory system, which consists of a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that carry blood to and from all areas of your body. Electrical signals force your heart to contract and thus pump your blood to the rest of your body. Your blood carries the oxygen and nutrients that your organs need to work normally. Blood also carries waste products such as carbon dioxide back to your heart and into your lungs to be passed out of your body and into the air. If disease or injury weakens your heart (your pump), your body’s organs won’t receive enough blood to work normally. Anatomy The heart has four chambers: The right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. The right side of your heart gets venous blood back from your body and then pumps it to your lungs. When you breathe in, oxygen passes from your lungs into your blood." }, { "docid": "D2651835#0", "title": "https://sites.google.com/a/ballicocressey.com/human-body-systems/circulatory-system\nThe Circulatory System", "text": "The Circulatory System v The circulatory system is made up of three parts: Your heart, blood, and blood vessels. This system moves blood throughout your body through pathways, providing your cells with oxygen and nutrients. It also helps your body get rid of waste products that your cells do not need and helps to regulate your body's temperature. The circulatory system works in conjunction with your respiratory and digestive systems to help your body stay alive and work properly. Your heart is the center of your circulatory system. It is a hollow muscle with two side by side pumps. The right side of your heart pumps blood into your lungs, while the left side pumps blood to the rest of your body. Your heart is an involuntary muscle and pumps nonstop. Even at rest, you heart beats about 70 times each minute. It pumps faster when your body is in motion." }, { "docid": "D712887#0", "title": "https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1171864\n.", "text": "\"chap. 3 chestanatomy and procedures of the thoracic viscera Question Answerthoracic cavity chest cavitywhat are the thoracic cavity components? cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, nervous, and lymphatic systemwhat are the three separate chambers of the thoracic cavity? pericardium and the right and left pleural cavitiespleural double layer membrane that surrounds the lungs (space between visceral and parietal membranes)parietal pleural (lining) the outer membrane, wall covering of the thoracic cavityvisceral pleural (lining) the inner membrane, direct contact with the organname two thoracic cavity boundaries? the superior thoracic aperture (STA) and the and the inferior thoracic aperture (ITA)Superior Thoracic Aperture apex of lungs Inferior Thoracic Aperture where diaphragm iswhat position separates air and fluid best? upright positionpneumothorax air in pleural cavity/space seen on an image as pitch blackhemathorax blood in the pleural cavity/spacepleural effusion fluid in the pleural cavity/spaceempyema puss in the pleural cavity puss will appear lighter on image due to densityatelectasis complete or partial collapse of a lung due to obstruction CAB coronary artery bypass graph (cabbage)pleural cavity function and blood supply adhesive of two membranes parietal/visceral. visceral is dual blood supplymediastinum area between the lungs right in the centerwhat are the three openings from the mediastinum through the diaphragm? esophagus, vena cava, and the aortaradiographically important mediastinum structures heart shadow, thymus gland (only seen in children), trachea, esophagus, and great vesselswhere is the thymus gland located? right in front of the trachea in the superior mediastinumfunction and size of thymus gland primary control organ of the lymphatic system as a child its bigger but as you age it gets smaller (controls immune system)glotis is a slit or openingwhat consists of the respiratory system? nasal cavities, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungswhat are three divisions of the pharynx?" }, { "docid": "D1083084#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstream\nCirculatory system", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bloodstream)navigation search\"\"Bloodstream\"\" redirects here. For the song by Ed Sheeran, see Bloodstream (song). This article is about the animal circulatory system. For plants, see Vascular tissue. Circulatory system The human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates oxygenated blood carried in arteries, blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins. Capillaries, which join the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels are not shown. Identifiers Me SH D002319TA A12.0.00.001FMA 7161Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes ), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and p H, and maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. [ 1] The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. [" }, { "docid": "D2337005#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/73699740/peripheral-vascular-surgery-chapter-32-flash-cards/\nPeripheral Vascular Surgery-Chapter 32", "text": "165 terms alexandriamartinez19Peripheral Vascular Surgery-Chapter 32Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Aneurysm ballooning of an artery as a result of weakening of the arterial wall. it may be caused by atherosclerosis, infection, or a hereditary defect in the vascular system Artiosclerosis a disease characterized by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall Bifurcation the Y-shape of an artery or graft Embolus a moving substance in the vascular system. An embolus may consist of air, a blood clot, atherosclerotic plaque, or fat Ischemia the decrease in or absence of blood supply to a localized area, usually related to vascular obstruction Thrombus any organic or non-organic material blocking an artery; generally refers to a blood clot or atherosclerotic plaque but also includes fat or air Peripheral Vascular Surgery specialty of the arteries and veins lying outside the immediate area of the heart or brain Tunica Externa (adventitia) composed of connective tissue and protects the vessel from injury and provides structural strength Tunica Media composed of inner layers of smooth muscle bounded by connective tissue Tunica Initima secretes substances that cause vasodilation or constriction, as well as substances that prevent platelet aggregation in the vessel Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body Pulmonary Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs Thick-walled and highly elastic, and contain mostly smooth muscle arteries Systole ventricular contraction Diastole the resting phase of the heart Capillaries microscopic vessels that function as the transition and exchange mechanism for oxygen and other substances between the vessel walls and the tissue cells Venous System carries blood back to the heart from the peripheral tissues Thin Walled, which allows them to expand. Have valves that open only one way, preventing blood from backing up veins Pulmonary System carries blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation Oxygenated Blood returns to the heart and is pumped into the systemic circulation, which reaches all tissues of the body What provides the primary pumping action for the heart ventricles Systemic circulation oxygenated blood in the left ventricle is pumped through the ascending aorta to the rest of the body. Blood returning from the body passes from the capillaries into the venous system and returns to the left atrium through the vena cavae Pulmonary circulation deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Blood is oxygenated in the capillaries of the alveoli and returns to the left ventricle through the pulmonary veins Blood Pressure the force exerted on the arterial wall by the pumping action of the heart Systolic Pressure the higher the pressure, occurs during contraction of the ventricles Diastolic Pressure the lower the pressure, occurs during the relaxtion phase of the cardiac cycle Hypertension abnormally high blood pressure Hypotension negative alterations in blood pressure What is normal blood pressure affected by? age, gender, weight, daily fluctuation, exercise What is the largest artery in the body? aorta The aorta terminates at the pelvic bifurcation which forms _____ _______." }, { "docid": "D2128988#0", "title": "https://prezi.com/gzhcktycd8_3/difference-between-human-and-frog/\nDifference between Human and Frog", "text": "Public & reusable Create your own Make a copy Share Embed Like Difference between Human and Frog Biology (Lec) projectby Christian Suarezon 30 September 2014Tweet Comments ( 0)Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Difference between Human and Frog This is a frog's stomach tissue. The tendril-like parts help to absorb water. The skin and tissue of the frog are so porous that the frog rarely has to drink water, its body just soaks up water from the ground when it touches it. Cells of the stomach secrete gastric acid to break down food particles. The frog's lung cells filter oxygen and carry it to the heart, then send carbon dioxide back out. The frog's lung tissue is only one layer of cells thick so that gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) can pass through it quickly. Frog neurons control simple functions, as frogs don't have reasoning or intelligence skills. Frog neural tissue makes up and connects the different hemispheres of the brain. Human lung cells take in oxygen and help transport it to the circulatory system, then carry carbon dioxide back out." }, { "docid": "D904654#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-the-heart-18/the-heart-172/layers-of-the-heart-walls-864-636/\nThe Heart", "text": "Anatomy of the Heart The heart is an organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels using rhythmic contractions of cardiac muscle. Learning Objectives Describe the anatomy of the heart Key Takeaways Key Points The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ containing an involuntary conduction system that initiates rhythmic contractions to pump blood throughout the body. The heart has its own blood supply and is controlled by self-regulating nerve bundles called nodes. The SA and AV nodes send impulses through the Purkinje fibers that cause muscle contractions to the heart. The heart is composed of three layers: the epicardium (outer layer) which prevents excess expansion or movement of the heart, the myocardium (middle layer) which initiates contractions driving the cardiac cycle, and the endocardium (inner layer) that lines the cavities and valves. The heart contains two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. The left and right sides of the heart are separated by the septum. Valves prevent the backflow of blood and separate the atria from the ventricle and the ventricle from the pulmonary artery or aorta. Key Termsheart: A fist-sized muscular organ in the chest that pumps blood through the body using involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle.ventricle: One of two lower chambers of the heart that receives blood from the atria and pumps it out into pulmonary or systemic circulation, depending on side.myocardium: The middle of the three layers forming the wall of the heart, containing cardiac muscle tissue. Innervated by the Purkinje fibers." }, { "docid": "D1111967#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_circulatory_system\nCirculatory system", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Double circulatory system)navigation search\"\"Bloodstream\"\" redirects here. For the song by Ed Sheeran, see Bloodstream (song). This article is about the animal circulatory system. For plants, see Vascular tissue. Circulatory system The human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates oxygenated blood carried in arteries, blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins. Capillaries, which join the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels are not shown. Identifiers Me SH D002319TA A12.0.00.001FMA 7161Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes ), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and p H, and maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. [ 1] The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. [" }, { "docid": "D2000429#0", "title": "http://www.course-notes.org/biology/outlines/chapter_42_circulation_and_gas_exchange\nChapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange", "text": "Home » AP Biology » Outlines Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange Printer Friendly Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Lecture Outline Overview: Trading with the Environment Every organism must exchange materials and energy with its environment, and this exchange ultimately occurs at the cellular level. Cells live in aqueous environments. The resources that they need, such as nutrients and oxygen, move across the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Metabolic wastes, such as carbon dioxide, move out of the cell. Most animals have organ systems specialized for exchanging materials with the environment, and many have an internal transport system that conveys fluid (blood or interstitial fluid) throughout the body. For aquatic organisms, structures such as gills present an expansive surface area to the outside environment. Oxygen dissolved in the surrounding water diffuses across the thin epithelium covering the gills and into a network of tiny blood vessels (capillaries). At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out into the water. Concept 42.1 Circulatory systems reflect phylogeny Diffusion alone is not adequate for transporting substances over long distances in animals—for example, for moving glucose from the digestive tract and oxygen from the lungs to the brain of a mammal. Diffusion is insufficient over distances of more than a few millimeters, because the time it takes for a substance to diffuse from one place to another is proportional to the square of the distance." }, { "docid": "D63040#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system\nCirculatory system", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Bloodstream\"\" redirects here. For the song by Ed Sheeran, see Bloodstream (song). This article is about the animal circulatory system. For plants, see Vascular tissue. Circulatory system The human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates oxygenated blood carried in arteries, blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins. Capillaries, which join the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels are not shown. Identifiers Me SH D002319TA A12.0.00.001FMA 7161Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes ), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and p H, and maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. [ 1] The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. [" }, { "docid": "D1851512#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-the-heart-18/the-heart-172/great-vessels-of-the-heart-866-9331/\nThe Heart", "text": "Anatomy of the Heart The heart is an organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels using rhythmic contractions of cardiac muscle. Learning Objectives Describe the anatomy of the heart Key Takeaways Key Points The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ containing an involuntary conduction system that initiates rhythmic contractions to pump blood throughout the body. The heart has its own blood supply and is controlled by self-regulating nerve bundles called nodes. The SA and AV nodes send impulses through the Purkinje fibers that cause muscle contractions to the heart. The heart is composed of three layers: the epicardium (outer layer) which prevents excess expansion or movement of the heart, the myocardium (middle layer) which initiates contractions driving the cardiac cycle, and the endocardium (inner layer) that lines the cavities and valves. The heart contains two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. The left and right sides of the heart are separated by the septum. Valves prevent the backflow of blood and separate the atria from the ventricle and the ventricle from the pulmonary artery or aorta. Key Termsheart: A fist-sized muscular organ in the chest that pumps blood through the body using involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle.ventricle: One of two lower chambers of the heart that receives blood from the atria and pumps it out into pulmonary or systemic circulation, depending on side.myocardium: The middle of the three layers forming the wall of the heart, containing cardiac muscle tissue. Innervated by the Purkinje fibers." }, { "docid": "D2480130#0", "title": "http://www.course-notes.org/Biology/Outlines/Chapter_42_Circulation_and_Gas_Exchange\nChapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange", "text": "Home » AP Biology » Outlines Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange Printer Friendly Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Lecture Outline Overview: Trading with the Environment Every organism must exchange materials and energy with its environment, and this exchange ultimately occurs at the cellular level. Cells live in aqueous environments. The resources that they need, such as nutrients and oxygen, move across the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Metabolic wastes, such as carbon dioxide, move out of the cell. Most animals have organ systems specialized for exchanging materials with the environment, and many have an internal transport system that conveys fluid (blood or interstitial fluid) throughout the body. For aquatic organisms, structures such as gills present an expansive surface area to the outside environment. Oxygen dissolved in the surrounding water diffuses across the thin epithelium covering the gills and into a network of tiny blood vessels (capillaries). At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out into the water. Concept 42.1 Circulatory systems reflect phylogeny Diffusion alone is not adequate for transporting substances over long distances in animals—for example, for moving glucose from the digestive tract and oxygen from the lungs to the brain of a mammal. Diffusion is insufficient over distances of more than a few millimeters, because the time it takes for a substance to diffuse from one place to another is proportional to the square of the distance." }, { "docid": "D504921#0", "title": "http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/cardiovascular/c_multi_patent_ductus_arteriosus\nHeart Defect (Congenital) in Dogs", "text": "Home » Dog Conditions Heart Defect (Congenital) in Dogs Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs The aorta is the main artery that feeds oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body. The pulmonary (lung) artery travels from the right side of the heart to the lungs, carrying deoxygenated blood to be oxygenated. Once the blood has been oxygenated by the lungs, it then returns to the left side of the hearty through the pulmonary veins to be pumped out into the body by the aorta. In the womb, the fetus’ descending aorta is connected to the pulmonary artery by the ductus arteriosus blood vessel, allowing blood to flow directly from the right side of the heart to the aorta, without stopping for oxygen in the lungs. This is because the fetus gets its oxygen from the mother's bloodstream and does not yet need to have its own blood oxygenated. Normally at birth, this connection is no longer patent (open). Once a newborn has begun to breath on its own, the pulmonary artery opens to allow blood to flow from the right side heart into the lungs to be oxygenated, and the ductus arteriosus closes. But in patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) the connection remains patent. Consequently, blood is shunted (diverted) in abnormal patterns in the heart. PDA allows blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery, and then to the lungs." }, { "docid": "D2294754#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_system\nCirculatory system", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Blood system)navigation search\"\"Bloodstream\"\" redirects here. For the song by Ed Sheeran, see Bloodstream (song). This article is about the animal circulatory system. For plants, see Vascular tissue. Circulatory system The human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates oxygenated blood carried in arteries, blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins. Capillaries, which join the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels are not shown. Identifiers Me SH D002319TA A12.0.00.001FMA 7161Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes ), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and p H, and maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. [ 1] The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. [" }, { "docid": "D2414916#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/65991359/chapter-20-the-heart-flash-cards/\nChapter 20-The Heart", "text": "\"148 terms shanikqua_dickerson Chapter 20-The Heart Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort The blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are subdivided into the pulmonary and systemic circuits Blood is carried away from the heart by the arteries The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit and empties it into the left ventricle The double pump function of the heart includes the right side, which serves as the ________ circuit pump, while the left side serves as the ______ pump pulmonary; systemic The major difference between the left and right ventricles relative to their role in heart function is the LV pumps blood through the high-resistance systemic circulation The great cardiac vein drains blood from the heart muscle to the right atrium The visceral pericardium, or epicardium, covers the outer surface of the heartendocardium the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves The three distinct layers of the heart wall include the epicardium, myocardium, endocardium Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the _______; semilunar valves prevent backflow into the _________ atria; ventricles Blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the ________ valves bicuspid, L. atrioventricular, mitral When deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through a semilunar valve, it is forced into the pulmonary arteries Blood from systemic circulation is returned to the right atrium by the superior and inferior vena cava Oxygenated blood from the systemic arteries flows into peripheral tissue capillaries The lung capillaries receive deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries One of the important differences between skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue is that cardiac muscle tissue is striated involuntary muscle Cardiac muscle tissue does not require nerve activity to stimlate a contraction The primary differences that characterize cardiac muscle cells when comparing them to skeletal muscle fibers are small size, a single centrally located nucleus, the presence of intercalated discs Blood from coronary circulation is returned to the right atrium of the heart via coronary sinus The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of the conducting system of the heart, portions of the right and left ventricles The correct sequential path of a normal action potential in the heart is SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers If the papillary muscles fail to contract, the AV valves will not close properly The events between the start of one hearbeat and the start of the next is called the cardiac cycle The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker of the heart because these cells are the ones that depolarize and reach threshold first After the SA node is depolarized and the impulse spreads through the atria, there is a slight delay before the impulse spreads to the ventricles. The reason for this delay is to allow the atria to finish contracting If each heart muscle cell contracted at its own individual rate, the condition would resemble fibrilation The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates atrial depolarization The QRS complex of the ECG appears as the ventricles depolarize ECGs are useful in detecting and diagnosing abonormal patterns of cardiac activity called cardiac arrhythmias An excessively large QRS complex often indicates that the heart has become enlarged The \"\"lubb-dubb\"\" sounds of the heart have practical clinical value because they provide information concerning the action and efficiency of the AV and semilunar valves When a chamber of the heart fills with blood and prepares for the start of the next beat the chamber is in diastole At the start of the atrial systole, the ventricles are filled to around 70% of capacity The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute is the cardiac output The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat is the stroke volume Under normal circumstances, the factors responsible for making delicate adjustments to the heart rate as circulatory demands change are autonomic activity and circulatory hormones The difference between the end-distolic volume (EDV) and the end systolic volume (ESV) is the stroke volume Parasympathetic from the vagus nerve results in a decrease in heart rate Cutting the vagus nerve increases the heart rate The function of the chordae tendinae is to anchor the AV valve flaps and prevent backflow of blood into the atria During ventricular diastole, when the pressure in the left ventricle rises above that in the left atrium the left AV valve closes During ventricular systole, the blood volume in the atria is _______, and the volume in the ventricle is _______ increasing; decreasing During most of the ventricular diastole the pressure in the L. ventricle is slightly lower than the pressure in the L. atrium When the pressure within the L. ventricle becomes greater than the pressure within the aorta the aortic semilunar valve is forced open The volume of blood in the L. ventricle is at its lowest when the AV valve opens The dicrotic wave indicates a brief rise in the aortic pressure. The rise in pressure is due to the closure of the semilunar valve During isovlumertric contraction, pressure is highest in the aorta Blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during systolic ejection Decreased parasympathetic (vagus) stimulation to the heart results in speeding the heart rate During exercise the most important mechanism to increase cardiac output is increased sympathetic activity to the ventricles The diastolic phase of the blood pressure indicates that the ventricles are \"\"resting\"\"What does not control the movement of blood through the heart size of the atria and ventricles Normally, the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is the bundle of HISIf the SA node or internodal pathways are damaged, the AV node assumes command Main function of the heart is to push bloodautonomic nervous system nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glandsparasympathetic nervous system opposes the sympathetic system; calms the body; decreases heart/breathing rate; enhances digestionsympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to musclesheart location In the thoracic cavity-->in the paracardial cavity--> in the paracardium membranemyocardium thick middle muscle layer of the heart; pumps blood through the circulatory systemendocardium This is the innermost layer of the heart and lines the inner chambers & heart valves Parietal Pericardium tough, fibrous serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity, posterior to ribs and sternumepicardium external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium; reduces friction Layers of the heart-from outside to the inside -Parietal Pericardium -Epicardium -Myocardium -Endocardiumcoronary sinus The great, middle, and small cardiac veins all empty into here, which in turn empties into the right atrium. Great coronary vein drains most of the _____ and some of the ______. Left ventricle; Right ventricle The left and right atrium beat _______. together The left and right ventricle beat ______. together_________ receives blood from the coronary sinus. Right Atrium_________ receives blood from the upper trunk of the body. Superior vena cava_________ receives blood from the lower portion of the body. Inferior vena cava Bloodflow from body Superior/Inferior Vena Cava> R Atrium> Pulmonary Valve> Pulmonary Trunk> R & L Pulmonary Artery> Lungs Bloodflow from lungs Pulmonary Veins> L Atrium> L Ventricle> Aortic Valve> Aorta> Tissues Why is the wall of the L Ventricle thicker than the R Ventricle?" }, { "docid": "D2011323#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-the-heart-18/the-heart-172/pericardium-863-5239/\nThe Heart", "text": "Anatomy of the Heart The heart is an organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels using rhythmic contractions of cardiac muscle. Learning Objectives Describe the anatomy of the heart Key Takeaways Key Points The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ containing an involuntary conduction system that initiates rhythmic contractions to pump blood throughout the body. The heart has its own blood supply and is controlled by self-regulating nerve bundles called nodes. The SA and AV nodes send impulses through the Purkinje fibers that cause muscle contractions to the heart. The heart is composed of three layers: the epicardium (outer layer) which prevents excess expansion or movement of the heart, the myocardium (middle layer) which initiates contractions driving the cardiac cycle, and the endocardium (inner layer) that lines the cavities and valves. The heart contains two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. The left and right sides of the heart are separated by the septum. Valves prevent the backflow of blood and separate the atria from the ventricle and the ventricle from the pulmonary artery or aorta. Key Termsheart: A fist-sized muscular organ in the chest that pumps blood through the body using involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle.ventricle: One of two lower chambers of the heart that receives blood from the atria and pumps it out into pulmonary or systemic circulation, depending on side.myocardium: The middle of the three layers forming the wall of the heart, containing cardiac muscle tissue. Innervated by the Purkinje fibers." }, { "docid": "D2102250#0", "title": "https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060804031319AAGuaDd\nWhy does right side of heart has tricuspid valve and left side has bicuspid valve?", "text": "\"Science & Mathematics Medicine Why does right side of heart has tricuspid valve and left side has bicuspid valve? Is there any significance for it ? Serious answers are recommended Follow 12 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: See this website for a diagram of the heart valves: http://texasheart.org/HIC/Anatomy/valves... Four types of valves regulate blood flow through your heart: 1) The tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle. 2) The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen. 3) The mitral (also called bicuspid) valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle. 4) The aortic valve opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, your body's largest artery, where it is delivered to the rest of your body. It is the LEFT side of the heart that is the strongest and works the hardest. Aside from the above mentioned functions, the only difference between the bicuspid and tricuspid is the number of \"\"cusps\"\" or sections. Bicuspid has 2 and tricuspid has 3. There is no documented significance for the right side having the tricuspid and the left having the mitral/bicuspid." }, { "docid": "D2785438#0", "title": "http://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/10723\nPrint Options", "text": "Learning objectives - The Cardiovascular System1. Describe the size, shape, location, and orientation of the heart in the thorax.250 to 350 grams about the size of a fist, within the mediastinum and tilts toward the left side of the body2. Name the coverings of the heart. Pericardium – doubled-walled sac that encloses the heart. •Fibrous Pericardium – superficial part of pericardium, protects, anchors and prevents the heart from overfilling •Serous Pericardium – deep to the fibrous pericardium, a thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart. o Parietal Layer – lines the internal surface off the fibrous pericardium and attaches to the large arteries exiting the heart. o Epicardium – Visceral layer of the Serous Pericardium that lines the external heart surface3. Describe the structure and function of each of the three layers of the heart wall.•Endocardium – inside layer of the heart wall, sheet of endothelium, lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves •Myocadium – middle layer of heart wall, composed mainly of cardiac muscle, the layer that pumps •Epicardium – Viseral layer of the Serous Pericardium that lines the external heart surface4. Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers. Name each chamber and provide the name and general route of its associated great vessel (s)." }, { "docid": "D3327747#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/5990481/blood-vessels-blood-and-heart-flash-cards/\nBlood Vessels, Blood and Heart", "text": "\"137 terms madkribur Blood Vessels, Blood and Hearta&p 232 Lect IILearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortarteries, capillaries, veins The three major types of blood vessels are_____, _______, and ______.arteries, away, veins, thicker _______ are vessels that carry blood _____from the heart; they are under higher pressure than ____, therefore the walls are _______. Arterioles, capillaries _______ are the smallest of the arteries; they lead into _______.capillaries, substance exchange, blood, tissues, capillary ______ are the smallest blood vessels, site of ______ ______between the _____ and body ______; grouped together into _____ beds Venules, capillaries ______ are the smallest veins; they carry blood out of ______;Veins, toward, veins, arteries, veins ______ are vessels that carry blood _______ the heart; are under lower pressure than _____, therefore the walls of ____ are thinnerveins, venules Parts of the venous system are ___ and ____.skeletal muscle contractions, blood pressure, respiratory pump 3 factors that Aid Venous Return are _____ _____ ____, ___ __, and ___ ___;respiratory pump _________ _______ is pressure changes in ventral cavity associated with breathing, squeezes veins and forces blood toward heartblood pressure, walls, blood pressure, arteries _____ _____ is the pressure exerted on the _____ of a blood vessel; in clinical use ____ ____refers to pressure in ______.skeletal muscle, pump, deep, toward ____ ______ contractions, also known as 'muscular ______'; as these muscles surrounding ____ veins contract and relax they \"\"milk\"\" the blood _____ the heartsemilunar valves ____ ____ prevent blood from flowing backward;varicose veins _____ ______ is a condition caused by incompetent valves; the blood pools in lower limbs Factors that effect blood pressure cardiac output , blood volume, blood viscosity, resistance, elasticity of arteriesresistance ________ refers to the opposition to blood flow as a result of friction.viscosity ____ refers to the thickness of bloodsphygmomanometer, brachial blood pressure is measured using ____________; usually in one of the _______arteries;cardiac output , blood volume, blood viscosity, resistance, elasticity of arteries What are the 5 factors that effect blood pressure? Diastolic ________ blood pressure is the force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation;Korotkoff The various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure are called _______soundshypotension, hypertension _________ is a systolic below 100mm Hg; and __________ is greater than 140/90)pulse, artery, surface, hard the ______ is the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery wall with each heartbeat; may be felt in any ______ that lies near the ______ or over a _____ tissue120/80, 8-10 normal blood pressure of a young adult male is ________; ______ mm/hg less in a young adult female;reduced # RBC due to hemmorage or excess RBC Destruction Disease, reduced availability of oxygen (high altitudes or pneumonia), increased tissue demands for oxygen (exercise) Drop in normanl blood oxygen levels that triggers erythropoietin formation can result from what three things?do not, ability, oxygen The number of RBC's in the blood _____ control the rate of erythropiesis; it is based upon the ______ to transport enough ______ to meet tissue demands;anemia, eryhrocythemia What are two erythrocyte disorders?increase, thick, flow sluggish polycythemia is an abnormal _______ in the number of RBC's that cause blood to become _______ and _______.low oxygen carrying, insufficient, hemoglobin, hemoglobin Anemia is a condition in which the blood has _________capacity; Common causes include _________ number of RBC's, decreased _________, and abnormal ___________;chemical regulations, other factors _____ ____ is hormones and ions; _____ ____ are age, gender, exercise, and body temp;factors that help with the regulation of heart rate autonomic nervous system, chemical regulation, age, gender, body temp, exercise;ANS, chemical, age, gender, body temp, exercise The factors that help with the regulation of the heart rate are the _ _ _, _____ regulation, ____, _____, ___ ___ and _____PH, body temp, fluid volume Regulation: Blood helps to regulate _____, ______ _______, and _____ _____;clotting, blood loss Protection is the ________ mechanism that protects against _____ _____;white blood cells, blood volume, neucleus hemoglobin Leukocytes are _____ and are less than 1% of the total ____ ___; they do have a _______ but do not contain _______;bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, tumor cells Leukocytes protect the body from _____, ______, ____, ______ and _______ cells and the numbers increase during infection;hypoxic, erythropoetin, RBC formation When certain kidney cells become _____, they accelerate their release of _____ that goes to the bone marrow and causes _____ ______;granulocytes, agranulocytes Two types of leukocytes are _____ and _____;thrombocytes, blood vessels, blood clotting, thrombopoietin Platelets are also called _______; they seal small tears in ________ ____ and release chemicals that promote ______ _______; platelet formation is regulated by the hormone _______;membrane, granules, granules Granulocytes contain _______ bound cytoplasmic ______; Agranulocytes lack ________;stoppage, bleeding, chemical substances, vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation Hemostasis refers to ______ of ________; This is a very controlled response which involves many ____ _____; The three basic mechanisms are _____ ____, _____ ____ ______, and ______;blood vessels, smooth, blood loss Vascular spasm occurs when ____ _____ are damaged; The ______ muscle in these vessels contract immediately to reduce ____ _____;arteries, capillaries, veins Three types major types of blood vessels are?arteries, arterioles, arteries, away, thicker, arterioles, capillaries The arterial system consists of _____ and _____; ______ are vessels that carry blood ______ from the heart, and are under a higher pressure than veins, therefore, walls are _____; _______ are the smallest of arteries and lead into the _________;cardiovascular system The heart and blood vessels form the ________ ________;antibodies, antigens Hemolysis has to do with the recipients _______ and what they do to the the donor cell ______ as they go in;RH positive, RH negative, anti RH antibodies, anti RH antibodies, hemolysis, Rho GAM If a small amount of _____ blood leaks from the fetus through the placenta, into the bloodstream of an ______ mother, the mother will make _____ _____; If mother becomes pregnant again, her ________ can cross the placenta & enter bloodstream of the fetus & it will dies; If fetus is RH+, then _______ may occur; this can be prevented by giving RH- mothers a _________ shot;immune system, anti RH antibodies, antibodies, hemolysis If an RH- person receives RH+ blood transfusion, the _____ _____ starts to make ______; If a second transfusion of RH+ blood is given later, the _______ will cause _____ of the donated blood;RH positive, RH negative, does not, antibodies People whose RBC's have RH antigens are _______; those who lack RH antigens are ________; normally the plasma _____ _____ contain anti RH _______;formed elements, water, proteins Blood plasma is the blood without the ______; most plasma is 90% ______ and the rest is mainly _______;albumin, protein _________, which is produced in the liver; is a major plasma _______;osmotic, water Blood plasma helps with the plasma _______ pressure, which is pressure that helps to keep ______ in the blood stream;erythrocytes, nucleus, biconcave, 120, hemoglobin ______ are red blood cells that lack a ______, and are _____ in shape; Cells live about ______ days and contain the oxygen carrying protein called ________ that gives blood its red color;capillaries, blood, body tissues, capillary beds ________ are the smallest blood vessels, site of substance exchange between _____ and _____ ____; These are grouped together in _____ _____;white blood cells, antibodies ___ ____ ____ and _______ protect against bacteria and viruses;veins, venules, venules, capillaries, veins, toward, arteries, thinner The venous system is made up of _____ and ______; _______ are the smallest veins and carry blood out of the ______; _____ are blood vessels that carry blood ______ the heart, and under lower pressure than ______ therefore walls are __________;skeletal muscle contractions, repiratory pump What are two things that aid venous return?hematocrit (HCT) The % of red blood cells in the blood is known as the _______.47%, 42%, muscle tissue what are the normal hct % for males? females? Higher in males because they have more ______ ______;anemia, polycythemia HCT can be used to diagnose _______, which is a decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of RBC's, and also to diagnose _________, which is an abnormal increase in the number of RBC's;respiratory pump _____ _____ is the pressure changes associated with breathing when we inhale and exhale;blood pressure, arteries, veins, blood pressure, arteries _____ _____ is the pressure exerted on the walls of a vessel; _______ not _______; In clinical use, ____ ____ refers to pressure in the ________;blood plasma, formed elements The components of blood are composed of two portions ____ _____ and _____ ______;5 factors that affect blood pressure cardiac output, blood volume, blood viscosity, resistance, elasticity of artieriescardiac ouput, blood volume, blood viscosity, resistance, elasticity of arteries What are five factors that affect blood pressure?cardiac output, blood volume, blood viscosity, resistance, elasticity of arteries _______ is the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute; ____ is the amount of blood in the system; _______ is the blood thickness; _____ refers to the opposition to blood flow as a result of fric" }, { "docid": "D1351086#0", "title": "https://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/cardiovascular-system-heart/\nCardiovascular System (Heart)", "text": "Cardiovascular System (Heart)An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System Structure and Function of the Heart Function and Location of the Heart Structure of the Heart Chambers of the Heart Blood Vessels Valves What is the Cardiovascular System? What is the Cardiac Cycle? Components of the Heartbeat The Electrocardiogram Effects of Aging on the Heart in Men and Women An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body. This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself. The heart is the system’s pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes. Blood can be thought of as a fluid which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes which need to be removed. The following information describes the structure and function of the heart and the cardiovascular system as a whole. Information on re-publishing of our images Structure and Function of the Heart Function and Location of the Heart The heart’s job is to pump blood around the body. The heart is located in between the two lungs. It lies left of the middle of the chest." } ]
8853	________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.	[ { "docid": "D341589#0", "title": "https://www.verywell.com/a-list-of-psychological-disorders-2794776\nA List of Psychological Disorders", "text": "\"Theories A List of Psychological Disorders By Kendra Cherry \| Reviewed by Steven Gans, MDUpdated February 23, 2018Share Pin Email Print The term psychological disorder is sometimes used to refer to what are more frequently known as mental disorders or psychiatric disorders. Mental disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. These disorders create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. While not a comprehensive list of every mental disorder, the following list includes some of the major categories of disorders described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The latest edition of the diagnostic manual is the DSM-5 and was released in May of 2013. The DSM is one of the most widely used systems for classifying mental disorders and provides standardized diagnostic criteria.1 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Mo Mo Productions / Getty Images Neurodevelopmental disorders are those that are typically diagnosed during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These psychological disorders include: Intellectual disability (or Intellectual Developmental Disorder) was formerly referred to as mental retardation. This type of developmental disorder originates prior to the age of 18 and is characterized by limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. Limitations to intellectual functioning are often identified through the use of IQ tests, with an IQ score between 70 and 75 often indicating the presence of a limitation. Adaptive behaviors are those that involve practical, everyday skills such as self-care, social interaction, and living skills." } ]	[ { "docid": "D866864#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/anxiety/page2.htm\nGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)", "text": "\"Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Center Tips to Fast Stress Relief Take the Panic Attacks Quiz!Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Slideshow Patient Comments: Anxiety - Effective Treatments Patient Comments: Anxiety - Attack Experience Patient Comments: Anxiety - Symptoms Find a local Psychiatrist in your town Generalized anxiety disorder facts What is anxiety? What are the types of anxiety disorders? What are anxiety symptoms and signs? What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? How common is generalized anxiety disorder? Are other mental health diagnoses associated with generalized anxiety disorder? What are causes and risk factors for generalized anxiety disorder? How do health-care professionals diagnose generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? What types of specialists treat generalized anxiety disorder? What is the treatment for anxiety?" }, { "docid": "D1866103#0", "title": "http://www.lifeextension.com/Protocols/Emotional-Health/Anxiety/Page-01\nAnxiety", "text": "Anxiety As nature intended it, anxiety serves a useful purpose. Characterized by the fear or worry that something bad will happen, normal anxiety occurs occasionally in response to situations that threaten our sense of security. This helps us avoid harm and remember not to put ourselves in the same potentially dangerous situation in the future. Anxiety is a normal stress response that has been conserved throughout human evolution and is evident in all other animals. However, when anxiety occurs inappropriately in response to normal everyday events, it can become a debilitating condition known as anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders cause a person to be constantly “primed”, or “tense” in expectation of an impending threat to their physical or psychological well-being. Symptoms of anxiety disorders are often chronic, and can include difficulty concentrating, irritability, tense muscles, sleep disturbances, and trouble overcoming worries. The conventional health care model typically attempts to alleviate anxiety with an array of psychoactive drugs that either mimic or manipulate neurotransmitter signaling. For instance, medications for anxiety might either increase the recycling of existing neurotransmitters or bind directly to neurotransmitter receptors and block or activate them, artificially altering mood. However, psychoactive drugs fall short of addressing the underlying causes of anxiety – hormonal and metabolic imbalances that emerge as our bodies attempt to adapt to chronic stress." }, { "docid": "D3311517#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/3147315/anxiety-disorders-flash-cards/\nAnxiety Disorders", "text": "\"47 terms estarfire Anxiety Disorders Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Anxiety disorders involves excessive anxiety or fear that causes marked distress and/or impairment ->all share features of threat-relevant responding ─ anxiety, fear, and avoidance ─ but differ in object and breadth of threat a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) b. Panic Disorder (with or without Agoraphobia) c. Specific Phobia d. Social Phobia e. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) f. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) g. Acute Stress Disorder h. Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety Anxiety is a future-oriented emotion that is characterized by marked: 1. negative affect 2. bodily symptoms of tension, and 3. chronic apprehension. Future-orientated is focused on potentially threatening or dangerous events that may occur in the * future , from the next minute to the next year and beyond Fear is an immediate alarm reaction to present danger characterized by strong escape-action tendencies Involves a massive response from the autonomic nervous system (↑ heart rate, blood pressure, breathing) along with subjective sense of terror -> motivates flight or fight reaction Panic Fear experienced when there is really nothing to be afraid of is called ---Similarities of Anxiety and Fear/Panic 1. Both involve negative affect (it's unpleasant) 2. Both involve sympathetic responses occurring in autonomic nervous system (ANS) 3. Both involve perception and attribution Differences of Anxiety and Fear/Panic 1. Anxiety short of full fight or flight response of panic 2. Anxiety revolves around anticipation * of a feared event, whereas fear revolves around the current event." }, { "docid": "D773763#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_disorder\nAttachment disorder", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Attachment disorder is a broad term intended to describe disorders of mood, behavior, and social relationships arising from a failure to form normal attachments to primary care giving figures in early childhood. Such a failure would result from unusual early experiences of neglect, abuse, abrupt separation from caregivers between 6 months and three years of age, frequent change or excessive numbers of caregivers, or lack of caregiver responsiveness to child communicative efforts resulting in a lack of basic trust. [ 1] A problematic history of social relationships occurring after about age three may be distressing to a child, but does not result in attachment disorder. The term attachment disorder is used to describe emotional and behavioral problems of young children, and also applied to school-age children, teenagers and adults. The specific difficulties implied depend on the age of the individual being assessed, and a child's attachment-related behaviors may be very different with one familiar adult than with another, suggesting that the disorder is within the relationship and interactions of the two people rather than an aspect of one or the other personality. [ 2] No list of symptoms can legitimately be presented but generally the term attachment disorder refers to the absence or distortion of age appropriate social behaviors with adults. For example, in a toddler, attachment-disordered behavior could include a failure to stay near familiar adults in a strange environment or to be comforted by contact with a familiar person, whereas in a six-year-old attachment-disordered behavior might involve excessive friendliness and inappropriate approaches to strangers. There are currently two main areas of theory and practice relating to the definition and diagnosis of attachment disorder, and considerable discussion about a broader definition altogether. The first main area is based on scientific enquiry, is found in academic journals and books and pays close attention to attachment theory. It is described in ICD-10 as reactive attachment disorder, or \"\"RAD\"\" for the inhibited form, and disinhibited attachment disorder, or \"\"DAD\"\" for the disinhibited form." }, { "docid": "D3088805#0", "title": "http://www.theroadback.org/depakote-withdrawal.aspx\nDepakote Withdrawal", "text": "Where supplements are available: In The United States Click Here (The Road Back is currently able to subsidize the cost of the supplements in the U. S. Enter the Discount Code word discount click Apply and you will see a new 30% discount. This discount will come off the manufactures already discounted price. ) Australia and Indonesia Click Here Europe and the UK Click Here Depakote Withdrawal The web site you are on is The Road Back Program. The Road Back is a member of California Association of Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Counselors (CAADAC). We have been assisting people off psychoactive medication since 1999, and have helped well over 50,000 people off their drugs. Head symptoms? Anxiety? Insomnia? Of course you do. You likely would prefer to cut to the chase and find out what you can do to get relief quickly." }, { "docid": "D3397201#0", "title": "https://do2learn.com/disabilities/CharacteristicsAndStrategies/EmotionalDisturbance_Characteristics.html\n.", "text": "Emotional Disturbance Characteristics A student with an emotional disturbance has the inability to learn in school which cannot be explained by other factors, as well as the inability to build or maintain good relationships at school. These students display difficulties with behavior or feelings, and may be generally unhappy or sad. They may develop physical symptoms or fears that affect home and school. ED includes schizophrenia. When children have an emotional disturbance, these behaviors continue over long periods of time and cannot be explained by other factors, signaling that they are not coping with their environment or peers. Many children who do not have emotional disturbance may display some of these same behaviors at various times during their development. Emotional disturbance is one of the categories of disability specified in IDEA. This means that a child with an emotional disturbance may be eligible for special education and related services if it adversely affects their education. Learning Difficulties Academically performing below grade level. May function two or more years below grade level in reading, math, writing, and spelling." }, { "docid": "D2927350#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/disorder\ndisorder", "text": "\"disorder Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to disorder: anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorder, personality disorderdisorder [ dis-or´der] a derangement or abnormality of function; a morbid physical or mental state. For specific disorders,such as the psychiatric disorders, see under the name, such as anxiety disorders and personality disorders. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.dis·or·der ( dis-ōr'dĕr ), A disturbance of function, structure, or both, resulting from a genetic or embryonic failure in development or from exogenous factors such as poison, trauma, or disease.dis·or·derataxiophobia. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012disorder/dis·or·der/ ( dis-or´der) a derangement or abnormality of function; a morbidphysical or mental state.acute stress disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by development of anxiety,dissociative, and other symptoms within one month following exposure to an extremely traumaticevent. If persistent, it may become posttraumatic stress disorder.adjustment disorder maladaptive reaction to identifiable stress (e.g., divorce, illness), which is assumed to remit when the stress ceases or when the patient adapts.affective disorders mood d's.amnestic disorders mental disorders characterized by acquired impairment in the ability to learn and recall new information, sometimes accompanied by inability to recall previously learnedinformation.anxiety disorders mental disorders in which anxiety and avoidance behavior predominate, i.e. ,panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder,posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, andsubstance-induced anxiety disorder.attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder a controversial childhood mental disorder with onsetbefore age seven, and characterized by inattention (e.g., distractibility, forgetfulness, notappearing to listen), by hyperactivity and impulsivity (e.g., restlessness, excessive running or climbing, excessive talking, and other disruptive behavior), or by a combination of both types of behavior.autistic disorder autism; a severe pervasive developmental disorder with onset usually beforethree years of age and a biological basis; it is characterized by qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and capacity for symbolicplay, by restricted and unusual repertoire of activities and interests, and often by cognitiveimpairment.behavior disorder conduct d.binge-eating disorder an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating, as in bulimia nervosa, but not followed by inappropriate compensatory behavior such as purging,fasting, or excessive exercise.bipolar disorders mood disorders with a history of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes,usually with present or previous history of one or more major depressive episodes; included arebipolar I d., characterized by one or more manic or mixed episodes, bipolar II d., characterized by one or more hypomanic episodes but no manic episodes, and cyclothymic disorder. Theterm is sometimes used in the singular to denote either bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, or both.body dysmorphic disorder a somatoform disorder characterized by a normal-looking person'spreoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance.breathing-related sleep disorder any of several disorders characterized by sleep disruptiondue to some sleep-related breathing problem, resulting in excessive sleepiness or insomnia.brief psychotic disorder an episode of psychotic symptoms with sudden onset, lasting lessthan one month.catatonic disorder catatonia due to the physiological effects of a general medical condition andneither better accounted for by another mental disorder nor occurring exclusively during delirium.character disorders personality d's.childhood disintegrative disorder pervasive developmental disorder characterized by markedregression in various developmental skills, including language, play, and social and motor skills,after two to ten years of initial normal development.circadian rhythm sleep disorder a lack of synchrony between the schedule of sleeping andwaking required by the external environment and that of a person's own circadian rhythm.collagen disorder an inborn error of metabolism involving abnormal structure or metabolism of collagen, e.g., Marfan syndrome, cutis laxa. Cf." }, { "docid": "D2754099#0", "title": "http://mentalhealth.com/home/dx/dependentpersonality.html\nDEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER", "text": "\"Back to Home Introduction Free Diagnosis Diagnosis Synopsis Description Treatment Self-Help Research WARNING: Both Vladimir Putin and President Trump have Antisocial, Narcissistic, Paranoid, and Histrionic Personality Disorders. These two men are the only two people on earth who could single-handedly start a nuclear World War III and thus annihilate all life on our planet. This is incredible - two men with serious mental illnesses will now decide whether we all live or die. Expanded Quality of Life Scale For Dependent Personality Disorder Internet Mental Health Quality of Life Scale Big 5 Factors Of Mental Illness And Code For This Disorder (The \"\"6th Big Factor\"\" of Mental Health, \"\"Physical Health\"\", Is Coded Normal or Green)Individuals with Dependent Personality Disorder are highly dependent and fearful of being alone, tend to show insufficient concern for their own well-being to the point of jeopardizing their welfare or safety, and have difficulty expressing anger directly. Since childhood or adolescence, was dependent, unassertive, and feared conflict. Is not due to a medical or substance use disorder. Prediction Can last for years or be lifelong Problems Occupational-Economic Problems: Avoids positions of responsibility and becomes anxious when faced with decisions Distressed, Easily Upset (Negative Emotion): Dependency: Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of her life Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of her fear of loss of support or approval Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on her own Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others Separation Anxiety: Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of her exaggerated fears of being unable to cope Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of herself Explanation Of Terms And Symbols Internet Mental Health Quality of Life Scale SAPAS Personality Screening Test Individuals with this disorder would answer \"\"Yes\"\" to the red questions: In general, do you have difficulty making and keeping friends? Would you normally describe yourself as a loner? In general, do you trust other people? Do you normally lose your temper easily?" }, { "docid": "D3287904#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/16074718/neuroscience-brain-and-behavior-flash-cards/\nNeuroscience Brain and Behavior", "text": "\"245 terms mir51Neuroscience Brain and Behavior Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Left Hemisphere Brain verbal processing Right Hemisphere Brain spatial cognition Stuttering is a tendency of otherwise normal people to have difficulty producing speech sounds Williams syndrome is characterized by impairments of spatial cognition and IQ, but excellent verbal skills\"\"Ke\"\" Family Language problems, problem learning verb tenses FOXP2 gene Brain activation during language has been altered Phonemes Basic speech sounds From birth, babies can distinguish phonemes from any language Morphemes smallest units of meaning, assembled into words with meaning—semantics Syntax Words are assembled into meaningful strings according to syntax, or rules Sensitive period (or critical period) Language development depends on experience during this time Nonhuman Primates electrical stimulation of subcortical regions, but not the cortex, can elicit calls Brain region that elicits calls are associated with emotional behaviors such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex Vocalizations -are more common with stimulation to the left hemisphere, indicating its role in primate communication -can learn other systems of communication such as American Sign Language (ASL) and arranging symbols on a board Other Species Display Vocalization -Sounds may distinguish species, signal readiness to mate, or alert others to danger -Mice with FOXP2 mutations have impaired ultrasonic vocalizations, usually used to communicate emotional information—similar to some human deficits -Birds range from simple sounds to complex songs in their vocalizations -In songbirds, complex vocalizations are critical for reproductive behaviors Parallels between birds and humans -A specialized neural system for control of vocal behavior -Juveniles must be exposed to sounds of adults during a distinct critical period -When FOXP2 expression is blocked, errors are produced resembling those in humans Differences between birds and humans -Birdsong is only produced in males -Birdsong crystallizes after the sensitive period ends and the same song is always produced Aphasia an impairment in language ability in varying degrees caused by brain injury, usually to the left hemisphere -Most patients also have: 1. Agraphia 2. Alexia 3. Apraxia Paraphasia substitution for a word by a sound, an incorrect word, or an unintended word Agraphia Impairment in writing Alexia Impairment in reading Apraxia a motor impairment characterized by difficulty in making a sequence of movements Left-Hemisphere Speech and Language Areas in Humans 1. Broca's Area 2. Primary Auditory Area 3. Wernicke's Area 4. Angular Gyrus 5." }, { "docid": "D3311519#0", "title": "https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/separating-anxiety-from-physical-illness/article/117767/\nSeparating anxiety from physical illness", "text": "By Patricia Hentz, Ed D, CS, PMH, NP-BCMarch 18, 2008Clinical Feature Separating anxiety from physical illness Share this content:facebook twitter linkedin google Email Print Anxiety disorders are surprisingly common and often go undiagnosed. Their ability to mimic numerous medical conditions adds to the challenge. Anxiety disorders make up the most common category of psychiatric conditions, affecting about 17 million to 19 million American adults every year. One of the challenges in diagnosing the disorders is that most patients present with physical symptoms rather than psychological complaints. 1 Symptoms such as chest pain, irritable bowel, unexplained dizziness, headache, and chronic fatigue are common, but diagnostic testing reveals no underlying physical cause. Unfortunately, in these cases, the diagnosis of an anxiety disorder is also missed. Anxiety disorders often coexist with medical conditions; in some patients, anxiety can aggravate and/or contribute to the medical condition, while for others, the medical condition is the underlying cause. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) lists 11 types of anxiety disorders ( Table 1 ). While each type has its defining characteristics, there are common presenting features, including physical and psychological signs and symptoms ( Table 2 ). For example, a patient with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) very often presents with intense feelings of dread or worry and an inability to control the worry." }, { "docid": "D2754100#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder\nDependent personality disorder", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Dependent personality disorder Classification and external resources Specialty Psychiatry ICD - 10 F60.7ICD - 9-CM 301.6Medline Plus 000941Me SH D003859 [ edit on Wikidata]Personality disorders Cluster A (odd)Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B (dramatic)Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C (anxious)Avoidant Dependent Obsessive–compulsive Not specified Depressive Haltlose Passive–aggressive Sadistic Self-defeating Psychopathicv t e Dependent personality disorder ( DPD ), formerly known as asthenic personality disorder, is a personality disorder that is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence. Dependent personality disorder is a Cluster C personality disorder, characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. It begins by early adulthood, and it is present in a variety of contexts and is associated with inadequate functioning. Contents [ hide ]1 Four components of Dependent personality disorder2 History2.1 Psychoanalytic Theory3 Symptoms/Characteristics4 Risk factors5 Causes6 Diagnosis6.1 American Psychiatric Association6.1.1 DSM6.2 World Health Organization6.3 SWAP-2006.4 Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual7 Treatment8 Epidemiology8.1 Millon's subtypes9 Differential diagnosis9.1 Borderline Personality Disorder10 See also11 References11.1 Notes11.2 Sources12 External links Four components of Dependent personality disorder [ edit]Cognitive The individual perceives themselves as powerless and ineffectual and see other people as more powerful and potent. Motivational Individual possesses a desire to obtain and maintain relationships with their caregivers. Behavioral Individual demonstrates a pattern of behaviour that decreases the possibility of abandonment and rejection while trying to strengthen interpersonal ties. Emotional Individual possesses a fear of abandonment, fear of rejection, and anxiety when being evaluated by figures of authority. [ 1]History [ edit]Psychoanalytic Theory [ edit]The conceptualization of dependency, within classical psychoanalytic theory, is directly related to Freud 's oral psychosexual stage of development. Frustration or over-gratification was said to result in an oral fixation and in an oral type of character, characterized by feeling dependent on others for nurturance and by behaviours representative of the oral stage." }, { "docid": "D3157050#0", "title": "https://psychcentral.com/disorders/separation-anxiety-disorder-symptoms/\nSeparation Anxiety Disorder Symptoms", "text": "\"Separation Anxiety Disorder Symptoms By Steve Bressert, Ph. D. ~ 2 min read The essential feature of separation anxiety disorder is excessive anxiety concerning separation by a child from the home or from those (in adolescents and adults) to whom the person is attached. This anxiety is beyond that which is expected for the individual’s developmental level. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to come from families that are close-knit. When separated from home or major attachment figures, they may recurrently exhibit social withdrawal, apathy, sadness, or difficulty concentrating on work or play. Depending on their age, individuals may have fears of animals, monsters, the dark, muggers, burglars, kidnappers, car accidents, plane travel, and other situations that are perceived as presenting danger to the integrity of the family or themselves. Concerns about death and dying are common. School refusal may lead to academic difficulties and social avoidance. Children may complain that no one loves them or cares about them and that they wish they were dead." }, { "docid": "D1866985#0", "title": "https://www.anxiety.org/what-is-anxiety\nWhat is Anxiety?", "text": "\"What is Anxiety? By: Tanja Jovanovic, Ph. D. Consulting Editor, Abigail Powers Lott, Ph. D., Vasiliki Michopoulos, Ph. D., Jennifer Stevens, Ph. D., Sanne van Rooij, Ph. D., Sierra Carter, Ph. D.,Jessica Maples Keller, Ph. D., Yvonne Ogbonmwan, Ph. D., Anaïs Stenson, Ph." }, { "docid": "D1269525#0", "title": "https://www.edreferral.com/anorexia-nervosa\nAnorexia Nervosa Help Near Me -- Find Help for Anorexia with access to all Anorexia Treatment", "text": "\"Anorexia Nervosa Help Near Me -- Find Help for Anorexia with access to all Anorexia Treatment Anorexia also known as Anorexia Nervosa has one place to find all treatment. EDReferral.com Video: Anorexia Nervosa Treatment -- Find Help Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 2:20Anorexia Help Near Me -- What is Anorexia Nervosa? Anorexia nervosa is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. Symptoms Inadequate food intake leading to a weight that is clearly too low. Intense fear of weight gain, obsession with weight and persistent behavior to prevent weight gain. Self-esteem overly related to body image. Inability to appreciate the severity of the situation. Binge-Eating/Purging Type involves binge eating and/or purging behaviors during the last three months. Restricting Type does not involve binge eating or purging." }, { "docid": "D97352#0", "title": "http://www.ccbd.net/about/ebddefintion\nBehavior Disorders: Definitions, Characteristics & Related Information", "text": "Behavior Disorders: Definitions, Characteristics & Related Information Information about Emotional/Behavioral Disorders Definition IDEA defines emotional disturbance as follows: “…a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child’s educational performance: (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. ( B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. ( C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. ( D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. ( E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.” As defined by IDEA, emotional disturbance includes schizophrenia but does not apply to children who are socially maladjusted, unless it is determined that they have an emotional disturbance. Characteristics As is evident in IDEA’s definition, emotional disturbances can affect an individual in areas beyond the emotional. Depending on the specific mental disorder involved, a person’s physical, social, or cognitive skills may also be affected. The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) puts this very well: Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. Just as diabetes is a disorder of the pancreas, mental illnesses are medical conditions that often result in a diminished capacity for coping with the ordinary demands of life." }, { "docid": "D2508014#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/34279750/essential-clinical-terminology-and-and-concepts-flash-cards/\nEssential Clinical Terminology and and Concepts", "text": "\"87 terms Dwight_Sonnier Essential Clinical Terminology and and Concepts Abnormal Psychology Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Acute Phase refers to the most intense presentation of an illness,, disorder, or disease Affect the instantaneous, observable expression of emotion that tends to fluctuate based largely on environmental context. It is the more \"\"surface\"\" expression of emotion as compaired to mood Blunted Affect Significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression Flat Affect Absence or near absence of any sign of emotional expression Inappropriate Affect Discordance between emotional expression and Context of Speech (Ideation) Example... a patient laughs while talking (thinking) aboutthe recent death of his mother Labile Affect Repeated, rapid and abrupt shifts of emotional expression Example...a patient cries one moment and laughs the next Constricted Affect Reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression Broad Affect refers to a normal, appropriately flexible affect Anxiety may refer to a constellation of symptoms or a constellation of signs, or both. With regards to symptoms, anxiety is an emotion involving inner tension, uneasiness or apprehension. With regards to signs, anxiety combines the aforementioned internal emotional states with certain external physiological constituents such as tremor, hear-pounding, hypervigilance, and agitation. Anxiety is only pathological when it chronically interferes with a person's functioning. Anxiety often implies the absence of a consciously recognized external threat. Fear implies that a consciously recognized external threat exists Character Refers to various changes in a person's behavior and disposition according to differing environmental conditions and situational variables. Character, then, is said to be more flexible than personality." }, { "docid": "D9277#0", "title": "http://www.anxietycentre.com/anxiety-symptoms.shtml\nAnxiety Symptoms (including Anxiety Attacks, Disorder, and Panic Signs and Symptoms)", "text": "\"Anxiety Symptoms (including Anxiety Attacks, Disorder, and Panic Signs and Symptoms)Over 100 anxiety symptoms and signs for anxiety, anxiety attacks (panic attacks), and other anxiety disorders including the following anxiety symptoms: Numbness and tingling Dizziness Chest pain Headaches Neck tension Stomach upset, nervous stomach Pulsing in the ear Burning skin Fear of impending doom Nausea Shortness of breath Electric shock feeling Shooting pains in the face Heart palpitations Weakness in legs Feeling like you are going crazy Inability to rest Sleep problems There are a great many more anxiety symptoms. For a comprehensive list of anxiety symptoms with descriptions, including severe anxiety symptoms, see below. What is anxiety? Anxiety is defined as: A state of uneasiness, apprehension; as about future uncertainties. A state of apprehension, uncertainty, and fear resulting from anticipation of a realistic or fantasized threatening event or situation, often impairing physical and psychological functioning. In other words, anxiety occurs when we behave (think and act) in an apprehensive manner, such as when worrying about an event or situation. With this in mind, anxiety is not a force or 'thing' in itself. It's a state of uneasiness that results when we worry. More about this in a moment. Because imagining the future in an apprehensive manner is a behavior, it's not caused by a biological, chemical, or genetic problem with the brain." }, { "docid": "D1755895#0", "title": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/post-traumatic_stress_disorder_ptsd/glossary_em.htm\nMedical Dictionary", "text": "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Main Article Glossary Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Glossary of Terms Take the PTSD Quiz!Diet for Stress Management Slideshow Take the Panic Attacks Quiz!The following are health and medical definitions of terms that appear in the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) article. Abnormal: Outside the expected norm, or uncharacteristic of a particular patient. See the entire definition of Abnormal Acute: Of abrupt onset, in reference to a disease. Acute often also connotes an illness th... See the entire definition of Acute Acute stress disorder: The anxiety and behavioral disturbances that develop within a month... See the entire definition of Acute stress disorder Adrenaline: A stress hormone produced within the adrenal gland that quickens the heart bea... See the entire definition of Adrenaline Alcohol abuse: Use of alcoholic beverages to excess, either on individual occasions (binge... See the entire definition of Alcohol abuse Alprazolam: A benzodiazepine sedative that causes dose-related depression of the central n... See the entire definition of Alprazolam Amnesia: An impairment to or lack of memory. Antegrade amnesia refers to a lack of memory ... See the entire definition of Amnesia Amygdala: 1. The amygdaloid nucleus in the brain. 2. The tonsils. These... See the entire definition of Amygdala Antidepressants: Anything, and especially a drug, used to prevent or treat depression. Anxiety: A feeling of apprehension and fear, characterized by physical symptoms such as pa... See the entire definition of Anxiety Back pain: Pain felt in the low or upper back." }, { "docid": "D2008484#0", "title": "https://www.medicinenet.com/obsessive_compulsive_disorder_ocd/article.htm\nObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)", "text": "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Center Tips to Fast Stress Relief Take the Panic Attacks Quiz!Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Slideshow Patient Comments: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Experience Patient Comments: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Treatments Patient Comments: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Symptoms Patient Comments: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Risks Find a local Psychiatrist in your town Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) facts What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and what are OCD symptoms and signs? What causes obsessive compulsive disorder? How is obsessive compulsive disorder diagnosed? What are the treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder? What happens if OCD is not treated? What are complications of obsessive compulsive disorder? What is the prognosis for obsessive compulsive disorder? Is it possible to prevent obsessive compulsive disorder? Where can people get more information about obsessive compulsive disorder? Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) facts Readers Comments 37 Share Your Story Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of a number of obsessive compulsive and related disorders that has irresistible ideas or images (obsessions) and/or specific rituals/behaviors (compulsions) that may be driven by obsessions as characteristics of the illness." }, { "docid": "D3012658#0", "title": "http://www.physio-pedia.com/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder\nDefinition/Description", "text": "\"Definition/Description According to Goodman and Fuller, anxiety can be defined as a heightened emotional state of concern, worry, or apprehension. It can lead to physiologic arousal causing an increase in heart rate and sweat gland activity. [ 1] Dealing with occasional anxiety is normal; you may encounter anxiety when faced with an issue at work, before an upcoming exam or when making an important decision. However, when one experiences excessive worry, tension, or anxiousness on a daily basis then he/she may have generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). GAD is a mental disorder in which a person is often worried or anxious about many things and finds it difficult to control this anxiety. [ 13] Anxiety is a normal feeling to encounter; however when one experiences excessive worry, tension, and anxious feelings on a daily basis then he/she may have generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This disorder is diagnosed with a person who demonstrates anxious feelings and constant worry over daily activities for aat least a six-month periodmonth time frame . [ 1] [2] [3] [13] GAD can be considered primary or secondary depending on the onset. If GAD occurs early in life without out any other diagnoses, thean it is considered primary. However if GAD develops later in life and there are other disorders present, it is considered secondary in nature. [" } ]
8855	________ involves defining the organization's goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate work activities.	[ { "docid": "D2673649#0", "title": "http://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?planning_functions_benefits_how_do_managers_plan_principles_of_management&b=54&c=22\nPrinciples of Management", "text": "Principles of Management<<< Previous PLANNING: FUNCTIONS & BENEFITS: HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN? Next >>>Principles of Management MGT503 VULesson 8.22PLANNING: FUNCTIONS & BENEFITSWHAT IS PLANNING? Planning involves defining the organization's goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving thesegoals, and developing a comprehensive set of plans to integrate and coordinate organizational work. Theterm planning as used in this chapter refers to formal planning. The quality of the planning process andappropriate implementation probably contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planning. WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN? Purposes of Planning. Planning is important and serves many significant purposes.1. Planning gives direction to the organization.2. Planning reduces the impact of change.3." } ]	[ { "docid": "D632978#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/17505479/nims-terms-flash-cards/\nNIMS Terms", "text": "\"140 terms mary_donel NIMS Terms Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Chain of Command A series of command, control, executive, or management positions in hierarchical order of authority. Emergency Response Provider Includes a Federal, State, local, and tribal emergency public safety, law enforcement, emergency response, emergency medical (including hospital emergency facilities), and related personnel, agencies, and authorities. See Section 2 (6), Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107 - 296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002) Also known as Emergency Responder. Initial Response Resources initially committed to an incident Multiagency Coordination Systems Provides the architecture to support coordination for incident prioritization, critical resource allocation, communications systems integration, and information coordination. The components include facilities, equipment, emergency operations centers (EOCs), specific entities, personnel, procedures, and communications. These systems assist agencies and organizations to fully integrate the subsystems of the NIMS." }, { "docid": "D3471308#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management\nEnterprise risk management", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Enterprise risk management ( ERM or E. R. M.) in business includes the methods and processes used by organizations to manage risks and seize opportunities related to the achievement of their objectives. ERM provides a framework for risk management, which typically involves identifying particular events or circumstances relevant to the organization's objectives (risks and opportunities), assessing them in terms of likelihood and magnitude of impact, determining a response strategy, and monitoring progress. By identifying and proactively addressing risks and opportunities, business enterprises protect and create value for their stakeholders, including owners, employees, customers, regulators, and society overall. ERM can also be described as a risk-based approach to managing an enterprise, integrating concepts of internal control, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, and strategic planning. ERM is evolving to address the needs of various stakeholders, who want to understand the broad spectrum of risks facing complex organizations to ensure they are appropriately managed. Regulators and debt rating agencies have increased their scrutiny on the risk management processes of companies. According to Thomas Stanton of Johns Hopkins University, the point of enterprise risk management is not to create more bureaucracy, but to facilitate discussion on what the really big risks are. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 ERM frameworks defined1.1 Casualty Actuarial Society framework1.2 COSO ERM framework1.3 RIMS Risk Maturity Model2 Implementing an ERM program2.1 Goals of an ERM program2.2 Typical risk functions2.3 Common challenges in ERM implementation2.4 Internal audit role3 Current issues in ERM3.1 Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements3.2 NYSE corporate governance rules3.3 ERM and corporate debt ratings3.4 ISO 31000 : the new International Risk Management Standard3.5 IFC Performance Standards4 Actuarial response4.1 Casualty Actuarial Society4.2 Society of Actuaries4.3 CERA Global4.4 Institute and Faculty of Actuaries5 Companies Increasingly Focusing on ERM5.1 ERM Examples5.1.1 Nedbank Group5.1.2 The Reserve Bank of Australia6 See also7 References8 External links ERM frameworks defined [ edit]There are various important ERM frameworks, each of which describes an approach for identifying, analyzing, responding to, and monitoring risks and opportunities, within the internal and external environment facing the enterprise. Management selects a risk response strategy for specific risks identified and analyzed, which may include: Avoidance: exiting the activities giving rise to risk Reduction: taking action to reduce the likelihood or impact related to the risk Alternative Actions: deciding and considering other feasible steps to minimize risks. Share or Insure: transferring or sharing a portion of the risk, to finance it Accept: no action is taken, due to a cost/benefit decision Monitoring is typically performed by management as part of its internal control activities, such as review of analytical reports or management committee meetings with relevant experts, to understand how the risk response strategy is working and whether the objectives are being achieved." }, { "docid": "D415633#0", "title": "https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/the-strengths-and-weaknesses-of-project-management-management-essay.php\nThe Strengths And Weaknesses Of Project Management Management Essay", "text": "The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Project Management Management Essay Print Reference this Published: 23rd March, 2015Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. In view of the challenge posted on managing global project management team, Polish IT Company has decided to revamp it project management system so as to effectively manage and handle the global project team. Strengths and weaknesses of the current project management strategy (Arditi, et al., 2009) were examined and ways to overcome the weakness were suggested. In addition comprehensive stakeholder analysis (Social Development Department, 1995) was done to identify the primary and secondary, internal and external stakeholders. In light of their vested interest in the outcome of the project, strategies were determined to satisfy them. As for the organizational structure, namely Autonomous Project Structure (Swamidass, 2000) (task force group) was proposed; couple with full support from operational team. And most importantly a project manager with vast experience and leadership was identified to lead the project team." }, { "docid": "D2884730#0", "title": "https://emilms.fema.gov/IS800B/lesson1/is800b_Print.htm\n.", "text": "Course: IS-800. B - National Response Framework, An Introduction Table of Contents: Lesson 1: Overview Lesson 2: Lesson 2: Roles and Responsibilities Lesson 3: Response Actions Lesson 4: Response Organization Lesson 5: Planning Lesson 6: Additional Resources and Summary Lesson 1: Overview Course Overview This course provides an introduction to the National Response Framework. At the end of this course, you will be able to describe: The purpose of the National Response Framework. The response doctrine established by the National Response Framework. The roles and responsibilities of response partners. The actions that support national response. The response organizations used for multiagency coordination. The relationship between planning and national preparedness. Lesson 1 addresses the first two objectives. Introducing the National Response Framework: Video Transcript In recent years, our Nation has faced an unprecedented series of disasters and emergencies." }, { "docid": "D13738#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_alliance\nStrategic alliance", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A strategic alliance (also see strategic partnership) is an agreement between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon objectives needed while remaining independent organizations. A strategic alliance will usually fall short of a legal partnership entity, agency, or corporate affiliate relationship. Typically, two companies form a strategic alliance when each possesses one or more business assets or have expertise that will help the other by enhancing their businesses. Strategic alliances can develop in outsourcing relationships where the parties desire to achieve long-term win-win benefits and innovation based on mutually desired outcomes. This form of cooperation lies between mergers and acquisitions and organic growth. Strategic alliances occur when two or more organizations join together to pursue mutual benefits. Partners may provide the strategic alliance with resources such as products, distribution channels, manufacturing capability, project funding, capital equipment, knowledge, expertise, or intellectual property. The alliance is a cooperation or collaboration which aims for a synergy where each partner hopes that the benefits from the alliance will be greater than those from individual efforts. The alliance often involves technology transfer (access to knowledge and expertise), economic specialization, [1] shared expenses and shared risk. Contents [ hide ]1 Definitions and discussion1.1 Definitions including joint ventures1.2 Definitions excluding joint ventures2 Terminology3 Typology4 Historical development of strategic alliances5 Goals of strategic alliances6 Advantages/disadvantages6.1 Advantages6.2 Further advantages of strategic alliances6.3 Disadvantages7 Success factors7.1 Further important factors8 Risks9 Common mistakes10 Importance of strategic alliances11 Life cycle of a strategic alliance11.1 Analysis and selection11.2 Formation11.3 Operation11.4 Alliance structuring and governance11.5 End/development12 See also13 Further reading14 References15 External links Definitions and discussion [ edit]There are several ways of defining a strategic alliance." }, { "docid": "D585002#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/431935/ch7-mangerial-planning-and-goal-setting-flash-cards/\nCh.7 Mangerial Planning and Goal Setting", "text": "36 terms Darin Harada Ch.7 Mangerial Planning and Goal Setting Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Out of the four management functions Planning is considered the most fundamental Planning is considered the most fundamental. A goal a desired future state that the organization attempts to realize. Why are goals important Goals are important because organizations exist for a purpose and goals define and state that purpose. A plan A blueprint specifying the resource allocations, schedules, and other actions necessary for attaining goals. What do goals specify They specify future ends What do plans specify They specify today's mean. Planning The act of determining the organization's goals and the means for achieving them. Where do goals start They start with top managers . The overall planning process begins with a mission statement and strategic goals for the organization as a whole." }, { "docid": "D3329029#0", "title": "http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Bre-Cap/Budgeting.html\nBUDGETING", "text": "\"BUDGETINGFollow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Since companies strive for profitability through the efficient and economical use of resources and labor, they require financial road maps to show how they will allocate their resources to achieve their business objectives. In other words, companies require prudent budgeting to accomplish their goals. Companies practice budgeting—the estimation of probable expenditures and income for a specific period—to determine the most efficient and effective strategies for making money and expanding their assets. Budgeting allows companies to control their expenditures and to allocate resources to maximize profits, thus allowing them to demonstrate to banks, investors, and shareholders that they have a plan for where they are going. Intelligent budgeting incorporates good business judgment in the review and analysis of past trends and data pertinent to the business enterprise. This information assists a company in determining the type of business organization needed, the amount of money to be invested, the type and number of employees to hire, and the marketing strategies required. In budgeting, a company devises both long-term and short-term plans to help implement its strategies and to conduct ongoing performance evaluations. Businesses generally develop and execute their budgeting plans each year, in a five-step process called the planning cycle. First, companies develop a strategic plan that focuses on their long-term goals and how to achieve them. The strategic plan typically includes general financial projections and covers a five-year period." }, { "docid": "D3332518#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/28385922/Organizational-Behaviour-Glossary\nORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR GLOSSARY", "text": "\"ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR GLOSSARY360 degree feedback. Performance appraisal that uses the input of superiors, subordinates, peers, and clients or customers of the appraised individual. Accommodating. A conflict management style in which one cooperates with the other party while not asserting one's own interest. Active listening. A technique for improving the accuracy of information reception by paying close attention to the sender. Actor-observer effect. The propensity for actors and observers to view the causes of the actor's behavior differently. Additive tasks. Tasks in which group performance is dependent upon the sum of the performance of individual group members." }, { "docid": "D45481#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_management\nStrategic management", "text": "\"\"\"Business strategy\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see business process. Strategy Major dimensions [hide]Strategy • Strategic management Military strategy • Maritime strategy Strategic planning • Game theory Strategic studies • Strategic thinking Major thinkers [hide]Michael Porter • Rita Gunther Mc Grath Bruce Henderson • Gary Hamel Candace A. Yano • C. K. Prahalad Jim Collins • Liddell Hart Carl von Clausewitz • Sun Tzu Julian Corbett • Alfred Thayer Mahan J. C. Wylie • Adrian Slywotzky Sharon Oster • Chris Zook Henry Mintzberg • Clay Christensen Concepts [hide]Business model Competitive advantage • Experience curve Value chain • Portfolio theory Core competency • Generic strategies Uberisation Sharing economy Frameworks and tools [hide]SWOT • Five forces Balanced scorecard PEST analysis • Growth–share matrixv t e Business administration Management of a business Accounting [show]Business entities [show]Corporate governance [show]Corporate law [show]Economics [show]Finance [show]Marketing [show]Types of management [show]Organization [show]Trade [show]Business and economics portalv t e Strategic management is the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a company 's top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes. [ 1]Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise and involves specifying the organization's objectives, developing policies and plans designed to achieve these objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the plans. Academics and practicing managers have developed numerous models and frameworks to assist in strategic decision making in the context of complex environments and competitive dynamics. [ 2] Strategic management is not static in nature; the models often include a feedback loop to monitor execution and inform the next round of planning. [ 3] [4] [5]Michael Porter identifies three principles underlying strategy: creating a \"\" unique and valuable [market] position\"\", making trade-offs by choosing \"\"what not to do\"\", and creating \"\"fit\"\" by aligning company activities with one another to support the chosen strategy. [ 6]Corporate strategy involves answering a key question from a portfolio perspective: \"\"What business should we be in?\"\" Business strategy involves answering the question: \"\"How shall we compete in this business?\"\" [ 7] In management theory and practice, a further distinction is often made between strategic management and operational management." }, { "docid": "D644031#0", "title": "http://semanticommunity.info/Data_Science/Data_Science_for_Joint_Doctrine/Capstone\nCapstone", "text": "Story Slides Spotfire Dashboard Research Notes Joint Publication 1Preface1 Scope2 Purpose3 Application Summary of Changes Executive Summary Theory and Foundation Doctrine Governing Unified Direction of Armed Forces Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components Joint Command Organizations Joint Command and Control Joint Force Development Conclusion Chapter I Theory and Foundations Section A Theory Fundamentals War Figure I-1 Principles of War Warfare Forms of Warfare Levels of Warfare Figure I-2 Levels of Warfare Campaigns and Operations Task, Function, and Mission Section B Foundations Strategic Security Environment and National Security Challenges Instruments of National Power and the Range of Military Operations Figure I-3. Range of Military Operations Joint Operations Joint Functions Joint Operation Planning Law of War Chapter II Doctrine Governing Unified Direction of Armed Forces National Strategic Direction Strategic Guidance and Responsibilities Figure II-1 Strategy, Planning, and Resourcing Process Unified Action Figure II-2 Unified Action Roles and Functions Chain of Command Unified Command Plan Figure II-3 Chain of Command Combatant Commands Military Departments, Services, Forces, Combat Support Agencies, and National Guard Bureau Relationship Among Combatant Commanders, Military Department Secretaries, Service Chiefs, and Forces Interagency Coordination General Interagency Unity of Effort Interagency Coordination and Integration Interorganizational Coordination in Foreign Areas Domestic Interagency Coordination Command Relationships Organizing for Interagency Coordination JTF Interagency Coordination Figure II-4. Notional Joint Interagency Coordination Group Structure Figure II-5. Notional Composition of a Civil-Military Operations Center Multinational Operations General Multinational Organizational Structure Figure II-6 Notional Multinational Command Structure Chapter III Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Compoments Section A Department of Defense General Organizations in the Department of Defense Functions of the Department of Defense Functions and Responsibilities Within the Department of Defense Executive Agents Section B Joint Chiefs of Staff Composition and Functions Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Staff Section C Military Departments and Services Common Functions of the Services and the United States Special Operations Command Section D Combatant Commanders General Geographic Combatant Command Responsibilities Functional Combatant Command Responsibilities Statutory Command Authority Figure III-1 Command Functions of a Combatant Commander Authority Over Subordinate Commanders Department of Defense Agencies Chapter IV Joint Command Organizations Section A Establishing Unified and Subordinate Joint Commands General Figure IV-1 Possible Components in a Joint Force Unified Combatant Command Figure IV-2 Unified Combatant Command Organizational Options Authority of the Commander of a Unified Combatant Command in an Emergency GCC Authority for Force Protection Outside the USSpecified Combatant Command Subordinate Unified Command Figure IV-3 Specified Combatant Command Organizational Options Figure IV-4 Subordinate Unified Command Organizational Options Joint Task Force Figure IV-5 Joint Task Force Organizational Options Section B Commander, Staff, and Components of a Joint Force Commander Responsibilities Staff of a Joint Force Service Component Commands Functional Component Commands Section C Discipline Responsibility Uniform Code of Military Justice Rules and Regulations Jurisdiction Trial and Punishment Section D Personal Service Support and Administration Morale, Welfare, and Recreation Awards and Decorations Efficiency, Fitness, and Performance Reports Total Force Fitness Personnel Accountability Religious Affairs Information Management Chapter V Joint Command and Control Section A Command Relationships General Principles Combatant Command (Command Authority)Figure V-1 Command Relationships Synopsis Operational Control Tactical Control Support Support Relationships Between Combatant Commanders Figure V-2 Categories of Support Support Relationships Between Component Commanders Command Relationships and Assignment and Transfer of Forces Figure V-3 Transfer of Forces and Command Relationships Overview Other Authorities Command of National Guard and Reserve Forces Section B Command and Control of Joint Forces Background Command and Control Fundamentals Organization for Joint Command and Control Joint Command and Staff Process Command and Control Support National Military Command System Nuclear Command and Control System Defense Continuity Program Chapter VI Joint Force Development Section A Fundamentals of Joint Force Development Principles Authorities Figure VI-1 Joint Force Development Life Cycle Section B Joint Force Development Process Joint Force Development Joint Doctrine Joint Doctrine Fundamentals Purpose of Joint Doctrine Joint Education Influence of Joint Education Joint Training Joint Training Fundamentals Influence of Joint Training Lessons Learned Joint Concepts and Assessment Joint Concept Fundamentals Influence of Joint Concepts and Assessment Appendix A Establishing Directive (Support Relationship) Considerations General Establishing Directive Supported Commander Supporting Commander Appendix B The Profession of Arms General Character and Competence Values Teamwork Appendix C References United States Laws Strategic Guidance and Policy Department of Defense Publications Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Publications Appendix D Administrative Instructions User Comments Authorship Supersession Change Recommendations Distribution of Publications Distribution of Electronic Publications Glossary Part I—Abbreviations and Acronyms Part II—Terms and Definitions NEXTStory The above schematic diagram describes the elaborate process to develop the content so I can say that I had the benefit of starting with excellent content that had a lot of subject matter and print publication expertise. So my goal was to bring my electronic publication and data science data publication expertise to this excellent content. I converted the Capstone document in PDF to Word and imported it into Mind Touch and gave it structure by assigning headers (1-5). A few parts of the document did not copy and import correctly so I went through manually to check for missing sections. I had to input by hand the hierarchical system of a, (1), (a), etc. and make the proper indentations. I tied to be very careful to do it correctly but may have made some mistakes, I fact I just found one and corrected it so there may be others." }, { "docid": "D1364481#0", "title": "https://www.ecri.org/components/HRC/Pages/RiskQual4.aspx\nPatient Safety, Risk, and Quality", "text": "\"Summary Full Text References Supplementary Materials Classifications Share Executive Summary The roles of healthcare risk and quality professionals* are evolving in healthcare organizations. In the past, the two functions often operated separately, and individuals responsible for each function had different lines of reporting—an organizational structure that further divided risk management and quality. Today, risk management and quality improvement efforts in healthcare organizations are rallying behind patient safety and finding ways to work together more effectively and efficiently to ensure that their organizations deliver safe, high-quality patient care and continue to minimize risks. *_______________ The terms \"\"quality improvement,\"\" \"\"quality management,\"\" and \"\"performance improvement\"\" are used interchangeably in the healthcare literature. This Risk Analysis generally uses the terms \"\"quality professional\"\" and \"\"quality manager.\"\" ** Healthcare Risk Control gratefully acknowledges the input provided by the following individuals in developing this Risk Analysis: Lee Hamilton, JD, MPA, RN, CPHQ, FNAHQ, PCMH CCE, senior consultant, Health APT, Selah, Washington, and Abraham Segres, MHA, CPHRM, FASHRM, vice president, quality and patient safety, Virginia Hospital & Healthcare Association. _______________ Several initiatives in the last 15 years have helped to forge the alliance, starting with the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) 1999 report To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System, which underscored the need for healthcare organizations to monitor and learn from patient safety events (IOM To Err; Hutchinson et al.). The mandate to improve patient safety presented risk managers \"\"with the opportunity to recreate our roles and also to use our existing skills to direct, mentor and lead the charge to improve patient safety within our organizations,\"\" said one risk manager (Gutman). Soon to follow was IOM's 2001 report Crossing the Quality Chasm, which said that healthcare safety and quality will not improve until systems of care are redesigned. \"\" Trying harder will not work." }, { "docid": "D1830067#0", "title": "http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-ES-15-019.html\n.", "text": "\"Department of Health and Human Services Part 1. Overview Information Participating Organization (s)National Institutes of Health ( NIH)Components of Participating Organizations National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( NIEHS)Funding Opportunity Title Superfund Hazardous Substance Research and Training Program (P42)Activity Code P42 Hazardous Substances Basic Research Grants Program Announcement Type Reissue of RFA-ES-14-007Related Notices NOT-OD-16-004 - NIH & AHRQ Announce Upcoming Changes to Policies, Instructions and Forms for 2016 Grant Applications (November 18, 2015)NOT-OD-16-006 - Simplification of the Vertebrate Animals Section of NIH Grant Applications and Contract Proposals (November 18, 2015)NOT-OD-16-011 - Implementing Rigor and Transparency in NIH & AHRQ Research Grant Applications (November 18, 2015)October 29, 2015 - Notice of Date Change of Informational Webinar for RFA-ES-15-019. See Notice NOT-ES-16-002. June 30, 2015 - Notice of Change in Application Review Cycle Frequency for the Superfund Hazardous Substance Basic Research and Training Program (P42) . See Notice NOT-ES-15-018. Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) Number RFA-ES-15-019Companion Funding Opportunity None Number of Applications Only one application per institution is allowed. See Section III. 3. Additional Information on Eligibility. Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number (s)93.143Funding Opportunity Purpose The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is announcing the continuation of the Superfund Hazardous Substance Research and Training Program, referred to as Superfund Research Program (SRP) Centers." }, { "docid": "D1478550#0", "title": "https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AR-13-012.html\n.", "text": "\"Department of Health and Human Services Part 1. Overview Information Participating Organization (s)National Institutes of Health ( NIH)Components of Participating Organizations National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases ( NIAMS) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ( NICHD) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ( NHLBI) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ( NINDS)Funding Opportunity Title Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Centers (U54)Activity Code U54 Specialized Center- Cooperative Agreements Announcement Type Reissue of RFA-HD-09-027Related Notices July 11, 2013 - This RFA has been reissued as RFA-AR-13-021. June 7, 2013 - See Notice NOT-AR-13-020. Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) for the Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Centers (U54). Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) Number RFA-AR-13-012Companion Funding Opportunity None Number of Applications See Section III. 3. Additional Information on Eligibility. Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number (s)93.865, 93.846, 93.837, 93.853Funding Opportunity Purpose The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to publicize the re-competition of Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Centers (MDCRCs). These Centers promote collaborative basic, translational and clinical research and provide important resources that can be used by the national muscular dystrophy research communities. The centers also provide an outstanding environment for the training and career development of new scientists electing to pursue careers conducting research in high priority areas of muscular dystrophy." }, { "docid": "D632977#0", "title": "https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/glossary.htm\n.", "text": "A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| G \| H \| I \| J \| K \| L \| M \| N \| O \| P \|Q\| R \| S \| T \| U \|V\|W\|X\|Y\|ZClick here to print the entire Glossary. ( PDF 38kb)Action Plan: See Incident Action Plan. Agency: An agency is a division of government with a specific function, or a nongovernmental organization (e.g., private contractor, business, etc.) that offers a particular kind of assistance. In ICS, agencies are defined as jurisdictional (having statutory responsibility for incident mitigation) or assisting and/or cooperating (providing resources and/or assistance). ( See Assisting Agency, Cooperating Agency, Jurisdictional Agency, and Multiagency Incident. ) Agency Administrator or Executive: Chief executive officer (or designee) of the agency or jurisdiction that has responsibility for the incident. Agency Dispatch: The agency or jurisdictional facility from which resources are allocated to incidents. Agency Representative: An individual assigned to an incident from an assisting or cooperating agency who has been delegated authority to make decisions on matters affecting that agency's participation at the incident. Agency Representatives report to the Incident Liaison Officer." }, { "docid": "D2673648#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/8583346/planning-flash-cards/\nPlanning", "text": "23 terms rogeroneilyoung Planning Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Planning involves defining the organization's goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate work activities. Reasons for Planning 1. Provides Direction 2. Reduces Uncertainty 3. Reduces Waste and Redundancy 4. Establishes Goals or Standards used in Controlling Goals Desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations. Plans Documents that outline how goals are to be accomplished Financial Goals the expected internal financial performance of the organization. Strategic Goals the expected performance of the firm relative to factors in its external environment (e.g., competitors)." }, { "docid": "D566563#0", "title": "http://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?functions_of_management_planning_organizing_motivating_staffing_strategic_management&b=58&c=13\nStrategic Management", "text": "\"Strategic Management<<< Previous FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT: Planning, Organizing, Motivating, Staffing Next >>>Strategic Management MGT603 VULesson 13FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT: Objectives: This lecture provides all the information regarding what are the core functions of management in a businessfirm. Functions of management Functions of Management Strategy Formulation Planning Strategy Implementation Organizing Strategy Implementation Motivating Strategy Implementation Staffing Strategy Evaluation Controlling Planning: Planning is the: Start of the process Bridge between present and future Increases likelihood of achieving desired results54Strategic Management MGT603 VUPlanning Forecasting Establishing objectives Planning Devising strategies Developing policies Setting goals The only thing certain about the future of any organization is change, and planning is the essential bridgebetween the present and the future that increases the likelihood of achieving desired results. Planning is theprocess by which one determines whether to attempt a task, works out the most effective way of reachingdesired objectives, and prepares to overcome unexpected difficulties with adequate resources. Planning isthe start of the process by which an individual or business may turn empty dreams into achievements. Planning enables one to avoid the trap of working extremely hard but achieving little. Planning is an up-front investment in success. Planning helps a firm achieve maximum effect from a giveneffort. Planning enables a firm to take into account relevant factors and focus on the critical ones. Planninghelps ensure that the firm can be prepared for all reasonable eventualities and for all changes that will beneeded. Planning enables a firm to gather the resources needed and carry out tasks in the most efficient waypossible." }, { "docid": "D958975#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/exam-1-chapter-3/deck/16620768\nExam 1-chapter 3", "text": "\"Strategic planning primarily benefits a firm's managers by ________. A) outlining procedures for firing employees B) creating a hierarchy of decision-makers C) establishing goals to be accomplished D) allowing employees to provide input E) clarifying the supply chain network C) establishing goals to be accomplished Since most well-run firms utilize a hierarchy of goals to guide major decisions, ________ is especially important to managers at every level to prevent departments from working at cross-purposes. A) strategic planning B) financial auditing C) employee testing D) employee benchmarking E) annual personnel training A) strategic planning What is the first step in the management planning process? A) evaluating the alternatives B) making forecasts of trends C) implementing a course of action D) setting an objective E) comparing options D) setting an objective Which of the following is the most significant difference between managerial planning and the basic planning process? A) evaluation of alternative methods B) comparisons of strengths and weaknesses C) establishment of clear objectives D) assessment of long-term goals E) interference from corporate hierarchies E) interference from corporate hierarchies Which of the following provides a comprehensive view of both a firm's current situation and its goals for the next 3 to 5 years? A) SWOT analysis B) business plan C) value proposition D) financial plan E) operations plan B) business plan The main contents of a typical business plan include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) political forecast B) business description C) marketing plan D) financial plan E) personnel plan A) political forecast The purpose of the marketing plan that is included within a business plan is to ________. A) clarify the projected profits of a firm's products B) set long-term objectives for a firm's middle managers C) assign measurable goals for a firm's sales team D) specify the features of a firm's product or service E) describe the benefits of performing an industry analysis In order to implement a marketing plan, Apple needs a (n) ________ that will address its productive assets like the factories, machines, and facilities required to manufacture and distribute its popular i Pods. A) balance sheet B) pricing strategy C) operations plan D) income statement E) personnel plan SMART goals set by managers are ________. A) specific, measurable, aggressive, required, and tested B) short-term, motivational, attainable, relevant, and total C) standardized, manageable, accurate, restrictive, and tested D) specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely Raj and his manager meet for lunch to jointly set Raj's quarterly sales goals." }, { "docid": "D1819189#0", "title": "http://managementhelp.org/programmanagement/nonprofit-programs.htm\nBasic Guide to Nonprofit Program Design and Marketing", "text": "\"Basic Guide to Nonprofit Program Design and Marketing© Copyright Carter Mc Namara, MBA, Ph D, Authenticity Consulting, LLC, experts in nonprofit program development. Adapted from the Field Guide to Nonprofit Program Design, Marketing and Evaluation. This document guides the reader to design a nonprofit program and services that are highly integrated with the organization's mission, strategic planning goals and needs of clients. The resulting program plan also serves as a straightforward basis from which to write program proposals to funders and conduct straightforward program evaluations. References to Web addresses with additional free information are provided in most of the following sections. These addresses are spelled out in the text of this guide. Therefore, the reader might best be served to print out the entire guide for future reference. ( The guide is approximately 12 pages long. This document also includes numerous references to the free, online Basic Guide to Program Evaluation at http://managementhelp.org/evaluation/program-evaluation-guide.htm. ) Also see Related Library Topics Also See the Library's Blogs Related to Nonprofit Programs and Capacity Building In addition to the articles on this current page, also see the following blogs that have posts related to Nonprofit Capacity Building." }, { "docid": "D65388#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/87133794/Management-Process-Overview-Planing-Organizing-Directing-Controlling\nPART", "text": "PART4\|MANAGEMENT PROCESS: OVERVIEWManagement Functions Identified Henri Fayol (1925) first identified the management functions of planning, organization, command, coordination, and control. Luther Gulick (1937) expanded on Fayol’s management functions in his introduction of the “seven activities of management”- planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting- as denoted by the mnemonic POSDCORB. Although often modified (either by including staffing as a management function or renaming elements), these functions or activities have changed little over time. Eventually, theorists began to refer to these functions as the management process. The management process, with brief descriptions of the five functions for each phase of the management process follow: 1.) Planning encompasses determining philosophy, goals, objectives, policies, procedures, and rules; carrying out long- and short-range projections; determining a fiscal course of action; and managing planned change. 2.) Organizing includes establishing the structure to carry out plans, determining the most appropriate type of patient care delivery, and grouping activities to meet unit goals. Other functions involve working within the structure of the organization and understanding and using power and authority appropriately. 3.)" }, { "docid": "D1810102#0", "title": "http://www.tradoc.army.mil/tpubs/regs/r10-5.htm\n.", "text": "\"Department of the Army *TRADOC Regulation 10-5Headquarters, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, Virginia 23651-104722 December 2005Organization and Functions U. S. ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND______________________________________________________________________________Summary . This regulation prescribes the organization, mission, and functions of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). This is a major revision incorporating changes from various reorganizations and command decisions. Applicability . This regulation applies to all elements of TRADOC. Supplementation . Supplementation of this regulation is prohibited unless specifically approved by the Deputy Commanding General/Chief of Staff (ATCS), 7 Fenwick Road, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1049. Suggested improvements . The lead responsibility for this regulation is the Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS) for Operations and Training (DCSOPS&T). Send comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028 (Recommended changes to Publications and Blank Forms) or DA Form 1045 (Army Ideas for Excellence Program (AIEP) Proposal) through channels to Commander, TRADOC (ATTG-ZA), 5 Fenwick Road, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1067." } ]
8857	________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.	[ { "docid": "D491188#0", "title": "http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/20380\n.", "text": "\"1__________ are receptors that can respond to changes in pressure. Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Mechanoreceptors Mechanoreceptors2Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________. proprioceptors interoceptors mechanoreceptors exteroceptorsexteroceptors3Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. nociceptors interoceptors proprioceptors photoreceptorsnociceptors4Which receptors adapt most slowly? smell receptors nociceptors touch receptors pressure receptorsnociceptors5Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except ________. Meissner's corpuscles tactile discs Pacinian corpuscles hair follicle receptors Pacinian corpuscles6Which of the receptor types above might function as a nociceptor? A7Which of the receptor types pictured function as exteroceptors? A,C,D,E8Which of the receptor types pictured function exclusively as proprioceptors? B9Which of the receptor types contribute to the sense of touch by responding to deep pressure stimuli? D10Pacinian corpuscles can be exteroceptors, interoceptors, or proprioceptor, True False T11Which of the following is not a way that sensory receptors are classified?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1755683#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1721025/ap-psychology-ch-5-sensation-flash-cards/\nAp Psychology Ch. 5-Sensation", "text": "\"53 terms jennalee03292Ap Psychology Ch. 5-Sensation Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sortabsolute threshold the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. ( Myers Psychology 8e p. 199)accommodation the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. ( Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)acuity the sharpness of vision. ( Myers Psychology 8e p. 206)audition the sense or act of hearing. ( Myers Psychology 8e p. 215)bipolar cells specialized cells which connect rods and cones to the ganglion cells of the optic nerveblind spot the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye \"\" creating a \"\"\"\"blind\"\"\"\" spot because no receptor cells are located there. ( Myers Psychology 8e p. 207)\"\"bottom-up processing analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. ( Myers Psychology 8e p. 197)cochlea [KOK-lee-uh] \"\"A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tude in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.\"\" bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. ( Myers Psychology 8e p. 217)cochlear implant a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea. (" }, { "docid": "D2505015#0", "title": "http://openwetware.org/wiki/BIO254:Coding\nBIO254:Coding", "text": "WIKIPEDIA BIO154/254: Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology [ Course Home] Wiki Home People Materials Schedule Help Contents [ hide ]1 General Definition of Sensory Coding2 Philosophical and Experimental Origins3 Fundamental Attributes of Sensory Experience4 Encoding Stimulus Features4.1 Encoding Stimulus Location4.2 Encoding Stimulus Intensity4.3 Encoding Stimulus Duration5 Sensory Modalities6 Sensory Systems7 References8 Recent updates to the site: General Definition of Sensory Coding Sensory coding is a type of information processing that occurs in nervous systems and can be thought of as four separate yet related phenomena: Reception, whereby specialized sensory receptors absorb physical energy from sensory stimuli. Transduction, which involves the conversion of this physical energy into electrical energy in the form of neuronal firing. Coding, which is the correspondence between specific parameters of the stimulus and specific parameters of the neuronal firing that represents it. Awareness, the possible conscious perception of encoded sensory stimuli. Philosophical and Experimental Origins The British empiricists John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume proposed that all knowledge is based on sensory experience: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch. This led French philosopher Auguste Comte to argue that the study of behavior should be a subdiscipline within biology, and that the rules of operation of the mind should be derived from objective observation. Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, Hermann Helmholtz, and Wilhelm Wundt were the first experimental psychologists. They showed that the senses differ in their modes of reception, but involve the same three stages of processing: a physical stimulus, transformation of the stimulus into nerve impulses, and a response to this signal after perception or conscious experience. Early sensory psychophysics studies by Weber and Fechner showed that sensory systems always transmit four basic types of information: modality, location, intensity and timing. Along with Helmholz and von Frey, these psychophysicists used experimental data about the sensitivity of sensory systems to formulate mathematical laws that predicted the relationship between stimulus magnitude and sensory discrimination." }, { "docid": "D230746#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system\nSensory nervous system", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Sensory system)navigation search Sensory nervous system Typical sensory system: the visual system, illustrated by the classic Gray's FIG. 722– This scheme shows the flow of information from the eyes to the central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts, to the visual cortex. Area V1 is the region of the brain which is engaged in vision. Details Identifiers Latin organa sensuum Me SH D012679TA A15.0.00.000FMA 75259Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The visual system and the somatosensory system are active even during resting state f MRIActivation and response in the sensory nervous system The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, and balance. In short, senses are transducers from the physical world to the realm of the mind where we interpret the information, creating our perception of the world around us. [ 1]Organisms need information to solve at least three kinds of problems: (a) to maintain an appropriate environment, i.e., homeostasis; (b) to time activities (e.g., seasonal changes in behavior) or synchronize activities with those of conspecifics; and (c) to locate and respond to resources or threats (e.g., by moving towards resources or evading or attacking threats). Organisms also need to transmit information in order to influence another's behavior: to identify themselves, warn conspecifics of danger, coordinate activities, or deceive. [ 2]The receptive field is the area of the body or environment to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond." }, { "docid": "D3347394#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/18439442/module-4-flash-cards/\nmodule 4", "text": "54 terms mar-starmodule 4Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortphrenology studying bumps on the skull to reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits, franz gall, failed, faded, succeeded in focusing attention on the localization of function, the idea that various brain regions have particular functionswhat do phrenology and psychology's biological perspective have in common they share a focus on the links between biology and behavior. phrenology faded because it had no scientific basis- skull bumps don't reveal mental traits and abilities (was useful though because it hinted that various brain regions have particular functions)do the brains of humans and other animals operate similarly yes, you could not distinguish between small samples of brain tissue from a human and a monkey, allows scientists to study simple animals to discover how our neural systems operate, animals differ from us but their nervous systems operate similarly, human brain more complex, but follows the same principlesneurons nerve cells, basic building block of the nervous system, differ, all variations on the same theme, each has a cell body and its branching dendrite fibers that receive information and conduct it toward the cell body, axon fibers that pass the message through its terminal branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands, dendrites listen, axons speak, neurons trasmit messages when stimulated by signals from our seneses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons, neuron fires impulse called the action potential, brief electial charge, travels down its axon, neurons generate electricity from chemical events, exchange ions, neuron firing changes axon's security parameters, resting = refractory period, pumps positively charged sodium ions back outside, neuron is a miniature decision making device, complex calculations as it receives signals from other neurons, most are excitatory, accelerator, some inhibitory, brake, if excitatory-inhibitory=the threshold --> action potential, travels down axon, more stimulation above the threshold will not increase the neural impulse's intensity, all-or-none-response, does not effect action potential's strength or speed, a strong stimulus can only trigger more neurons to fire and to fire more oftenbiological perspective concerned with the links between biology and behavior, includes psychologists working in neuroscience, behavior genetics, and evolutionary psychology, may call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, psysioloical psychologists or biopsychologistsdendrites a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impluses toward the cell body, shortaxon the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands, long, some encased in a myelin sheath that insulates them in a layer of fatty tissue and speeds their impulses, resting axon: fluid outside an axon's membrane has mostly positively charged ions, inside has negatively charged ions, positive outside negative inside, resting potential, tightly guarded, selectively permeable, when neuron fires, security parameters change, first section of axon opens, positively charged sodium ions flood through the cell membrane, depolarizes that axon section, causing more axon channels to open on after another, resting pause = refractory period, neuron pumps the positively charged sodium ions back outsidemyelin sheath a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next, layer of fatty tissue that insulates axons, speeds their impulsesaction potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon, neuron firing an impulse, brief electrical charge that travels down its axonthreshold the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse, if excitatory signals - inhibitory signals = above threshold --> action potential, higher and higher stimulation over the threshold does not increase the impulse's intensity, all or none response, strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire and fire more often howeverresting potential fluid outside an axon's membrane has positively charged ions, fluid inside has negatively charged ions, surface selective about what it allows through its gates, selectively pereableselectively peremable selective about what it allows through its gates, positive outside negative inside axon, resting potentialrefractory period resting pause, neuron pumps the positively charged sodium ions back outsideall or none response neuron's reaction, react if above threshold, more stimulation doesn't increase the neural impulse's intensity, does not affect the action potential's strength or speed, just causes more neurons to fire and fire more oftenwhen a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the axon's terminal branches, but not in that order, place these three structures in the correct order dendrites, axon, axon's terminal brancheshow does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap and a tap on the back stronger stimuli (the slap) cause more neurons to fire more frequently than happens with weaker stimuli (the tap)sir charles sherrington neurons interweave intricately, trouble seeing where one neuron ends and another begins, noticed neural impulses taking an unexpectedly long time to travel a neural pathway, brief interruption in the transmission, meeting point between neurons = synapsesynapse the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron, the tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleftprotoplasmic kisses unions of neurons, dendrites and axons don't quite touch, like air kisses so you don't mess up makeupneurotransmitters chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons, when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse, chemical messengers released when action potential reaches the knob-like terminals at an axon's end, particular brain pathway may use only one or two neurotransmitters, and particular neurotransmitters may affect specific behaviors and emotions, don't operate in isolation, interact, effect vary with the receptors they stimulate, acetylcholinereuptake a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron, the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitterswhat happens in the synaptic gap? what is reuptake? neurons send neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) to one another across this tiny space between one neuron's terminal branch the the next neuron's dendrite. in reuptake, a sending neuron reabsorbs the extra neurotransmittersacetylcholine ACh, one of the best-understood neurotransmitters, role in learning and memory, messenger at every junction between motor neurons, (carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the body's tissues) and skeletal muscles, when it is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle contracts, anesthesia blocks it, muscle cannot contract and we are paralyzedmotor neurons carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the body's tissuescandance pert and solomon snyder neurotransmitters, radioactive tracer to morphine, showing where it was taken up in an animal's brain, morphine, opiate drug that elevates mood and eases pain, bound to areas linked with mood and pain sensations, opiate receptors, brain produces its own opiates, body releases several types of neurotransmitter molecules similar to morphine in response to pain and vigorous exercise, endorphins (endogenous morphine), runners high, acupuncture, indifference to pain in severely injured peopleserotonin, dopamine, and endorphines are all chemical messengers called neurotransmittersendorphines morphine within, natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure, endogenous morphine, runners high, acupuncture, indifference to pain in some severely injured people, don't flood brain with endorphins, heroin and morphine, brain may stop producing its own opiates, brain deprived of opiates when drug withdrawn, intense discomfort, drugs affect brain chemisty at synapses, exciting or inhibing neurons' firingagonist molecules similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind its receptor and mimic its effect, some opiate drugs agonist, produce a temporary high, amplifying normal sensations of arousal or pleasureantagonists bind to reeptors, effect is instead to block a neurotransmitter's functions, botulin, poison, paralysis, botox, smooth wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles, enough like natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its effect, not similar enough to stimulate the receptorcurare poisoning paralyzes its victims by blocking ACh receptors involved in muscle movements. morphine mimics endorphin actions. what is an agonist, and which is an antagonist? morphine is an agonist; curare is an antagonistnervous system the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems, 3 types of neurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneuronscentral nervous system (CNS) the brain and the spinal cord, body's decision makerperipheral nervous system (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body, gather information and transmitting central nervous system decision to other body parts, somatic and autonomicnerves electrial cables formed of bundles of axons link the CNS with the body's receptors," }, { "docid": "D2444280#0", "title": "https://explorable.com/sensory-coding\nSensory Coding", "text": "\"Sensory coding is one of the several information processing occurrences in the nervous system. This process involves four different but highly related events, which include reception, transduction, coding, and awareness. Principles The first phenomenon to take place when a stimulus reaches a receptor is called reception. During reception, the receptors absorb the physical energy of the stimulus, such as light. After reception a process called transduction occurs, whereby the physical energy is transformed or transduced into electrochemical energy. This event is aided by the firing patter of the neurons involved in transforming the physical energy. As a general rule, every receptor has been designed to perform transduction of only a single type of energy. For example, visual receptors can only transduce light energy, not sound or any other kind of energy. The intensity of the stimuli affects the activation potential of a receptor. Coding is a phenomenon that happens after transduction." }, { "docid": "D1718740#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/sensation-and-perception-5/sensory-processes-38/gustation-taste-buds-and-taste-163-12698/\nSensory Processes", "text": "Vision: The Visual System, the Eye, and Color Vision In the human visual system, the eye receives physical stimuli in the form of light and sends those stimuli as electrical signals to the brain, which interprets the signals as images. Learning Objectives Summarize the process by which visual information is communicated to the brain Key Takeaways Key Points Human vision is one of the most complex visual systems among animals. The main sensory organ of the visual system is the eye, which takes in the physical stimuli of light rays and transduces them into electrical and chemical signals that can be interpreted by the brain to construct physical images. The eye has three main layers: the sclera, which includes the cornea; the choroid, which includes the pupil, iris, and lens; and the retina, which includes receptor cells called rods and cones. The human visual system is capable of complex color perception, which is initiated by cones in the retina and completed by impulse integration in the brain. Depth perception is our ability to see in three dimensions and relies on both binocular (two-eye) and monocular (one-eye) cues. Key Termsphototransduction: The process whereby the various bodies in the retina convert light into electrical signals.retina: The thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain.photoreceptor: A specialized neuron able to detect and react to light. Includes both cones (daytime and color) and rods (nighttime). The human visual system gives our bodies the ability to see our physical environment. The system requires communication between its major sensory organ (the eye) and the core of the central nervous system (the brain) to interpret external stimuli (light waves) as images." }, { "docid": "D2042946#0", "title": "http://mchenry.wikispaces.com/HumanBehavior\nWelcome visitors!", "text": "\"Human Behavior Edit 112 257 …Welcome visitors!Please be aware that this is a student-generated wiki designed for review for my students' AP exams. Come in, look around, and enjoy yourself...just be aware of the nature of this wiki. Even though most everything is correct, I advise caution before citing this as an authoritative source. Human Behavior Everything psychological is simultaneously biological (Meyers 57). Neuroscience : The study of the nervous system, the brain, spinal cord and neurons. Biological psychology A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. Biological psychologists gain a better understanding of sleep and dreams, depression and schizophrenia, hunger and sex, stress and disease (Myers 58). Biological Psychologist attempt to understand the relations between nature and nurture. Biological Psychologist also call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, or biosychologists (Myers). Neural Communication According to Myers, the body is made up of a complex network of neurons which work to help the body communicate with itself." }, { "docid": "D932190#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_simple_automatic_inborn_response_to_a_sensory_stimulus\nHow does a sensory stimulus become a muscle response?", "text": "How does a sensory stimulus become a muscle response? A good example of the sensory/muscular connection is when you touch something hot, you quickly withdraw. The reason for this is that there are two parts to the nervous system, …Quick automatic response to a stimulus?reflex Simple automaticinborn response to a sensory stimulus?reflex Alcarreau 25,874 Contributions What is the name of an inborn behavior that involves a response to a stimulus? A reflex, or reflex action. What is an Inborn response to stimulus?n biology, an automatic and inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse passing from a sensory nerve cell to a muscle or gland without reaching the level of co …What actions are an automatic response to a stimulus?involuntary How does a stimulus trigger a sensory response?like electrical impulse Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering What is sensory stimulus? That's the effect on you of anything that you can see, hear, smell, feel, or taste. Colin Peters 610,892 Contributions Be helpful What is an inborn behavior response to a stimulus? Instinctive behaviour. Simple automatic inborn response to a sensory stimulus? Reflex is a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensorystimulus." }, { "docid": "D3312614#0", "title": "https://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/nervous-system.html\nThe Nervous System", "text": "The Nervous System57 Incredibly Easy Q&As to Study the Nervous System The Integrative Function of the Nervous System1. What physiological systems are known as integrative systems? What is the reason for this designation? Both nervous system and the endocrine system are considered integrative systems. This designation stems from the fact that both systems control and regulate biological functions and act at distance, receiving information from organs and tissues and sending effector commands (nervous impulses or hormones) to organs and tissues, thus integrating the body. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems More Bite-Sized Q&As Below2. Which structures make up the nervous system? The structures that form the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The organs of the CNS are the brain (cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum) and spinal cord. The PNS is made of nerves and neural ganglia." }, { "docid": "D803899#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/29891600/anatomy-chapter-11-nervous-system-flash-cards/\nAnatomy: Chapter 11 Nervous System", "text": "\"107 terms alicephongsa Anatomy: Chapter 11 Nervous System Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration? central nervous system Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? regulation of neurogenesis Which of the following allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles? the somatic nervous system Cold sores on the skin of the mouth occur when herpes simplex viruses that are dormant in neural ganglia become active and travel to the skin of the mouth. Which of the following is the mechanism by which these viruses travel from the ganglia (located within the head) to the skin of the mouth? anterograde transport Which of the neuroglial cell types shown control the flow of cerebrospinal fluid within the CNS? Ependymal Cells Which of the neuroglial cell types shown is the most abundant in the CNS? Astrocytes Which of the neuroglial cell types shown form myelin sheaths within the CNS? Oligodendrocytes Which of the neuroglial cell types shown are found in the PNS? Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells Destruction of which of the neuroglial cell types leads to the disease multiple scleroses (MS)?" }, { "docid": "D2970680#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1876776/psychology-121-flash-cards/\nPsychology 121", "text": "\"62 terms Danielle4590Psychology 121Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Backmasking play song backwards and you get a satonic message. Perception the interpretation and processing of sensory data. the frame work that processes this info is previous experiance and expectations. \"\" the process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations.\"\" ex=backmasking and evp. info with meaning is perception. Sense and Sensation sight, hear, smell, taste, touch, balance. sense=system moving info from outside into the nervous system." }, { "docid": "D3334161#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/44184235/psy-modules-3-flash-cards/\nPSY Modules 3", "text": "\"66 terms sarahgilllll PSY Modules 3Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat. The movement of positively charged sodium ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a (n) action potential. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system. Which part of a neuron is often encased by a fatty myelin sheath? axon Sensory neurons transmit signals to interneurons. An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system. sympathetic; parasympathetic Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?" }, { "docid": "D288524#0", "title": "http://www.bem.fi/book/05/05.htm\n5.1 INTRODUCTION", "text": "\"5.1 INTRODUCTIONThe focus of this book is primarily the electric activity of nerve and muscle and the extracellular electric and magnetic fields that they generate. It is possible to undertake such a study without considering the functional role of nerve and muscle in physiology. But without some life science background, the reader's evaluation of electrophysiological signals would necessarily be handicapped. For that reason, we have included an overview, with appropriate terminology, of relevant topics in physiology. This chapter is therefore devoted to a survey of the organization of the nervous system and its main components. It is hoped that the reader will find it helpful for understanding of the physiological function of the excitable tissues discussed in other chapters, and to know what to look for elsewhere. For further study, we suggest the following texts: Jewett and Rayner (1984); Kuffler, Nicholls, and Martin (1984); Nunez (1981); Patton et al. ( 1989); Schmidt (1981); Shepherd (1988); all of which appear in the list of references. A discussion of the nervous system might logically begin with sensory cells located at the periphery of the body. These cells initiate and conduct signals to the brain and provide various sensory inputs such as vision, hearing, posture, and so on." }, { "docid": "D381743#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1311541/ap-psych-ch-4-flash-cards/\nAP Psych-CH 4", "text": "\"62 terms katefinlay AP Psych-CH 4Zimbardo's AP Psychology textbook - Ch 4: Perception and Sensation. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Sensation The process by which simulation of a sensory receptor produces neural impulses that the brain interprets as a sound, a visual image, an odor, a taste, a pain, or other sensory image. This term represents the first series of steps in processing of incoming information. Perception A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful. It is _____ that makes these words meaningful, rather than just a string of visual patterns. To make this happen, _______ draws heavily on memory, motivation, emotion, and other psychological processes. Transduction Transformation of one form of energy into another - especially the transformation of stimulus information into nerve signals by the sense organs. Sensory Adaptation Loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged for a while, as when a swimmer becomes adapted to the temperature of the water." }, { "docid": "D1168607#0", "title": "http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/nervous-system.html\nThe Nervous System", "text": "The Nervous System57 Incredibly Easy Q&As to Study the Nervous System The Integrative Function of the Nervous System1. What physiological systems are known as integrative systems? What is the reason for this designation? Both nervous system and the endocrine system are considered integrative systems. This designation stems from the fact that both systems control and regulate biological functions and act at distance, receiving information from organs and tissues and sending effector commands (nervous impulses or hormones) to organs and tissues, thus integrating the body. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems More Bite-Sized Q&As Below2. Which structures make up the nervous system? The structures that form the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The organs of the CNS are the brain (cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum) and spinal cord. The PNS is made of nerves and neural ganglia." }, { "docid": "D3349692#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/science/pain\nPain", "text": "Pain, a complex experience consisting of a physiological and a psychological response to a noxious stimulus. Pain is a warning mechanism that protects an organism by influencing it to withdraw from harmful stimuli; it is primarily associated with injury or the threat of injury.pain Learn how the human body senses pain and reacts to it. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises Gmb H, Mainz Pain is subjective and difficult to quantify, because it has both an affective and a sensory component. Although the neuroanatomic basis of pain reception develops before birth, individual pain responses are learned in early childhood and are affected by social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and genetic factors, among others. Those factors account for differences in pain tolerance among humans. Athletes, for example, may be able to withstand or ignore pain while engaged in a sport, and certain religious practices may require participants to endure pain that seems intolerable to most people. An important function of pain is to alert the body to potential damage. That is accomplished through nociception, the neural processing of harmful stimuli. The pain sensation, however, is only one part of the nociceptive response, which may include an increase in blood pressure, an increase in heart rate, and a reflexive withdrawal from the noxious stimulus. Acute pain can arise from breaking a bone or touching a hot surface." }, { "docid": "D1276028#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11952910/psych-flash-cards/\nPsych", "text": "\"9 terms amead22Psych Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later1. Using appropriate examples, identify the various factors that can make perceptual experiences subjective. Color vision, such as our experience of the sky being blue, is a phenomena constructed from the joint action of the properties of the stimulus (light), and sensory and perceptual processes within us. Perception involves making guesses about what a pattern of sensory stimulation most likely is. People experience what is called a perceptual set which is the readiness to perceive a stimulus in a certain way.2. Trace the path of energy from a visual stimulus from the environment, through the eye, to the brain. -Light enters the eye and is transduced by receptors in the retina into neural impulses. The neural impulses are then processed in the retina and in the brain.3." }, { "docid": "D1206151#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/motor\nmotor", "text": "motor Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to motor: Induction motormotor [ mo´ter] 1. pertaining to motion.2. a muscle, nerve, or center that effects movements.motor neuron disease any disease of the motor neurons, including spinal muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar paralysis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and lateral sclerosis. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.mo·tor ( mō'ter ), 1. In anatomy and physiology, denoting neural structures, that because of the impulsesgenerated and transmitted by them, cause muscle fibers or pigment cells to contract or glands to secrete. See also: motor cortex, motor endplate, motor neuron.2. In psychology, denoting the organism's overt reaction to a stimulus (motor response). [ L. a mover, fr." }, { "docid": "D1067385#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/7051972/ap-psychology-nervous-system-searing-flash-cards/\nAP PSYCHOLOGY - NERVOUS SYSTEM (SEARING)", "text": "\"48 terms msearing AP PSYCHOLOGY - NERVOUS SYSTEM (SEARING)Myers 9e in Modules - Module 4Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Neuron (nerve cell) basic building block of the nervous system Cell Body Life support center of the neuron. No role in neural signaling Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Axon Terminal Branches branching ends of axon that connect to dendrites of other cells Myelin Sheath A layer of fatty (glial) cells encasing the axon fibers of many neurons. Acts as an insulator or conductor and enables greater transmission speed of impulses Resting Potential The charge maintained when there are no action potentials. Excess negative charge inside compared to outside. Threshold level of stimulation required to trigger an Action Potential. Each neuron receives many excitatory and inhibitory signals. When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential. Action Potential All or nothing response. A neuron either fires or it does not. Movement of an electrical impulse down the axon." }, { "docid": "D383861#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/science/human-sensory-reception\nHuman sensory reception", "text": "Human sensory reception, means by which humans react to changes in external and internal environments. Ancient philosophers called the human senses “the windows of the soul,” and Aristotle described at least five senses—sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Aristotle ’s influence has been so enduring that many people still speak of the five senses as if there were no others. Yet the modern sensory catalog now includes receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints, which give rise to the kinesthetic sense (that is, the sense of motion ), and receptors in the vestibular organs in the inner ear, which give rise to the sense of balance. Within the circulatory system, sensory receptors are found that are sensitive to carbon dioxide in the blood or to changes in blood pressure or heart rate, and there are receptors in the digestive tract that appear to mediate such experiences as hunger and thirst. Some brain cells may also participate as hunger receptors. This is especially true of cells in the lower parts of the brain (such as the hypothalamus) where some cells have been found to be sensitive to changes in blood chemistry (water and other products of digestion) and even to changes in temperature within the brain itself.sensory reception Human sensory reception. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A horizontal cross section of the human eye, showing the major parts of the eye, including the protective covering of the cornea over the front of the eye. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. General considerations of sensation Basic features of sensory structures One way to classify sensory structures is by the stimuli to which they normally respond; thus, there are photoreceptors (for light), mechanoreceptors (for distortion or bending), thermoreceptors (for heat), chemoreceptors (e.g., for chemical odours), and nociceptors (for painful stimuli). This classification is useful because it makes clear that various sense organs can share common features in the way they convert (transduce) stimulus energy into nerve impulses." } ]
8862	________ is a sleep disorder that involves a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood during sleep.	[ { "docid": "D1714528#0", "title": "http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/congenital-central-hypoventilation-syndrome\nCongenital central hypoventilation syndrome", "text": "\"Description Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome ( CCHS) is a disorder that affects breathing. People with this disorder take shallow breaths (hypoventilate), especially during sleep, resulting in a shortage of oxygen and a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. Ordinarily, the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body processes (autonomic nervous system) would react to such an imbalance by stimulating the individual to breathe more deeply or wake up. This reaction is impaired in people with CCHS, and they must be supported with a machine to help them breathe (mechanical ventilation) or a device that stimulates a normal breathing pattern (diaphragm pacemaker). Some affected individuals need this support 24 hours a day, while others need it only at night. Symptoms of CCHS usually become apparent shortly after birth. Affected infants hypoventilate upon falling asleep and exhibit a bluish appearance of the skin or lips (cyanosis). Cyanosis is caused by lack of oxygen in the blood. In some milder cases, CCHS may be diagnosed later in life. In addition to the breathing problem, people with this disorder may have difficulty regulating their heart rate and blood pressure, for example in response to exercise or changes in body position." } ]	[ { "docid": "D577733#0", "title": "https://www.verywell.com/what-is-central-sleep-apnea-3014760\nCentral Sleep Apnea", "text": "\"There can be many causes to disrupted breathing during sleep, and one of them is central sleep apnea, but what is central sleep apnea? It may lead to pauses in nighttime breathing, but because the underlying cause is distinct from obstructive sleep apnea, it requires specialized treatment. Discover the most common symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and preferred treatments (such as bilevel therapy) of central sleep apnea. What Are the Symptoms of Central Sleep Apnea? Central sleep apnea is a breathing disorder that occurs during sleep and results when the brain fails to activate the respiratory muscles. This leads to a brief pause in breathing that may last 10 seconds or longer. Unlike the more standard obstructive sleep apnea - which is caused when the upper airway becomes temporarily obstructed - in central sleep apnea, the effort to breathe stops and there is no clear obstruction of the airway. Though the cause is slightly different, the outcome of central sleep apnea is the same. Apnea comes from the Greek and means \"\"no breath\"\". As such, it is associated with drops in the oxygen levels of the blood." }, { "docid": "D2747301#0", "title": "http://gbppa.org/breath.htm\n.", "text": "\"Breathing Problems of Polio Survivorsby Linda L. Bieniek , Judith R. Fischer, Joan L. Headley, and Edward Anthony Oppenheimer, MD . Reprinted from Polio Network News, Spring 2001 Vol. 17, No. 2 with permission of Gazette International Networking Institute, 4207 Lindell Blvd., # 110, St. Louis, MO 63108-2915. Link to GINI Website People with neuromuscular disease such as post-polio often need help with breathing, not because there is something wrong with the lungs, but because the respiratory muscles may be weakened or paralyzed and the chest wall is stiff and inelastic. If scoliosis is present, the work of breathing may be even harder. Other conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sleep apnea (obstructive, central, or mixed) may also be occurring. And, overlaying all of these factors, is the simple fact of aging. How did acute poliomyelitis affect breathing?" }, { "docid": "D2633512#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/medical-terminology-39.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "\"Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Medical Terminology 3Description Chapters 6,7,8Total Cards 178Subject Medical Level Undergraduate 2Created 10/28/2009Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Medical Flashcards Cards Term Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Definitionaka \"\"AIDS\"\"is the most advanced, and fatal, stage of HIV infection. Term Allergen Definitionare substances that produce allergenic reactions. Term Anaphylaxis Definitionaka \"\"Anaphylactic Shock\"\"a server response to an allergen. Term Antibiotic Definitionare medications that are capable of inhibiting growth, or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms. Anti- agains-bio- life-tic- pertaining to Term Antibody Definitiona disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to presence of a specific antigen. Anti- against Term Antifungal Definitionis an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi. Anti- against-fungal- fungus Term Antigen Definitionis any substance that the body regards as being foreign, and includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues." }, { "docid": "D2570479#0", "title": "https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2015/05/do-you-snore-how-sleep-apnea-can-hurt-your-heart/\nDo You Snore? How Sleep Apnea Can Hurt Your Heart", "text": "Do You Snore? How Sleep Apnea Can Hurt Your Heart Watch for sleep apnea symptoms to check heart disease Share If you suffer from untreated sleep apnea, a momentary stop of breathing occurring repeatedly while you sleep, you could be causing serious damage to your heart. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy“It’s likely that sleep apnea can cause arrhythmias and heart failure because if you have sleep apnea, you tend to have higher blood pressure,” explains molecular cardiologist David Van Wagoner, Ph D. Importantly, sleep apnea occurs in about 50 percent of people with heart failure or atrial fibrillation, the latter the most common sustained abnormal heart rhythm. “There is a very strong association between sleep apnea and cardiac arrhythmia. Research also shows episodes of upper airway collapse in sleep apnea may trigger arrhythmia events,” says Reena Mehra, MD, Director of Sleep Disorders Research in the Sleep Center of the Neurologic Institute at Cleveland Clinic. Other ways that sleep apnea can increase risk of arrhythmias and heart failure include: Repeated episodes of oxygen lowering (what doctors call hypoxia)Changes in carbon dioxide levels Direct effects on the heart due to pressure changes within the chest Increased levels of markers of inflammation What happens when you stop breathing When you stop breathing, your heart rate also tends to drop the longer your body is deprived of oxygen. Then, your involuntary reflexes cause you to startle awake at the end of that period of not breathing." }, { "docid": "D1182604#0", "title": "http://www.womens-health-advice.com/respiratory-system.html\nRespiratory System", "text": "Respiratory System Breathing: How And Why We Breathe Respiratory System Contents• What Is The Respiratory System? • How Oxygen Enters The Body • How Breathing Works • How Does The Body Know When To Breathe? • What Does Air Contain? • Diseases Of The Respiratory System • Other Systems It Links To What Is The Respiratory System? It is the body's breathing equipment. The respiratory system consists of the nose, lungs, diaphragm and the air passages, such as the trachea, which connect them. Similar to the digestive system, it takes substances from outside the body (gases, particularly oxygen), circulates them through the body to cells and tissues, then dumps (excretes) the excess and waste. Oxygen is the respiratory system's 'food' and carbon dioxide is its 'waste'. Breathing is probably the most important and fundamental action of the human body: if we stop breathing for more than a couple of minutes we die. HOW OXYGEN ENTERS THE BODYThe Passage of Air From Nose To Lungs What Is Breathing?" }, { "docid": "D13987#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/med-term-chapter05vocabulary.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "Shared Flashcard Set Details Title MED TERM Chapter 05 Vocabulary Description MED TERM Chapter 05 Vocabulary Total Cards 247Subject Medical Level Undergraduate 1Created 03/13/2007Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Medical Flashcards Cards Term Respiration Definitionbreathing; ventilation Termnose Definitionlined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air Termnasal septum Definitionpartition separating the right and left nasal cavities Termparanasal sinuses Definitionair cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities Termpharynx Definitionserves as a food and air passageway (also called the throat)Termadenoids Definitionlymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity Termtonsils Definitionlymphoid tissue located behind the mouth Termlarynx Definitionlocation of the vocal cords (also called the voice box)Termepiglottis Definitionflap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing Termtrachea Definitionpassageway for air to the bronchi (also called the windpipe)Termbronchus (pl. bronchi)Definitionone of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides. The branchings resemble a tree: there fore they are referred to as a bronchial tree Termbronchioles Definitionsmalles subdivision of the bronchial tree Termalveolus (pl. alveoli)Definitionair sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries Termlungs Definitiontwo spongelike organs in teh thoracic cavity. The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes Termpleura Definitionserous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity Termdiaphragm Definitionmuscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It aids in the breathing process Termmediastinum Definitionspace between the lungs." }, { "docid": "D3477156#0", "title": "http://www.psychologicalharassment.org/acid-base-balance-and-disorders\nAcid-Base Balance and Disorders", "text": "\"Acid-Base Balance and Disorders Acid-Base Balance and Blood p HPrint Details Parent Category: Site Content 06 Mar 2010Published: 06 March 2010Acid-base Balance and p HBlood p HThe term p H means potentials of Hydrogen. Acidity and alkalinity are expressed on the p H scale, which ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic, or alkaline). A p H of 7.0, in the middle of this scale, is neutral. Blood is normally slightly basic, alkaline, with a p H range of 7.35 to 7.45. To function properly, the body maintains the p H of blood close to 7.40. An important property of blood is its degree of acidity and alkalinity, and this is referred to as acid-base balance. The acidity or alkalinity of the blood is indicated on the p H scale.- The acidity level increases when the level of acidic compounds in the blood rises or when the level of alkaline compounds in the blood falls. Alkalinity levels increases with the reverse process.- The level of acidic or alkaline compounds in the body rises through increased intake, production, or decreased elimination and falls through decreased intake, production, or increased elimination. The Importance of Blood p HBlood p H and Cell Health; we live and die at a cellular level. The blood p H has a serious effect on all of the body’s systems and the body uses different mechanisms to control the blood’s acid-base balance." }, { "docid": "D3050678#0", "title": "http://www.healthline.com/health/copd/cpap-for-copd\nWhat is COPD?", "text": "What is COPD? Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that include chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It’s a chronic condition that makes breathing difficult, and can lead to coughing and chest discomfort. COPD is a progressive disease, which means that it gets worse over time. There’s no cure for COPD, but there are several types of treatments that can slow the progression and ease symptoms. Maintaining healthy levels of oxygen in your bloodstream is necessary for brain function and for the health of all your organs, muscles, and tissue. Having COPD means that you have less oxygen circulating throughout your body. The condition is often the result of long-term smoking, and may be from damage to the tiny air sacs in the lungs or to the airways that deliver air through the nose and mouth and down to the lungs. COPD may also be the result of a thickening of the walls of your airways or excessive mucus production in the airways. This thickening and mucus can clog the pathway of air to the lungs." }, { "docid": "D1460167#0", "title": "https://www.verywell.com/cheyne-stokes-respirations-2249076\nCheyne-Stokes Respirations Causes and Treatment", "text": "\"Cancer Lung Cancer Cheyne-Stokes Respirations Causes and Treatment Causes and Treatment of Cheyne-Stokes Respirations By Lynne Eldridge, MD \| Reviewed by Grant Hughes, MDUpdated July 27, 2017Share Pin Email Print Article Table of Contents Overview Causes Physiology and Purpose Treatment History Back To Top What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?. istockphoto.com Overview Cheyne-stokes respirations are a pattern of breathing which is very irregular, and not surprisingly, is sometimes referred to as \"\"agonal breathing.\"\" Breathing can be very deep and rapid (hyperpnea), followed by periods of slow shallow breaths, or interrupted by episodes of apnea, in which an individual stops breathing altogether for a period of time. Though Cheyne Stokes breathing may appear erratic, it often occurs in cycles lasting between 30 seconds and two minutes. This irregular, often uncomfortable-to-watch pattern of breathing is often seen in the last days and hours of life, but may also be seen in some people with congestive heart failure. Causes Cheyne-Stokes breathing is commonly seen when people are in the dying process from any illness including cancer. This will be discussed first, but keep in mind that there are other causes discussed further below, and this breathing may occur in people who are not actively dying. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing as Part of the Dying Process Irregular breathing may occur at the end of life and can be very disturbing to family members who are present. It's important to note that this breathing is not uncomfortable for the dying person, and it does not need to be treated for comfort purposes. In fact, it is probably a way that the body compensates in some way for other physical changes taking place at the end of life." }, { "docid": "D3172436#0", "title": "http://www.rxlist.com/intermezzo-drug.htm\nIntermezzo", "text": "\"Drug Description Find Lowest Prices on Intermezzo® (zolpidem tartrate) Tablets DESCRIPTIONIntermezzo contains zolpidem tartrate, a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic of the imidazopyridine class. Intermezzo is available in 1.75 mg and 3.5 mg strength tablets for sublingual administration. Intermezzo sublingual tablets are intended to be placed under the tongue where they will disintegrate. Intermezzo sublingual tablets contain a bicarbonate-carbonate buffer. Chemically, zolpidem tartrate is N,N-6-trimethyl-2-p-tolylimidazo [1,2-α]pyridine-3-acetamide L- (+)-tartrate (2:1). Zolpidem tartrate is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water, alcohol, and propylene glycol. It has a molecular weight of 764.88. Each Intermezzo tablet includes the following inactive ingredients: mannitol, sorbitol, crospovidone, silicon dioxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, croscarmellose sodium, sodium stearyl fumarate, silicon dioxide, natural and artificial spearmint flavor, silicon dioxide-colloidal, and sucralose. The 1.75 mg tablet also contains yellow iron oxide, and the 3.5 mg tablet contains beige iron oxide. For Consumers What are the possible side effects of zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar, Intermezzo, Zolpimist)?" }, { "docid": "D2888015#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/41027020/sleep-disorder-insomnia-flash-cards/\nSleep Disorder Insomnia", "text": "39 terms Emma_Schofield Sleep Disorder Insomnia Unit 3 Sleep Psychology Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What is meant by 'sleep disorder'? Any condition involving disruptions in sleep patterns, and may results may include daytime fatigue and or distress List the three most common types of sleep disorder 1) Insomnia - problems initiating and/or maintaining sleep 2) Narcolepsy - difficulty staying awake 3) Somnambulism/Sleep Walking - activities that take place when asleep, but the person is acting as if they are awake What could sleep 'difficulties' also include? Difficulty adhering to regular sleep pattern due to SHIFT WORKExplain what is meant by 'insomnia' Difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep What is a diagnosis of insomnia based on? How we feel the next day - not how many hours we sleep How much of the population is though to intermittently be affected by insomnia? 25%How long do people suffering from SHORT TERM Insomnia have difficulties sleeping for? A few days but less than 4 weeks List two factors which may cause short term insomnia Exam stress, death in the family, jet lag, cold How does the DSM define LONG TERM Insomnia? Sleep difficulties lasting more than four weeks What might Long Term Insomnia also be known as? Chronic Insomnia How many different types of Long Term/Chronic Insomnia are there?" }, { "docid": "D1941099#0", "title": "http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=medical-terminology-chapter-7_3\nMedical Terminology - Chapter 7", "text": "Medical Terminology - Chapter 775 cards \| Created by blue_dolphin1222 \| 7 years ago Flashcards Memorize Quiz Match Gravity The Respirato Ry Syste View Flashcards Preview Flashcards Front Backbronch/o, bronchi/o bronchial tube, bronchuscyan/o bluelaryng/o larynx, throatox/i, ox/o, ox/y oxygenpharyng/o throat, pharynxphon/o sound, voicepleur/o pleura, side of the body-pnea breathingpneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu- lung, airpulm/o, pulmon/o lungsomn/o sleepspir/o to breathetachy- fast, rapidthorac/o, -thorax chest, pleural cavitytrache/o trachea, windpipeanoxia an- = without, ox = oxygen, -ia = abnormal condition the absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues; if continues for more than 4-6 min., irreversible brain damage can occuranthracosis (coal miner's pneumoconiosis or black lung disease) anthrac = coal dust, -osis = abnormal condition caused by coal dust in the lungsantitussive (cough medicine) anti- = against, tuss = cough, -ive = performs is administered to prevent or relieve coughingaphonia a- = without, phon = voice or sound, -ia = abnormal condition the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech soundsapnea a- = without, -pnea = breathing the absence of spontaneous respirationasbestosis asbest = asbestos, -osis = abnormal condition or disease is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestosasphyxia the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it need to functionasphyxiation (suffocation) any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia; can be caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering, choking, or inhaling gasesaspiration pneumonia can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungsasthma a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezingatelectasis atel = incomplete, -ectasis = stretching or enlargement the collapse of part or all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathingbradypnea brady- = slow, -pnea = breathing an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minutebronchodilator a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungsbronchorrhea bronch/o = bronchus; -rrhea = abnormal flow an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchibronchoscopy bronch/o = bronchus; -scopy = direct visual examination the visual examination of the bonchi using a bronchoscopebronchospasm bronch/o = bronchus; -spasm = involuntary contraction a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut Cheyne-Stokes respiration a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpneacroup an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking coughcystic fibrosis a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucusdiphtheria now largely prevented through immunization, is an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tractdysphonia dys- = bad; phon = voice or sound; -ia = abnormal condition any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during pubertydyspnea (shortness of breath - SOB) dys- = painful; -pnea = breathing is difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath is frequently one of the first symptoms of heart failureemphysema the progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by a decrease in the total # of alveoli, enlargement of remaining alveoli, & progressive destruction of the walls of remaining alveoliempyema a collection of pus within a body cavityendotracheal intubation endo- = within; trache = trachea; -al = pertaining to the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth in to the trachea to establish or maintain an open airwayepistaxis (nose-bleed) bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disordershemoptysis hem/o = blood; -ptysis = spitting coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhagehemothorax hem/o = blood; -thorax = chest a collection of blood in the pleural cavityhypercapnia hyper- = excessive; capn = carbon dioxide; -ia = abnormal condition the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodhyperpnea hyper - = excessive; -pnea = breathing commonly associated w/ exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest hyperpnea is opposite of hypopneahypopnea hypo- = decreased; -pnea = breathing shallow or slow respiration hypopnea is the opposite of hyperpneahypoxemia hyp- = deficient; ox = oxygen; -emia = blood a condition of having below-normal oxygen level in the blood; less severe than anoxia; compare with hypoxiahypoxia hyp- = deficient; ox = oxygen; -ia = abnormal condition the condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells; however, it is less severe than anoxia; compare w/ hypoxemialaryngectomy laryng = larynx; -ectomy = surgical removal the surgical removal of the larynxlaryngitis laryng = larynx; -itis = inflammation an inflammation of the larynx; also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this inflammationlaryngoplegia laryng/o = larynx; -plegia = paralysis paralysis of the larynxlaryngoscopy laryng/o = larynx; -scopy = direct visual examination the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx to examine the larynxmediastinum the cavity located between the lungs; contains connective tissue & organs, including heart & its veins/arteries, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, & lymph nodesnebulizer (atomizer) pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouth pieceotolaryngologist (ENT) ot/o = ear; laryng/o = larynx; -ologist = specialist a physician w/ specialized training in the diagnosis & treatment of diseases & disorders of the ears, nose, throat, & related structures of the head/neckpertussis (whooping cough) a contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory tract, characterize by recurrent bouts of paroxysmal cough, follow by breathlessness & noisy inspirationpharyngitis (sore throat) pharyng = pharynx; -itis = inflammation an inflammation of the pharynxpharyngoplasty pharyng/o = pharynx; -plasty = surgical repair the surgical repair of the pharynxpleurectomy pleur = pleura; -ectomy = surgical removal the surgical removal of part of the pleurapleurisy (pleuritis) pleur = pleura; -isy = noun ending an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath; can be caused by influenza or by damage to lung beneath the pleurapleurodynia pleur/o = pleura; -dynia = pain pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movementspneumoconiosis pneum/o = lung; coni = dust; -osis = abnormal condition or disease is fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged environmental or occupational contactpneumonectomy pneumon = lung; -ectomy = surgical removal the surgical removal of all or part of a lungpneumothorax pneum/o = lung or air; -thorax = chest the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapsepolysomnography (sleep apnea study) poly- = many; somn/o = sleep; -graphy = the process of recording measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apneapulmonologist pulmon = lung; -ologist = specialist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissuespulse oximeter ox/i = oxygen; -meter = to measure an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the bloodpyothorax py/o = pus; -thorax = chest the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membranesinusitis sinus = sinus; -itis = inflammation an inflammation of the sinusestachypnea tachy- = rapid; -pnea = breathing an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute tachypnea is the opposite of bradypneathoracentesis thor/a = chest; -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavitythoracostomy thorac = thorax or chest; -ostomy = surgical creation of an opening the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavitytracheostomy trache = trachea; -ostomy = surgically creating an opening the creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretionstracheotomy trache = trachea; -otomy = surgical incision is usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockagetuberculosis (TB) an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs; however, it can also affect other parts of the body" }, { "docid": "D3067530#0", "title": "http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/complications.html\nChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease", "text": "Search Health 3,000+ Topics Send Feedback Health > Times Health Guide > c > Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease > In-Depth Report: Complications Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overview In-Depth Report Background Causes Symptoms Diseases With Similar Symptoms Complications Risk Factors Diagnostic Tests Medications Treatment Oxygen-Replacement Therapy Lifestyle Changes Surgical Procedures References Reporter's File Expert Q & AQuestions for Your Doctor Clinical Trials View & Print In-Depth Report »Find a Doctor at UCompare Health Care.com »Compare Drugs Find the safest and most cost-effective drugs for this condition. Go to Consumer Reports.org Best Buy Drugs »Web Links American Lung Association National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute American Association for Respiratory Care National Jewish Medical and Research Center Alpha1 National Association The National Emphysema Foundation National Lung Health Education Program American Thoracic Society Society of Thoracic Surgeons United Network for Organ Sharing COPD International (patient support site)Related Topics Cor Pulmonale Dilated Cardiomyopathy Heart Failure Overview In-Depth From A. D. A. M. Complications COPD affects an estimated 9 - 10% of people worldwide in both developed and underdeveloped countries. It is the 4th most common cause of death in the United States, but experts predict that it will be the third leading cause of death in the world by 2020 as the population ages and people continue to smoke. Although COPD has traditionally been considered a man's disease, an increase in women who smoke has caused COPD to skyrocket in women. Women with COPD tend to fare worse than men -- they are more likely to be hospitalized and to die from COPD. They also report more severe symptoms, greater depression, and a worse quality of life than men. Women appear to be more susceptible to the effects of smoking and pollution, possibly because of hormones or other genetic differences. The good news is that women who stop smoking get their lung function back more quickly than men. The leading cause of death from COPD is respiratory failure. However, patients with mild-to-moderate COPD tend to succumb to cardiovascular disease or lung cancer." }, { "docid": "D1922444#0", "title": "http://www.lifeextension.com/Magazine/2008/4/Why-Aging-People-Become-Depressed-Fatigued-And-Overweight/Page-01\nWhy Aging People Become Depressed, Fatigued, and Overweight", "text": "<< Back to April 2008Why Aging People Become Depressed, Fatigued, and Overweight April 2008By William Faloon Serotonin is a compound in the brain that promotes feelings of personal security, relaxation, and confidence. A serotonin deficiency can result in sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, and a propensity to overeat, particularly carbohydrates like simple sugars. Startling research reveals that serotonin levels decline as we age! 1-3 These findings provide a biochemical rationale to explain common age-related disorders such as depressed mood and sleep difficulties. Based on these discoveries, aging people may appreciably improve their health by restoring serotonin to youthful levels. The amino acid tryptophan is needed to produce serotonin in the brain. 4 While the amount of tryptophan in a typical diet meets basic metabolic requirements, it often fails to provide optimal brain serotonin levels. Ever since the FDA restricted the importation of tryptophan for use in dietary supplements, there has been an upsurge in the percentage of overweight and obese Americans. One could argue that a widespread serotonin deficiency is at least partially responsible for the record numbers of depressed, sleep-deprived, and overweight individuals. Why Dietary Tryptophan Is Inadequate Tryptophan is one of the eight essential amino acids found in the human diet." }, { "docid": "D719261#0", "title": "https://adjust2it.wordpress.com/category/thyroid-patients-and-breathing-problems/\nAdjust2it's Blog", "text": "Archive for the ‘Thyroid Patients and Breathing Problems’ Category Thyroid Patients and Breathing Problems April 24, 2010posted by Me written by Dr. Lowe Air Hunger to Death: Breathing Problems of Hypothyroid Patients- John C. Lowe, D. C. [Take home message: If you’re being treated for hypothyroidism with T4-replacement, ask your doctor to consider that this thyroid hormone therapy leaves almost 50% of patients suffering from chronic hypothyroid symptoms. ] Another good article: Thyroid and Depression Ask your doctor to also consider that you may need to switch to a more effective therapy such as a T4/T3 combination product or T3 alone. Last week I consulted long distance with a young hypothyroid woman who had a distressing symptom—trouble getting a deep enough breath. She told me, “I just can’t seem to get in enough air.” She said her doctor doesn’t believe her hypothyroidism is the cause of her breathing problem. I referred the patient to several sections of my book, The Metabolic Treatment of Fibromyalgia. [ 1] In those sections, I explain that labored breathing is a troubling symptom for which some hypothyroid patients seek medical care. [ 2, 11-13, 15-24]Medical journals contain many reports of some patients with hypothyroidism or thyroid hormone resistance having labored breathing. The difficult breathing is called “air hunger” or “dyspnea.” Air hunger, however, isn’t the worst of the breathing troubles of some patients with too little thyroid hormone regulation." }, { "docid": "D968588#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/home/ovc-20205684\nOverview", "text": "Overview Obstructive sleep apnea Obstructive sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder. It causes breathing to repeatedly stop and start during sleep. There are several types of sleep apnea, but the most common is obstructive sleep apnea. This type of apnea occurs when your throat muscles intermittently relax and block your airway during sleep. A noticeable sign of obstructive sleep apnea is snoring. Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea are available. One treatment involves using a device that keep your airway open while you sleep. Another option is a mouthpiece to thrust your jaw forward during sleep. In more severe cases, surgery may be an option too. Symptoms Signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea include: Excessive daytime sleepiness Loud snoring Observed episodes of breathing cessation during sleep Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking Awakening with a dry mouth or sore throat Morning headache Difficulty concentrating during the day Experiencing mood changes, such as depression or irritability High blood pressure Nighttime sweating Decreased libido When to see a doctor Consult a medical professional if you experience, or if your partner observes, the following: Snoring loud enough to disturb your sleep or that of others Waking up gasping or choking Intermittent pauses in your breathing during sleep Excessive daytime drowsiness, which may cause you to fall asleep while you're working, watching television or even driving a vehicle Many people may not think of snoring as a sign of something potentially serious, and not everyone who snores has obstructive sleep apnea." }, { "docid": "D1997150#0", "title": "http://urbanwired.com/health/benefits-of-deep-breathing-for-anxiety/\nBenefits of Deep Breathing for Anxiety", "text": "Deep breathing has become one of the most popular relaxation modality today because of its benefits. It does not take much to inhale air slowly through the nose and then exhale out in a similar slow manner. Deep breathing assists in keeping the diaphragm muscles fit and flexible as well. This is because on taking a deep breath, the diaphragm muscles contract, which leads to rushing of fresh air into the lungs quickly. This is pretty much essential for relaxing your body by supplying maximum oxygen. The benefits of deep breathing will also lower your stress and anxiety levels. Normally, majority of the people breathe through the chest and include only the upper or middle portion of the lungs. This is clearly an incomplete utilization of the capacity of lungs and hence, the benefits conferred by this style of breathing are limited. Deep Breathing Techniques The technique of deep breathing is simple to learn and easy to apply. One should stand in a relaxed position with hands resting by the side, or one can be seated while keeping the spine straight and hands in the lap." }, { "docid": "D609723#0", "title": "https://www.emedicinehealth.com/obstructive_and_central_sleep_apnea/article_em.htm\nSleep Apnea (Obstructive and Central)", "text": "\"What is Sleep Apnea? Sleep Apnea Causes Sleep Apnea Symptoms When to Seek Medical Care for Sleep Apnea Exams and Tests for Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea Treatment Sleep Apnea Home Remedies Medication for Sleep Apnea Medical Devices for Sleep Apnea Surgery for Sleep Apnea Follow-up for Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea Prevention Outlook for Sleep Apnea What is Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea is a common condition characterized by a periodic reduction in or a complete stop of breathing during sleep. There are two main types of sleep apnea; obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA). Mixed sleep apnea refers to the combination of both central and obstructive sleep apnea. Apnea is defined as a cessation or near-cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or more that results in a reduction of airflow to 90% below normal. A less severe reduction in breathing is called hypopnea. The basic underlying mechanism is different for the types of sleep apnea. Normally, the brain sends a signal to the respiratory muscles to expand and bring air into the lungs. In central sleep apnea, the brain fails to send this signal, causing disrupted and unregulated breathing." }, { "docid": "D3528483#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnia\nSleep apnea", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Sleep apnia)navigation search Sleep apnea Synonyms Sleep apnoea, sleep apnea syndrome Obstructive sleep apnea Pronunciation/ æ p ˈ n iː ə /, / ˈ æ p n i ə /Specialty Otorhinolaryngology, sleep medicine Symptoms Pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep, snoring, tired during the day [1] [2]Complications Heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, motor vehicle collisions [1]Usual onset 55–60 years old [1] [3]Causes Obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, mixed sleep apnea [1]Risk factors Overweight, family history, allergies, enlarged tonsils [4]Diagnostic method Overnight sleep study [5]Treatment Lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, surgery [1]Frequency 1–6% (adults), 2% (children) [3] [6]Sleep apnea, also spelled sleep apnoea, is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep. [ 1] Each pause can last for a few seconds to a few minutes and they happen many times a night. [ 1] In the most common form, this follows loud snoring. [ 2] There may be a choking or snorting sound as breathing resumes. [ 1] As it disrupts normal sleep, those affected may experience sleepiness or feel tired during the day. [ 1] In children it may cause problems in school, or hyperactivity. [ 2]There are three forms of sleep apnea: obstructive (OSA), central (CSA), and a combination of the two called mixed. [ 1] OSA is the most common form. [ 1] Risk factors for OSA include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, a small airway, and enlarged tonsils. [ 4] In OSA, breathing is interrupted by a blockage of airflow, while in CSA breathing stops due to a lack of effort to breathe. [" }, { "docid": "D1634741#0", "title": "http://www.msktc.org/sci/factsheets/respiratory\nRespiratory Health and Spinal Cord Injury", "text": "Respiratory Health and Spinal Cord Injury Written by Eric Garshick, MD, MOH, Phil Klebine, MA, Daniel J. Gottlieb, MD, MPH, and Anthony Chiodo, MD in collaboration with MSKTC. What does the respiratory system do? Your respiratory system (or pulmonary system) is responsible for breathing. This system enables you to inhale oxygen into your blood and exhale carbon dioxide. Your body needs the oxygen to survive, and carbon dioxide must be removed to avoid the build-up of acid in your body. How does the respiratory system work? You normally breathe without thinking about it, but your brain is carefully coordinating this activity. Your brain sends signals down your spinal cord to the phrenic nerves which start at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical spinal levels to contract the diaphragm. You can learn more about spinal nerve function in the fact sheet,“Understanding Spinal Cord Injury, Part 1 – The Body Before and After Injury. ”Your diaphragm is the dome-shape muscle located under each lung (at the bottom of your chest) and is the primary muscle used for inhaling." } ]
8863	________ is a statute that relieves medical professionals from liability for ordinary negligence when they stop and render aid to victims in emergency situations.	[ { "docid": "D1972442#0", "title": "https://www.ukessays.com/essays/law/false-imprisonment-and-merchant-protection-statutes-law-essay.php\nFalse Imprisonment And Merchant Protection Statutes Law Essay", "text": "\"False Imprisonment And Merchant Protection Statutes Law Essay Print Reference this Published: 23rd March, 2015Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. Although the area of business law with which I am most familiar and have the most knowledge is contract law, secured transactions and bankruptcy, my first jury trial was a case involving a \"\"slip and fall\"\" at the old Rickshaw Hotel which was located across from the former Garden State Race Track on Route 70 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey [This really dates me because the Rickshaw Hotel is now a car dealership and the Racetrack is a shopping center]. In a law firm, the newest associate is usually given the \"\"garbage\"\" cases, ones which were not likely to succeed and with which a partner did not want to be associated. This case was brought into our office shortly before trial, because an attorney who was licensed only in Pennsylvania thought he could have settled it before trial. However, there was one piece of testimony from a deposition that led the defense to believe the case had no merit. That statement was in answer to a question to the injured woman, \"\"When and where did you learn of the tear in the carpet at the hotel?\"\" She answered, \"\"In my attorney's office when he told me there was a tear in the carpet. \"\" I started the trial by telling the jury in the opening statement, \"\"That the defense would very shortly tell you, members of the jury, that 'This case is a fraud and that the reason they know it is a fake, is because of the deposition testimony.' I said, \"\"Just the opposite is the case." } ]	[ { "docid": "D967878#0", "title": "https://www.cordiscosaile.com/blog/comparative-negligence-laws-in-pennsylvania/\nComparative Negligence Laws in Pennsylvania", "text": "Comparative Negligence Laws in Pennsylvania Posted January 16, 2017 by Cordisco & Saile Web Team+1 Tweet Share When someone has a legal duty of care to another (an obligation to adhere to a standard of reasonable care) and she breaches that duty, her actions or omissions constitute negligence. For example, doctors have a legal duty of care to their patients; if they fail to uphold their duties by say, prescribing the wrong medication, their actions can be considered negligent. Stated another way, negligence is the legal term that refers to behavior that breaches a legal duty of care to not cause others harm. The Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Law School defines it as “a failure to behave with the level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same circumstances. ”What are some basic types of negligence laws? Comparative negligence laws serve as a means to even the playing field in liability cases; they provide a framework for allocating fault and damages. The basic premise is that when accident victims (plaintiffs) file liability claims against someone (defendant), the defendant should only be responsible for damages that resulted from her share of the fault in the accident. And conversely, comparative negligence laws provide that plaintiffs should not be compensated by defendants for damages that result out of the plaintiffs’ own doing. Each state provides its own unique negligence laws. Most states use one of the following three basic types of systems." }, { "docid": "D1408945#0", "title": "https://people.hofstra.edu/Daniel_J_Greenwood/Courses/Torts/RespondeatSuperior.htm\nDaniel J.H. Greenwood", "text": "\"Understanding Respondeat Superior I. The rule. Respondeat superior is the doctrine that states that an employer is responsible for an employee. More precisely, it states that a master is liable for torts of its servants committed in the course of their service. Respondeat superior is NOT exculpatory and does not eliminate ordinary negligence doctrine. Thus, the master remains liable for any negligence of its own that can be proved without use of respondeat superior: negligent hiring or supervision, for example. Similarly, the servant remains liable to the tort victim for his or her own torts. Moreover, under standard agency law, the master usually is entitled to indemnification from the servant for any damages the master suffers from the servant's tort - that is, if the master pays damages under respondeat superior, it is entitled to sue the servant for repayment. Respondeat superior relieves the tort victim of the need to prove that the master was directly negligent: it suffices to prove that the servant was negligent. Thus, if an employer reasonably creates a work situation in which employees can negligently injure people, respondeat superior means that the employer is liable without proof of employer negligence. For example, imagine a delivery service that reasonably trains employees and sends them out in reasonably well-maintained cars, but an employee carelessly runs a stop sign and hurts someone." }, { "docid": "D822512#0", "title": "https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/causation\ncausation", "text": "\"causation Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia . Tort Law A body of rights, obligations, and remedies that is applied by courts in civil proceedings to providerelief for persons who have suffered harm from the wrongful acts of others. The person who sustainsinjury or suffers pecuniary damage as the result of tortious conduct is known as the plaintiff, andthe person who is responsible for inflicting the injury and incurs liability for the damage is known as the defendant or tortfeasor. Three elements must be established in every tort action. First, the plaintiff must establish that thedefendant was under a legal duty to act in a particular fashion. Second, the plaintiff mustdemonstrate that the defendant breached this duty by failing to conform his or her behavioraccordingly. Third, the plaintiff must prove that he suffered injury or loss as a direct result of thedefendant's breach. The law of torts is derived from a combination of common-law principles and legislative enactments. Unlike actions for breach of contract, tort actions are not dependent upon an agreement betweenthe parties to a lawsuit. Unlike criminal prosecutions, which are brought by the government, tortactions are brought by private citizens." }, { "docid": "D1620462#0", "title": "http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/mental-health-professionals-duty-to-warn.aspx\nMental Health Professionalsâ Duty to Warn", "text": "\"Mental Health Professionals’ Duty to Warn9/28/2015Table of Contents Table: State Laws Additional Resources Contact Karmen Hanson, Denver office Most states have laws that either require or permit mental health professionals to disclose information about patients who may become violent. Those laws are receiving increased attention following recent mass shootings, such as those in Aurora, Colo., and Newtown, Conn. A New York law enacted Jan. 15, 2013, moves that state's law from a permissive to a mandatory duty for mental health professionals to report when they believe patients may pose a danger to themselves or others but protects therapists from both civil and criminal liability for failure to report if they act \"\"in good faith.\"\" New York's new law also allows law enforcement to remove firearms owned by patients reported to be likely to be dangerous. ( Note: Please see chart below for update. ) Under ethical standards tracing back to the Roman Hippocratic Oath, doctors and mental health professionals usually must maintain the confidentiality of information disclosed to them by patients in the course of the doctor-patient relationship. With some exceptions codified in state and federal law, health professionals can be legally liable for breaching confidentiality. One exception springs from an effort to protect potential victims from a patient’s violent behavior. California courts imposed a legal duty on psychotherapists to warn third parties of patients’ threats to their safety in 1976 in Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California. This case triggered passage of “duty to warn” or “duty to protect” laws in almost every state as summarized in the map and, in more detail, in the chart below. Opinions about the laws vary." }, { "docid": "D3245101#0", "title": "https://www.texmed.org/StatuteOfLimitations/\nSummary of Texas Medical Professional Liability Law", "text": "In the spring of 1977, the Texas legislature — led by Rep. Pike Powers and Sen. Ray Farabee — passed the Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement Act (MLIIA), which was codified as Article 4590i of the Texas Revised Civil Statutes. The MLIIA was intended to respond to the perceived crisis in medical malpractice insurance during that period. Article 4590i introduced several significant changes in the law, including: pre-suit notification, expert reports early in the litigation process, caps on damages and a 2-year statute of limitations. In the intervening decades, parts of the statute have been declared unconstitutional and other parts have been judicially refined. In 2003 the Texas Legislature made significant changes to MLIAA and re-codified it in the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. This article is a brief summary of the significant sections of the law concerning medical professional liability in Texas. Statute of Limitations No medical malpractice action may be brought more than two years from the date of the breach or tort or from the completion of treatment. Tex. Civ. Prac. &" }, { "docid": "D3289217#0", "title": "https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liability_insurance.asp\nWhat is 'Liability Insurance'", "text": "\"What is 'Liability Insurance'Liability insurance is any insurance policy that protects an individual or business from the risk that they may be sued and held legally liable for something such as malpractice, injury or negligence. Liability insurance policies cover both legal costs and any legal payouts for which the insured would be responsible if found legally liable. Intentional damage and contractual liabilities are typically not covered in these types of policies. BREAKING DOWN 'Liability Insurance'Liability insurance is critical for those who may be held legally liable for the injuries of others, especially medical practitioners and business owners. A product manufacturer may purchase product liability insurance to cover them if a product is faulty and causes damage to the purchasers or any other third party. Business owners may purchase liability insurance that covers them if an employee is injured during business operations. Various Types of Liability Insurance Business owners are exposed to a range of liabilities, any of which can subject their assets to substantial claims. All business owners need to have in place an asset protection plan built around available liability insurance coverage. Here are the main types of liability insurance: Advertiser Disclosure Employer’s liability and workers' compensation is a type of mandatory coverage for employers, which protects the business against liabilities arising from injuries or the death of an employee. Product liability insurance is for businesses that manufacture products for sale on the general market." }, { "docid": "D3206325#0", "title": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-041.html\n.", "text": "[Rev. 5/20/2016 2:11:16 PM--2015]CHAPTER 41 - ACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS IN PARTICULAR CASES CONCERNING PERSONSCLAIMS AGAINST STATE FOR SERVICES, ADVANCES AND REFUNDSNRS 41.010 Commencement of action; service of summons upon State Controller. NRS 41.020 Attorney General to defend; appeals. NRS 41.030 State Controller to draw warrant upon final judgment. LIABILITY OF AND ACTIONS AGAINST THIS STATE, ITS AGENCIES AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONSGeneral Provisions NRS 41.0305 “Political subdivision” defined. [ Effective through June 30, 2016. ] NRS 41.0305 “Political subdivision” defined. [ Effective July 1, 2016. ] NRS 41.0307 “Employee,” “employment,” “immune contractor,” “public officer” and “officer” defined. NRS 41.0308 Volunteer crossing guard for county school district deemed employee of political subdivision of State if volunteer has completed approved training. NRS 41.0309 Employee of or volunteer for public fire-fighting agency deemed employee of State or political subdivision of State." }, { "docid": "D1972443#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/34696334/business-law-chapter-5-flash-cards/\nBusiness Law Chapter 5", "text": "\"42 terms robbie40Business Law Chapter 5Intentional Torts and Negligence Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Tort A wrong. There are three categories 1) Intentional torts 2) unintentional torts (negligence) 3) strict liability. Only civil law suits can be brought for them. Intentional Torts Unauthorized touching, restraint, or other contact. Assault 1) The threat of immediate harm or offensive contact or 2) Any action that arouses reasonable apprehension of imminent harm. Actual physical contact is not necessary. Threats of FUTURE harm do not fall into this category. Battery Unauthorized and harmful or offensive direct or indirect physical contact with another person that causes injury." }, { "docid": "D632798#0", "title": "http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Negligence\nnegligence", "text": "\"negligence Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to negligence: Medical negligence Negligence Conduct that falls below the standards of behavior established by law for the protection of othersagainst unreasonable risk of harm. A person has acted negligently if he or she has departed fromthe conduct expected of a reasonably prudent person acting under similar circumstances. In order to establish negligence as a Cause of Action under the law of torts, a plaintiff must provethat the defendant had a duty to the plaintiff, the defendant breached that duty by failing to conform to the required standard of conduct, the defendant's negligent conduct was the cause of the harm to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff was, in fact, harmed or damaged. The concept of negligence developed under English Law. Although English Common Law hadlong imposed liability for the wrongful acts of others, negligence did not emerge as an independentcause of action until the eighteenth century. Another important concept emerged at that time: legalliability for a failure to act. Originally liability for failing to act was imposed on those who undertook to perform some service and breached a promise to exercise care or skill in performing that service. Gradually the law began to imply a promise to exercise care or skill in the performance of certainservices. This promise to exercise care, whether express or implied, formed the origins of themodern concept of \"\"duty.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D1590458#0", "title": "http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/A+Physician's+Duty+to+Provide+Medical+Treatment\nHealth Care Law", "text": "\"Health Care Law (redirected from A Physician's Duty to Provide Medical Treatment)Health Care Law Health care law involves many facets of U. S. law, including torts, contracts, antitrust, andinsurance. In 1990, the United States spent an estimated $500 billion on health care, which wasmore than 11 percent of the gross national product. According to statistics from the centers formedicare and medicaid services (CMS), health care expenditures grew 6.5 percent per year from 1991 to 2001, and in 2001, the expenditures had grown to $1.4 trillion. The CMS predicts that theseexpenditures will grow by 7.3 percent annually and estimates that the U. S. will spend $3.1 trillion on health care in 2012. Medical Malpractice One major area within health care law is Medical Malpractice, which is professional misconduct or lack of skill in providing medical treatment or services. The victims of medical malpractice seekcompensation for their physical or emotional injuries, or both, through a Negligence action. A defendant physician may be found liable for medical malpractice if the plaintiff patient canestablish that there was in fact a patient-physician relationship; that the physician breached (i.e. ,violated or departed from) the accepted standard of medical care in the treatment of the patient; thatthe patient suffered an injury for which he or she should be compensated; and that the physician'sviolation of the standard of care was the cause of the injury. To protect themselves against the massive costs of such claims, physicians purchase malpracticeinsurance. Physicians' malpractice premiums total billions of dollars each year and addsubstantially to the cost of health care in the United States." }, { "docid": "D490166#0", "title": "http://www.emtala.com/faq.htm\n.", "text": "\"Frequently Asked Questions about the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)CONTENTS1. What is EMTALA? 2. What are the provisions of EMTALA? 3. What is an \"\"emergency medical condition\"\"? 4. What are the provisions for pregnant women in active labor? 5. When can a patient be transferred to another facility?" }, { "docid": "D594321#0", "title": "https://nursece.com/courses/99-nurse-malpractice\nNurse Malpractice", "text": "\"Back to Courses Course #125Contact Hours30$47.95This course expired Mar 31, 2017 and is no longer available for purchase. Nurse Malpractice Authors: Caroline Mc Guire \| Excerpts by Julie M. Mroczek, BSN, RN-BC, CLNCThe goal of this course is to educate the healthcare provider on a basic understanding of law and its relationship to nursing. The course discusses common causes of nursing negligence, and some ways to prevent malpractice in the workplace. Course objectives include: State the necessity, types, and components of professional liability insurance policies. Summarize the legal process involved in a malpractice lawsuit. List the major factors influencing the trend towards increased litigation among healthcare providers. Specify the relationship between Nurse Practice Act and Standards of Care. About the Authors Caroline Mc Guire received her BSN from the University of Connecticut nursing program in 1985, her first job was working on a surgical unit. Ms. Mc Guire's specialty became critical care and also has extensive experience in intensive surgical, medical, coronary, emergency, and telemetry care units for the past several years. Critical care proved to be an area dealing with increasingly complex legal and ethical issues and the need for understanding liabilities became evident." }, { "docid": "D3257839#0", "title": "https://dogbitelaw.com/statutory-strict-liability-state/pennsylvania-dog-bite-law\nPennsylvania Dog Bite Law", "text": "\"Pennsylvania Dog Bite Law Pennsylvania makes dog owners and keepers strictly liable for the payments of a victim's medical costs. Full compensation is available only if the victim can prove that the dog owner, keeper or harborer was negligent or knew that the dog had dangerous propensities. Overview of Pennsylvania dog bite law Liability based on dangerous propensities Liability based on common law negligence Common law negligence is available as a cause of action Negligence per se The Dog Law Conviction for volation of the Dog Law Is inadmissible for collateral estoppel purposes Assumption of the risk Landlord liability Further reading Litigation forms and other materials for attorneys If your case involves injury to a dog, see When a Dog Is Injured or Killed Overview“Generally, it is the animal's owner that is responsible for injuries to others caused by his or her pet.” Dick v. Detwiler, 7 Pa. D. & C.4th 629, 631 (Com. Pl. 1990) (citing Miller v. Hurst, 302 Pa. Super. 235, 448 A.2d 614 (1982) superseded on other grounds as recognized in Billig v. Skvarla, 853 A.2d 1042, 1046-48 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004); Villaume v. Kaufman, 379 Pa. Super. 561, 550 A.2d 793 (1988))." }, { "docid": "D1136495#0", "title": "http://www.accesskansas.org/RRR/RecodGenProvisions.html\nï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Article 1. - PRELIMINARY", "text": "\"�� KANSAS CRIMINAL CODE�� Part I. �General Provisions�� Article 1. - PRELIMINARY21-101. Title and construction. � This code is called and may be cited as the Kansas Criminal Code. �� COMMENT�� Presently K. S. A. 21-3101. � No change is recommended. � Chapter 21 provides principles of criminal liability, prohibited conduct and sentencing provisions. � Chapter 22 provides procedural rules to govern proceedings in criminal cases.�21-102. � Jurisdiction. � � � The district courts of this state shall have exclusive jurisdiction to try all cases of felony and other criminal cases." }, { "docid": "D3306456#0", "title": "https://www.expertlaw.com/library/limitations_by_state/Indiana.html\nIndiana Statute of Limitations for Civil and Personal Injury Litigation", "text": "\"By Aaron Larson \| Law Offices of Aaron Larson May 28, 2015Contents What is a Statute of Limitations Limitations Periods for Legal Actions What is a Statute of Repose Accrual of a Claim The Discovery Rule Tolling of the Statute of Limitations Contractual Limitations on Litigation Back to top What is a Statute of Limitations A statute of limitations is a law that places a time limit on pursuing a legal remedy in relation to wrongful conduct. After the expiration of the statutory period, unless a legal exception applies, the injured person loses the right to file a lawsuit seeking money damages or other relief. Although people often speak of the statute of limitations,in fact there are many statutes which apply limitations periods to civil actions. Sometimes it can be difficult to keep track of the various statutes and their exceptions. Thus it is a very good idea for somebody who is concerned about losing their right to sue as a result of the expiration of the statutory limitations period to consult with a qualified lawyer, who can help determine which statute applies, and help preserve the right to recover damages. Back to top Limitations Periods for Legal Actions The following periods represent a small sample of the statutory limitations periods in Indiana. Professional Malpractice: Professional negligence actions, including medical malpractice lawsuits, must be filed within 2 years. Personal Injury: 2 years. Fraud: 6 years. Libel / Slander / Defamation: 2 years." }, { "docid": "D2893824#0", "title": "http://tort.laws.com/negligence\nA Full Guide to Negligence", "text": "A Full Guide to Negligence Share History: Negligence used to be a much broader term that referred to any sort of breach of the peace, but has evolved over time to become a separate entity from intentional torts as well as strict liability torts. The concept first appeared in regards to professional community members, such as doctors or blacksmiths, who possessed a certain duty to the community to provide honest service. If this duty was breached, the individual was guilty of negligence. Early lawmakers were primarily considered with those wrongdoers who acted in an intentional way to disturb the peace, and were less concerned with those who failed to act. Because of this, negligence law developed relatively slowly and was based on injuries that were considered to be due to indirect causes. During the Industrial Revolution, negligence became a huge part of the legal system due to the introduction of machinery into daily life. There were many cases involving accidental injury that were attributed to negligence. Contact a negligence lawyer to acquire legal advice and assistance. Unavoidable Accident: An unavoidable accident occurs when, despite all exercise of reasonable care, the defendant could not have foreseen or possibly avoided the resulting harm to the plaintiff. In order for an accident to be unavoidable, the situation must in no way be caused by or added to by the defendant." }, { "docid": "D145008#0", "title": "https://www.injuryclaimcoach.com/minnesota-personal-injury-law.html\nMinnesota Car Accident and Personal Injury Laws", "text": "Minnesota Car Accident and Personal Injury Laws Written by: Judge Anthony P. Calisi (ret. ) If you’ve been injured in a car accident in the State of Minnesota, you may have questions about how the laws will affect your property damage and/or personal injury claim. In this article, we’ll review the laws most commonly associated with car accidents. To read the entirety of each law, click the link to the specific State of Minnesota statutes in each section. Here are the Minnesota car accident and traffic laws we’ll cover: Pedestrian Rules Basic Driving Laws Motorcycling Driving Offenses Liability Laws Sources Pedestrian Laws Pedestrians and Crosswalks Where traffic-control signals are not in place or in operation, the driver of a vehicle must yield the right-of-way to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within a marked crosswalk or at an intersection with no marked crosswalk. Section 169.21Restrictions on Pedestrians Crossing Roadways No pedestrian is permitted to suddenly leave a curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle that is so close that it is impossible for the driver to yield. Section 169.21Pedestrian Control Signals Whenever special pedestrian control signals, exhibiting the words Walk or Don’t Walk or the symbols of a walking person or an upraised palm are in place such signals shall indicate as follows: Walk or Walking Person. Pedestrians facing such signal may proceed across the roadway in the direction of the signal and shall be given the right of way by the drivers of all vehicles. Don’t Walk or Upraised Palm. No pedestrian shall start to cross the roadway in the direction of such signal, whether flashing or steady." }, { "docid": "D971155#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omission_(criminal)\nOmission (law)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Omission (criminal))navigation search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( December 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)An omission is a failure to act, which generally attracts different legal consequences from positive conduct. In the criminal law, an omission will constitute an actus reus and give rise to liability only when the law imposes a duty to act and the defendant is in breach of that duty. In tort law, similarly, liability will be imposed for an omission only exceptionally, when it can be established that the defendant was under a duty to act. Contents [ hide ]1 Criminal law1.1 Assumption of responsibility for care of dependents1.2 Statutory omissions1.3 Duty to act when the defendant has created the danger1.4 Failure to provide medical treatment1.5 Duty to act when contracted to do so1.6 Preventing and prosecuting war crimes2 Tort law3 See also4 References5 Literature Criminal law [ edit]In the criminal law, at common law, there was no general duty of care owed to fellow citizens. The traditional view was encapsulated in the example of watching a person drown in shallow water and making no rescue effort, where commentators borrowed the line, \"\"Thou shalt not kill but needst not strive, officiously, to keep another alive.\"\" ( Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–1861)) in support of the proposition that the failure to act does not attract criminal liability. Nevertheless, such failures might be morally indefensible and so both legislatures and the courts have imposed liability when the failure to act is sufficiently blameworthy to justify criminalisation. Some statutes therefore explicitly state that the actus reus consists of any relevant \"\"act or omission\"\", or use a word that may include both." }, { "docid": "D1679897#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/58599776/ch9-torts-business-law-flash-cards/\nCh.9 Torts (Business Law)", "text": "\"83 terms butterfly1luv323Ch.9 Torts (Business Law)Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What does the law of torts permit? It permits individuals and companies to recover from other individuals and companies for wrongs committed against them. What does the law of tort provide? Tort law provides rights and remedies for conduct that meets the elements required to establish that a wrong has occurred. What types of wrongs are governed by tort law? Civil, or noncriminal wrongs, that are not breaches of contract. What Latin word does tort come from? And what does it mean?" }, { "docid": "D1773686#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29\nBattery (tort)", "text": "\"This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Part of the common law series Tort law Intentional torts Assault Battery False imprisonment Intentional infliction of emotional distress Transferred intent Property torts Trespassland chattels Conversion Detinue Replevin Trover Defenses Assumption of risk Comparative negligence Contributory negligence Consent Necessity Statute of limitations Self-defense Defense of others Defense of property Shopkeeper's privilege Negligence Duty of / standard of care Proximate cause Res ipsa loquitur Calculus of negligence Rescue doctrine Duty to rescue Negligent infliction of emotional distress Employment-related Entrustment Malpracticelegal medical Liability torts Product liability Quasi-tort Ultrahazardous activity Nuisance Public nuisance Rylands v Fletcher Dignitary torts Defamation Invasion of privacy False light Breach of confidence Abuse of process Malicious prosecution Alienation of affections Criminal conversation Seduction Breach of promise Economic torts Fraud Tortious interference Conspiracy Restraint of trade Liability and remedies Last clear chance Eggshell skull Vicarious liability Volenti non fit injuria Ex turpi causa non oritur actio Neutral reportage Damages Injunction Conflict of tort laws Joint and several liability Comparative responsibility Market share liability Duty to visitors Trespassers Licensees Invitees Attractive nuisance Other common law areas Contracts Criminal law Evidence Property Wills, trusts, and estates Law portalv t e At common law, battery is the tort of intentionally (or, in Australia, negligently [1]) and voluntarily bringing about an unconsented harmful or offensive contact with a person or to something closely associated with them (e.g. a hat, a purse). Unlike assault, in which the fear of imminent contact may support a civil claim, battery involves an actual contact. The contact can be by one person (the tortfeasor) of another (the victim), with or without a weapon, or the contact may be by an object brought about by the tortfeasor. For example, the intentionally bringing a car into contact with another person, or the intentional striking of a person with a thrown rock, is a battery. Unlike criminal law, which recognizes degrees of various crimes involving physical contact, there is but a single tort of battery. Lightly flicking a person's ear is battery, as is severely beating someone with a tire iron. Neither is there a separate tort for a battery of a sexual nature." } ]
8866	________ is a tool that can show you what happens after a customer clicks on your ads; whether they made a purchase, downloaded an app, or called your business.	[ { "docid": "D2784068#0", "title": "https://support.google.com/adwords/answer/1722022?hl=en\nAbout conversion tracking", "text": "About conversion tracking Conversion tracking is a free tool that shows you what happens after a customer interacts with your ads -- whether they purchased a product, signed up for your newsletter, called your business, or downloaded your app. When a customer completes an action that you've defined as valuable, these customer actions are called conversions. This article explains the benefits of conversion tracking, how it works, and our security and privacy standards. For setup instructions, see Set up conversion tracking. Use conversion tracking to measure your Ad Words results Why use conversion tracking See which keywords, ads, ad groups, and campaigns are best at driving valuable customer activity. Understand your return on investment (ROI) and make better informed decisions about your ad spend. Use Smart Bidding strategies (such as target CPA, enhanced CPC, and target ROAS) that automatically optimize your campaigns according to your business goals. See how many customers may be interacting with your ads on one device or browser and converting on another. You can view cross-device, cross-browser, and other conversion data in your “All conversions” reporting column. How conversion tracking works Conversion tracking starts with you creating a conversion action in your Ad Words account." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1927901#0", "title": "https://www.cardpaymentoptions.com/credit-card-processors/paypal-here/\nPayPal Here Review", "text": "\"Pay Pal Here Review89 Reviews Add Review Website Overall Rating Rated 4.5 out of 5.a Category Breakdowna Sales & Marketinga Costs & Contractb Complaints & Serviceb BBB Rating Overview Pay Pal has thrown its hat into the mobile payment acceptance arena with its launch of the “Pay Pal Here” mobile payment app and card reader. The service is yet another carbon copy of other mobile credit card processing services like Intuit’s Go Payment, Square, and North American Bancard ’s Pay Anywhere, but, of course, Pay Pal Here has its own spin on the idea. Pay Pal Here’s chief innovation is that it is integrated into a regular Pay Pal account and, therefore, merchants have access to a wide range of other features not found with most competitors. Funds from Pay Pal Here transactions that fall within normal risk tolerances will be available immediately to the merchant within his/her Pay Pal account. Merchants have the choice of transferring the money into an attached checking account or using an attached debit card to make purchases and ATM withdrawals. Pay Pal advertises that by accessing the funds through purchases with its “Pay Pal Business Debit Card,” merchants will receive a 1% cash back bonus and can bring their effective processing rate down to as low as 1.7%. Square only offers automatic fund transfers to attached checking accounts. Dan Schulman is listed as the CEO of Pay Pal. Key Points Sales & Marketing: Pay Pal Here does not hire independent sales agents and has not received any complaints about its sales practices. Costs & Contract: Pay Pal Here offers a month-to-month contract with no early termination fee." }, { "docid": "D489125#0", "title": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/intune/whats-new\nWhat's new in Microsoft Intune", "text": "\"What's new in Microsoft Intune April 2, 2018 59 minutes to read Contributorsall In this article Week of April 2, 2018Week of March 26, 2018Week of March 19, 2018Week of March 12, 2018Week of February 19, 2018Week of February 5, 2018Week of January 29, 2018Week of January 22, 2018Week of December 11, 2017Week of December 4, 2017Week of November 27, 2017Week of November 20, 2017Week of November 13, 2017Week of November 6, 2017Notices What's coming See also Applies to: Intune in the Azure portal Looking for documentation about Intune in the classic portal? Read this introduction to Intune. Learn what’s new each week in Microsoft Intune. You can also find out about upcoming changes, important notices about the service, and information about past releases. Some features may roll out over several weeks and might not be available to all customers in the first week. Note For information on new functionality in hybrid mobile device management (MDM), check out the hybrid What’s New page. Week of April 2, 2018Intune apps User experience update for the Company Portal app for i OSWe've released a major user experience update to the Company Portal app for i OS. The update features a complete visual redesign that includes a modernized look and feel. We've maintained the functionality of the app, but increased its usability and accessibility. You'll also see: Support for i Phone X. Faster app launch and loading responses, to save users time." }, { "docid": "D1556974#0", "title": "http://prodesigntools.com/adobe-creative-cloud-faq-frequently-asked-questions-cs6.html\nThe Adobe Creative Cloud FAQ: All Your Top Questions Answered", "text": "The Adobe Creative Cloud FAQ: All Your Top Questions Answered159 comments Not too long ago Adobe held a series of expert sessions to address common questions and answers about the Creative Cloud offering, which is new on the scene since the release of CS6 …We took careful notes plus have expanded the content, and thought we’d share with you below what was learned in those sessions from the Adobe Evangelists. If you have any questions at all about the Creative Cloud that are not answered here, just leave them in the comments below and we’ll get answers! [ U PDATE (June 2015) – Adobe’s new CC 2015 app release is out! So all Creative Cloud members will now receive the latest CC versions of the tools in addition to CS6 as described below. ] Topics –What’s in the Creative Cloud, and how does it work? How much does it cost, what plans are available? Why choose Creative Cloud compared to traditional licensing? What happens if I cancel my Creative Cloud membership? Is Internet access required? Do the apps run over the network?" }, { "docid": "D1198996#0", "title": "https://blogs.ancestry.com/ancestry/2015/12/09/more-information-on-family-tree-maker-desktop-software/\nMore Information on Family Tree Maker Desktop Software", "text": "Posted by Kendall Hulet on December 9, 2015 in Australia, Canada, Family Tree Maker, United Kingdom Following the last Family Tree Maker desktop software announcement, we’ve seen your outpouring of comments, questions and the concerns you have raised. I’ve read through many of your comments personally, and I want you to know that we truly value you as customers and your feedback. Here are three key things I’d like to re-assure you of after reading through your comments: We are fully committed to supporting Family Tree Maker through at least theend of 2016 with all available support from member services, including technical issues, product issues, updates and attention to the product. You will be able to use the software, exactly as you do now, including Tree Sync, for at least the next year. We are exploring possible relationships with other desktop software solutions that would make it possible for their products to integrate with Ancestry. We are exploring options to bring more reports and related functionality from Family Tree Maker into the online service. Stay tuned for updates on this over the coming year. We’ve put together an FAQ to address many of the other questions you’ve raised. Our member services team is also available for further questions. What happens to Family Tree Maker at the end of next year?" }, { "docid": "D2253236#0", "title": "http://fitsmallbusiness.com/brochures/\nSmall Business Brochures â Printing, Prices, Design & More!", "text": "Small Business Brochures – Printing, Prices, Design & More!By Jaqueline Thomas on June 16, 2014 \| Marketing, Offline Marketing \| Comments (5)It’s easy to think that in such a digital era, brochures are a vestige of the past. With the advent of business websites, social media, and Internet search engines, is paper marketing really a necessity? To answer this question, think back to the last time you were at a hotel on vacation. Somewhere there, perhaps inside the vending area, was a kiosk filled with brochures. Maybe it caught your eye and you grabbed a few. Even though you could have easily Googled one of those local businesses, the convenience of just simply picking up the brochure coupled with a compelling image on its cover made the whole experience painless, useful, and actually quicker than an Internet search. Create the “Perfect” brochure! You can have a graphic designer from Fiverr put together your brochure for as little as $5. Get Help Click Here to get our FREE Google advertising guide and discover the 6 steps you can use to show up #1 in Google search Table of Contents: Using Brochures for Brand Awareness and Selling How To Design A Brochure Where To Distribute Your Brochures What Your Brochure Should Say How To Create Your Brochure When done correctly, brochures can provide value to your customers and validate your usefulness to them. Whether you use brochures as a mini-catalog of your services, or to provide answers to frequently asked questions, the end result an effective brochure campaign will be a more developed relationship with your customer." }, { "docid": "D178420#0", "title": "https://blog.bufferapp.com/facebook-ads\nThe Complete Guide to Getting Started with Facebook Ads", "text": "\"Advertising The Complete Guide to Getting Started with Facebook Ads Share with Buffer More…-Shares114Comments Written by Kevan Lee Jan 9, 2017 Last updated: Nov 21, 2017 8 minutes to read Understanding how to leverage Facebook Ads is becoming a staple part of almost every social media strategy. And if you want to get your posts seen on Facebook, it’s becoming more and more likely that you’ll have to pay for reach with Facebook Ads. Paid advertising on Facebook seems to be one of the most immediate ways to impact the reach of your content. Though it’s not without its questions. How well does it work? What kind of engagement do you get? And what can you expect for your hard-earned money? In this post, we’ll share with you everything you need to know about Facebook Ads to get your campaigns up and running as well as all we’ve learned from our own experiences. Let’s jump right in…Looking to learn more about Facebook Ads? Check out our complete guide to Facebook Ads here and learn all you need to get started ." }, { "docid": "D3215283#0", "title": "http://www.pcm.com/n/manufacturers-980\n.", "text": "What plans are available for Creative Cloud for teams? Adobe offers two Creative Cloud for teams plans — Complete and Single App. The complete plan offers everything you need to do your best work, including all Creative Cloud apps and services, exclusive business features, 100GB of cloud storage for file sharing and collaboration, Adobe expert support, and centralized admin tools. If you need only one CC product, the single-app plan includes access to the latest version of one CC desktop app of your choice such as Photoshop ® CC or Illustrator ® CC, Behance ® Pro Site, 20GB of cloud storage for file sharing and collaboration, and centralized admin tools. What is included in the Creative Cloud for teams complete plan? The complete plan gives you: The latest version of all CC desktop apps, including Photoshop CC, Illustrator CC, After Effects ® CC, Acrobat ® XI, Lightroom ® 5, and many more as well as updates and upgrades the moment they are released Access to all Creative Cloud services such as Behance Pro Site, Digital Publishing Suite, and Business Catalyst ®100GB of online storage for file sharing and collaboration Two one-on one sessions per year with Adobe expert support Centralized administrative tools to add, manage, and reassign seats What is included in the Creative Cloud for teams single-app plan? The single-app plan gives you: The latest version of one CC desktop app of your choice (such as Photoshop CC or Illustrator CC) and access to all of the other CC apps as a free 30-day trial, as well as updates and upgrades the moment they are released20GB of online storage for file sharing and collaboration Centralized administrative tools to add, manage, and reassign seats Which Creative Cloud desktop apps are available for the single-app plan? The following are available for the single-app plan: Adobe Photoshop CC, Illustrator CC, In Design ® CC, Adobe Muse™ CC, Dreamweaver ® CC, Flash ® Professional CC, Edge Inspect CC, Edge Animate CC, Adobe Premiere ® Pro CC, After Effects CC, Audition ® CC, Speed Grade ® CC, In Copy ® CC, and Prelude ® CC. Can I combine both complete and single-app plans under the same Creative Cloud for teams membership? Yes." }, { "docid": "D2776812#0", "title": "http://poshseller.com/\nReview of the Poshmark Autoshare Bot Companies", "text": "Review of the Poshmark Autoshare Bot Companies March 2, 2018I have tried all the companies that write share bots for Poshmark so you don’t have to. And here is my review…Being a full time Poshmark seller is really a full time job if you want to make money. The potential for profit is phenomenal if you take the right steps. As I’ve mentioned before automation is the biggest key to success on Poshmark. Some may disagree with that fact, but facts are facts and I’ve tried every method there is so you don’t have to. No one has time to share for hours on end. Period. Our focus is needed in other aspects of our closets or even our lives. The bots do the nitty gritty draining task of sharing for us and so much more! I’d be out of business without them." }, { "docid": "D2450764#0", "title": "http://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iosapps/is-ipad-iphone-ios-safe-xcodeghost-what-security-software-need-3453938/\niPhone & iPad security: Why the iOS app XcodeGhost exploit shouldn't concern you", "text": "\"The i Pad and i Phone are said to be more secure than Android, but the latest Xcode Ghost exploit joins November 2014's Wire Lurker and Masque Attack malware threats, September's leaking of celebrity photos stored in i Cloud, February's security flaw and the Find My Phone hijacking scam have concerned many. Can Apple maintain its stance that i OS is secure? We examine the various cases that have begged the question of security on the i OS platform, we look at how to make sure your i Phone or i Pad is secure and ask whether this all this means Apple's i OS isn't secure? By Karen Haslam \| 22 Sep 15In this article we look at some of the security threats that have hit Apple's i OS devices, including Xcode Ghost , Wire Lurker, Masque Attack, the Oleg Pliss ransom case and the SSL flaw. We also discuss what measures you should implement to ensure your device is safe, and we evaluate whether the i Phone and i Pad are safe from malware. According to Apple the i OS platform is completely secure. The company even states that it \"\"designed the i OS platform with security at its core. Keeping information secure on mobile devices is critical for any user, whether they’re accessing corporate and customer information or storing personal photos, banking information, and addresses. Because every user’s information is important, i OS devices are built to maintain a high level of security without compromising the user experience. \"\" As a result, Apple's i Pad and i Phone are generally considered to be safe and secure devices to use, and many confidently claim that i OS is safer than Android." }, { "docid": "D2445051#0", "title": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/ide/whats-new-in-visual-studio\nWhat's New in Visual Studio 2017", "text": "\"Docs Visual Studio What's New in Visual Studio 2017December 4, 2017 19 minutes to read Contributorsall In this article Redefined fundamentals Performance and productivity Cloud app development with Azure Windows app development Mobile app development Cross-platform development Games development AI development Talk to us See Also Updated for the 15.6 release Looking to upgrade from a previous version of Visual Studio? Here's what Visual Studio 2017 can offer you: Unparalleled productivity for any dev, any app, and any platform. Use Visual Studio 2017 to develop apps for Android, i OS, Windows, Linux, web, and cloud. Code fast, debug and diagnose with ease, test often, and release with confidence. You can also extend and customize Visual Studio by building your own extensions. Use version control, be agile, and collaborate efficiently with this release!Here's a high-level recap of the changes we've made since our previous version, Visual Studio 2015: Redefined fundamentals. A new setup experience means that you can install more quickly and install what you want when you need it. Whether you want to load large solutions and projects, or work on folders of code, or even a single file of code, Visual Studio starts faster. And, Visual Studio helps you stay focused on the big picture, especially for teams embracing Dev Ops. Performance and productivity." }, { "docid": "D3033364#0", "title": "https://7pillarsofsellingonline.com/how-to-sell-on-amazon-the-best-kept-secret/\nHow to Sell on Amazon and Make a Living: The 10 Best Kept Secrets", "text": "How to Sell on Amazon and Make a Living: The 10 Best Kept Secrets Updated Tuesday Mar 20, 2018My day job was driving me insane. I knew “someday” that I wanted to own my own business, but I just wasn’t sure what that business would be. I wanted Freedom–Freedom from the daily grind, from the monotony. Begging for time off just wasn’t an enjoyable thing. I worked for a big company and dreaded going to work every day. Sometimes driving out to a client site, I’d think, “what if I just kept driving by and skipped work forever?” I wanted to quit that job so bad. I guess I didn’t have the nerve. I kept showing up each day, in pain because I did not enjoy the work I was doing. Working Smarter Should Mean Earning a Better Income Before owning a business, I felt trapped." }, { "docid": "D2695085#0", "title": "http://www.toptenreviews.com/software/multimedia/best-app-maker-software/\nApp Maker & Development Solutions", "text": "\"The Best App Maker & Development Solutions For 2018There are two primary routes SMB owners can take when they set out to create custom apps. They can either purchase a subscription to app software that allows no-code, template-style app design and quick deployment, or hire an app creation service for a truly custom design. To address the needs of both groups of business shoppers, we tested both types of services and selected the best performers. Under the umbrella of app software, we chose two companies for two different use cases. Appy Pie won our pick for Best App Software for Quick Creation because it's easy to use, affordable, reliable and fast. For beginners and businesspeople who want a fast and inexpensive option that still looks great, Appy Pie is our recommendation. i Build App, while slightly less user-friendly, deserves a mention due to the sheer variety of features and outstanding Company package, which includes the ability to create secure internal apps, so we named it the Best App Software for Companies With Premium Needs. For business owners who want to go the fully custom route and avoid using templates, we identified two excellent companies with different scopes of service. We named Konstant Infosolutions the Best App Creation Service for Startups and SMBs, and Intellectsoft the Best App Creation Service for Enterprise Companies. Both companies technically serve SMBs, but Intellectsoft's broad range of services (many outside the realm of app creation) make it an ideal fit for enterprises, while Konstant Infosolutions' focus on app development is better suited to SMBs." }, { "docid": "D1030139#0", "title": "https://www.barclaycardus.com/app/japply/misc/apple_faq.jsp\n.", "text": "\"How do I get Instant Credit? Apply for the Barclaycard Visa with Apple Rewards Upon approval, you decide how you want to shop: Store.apple.com* - If you are shopping on store.apple.com, your Instant Credit will be available immediately upon approval. Just click the 'Shop Apple' button on your approval page and you will go back to the last page you visited prior to applying. When you are ready to check out and pay for your items, your new account's credit card number will be pre-populated on the payment details page. * Online session will time out after 30 minutes of inactivity Apple Retail Store - If you are in the Apple Retail Store, ask an Apple Specialist to help you complete your purchase. How do I access my Instant Credit? Store.apple.com: Go to the Barclaycard page where you first applied. Click on the \"\"access your credit\"\" link at the bottom of the page. Enter your credentials so we know it's you and click \"\"continue\"\". Continue shopping." }, { "docid": "D1007064#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive\nGoogle Drive", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Google Drive The web version of Google Drive Type of site File hosting service Owner Google LLCWebsite www .google .com /drive /Registration Required Users 800 million (March 2017)Launched April 24, 2012; 5 years ago Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service developed by Google. Launched on April 24, 2012, Google Drive allows users to store files on their servers, synchronize files across devices, and share files. In addition to a website, Google Drive offers apps with offline capabilities for Windows and mac OS computers, and Android and i OS smartphones and tablets. Google Drive encompasses Google Docs, Sheets and Slides, an office suite that permits collaborative editing of documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, forms, and more. Files created and edited through the office suite are saved in Google Drive. Google Drive offers users 15 gigabytes of free storage, with 100 gigabytes, 1 terabyte, 2 terabytes, 10 terabytes, 20 terabytes, and 30 terabytes offered through optional paid plans. Files uploaded can be up to 5 terabytes in size. Users can change privacy settings for individual files and folders, including enabling sharing with other users or making content public. On the website, users can search for an image by describing its visuals, and use natural language to find specific files, such as \"\"find my budget spreadsheet from last December\"\". The website and Android app offer a Backups section to see what Android devices have data backed up to the service, and a completely overhauled computer app released in July 2017 allows for backing up specific folders on the user's computer." }, { "docid": "D2042431#0", "title": "http://realisticweb.com/viral-autobots-review/\n\"Viral Autobots Review: \"\"Luke Maguire From Viral Autobots Makes Bold Claimsâ¦ But Can He Deliver On Those Claims Of Easy Cash From Facebook Fan Pages For YOU? Itâs Time To Find Out Whatâs REALLY Behind The Smoke And Mirrorsâ¦\"\"\"", "text": "\"Viral Autobots Review: \"\"Luke Maguire From Viral Autobots Makes Bold Claims… But Can He Deliver On Those Claims Of Easy Cash From Facebook Fan Pages For YOU? It’s Time To Find Out What’s REALLY Behind The Smoke And Mirrors…\"\"Here’s The Most Comprehensive Viral Autobots Review on the Web: No fluff, no filler – Just what you want and NEED to know! If you are thinking about buying Viral Autobots then this is the most important page you will read this year. There’s no doubt that Facebook is the most popular website to communicate with your social circle, which is why people spend a large amount of time to stay in touch with friends, make new contacts, play online games and join various fan pages and groups of interest. It’s also a fact, that people are making money with fan pages by posting viral content to gain fans and then monetize the content to make sales. But many people who try to make money with fan pages have an issue of finding the right content to attract more fans and getting the organic reach they have been looking for. Another issue is, that searching and posting viral content is really time consuming, which makes making money with fan pages even more difficult. However, Luke Maguire released a new piece of software, called Viral Autobots, which makes all the process of finding that viral content very simple. Now just think about the big impact of being seen by millions of people in your target market for FREE will have on your fan pages and most importantly on YOU!Important Update 01/15/2016: The Autoposting and scheduling features are back again. Luke and his team have worked closely with Facebook to get that feature back." }, { "docid": "D2508439#0", "title": "http://www.2-spyware.com/remove-reimage-virus.html\nReimage virus. How to remove? (Uninstall guide)", "text": "Submit article Subscribe Severity scale: (10/100)Reimage virus. How to remove? ( Uninstall guide)removal by Alice Woods - - 2017-12-07 Also known as Reimage PC Repair, Re-image \| Type: System tools5 comments 2 solved questions 3595 viewsquick solution! Reimage is a tool to detect malware. Free scanner allows you to check whether your PC is infected or not. If you need to remove malware, you have to purchase the licensed version of Reimage malware removal tool. Description About the author References Ask us a question Remove it now Reimage is a tool to detect malware. You need to purchase Full version to remove infections. More information about Reimage. Reimage Repair virus is NOT the right term to describe this program Reimage is a legal and reliable Windows Repair software that can be downloaded from its official website and some third-party sites." }, { "docid": "D2594660#0", "title": "http://www.facebook.com/help/search/?q=What+is+the+Like+button%3F\n.", "text": "105 Articles 2 Community Answers What information does Facebook get when I visit a site with the Like button? If you’re logged into Facebook and visit a website with the Like button, your browser sends us information about your visit... See More Does Facebook receive cookie information when I visit a site with the Like button or ano the r social plugin? If you’ve previously received a cookie from Facebook because you ei the r have an account or have visited facebook.com, your browser sends us information about this cookie when you visit a site with the “ Like ” button or ano the r social plugin... See More How can I see how many people clicked my Page's call-to-action button, mobile phone number, website or address? You can see how many people clicked things on your Page, like your Page's call-to-action button, in Page Insights... See More How do I get the Facebook pixel to fire on a button click on my website? If you'd like your Facebook pixel to fire on specific button clicks, you'll have to update the code to tie an event to an action... See More How do I add a call-to-action button to my Page? Calls to action help drive people from Facebook to take actions that are important to your business (ex: booking appointments at your salon)... See More About the donate button in live video.. See More Why isn't my ad breaks button activating? Why isn't my ad breaks button activating?.. See More When I promote from the Instagram app, what will my promotion look like? When you promote a post from the Instagram app, your post will include a sponsored label in the top-right corner and a call-to-action button ... See More How do social plugins work? Social plugins, like the Like button, the Share button and comments, are tools that let you share your experiences on o the r websites with your friends on Facebook... See More How do I edit my fundraiser settings?.." }, { "docid": "D2026938#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-minimum-viable-product\nWhat is a minimum viable product?", "text": "\"Minimum Viable Product Product Development English Phrase Definitions What is a minimum viable product?ad by Aha!There's a new home for product managers. Connect with thousands of PMs, follow trending topics, and even find your next job. Read More at roadmap.com98 Answers Mikael Cho, Founder/CEO of Unsplash Answered Sep 27, 2016I’m currently CEO of two companies that both started as Minimum Viable Products. One, Crew, was recently valued at $30 million and is growing at 300% year-over-year. Three years ago, it was an email newsletter connected to a Google Doc. The other, Unsplash, started as a $19 Tumblr theme and is now one of the fastest growing photography websites. A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a product that has the minimum set of features to prove the most essential hypothesis in your business. If you're starting with an idea and nothing built, your first goal is to prove that people want what you’re planning to build. A Minimum Viable Product would be what you could build at a minimum to prove that. It sounds obvious." }, { "docid": "D2585605#0", "title": "https://blog.whatsapp.com/\nDeleting Messages for Everyone", "text": "\"Whats App Blog Deleting Messages for Everyone Starting today you can now delete messages you sent by mistake — whether to one person or an entire group. Here's how it works: tap and hold on the message, choose \"\"Delete,\"\" and then \"\"Delete for everyone.\"\" You have seven minutes to delete the message after it's sent. This feature is rolling out for users around the world on the latest versions of i Phone, Android, Windows Phone as well as desktop. Both you and the message recipient must be using the latest version of Whats App for the message to be successfully deleted. You can learn more in our FAQs for Android, i Phone, and Windows Phone. October 31, 2017 Share Tweet Share your live location Today, we’re rolling out a new feature that allows you to share your location in real-time with family or friends. Whether you're meeting up with friends, letting loved ones know you're safe, or sharing your commute, Live Location is a simple and secure way to let people know where you are. This end-to-end encrypted feature lets you control who you share with and for how long. You can choose to stop sharing at any time or let the Live Location timer simply expire." }, { "docid": "D621037#0", "title": "http://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/software/business-and-finance-software/office-2016-1290455/review/2\nOffice 2016 review", "text": "Office 2016 review Office 2016 is colourful, intelligent and cross-platform By Mary Branscombe 2016-11-28T15:09:55.332Z Business and finance software Introduction and latest news Office 2016 review Office Mobile review After 20 years of the Office suite, the question for Office on Windows isn’t just how much more can you do with it – it’s how can you be more effective and more productive with Office? Office 2016 introduced a new look and new tools to help you find features. It makes collaborating and sharing documents and information much easier. It gives businesses more options for securing information, and gives Excel a real update for the first time in years. When Office 2016 first came out, there weren’t a great many major new features to go with that new direction. But since then, month by month, Microsoft has been adding extra features through monthly updates. This shows clearly that the best way for many people to get Office is as a subscription service rather than software you pay for once (although that option is still there, even for mac OS). There are still a confusing number of versions of Office. Office 365 Personal includes the Windows or Mac versions of Word, Excel, Power Point, One Note and Outlook, Publisher and Access for Windows, plus 1TB of One Drive space and Skype credits. Office 365 Home is the same software, for a slightly higher monthly subscription, for five PC or Mac users." } ]
8870	________ is an inherited condition in which red blood cells and hemoglobin molecules do not form properly.	[ { "docid": "D717693#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6440947/chapter-13-the-cardiovascular-system-flash-cards/\nChapter 13: The cardiovascular system", "text": "97 terms rippyro Chapter 13: The cardiovascular systemessentials of A&PLearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Try diagrams on Quizlet!See what you're learning in a whole new way. Browse diagrams Sortcardiovascular system includes the heart, blood, plasma, and blood vesselspulmonary circulation circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and backsystemic circulation circulates from the heart to the body and backarteries carry blood away from the heartveins carry blood to the heartcapillaries where the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products occur at the cellular levelfibrous pericardium the tough membrane that surrounds the heartserous pericardium attaches to the heart and lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium with space between the two forming the pericardial cavityepicardium the outer layer of the heart wall, the same layer as the visceral pericardiummyocardium the middle layer of the heart wall that is made of cardiac muscleendocardium epithelium that lines the heartbase the portion of the heart that is proximal to your headapex the portion of the heart that is distal to your headatria the small upper chambers of the heartventricles the lower chambers of the heartinteratrial septum the name for the wall between the atriainterventricular septum the wall between the ventriclessuperior vena cava the two large veins that bring the blood to the right atrium (blood from the head, neck, chest, and upper extremities)inferior vena cava two large veins that bring the blood to the right atrium (blood from the trunk, organs, abdomen, pelvic region, lower extremities)pulmonary veins large veins that bring blood back to the left atriumpulmonary trunk carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungsaorta carries blood from the left ventricle to the bodyatrioventricular valves (AV) the valves between each atrium and the ventricle on the same sidetricuspid valve valve on the right side of the heartbicuspid (mitral) valve valve on the right side of the heartsemilunar valves valves between the ventricles and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heartpulmonary semilunar valve the semilunar valve on the right sideaortic semilunar valve the semilunar valve on the right sidesystole the contraction of a chamber of the heart, emptying it of blooddiastole the relaxation of a chamber of the heart, filling it with bloodpulmonary arteries the arteries that take the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenatedvasculature network of blood vessels in an organ or body partcoronary arteries The two arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.anastomoses web of interconnected branches of arteries that enable the heart muscle to constantly and fairly consistently receive a rich supply of bloodautorhythmicity synonymous with automaticity, the ability of the heart to beat on its own and create its own impulsessinoatrial (SA) node the primary pacemaker of the heart; generates an electric impulse at approximately 70-80 impulses per minutenodal cells pacemaker cells; specialized cells that not only create an electrical impulse but also create these impulses at a regular intervalatrioventricular (AV) node collection of pacemaker cells that is located at the point where the atria and the ventricles meet; generates electrical impulses of approximately 40-60 bpmp wave first wave on the ekg that represents the pulse generated by the SA node and depolarization of the atria right before they contract QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles that occurs right before the ventricles contract R wave the ventricles begin to contract right after the peak of this wavet wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles where they are at rest before the next contractionatherosclerosis potentially life threatening condition in which plaque (fatty deposits) build up on the inner lining of blood vessels; most of the plaque is cholesterolarteriosclerosis also known as the hardening of the arteries as a result of the thickenin of the interna which causes the involved vessels to become less flexible or even brittlecardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) changes in the parameters of the EKG waves, or the addition of other abnormal types of waves that can indicate health problems that involve the heartalbumin a plasma protein that aids in controlling fluid balancefibrinogen a plasma protein that is a substance needed for blood clottingglobulins plasma proteins that form antibodies that protect us from infection Erythrocytes red blood cells; carry oxygenleukocytes white blood cells; protect us from infectionthrombocytes also known as platelets; aid in clottingneutrophils the most aggressive white blood cells in cases where bacteria attempt to destroy tissue; they are the first white blood cells to a site of infection or injuryphagocytosis process in which neutrophils surround and ingest the invader and attempt to destroy it by utilizing organelles called lysozomes that release powerful enzymeseosinophils utilized to combat parasitic invasion and a variety of body irritants that lead to allergies.basophils involved with allergic reactions by enhancing the body's response to irritants that cause allergies, also secrete heparinheparin chemical secreted by basophils that helps to keep blood from clotting as it courses through the blood vesselshemopoiesis the process by which red blood cells are created by the red bone marrowthrombocytes platelets; smallest of the formed elements and are responsible for the body's ability to clot; they can release seratoninseratonin chemical that can cause smooth muscle to constrict and decrease blood flowagglutination the clumping of molecules or cells caused by an antigen-antibody reaction O blood contain no A or B antigens, but its plasma contain both A and B antibodies; universal donor A blood very common type of blood, no anti-A antibodies in the plasma; does contain anti-B antibodies B blood possess type B self-antigens, and plasma contains type A-antibodies AB blood contains both of the A and B self-antigens with neither A or B antibodies; universal recipient Rh-positive people with the Rh antigen in their blood are said to be this Rh-negative people without the Rh antigen in their blood are said to be thistunica interna the innermost layer of the blood vesselstunica media the middle layer of the blood vesselstunica externa the outermost layer of the blood vesselsfibrin the hairlike form of fibrinogen that is disolved in the blood; it acts as a net catching blood vessels in order to cause a clotthrombus a type of clot that forms in the vascular system of the heart that can partially or totally block blood flow to a portion of the heartfibrinolytic agents thrombolytic agents; drugs that dissolve arterial and venous blood clots and restore blood flow to anoxic tissuesthrombi localized clotsemboli clots that move through the circulatory systemarterioles the smallest form of arteriesperipheral resistance homeostatically way of controlling blood pressure by controlling blood vessel diametercardiac output the amount of blood pumped by the heartstroke volume the amount of blood pumped with each contraction of the heartinotropism force of the hearts contractioncor pulmonale right side heart failurevalvular stenosis the passageway through a heart valve is too small and it restricts the sufficient blood flowvalvular insufficiency the passageway to a heart valve is too large and blood squirts backward into the chamber on contraction Acute myocardial infarction blockage of a coronary artery resulting in the death of myocardial tissuelumen the inside opening of veinsinotropism The intrinsic ability of the heart to contract with a particular intensitycerebrovascular accident also called a stroke; occurs when there is a blockage of blood flow to the braintissue ischemia reduced blood flow to tissues that leads to tissue injury but not tissue deathaneurysm a localized weakened area of a blood vessel wall that may have been caused by a congenital defect, disease, or injurysecondary polycythemia a condition in which chronic low levels of oxygen (due to lung disease or living in high altitudes) cause the body to produce more than normal amounts of erythrocytes to transport more efficiently the decreased oxygen availableprimary polycythemia the same thing as secondary polycythemia, but can be caused by bone marrow canceranemia a blood condition in which there is a less than normal of red blood cells or there is abnormal or deficient hemoglobin, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to tissuessickle cell anemia an inherited condition in which red blood cells and hemoglobin molecules do not form properly. the resultant red blood cells are crescent or sickle shaped and have a tendency to rupture creating a clogging and clotting problemleukemia usually due to bone marrow cancer; a condition in which a higher than normal number of white blood cells are producedleukocytosis exhibits as a situation in which there is a higher than normal production of white blood cells, often when an infection is being foughtleukopenia a condition in which the number of white blood cells is lower than normalhemophilia general term used to describe inherited blood conditions that prohibit or slow down the blood's ability to clotthrombocytopenia condition in which there are fewer than normal circulating platelets" } ]	[ { "docid": "D3375477#0", "title": "https://www.flashcardmachine.com/chapters-9-121.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "\"Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Chapters 9-12Description Everything for Exam 3Total Cards 158Subject Biology Level Undergraduate 1Created 04/02/2008Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Biology Flashcards Cards Term The process of RNA synthesis is called... Definition Transcription Term Information in DNA is carried in... Definitionthe order of the nucleotide bases in one DNA strand. Term Correctly list the items in order of their relative sizesbase pairnucleotidehemoglobin m RNAhemoglobin genecodonpromoterribosomechromosome Definition1. Nucleotide2. Base Pair3. Codon4. Promoter5. Hemoglobin m RNA6." }, { "docid": "D108880#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/121447559/hematology-objectives-mod-4-and-5-flash-cards/\nHematology Objectives Mod 4 and 5", "text": "73 terms tevans13Hematology Objectives Mod 4 and 5Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Define Sideropenic as it relates to Anemia Anemia characterized by deficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis is know as sideropenic anemia. More commonly referred to as Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) Iron deficiency Primarily affects the erythrocyte and devloping central nervous system. Sideropenic anemia is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption or increased bloos loss responds to iron therapy given either orally. or less commonly parenterally. Define the following terms and explain their role in iron metabolism: Transferrin Hemosiderin Ferritin TIBC Transferrin - Plasma iron transport protein that mediates iron exchange between tissues. It is NOT lost in delering iron to the cells but returns to the plasma to be reused. - Transferrin with no iron attached is called apotransferrin. One iron attached is Monoferric transferrin and if both binding sites are used its called Diferric transferrin Hemosiderin - Is a hertogeneous aggregate of carbohydrate, lipid, protein and iron." }, { "docid": "D825126#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Blood_physiology\nHuman Physiology/Blood physiology", "text": "\"< Human Physiology The latest reviewed version was checked on 4 November 2017. There is 1 pending change awaiting review.navigation search← The Muscular System — Human Physiology — The cardiovascular system →Homeostasis — Cells — Integumentary — Nervous — Senses — Muscular — Blood — Cardiovascular — Immune — Urinary — Respiratory — Gastrointestinal — Nutrition — Endocrine — Reproduction (male) — Reproduction (female) — Pregnancy — Genetics — Development — Answers Contents1 Overview of Blood1.1 Gaseous Exchange2 Blood Composition2.1 Plasma makeup2.2 Red Blood Cells2.2.1 Overview2.2.2 Functions2.3 White Blood Cells2.3.1 Functions2.4 Platelets3 Hemostasis (Coagulation or Clotting)4 ABO Group System4.1 Surface Antigens4.2 Inheritance4.3 Compatibility in Blood/Plasma Transfusions4.3.1 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn5 Diseases of the Blood5.1 Von Willebrand Disease5.2 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation5.3 Hemophilia5.4 Factor V Leiden5.5 Anemia5.6 Sickle cell5.7 Polycythemia5.8 Leukemia6 Glossary7 Review Questions Overview of Blood [ edit]The primary function of blood is to supply oxygen and nutrients as well as constitutional elements to tissues and to remove waste products. Blood also enables hormones and other substances to be transported between tissues and organs. Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue malfunction. Blood is also involved in maintaining homeostasis by acting as a medium for transferring heat to the skin and by acting as a buffer system for bodily p H. The blood is circulated through the lungs and body by the pumping action of the heart. The right ventricle pressurizes the blood to send it through the capillaries of the lungs, while the left ventricle re-pressurizes the blood to send it throughout the body. Pressure is essentially lost in the capillaries, hence gravity and especially the actions of skeletal muscles are needed to return the blood to the heart. Blood circulation from the heart to the lungs. Gaseous Exchange [ edit]Oxygen (O 2) is the most immediate need of every cell and is carried throughout the body by the blood circulation. Oxygen is used at the cellular level as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (the primary method of generating ATP for cellular reactions)." }, { "docid": "D1164021#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/transport-of-gases-in-human-bodily-fluids/\nTransport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids", "text": "Transport of Oxygen in the Blood The majority of oxygen in the body is transported by hemoglobin, which is found inside red blood cells. Learning Objectives Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues Key Takeaways Key Points Hemoglobin is made up of four subunits and can bind up to four oxygen molecules. Carbon dioxide levels, blood p H, body temperature, environmental factors, and diseases can all affect oxygen’s carrying capacity and delivery. A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin is observed with an increase in carbon dioxide and temperature, as well as a decrease in p H within the body. Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are two hereditary diseases that decrease the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. Key Termsthalassemia: an inherited disorder in which the person produces a high number of red blood cells, but the cells have lower levels of hemoglobinsickle cell anemia: a hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shapeheme: the component of hemoglobin responsible for binding oxygen; consists of an iron ion that binds oxygen and a porphyrin ring that binds the globin molecules; one molecule binds one molecule of oxygen Transport of Oxygen in the Blood Although oxygen dissolves in blood, only a small amount of oxygen is transported this way. Only 1.5 percent of oxygen in the blood is dissolved directly into the blood itself. Most oxygen, 98.5 percent, is bound to a protein called hemoglobin and carried to the tissues. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin, or Hb, is a protein molecule found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) made of four subunits: two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. Each subunit surrounds a central heme group that contains iron and binds one oxygen molecule, allowing each hemoglobin molecule to bind four oxygen molecules." }, { "docid": "D3076854#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/science/blood-disease/Hypochromic-microcytic-anemias\nHypochromic microcytic anemias", "text": "Hypochromic microcytic anemias Hypochromic microcytic anemias, characterized by the presence in the circulating blood of red cells that are smaller than normal and poorly filled with hemoglobin, fall into two main categories. The first is a result of a deficiency of iron, and the second is a result of impaired production of hemoglobin; in either case there is an inadequate amount of the final product in the red cell. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia throughout the world. Iron is required for hemoglobin formation; if the supply is insufficient to produce normal quantities of hemoglobin, the bone marrow ultimately is forced to produce cells that are smaller than normal and poorly filled with hemoglobin. Iron is derived from the diet and absorbed in the intestinal tract. Once in the body, it is retained and used over and over again, only minimal amounts being lost through shedding of cells from the skin and the exposed membranes and, in the female, through normal menstruation. In the adult the body content is approximately 3.7 grams of iron, of which more than half is hemoglobin. In the male there is virtually no further need for iron. Deficiency results if the dietary supplies of iron are insufficient to meet the needs; if absorption is faulty, as in malabsorption disorders; or if blood loss is occurring. Common causes of iron deficiency are excessive menstrual loss in women and bleeding peptic ulcer in men." }, { "docid": "D63524#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin/page4.htm\nHemoglobin (Low and High Range Causes)", "text": "\"What is hemoglobin? Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Hemoglobin is made up of four protein molecules (globulin chains) that are connected together. The normal adult hemoglobin (abbreviated Hgb or Hb) molecule contains two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains. In fetuses and infants, beta chains are not common and the hemoglobin molecule is made up of two alpha chains and two gamma chains. As the infant grows, the gamma chains are gradually replaced by beta chains, forming the adult hemoglobin structure. Each globulin chain contains an important iron-containing porphyrin compound termed heme. Embedded within the heme compound is an iron atom that is vital in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in our blood. The iron contained in hemoglobin is also responsible for the red color of blood. Hemoglobin also plays an important role in maintaining the shape of the red blood cells." }, { "docid": "D1100560#0", "title": "http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/200853-overview\nHemoglobin C Disease", "text": "Drugs & Diseases > Hematology Hemoglobin C Disease Updated: Jan 19, 2017Author: Bryan A Mitton, MD, Ph D; Chief Editor: Emmanuel C Besa, MD more... Share Email Print Feedback Overview Hemoglobin C (Hb C) is one of the most common structural hemoglobin variants in the human population. Persons with hemoglobin C trait (Hb AC) are phenotypically normal, with no clinically evident limitations or symptoms, while those with hemoglobin C disease (Hb CC) may have a mild degree of hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and borderline anemia. Although the clinical complications of hemoglobin C disease are not severe, inheritance with other hemoglobinopathies such as hemoglobin S may have significant consequences, and genetic counseling and anticipatory guidance play an important role in providing care for these individuals. Pathophysiology Hemoglobin C (Hb C) is a structural variant of normal hemoglobin A (Hb A) caused by an amino acid substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position six of the beta hemoglobin chain. Hb C is less soluble than Hb A in red cells, likely from electrostatic interactions between positively charged β6-lysyl groups and negatively charged groups on adjacent molecules. Crystal formation may result, leading to increased blood viscosity and cellular rigidity, and shortened red cell survival. Unlike sickle cell disease, Hb C does not cause linear intracellular polymerization upon encountering intravascular areas of low oxygen tension [ 1]. Thus, while there is evidence for reduced red cell deformability associated with the Hb C variant (see below), vaso-occlusion does not occur. Both the heterozygous and homozygous states may induce red cell dehydration (xerocytosis), and an elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) may be noted on a complete blood count. A number of studies suggest that Hb C protects against malaria, providing a selective evolutionary advantage to people who express this hemoglobin variant in regions where this disease is endemic. A large case-control study in Burkina Faso found a strong association between resistance to clinical malaria and presence of the Hb C variant in both the heterozygous and the homozygous state. [" }, { "docid": "D370380#0", "title": "https://www.emedicinehealth.com/anemia/article_em.htm\nAnemia", "text": "Anemia Facts Anemia Causes More Anemia Causes Anemia Symptoms When to Seek Medical Carefor Anemia Anemia Diagnosis Anemia Self-Care at Home Anemia Treatment Anemia Medications Anemia Surgery Anemia Follow-up Anemia Prevention Anemia Prognosis Anemia Facts Readers Comments 2 Share Your Story Anemia describes the condition in which the number of red blood cells in the blood is low. For this reason, doctors sometimes describe someone with anemia as having a low blood count. A person who has anemia is called anemic. Blood is comprised of two parts: a liquid called the plasma and a cellular part. The cellular part contains several different cell types. One of the most important and the most numerous cell types are red blood cells. The other cell types are the white blood cells and platelets. Only red blood cells are discussed in this article. The purpose of the red blood cell is to deliver oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Red blood cells are produced through a series of complex and specific steps." }, { "docid": "D1331989#0", "title": "http://the-medical-dictionary.com/aplastic_anemia_article_5.htm\n.", "text": "Anemia From Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, 4/6/01 by Paula Ford-Martin Definition Anemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Description The tissues of the human body need a regular supply of oxygen to stay healthy. Red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin that allows them to deliver oxygen throughout the body, live for only about 120 days. When they die, the iron they contain is returned to the bone marrow and used to create new red blood cells. Anemia can develop when heavy bleeding causes significant iron loss. It also occurs when something happens to slow down the production of red blood cells or to increase the rate at which they are destroyed. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. Over 400 different types of anemia have been identified. Many of them are rare. More common anemia types include:iron deficiency anemiafolic acid deficiency anemiavitamin B12 deficiency anemiavitamin C deficiency anemiaautoimmune hemolytic anemiahemolytic anemiasickle cell anemiaaplastic anemiaanemia of chronic disease Causes & symptoms Anemia is caused by bleeding, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction." }, { "docid": "D920814#0", "title": "http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/thalassemias.html\n.", "text": "\"Kids Health / For Parents / Alpha Thalassemia What's in this article? Listenen español Alfa talasemia Thalassemias Thalassemias are a group of blood disorders that affect the way the body makes hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It's made up of alpha globin and beta globin. The body contains more red blood cells than any other type of cell, and each has a life span of about 4 months. Each day, the body produces new red blood cells to replace those that die or are lost from the body. With thalassemia, the red blood cells are destroyed at a faster rate, leading to anemia, a condition that can cause fatigue and other complications. Thalassemias are inherited conditions — they're carried in the genes and passed on from parents to children. People who are carriers of a thalassemia gene show no thalassemia symptoms and might not know they're carriers. If both parents are carriers, they can pass the disease to their kids." }, { "docid": "D3052124#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thalassemia/symptoms-causes/dxc-20261829\nOverview", "text": "Print Overview Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells in your body than normal. Hemoglobin is the substance in your red blood cells that allows them to carry oxygen. The low hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells of thalassemia may cause anemia, leaving you fatigued. If you have mild thalassemia, you may not need treatment. But if you have a more severe form of the disorder, you may need regular blood transfusions. You can also take steps on your own to cope with fatigue, such as choosing a healthy diet and exercising regularly. Symptoms Thalassemia signs and symptoms may include: Fatigue Weakness Pale or yellowish skin Facial bone deformities Slow growth Abdominal swelling Dark urine Several types of thalassemia exist, including alpha-thalassemia, thalassemia intermedia and Cooley anemia. The signs and symptoms you experience depend on the type and severity of your condition. Some babies show signs and symptoms of thalassemia at birth, while others may develop them during the first two years of life. Some people who have only one affected hemoglobin gene don't experience any thalassemia symptoms." }, { "docid": "D2295166#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/9977172/trna-and-mrna-flash-cards/\ntrna and mrna", "text": "110 terms mnw5475 PLUStrna and mrnadna Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort DNA-DNA: what and where? replication, nucleus DNA-m RNA: what and where? transcription, nucleus DNA-t RNA: what and where? translation, ribosomet in t RNA stands for... ... TRANSFERm in m RNA stands for... ... MESSENGERhow many chromosomes 23, 46base pairs: 40,000, 2 meters longgenes 100,000molecules of hemoglobin 100 trillionkinds of amino acids 20rna vs dna: 3 vs uracil vs thymine, ribose vs deoxyribose, single strand vs double strand... molecules of hemoglobin per sec. are made in bone marrow 100 trillionhemoglobin takes...to every cell in body oxygenhuman genome project- people gave peices of human DNA and figured out the map of codes of DNA (road map of DNA)enzyme- a protein that does somethingallele- a different form of the same genec- ga- t or ut- ag- cu- adna splits and... comes and makes a copy replacing all t's with u's m RNAthe...goes to the ribosome and the... comes and matches with it m RNA, t RNAcodon- in m RNA, every three letters is a codonanticodon in t RNA every three letters is an anticodonhypotonic cell swells; water goes inhypertonic cell shrinks; water goes outactive transport how a protein lets starch in cell; also low to high concentrationosmosis difusion; high to low concentration- refers to a celliodine tests for: starchglucose tester turned...when in contact with glucose greenbody is always trying to achieve= homeostasiswhen talking about hypotonic or hypertonic it's not talking about...it's talking about... cell, environmentglucose formula; C,6,H,12,O,6starch formula; C,2000,H,10000,O,5000iodine tests for; starchdihybrid is... Bd Eethe extra chromosome for down syndrome is on the... chromosome 216 important elements; Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen4 organic compounds; nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, and lipids2 types of proteins; structural and functionalan example of a structural protein is... enzymereplication happens during... interfasehow many genes? 10,000interfase: begins as one cell- longest period of complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide and proteins are actively producedprophase: nucleus fades-chromatin condenses into chromosomes-each replicated chromosome comprises 2 chromatids- both with same genetic info- microtubles of the cytoskeleton (responsible for cell shape)disassemble-building blocks of these microtubles are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the chromosomesmetaphase tension applied by spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one place at the center of the cellanaphase spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores seperate, and the chromatdis are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell polestelophase the daughter chromosomes (chromatids)arrive at the cell poles and the spindle fibers that have pulled them apart disappeargenes are: made up of DNA, control the traits that show up in an orginism, are found on chromosomes, have different forms called alleles Gregor Mendel: is the father of genetics, lived in Europe in the 1800s, expieriemented with peas, determined the basic laws of geneticsalleles: are forms of a gene, are the subject of genetics, can be dominant or recessivepunnett square are used to predict results in genetics, represents the genotypes of offspring that can result from the combination of alleles from two parentsa genotype of an organism is its genetic makeup, determines its phenotypea recessive factor can seem to disappear in a generation of organismsan organism that is heterozygous for a trait has two different alleles for a traitwhen both alleles of a gene are expressed in the offspring, the condition is called incomplete dominancean example of incomplete dominance is a white allele and a red allele in a plant producing pink flowersbecause alleles A and B for blood type are inherited by incomplete dominance, a person with genotype AB would have the phenotype ABBecause alleles A and B are both dominant and the O allele is recessive, a person with phenotype O would have genotype OOA person with phenotype O blood could not be the parent of an offspring with phenotype...blood ABA group of genes acts together to produce a single trait. Polygenic or multiple allele? polygenic One trait is controlled by more than two alleles of a gene." }, { "docid": "D1813580#0", "title": "http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=10&pid=10&gid=000058\n.", "text": "\"• In-Depth Reports Home• Printer-friendly version In This Report• Highlights• Introduction• Causes• Risk Factors• Symptoms• Complications• Prognosis• Diagnosis• Treatment• Treatment of Complications...• Prevention and Lifestyle Ch...• Resources• References Related Reports• Pneumonia Sickle cell disease Highlights What is Sickle Cell Disease? Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. In sickle cell disease, the hemoglobin in red blood cells clumps together. This causes red blood cells to become stiff and C-shaped. These sickle cells block blood and oxygen flow in blood vessels. Sickle cells break down more rapidly than normal red blood cells, which results in anemia. What Causes Sickle Cell Disease? Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder. People who have sickle cell disease are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. If one normal hemoglobin gene and one sickle cell gene are inherited, a person will have sickle cell trait." }, { "docid": "D617875#0", "title": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hemoglobin_levels/page5_em.htm\nHemoglobin", "text": "\"What Is Hemoglobin? How Is a Hemoglobin Test Measured? What Are Normal Hemoglobin Values? What Does Low Hemoglobin Mean? What Does High Hemoglobin Mean? What Is Anemia and What Are Its Symptoms? What Is Hemoglobin S for Sickle Cell Disease? What Is Thalassemia? What Is the Hemoglobin A1c Test? What Is Hemoglobin?" }, { "docid": "D292162#0", "title": "https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hemoglobin_levels/article_em.htm\nHemoglobin", "text": "\"What Is Hemoglobin? How Is a Hemoglobin Test Measured? What Are Normal Hemoglobin Values? What Does Low Hemoglobin Mean? What Does High Hemoglobin Mean? What Is Anemia and What Are Its Symptoms? What Is Hemoglobin S for Sickle Cell Disease? What Is Thalassemia? What Is the Hemoglobin A1c Test? What Is Hemoglobin?" }, { "docid": "D2105282#0", "title": "http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/methemoglobinemia/overview.html\nMethemoglobinemia", "text": "Search Health 3,000+ Topics Send Feedback Health > Times Health Guide > m > Methemoglobinemia Methemoglobinemia Overview Alternative Names Causes Symptoms Exams and Tests Treatment Outlook (Prognosis)Possible Complications When to Contact a Medical Professional Prevention References Related Topics Hemoglobin Illustrations Blood Cells Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin -- a form of hemoglobin -- is produced. Hemoglobin is the molecule in red blood cells that distributes oxygen to the body. Methemoglobin cannot release oxygen. In methemoglobinemia, the hemoglobin is unable to release oxygen effectively to body tissues. Reference from A. D. A. M. Back to Top Alternative Names Hemoglobin M disease; Erythrocyte reductase deficiency; Generalized reductase deficiency Back to Top Causes Methemoglobinemia may be passed down through families (inherited or congenital). Or, it may be caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or foods (acquired). There are two forms of inherited methemoglobinemia. The first form is passed on by both parents. The parents usually do not have the condition themselves, but they carry the gene that causes the condition. It occurs when there is a problem with an enzyme called cytochrome b5 reductase." }, { "docid": "D1976524#0", "title": "http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/normal_phiz/classes_stud/en/stomat/2%20course/2%20Cycle%20Physiology%20of%20blood/01%20physiology%20of%20blood,%20leukocytes,%20blood%20types.htm\n.", "text": "Physiology of red blood cells. Flow properties of blood. Age peculiarities of the blood system. The primary function of blood is to supply oxygen and nutrients as well as constitutional elements to tissues and to remove waste products. Blood also enables hormones and other substances to be transported between tissues and organs. Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue malfunction. Blood is also involved in maintaining homeostasis by acting as a medium for transferring heat to the skin and by acting as a buffer system for bodily p H. The blood is circulated through the lungs and body by the pumping action of the heart. The right ventricle pressurizes the blood to send it through the capillaries of the lungs, while the left ventricle re-pressurizes the blood to send it throughout the body. Pressure is essentially lost in the capillaries, hence gravity and especially the actions of skeletal muscles are needed to return the blood to the heart. Blood is a fluid tissue of human body, classified as a tissue of inner environment." }, { "docid": "D1434403#0", "title": "http://www.health.am/encyclopedia/more/hemoglobin_ss_disease_hb_ss/\nHemoglobin SS disease (Hb SS)", "text": "Hemoglobin SS disease (Hb SS)Mar 17, 2005 Viewed: 558Alternative names Anemia - sickle cell; Sickle cell anemia; Sickle cell disease Definition Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the red blood cells, normally disc-shaped, become crescent shaped. As a result, they function abnormally and cause small blood clots. These clots give rise to recurrent painful episodes called “sickle cell pain crises. ”Causes, incidence, and risk factors Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin (oxygen carrying molecule) called hemoglobin S. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait - that is, it occurs in someone who has inherited hemoglobin S from both parents. Someone who inherits hemoglobin S from one parent and normal hemoglobin (A) from the other parent will have sickle cell trait. Approximately 8% of African Americans have sickle cell trait. Someone who inherits hemoglobin S from one parent and another type of abnormal hemoglobin from the other parent will have another form of sickle cell disease, such as sickle cell-b 0 thalassemia, hemoglobin SC disease, or sickle cell-b + thalassemia. Someone with sickle cell trait or these forms of sickle cell disease will usually have no symptoms or only mild ones. However, some of these conditions can cause symptoms similar to sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease is much more common in certain ethnic groups, affecting approximately one out of every 500 African Americans." }, { "docid": "D73399#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Biochemistry/Amino_acids_and_proteins\nPrinciples of Biochemistry/Amino acids and proteins", "text": "\"< Principles of Biochemistrynavigation search Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group (NH 2 ), a carboxylic acid group (R-C=O-OH) and a side-chain ( usually denoted as R) that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are particularly important in biochemistry, where the term usually refers to alpha-amino acids. Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form in a biologically functional way. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine—and in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable complexes." }, { "docid": "D1083082#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/25661617/chapter-18-cardiovascular-system-blood-flash-cards/\nChapter 18 Cardiovascular System: Blood", "text": "\"142 terms dididimples Chapter 18 Cardiovascular System: Blood Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sortcardiovascular system composed of the heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular)arteries transport blood away from the heartveins transport blood to the heartcapillaries permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins. serve as the sites of exchange between the blood and body tissues; it is from them that oxygen and nutrients exit the blood, and CO2 and cellular waste enter the blood.blood is the specialized fluid that is transported through the cardiovascular system. composed of formed elements and plasmaformed elements erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. make up approx. 45% of whole blooderythrocytes aka red blood cells. the most numerous of formed elements. they transport respiratory gases in the blood. have anucleate cells and appear pink or pale purple, bioconcave discsvery small, flexible cells, with a diameter of approximately 7.5 µm. lacks a nucleus and cellular organelles. composed of a plasma membrane within which are housed about 280 million hemoglobin molecules." } ]
8880	________ is the critical process of establishing a relationship between the officer and the suspect.	[ { "docid": "D2800251#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/118910340/chapter-3-flash-cards/\nChapter 3", "text": "\"32 terms conchitaf Chapter 3Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortsurveillance refers to the various methods of gathering information. Various phases are used to describe the intelligence function of gathering information. These phases are divided into four separate functions. Criminal intelligence is the term for information gathered through surveillance methods CIA Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is the highest-ranking intelligence agency in the U. S. government and is responsible for providing national security intelligence to policy makers. knowledge of a past, present, or future criminal activity that results from the collection of information that, when evaluated, provides a useful tool for making decisions. Strategic intelligence plays a role in the investigation of crimes by providing the investigator with a tool for long-range planning. It provides information regarding the capabilities and intentions of the target subjects. Tactical intelligence targets criminal activity considered to be of immediate importance to the investigator and can furnish information about individuals, organizations, and different types of criminal activity." } ]	[ { "docid": "D674409#0", "title": "http://www.policemag.com/blog/swat/story/2007/12/whos-in-charge.aspx\nWho's In Charge?", "text": "\"Who's In Charge? Establish clear policies to put tactical experts in command of SWAT operations. Confusion causes injury and death. December 13, 2007 \| by Robert O'Brien - Also by this author The question of who's in charge during SWAT operations continues to be widely interpreted and debated 40 years after SWAT was first introduced. On the surface, it seems the answer would be obvious: the chief or sheriff is ultimately in charge of all operations occurring in his or her agencies, but delegates the authority for SWAT operations to a field commander. In some agencies, the field commander is determined by rank, not expertise—not the optimum situation. In some agencies, the field commander is also the SWAT commander—an ideal situation that tightens command and control. From SWAT's beginning, the most widely accepted interpretation of who's in charge is that once a situation has been turned over to SWAT, the SWAT Commander is in charge of all tactics. This is simple, effective, and works in theory, but not always in the real world where the human element is a factor. Red Light, Green Light Early in SWAT, the buzzword was \"\"green light,\"\" meaning authorization for use of force by SWAT." }, { "docid": "D989160#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition\nSpanish Inquisition", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Spanish Inquisition (disambiguation). Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Spain Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición Spanish Inquisition Seal for the Tribunal in Spain Type Type Tribunal under the election of the Spanish monarchy, for upholding religious orthodoxy in their realm History Established 1 November 1478Disbanded 15 July 1834Seats Consisted of a Grand Inquisitor, who headed the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition, made up of six members. Under it were up to 21 tribunals in the empire. Elections Voting system Grand Inquisitor and Suprema designated by the crown Meeting place Spanish Empire Footnotes See also: Medieval Inquisition Portuguese Inquisition Mexican Inquisition The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Spanish: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición ), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition ( Inquisición española ), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition. The \"\"Spanish Inquisition\"\" may be defined broadly, operating \"\"in Spain and in all Spanish colonies and territories, which included the Canary Islands, the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, and all Spanish possessions in North, Central, and South America. According to modern estimates, around 150,000 were prosecuted for various offenses during the three centuries of duration of the Spanish Inquisition, out of which between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed. The Inquisition was originally intended primarily to identify heretics among those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. The regulation of the faith of newly converted Catholics was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. [" }, { "docid": "D1947564#0", "title": "http://mynmhc.org/provider-roles-responsibilities.aspx\nProvider Roles and Responsibilities", "text": "Provider Handbook Provider Roles and Responsibilities Primary Care Overview NMHC values the relationship between a patient and their Primary Care Practitioner (PCP) and believes access to PCPs is critical for the overall well-being of our members. The PCP plays a critical role in care management and the success of members who are encouraged to be engaged in their own health care maintenance and wellness. In our continuing efforts to offer affordable health care coverage, NMHC will work with our practitioners and members to avoid uncoordinated, episodic care by encouraging close relationships between the member and the PCP, and offering readily accessible preventive health care services and treatment. NMHC will also ensure that members with chronic health care needs have the information they need to manage their conditions. Primary Care Practitioner Selection NMHC encourages members to select a PCP within 30 days of enrollment onto one of our plans. NMHC will monitor for members that have not selected a PCP and conduct an outreach to the member to encourage PCP selection as soon as possible. Members are encouraged to call their intended PCP office and to establish with the PCP through a new patient visit. NMHC’s network of PCPs includes practitioners in the fields of family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics, including physician assistants and nurse practitioners practicing primarily in these areas of medicine. Other practitioners, such as OB/GYNs, may be considered for designation as PCPs if their scope of practice includes all aspects of primary care and they elect to practice in the role of a PCP. PCP designation for other specialists must be approved by the NMHC Medical Director." }, { "docid": "D84362#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/31451915/chapter-6-flash-cards/\nChapter 6", "text": "\"46 terms abth0901Chapter 6Criminal Justice Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort3 different aras of policing 1st era 1930s-First period, the political era, was characterized by close ties between police and public officials. It began in the 1840s and ended around 1930s. Throughout the period, American police agencies tended to serve the interests of powerful politicians and their cronies, while providing public-order mintenance services almost as an afterthought.2nd era 1930s-1970s- The reform era, characterized by resources on solving \"\"traditional\"\" crimes, such as murder, rape, and burglary, and on capturing offenders.3rd and final era which is just beginning-is the era of community problem solving. The problem-solving approach to police work stresses the service role of police officers and envisions a partnership between police agencies and their communities.3 types of policing styles Watchman style (political era), 2. the legalistic era style (professional crime fighting. 3. the service style. These three styles, taken together, characterize nearly all municipal law enforcement agencies now operating in this country, although some departments are a misture of two or more styles. The watchman style of Policing Are primarily concerned with achieving a goal that Wilson calls \"\"order maintencance\"\". The see their job as one of controlling illegal and disruptive behavior." }, { "docid": "D1232777#0", "title": "https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/asa/ocio/cybersecurity/pii-breach-response-team-policy/index.html\nPersonally Identifiable Information (PII) Breach Response Team (BRT) Policy", "text": "\"Personally Identifiable Information (PII) Breach Response Team (BRT) Policy November 17, 2008HHS-OCIO-2008-0001.003Policy for Responding to Breaches of Personally Identifiable Information (PII)Table of Contents Nature of Changes.1. Purpose.2. Background.3. Scope.4. Policy.4.1 Establishing a HHS BRT.4.2 Breach Assessment4.3 Breach Response.4.4 Breach Notification.5. Roles and Responsibilities.5.1 HHS Responsible Organizations.5.2 All Employees and Contractors.5.3 HHS Information Security and Privacy Program..5.4 HHS BRT.6. Applicable Laws and Guidance.7. Information and Assistance.8. Effective Date/Implementation.9. Approved." }, { "docid": "D3043027#0", "title": "http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol3is1/perceptions.html\n.", "text": "\"Copyright © 1995 Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture All rights reserved. ISSN 1070-8286Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 3 (1) (1995) 1-20PERCEPTIONS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: Television Imagery and Public Knowledge in the United Statesby Connie L. Mc Neely Department of Sociology University of California, Santa Barbara [email protected] Abstract Research has suggested that a majority of people in the United States receive much of their impressions and knowledge of the criminal justice system through the media, especially through entertainment television viewing. Drawing on this work, a programmatic research approach based on three primary strategies in selected substantive areas is developed for in depth inquiry and study of what people actually know, or think they know, about the criminal justice system. First, longitudinal content and discourse analyses of top-rated television programs, in which the main themes and protagonists are concerned with various dimensions of crime and law enforcement, are considered in order to obtain a general perspective on portrayals of the criminal justice system over time in the entertainment medium. The second line of inquiry involves national survey research on the viewing of related television programs, along several dimensions, with questions pertaining to perceptions of the legal system and an understanding of its operation. These strategies are then combined into a third for an interactive examination of the problem, proposing a somewhat different and compelling investigation of the relationship between law and society, with important theoretical and empirical implications for cultural, political, and criminal justice studies in general. [ End page 1]Our examinations within the sociology of law and related criminal justice studies tend to be concerned, to varying degrees, with the autonomy of the criminal justice system, or aspects of it, as socially determinant (or vice versa) and how it functions (or is supposed to function); we tend to primarily study the features that characterize law enforcement and the legal system. However, I would like to pose a slightly different issue than is usually addressed in this area of study. I suggest that we look more specifically at perceptions of criminal justice and law enforcement and the way in which it penetrates social life and social thinking (cf. Lempert and Sanders 1986) -- that is, not necessarily how the criminal justice system actually works, but rather how people think that it works, whether accurate or not." }, { "docid": "D3306556#0", "title": "https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154431.htm\nU.S. Department of State", "text": "\"Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report April 8, 2011This is the basic text view. SWITCH NOW to the new, more interactive format. Italy is a multiparty parliamentary democracy with a population of approximately 60 million. The bicameral parliament consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The constitution vests executive authority in the Council of Ministers, headed by the president of the council (the prime minister). The president, who is the head of state, nominates the prime minister after consulting with the leaders of all political forces in the parliament. International observers considered the 2008 national parliamentary elections free and fair. Security forces reported to civilian authorities. Principal human rights problems were lengthy pretrial detention; excessively long court proceedings; violence against women; trafficking in persons; and reports of negative attitudes and harassment of gays, lesbians, Roma, and other minorities. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTSSection 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From:a." }, { "docid": "D3069069#0", "title": "http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/apr/03/relations_between_media/\nRelations between media and law enforcement have changed since 1959", "text": "\"Advertisement Tony Jewell was sitting in church one Sunday morning in November 1959 when he got a call from KIUL Radio Station, where he worked. He was to cover a tragedy reported at the Clutter farm in Holcomb. \"\" I didn't know what happened,\"\" said Jewell, a longtime Garden City, Kan., resident. But when he arrived at River Valley Farm, he found the driveway blocked and started at a run up the lane to the house. He was the first reporter to arrive, and he met Finney County Sheriff Earl Robinson and Under Sheriff Wendle Meier, who told him about the murders of Herb, Bonnie, Nancy and Kenyon Clutter. Before the bodies were even removed, the law enforcement officials let Jewell enter the house and walk room to room as they explained about the crimes and where each person was killed. \"\" It was unbelievable -- a gruesome sight,\"\" he said. \"\" I spent an hour or more at the Clutter home that morning. Then it was my duty to hustle back to the station and deliver the information to listeners. \"\" Jewell was able to walk around a quadruple murder scene because law enforcement officials trusted him enough to share what they knew." }, { "docid": "D2354206#0", "title": "http://per.lacity.org/psb/lapd_recruit1.htm\nLOS ANGELES POLICE OFFICER MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS *", "text": "\"To go directly to a subject, select from the dropdown field below: LAPD Recruitment Brochure Online LOS ANGELES POLICE OFFICER MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS *IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOU CAREFULLY READ THESE REQUIREMENTS Failure to meet any of these requirements will result in your disqualification from the Police Officer Examination. AGEYou must be 20 years of age at the time of application and 21 years of age by police academy graduation. EDUCATIONGraduation from a U. S. High School, G. E. D. or equivalent from a U. S. institution, or a California High School Proficiency Examination (CHSPE) certificate. A two- or four-year college degree from an accredited U. S. or foreign institution may be substituted for the high school requirement. CITIZENSHIP (Revised 10/2005)The City of Los Angeles requires that a Police Officer candidate be a United States citizen, or that a non-citizen be a permanent resident alien who, in accordance with the requirements of the U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), is eligible and has applied for citizenship. During the selection process, each non-citizen will be required to prove that USCIS accepted his/her application for citizenship prior to the date the Police Officer written test was taken. California State law requires that citizenship be granted within three years after the employment application date. For information regarding citizenship requirements, please contact the U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) of the Federal Government. BACKGROUNDPolice Officers are responsible for protecting and serving the public and are entrusted with substantial authority to carry out these responsibilities. The public has the right to expect that such authority is given only to those individuals who have demonstrated by their conduct that they will use the authority given to them in the public’s best interests." }, { "docid": "D3353830#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/9177125/lgci-chapter-4-flash-cards/\nLGCI- Chapter 4", "text": "\"105 terms tbuck361LGCI- Chapter 4Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Try diagrams on Quizlet!See what you're learning in a whole new way. Browse diagrams Sort Henry v US It is the command of the 4th Amendment that no warrants for either searches or arrest shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 45The laws of the US relating to arrest have developed over centuries and are based primarily on the common law of England. 46Under common law a peace officer of private person could make an arrest if he or she had reasonable grounds to believe that a felony had been committed. 46At common law, an arrest could be made for an offense less than a felony only if crime was committed in the officers presence. 46Atwater v City of Lago Vista the Court concluded that the 4th amendment does not forbid a warrantless arrest for a minor criminal offense, such as a misdemeanor seatbelt violation that is only punishable by fine. 46Ker v California held that arrest by state and local police officers are to be judged by the same constitutional standards that apply to federal government. 47State statutes have one element of arrest in common that a peace officer may arrest under the authority of an arrest warrant./// while the wording may be different all states authorize an officer to make an arrest when he or she has reasonable grounds to believe that the person whom he or she is about to arrest has committed a felony. 49Virginia v Moore Court has recently held that so long an arrest is based on probable cause, it does not violate the 4th Amendment even if the arrest is barred under state law. 49Arrest can have many definitions but Arrest is a term that eludes precise definition." }, { "docid": "D3384929#0", "title": "https://www.ffiec.gov/bsa_aml_infobase/pages_manual/OLM_101.htm\nAPPENDIX A: BSA LAWS AND REGULATIONS", "text": "\"Bank Secrecy Act Anti-Money Laundering Examination Manual Backward \| Table of Contents \| Forward APPENDIX A: BSA LAWS AND REGULATIONSStatutes12 USC 1829b, 12 USC 1951–1959, and 31 USC 5311, et seq. — “ The Bank Secrecy Act”12 USC 1818 (s) — “Compliance with Monetary Recordkeeping and Report Requirements” Requires that the appropriate federal banking agencies shall prescribe regulations requiring insured depository institutions to establish and maintain procedures reasonably designed to assure and monitor the compliance of such depository institutions with the requirements of the BSA. In addition, this section requires that each examination of an insured depository institution by the appropriate federal banking agency shall include a review of the procedures, and that the report of examination shall describe any problem with the procedures maintained by the insured depository institution. Finally, if the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an insured depository institution has either 1) failed to establish and maintain procedures that are reasonably designed to assure and monitor the institution’s compliance with the BSA; or 2) failed to correct any problem with the procedures that a report of examination or other written supervisory communication identifies as requiring communication to the institution’s board of directors or senior management as a matter that must be corrected, the agency shall issue an order requiring such depository institution to cease and desist from the violation of the statute and the regulations prescribed thereunder. Sections 1818 (b) (3) and (b) (4) of Title 12 of the USC extend section 1818 (s) beyond insured depository institutions.12 USC 1786 (q) — “Compliance with Monetary Recordkeeping and Report Requirements” Requires that the NCUA Board prescribe regulations requiring insured credit unions to establish and maintain procedures reasonably designed to assure and monitor the compliance of such credit unions with the requirements of the BSA. In addition, this section requires the NCUA Board to examine and enforce BSA requirements. Regulations U. S. Treasury/Fin CEN31 CFR Parts 1000-1099 — \"\"Financial Recordkeeping and Reporting of Currency and Foreign Transactions\"\" Sets forth Fin CEN regulations that promulgate the BSA. Select provisions are described below.31 CFR 1010.100 — \"\"Meaning of Terms\"\" Sets forth the definitions used throughout 31 CFR Chapter X.31 CFR 1025.320 — \"\"Reports by Insurance Companies of Suspicious Transactions\"\" Sets forth the requirements for insurance companies to report suspicious transactions of $5,000 or more.31 CFR 1020.320 — “Reports by Banks of Suspicious Transactions” Sets forth the requirements for banks to report suspicious transactions involving or aggregating $5,000 or more.31 CFR 1010.311 — \"\"Reports of Transactions in Currency\"\" Sets forth the requirements for financial institutions to report currency transactions in excess of $10,000. Includes 31 CFR 103.22 (d) — “Transactions of Exempt Persons,” which sets forth the requirements for financial institutions to exempt transactions of certain persons from currency transaction reporting requirements.31 CFR 1010.340 — \"\"Reports of Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments\"\" Sets forth the requirements for filing a Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments (CMIR).31 CFR 1010.350 — \"\"Reports of Foreign Financial Accounts” Sets forth the requirement that each person having a financial interest in, or signature or other authority over, a financial account in a foreign country must file a report with the IRS annually.31 CFR 1010.306 — \"\"Filing of Reports\"\" Sets forth the filing and recordkeeping requirements for CTRs, CMIRs, and Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR).31 CFR 1010.312 — \"\"Identification Required\"\" Sets forth the requirement that financial institutions verify the identity of persons conducting currency transactions in excess of $10,000.31 CFR 1010.415 — \"\"Purchases of Bank Checks and Drafts, Cashier’s Checks, Money Orders, and Traveler’s Checks\"\" Sets forth the requirements that financial institutions maintain records relating to purchases of monetary instruments with currency in amounts between $3,000 and $10,000, inclusive.31 CFR 1010.420 — \"\"Records to Be Made and Retained by Persons Having Financial Interests in Foreign Financial Accounts\"\" Sets forth the requirement that persons having a financial interest in, or signature or other authority over, financial account in a foreign country maintain records relating to foreign financial bank accounts reported on an FBAR.31 CFR 1020.410 — \"\"Records to Be Made and Retained by Financial Institutions\"\" Sets forth recordkeeping and retrieval requirements for financial institutions, including funds transfer recordkeeping and transmittal requirements.31 CFR 1020.410 — \"\"Additional Records to Be Made and Retained by Banks\"\" Sets forth additional recordkeeping requirements for banks.31 CFR 1010.430 — \"\"Nature of Records and Retention Period\"\" Sets forth acceptable forms of records required to be kept and establishes a five-year record-retention requirement.31 CFR 1022.380 — \"\"Registration of Money Services Businesses\"\" Sets forth the requirements for money services businesses to register with the U. S. Treasury/Fin CEN.31 CFR 1010.820 — \"\"Civil Penalty\"\" Sets forth potential civil penalties for willful or negligent violations of 31 CFR Chapter X.31 CFR 1010.840 — \"\"Criminal Penalty\"\" Sets forth potential criminal penalties for willful violations of 31 CFR Chapter X.31 CFR 1010.314 — \"\"Structured Transactions\"\" Prohibits the structuring of transactions to avoid currency transaction reporting requirement.31 CFR 1010.520 — \"\"Information Sharing Between Federal Law Enforcement Agencies and Financial Institutions\"\" Establishes procedures for information sharing between federal law enforcement authorities and financial institutions to deter terrorist activity and money laundering.31 CFR 1010.540 — \"\"Voluntary Information Sharing Among Financial Institutions\"\" Establishes procedures for voluntary information sharing among financial institutions to deter terrorist activity and money laundering.31 CFR 1021.100 — \"\"Anti-Money Laundering Program Requirements for Financial Institutions Regulated by a Federal Functional Regulator or a Self-Regulatory Organization, and Casinos\"\" Establishes, in part, the standard that a financial institution regulated only by a federal functional regulator satisfies statutory requirements to establish an AML program if the financial institution complies with the regulations of its federal functional regulator governing such programs.31 CFR 1020.220 — \"\"Customer Identification Programs for Banks, Savings Associations, Credit Unions, and Certain Non-Federally Regulated Banks\"\" Sets forth the requirement for banks, savings associations, credit unions, and certain non-federally regulated banks to implement a written Customer Identification Program.31 CFR 1025.210 — \"\"Anti-Money Laundering Programs for Insurance Companies\"\" Sets forth the requirement for insurance companies that issue or underwrite \"\"covered products\"\" to develop and implement a written AML program that is reasonably designed to prevent the insurance company from being used to facilitate money laundering or financing of terrorist activity.31 CFR 1010.610 — \"\" Due Diligence Programs for Correspondent Accounts for Foreign Financial Institutions\"\" Sets forth the requirement for certain financial institutions to establish and apply a due diligence program that includes appropriate, specific, risk-based, and, where necessary, enhanced policies, procedures, and controls that are reasonably designed to enable the financial institution to detect and report known or suspected money laundering activity conducted through or involving any correspondent account established, maintained, administered, or managed by the financial institution in the United States for a foreign financial institution.31 CFR 1010.630 — \"\"Prohibition on Correspondent Accounts for Foreign Shell Banks; Records Concerning Owners of Foreign Banks and Agents for Service of Legal Process\"\" Prohibits a covered financial institution from establishing, maintaining, administering, or managing a correspondent account in the United States for or on behalf of a foreign shell bank, and requires the financial institution to maintain records identifying the owners of foreign financial institutions and regarding a person resident in the United States who is authorized to and has agreed to be an agent to receive service of legal process.31 CFR 1010.620 — \"\"Due Diligence Programs for Private Banking Accounts\"\" Sets forth the requirement for certain financial institutions to establish and maintain a due diligence program that includes policies, procedures, and controls that are reasonably designed to detect and report any known or suspected money laundering or suspicious activity conducted through or involving any private banking account that is established, maintained, administered, or managed in the United States for a non-U. S. person.31 CFR 1010.670 — \"\"Summons or Subpoena of Foreign Bank Records; Termination of Correspondent Relationship\"\" Requires a financial institution to provide foreign financial institution records upon the request of an appropriate law enforcement official and to terminate a correspondent relationship with a foreign financial institution upon receipt of written notice from the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury or the U. S. Attorney General. \"\" Certification Regarding Correspondent Accounts for Foreign Banks\"\"." }, { "docid": "D1586901#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/20703879/us-government-and-politics-flash-cards/\nU.S. Government and Politics", "text": "\"910 terms cgrubbs985U. S. Government and Politicsgovernment composed of the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policypublic policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over societyanarchy lack of governmentautocracy rule by oneabsolute monarchy type of autocracy; ruler gains power through inheritance; there are no restrictions to the ruler's powerconstitutional monarchy type of autocracy; ruler gains power through inheritance; formal restrictions limit power, often restricting the monarch to ceremonial statusdictatorship type of autocracy; ruler seizes power, keeps power by force and restricts opposition to regime; no restrictions on ruler's poweroligarchy rule by fewaristocracy type of oligarchy; rule by the elite, usually determined by social status or wealththeocracy type of oligarchy; rule by religious leadersdemocracy rule by the peopledirect democracy type of democracy; citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issuesrepresentative democracy type of democracy; citizens choose officials (representatives) who make decisions about public policy; the system in place in most \"\"democratic\"\" nationstraditional democratic theory government depends on the consent of the governed, which may be given directly or through representatives; may include criteria for the measure of \"\"how democratic\"\"pluralist theory interest groups compete in the political arena, with each promoting its policy preferences through organized efforts; conflict among groups may result, requiring bargaining and compromise (Robert Dahl)elite theory a small number of powerful elite (corporate leaders, top military officers, government leaders) form an upper class, which rules in its own self-interest (C. Wright Mills)bureaucratic theory the hierarchical structure and standardized procedures of modern government allow bureaucrats, who carry out the day-to-day workings of the government, to hold the real power over public policy (Max Weber)hyperpluralism democracy is a system of many groups having so much strength that government is often \"\"pulled\"\" in numerous directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness Magna Carta (1215) the first attempt to limit the power of the British monarch Parliament the lawmaking body of Britain Petition of Right (1628) extends the protection of the Magna Carta to include commoners; monarch's power is limited further English Bill of Rights (1689) an agreement between Parliament and King William and Queen Mary to prevent future monarchs from abusing their powerssocial contract idea created by John Locke; a voluntary agreement between the government and the governed John Locke enlightenment thinker responsible for \"\"Two Treatises on Civil Government\"\" and the theories of the social contract and natural rightsnatural rights thought of by John Locke; life, liberty, and propertylimited government belief that government is not all-powerful; government has only those powers given to itpopular sovereignty the people are the source of government's powerseparation of powers power is separated among three branches of government; each has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other two brancheschecks and balances each branch is subject to restraints by the other two branchesfederalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states Marbury v. Madison (1803) court case that established the concept of judicial reviewjudicial review the people who serve as judges and the times in which they serve affect how courts interpret laws; first established in \"\"Marbury v. Madison\"\"delegated powers expressed, or enumerated powers, those specifically given to the national government (Articles I-V)implied powers although not expressed, powers that may be reasonably inferred from the constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 - Necessary and Proper Clause Necessary and Proper Clause ... Civil liberties constitutional freedoms (speech, assembly, religion). guaranteed to all citizens. Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law Clear and present danger doctrine judicial interpretation of Amendment 1 that govt. may not ban speech unless such speech poses an imminent threat to society De facto segregation segregation \"\"by fact\"\"De jure segregation segregation by law Double jeopardy being prosecuted twice for the same offense. Banned by Amendment 5Due process clause prohibits the national government (5th Amendment) and states (14th Amendment) from denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law Equal protection clause 14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination Eminent domain the right of government to take private property for the public good. Fair compensation must be paid to the owner of such property. Establishment clause Provision of Amendment 1 that prohibits Congress from est. an official state religion. Basis for separation of church and state. Exclusionary rule Supreme Court guideline that excludes the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial Free exercise clause Provision of Amendment 1 stating that Congress may prohibit the free exercise of religion Grandfather clause Southern laws that excluded blacks from exercising suffrage by restricting the right to vote only to those whose grandfathers had voted before 1865." }, { "docid": "D1180724#0", "title": "http://majorgivingnow.org/design/organization.html\n.", "text": "\"Successful major giving efforts result from collaboration among an organization's management, its professional development staff, and leadership volunteers. If any one of these three elements is missing, the program will not reach its full potential. Thus, it is critical at the outset that all three players understand their roles and responsibilities and respect those of the others. Roles and Responsibilities Attributes of Successful CEOs Attributes of Successful Major Giving Officers Attributes of a Successful Development Program Defining Success Importance of Volunteers Volunteer Organization — Community Licensees Volunteer Organization — Institutional Licensees Identify, Recruit, and Evaluate Leadership Volunteers Strengthening the Station's Firewall Roles and Responsibilities The CEO, Board volunteers, and senior development staff work together to strategize, design, implement, and evaluate the major giving program. Like most aspects of station operations, all staff share responsibility for their pieces of the puzzle that make the program successful. Each staff member shares the responsibilities of championing the case for support for the station, stewardship for the services provided to the community, and engagement with the listeners, members, community partners, and donors. An additional aspect of this responsibility, in line with philanthropy and major-giving cultivation, are opportunities for engagement with prospective listeners, members, community partners, and donors who are intentionally engaged. The General Manager/CEO: Personifies the organization and, through stewardship activities, gives donors the assurance that their gifts will be wisely spent. In partnership with the Development Team, the CEO sets the overall vision and strategy for the major-giving program. As part of LFP, the CEO receives coaching, support, and access to resources to help them frame their vision, invest resources, shape, infrastructure, and begin the early stages of implementation of the major giving program." }, { "docid": "D235931#0", "title": "http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/ccap/cc/jcchb/HTML/chap_7.html\nChapter 7: Protests, Claims, Disputes, and Appeals", "text": "Chapter 7: Protests, Claims, Disputes, and Appeals Table of Contents Key Points Introduction Protests Protests at GAOCCO Protest Response Procedures Agency Report to GAOClaims Mitigation of Claims Disputes and Appeals Contract Settlements and Alternative Dispute Resolution Additional References Key Points The contingency contracting environment does not reduce or relieve the contractor’s right to protest, dispute, or submit claims, including appealing decisions. After receipt of a protest, the contingency contracting officer (CCO) needs to act quickly and contact the supporting legal counsel. To avoid time-consuming disputes and litigation, the CCO should strive to resolve contract performance issues by mutual agreement with the contractor. A CCO may be able to take simple, proactive actions to resolve disagreements between contractors and government team members. Resolve issues before they become full-blown protests, disputes, or claims and litigation when possible. Proper documentation is critical in protecting the rights of the government. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures should be added to contracts. CCOs must review and understand the requirements in Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 33 and should be familiar with local acquisition instructions (AIs) and standard operating procedures (SOPs) that may exist to provide tailored guidance for the respective contingency location. Back to Top Introduction Contingency environments are not immune from protests, claims, disputes, and appeals. These can be complicated, and CCOs need to understand how to handle them to avoid work stoppage and unneeded delays." }, { "docid": "D2221818#0", "title": "https://www.ffiec.gov/bsa%5Faml%5Finfobase/pages_manual/OLM_097.htm\nBusiness Entities (Domestic and Foreign) â Overview", "text": "\"Bank Secrecy Act Anti-Money Laundering Examination Manual Backward \| Table of Contents \| Forward Business Entities (Domestic and Foreign) — Overview Objective. Assess the adequacy of the bank’s systems to manage the risks associated with transactions involving domestic and foreign business entities, and management’s ability to implement effective due diligence, monitoring, and reporting systems. The term \"\"business entities\"\" refers to limited liability companies, corporations, trusts, and other entities that may be used for many purposes, such as tax and estate planning. Business entities are relatively easy to establish. Individuals, partnerships, and existing corporations establish business entities for legitimate reasons, but the entities may be abused for money laundering and terrorist financing. Domestic Business Entities All states have statutes governing the organization and operation of business entities, including limited liability companies, corporations, general partnerships, limited partnerships, and trusts. Shell companies registered in the United States are a type of domestic 293 business entity that may pose heightened risks. 294 Shell companies can be used for money laundering and other crimes because they are easy and inexpensive to form and operate. In addition, ownership and transactional information can be concealed from regulatory agencies and law enforcement, in large part because most state laws require minimal disclosures of such information during the formation process. According to a report by the U. S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), law enforcement officials are concerned that criminals are increasingly using U. S. shell companies to conceal their identity and illicit activities." }, { "docid": "D2935125#0", "title": "https://www.hsaj.org/articles/147\nA Domestic Intelligence Agency for the United States? A Comparative Analysis of Domestic Intelligence Agencies and Their Implications for Homeland Security", "text": "A Domestic Intelligence Agency for the United States? A Comparative Analysis of Domestic Intelligence Agencies and Their Implications for Homeland Security Posted on June 2007James Burch ABSTRACT: The intelligence community has attempted to refocus to track terrorists that use unconventional means — a more complex task. This complexity is compounded by terrorist disregard for borders, laws, and transnational financing. As a result, the U. S. has attempted to change its concept of domestic intelligence through enactment of legislation and other initiatives. There is uncertainty whether these initiatives have resulted in better intelligence. The challenge for developing domestic intelligence capabilities centers on establishing them within a larger framework, to ensure information sharing and to implement oversight mechanisms to protect civil liberty. Organizational mechanisms, information sharing, and oversight are the critical components. An alternative is to create a domestic intelligence agency. This article examines the issues of instituting such an agency. It assesses the intelligence organizations of countries that possess democratic institutions — the United Kingdom, Australia, and India." }, { "docid": "D785964#0", "title": "https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder\nSerial Murder", "text": "Serial Murder Serial Murder View printable version (pdf)Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime Critical Incident Response Group Federal Bureau of Investigation Editor Robert J. Morton Supervisory Special Agent Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Co-Editor Mark A. Hilts Unit Chief Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Contributors Leonard G. Johns Unit Chief Behavioral Analysis Unit-3 Federal Bureau of Investigation Timothy G. Keel Major Case Specialist Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Steven F. Malkiewicz Supervisory Special Agent Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation James J. Mc Namara Supervisory Special Agent Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Kirk R. Mellecker Major Case Specialist (Retired) Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Mary Ellen O’Toole Supervisory Special Agent Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation David T. Resch Unit Chief Behavioral Analysis Unit-1 Federal Bureau of Investigation Mark Safarik Supervisory Special Agent (Retired) Federal Bureau of Investigation Armin A. Showalter Supervisory Special Agent Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Rhonda L. Trahern Supervisory Special Agent Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Table of Contents Message from the Director Acknowledgments Foreword National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime I. Introduction II. Definition of Serial Murder III. Causality and the Serial Murderer IV. Psychopathy and Serial Murder V. Motivations and Types of Serial Murder: The Symposium Model VI. Investigative Issues and Best Practices VII. Forensic Issues in Serial Murder Cases VIII. Prosecution of Serial Murder Cases IX. Media Issues in Serial Murder Investigations X. Issues Regarding Talking Heads in the Media Epilogue Appendix A: Symposium Agenda Appendix B: Serial Murder Symposium Working Group Appendix C: Symposium Attendees Message from Director Mueller Every day, law enforcement officers across America are called to respond to murders. Each homicide case is tragic, but there are few cases more heartrending and more difficult to understand than serial murder. For years, law enforcement investigators, academics, mental health experts, and the media have studied serial murder, from Jack the Ripper in the late 1800s to the sniper killings in 2002, and from the “Zodiac Killer” in California to the “BTK Killer” in Kansas." }, { "docid": "D2216846#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/31026887/policing-in-america-ch-1011121314-flash-cards/\npolicing in america ch. 10,11,12,13,14", "text": "\"82 terms Ahmad_Hameedullahpolicing in america ch. 10,11,12,13,14Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sortimpetus for change isolation from important segments of community. research undermined traditional police management. police role is complex citizens as co-producers of police services not enough police trainingthe broken windows theory james Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, argue, is a sign that nobody cares about the appearance of the property.social disorder includes such issues as public drinking, street corner gangs, street harassment, street level drug sale and use, noisy neighbors, and commercial sex.physical disorder includes such problems as vandalism, dilapidation and abandonment of buildings, and rubbish.community partnership collaborative relationship between the police and the communitycoproducers of crime control and prevention a 2 way working relationship between the community and the policeconsultation community meetings between the police and the public, serves 4 functions. 1. it provides a forum for citizens to express their problems and needs. 2. it allows the police to educate citizens about crime and disorder in their community. 3. it allows citizens to express complaints involving the police and." }, { "docid": "D516721#0", "title": "https://www.justice.gov/archive/crs/pubs/pdexcess.htm\nPOLICE USE OF EXCESSIVE FORCE", "text": "\"Community Relations Service U. S. Department of Justice POLICE USE OF EXCESSIVE FORCEA CONCILIATION HANDBOOK FOR THE POLICE and THE COMMUNITYJune 1999 (Updated June 2002)Community Relations Service The Community Relations Service (CRS) is a U. S. Department of Justice agency created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to help resolve community racial conflict through non-coercive, third party intervention. CRS is called upon to assist communities to resolve disputes arising from alleged police use of excessive force. As a result, agency conciliators have developed extensive experience with the issues involved in those incidents. When the parties request, CRS conducts formal negotiations to determine whether the differences between the police and the community can be resolved. In addition to formal negotiations, CRS provides a wide range of informal assistance that attempts to keep communications open among the affected parties and to facilitate a mutually acceptable resolution of the conflict. CRS offers its services either upon request or on its own initiative, when is threat of disruption to peaceful community relations. The Community Relations Service (CRS) is headquarted in Washington, D. C., and has offices in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle. Assistance may be requested from any of these offices. Preface Community disturbances resulting from the police use of excessive or deadly force continue to plague many American communities. Law enforcement is an important societal function and its effectiveness is hampered when tensions exist between the police department and the public it serves." }, { "docid": "D2125426#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/115904382/poop-stick\nInstructorâs Manual/Test Bank", "text": "\"Instructor’s Manual/Test Bankto accompany Wasserman’s The Basics of American Politics Eleventh Edition Larry Elowitz Georgia College and State University New York Boston San Francisco London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank to accompany Wasserman, Basics of American Politics, Eleventh Edition Copyright ©2004 Pearson Education All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Instructors may reproduce portions of this book for classroom use only. All other reproductions are strictly prohibited without prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. ISBN: 0-321-18837-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-DPC –06 05 04 03 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 What is Politics? The Constitution: Rules of the Game The Executive Branch: The President and Bureaucracy The Legislative Branch: Congress The Judicial Branch: The Supreme Court and the Federal Court System Civil Rights and Liberties: Protecting the Players Voters and Political Parties Interest Groups and the Media Who Wins, Who Loses: Pluralism Versus Elitism 1 16 36 58 82 101 123 145 166 CHAPTER ONE What is Politics? CHAPTER OVERVIEW This initial chapter introduces and defines politics and applies it to America's government. In Lasswell's famous definition, politics is \"\"the process of who gets what, when, and how.\"\" In other words, the text's definition of politics \"\"centers on actions among a number of people involving influence” (note the opening example of the student-professor classroom interaction). The concepts of power (the ability to influence another's behavior), elites (those who get more than others of the values society has available), legitimacy (the acceptance of something as right), and authority (a legitimate, efficient form of power) are discussed." } ]
8883	________ is the genetic material for all cellular organisms.	[ { "docid": "D91641#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)\nCell (biology)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the term in biology. For other uses, see Cell (disambiguation). Cell Onion ( Allium cepa) root cells in different phases of the cell cycle (drawn by E. B. Wilson, 1900)A eukaryotic cell (left) and prokaryotic cell (right)Identifiers Me SH D002477TH H1.00.01.0.00001FMA 68646Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]Structure of an animal cell The cell (from Latin cella, meaning \"\"small room\"\" [1]) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the \"\"building blocks of life\"\". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. [ 2] Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals ). [ 3] While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10 13) cells. [ 4] Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres. [" } ]	[ { "docid": "D2333290#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/document/338490301/OCR-GCSE-Gateway-Biology-B-Specification-2018-J257\nGCSE (9-1", "text": "GCSE (9-1) Specification TWENTY FIRST CENTURY SCIENCE BIOLOGY B J257 For first assessment in 2018In partnership withocr.org.uk/gcsec21biology Registered office: We will inform centres about any changes to the specifications. We will also 1 Hills Road publish changes on our website. The latest version of our specifications will Cambridge always be those on our website (ocr.org.uk) and these may differ from CB1 2EU printed versions. OCR is an exempt charity. Copyright © 2015 OCR. All rights reserved. Copyright OCR retains the copyright on all its publications, including the specifications. However, registered centres for OCR are permitted to copy material from this specification booklet for their own internal use. Oxford Cambridge and RSA is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England." }, { "docid": "D1148280#0", "title": "http://science.nd.edu/undergraduate/course-descriptions/biological-sciences-courses/\nBiological Sciences Courses", "text": "\"Home > Undergraduate > Course Descriptions > Biological Sciences Courses Biological Sciences Courses For specific questions regarding undergraduate course offerings in biology, please contact the Department of Biology or consult the Undergraduate Bulletin of Information 2015-2016. BIOS 10098. Introductory Biology (3-3-4)Students receiving a 5 on the Biology AP I examination or an IB grade of 7, receive credit fully equivalent to BIOS 10161 + 11161 and BIOS 10162 + 11162, i.e., the first year sequence of Biological Sciences I and II with laboratories designed for science majors. For those students who choose not to waive AP or IB credit, BIOS 10098 and 10099 combined will be accepted as a prerequisite for all upper-level biology courses where BIOS 10161 and/or BIOS 10162 are the prerequisites. Students intending to apply to medical or other professional schools where AP science credit is not accepted, or where two semesters of general biology with laboratories at the college level are required, almost universally waive their AP credit at Notre Dame and take the classes for academic degree credit. In these cases, BIOS 10098/10099 will revert to non-degree credit on their final transcript, when replaced by 8.0 letter-graded degree credits of either BIOS 10161/11161 + 10162/1116201/21201 + 20202/21202 as determined by the requirements of their respective majors. BIOS 10099. Introductory Biology II (3-3-4)Students receiving a 5 on the Biology AP examination or an IB grade of 7, receive credit fully equivalent to BIOS 10161 + 11161 and BIOS 10162 + 11162, i.e., the first year sequence of Biological Sciences I and II with laboratories designed for science majors. For those students who choose not to waive AP or IB credit, BIOS 10098 and 10099 combined will be accepted as a prerequisite for all upper-level biology courses where BIOS 10161 and/or BIOS 10162 are the prerequisites. Students intending to apply to medical or other professional schools where AP science credit is not accepted, or where two semesters of general biology with laboratories at the college level are required, almost universally waive their AP credit at Notre Dame and take the classes for academic degree credit." }, { "docid": "D1007517#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Decidual+cells\ncell", "text": "\"cell (redirected from Decidual cells) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Wikipedia. Related to Decidual cells: decidual reaction, Chorionic villicell:see battery, electricbattery, electric,device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of a group of electric cells that are connected to act as a source of direct current...... Click the link for more information..cell,in biology, the unit of structure and function of which all plants and animals are composed. The cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of integrating the essential lifeprocesses. There are many unicellular organisms, e.g., bacteriabacteria [pl. of bacterium], microscopic unicellular prokaryotic organisms characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Once considered a part of the plant kingdom, bacteria were eventually placed in a separate kingdom, Monera...... Click the link for more information.and protozoansprotozoan, informal term for the unicellular heterotrophs of the kingdom Protista. Protozoans comprise a large, diverse assortment of microscopic or near-microscopic organisms thatlive as single cells or in simple colonies and that show no differentiation into tissues...... Click the link for more information., in which thesingle cell performs all life functions. In higher organisms, a division of labor has evolved in whichgroups of cells have differentiated into specialized tissuestissue, in biology, aggregation of cells that are similar in form and function and the intercellular substances produced by them. The fundamental tissues in animals are epithelial,nerve, connective, and muscle tissue; blood and lymph are commonly classed separately as vascular..... Click the link for more information.," }, { "docid": "D1499730#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_cells\nEvolution of cells", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search See also: Abiogenesis Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor Key topics [show]Processes and outcomes [show]Natural history [show]History of evolutionary theory [show]Fields and applications [show]Social implications [show]Evolutionary biology portal Category Book Related topicsv t e This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. ( June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Evolution of cells refers to the evolutionary origin and subsequent evolutionary development of cells. Cells first emerged at least 3.8 billion years ago. [ 1] [2] [3]Contents [ hide ]1 The first cells2 Community metabolism3 Genetic code and the RNA world4 Canonical patterns5 Using genomics to infer early lines of evolution6 Quotes7 References8 Further reading9 External links The first cells [ edit]Life timelineview • discuss • edit-4500 —–-4000 —–-3500 —–-3000 —–-2500 —–-2000 —–-1500 —–-1000 —–-500 —–0 —water Single-celled lifephotosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land animals Land plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers← Earliest Earth ( −4540)← Earliest water← Earliest life← LHB meteorites← Earliest oxygen← Atmospheric oxygen← Oxygen crisis← Earliest sexual reproduction← Ediacara biota← Cambrian explosion← Earliest humans P h a n e r o z o i c P r o t e r o z o i c A r c h e a n H a d e a n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternaryice ages Axis scale: million years Also see: Human timeline and Nature timeline Main articles: Abiogenesis and Earliest known life forms The origin of cells was the most important step in the evolutionary theory of life on Earth. The birth of the cell marked the passage from pre-biotic chemistry to partitioned units resembling modern cells. The final transition to living entities that fulfill all the definitions of modern cells depended on the ability to evolve effectively by natural selection. This transition has been called the Darwinian transition. If life is viewed from the point of view of replicator molecules, cells satisfy two fundamental conditions: protection from the outside environment and confinement of biochemical activity. The former condition is needed to keep complex molecules stable in a varying and sometimes aggressive environment; the latter is fundamental for the evolution of biocomplexity." }, { "docid": "D1305498#0", "title": "https://www.microscopemaster.com/eukaryotes.html\nEukaryotes VS Prokaryotes Cell Structure and Differences Under the Microscope", "text": "Eukaryotes VS Prokaryotes Cell Structure and Differences Under the Microscope Literally meaning to possess a “true nucleus,” eukaryotes consist of animals and plants. Clearly seen under a microscope, the enclosed nucleus separates these cells from prokaryotes; in addition, eukaryotic cells also contain organelles. Cell Theory Whether prokaryotes, eukaryotes or protists , four points apply to all types of cells: All organisms contain one or more cells All cells come from pre-existing cells All life functions occur within the boundaries of cells All cells contain genetic material needed to regulate cell function and pass this information to new cells German scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann are accredited with the basics of cell theory, which was later expanded by Rudolf Virchow; many other scientists have offered contributions, refining cell theory as the instruments used to study cells advanced over the decades. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes –Similarities? Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells differ structurally as well as in the way they replicate. However, it’s important to note the chemical similarities – reactions that enable cell life. Both types of cells use and/or contain: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids All types of cells must make and store energy to survive. Chemical reactions aid in the ability to metabolize food and build proteins; whether autotrophic or heterotrophic, cells need amino acids (proteins) and energy (glucose/ATP) to maintain structure and carry out a range of functions that include cell replication. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes – Major Differences Even though at a most elemental level, all cells require the same functions to survive, the significant differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes include structure and replication process. Most noteworthy is the lack of nucleus in bacteria and archaean – the two types of prokaryote cells; prokaryotes: Are almost all unicellular Do not contain any membrane-enclosed organelles Replicate via process of binary fission Lack histones in their DNAIn addition, the presence of rods, spheres or spirals aid in the identification of the three main types of prokaryotic bacteria." }, { "docid": "D2253168#0", "title": "http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter4.html\nInside the Cell", "text": "\"Chapter 4: Cellular Reproduction: Multiplication by Division By Kirstie Saltsman\"\"It is not a simple life to be a single cell, although I have no right to say so, having been a single cell so long ago myself that I have no memory at all of that stage of my life.\"\" — Lewis Thomas (1913–1993) author, biologist, physician TED SALMONEach of us began as a single cell. This cell couldn't move, think, see, or do things like laugh and talk. But the one thing it could do, and do very well, was divide—and divide it did. The lone cell became two, and then four, then eight and so on, in time becoming the amazing person that is you. Think of how far you've come. You can laugh at a joke, stand on your head, read a book, eat an ice cream cone, hear a symphony, and do countless other things. In this chapter, we will discuss how cells divide, a topic that has fascinated scientists since they first observed it through a microscope more than 100 years ago. Scientists can actually watch cells divide under the microscope, and they have been able to figure out the rules of division by carefully observing the process, much as someone could gradually learn the rules of a game like football or chess by watching it played repeatedly. But you don't need your own microscope to see cells dividing." }, { "docid": "D374444#0", "title": "http://www.scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=3316\n.", "text": "\"Viruses fascinate me. How is that they are not living organisms? Do you have an idea how did they evolve from other organisms? I was thinking that they probably evolved from the mitochondria, is it possible? Question Date: 2012-05-02Answer 1: Viruses are not classified as being alive because they don’t have their own machinery for reproducing. They can only take over the machinery of cells, turning them into virus factories. But not everyone agrees with this system. Someone might say, “Hey, parasites need to reproduce inside other organisms, but they’re alive.” That would be a reasonable argument for saying that viruses are a form of life. I tell my students that people like to make nice neat categories, but the natural world almost never fits into them." }, { "docid": "D246778#0", "title": "http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/cell-structure.html\nCell Structure", "text": "\"Cell Structure A Review of All Cell Organelles Through Q&As Cell Theory1. What is cell theory? Cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of living organisms. Before the discovery of the cell, people were unaware that living organisms were made of building blocks like cells. Cell theory is one of the basic theories of biology. More Bite-Sized Q&As Below2. Are there living organisms without cells? Viruses are considered the only living organisms that do not have cells. Viruses are made up of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein capsule. They do not have membranes, cell organelles, or own metabolism.3." }, { "docid": "D2251627#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6943096/ch-4-flash-cards/\nCH 4", "text": "\"101 terms miriblue18CH 4Biol TEST 2 Ch 4Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Prokaryotic cells do not contain endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotic cells do not contain internal membranes. The organelles that are part of the internal membrane system of eukaryotic cells are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Prokaryotic cells are very small, usually less than 5 mm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells process a single molecule of circular DNA, but no definable membrane-enclosed nucleus. Prokaryotic DNA is organized into a region known as a nucleoid. Which organelle would you expect to be in abundance in the liver of a drug addict? Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) because the enzymes for detoxification of drugs and alcohol are housed in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum." }, { "docid": "D1546624#0", "title": "https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Oxyphil+cells\ncell", "text": "\"cell (redirected from Oxyphil cells) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial. Related to Oxyphil cells: Palatine gland, Gnarled enamel, mimetic muscles, Chromophobescell:see battery, electricbattery, electric,device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of a group of electric cells that are connected to act as a source of direct current...... Click the link for more information..cell,in biology, the unit of structure and function of which all plants and animals are composed. The cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of integrating the essential lifeprocesses. There are many unicellular organisms, e.g., bacteriabacteria [pl. of bacterium], microscopic unicellular prokaryotic organisms characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Once considered a part of the plant kingdom, bacteria were eventually placed in a separate kingdom, Monera...... Click the link for more information.and protozoansprotozoan, informal term for the unicellular heterotrophs of the kingdom Protista. Protozoans comprise a large, diverse assortment of microscopic or near-microscopic organisms thatlive as single cells or in simple colonies and that show no differentiation into tissues...... Click the link for more information., in which thesingle cell performs all life functions. In higher organisms, a division of labor has evolved in whichgroups of cells have differentiated into specialized tissuestissue, in biology, aggregation of cells that are similar in form and function and the intercellular substances produced by them. The fundamental tissues in animals are epithelial,nerve, connective, and muscle tissue; blood and lymph are commonly classed separately as vascular..... Click the link for more information.," }, { "docid": "D2220607#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyto\nCell (biology)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Cyto)navigation search This article is about the term in biology. For other uses, see Cell (disambiguation). Cell Onion ( Allium cepa) root cells in different phases of the cell cycle (drawn by E. B. Wilson, 1900)A eukaryotic cell (left) and prokaryotic cell (right)Identifiers Me SH D002477TH H1.00.01.0.00001FMA 68646Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]Structure of an animal cell The cell (from Latin cella, meaning \"\"small room\"\" [1]) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the \"\"building blocks of life\"\". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. [ 2] Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals ). [ 3] While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10 13) cells. [ 4] Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres. [" }, { "docid": "D1358017#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cell\nCell (biology)", "text": "\"Cell (biology)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from First cell)navigation search This article is about the term in biology. For other uses, see Cell (disambiguation). Cell Onion ( Allium cepa) root cells in different phases of the cell cycle (drawn by E. B. Wilson, 1900)A eukaryotic cell (left) and prokaryotic cell (right)Identifiers Me SH D002477TH H1.00.01.0.00001FMA 68646Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]Structure of an animal cell The cell (from Latin cella, meaning \"\"small room\"\" [1]) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the \"\"building blocks of life\"\". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. [ 2] Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals ). [ 3] While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10 13) cells. [ 4] Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres. [" }, { "docid": "D1006968#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_%26_Animal_Cells\nCell (biology)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Plant & Animal Cells)navigation search This article is about the term in biology. For other uses, see Cell (disambiguation). Cell Onion ( Allium cepa) root cells in different phases of the cell cycle (drawn by E. B. Wilson, 1900)A eukaryotic cell (left) and prokaryotic cell (right)Identifiers Me SH D002477TH H1.00.01.0.00001FMA 68646Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]Structure of an animal cell The cell (from Latin cella, meaning \"\"small room\"\" [1]) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the \"\"building blocks of life\"\". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. [ 2] Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals ). [ 3] While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10 13) cells. [ 4] Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres. [" }, { "docid": "D3113802#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_genetic_material_of_all_cellular_organisms\nA is all the genetic material contained in an organism including its chromosomes genes and DNA?", "text": "Cheryl Chan 993 Contributions A is all the genetic material contained in an organism including its chromosomes genes and DNA?\\n. \\n It is called a genome . Betaclamp 22,524 Contributions How is genetic material organized? In several ways; mostly in terms of Genes that contain the primary information for the production of a unique protein, yet its organization also includes Start, Stop and Contr …What is the genetic material found in all living organisms?deoxyribonucleic acid All cellular organisms have a genetic system based on what? DNAWhat is the alteration of genetic material at the cellular level is?mutation Shannon Campbell 5 Contributions Where is the genetic material of an organism located? In the cells DNA is the primary genetic material of all cellular organisms? DNA is the primary genetic material of all cellular organisms andis housed in the nucleus or cytoplasm. DNA controls the cellsfunctions. How is genetic material organized in bacteria? Bacteria organizes their genetic material in a single loop of DNA." }, { "docid": "D2884995#0", "title": "https://www.time4learning.com/homeschool/curriculum/middle_school_life_science.html\nMiddle School Life Science Course Overview", "text": "Middle School Life Science Course Overview Try Our Lesson Demos Time4Learning offers an online, interactive middle school science curriculum that can be used for homeschool, afterschool, and summer education. At the middle school level, science is organized into courses that cover materials typically offered at the sixth to eighth grade level, although parents can register students in fourth grade and above as part of membership. Life Science is one of three standards-based science courses offered at the middle school level. It uses a combination of instructional videos, printable worksheets, writing exercises, tests, quizzes, and both online and offline projects to teach earth and space science. Students also gain access to ‘Nature of Science,’ which is a supplemental course recommended for use alongside the middle school science materials. ** This course contains sensitive materials pertaining to evolution and reproduction, so it is strongly recommended that parents review the content before registering their students. ( Please note that chapters and lessons can be skipped. ) Chapter 1 – Introduction to Living Things The materials in this chapter introduce and cover the introduction to living things. It is organized into sections that teach, reinforce and test students on the concepts of characteristics of living things, life cycles, stimuli and behavior, and homeostasis of organisms and feedback. Lessons in this chapter are organized into the following sections: Characteristics of living things – Students are taught how to tell the difference between living and nonliving things based on characteristics common to living things, including growth and development, reproduction, cellular organization, use of energy, exchange of gases, and response to the environment." }, { "docid": "D11178#0", "title": "http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/genetics/vgec/schoolscolleges/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-meiosis\nThe Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis", "text": "The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis The cell cycle Actively dividing eukaryote cells pass through a series of stages known collectively as the cell cycle: two gap phases (G1 and G2); an S (for synthesis) phase, in which the genetic material is duplicated; and an M phase, in which mitosis partitions the genetic material and the cell divides. G1 phase. Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division. At a certain point - the restriction point - the cell is committed to division and moves into the S phase. S phase. DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material. Each chromosome now consists of two sister chromatids. G2 phase. Metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis. M phase." }, { "docid": "D2772680#0", "title": "http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/The-Discovery-and-Structure-of-Cells/64\nDiscovery and Structure of Cells", "text": "\"Bookmark Glossary Terms There are many discoveries that have changed the course of science and the world. Nikola Tesla’s discovery of alternating currents, for example, helped pave the way for widespread access to electricity, and Louis Pasteur’s discovery that heat and disinfectant could kill bacteria improved food safety and saved millions of lives. In 1655, the English scientist Robert Hooke made an observation that would change the study of biology forever. While examining a thin, dried section of cork tree with a crude light microscope, Hooke observed that he could plainly see the cork to be made up of tiny spaces surrounded by walls, much like a honeycomb, but that the spaces were irregular and shallow (Figure 1). Further, Hooke noted that these \"\"little Boxes\"\" were so numerous that there were \"\"in a square Inch above a Million... and in a Cubick Inch, above twelve hundred Millions [sic]\"\" (Hooke, 1655). Figure 1: The cork described in Micrographia by Robert Hooke. In his landmark book Micrographia, Hooke called these spaces \"\"cells\"\" because they resembled the small rooms monks lived in ( cella in Latin). What Hooke’s samples were not able to reveal at the time, though, was that cells are not in fact empty. Though he was diligent in looking at his samples through different magnifications and with various light sources and angles, there were two major obstacles that stood in Hooke’s way of discovering subcellular structures. The first was that the microscope he was using at the time was still too low of a magnification to show that much was contained within the walls of the cells." }, { "docid": "D1300563#0", "title": "https://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/cell-structure.html\nCell Structure", "text": "\"Cell Structure A Review of All Cell Organelles Through Q&As Cell Theory1. What is cell theory? Cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of living organisms. Before the discovery of the cell, people were unaware that living organisms were made of building blocks like cells. Cell theory is one of the basic theories of biology. More Bite-Sized Q&As Below2. Are there living organisms without cells? Viruses are considered the only living organisms that do not have cells. Viruses are made up of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein capsule. They do not have membranes, cell organelles, or own metabolism.3." }, { "docid": "D729186#0", "title": "http://www.synapses.co.uk/genetics/cellcycl.html\nLesson Two", "text": "\"Principles of Genetics is copyright protected, is the sole property of the author (Dr Jamie Love © 2002 - 2010) and is sold exclusively by Merlin Science. Any form of reproduction by any media is strictly forbidden. In this sample, only about a quarter of the course is available. The remaining sections are included in the complete hypertextbook, which does not have the advertisements displayed here in this sample. To learn more about the course and hypertextbook, visit the Principles of Genetics website. Lesson Two The Cell Cycleby Dr Jamie Love © 2002 - 2010Eukaryotic cells go through a cell cycle as their \"\"life history\"\". The cell cycle is a series of stages through which the cell passes between divisions and it is composed of three stages easily identified through the microscope.1. Interphase is the period between divisions when nothing seems to be happening.2. Nuclear Division is when the genetic material is dividing and you can see the chromosomes. As you know eukaryotic cells have two types of nuclear division - mitosis and meiosis." }, { "docid": "D1105446#0", "title": "http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/events/deamer1.html\nHow Did It All Begin? The Self-Assembly of Organic Molecules and the Origin of Cellular Life", "text": "\"How Did It All Begin? The Self-Assembly of Organic Molecules and the Origin of Cellular Lifeby David W. Deamer From Evolution: Investigating the Evidence, Paleontological Society Special Publication Volume 9, 1999. By permission of the Paleontological Society. Introduction Movies are the myths of late-20th century western culture. Because of the power of films like ET to capture our imagination, we are more likely than past generations to accept the possibility that life exists elsewhere in our galaxy. Such a myth can be used to sketch the main themes of this chapter, which concern the origin of life on the Earth. Imagine that 4 billion years ago, intelligent beings evolved on an Earth-like planet in the solar system of a neighboring star. After ten million years of evolution, they have solved the problems of interstellar travel and aging. Virtually immortal family groups set out to explore the galaxy and almost immediately discover a solar system associated with a nearby star only 80 light years away from their home planet. They find that the third planet is rich in the primary elements of life — carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen — which are present in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), molecular nitrogen (N 2) and water vapor (H 2 O)." } ]
8889	________ is the region of the cell from which the axon originates	[ { "docid": "D1952932#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Region_of_the_cell_body_from_which_the_axon_originates\nHave cell body dendrites and an axon?", "text": "\"Basupran 27 Contributions Have cell body dendrites and an axon? Your question is unclear, but a nerve cell has dendrites, a cell body and an axon. Edit What is the pale-staining region of the cell body from which the axon arises? Nucleus Edit Tempesty 6 Contributions Label the axon of the cell body? I don't know what you're asking but if it's where is the axon is, it's like a coating on nerve cells, akin to a sheath on a sword, but it doesn't come off unless that pe …What is the region of the cell body from which the axon originates? Axon hillock Edit Which region of the cell body from which the axon originates? The initial region of the axon arises from a cone-shaped area of the cell body called the axon hillock (\"\"little hill\"\"). Edit Chandani3080 115 Contributions What cell has a cell body dendrites and an axon? Nerve cell or neuron Edit Regions of CNS tissue that contain axons but not neuronal cell bodies are called? White matter Edit The axon is connected to the cell body by the?axon hillock Edit Out of Here 838,246 Contributions Do Axons carries impulses toward the nerve cell body?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D2839842#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/21372861/anatomy-chapter-18-autonomic-nervous-system-flash-cards/\nAnatomy Chapter 18 Autonomic Nervous System", "text": "\"49 terms ereimer11Anatomy Chapter 18 Autonomic Nervous System Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Complex system of nerves that govern involuntary actions. \"\" Fight or Flight\"\" Part of both CNS and PNS Involuntary Visceral sensory neurons: receives signals from the organs. Somatosensory receptors (temp and light) can activate specific ANS responses Autonomic motor neurons: innervate smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, or glands. These motor neurons can either excite or inhibit cells in the viscera. Uses a pathway that includes a two-neuron chain to innervate muscles and glands. The first of the two ANS motor neurons is the preganglionic neuron. Its cell body lies within the brainstem or the spinal cord. A preganglionic axon extends from this cell body and exits the CNS in either a cranial nerve or spinal nerve." }, { "docid": "D3506404#0", "title": "http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Soma_(biology)\nSoma (biology)", "text": "\"Previous (Soma) Next (Somali Civil War)Soma Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon Terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath Structure of a typical neuron Soma is the bulbous body of a neuron (nerve cell) from which one or more processes emanate ( dendrites and/or axons) and which is the part of the neuron that contains the cell nucleus enclosing a conspicuous nucleolus. The soma (pl. somata or somas) is also known as a perikaryon (pl, perikary), a cyton, or simply as a neuron cell body. The word \"\"soma\"\" comes from the Greek σῶμα, meaning \"\"body,\"\" while perikaryon comes from peri, meaning \"\"around\"\" and kary, meaning \"\"nucleus. \"\" Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 Structure and function3 References4 Credits The soma includes many organelles, including Nissle granules, composed predominately of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free polyribosomes. The protein - and membrane-making machinery of free ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum in the soma is likely the most active in the human body. The Golgi apparatus is also well-developed and mitochondria are widely dispersed. However, the key feature of the soma is the cell nucleus, which is the source of most of the RNA produced in neurons. Overall, the complex coordination among the diverse parts of the soma, and between the soma and its processes (axons and dendrites), and in the cell-to-cell interactions between an individual neuron and other neurons reflects a remarkable intracellular and intercellular harmony, and one that allows the soma to advance both a maintenance function for itself and a larger function for the neuron, the nervous system, and the body. Overview Every neuron contains a soma, or cell body." }, { "docid": "D2336460#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1322922/autonomic-nervous-system-chapter-18-flash-cards/\nAutonomic Nervous System (Chapter 18)", "text": "\"48 terms dbroccoli Autonomic Nervous System (Chapter 18)BIO 121 URI fall 2009 Dr Mazurkie Exam 3Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Sympathetic and Parasympathetic The two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic \"\"Rest and Digest\"\"Sympathetic \"\"Fight or Flight\"\"Parasympathetic Maintains homeostasis Parasympathetic What division's preganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem or lateral gray matter of S2-S4 spinal segments? Sympathetic What division's preganglionic neurons originate in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments? Neuronal Convergence Axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell Neuronal Divergence Axons from one preganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells. Parasympathetic Division What portion of the ANS has long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons? Sympathetic Division What portion of the ANS has short, branching preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons? III, VII, IX, X The four cranial nerves of the parasympathetic division. Mesencephalon Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of CN III located? Ciliary ganglion Where are the postganglionic cell bodies of CN III located?" }, { "docid": "D2129498#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/15647747/action-potential-generation-and-propagation-in-nerve-and-skeletal-muscle-flash-cards/\nAction Potential Generation and Propagation in Nerve and Skeletal Muscle", "text": "\"116 terms rush_cmartyn Action Potential Generation and Propagation in Nerve and Skeletal Muscle Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort An action potential is a transient change in the X that conveys information in the nervous system and initiates contraction in muscle. Action potentials normally spread or propagate without decrement in x or change of x in any particular cell or tissue. An action potential is a transient change in the membrane potential that conveys information in the nervous system and initiates contraction in muscle. Action potentials normally spread or propagate without decrement in amplitude or change of shape in any particular cell or tissue. The characteristics of action potentials vary from tissue to tissue. Figure 3.1 shows typical action potentials from nerve, skeletal muscle, ventricular cardiac muscle and cardiac SA node. Note that the x scales are often very different for the action potentials from different tissues. The characteristics of action potentials vary from tissue to tissue. Figure 3.1 shows typical action potentials from nerve, skeletal muscle, ventricular cardiac muscle and cardiac SA node. Note that the time scales are often very different for the action potentials from different tissues." }, { "docid": "D2372779#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cutaneous+nerve+of+arm%2c+inferior+lateral\nnerve", "text": "\"nerve (redirected from cutaneous nerve of arm, inferior lateral) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia. Related to cutaneous nerve of arm, inferior lateral: lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm, upper lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, lateral cutaneous nerve of calfnerve [ nerv] a macroscopic cordlike structure of the body, comprising a collection of nerve fibers that conveyimpulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other body region. See Appendix2-6 and see color plates. Depending on their function, nerves are known as sensory, motor, or mixed. Sensory nerves,sometimes called afferent nerves, carry information from the outside world, such as sensations of heat, cold, and pain, to the brain and spinal cord. Motor nerves, or efferent nerves, transmitimpulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles. Mixed nerves are composed of both motorand sensory fibers, and transmit messages in both directions at once. Together, the nerves make up the peripheral nervous system, as distinguished from the centralnervous system (brain and spinal cord). There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which carry messages to and from the brain. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and pass out between the vertebrae;there are 31 pairs, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal." }, { "docid": "D1742993#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anterior+tibial+nerve\ndeep fibular nerve", "text": "\"deep fibular nerve (redirected from anterior tibial nerve)deep fib·u·lar nerve [TA]one of the terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve, arising at the fibular neck andpassing into the anterior compartment of the leg; it supplies the tibialis anterior, extensorhallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius muscles in the leg, thencrosses the ankle joint to supply the muscles on the dorsum of the foot (extensors hallucisand digitorum brevis), becoming cutaneous to innervate adjacent sides of the great andsecond toes. Synonym (s): nervus fibularis profundus [TA], deep peroneal nerve ☆ , nervus peroneus profundus ☆ , anterior tibial nerve Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012deep fib·u·lar nerve ( dēp fib'yū-lăr nĕrv) [TA]A terminal branch of the common peroneal nerve, arising at the fibular neck and passing intothe anterior compartment of the leg; it supplies the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus,extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius muscles in the leg, then crosses the anklejoint to supply the muscles on the dorsum of the foot (extensor hallucis and extensordigitorum brevis), becoming cutaneous to innervate adjacent sides of the great and secondtoes. Synonym (s): anterior tibial nerve, deep peroneal nerve, nervus fibularis profundus, nervus peroneus profundus. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012nerve (nerv) [L. nervus, sinew]NERVE STRUCTUREParallel axons running together inside a thickconnective tissue sheath (an epineurium). In thenerve, axons are wrapped into small bundles by thin connective tissue sheaths (endoneuria);each small bundle of axons is called a fascicle. The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but thenerves run only in the peripheral nervoussystem. Nerves with axons that conductelectrochemical impulses toward the CNS areafferent, nerves with axons that conductimpulses away from the CNS are efferent, andnerves with both afferent and efferent axons aremixed. Nerves in the peripheral nervous systemare roughly analogous to tracts in the CNS and,like tracts, act as highways that axons can join or leave on the way from their origin to theirtarget. See: ansa; cell; nervus . ; illustration Symptoms A broad array of insults may damage nerves,including direct trauma, repetitive motioninjuries, compression by neighboring structures,glycosylation, infections, drugs, toxins, andparaneoplastic syndromes." }, { "docid": "D656615#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_fiber\nAxon", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Nerve fiber)navigation search For other uses, see Axon (disambiguation). Axon An axon of a multipolar neuron Identifiers Me SH D001369Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials, away from the nerve cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands. In certain sensory neurons ( pseudounipolar neurons ), such as those for touch and warmth, the axons are called afferent nerve fibers and the electrical impulse travels along these from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction has caused many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons. Nerve fibers are classed into three types – group A nerve fibers, group B nerve fibers, and group C nerve fibers. Groups A and B are myelinated, and group C are unmyelinated. These groups include both sensory fibers and motor fibers. Another classification, groups only the sensory fibers, and these are grouped as Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV. An axon is one of two types of cytoplasmic protrusions from the cell body of a neuron; the other type is a dendrite." }, { "docid": "D3489080#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/2505657/chapter-14-15-flash-cards/\nChapter 14-15", "text": "\"89 terms nlfkjones6Chapter 14-15Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Brain -Center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decisions, and taking action -Center for intellect, emotions, behavior and memory -It also directs our behavior towards others. Development of Brain -The brain and spinal cord develop from ectoderm arranged in a tubular structure called the neural tube. -The anterior part of the neural tube expands, and constrictions appear that create three regions called primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). -The walls of these brain regions develop into the nervous tissue of the brain, while the spaces in the tube remains as ventricles (spaces) w/in the brain. -The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrian (cerebal aqueduct). -Both the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon develops in to the metencephalon and myelencephalon. -The telencephalon develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles. -The diencephalon forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus." }, { "docid": "D2318230#0", "title": "http://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/s1/chapter08.html\n.", "text": "\"8.1 Introduction to Neurons and Glial Cells The human nervous system is estimated to consist of roughly 360 billion non-neural glial cells and 90 billion nerve cells. Furthermore, there are hundreds of different types of neurons based on morphology alone. Often, neurons that look similar have strikingly different properties. For example, they utilize and respond to different neurotransmitter (s). This section reviews the cellular components of nervous tissue. Students should be able to describe neurons and glia, their morphological components as seen with the light and electron microscope, and some of the fundamental functional roles these cell types play in the nervous system.8.2 Model Neuron Figure 8.1Click on the parts of the Model Neuron to view structures. After reviewing the Model Neuron above, learn more about the function of each structure by clicking from the list below. Cell Soma Dendrite Initial Segment and Axon Hillock Axon Nerve Endings Neuromuscular Junction8.3 Cell Soma Click the identified structures on the model neuron to move to the related section. The region of the neuron containing the nucleus is known as the cell body, soma, or perikaryon (Figure 8.2). The cell body is the metabolic center of the neuron." }, { "docid": "D889202#0", "title": "http://www.iupui.edu/~anatd502/lecture.f04/Nervetf04/Nervous%20Tissue%2007.htm\n.", "text": "\"Nervous Tissue I. Organization of Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue, which is derived from neuroectoderm, is organized into two major systems: A. Central nervous system (CNS)—Brain—Spinal cord B. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that emerge from the brain stem and spinal cord:—Cranial nerves, from the brain stem—Spinal nerves, from the spinal cord II. The Neuron The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell or neuron. Neurons are structurally classified according to the number of cytoplasmic processes, called nerve fibers, that they possess. For example, a unipolar neuron has one fiber, a bipolar neuron has two fibers, and a multipolar neuron has several fibers. Each neuron consists of a cell body or perikaryon, from which arise the nerve fibers. And each neuron has two kinds of fibers: a single axon, which conveys nerve impulses away from the cell body, and one or more dendrites, which convey nerve impulses towards the cell body. Neurons are functionally linked by their fibers at connections called synapses . All neurons are post-mitotic. A. The functional classification of neurons Functionally, there are three kinds of neurons:—Afferent neurons These neurons convey sensory information towards the CNS.—Efferent neurons These neurons convey motor impulses away from the CNS.—Interneurons These neurons interlink and coordinate activity in the other two neurons. B. The location of neurons Whereas the interneurons all lie within the CNS, portions of the afferent and efferent neurons project out of the CNS and constitute the nerves of the PNS." }, { "docid": "D2305325#0", "title": "http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Nervous/Nervous.htm\n.", "text": "\"Home School of Anatomy and Human Biology - The University of Western Australia Blue Histology - Nervous Tissue Topics Lab Guides and Images Central Nervous System Spinal Cord - LFB/CFV, H&E, silver stain Neurones Glia Forebrain - GIEMSA stained, plastic embedded Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nerves - H&E, osmium Peripheral Nerves Ganglia Spinal and Autonomic Ganglia - H&EAdditional Resources These links will open a new browser window. Large Images Search the Large Images page with the keywords nervous tissue, CNS, PNS, spinal cord, nerve, forebrain, cerebral cortex, grey matter, white matter, neurone, ganglion cell, glia, myelin sheath, axon or dendrite. VScope Magnification & Stage Simulations nervous tissue, peripheral nerve, cat - osmium nervous tissue, cortex, mouse - Giemsa Focus & Stage Simulation: forebrain, mouse, cortex - Giemsa forebrain, rat, cortex - Golgi Self Assessment Choose subject area \"\"nervous tissue\"\" on the Quiz page NERVOUS TISSUEThe nervous system consists of all nervous tissue in the body. It is divided anatomically into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Central Nervous System (CNS)The CNS consists of the brain (encephalon), which is enclosed in the skull, and the spinal cord, which is contained within the vertebral canal. Nervous tissue of the CNS does not contain connective tissue other than that in the three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater) and in the walls of large blood vessels. Collagenous fibers or fibrocytes/blasts are consequently not observed, which is quite unlike other tissues. Because of the absence of connective tissue, fresh CNS tissue has a very soft, somewhat jelly-like consistency. The two major classes of cells that make up the nervous tissue are nerve cells, neurones, and supporting cells, glia. Neurones The vast majority of neurones is generated before birth." }, { "docid": "D2932277#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chiasma%2c+optic+nerve\nnerve", "text": "\"nerve (redirected from chiasma, optic nerve) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia. Related to chiasma, optic nerve: optic tractnerve [ nerv] a macroscopic cordlike structure of the body, comprising a collection of nerve fibers that conveyimpulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other body region. See Appendix2-6 and see color plates. Depending on their function, nerves are known as sensory, motor, or mixed. Sensory nerves,sometimes called afferent nerves, carry information from the outside world, such as sensations of heat, cold, and pain, to the brain and spinal cord. Motor nerves, or efferent nerves, transmitimpulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles. Mixed nerves are composed of both motorand sensory fibers, and transmit messages in both directions at once. Together, the nerves make up the peripheral nervous system, as distinguished from the centralnervous system (brain and spinal cord). There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which carry messages to and from the brain. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and pass out between the vertebrae;there are 31 pairs, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal." }, { "docid": "D318732#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord\nSpinal cord", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Spinal cord The spinal cord (in yellow) connects the brain to nerves throughout the body. Details Part of Central nervous system Identifiers Latin medulla spinalis Me SH D013116Neuro Names 22TA A14.1.02.001FMA 7647Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone where it passes through the foramen magnum, and meets and enters the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around 45 cm (18 in) in men and around 43 cm (17 in) long in women." }, { "docid": "D568991#0", "title": "http://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/s2/chapter03.html\n.", "text": "3.1 Introduction Content on this page requires a newer version of Adobe Flash Player. Figure 3.1Schematic dorsal and lateral view of the spinal cord and four cross sections from cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels, respectively. The spinal cord is the most important structure between the body and the brain. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum where it is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae. It is a vital link between the brain and the body, and from the body to the brain. The spinal cord is 40 to 50 cm long and 1 cm to 1.5 cm in diameter. Two consecutive rows of nerve roots emerge on each of its sides. These nerve roots join distally to form 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure of nervous tissue composed of white and gray matter, is uniformly organized and is divided into four regions: cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L) and sacral (S), (Figure 3.1), each of which is comprised of several segments. The spinal nerve contains motor and sensory nerve fibers to and from all parts of the body." }, { "docid": "D320258#0", "title": "http://www.albany.edu/faculty/cafrye/apsy601/Ch.02cellsofthenervoussystem.html\n.", "text": "\"Cells of the Nervous System Neurons There are two broad classes of cells in the nervous system: neurons, which process information, and glia, which provide the neurons with mechanical and metabolic support. Three general categories of neurons are commonly recognized (Peters, Palay, & Webster, 1976). Receptors are highly specialized neurons that act to encodesensory information. For example, the photoreceptors of the eye transform variations in light intensity into electrical and chemical signals that can be read by other nerve cells. It is the receptor cells that begin the process of sensation and perception. Interneurons form the second category of nerve cells. These cells receive signals from and send signals to other nerve cells. Interneurons serve to process information in many different ways and constitute the bulk of the human nervous system. Effectors or motor neurons are the third class of neurons. These cells send signals to the muscles and glands of the body, thereby directly governing the behavior of the organism." }, { "docid": "D907516#0", "title": "http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46553.html\nThe Peripheral Nervous System", "text": "\"The Peripheral Nervous System The PNS is not as contained as the CNS because it is defined as everything that is not the CNS. Some peripheral structures are incorporated into the other organs of the body. In describing the anatomy of the PNS, it is necessary to describe the common structures, the nerves and the ganglia, as they are found in various parts of the body. Many of the neural structures that are incorporated into other organs are features of the digestive system; these structures are known as the enteric nervous system and are a special subset of the PNS. Ganglia A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery. Ganglia can be categorized, for the most part, as either sensory ganglia or autonomic ganglia, referring to their primary functions. The most common type of sensory ganglion is a dorsal (posterior) root ganglion. These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. The ganglion is an enlargement of the nerve root. Under microscopic inspection, it can be seen to include the cell bodies of the neurons, as well as bundles of fibers that are the posterior nerve root ( [link] )." }, { "docid": "D1565537#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/occipital+nerve%2c+third\nnerve", "text": "\"nerve (redirected from occipital nerve, third) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia. Related to occipital nerve, third: occipital artery, greater occipital nerve, lesser occipital nervenerve [ nerv] a macroscopic cordlike structure of the body, comprising a collection of nerve fibers that conveyimpulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other body region. See Appendix2-6 and see color plates. Depending on their function, nerves are known as sensory, motor, or mixed. Sensory nerves,sometimes called afferent nerves, carry information from the outside world, such as sensations of heat, cold, and pain, to the brain and spinal cord. Motor nerves, or efferent nerves, transmitimpulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles. Mixed nerves are composed of both motorand sensory fibers, and transmit messages in both directions at once. Together, the nerves make up the peripheral nervous system, as distinguished from the centralnervous system (brain and spinal cord). There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which carry messages to and from the brain. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and pass out between the vertebrae;there are 31 pairs, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal." }, { "docid": "D3245169#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nerve\nnerve", "text": "\"nerve Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to nerve: sciatic nerve, nerve painnerve [ nerv] a macroscopic cordlike structure of the body, comprising a collection of nerve fibers that conveyimpulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other body region. See Appendix2-6 and see color plates. Depending on their function, nerves are known as sensory, motor, or mixed. Sensory nerves,sometimes called afferent nerves, carry information from the outside world, such as sensations of heat, cold, and pain, to the brain and spinal cord. Motor nerves, or efferent nerves, transmitimpulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles. Mixed nerves are composed of both motorand sensory fibers, and transmit messages in both directions at once. Together, the nerves make up the peripheral nervous system, as distinguished from the centralnervous system (brain and spinal cord). There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which carry messages to and from the brain. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and pass out between the vertebrae;there are 31 pairs, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal." }, { "docid": "D3312614#0", "title": "https://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/nervous-system.html\nThe Nervous System", "text": "The Nervous System57 Incredibly Easy Q&As to Study the Nervous System The Integrative Function of the Nervous System1. What physiological systems are known as integrative systems? What is the reason for this designation? Both nervous system and the endocrine system are considered integrative systems. This designation stems from the fact that both systems control and regulate biological functions and act at distance, receiving information from organs and tissues and sending effector commands (nervous impulses or hormones) to organs and tissues, thus integrating the body. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems More Bite-Sized Q&As Below2. Which structures make up the nervous system? The structures that form the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The organs of the CNS are the brain (cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum) and spinal cord. The PNS is made of nerves and neural ganglia." }, { "docid": "D2141886#0", "title": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21668/\nSection 21.2 The Action Potential and Conduction of Electric Impulses", "text": "Section 21.2 The Action Potential and Conduction of Electric Impulses We saw in Chapter 15 that a voltage gradient, also called an electric potential, exists across the plasma membrane of all cells. The potential across the plasma membrane of large cells can be measured with a microelectrode inserted inside the cell and a reference electrode placed in the extracellular fluid. The two are connected to a voltmeter capable of measuring small potential differences ( Figure 21-7 ). In virtually all cases the inside of the cell membrane is negative relative to the outside; typical membrane potentials are between −30 and −70 m V. The potential across the surface membrane of most animal cells generally does not vary with time. In contrast, neurons and muscle cells — the principal types of electrically active cells — undergo controlled changes in their membrane potential (see Figure 21-2a ). Figure 21-7Measurement of the electric potential across an axonal membrane. A microelectrode, constructed by filling a glass tube of extremely small diameter with a conducting fluid such as KCl, is inserted into an axon in such a way that the surface membrane seals (more...)The characteristic electrical activity of neurons — their ability to conduct, transmit, and receive electric signals — results from the opening and closing of specific ion-channel proteins in the neuron plasma membrane ( Figure 21-8 ). Each open channel allows only a small number of ions to move from one side of the membrane to the other, yet these ion movements cause significant changes in the membrane potential . Here we explain the relationship between opening and closing of ion channels and the resultant changes in the voltage across the membrane that lead to propagation of action potentials. We examine the structure and operation of several types of ion channels critical to neuron functioning in more detail later in the chapter." } ]
8890	________ is the surgical removal of an ovary.	[ { "docid": "D1844584#0", "title": "http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/surgery/ovary-removal-surgery-oophorectomy-.htm\nOvary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy)", "text": "Ovary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy)Must Reads in Health Protecting Your Skin During Winter Watch: My Personal Psoriasis Journey Are You Getting The Best Cancer Care? Keeping An Active Lifestyle With COPDLiver Disease? Find a Doc Who Treats PBCAre You Allergic To Your Clothes? Why Psoriasis Treatments Can Fail Ovary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy): Introduction Ovary removal surgery (also known as oophorectomy or ovariectomy), is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries. The surgery is performed to remove ovaries affected by cancer, to remove the source of estrogen that may stimulate some cancers, to remove large ovarian cysts, and to treat endometriosis. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia and can be performed either open or laparoscopic.... more »Medical Costs Report Surgery Costs Report for Ovary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy)Ovary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy): Related Terms Other medical terms related to medical conditions and procedures for Ovary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy) include: Ovary removal Hysterectomy Ovarian cancer Ovary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy): Overview What is Ovary Removal Surgery (Oophorectomy)? Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries. The ovaries are small organs located on each side of the uterus and contain eggs responsible for reproduction. If only one ovary is removed, a woman may continue to menstruate and have children. If both ovaries are removed, menstruation stops and a woman will no longer bear children." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1240535#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_-ectomies\nList of -ectomies", "text": "\"List of -ectomies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The surgical terminology suffix \"\"-ectomy\"\" was taken from Greek εκ-τομια = \"\"act of cutting out\"\". It means surgical removal of something, usually from inside the body. Contents [ hide ]1 A2 B3 C4 D5 E6 F7 G8 H9 I10 J11 K12 L13 M14 N15 O16 P17 Q18 R19 S20 T21 U22 V23 Other uses24 See also A [ edit]Adenectomy is the surgical removal of a gland. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of the adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils. Adrenalectomy is the removal of one or both adrenal glands. Apicoectomy is the surgical removal of tooth's root tip. Appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix; it is also known as an appendicectomy. Arthrectomy is the removal of a joint of the body. Auriculectomy is the removal of the ear B [ edit]Bullectomy is the surgical removal of bullae from the lung. Bunionectomy is the removal of a bunion." }, { "docid": "D444658#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hysterectomy\nhysterectomy", "text": "\"hysterectomy Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Hysterectomy Definition Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. In a total hysterectomy, the uterus and cervixare removed. In some cases, the fallopian tubes and ovaries are removed along with the uterus (called hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy). In a subtotal hysterectomy, only theuterus is removed. In a radical hysterectomy, the uterus, cervix, ovaries, oviducts, lymph nodes,and lymph channels are removed. The type of hysterectomy performed depends on the reasonfor the procedure. In all cases, menstruation stops and a woman loses the ability to bearchildren. Purpose Hysterectomy is the second most common operation performed in the United States. About556,000 of these surgeries are done annually." }, { "docid": "D3283902#0", "title": "https://www.bmc.org/gynecology/common-procedures\nCommon Procedures", "text": "Gynecology Visiting us Call for an Appointment 617.414.2000Common Procedures Following an appointment with a gynecologist, it is possible that some women may need a procedure to maintain their health. In this case, women can visit the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, which has been named a Center of Excellence in Minimally Invasive Gynecology by the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL), the largest minimally invasive gynecologic professional organization in the world. The designation is awarded to facilities and surgeons that have met AAGL’s requirements for delivering high-quality perioperative patient care and are dedicated to offering women minimally invasive surgery whenever possible. The following is a list of common minimally invasive obstetric and gynecological procedures performed at BMC: Hysterectomy A hysterectomy is a procedure to remove the uterus. It is a very common type of surgery for women in the United States. Removing your uterus means that you can no longer become pregnant. Different types of hysterectomies include: Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (TLH) TLH is the removal of the uterus and cervix through four small abdominal incisions. Depending on the patient’s individual case, the ovaries and fallopian tubes may also be removed. Laparoscopic Supracervical Hysterectomy (LSH) This procedure involves laparoscopic removal of the uterus and the patient is able to keep her cervix. The patient can either keep her ovaries or have them removed at the same time." }, { "docid": "D130455#0", "title": "http://www.fibroidsecondopinion.com/hysterectomy-for-fibroids/\nDo You Need a Hysterectomy for Fibroids?", "text": "Do You Need a Hysterectomy for Fibroids? About Hysterectomy While bothersome symptoms such as very heavy bleeding or pain often respond to medications or other non-surgical treatment, sometimes the symptoms do not get better. For some women, other minimally invasive surgical techniques may have failed hysterectomy may be appropriate. A recent American study done by a woman doctor at Harvard found that many women who had a hysterectomy performed because of moderate or severe symptoms were “very satisfied” with the results of surgery, and they noted an improvement in their quality of life. One of the most important factors in helping you choose appropriate medical care is your full understanding of the reasons for treatment, the risks, and the potential benefits for you. If hysterectomy has been suggested to you as an option, you should carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks so that you are able to make a comfortable and informed decision about whether hysterectomy is right for you. Hopefully, the information presented here will help you with this decision. Myomectomy as a Surgical Alternative to Hysterectomy“The restoration and maintenance of physiologic (normal) function is, or should be, the ultimate goal of surgical treatment”, said Victor Bonney, an early advocate of abdominal myomectomy, in 1931. Myomectomy means the surgical removal of just the fibroid, with reconstruction and repair of the uterus. However, women are often told that myomectomy is not appropriate for them because hysterectomy is safer, is associated with less bleeding or that uterine muscle cancer (sarcoma) may be present." }, { "docid": "D966996#0", "title": "http://www.med.unc.edu/obgyn/Patient_Care/specialty-services/MIGS/our-services/types-of-surgeries-performed\nTypes of Surgical Procedures Performed", "text": "\"Types of Surgical Procedures Performed Myomectomy: Myomectomy is the surgical removal of uterine fibroids without the removal of the uterus. There are several techniques that may be used, and the choice of the technique depends on the location and size of the fibroids as well as the characteristics of the woman. It is sometimes impossible to remove all the fibroids, and new fibroids may grow after a myomectomy. Though myomectomy is the only accepted procedure for fibroids in a woman who wants to maintain fertility, a myomectomy may lead to scarring that can negatively affect future fertility. Following a myomectomy, cesarean delivery is frequently recommended to prevent the myomectomy scar from breaking open during labor. Types of myomectomies include: Laparoscopic myomectomy (removal of uterine fibroids) **Also see our section below on Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Removal of Fibroids Abdominal myomectomy Hysteroscopic myomectomy Hysterectomy: Hysterectomy is a surgery to remove the uterus. It prevents future pregnancy and eliminates fibroid-related bleeding and pressure symptoms. There are two categories of hysterectomy: Total hysterectomy is removal of the entire uterus, including the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) Vaginal hysterectomy Laparoscopic total hysterectomy (removal of uterus and cervix)Robot-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy Abdominal hysterectomy Supra-cervical hysterectomy is removal of the upper part of the uterus, but not the cervix. This type of surgery is not recommended for women with a history of an abnormal Pap smear or certain types of pelvic pain. Up to 5-10% of women may continue to have chronic cyclic bleeding after surgery, similar to a period." }, { "docid": "D2330409#0", "title": "http://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ovarian-cancer\nOvarian cancer", "text": "\"Ovarian cancer Highlights Ovarian Cancer Ovarian cancer is a cancer that develops in a woman's ovary. It can be difficult to detect in its early stages. Unlike cervical and breast cancers, there are currently no effective screening methods for ovarian cancer. The majority of women are diagnosed when the cancer is in an advanced stage. If you are diagnosed with ovarian cancer, you should be referred to a gynecologic oncologist, a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancers of the female reproductive system. Outcomes are best when women receive care in hospitals and from doctors with experience treating ovarian cancer. Risk Factors The main risk factors for ovarian cancer are: BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutations Family history of ovarian, breast, or hereditary colorectal cancer Older age Not having had children Protective Factors Factors that may help reduce the risk for ovarian cancer include: Birth control pills Childbirth and breastfeeding Tubal ligation (tying fallopian tubes) or hysterectomy (removal of uterus) after childbearing Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy surgery (removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes) for women with BRCA and other genetic mutations who are at high risk for ovarian cancer BRCA Genetic Mutations Guidelines from the United States Preventive Service Task Force recommend screening for BRCA genetic mutations in women whose family history suggests a high risk for ovarian cancer. Mutations in the genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 are among the strongest risk factors for ovarian and breast cancers. Women who do not have risk factors do not need to be screened for these gene mutations, but are still at risk of developing ovarian cancer. Your health care provider may estimate your risk for these genes using a questionnaire." }, { "docid": "D2131023#0", "title": "https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/spay-neuter.aspx\nSpaying and Neutering", "text": "Spaying and Neutering Gonadectomy: Veterinary Resources Stay up-to-date and educate clients about the changing landscape of elective gonadectomy. Our gonadectomy resources for veterinarians include free CE webinars, a literature review of related research, and more. Many pet owners opt to spay or neuter their pets, and spaying and neutering are important for reducing pet overpopulation. What are the options? If you decide to spay or neuter your pet, you have options. Discuss the options with your veterinarian so you can make a decision that’s right for you, your family and your pet. Surgical sterilization During surgical sterilization, a veterinarian removes certain reproductive organs. Ovariohysterectomy, or the typical “spay”: the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus are removed from a female dog or cat. This makes her unable to reproduce and eliminates her heat cycle and breeding instinct-related behavior. Orchiectomy, or the typical “neuter”: the testes are removed from a male dog or cat." }, { "docid": "D1206822#0", "title": "http://www.dana-farber.org/Adult-Care/Treatment-and-Support/Endometrial-Cancer/How-We-Treat-Endometrial-Cancer.aspx\nHow We Treat Endometrial Cancer", "text": "\"How We Treat Endometrial Cancer Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic disease diagnosed in women in the United States. The gynecologic team at Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center (DF/BWCC) knows that you and your health are anything but common. We create a unique treatment plan for every patient, and consider all aspects of your health history and your future when making our recommendations. You can feel confident in the treatment at the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers Gynecologic Oncology Program, as our specialists focus exclusively on gynecologic cancers. If you need surgery, you will see a surgeon who specializes in gynecologic cancer surgery. If your treatment includes chemotherapy, you will work with a medical oncologist who treats only gynecologic cancer patients. If you require radiation therapy, you will work with a radiation oncologist who specializes in gynecologic cancers. For referring physicians Because the patient's primary care physician or community specialist is an integral part of the patient's care team, we are committed to collaborating with you in the care of your patient. If you are a referring physician and have a patient with endometrial cancer, we look forward to working with you. Find out more about how to refer a patient to DF/BWCC." }, { "docid": "D306532#0", "title": "https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cysts\nOvarian Cysts", "text": "Ovarian Cysts Types Symptoms Complications Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Outlook What are ovarian cysts? The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. They’re located in the lower abdomen on both sides of the uterus. Women have two ovaries that produce eggs as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Sometimes, a fluid-filled sac called a cyst will develop on one of the ovaries. Many women will develop at least one cyst during their lifetime. In most cases, cysts are painless and cause no symptoms. Types Types of ovarian cysts There are various types of ovarian cysts, such as dermoid cysts and endometrioma cysts. However, functional cysts are the most common type. The two types of functional cysts include follicle and corpus luteum cysts." }, { "docid": "D875616#0", "title": "http://www.livestrong.com/article/63884-effects-lower-hormones-after-hysterectomy/\nThe Effects of Lower Hormones After a Hysterectomy", "text": "\"The Effects of Lower Hormones After a Hysterectomyby LAUREL HEIDTMAN Aug. 14, 2017Hysterectomy refers to surgical removal of the uterus, which by itself does not affect female hormone levels in premenopausal or postmenopausal women. However, the ovaries might also be removed as a companion procedure to a hysterectomy, if medically necessary. In premenopausal women, removal of the ovaries during a hysterectomy leads to a sudden drop in the levels of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone -- a situation known as surgical menopause. In postmenopausal women, removal of the ovaries with a hysterectomy does not significantly affect hormone levels as the ovaries have already become largely inactive. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Surgical Menopause The symptoms and long-term effects of surgical menopause are the same as with natural menopause. These effects are due to dramatically reduced levels of estrogen and, to a lesser extent, progesterone. Because hormone levels drop abruptly with surgical menopause, short-term symptoms are often more severe than with natural menopause, when hormone levels fall gradually. While hormone replacement therapy can alleviate short-term menopausal symptoms and long-term effects, this treatment may not be an option for some women and is not without its own risks, including a slightly increased risk of breast cancer and possibly heart disease. Hot Flashes and Mood Swings Hot flashes often occur in women who experience surgical menopause just as they do in women going through natural menopause. The feeling of heat sweeping over your body can be intense." }, { "docid": "D835805#0", "title": "http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Hysterectomy/Pages/Considerations.aspx\nConsiderations", "text": "Considerations If you have a hysterectomy, as well as having your womb removed, you may have to decide whether to have your cervix or ovaries removed. These decisions are usually made based on:your medical historyyour doctor's recommendationsyour personal feelings It's important that you're aware of the different types of hysterectomy and their implications. Removal of the cervix (total or radical hysterectomy)If you have cancer of the cervix , ovarian cancer or womb (uterus) cancer , you may be advised to have your cervix removed to stop the cancer spreading. Even if you don't have cancer, removing the cervix means there's no risk of developing cervical cancer in the future. Many women are concerned that removing the cervix will lead to a loss in sexual function, but there's no evidence to support this. Some women are reluctant to have their cervix removed because they want to retain as much of their reproductive system as possible. If you feel this way, ask your surgeon whether there are any risks associated with keeping your cervix. If you have your cervix removed, you'll no longer need to have cervical screening tests. If you don't have your cervix removed, you'll need to continue having regular screening for cervical cancer (cervical smears). Removal of the ovaries (salpingo-oophorectomy)The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that a woman's ovaries should only be removed if there's a significant risk of associated disease, such as ovarian cancer." }, { "docid": "D2386146#0", "title": "https://www.epainassist.com/pelvic-pain/ovaries/benign-mucinous-cystadenoma-of-ovary\nBenign Mucinous Cystadenoma of Ovary: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis", "text": "Benign Mucinous Cystadenoma of Ovary: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis Reviewed By: Pramod Kerkar, MD, FFARCSIWhat is Benign Mucinous Cystadenoma of Ovary? Benign mucinous cystadenoma of ovary occurs in women during their reproductive age, mostly in early forties or during the post-menopausal period. Although benign, it can prove to be dangerous if not treated at the earliest. Knowing the causes, symptoms and treatment of benign mucinous cystadenoma of ovary will help us manage the condition better. Benign mucinous cystadenoma of ovary is an epithelial cell tumor which is non-cancerous in nature. The tumor does not spread to other parts of the body but it can grow to a good size and affect health in many ways. The growth of such a tumor is very gradual, and in most cases, only one of the ovaries experiences such a growth with a single mass. However, the tumor can also be present in the ovary with multiple masses. It is important to know the symptoms and treatment of benign mucinous cystadenoma of ovary. There are other types, namely, serous and mixed variety cystadenoma of ovary which may also occur." }, { "docid": "D3071441#0", "title": "http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/surgery/prophylactic_ovary/what_to_expect/after\nWhat Happens After Prophylactic Ovary Removal", "text": "What Happens After Prophylactic Ovary Removal Save as Favorite Sign in to receive recommendations ( Learn more)If you had laparoscopic surgery, you will go home from the hospital the same day or the very next day. Abdominal surgery requires you to spend 1-2 nights in the hospital. After surgery, your doctor will monitor you for any signs of infection, such as a fever or unusual redness and drainage from your incision (s). You may be given pain reliever in a pump that you control, giving yourself doses through an intravenous (IV) line as needed. As you recover, you also will take some pain medications by mouth, immediately and for a few weeks after your surgery. The same day or the very next day, your doctor or nurse will have you get up and walk around. Although walking may be painful at first, it can help prevent the formation of blood clots in the legs, strengthen the abdominal muscles, and get your digestive system working again. Both the surgery itself and the pain medications can slow down your intestines, which play a key role in digesting your food and removing waste from the body. At first, you may not be allowed to take any food or drink by mouth, instead taking your nutrients through an intravenous (IV) line. After that, you’ll probably be restricted to a diet of fluids or soft foods until your doctor is sure that your intestines are working normally again." }, { "docid": "D3486613#0", "title": "https://archive.ahrq.gov/consumer/uterine2.htm\nCommon Uterine Conditions (continued)", "text": "\"Common Uterine Conditions (continued)This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: https://info.ahrq.gov. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information. Please go to www.ahrq.gov for current information. What You Should Know About Hysterectomy If you have one of the conditions previously described, your doctor may have told you that you need a hysterectomy. This section describes the different kinds of hysterectomy and some of the things you will want to consider before you make a decision about surgery. Make sure you understand all of your treatment options and the risks and benefits of each. Then you can work with your doctor to choose the best treatment for you." }, { "docid": "D969591#0", "title": "http://rupturedovariancyst.com/Recovery_from_Ovarian_Cyst_Removal_Surgery.html\n.", "text": "Home Overview of an Ovarian Cyst What are the Symptoms of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Diagnosis of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Treatment Options for Ruptured Ovarian Cysts Complex Ovarian Cysts Complications of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Recovery from Ovarian Cyst Removal Surgery Ovarian Cyst Pain During Menstruation Ovarian Cyst Surgery After Menopause Ovarian Cysts After Hysterectomy Resources Site Map Recovery from Ovarian Cyst Removal Surgery Sometimes, depending on the size, type and location of an ovarian cyst, your doctor will request that it be surgically removed. Usually, a cyst will be removed if it is cancerous, or suspected to be cancerous, larger than two inches in diameter, solid or filled with debris or irregularly shaped. If your ovarian cyst is causing pain, is ruptured or has caused your ovary to twist, it will also need to be surgically removed. The likelihood of an ovarian cyst becoming cancerous greatly increases with age, so if you are an older patient, you are more likely to require surgery to remove your ovarian cyst. As removal of a cyst is a surgical procedure, there are some risks involved. Your risk of complications following surgery will be greater if you are overweight, smoke, drink excessive amounts of alcohol or use illicit or some prescription medications. If you are pregnant, your risk of complication is also higher. Endometriosis and previous abdominal surgery heighten the risk of complication. Prior to your surgery, your doctor will discuss any risk factors you have that make surgical complications more likely. It is important to discuss with your doctor before the surgery exactly how the procedure will occur and what action the doctor will take in certain scenarios." }, { "docid": "D156397#0", "title": "https://innovativegyn.com/conditions/endometrial-hyperplasia-2/\nCondition Endometrial Hyperplasia", "text": "Other Conditions Overview WHAT IS ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA? Endometrial hyperplasia is overgrowth of uterine lining (endometrium) that may progress to or coexist with endometrial (uterine) cancer. WHAT CAUSES ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA? Estrogen and progesterone are hormones secreted by the ovaries that control the growth and shedding of the uterine lining. Estrogen causes the growth of the uterine lining and progesterone counterbalances this growth. Long-term unopposed estrogen production causes overgrowth of the uterine lining and results in endometrial hyperplasia. WHAT ARE RISK FACTORS FOR ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA? Obesity Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Estrogen therapy without progesterone Estrogen-secreting ovarian tumors WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA? Types of hyperplasia differ based on the characteristics of the cells found in the biopsy sample. It is important to identify the type because some patients will have a significant risk of coexistent uterine cancer." }, { "docid": "D810413#0", "title": "https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ovarian-cysts-beyond-the-basics\n.", "text": "\"The content on the Up To Date website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of Up To Date content is governed by the Up To Date Terms of Use. ©2018 Up To Date, Inc. All rights reserved. Patient education: Ovarian cysts (Beyond the Basics)Author: Michael G Muto, MD Section Editors: Barbara Goff, MD William J Mann, Jr, MD Deputy Editor: Sandy J Falk, MD, FACOGContributor Disclosures All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Feb 2018. \| This topic last updated: Sep 05, 2017. OVARIAN CYST OVERVIEWOvarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in or on the ovary ( figure 1 ). Ovarian cysts occur commonly in women of all ages. Some women with ovarian cysts have pain or pelvic pressure, while others have no symptoms." }, { "docid": "D1951370#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vaginal-hysterectomy/about/pac-20384541\nOverview", "text": "Overview Female reproductive system Vaginal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus through the vagina. During a vaginal hysterectomy, the surgeon detaches the uterus from the ovaries, fallopian tubes and upper vagina, as well as from the blood vessels and connective tissue that support it. The uterus is then removed through the vagina. Vaginal hysterectomy involves a shorter time in the hospital, lower cost and faster recovery than an abdominal hysterectomy, which requires an incision in your lower abdomen. However, if your uterus is enlarged, vaginal hysterectomy may not be possible and your doctor will talk to you about other surgical options, such as an abdominal hysterectomy. Hysterectomy often includes removal of the cervix as well as the uterus. When the surgeon also removes one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes, it's called a total hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-ping-go-o-of-uh-REK-tuh-me). All these organs are part of your reproductive system and are located in your pelvis. Mayo Clinic's approach Why it's done Vaginal hysterectomy treats many different gynecologic problems, including: Fibroids. Many hysterectomies are done to permanently treat fibroids — benign tumors in your uterus that can cause persistent bleeding, anemia, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse and bladder pressure." }, { "docid": "D1428344#0", "title": "http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/ovarian-cancer/print.html\nOvarian Cancer In-Depth Report", "text": "\"Ovarian Cancer In-Depth Report Background The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus. They are key components of a woman's reproductive system: Ovaries store 200,000 - 400,000 follicles, tiny sacs that are present from birth, that nurture immature eggs (ova). During each normal (usually monthly) reproductive cycle, a follicle in one ovary bursts and releases a mature or \"\"ripened\"\" egg. The egg travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it either is fertilized by a man's sperm or, if unfertilized, breaks down and is excreted as part of the menstrual cycle. Ovaries also secrete the important reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone. The uterus, commonly called the womb, is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth. Ovarian Cancers Ovarian cancers are potentially life-threatening malignancies that develop in one or both ovaries." }, { "docid": "D2406444#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/oophorectomy/details/why-its-done/icc-20314908\nOverview", "text": "Print Overview Female reproductive system An oophorectomy (oh-of-uh-REK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove one or both of your ovaries. Your ovaries are almond-shaped organs that sit on each side of the uterus in your pelvis. Your ovaries contain eggs and produce hormones that control your menstrual cycle. When an oophorectomy involves removing both ovaries, it's called bilateral oophorectomy. When the surgery involves removing only one ovary, it's called unilateral oophorectomy. Why it's done Ovarian cancer An oophorectomy may be performed for: A tubo-ovarian abscess — a pus-filled pocket involving a fallopian tube and an ovary Ovarian cancer Endometriosis Noncancerous (benign) ovarian tumors or cysts Reducing the risk of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in those at increased risk Ovarian torsion — the twisting of an ovary Oophorectomy combined with other procedures Types of hysterectomy surgery An oophorectomy can be done alone, but it is often done as part of a more-complete surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) in women who have undergone menopause. In those with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, an oophorectomy is commonly combined with surgery to remove the nearby fallopian tubes (salpingectomy) since they share a common blood supply with the ovaries. When combined, the procedure is called a salpingo-oophorectomy. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic Risks An oophorectomy is a relatively safe procedure. However, with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved." } ]
8898	________ magma is the most abundant type erupted at oceanic spreading centers	[ { "docid": "D700526#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111111212222AAP3wdM\nBasaltic Magma Eruption?", "text": "Science & Mathematics Earth Sciences & Geology Basaltic Magma Eruption? Is Basaltic magma the most abundant type erupted on Earth? Follow 1 answer Answers Best Answer: Basalt eruptions are most prevalent in oceanic eruptions, at sea floor spreading zones and formation of island arcs. Felsic eruptions, which are typically granitic or rhyolytic, are more common in continental eruptions. The predominant eruptions are oceanic, so basaltic eruptions are more common. A theory of the evolution of a volcano maintains that eruptions of young volcanoes start out basaltic and become more and more felsic as the volcano matures. This is thought to be to magma differentiation and fractionation. Ross K · 6 years ago2 1 Comment Asker's rating Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Best Home Security System? Consolidate Your Student Loans Need Home Equity Loan Options?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D711508#0", "title": "https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/Exams/202EXAMS/volcign1.htm\nIgneous Rocks and Volcanoes", "text": "\"The property of a magma that determines whether or not it has high viscosity:densitysilica contentcoloriron contentwater content Most stratovolcanoes tend to erupt:rhyolitebasaltandesitegabbroobsidian This rock is so porous it often floats on water:gabbroobsidianpumicegraniterhyolite After steam, the most abundant component of volcanic gases:argoncarbon dioxidehydrogen sulfidesulfur dioxidenitrogen These lavas erupt coolest:pumicebasaltandesiterhyolite Which of these igneous rocks is classified on the basis of its texture:duniteandesitescoriarhyolitebasalt A volcano that has not erupted in 1000 years is best described as:activedormantextinct Which of these is a pyroclastic material ? : a basalt lava flowa diorite silla batholitha volcanic mudflowvolcanic ash Most batholiths are made of:granitebasaltdunitegabbrorhyolite The property of a magma that determines whether or not it flows easily:densityviscositycoloriron content This mineral tends to form last in Bowen's Series:quartzplagioclaseolivinemuscovitebiotite Shield volcanoes tend to erupt:rhyolitebasaltandesitegabbroobsidian All these rocks have about the same chemical composition except:gabbroobsidianpumicegraniterhyolite The most abundant component of volcanic gases:steamcarbon dioxidehydrogen sulfidesulfur dioxidenitrogen These lavas erupt hottest:pumicebasaltandesiterhyolite During its lifetime, a volcano may:collapse to form a calderacollapse in a catastrophic landslideerode away to leave a volcanic neckany of the above A volcano that has not erupted in 1000 years is extinct. True or False: True False Source of the water that forms volcanic mudflows:melting of the volcano's snow or ice capcondensation of water vapor from the eruption cloudboth a and bneither a nor b The least dangerous hazard to human life from volcanoes:lava flowsnuees ardentesmudflows Mount St. Helens, prior to its eruption in 1980 was an excellent example of:a shield volcanoa dormant volcanoan extinct volcanoan active volcanonone of these The steepness of slopes on a volcanic mountain is determined primarily by:the relative amounts of pyroclastic debris and lava erupted from the volcanic ventthe initial temperature of the lavathe amount of rainfall in the areathe force with which the magma is pushed upwardnone of these A fiery cloud of hot gases and pyroclastic debris which flows down the side of a volcano is called:a cinder avalanchea nuee ardente or pyroclastic flowclastic flowtheromoclastic avalanchenone of these The steep-walled structure formed by the collapse of the top of a volcanic mountain into an underlying magma chamber is called:a cratera fissurea calderaa ventnone of these The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern U. S. is an excellent example of:an eroded shield volcanodeposits of flood basaltsextensive deposits of pyroclastic debrisa chain of composite volcanoesnone of these The type of rock which is not a common volcanic rock is:andesitebasaltgabbrorhyolitenone of these Two types of gases, other than steam, that are most abundant in volcanic emissions are:carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxidecarbon dioxide and nitrogenhydrogen and heliumnone of thesecarbon monoxide and argon Gabbro is coarser grained than basalt because:it contains more silicathe original magma cooled under low pressure, so that larger crystals could formthe original magma cooled more slowlythe crystals have grown larger during later metamorphismnone of these Granites and rhyolites are related by:their grain sizetheir mode of emplacementtheir association in the ocean basinstheir mineralogical compositionnone of these Which of these processes can destroy a stratovolcano:landslidegradual erosioncaldera collapseall of the above Why some minerals, like olivine and quartz, can't occur togethersome occur in volcanic rocks, others in plutonic rocksthey are both silicatesneither of them contains silicathey are chemically incompatible The first question a geologist asks in classifying an igneous rock What feldspars are present? Is quartz present? What dark minerals are present? When molten rock reaches the surface, it's called:lavaslagmagmagranite Molten rock which does not reach the surface is called:volcanic ashmagmabasaltlava Magma formsin the core of the earth1000 miles below the surfacea mile below the surfaceabout 50 miles below the surface How to tell a dike from a silla dike cuts across structures but a sill is parallel to themdikes are mostly of gabbro, sills are dioritesills are usually associated with batholithsall of the above Silica-rich lavasare usually cooler than silica-poor lavasare more viscoustend to be accompanied by more explosive eruptionsall of the abovenone of the above An igneous rock with large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.basaltpumicescoriaporphyry According to Bowen's Series:quartz forms lastquartz and olivine form togetherquartz forms before biotitequartz forms first Obsidianis volcanic glassis usually rhyolitic in compositionhas conchoidal fractureall of the above A felsic magma:contains a high percentage of iron and magnesiumcools to form volcanic rocks such as basaltcontains more than 65% silicais characterized as silica poorcontains mostly sodium and potassium The viscosity of magma is primarily controlled by:temperaturetexturesilica contentelevationpressure The most commonly emitted volcanic gas is:carbon dioxidechlorinehydrogen sulfidewater vapornitrogen An example of a concordant pluton having a tabular geometry is a:silllava flowbatholithdikevolcanic neck Most pegmatites are essentially:light-colored gabbrothick accumulations of pyroclastic materialsvery coarse-grained graniterhyolite porphyrycylindrical plutons An igneous rock possessing a combination of mineral grains with markedly different sizes is:a natural glassthe product of very rapid coolingformed by explosive volcanisma porphyrya tuff Basalt plateaus form as a result of:repeated eruptions of cinder coneswidespread ash fallsaccumulation of thick layers of pyroclastic materialsthe origin of lahars on composite volcanoeseruptions of fluid lava from long fissures One other Cascade Range volcano besides Mount St. Helens has erupted since 1900. It is: Mount Hood, Oregon Mount Adams, Washington Mount Lassen, California Mount Mazama, Oregon Mount Garibaldi, British Columbia Volcanic or extrusive igneous rocks form by the cooling and crystallization of lava flows and thecrystallization of magma beneath the surfaceconsolidation of pyroclastic materialsreaction of volcanic gases with the atmosphereheating of sedimentary rocks beneath lava flowsall of these Which is associated with basaltic magma:shield volcanoesexplosive eruptionsnuees ardentesbatholiths Small, steep-sided cones that form on the surfaces of lava flows where gases escape are:lava tubespahoehoespatter conesvolcanic bombscolumnar joints Much of the upper part of the oceanic crust is composed of interconnected bulbous masses of igneous rock called:pillow lavaparasitic coneslapilliblockspyroclastic material Shield volcanoes have low slopes because they are composed of:mostly pyroclastic layersfelsic magmalahars and viscous lava flowspillow lavasfluid mafic lava flows Which is most dangerous to humans:nuee ardente or pyroclastic flowpahoehoelava flowspillow lavavolcanic bombs A lava flow with a surface of jagged blocks is termed:lapilliobsidianvesicularpyroclastic sheet depositaa Most calderas form by:summit collapseforceful injectionexplosionserosion of lava domesfissure eruptions An igneous rock possessing mineral grains large enough to be seen without magnification is said to have a _____ textureporphyriticphaneriticaphaniticvesicularfragmental What are the two major kinds of igneous rocks:volcanic and eruptivevolcanic and plutonicgranitic and plutonicsills and lavadikes and batholiths Crater Lake in Oregon is an excellent example of a:calderabasalt plateaucinder conelava domeshield volcano The volcanic conduit of a lava dome is most commonly plugged by:mafic magmavolcanic mudflowscolumnar jointsspatter conesviscous, felsic magma The largest volcano in the world (height, volume, or diameter) is: Mount St. Helens, Washington Mount Vesuvius, Italy Mount Etna, Sicily Mauna Loa, Hawaii Fujiyama, Japan The only area where fissure eruptions are currently occurring is:the Red Sea Icelandwestern South America Japanthe Pacific Northwest Why is silica the major component of magma:it melts at low temperaturesit retains heat wellit dissolves other rocksit is so abundant Which of the following pairs of igneous rocks have the same mineral composition?granite-tuffbasalt-gabbroandesite-rhyoliteperidotite-andesitepumice-diorite Which of the following is a concordant pluton:silldikestockbatholithvolcanic neck Batholiths are composed mostly of what type of rock:graniticandesitegabbroperiodotitebasalt Most active volcanoes are in:the Mediterranean beltthe circum-Pacific beltthe Hawaiian Islandsthe oceanic ridge belt Iceland The magma generated beneath spreading ridges is mostly:maficintermediatefelsicanswers (a) and (b) onlyall of these The volcanoes of _____ are unrelated to either a divergent or a convergent plate margin. East Africathe Hawaiian Islandsthe mid-oceanic ridges Icelandthe Cascade Range Volcanic rocks can usually be distinguished from plutonic rocks by:colorthe size of their mineral grainscompositionspecific gravityiron-magnesium content One of history's best-known volcanic eruptions was the eruption that destroyed Pompeii in 79 A. D. How was Pompeii destroyed: It was buried by lava flows. It was buried by mudflows. It was swept away by a volcanic sea wave." }, { "docid": "D786884#0", "title": "http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1\nDefinitions", "text": "\"Definitions Volcano Term Definitionsa \| b \| c \| d \| e \| f \| g \| h \| i \| j \| k \| l \| m \| n \| o \| p \| q \| r \| s \| t \| u \| v \| w \| x \| y \| z Click one of the letters above to advance the page to terms beginning with that letter.a A'a search for term Hawaiian word used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments. Accessory search for term A mineral whose presence in a rock is not essential to the proper classification of the rock. Accidental search for term Pyroclastic rocks that are formed from fragments of non-volcanic rocks or from volcanic rocks not related to the erupting volcano. Accretionary Lava Ball search for term A rounded mass, ranging in diameter from a few centimeters to several meters, [carried] on the surface of a lava flow (e.g., ' a'a) or on cinder-cone slopes [and formed] by the molding of viscous lava around a core of already solidified lava. Acid search for term A descriptive term applied to igneous rocks with more than 60% silica (Si O2). Active Volcano search for term A volcano that is erupting. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. Agglutinate search for term A pyroclastic deposit consisting of an accumulation of originally plastic ejecta and formed by the coherence of the fragments upon solidification. Alkalic search for term Rocks which contain above average amounts of sodium and/or potassium for the group of rocks for which it belongs. For example, the basalts of the capping stage of Hawaiian volcanoes are alkalic." }, { "docid": "D700529#0", "title": "https://studyforce.com/index.php?topic=165872.0\n.", "text": "Post a New Question Current Questions Home Q & A Board Science-Related Homework Help Geography and Earth Sciences New Topic________ magma is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers Mr Derechewrote...solved Posts: 4654Rep: 239 03 years ago________ magma is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers. A) Basaltic B) Granitic C) Andesitic D) Pegmatitic Read 694 times 3 Replies Report Replies Answer accepted by topic startermilestone23wrote...#1Posts: 13008Rep: 437 03 years ago To view this post and more You'll need to login or register Report ARetired master Mr Derechewrote...#23 years ago Thanks, this answer is perfect. Bye for now.. Reportmilestone23wrote...#33 years ago No problemo Report Retired master New Topic Post a New Question Share This Topic Similar topics that might interest you... Solved ________ lava is the most abundant type erupted at oceanic spreading centers. A) Rhyolitic B) Andesiti Geography and Earth Sciences 2 years ago Earthy Richy271 3 Replies 179 Views Solved Volcanic bombs originate ________. A) as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to th Geography and Earth Sciences 2 years ago drelog Pulsa 3 Replies 112 Views Solved ________ magma is the most abundant type of magma erupted on Earth. A) Pegmatitic B) Andesitic C) Basal Geography and Earth Sciences 2 years ago drelog Pulsa 3 Replies 186 Views Solved _____ lie between the continental margins and the oceanic ridges. a. Spreading centers b. Shelves ... Geography and Earth Sciences A month ago cattyson Netsirk 1 Reply 1 View This topic is currently locked from adding new posts. Only administrators and moderators can reply. If you'd like to contribute to this topic, start a new thread and make reference to this one. Otherwise, contact a moderator for more options." }, { "docid": "D2526420#0", "title": "http://faculty.olympic.edu/smacias/101onlineigneousrocks.html\n.", "text": "\"Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks are rocks that have crystallized from molten rock, or magma. Magma is generated in the subsurface where it may solidify to form a plutonic rock, such as granite. The magma may also rise to the surface and erupt out of a volcano or volcanic fissure to form a volcanic rock, such as basalt. Igneous rock composition Magma has a range of composition that is dominated by the elements silicon and oxygen, or silica (Si O 2 ). These two elements combine to form about 45% to 75% of an igneous rock (by weight). Other elements that are typically present in magma are aluminum, iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and calcium. Other elements may be present in trace amounts. Igneous rocks are classified based on the relative abundance of the various elements listed above, most notably Si O 2 . In general, the higher the amount of Si O 2 in a magma, the lower the amount of iron it contains, and vice versa. Large proportions of iron will result in a rock that is dark in color." }, { "docid": "D534587#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/33578314/geo-101-flash-cards/\nGEO 101", "text": "\"47 terms rachel_hensley GEO 101Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort In what ways does continental crust differ from oceanic crust? Continental crust differs from oceanic crust in all of the following ways: its thicker, less dense, more buoyant, richer in light elements like Na, K, and Si, and poorer in dense elements like Fe and Mg relative to oceanic crust Earth's interior is hot because Earth's interior is hot because the process that formed Earth (accretion) generated large amounts of heat. Additional heat has been added through geologic time by radioactive decay of unstable isotopes (heat is a byproduct of the decay process). Molten rock or magma is actually rare in earth's interior - only the outer core is hot enough to be above the melting point for material of that composition under that amount of pressure. Tectonic plates of rigid and brittle __________ move over a softer and ductile ___________ below. lithosphere; asthenosphere The layer of the Earth that is thought to be a liquid is the: Outer core How does the lithosphere differ from the asthenosphere? The lithosphere is a rigid and brittle solid while the asthenosphere is a soft and ductile solid. ( The terms crust and mantle are used to denote differences in chemical composition; while the terms lithosphere and asthenosphere are used to denote differences in physical state (for example, rigid, brittle solid vs.. soft, ductile solid)." }, { "docid": "D2010458#0", "title": "http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/ocean_basins.htm\n.", "text": "\"EENS 2120Petrology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Igneous Rocks of the Ocean Basins This document last updated on 03-Feb-2011The Ocean Basins The ocean basins cover the largest area of the Earth's surface. Because of plate tectonics, however, most oceanic lithosphere eventually is subducted. Thus the only existing oceanic lithosphere is younger than about Jurassic in age and occurs at locations farthest from the oceanic spreading centers. Except in areas where magmatism is intense enough to build volcanic structures above sea level, most of the oceanic magmatism is difficult to access. Samples of rocks can be obtained from drilling, dredging, and expeditions of small submarines to the ocean floor. Numerous samples have been recovered and studied using these methods. Most of the magmatism is basaltic. Still, few drilling expeditions have penetrated through the sediment cover and into the oceanic lithosphere. Nevertheless, we have a fairly good understanding of the structure of the oceanic lithosphere from seismic studies and ophiolites." }, { "docid": "D558609#0", "title": "http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html/111\nHawaiian Volcanism", "text": "\"Hawaiian Volcanism This review presents some of the current knowledge of volcanoes in Hawai'i. It was originally written for a NASA-sponsored workshop about Hawaiian volcanism. We hope that with this review you can gain a better understanding of the processes and landforms that are associated with Hawaiian volcanoes. Many of these processes and features can also be found at other basaltic volcanoes on Earth. Additionally, Kilauea and Mauna Loa and have also become the primary volcanoes used by planetary geologists as analogs for volcanoes on Mars and Venus. This review presents ideas derived by many volcanologists over the last few decades, the most prominent of whom are George Walker, Dave Clague, Jim Moore, and the late Gordon Macdonald. Scientists at the U. S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the University of Hawai'i, and elsewhere have made further important contributions to the study of Hawaiian volcanism, and their willingness to share their knowledge is gratefully acknowledged. Hypertext references refer to a bibliography that provides just a taste of the extensive literature available to those interested in studying Hawaiian volcanoes. Basaltic shield volcanoes comprise a small percentage of Earth's volcanoes (~8%; Simkin et al. 1981)." }, { "docid": "D1674847#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/exam-1-plate-tectonics/deck/8004762\nExam #1 Plate Tectonics", "text": "How did the Red Sea, shown between Arabia and Africa in this figure, form? A. subduction of Arabia beneath Africa B. subduction of Africa beneath Arabia C. a continental collision D. continental rifting followed by seafloor spreading E. transform faulting followed by a continental collision D. continental rifting followed by seafloor spreading Which of the following statements is true? A. Earthquakes are more widespread than volcanoes or high mountains. B. High mountains are more widespread than volcanoes or earthquakes. C. Volcanoes are more widespread than earthquakes or high mountains. D. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and high mountains nearly all occur in the same areas. Earthquakes are more widespread than volcanoes or high mountains.ocean-continent convergent boundary A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a (n): A. oceanic trench B. mountain belt or island arc C. mid-ocean ridge D. a and b only E. none of these C. mid-ocean ridge Mid-ocean ridges form where two ocean plates: A. collide B. diverge C. subduct D. slide past each other E. are destroyed B. diverge What occurs at mid-ocean ridges? A. oceanic crust is destroyed B. continental crust is destroyed C. oceanic crust is created D. continental crust is created E. all crust is destroyed by magma C. oceanic crust is created Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because: A. two plates are colliding B. the crust is thicker C. the crust is stronger D. transform faulting uplifts the rocks E. the lithosphere is thinner and hotter The main way new oceanic crust is created is by: A. eruption of lavas and solidification of magmas at depth B. sediment scraped off a subducting slab C. continents that subside below sea level D. continental rifting, before the continents separate E. magmas along an ocean-continent convergent boundary The stages associated with continental rifting are, in order from earliest to latest: A. narrow ocean basin, continental rift, uplift, wide ocean basin B. narrow ocean basin, wide ocean basin, continental rift, uplift C. uplift, wide ocean basin, narrow ocean basin, continental rift D. wide ocean basin, narrow ocean basin, uplift, continental rift E. uplift, continental rift, narrow ocean basin, wide ocean basin Which of the following best represents the sequence by which a continent splits apart? A. seafloor spreading, then continental rifting, then uplift due to mantle upwelling B. continental rifting, then seafloor spreading, then uplift due to mantle upwelling C. uplift due to mantle upwelling, then continental rifting, then seafloor spreading D. none of these Which of the following is associated with a mid-ocean ridge? A. an island arc B. magma produced as the mantles rise up C. melting of the subducting plate D. lower topography than surrounding seafloor E. continental rift Which of the following is NOT happening in the area shown by this figure?" }, { "docid": "D59982#0", "title": "http://www.indiana.edu/~g105lab/1425chap13.htm\n.", "text": "\"Chapter 13: Evolution of Continents and Oceans The theory of plate tectonics is nowadays more or less universally accepted by geologists, and I have mentioned the basic idea briefly at the beginning of this class. The basic thought is, that instead of being permanent fixtures of the earth's surface, the continents and ocean basins undergo continuous change. Both are parts of lithospheric plates that move against each other, and in the process new crust is created at midoceanic ridges (spreading centers), and old crust is consumed at convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones). Even before the theory of plate tectonics, there were a variety of geologic observations that suggested that the continents were on the move, but because nobody had a good idea what the underlying driving mechanisms might be, the idea languished in obscurity for the first half of the 20th century. For now we will take plate tectonics as a theory with a broad observational data base in its support, and will assume that it essentially works as outlined in Chapter 3. PLATE MARGINSAlfred Wegener, the pioneer of continental drift, thought that the continents as plates move through the oceanic crust, implying thus that the shorelines of the continents are the margins of the continental plates. However, even though that may be initially a reasonable assumption (the shorelines being major geographic features), continental margins need not necessarily be plate margins. Today scientists have a fairly good understanding of how the plates move and how such movements relate to earthquake and volcanic activity. Most movement occurs along narrow zones between plates where the results of plate-tectonic forces are most evident. There are basically three different types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform), and a fourth type (boundary zones) is sometimes designated when it is difficult to define a clear boundary: Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other." }, { "docid": "D3343244#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamounts\nSeamount", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Seamounts)navigation search For active seamounts, see Submarine volcano. Marine habitats Bathymetric mapping of part of Davidson Seamount. The dots indicate significant coral nurseries. Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Kelp forests Coral reefs Ocean banks Continental shelf Neritic zone Straits Pelagic zone Oceanic zone Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Benthic zonev t e A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface ( sea level ), and thus is not an island, islet or cliff-rock. Seamounts are typically formed from extinct volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from the seafloor to 1,000–4,000 m (3,300–13,100 ft) in height. They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form. [ 1] The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of meters below the surface, and are therefore considered to be within the deep sea. [ 2] During their evolution over geologic time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface where wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface. After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat-top seamounts are called \"\" guyots \"\" or \"\"tablemounts\"\" [1]A total of 9,951 seamounts and 283 guyots, covering a total of 8,796,150 km 2 (3,396,210 sq mi) have been mapped [3] but only a few have been studied in detail by scientists. Seamounts and guyots are most abundant in the North Pacific Ocean, and follow a distinctive evolutionary pattern of eruption, build-up, subsidence and erosion." }, { "docid": "D591622#0", "title": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volcus/ustext.html\nVolcanoes of the United States", "text": "\"Text plus figures [Requires table-enabled browser]Volcanoes of the United States Online Version 1.1by Steven R. Brantley Introduction Volcanoes and the Theory of Plate Tectonics Recent Eruptions from U. S. Volcanoes Hawaiian volcanoes Cascade volcanoes Alaskan volcanoes Restless calderas Active Volcanoes: Windows into the Past Glossary Further Reading Introduction Few natural forces are as spectacular and threatening, or have played such a dominant role in shaping the face of the Earth, as erupting volcanoes. Volcanism has built some of the world's greatest mountain ranges, covered vast regions with lava (molten rock at the Earth's surface), and triggered explosive eruptions whose size and power are nearly impossible for us to imagine today. Fortunately, such calamitous eruptions occur infrequently. Of the 50 or so volcanoes that erupt every year, however, a few severely disrupt human activities. Between 1980 and 1990, volcanic activity killed at least 26,000 people and forced nearly 450,000 to flee from their homes. Though few people in the United States may actually experience an erupting volcano, the evidence for earlier volcanism is preserved in many rocks of North America. Features seen in volcanic rocks only hours old are also present in ancient volcanic rocks, both at the surface and buried beneath younger deposits. A thick ash deposit sandwiched between layers of sandstone in Nebraska, the massive granite peaks of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, and a variety of volcanic layers found in eastern Maine are but a few of the striking clues of past volcanism. With this perspective, an erupting volcano is not only an exciting and awesome spectacle in its own right but a window into a natural process that has happened over and over again throughout Earth's history. The Earth's crust, on which we live and depend, is in large part the product of millions of once-active volcanoes and tremendous volumes of magma (molten rock below ground) that did not erupt but instead cooled below the surface." }, { "docid": "D2247381#0", "title": "http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap3mult.html\nMultiple Choice Questions for Plutonic and Volcanic Igneous Rocks - Chapters 3 and 4", "text": "\"Multiple Choice Questions for Plutonic and Volcanic Igneous Rocks - Chapters 3 and 4Each chapter will include a few questions designed to test your knowledge of material covered in the chapter and in the Internet-based resources. Your answers are not being recorded. Try the following. The rate of cooling of a magma or lava is reflected by the ________ of the rock.mineralogy texture color density The temperature (at least a minimum estimate) from which the melt cooled is reflected by the _________ of the rock.mineralogy texture color density Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?near the top surface of the flow in the center of the flow near the bottom of the flow the crystals would have the same grain size throughout the flow According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following pairs of phases are likely to be incompatible?quartz and alkali feldspar Ca-Plagioclase and olivine quartz and olivine Na-plagioclase and amphibole The last mineral (assuming that the composition is appropriate) to crystallize from a magma is:plagioclase olivine quartz pyroxene The fine grained (aphanatic) equivalent of a granite is a:rhyolite gabbro andesite basalt Grains are alkali feldspar and quartz. The length of the figure is about 2 cm. The diagram above most likely represents a ___________extrusive igneous rock intrusive igneous rock clastic sedimentary rock chemical sedimentary rock The coarse grained equivalent of a basalt is a:rhyolite gabbro andesite basalt Describe the plate tectonic settings where you would expect to find granitic/rhyolitic rocks:subduction zone continent/continent collision spreading center transform boundary Describe the plate tectonic settings where you would expect to find andesites:subduction zone continent/continent collision spreading center transform boundary Describe the plate tectonic settings where you would expect to find basaltic rocks:subduction zone continent/continent collision spreading center transform boundary Which should offer the least resistance to flow - a basaltic lava, an andesitic liquid or a rhyolitic liquid?basalt andesite rhyolite Which is more likely, a granite dike, a diorite dike or a gabbro dike?granite diorite gabbro Which of the following minerals might be found in a granite dike?amphibole muscovite biotite all of these Crater Lake, Oregon, is a lake within a:sill crater caldera volcanic neck Residents at the base of which one of the following would face the greatest danger of a nuee ardente?shield volcano cinder cone geyser stratovolcano The continental crust is most like _______________.granite rhyolite basalt gabbro The oceanic crust is most like _______________.granite rhyolite basalt gabbro What type of volcanic rock contains a large number of cavities (bubbles) that form when gases escape from the molten rock?granite obsidian pumice basalt What is the effect of water on melting (assuming the rock does not contain any hydrous minerals)?water raises the melting temperature of rock water lowers the melting temperature of a rock water neither raises nor lowers the melting temperature During crystallization of a melt plagioclase become richer in __________ .potassium sodium calcium krypton At about what temperature do olivine and Ca-rich plagioclase crystallize from a magma?500 degrees C 1000 degrees C 1500 degrees C 2000 degrees CWhich of the following is a concordant intrusive rock?dike sill stock batholith What type of igneous rock would contain 10 mm long plagioclase crystals surrounded by 0.5 mm long crystals?porphyry obsidian phaneritic aphanitic Which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same chemical composition?granite and andesite diorite and basalt gabbro and basalt gabbro and rhyolite Which of the following best describes a granite?a light-colored, fine-grained igneous rock rich in silica a light-colored, fine-grained igneous rock poor in silica a light-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock rich in silica a light-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock poor in silica Which of the following best describes a basalt?a dark-colored, fine-grained igneous rock rich in silica a dark-colored, fine-grained igneous rock poor in silica a dark-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock rich in silica a dark-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock poor in silica Most igneous rocks contain ___________Si O 2 by weight.less than 40% between 40% and 70% between 70% and 90% greater than 90%Which of the following minerals is the most abundant mineral in ultramafic rocks?amphibole olivine sodium plagioclase quartz Which of the following statements about mafic rocks is true?mafic rocks are richer in silica than felsic rocks mafic rocks crystallize at higher temperatures than felsic rocks mafic rocks are more viscous than felsic rocks mafic rocks tend to be lighter in color than felsic rocks. Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes near the Earth's surface?basalt gabbro diorite granite What is the approximate silica content of a granite?20% 50% 70% 100%Which of these minerals is commonly found in both mafic and felsic rocks?quartz alkali feldspar plagioclase feldspar olivine Which of the following is NOT an extrusive igneous rock?basalt andesite obsidian granite Felsic => Intermediate => =>Mafic Which of the following properties increases in the direction of the arrows in the sentence above?melting temperature potassium content silica content viscosity What type of magma forms at mid-ocean ridges?basalt andesite ultramafic granite A porphyritic igneous rock contains phenocrysts of olivine and calcium-rich plagioclase in an aphanitic groundmass. This is a __________? andesite porphyry basalt porphyry gabbro porphyry rhyolite porphyry A porphyritic igneous rock contains phenocrysts of olivine and calcium-rich plagioclase in an phaneritic groundmass. This is a __________?" }, { "docid": "D93866#0", "title": "https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/mantle/\nmantle", "text": "Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary The mantle, between the brittle crust and super-dense core, makes up a whopping 84% of Earth’s total volume. Illustration by Ewalde1, courtesy Wikimedia. CC-BY-SA-3.0Earth’s Active Mantle Earth is the only planet in our solar system with a continually active mantle. Mercury and Mars have solid, unmoving interior structures. Venus has an active mantle, but the structure of its crust and atmosphere prevent it from changing the Venusian landscape very often. Explosive Study Explosions, just like earthquakes, trigger seismic waves. Body waves from powerful nuclear explosions may have revealed clues about Earth’s interior—but such seismic study is prohibited as part of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Mantling Conductivity Some mantle maps display electrical conductivity, not seismic waves. By mapping disturbances in electrical patterns, scientists have helped identify hidden “reservoirs” of water in the mantle. The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth’s interior." }, { "docid": "D2837212#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/96885546/chapter-3-plate-tectonics-flash-cards/\nChapter 3: Plate Tectonics", "text": "24 terms singer_rocks96Chapter 3: Plate Tectonics Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. Arctic ocean, Pacific ocean, Atlantic ocean, Indian ocean and Southern Ocean Identify the name of the continents and oceans Continents---some continents continue outward from the shoreline under shallow sea water, forming submerged benches (continental shelves) All contain large regions. some have flat coastal plains while others have mountains (some are in the middle of the continent) elevations of less than 1-2 km. Broad high regions--plateaus reach higher elevations (Tibetan Plateau of southern Asia) also contain mountain chains and individual mountains. South America-- flanked by an ocean trench but others (Australia and Africa) have no nearby trenches. Oceans: parts of the seafloor have mountains form islands--Hawaii, do not reach sea level and are termed sea-mounts, islands sea mounts like Hawaii are in long belts (island and sea-mount chains) ocean floor-moderately deep fairly smooth surface,,abyssal plains. Mid ocean ridges--broad symmetrical ridges that cross the ocean basins. long ridege--East Pacific Rise cross eastern Pacific and heads toward North America." }, { "docid": "D611887#0", "title": "http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/plate.htm\n.", "text": "\"PLANET EARTH: PROBING BEYOND THE SURFACEby Rebecca Hotz and Kristen Schmidt Chapter Outline I. Introduction: Why You Should Care II. The Composition of the Earth III. Differing Physical Properties of the Earth Mesosphere Asthenosphere Lithosphere IV. Types of Crust Continental Oceanic V. Plates of the Earth VI. Plate Tectonics Motion of the Plates VII. Plate Boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform VIII. Summary IX. Closing Thoughts and Comments X. Glossary XI. Work Cited XII. Additional Readings Introduction Although humans spend every day on the crust of the earth, we tend to take for granted the incredible physical features that the earth displays." }, { "docid": "D2136152#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_magma_is_the_most_abundant_type_erupted_at_oceanic_spreading_centers\nWhat magma is the most abundant of erupted at oceanic spread centers?", "text": "What magma is the most abundant of erupted at oceanic spread centers? The most abundant type of magma erupted at oceanic spread centersis basaltic magma. This type of magma has low viscosity and formsin the mantle part of the Earth that are high …Basalt is the most common magma erupted along oceanic rift systems? True. Reference: http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-303839Magma is the most abundant type erupted at oceanic spreading centers? Basaltic magma is the most abundant type of magma at oceanic spreading centers. Sheliqueeee 5 Contributions What type of magma is most abundant at oceanic spreading centers? Basaltic magma , generally Gabbro. What is the most abundant gas in magma? When magma is formed, it is composed of water vapor, carbondioxide, and sulfur dioxide." }, { "docid": "D2507472#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/test-2-quiz-questions/deck/6943734\nTest 2 Quiz Questions", "text": "Which of the following igneous rocks has a pyroclastic texture?texture porphyritic basalt intrusive diorite andesitic lava rhyolitic tuff Rhyolitic Tuff The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock is known as...silica contenttexturemineral content Bowen's reaction seriestexture Changing the composition of magma by incorporating the surrounding host rock is known as...assimilationmagma mixingpartial meltingdifferentiationassimilation Olivine and quartz commonly crystallize together from mafic or basaltic magmasfalse Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica content? Ganite Basalt Andesite Diorite Basalt Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive rocks. Why? Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow the extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineal grains do not have time to grow the extrusive magma , because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly produceing small mineral grains The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow A feldspar crystal where a calcium rich interior is surrounded by a sodium rich rim indicates that there was incomplete reaction between the crystal and surrounding magma. True or false Andesitic magma can form through differentiation of granitic magma. True or false Consider Bowen's reaction series. Which mineral would you expect to see as a phenocryst in a porphyritic basalt? Olivine Quartz Orthoclase feldspar Sodium rich plagioclase feldspar What texture describes an igneous rock that has two or more distinctly different sized populations of mineral grains? Porphyritic Phaneritic Aphanitic Glassy Which of the following igneous rocks has a phaneritic texture? Andesite Rhyolite Basalt Gabbro The formation of a secondary magma of different composition from a parent magma is called magmatic differentiation." }, { "docid": "D1121790#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/science/oceanic-crust\nOceanic crust", "text": "Oceanic crust, the outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere that is found under the oceans and formed at spreading centres on oceanic ridges, which occur at divergent plate boundaries. A cross section of Earth's outer layers, from the crust through the lower mantle. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Oceanic crust is about 6 km (4 miles) thick. It is composed of several layers, not including the overlying sediment. The topmost layer, about 500 metres (1,650 feet) thick, includes lavas made of basalt (that is, rock material consisting largely of plagioclase [ feldspar] and pyroxene ). Oceanic crust differs from continental crust in several ways: it is thinner, denser, younger, and of different chemical composition. Like continental crust, however, oceanic crust is destroyed in subduction zones. The lavas are generally of two types: pillow lavas and sheet flows. Pillow lavas appear to be shaped exactly as the name implies—like large overstuffed pillows about 1 metre (3 feet) in cross section and 1 to several metres long. They commonly form small hills tens of metres high at the spreading centres." }, { "docid": "D3285267#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-an-ophiolite-1441113\nWhat Is an Ophiolite?", "text": "\"Science, Tech, Math ›Science What Is an Ophiolite? Learn About the 'Snake Stone'Share Flipboard Email Print James St. John/Flickr/CC BY 2.0by Andrew Alden Updated February 23, 2018The earliest geologists were puzzled by a peculiar set of rock types in the European Alps like nothing else found on land: bodies of dark and heavy peridotite associated with deep-seated gabbro, volcanic rocks and bodies of serpentinite, with a thin cap of deep-sea sedimentary rocks. In 1821 Alexandre Brongniart named this assemblage ophiolite (\"\"snake stone\"\" in scientific Greek) after its distinctive exposures of serpentinite (\"\"snake stone\"\" in scientific Latin). Fractured, altered and faulted, with almost no fossil evidence to date them, ophiolites were a stubborn mystery until plate tectonics revealed their important role. Seafloor Origin of Ophiolites A hundred and fifty years after Brongniart, the advent of plate tectonics gave ophiolites a place in the big cycle: they appear to be small pieces of oceanic crust that have been attached to the continents. Until the mid-20th-century deep-sea drilling program we didn't know just how the seafloor is constructed, but once we did the resemblance with ophiolites was persuasive. The seafloor is covered with a layer of deep-sea clay and siliceous ooze, which grows thinner as we approach the mid-ocean ridges. There the surface is revealed as a thick layer of pillow basalt, black lava erupted in round loaves that form in the deep cold seawater. Beneath the pillow basalt are the vertical dikes that feed the basalt magma to the surface. These dikes are so abundant that in many places the crust is nothing but dikes, lying together like slices in a bread loaf." }, { "docid": "D2533663#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/131682226/geology-1100-spring-2016-flash-cards/\nGeology 1100 Spring 2016", "text": "\"149 terms peter_loukis30Geology 1100 Spring 2016Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Mineral vs Rock -in a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure. -a rock is lithified or consolidated of different mineral grains.typical eruption of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii? quiet outpourings of fluid lavasa major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases. water Viscosity -Resistance of a fluid to flow Hotter magma is less viscous More volatiles is less viscous more silica is more viscous Basaltic Lavas low-viscosity magic lavas, typically erupted at 1000 to 1200 C; cool to form basalt Rhyolitic lavas high-viscosity fells lavas, typically erupted at 800 to 1200 C; cool to form rhyolite Andesitic lavas intermediate in composition and viscosity between magic and fells magmas; cool to form andesitecorrect order (left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity? rhyolite, andesite, basalt Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface? Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.what increases viscosity of magma an increase in silica contentpahoehoe basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface Volcanic bombs originate as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the groundwhat tends to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano. High viscosity and dissolved gasaa type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble Melting temperatures of silicate rocks are lowered by small amounts of water Kilauea and Mauna Loa are basaltic shield volcanoesshield volcano a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows.cinder cone volcano They form over short periods of time, often after a single eruption event.indicates the possibility of an imminent eruption -changes in earthquake patterns near the volcano -changes in gas composition -ground deformation on the top or side of a volcanocomposite volcanos erupt with erupt silica-rich lavas that cool to andesite or rhyolite The Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon is a flood basalt plateau Describe Shiprock, a famous volcanic feature in New Mexico the eroded remains of a volcanic pipe and radiating dikes What structure forms when igneous rock solidifies in the conduit of a volcano? volcanic neckcaldera landform created by the collapse of the summit of a volcanomost abundant type of magma erupted at oceanic spreading centers." } ]
8910	________ refers to all of the genetic material in a breeding population	[ { "docid": "D2826783#0", "title": "http://wwnorton.com/college/anthro/ess_phys_anthro2/ch/04/outline.aspx\nGenes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics", "text": "Chapter 4Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics Chapter Study Outline Demes, Reproductive Isolation, and Species Evolution is about groups of potentially reproducing organisms. Deme refers to members of a species that produce offspring. All the genetic material within a breeding population is referred to as the gene pool. The term species refers to the populations and their members that are capable of breeding with each other and producing viable, fertile offspring. Species are defined on the basis of reproductive isolation. Population genetics studies change over time (or the lack of it) in gene pools. Hardy-Weinberg Law: Testing the Conditions of Genetic Equilibrium This mathematical model is used to study genetic change in populations. If no change is occurring within the population, gene frequencies at a locus remain the same. If change is occurring, evolution is happening within the population. Mutation: The Only Source of New Alleles Mutation is the only source of new genetic information." } ]	[ { "docid": "D399499#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcrossing\nBackcrossing", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with Breeding back. Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms. Backcrossed hybrids are sometimes described with acronym \"\"BC\"\", for example, an F1 hybrid crossed with one of its parents (or a genetically similar individual) can be termed a BC1 hybrid, and a further cross of the BC1 hybrid to the same parent (or a genetically similar individual) produces a BC2 hybrid. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Plants1.1 Advantages1.2 Disadvantages1.3 Natural backcrossings1.4 Artificially recombinant lines2 Animals3 See also4 References4.1 Notes4.2 Bibliography5 External links Plants [ edit]Advantages [ edit]If the recurrent parent is an elite genotype, at the end of the backcrossing programme an elite genotype is recovered. As there is no \"\"new\"\" recombination, the elite combination is not lost. Disadvantages [ edit]Works poorly for quantitative traits Is more restricted for recessive traits In practice, sections of genome from the non-recurrent parents are often still present and can have unwanted traits associated with them For very wide crosses, limited recombination may maintain thousands of ‘alien’ genes within the elite cultivar Many backcrosses are required to produce a new cultivar which can take many years Natural backcrossings [ edit]York radiate groundsel ( Senecio eboracensis) is a naturally occurring hybrid species of Oxford ragwort ( Senecio squalidus) and common groundsel ( Senecio vulgaris ). It is thought to have arisen from a backcrossing of the F1 hybrid with S. vulgaris. [ 2]Again, the pure tall (TT) and pure dwarf (tt) pea plants when crossed in the parental generation, they produce all heterozygote (Tt) tall pea plants in the first filial generation. The cross between first filial heterozygote tall (Tt) pea plant and pure tall (TT) or pure dwarf (tt) pea plant of the parental generation is also an example for the back-crossing between two plants." }, { "docid": "D1395841#0", "title": "http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Genetic_pollution\nGenetic pollution", "text": "\"This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. Please help recruit one or improve this article yourself. See the talk page for details. Please consider using { { Expert-subject }} to associate this request with a Wiki Project Genetic pollution, genetic contamination or genetic swamping happens when original set of naturally evolved (wild) region specific genes / gene pool of wild animals and plants become hybridized with domesticated and feral varieties or with the genes of other nonnative wild species or subspecies from neighboring or far away regions. Usually genetic pollution i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and Genetic swamping happens as a result and a consequence of mankind's interaction with natural environment and a lack of foresight but in rare instances it has also been observed happening naturally more commonly in case of closely related subspecies of plants whose ranges overlap forming hybrid zones making it easier for insects to cross pollinate them. In most cases nature has its own interspecies genetic barriers to guard against genetic pollution to keep species distinct. When rarely hybridization does occur naturally as in hybrid zones where the ranges of closely related wild species overlap, the hybrid crosses produced, even though they may display hybrid vigour (heterosis) in the first generation ( F1 hybrid ), are in the long run less fit than the two parent species which have evolved over hundreds of thousands of years specializing in exploiting their own particular niche in nature. It is extremely rare that the hybrids ever become fitter than the two wild parent species so that natural selection may then favor these individuals and it is even rarer that reproductive isolation is ever achieved to lead to the birth of a new species through the process known as hybrid speciation . Contents [ show]Endangers wild species and quickens their extinction Edit Purebred naturally evolved region specific wild species can be threatened with extinction in a big way [1] through the process of Genetic Pollution i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and Genetic swamping which leads to homogenization or replacement of local genotypes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of introduced plant or animal [2]. Nonnative species can bring about a form of extinction of native plants and animals by hybridization and introgression either through purposeful introduction by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. These phenomena can be especially detrimental for rare species coming into contact with more abundant ones where the abundant ones can interbreed with them swamping the entire rarer gene pool creating hybrids thus driving the entire original purebred native stock to complete extinction." }, { "docid": "D1169536#0", "title": "http://en.mimi.hu/biology/genetic_drift.html\nGenetic drift", "text": "\"Genetic drift Genetic drift results from random changes the genes and allele frequency of a group of organism s. Genetic drift is usually found in small population s because smaller random events have a bigger effect. [ www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/evolution/genetic-drift/]Genetic drift (or allelic drift) is the change in the frequency of a gene variant ( allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms. [ 1] The alleles in the offspring are a sample of those in the parents, and chance has a role in determining whether a given individual survives and reproduces. [ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift]Genetic drift is the process by which gene frequencies are changed by the chances of random sampling in small population. Please contribute to this project, if you have more information about this term feel free to edit this page ... [www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Genetic_drift]~ [ ⇑] changes in allele frequencies due to sampling errors Source: Jenkins, John B. 1990. Human Genetics, 2nd Edition. New York: Harper & Row ... [www.webref.org/biology/g/genetic_drift.htm]~ [ ⇑] \"\" along with natural selection, mutation, and migration \"\" is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution. [ evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_24]Random ~ [ ⇑] is a stochastic process (by definition). One aspect of ~ [ ⇑] is the random nature of trans mitting alleles from one generation to the next given that only a fr action of all possible zygote s become mature adults. [ www.talkorigins.org/faqs/genetic-drift.html]~ [ ⇑]~ [ ⇑] is a mechanism of evolution." }, { "docid": "D1709832#0", "title": "http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-genetic-engineering\nGenetic Engineering", "text": "\"Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering Tweet Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest. The introduction of new DNA does not require the use of classical genetic methods, however traditional breeding methods are typically used for the propagation of recombinant organisms. An organism that is generated through the introduction of recombinant DNA is considered to be a genetically modified organism. The first organisms genetically engineered were bacteria in 1973 and then mice in 1974. Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold since 1994. The most common form of genetic engineering involves the insertion of new genetic material at an unspecified location in the host genome. This is accomplished by isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence containing the required genetic elements for expression, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Other forms of genetic engineering include gene targeting and knocking out specific genes via engineered nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases or engineered homing endonucleases. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, biotechnology, and medicine." }, { "docid": "D1310984#0", "title": "http://www.esf.edu/for/maynard/gene_glossery.html\n-A-", "text": "\"Forest Genetics Glossary Introduction This is a brief glossary that I use in my Forest Genetics classes. Most of the definitions are fairly general and would apply to most organisms and applications, but a few are forest-genetics specific. The glossary is very much a work-in-progress. I have borrowed definitions from a number of sources, and when I get done polishing it up, I will write a short acknowledgment. Feel free to link to it, or if you would like a copy on disk, send me a formatted disk (Mac only, I'm an elitist. ) If you have comments or suggestions, send me an e-mail:[email protected]. C. Maynard 6/12/96 Glossary A... B... C... D... E... F... G... H... I... J... K... L... M... N... O... P... Q... R... S... T... U... V... WXYZ-A-Additive genes -A form of allelic interaction in which there is no dominance. The heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between homozygotes for the alternative alleles. For multiple-gene traits, approximately equal contributions made by many loci. Allele -One of several alternative forms of a gene occupying the same locus on a particular chromosome." }, { "docid": "D891496#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication\nDomestication", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group. [ 1] Charles Darwin recognized the small number of traits that made domestic species different from their wild ancestors. He was also the first to recognize the difference between conscious selective breeding in which humans directly select for desirable traits, and unconscious selection where traits evolve as a by-product of natural selection or from selection on other traits. [ 2] [3] [4] There is a genetic difference between domestic and wild populations. There is also such a difference between the domestication traits that researchers believe to have been essential at the early stages of domestication, and the improvement traits that have appeared since the split between wild and domestic populations. [ 5] [6] [7] Domestication traits are generally fixed within all domesticates, and were selected during the initial episode of domestication of that animal or plant, whereas improvement traits are present only in a proportion of domesticates, though they may be fixed in individual breeds or regional populations. [ 6] [7] [8]The dog was the first domesticated vertebrate, [9] [10] [11] and was established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era, well before cultivation and before the domestication of other animals. [ 10] The archaeological and genetic data suggest that long-term bidirectional gene flow between wild and domestic stocks – including donkeys, horses, New and Old World camelids, goats, sheep, and pigs – was common. [ 7] [12] Given its importance to humans and its value as a model of evolutionary and demographic change, domestication has attracted scientists from archaeology, palaeontology, anthropology, botany, zoology, genetics, and the environmental sciences. [" }, { "docid": "D281025#0", "title": "http://en.mimi.hu/biology/recessive.html\nRecessive", "text": "\"Recessiverecessive In genetics, referring to that allele of a gene that is not express ed in the phenotype when the dominant allele is present. Also refers to the phenotype of an individual ( homozygote) carrying two recessive alleles. ( Figure 8-1) Full glossary ... [www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/def-item/A7767/]recessive character s those traits that are not expressed, even though their genes are present together with the gene for the opposite dominant allele Source: Noland, George B. 1983. General Biology, 11th Edition. St. Louis, MO. C. V. Mosby ... [www.webref.org/biology/r/recessive_characters.htm]Recessive Recessive is a quality found in the relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked. [ www.genome.gov/glossary/index.cfm?id=172&textonly=true]~ [ ⇑] phenotype distribution The secretion of water-soluble A, B and H antigens in the saliva most widely was studied. A wide variation in the frequency of ~ [ ⇑] phenotype (nonsecretor: se) was registered. [" }, { "docid": "D2519005#0", "title": "http://stripe.colorado.edu/~didomeni/Chapter22.htm\nI. The Foundation of Genetics", "text": "\"Chapter 22: Genetics: Mendel and Beyond I. The Foundation of Genetics A. What is genetics? It is the study of inheritance, and the mechanisms by which traits are passed from generation to generation. B. Who was Mendel? The foundation for the science of genetics was laid in 1860s, when Gregor Mendel used varieties of peas to conduct experiments on inheritance. Gregor Mendel was a monk with scientific training in mathematics, physics, and biology. One of his great legacies was proposing and demonstrating that the characteristics of organisms are inherited in, or as, discreet units ( particulate inheritance) from their parents. His theory was ignored, until the turn of the twentieth century, perhaps because his biological peers were not accustomed to reviewing quantitative or mathematical data. Even Darwin, whose evolutionary theory rests on genetic variation among individuals, failed to understand Mendel’s point and relied on the blending hypothesis, which was quite popular for most of the 19 th century. Some other popular concepts of inheritance include:1. preformation2." }, { "docid": "D1591516#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/bio-1100-study-guide-2012-13-middledorp/deck/9720755\nBio 1100 Study Guide (2012-13 Middledorp)", "text": "\" (F) 1. T h e c op y in g o f c h r o mo s o me s o c cu r s du r ing:a. G 1.b. S p h as ec. G 2.d. m i t o s is. A ns w e r: b, S phase T h e “S” o f S p ha s e s t a n d s f o r s y n t he s i s o f D N A. Hi n t: W ha t d o th e Ga n d S le tt e rs t h a t d es i gna t e e a c h ph a s e s t a n d fo r? S e e s e c t i o n 9 .1 o f y ou r te x t book. ( F) 2. W h i c h o f t h e f ol l o w in g s t a t e m en ts ab o u t t h e c h r o mo s o me s o f p r oka r y o t i c an d eu k a r y o t i c c e ll s i s t r u e?a." }, { "docid": "D125389#0", "title": "http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/glossary.aspx\n.", "text": "\"Home / Newsroom / Glossary Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L MN O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAAcetanilide - The active ingredient in a class of selective herbicides used predominantly in corn. Acetanilides are pre-emergent herbicides; pre-emergent herbicides are applied to prevent the germination of weeds. Adaptation - Changes in an organism's structure or habits that help it adjust to its surroundings Adventitious Presence - In modern plant biotechnology, adventitious presence refers to the unintended, trace levels of traits developed through modern plant biotechnology in seed, grain, or feed and food products. Agrobacterium Tumefaciens - A genus of bacteria that researchers can use to transfer DNA to plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens can infect plants and cause crown gall disease – a tumerous growth at the base of plants. The DNA transfer occurs naturally during the crown gall disease, and can be used as a method of transformation. Agronomics - Agronomic practices are steps farmers incorporate into their farm management systems to improve soil quality, enhance water use, manage crop residue and improve the environment through better fertilizer management. These steps not only improve a farmer’s bottom line by decreasing input costs, but also improve the environment by decreasing water use and over-fertilization. Agronomic practices encompass many areas of conservation from practicing reduced-tillage methods BBacillus thuringiensis ( Bt) - A naturally occurring bacterium present in soil and used successfully by home gardeners and organic farmers to control certain insects for more than 40 years. When ingested by a target insect, the protein produced by Bt destroys the insect by disturbing the digestive system." }, { "docid": "D863905#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_Genetic_recombination_and_Crossing_over\nWhat is the different between recombinant DNA and non-recombinant DNA?", "text": "What is the different between recombinant DNA and non-recombinant DNA? Recombinant- is the DNA fragment of interest Nonrecombinant- the undesired foreign DNALigand 7,255 Contributions How does crossing over during meiosis in an individual organism recombine the genetic material of the organism's two parents? This is done by one of Mum's chromosomes swapping a segment of DNA with one of Dad's chromosomes.. In the first prophase of meiosis (prophase I) each chromosome contains tw …How can genetic s recombination through segregation and crossing over during meiosis lead to variation in the offspring? Because pairing and recombination occur during the first meiotic prophase, .... During meiosis , errors in chromosome distribution may occur and lead to chromosomal .. …How does crossing-over relate to genetic recombination? Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis cell division. As genescross over during this process, scientists track the genes to studytheir linkage. Mixfused 2 Contributions Genetic variations in populations are due to a. mutations b. sexual recombination c. crossing over d. genetic breeding programs e. all of these? All of these Varshah 9,052 Contributions What is the difference between a test cross and a back cross in genetic?a test cross is the cross made between the progeny and the recessive parent,whereas the back cross means crossing of progeny with either dominant or recesive parent. Donna Roach 3 Contributions What is the difference between genetic reassortment and recombination? Rearranging and adding different Crossing-over results in genetic recombination by?permitting the exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes Dave Wisker 398 Contributions How does crossing over and genetic recombination lead to greater genetic variability?" }, { "docid": "D559950#0", "title": "https://www.thespruce.com/tortoiseshell-cat-profile-554703\n7 Pretty Tortoiseshell Cats and Kittens", "text": "\"@jackiehanson_photography /Instagram01of 07What You Need to Know About Tortoiseshell Cats@oliveandrye /Instagram Tortoiseshell cats are named for their bi-colored coats that look like, well, tortoiseshell. Affectionately referred to as \"\"torties,\"\" these colorful kitties' coats are made up of large patches of two colors, sometimes including tiny patches of white. Much like calico cats, tortoiseshell cats have some pretty interesting genetics–and have become mainstays in folklore all over the world. Whether you're considering adopting a tortie or if you're already a tortie parent, read on ... MOREContinue to 2 of 7 below.02of 07Tortoiseshell Isn't a Breed@juliusandsadie /Instagram What makes a tortoiseshell cat a tortoiseshell? Her coat–not her breed. A tortoiseshell breed of cat doesn't actually exist! Several breeds, however, can exhibit tortoiseshell markings, such as American Shorthair, British Shorthair, Cornish Rex, Persian, and Maine Coons, among others. Although tortoiseshell coats are most commonly ginger-y red and black, they can also have hints of cream, orange or gold. The colors in their coats are either \"\"bridled\"\" and look like they're woven ... MOREContinue to 3 of 7 below.03of 07Most Tortoiseshell Cats Are Female and Males Are Extremely Rare@cats_eyes_nounette /Instagram Like calico cats, you'll find most tortoiseshell cats are female. Why?" }, { "docid": "D1682487#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation\nEx situ conservation", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Ex-situ conservation)navigation search Ex situ conservation literally means, \"\"off-site conservation \"\". It is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety or breed, of plant or animal outside its natural habitat; for example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within the care of humans. [ 1] [2] The degree to which humans control or modify the natural dynamics of the managed population varies widely, and this may include alteration of living environments, reproductive patterns, access to resources, and protection from predation and mortality. Ex situ management can occur within or outside a species' natural geographic range. Individuals maintained ex situ exist outside an ecological niche. This means that they are not under the same selection pressures as wild populations, and they may undergo artificial selection if maintained ex situ for multiple generations. [ 3]Agricultural biodiversity is also conserved in ex situ collections. This is primarily in the form of gene banks where samples are stored in order to conserve the genetic resources of major crop plants and their wild relatives. That means ex-situ conservation is a process of conserving endangered plants or animals in the human care by giving them their own environment. Intex of Nepal some example are one horned rhinoceros, golden michelia." }, { "docid": "D1027933#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depression\nInbreeding depression", "text": "\"Inbreeding depression in Delphinium nelsonii. A. Overall fitness of progeny cohorts and the B. progeny lifespan were all lower when progeny were the result of crosses with pollen taken close to a receptor plant. [ 1]Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding, or breeding of related individuals. Population biological fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive and perpetuate its genetic material. Inbreeding depression is often the result of a population bottleneck. In general, the higher the genetic variation or gene pool within a breeding population, the less likely it is to suffer from inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression seems to be present in most groups of organisms, but varies across mating systems. Hermaphroditic species often exhibit lower degrees of inbreeding depression than outcrossing species, as repeated generations of selfing is thought to purge deleterious alleles from populations. For example, the outcrossing nematode (roundworm) Caenorhabditis remanei has been demonstrated to suffer severely from inbreeding depression, unlike its hermaphroditic relative C. elegans, which experiences outbreeding depression. [ 2]Contents [ hide ]1 Mechanisms2 Natural selection3 Management4 In humans5 Factors reducing inbreeding depression5.1 Purging selection5.2 Polyploidy5.3 Selection for heterozygosity6 See also7 References8 External links Mechanisms [ edit]Example of inbreeding depression Inbreeding (i.e., breeding between closely related individuals) results in more recessive traits manifesting themselves, as the genomes of pair-mates are more similar." }, { "docid": "D2197668#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_breeding\nPurebred", "text": "\"Purebred From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from True breeding)navigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Purebreds, also called purebreeds, are cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal species, achieved through the process of selective breeding. When the lineage of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be pedigreed. The term purebred is occasionally confused with the proper noun Thoroughbred, which refers exclusively to a specific breed of horse, one of the first breeds for which a written national stud book was created since the 18th century. Thus a purebred animal should never be called a \"\"thoroughbred\"\" unless the animal actually is a registered Thoroughbred horse. Contents [ hide ]1 True breeding2 Pedigrees3 Purebreds by animal3.1 Purebred dogs3.2 Purebred horses3.3 Purebred cats3.4 Purebred livestock4 Wild species, landraces, and purebred species5 See also6 References True breeding [ edit]In the world of selective animal breeding, to \"\"breed true\"\" means that specimens of an animal breed will breed true-to-type when mated like-to-like; that is, that the progeny of any two individuals in the same breed will show consistent, replicable and predictable characteristics. A puppy from two purebred dogs of the same breed, for example, will exhibit the traits of its parents, and not the traits of all breeds in the subject breed's ancestry. However, breeding from too small a gene pool, especially direct inbreeding, can lead to the passing on of undesirable characteristics or even a collapse of a breed population due to inbreeding depression." }, { "docid": "D2321360#0", "title": "http://conopa.org/publicaciones/evolution_and_origins_domestic_camelids.php\n.", "text": "............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Home >> Publicaciones >>Published in the ILR Report Vol. 8 Issue #2 Summer 2003Evolution and Origin of the Domestic Camelids By Jane Wheeler, Ph DTo date the earliest evidence of camelid domestication comes from archaeological sites located between 4,000 and 4,900 m (13,120- to 16,072- foot) elevation, in the puna ecosystem of the Peruvian Andes. Both guanaco (Lama glama cacsilensis) and vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) have inhabited this tundra environment for approximately 12,000 years and, together with the huemul deer Hippocamelus antisensis (d’Orbigny 1834), were the primary prey of early human hunters. Faunal materials from archaeological sites (Wing 1986; Wheeler 1984, 1986; Wheeler et al. 1976; Moore 1988, 1989) indicate that during the earliest occupation of this zone 12,000 to 7,500 years ago, approximately equal numbers of camelids and deer were hunted, while during later periods the frequency of camelid remains increased dramatically, suggesting a shift to the utilization of domestic animals. Archaeozoological data from one of these sites, Telarmachay Rockshelter, have produced the most extensive evidence concerning this shift to date (Wheeler 1984,1986). Located 170 km (1,054 miles) northeast of Lima, Peru (11°11’S latitude and 75°52’W longitude) at 4,420 m (14,498 feet) above sea level, Telarmachay is situated near the absolute upper limits of crop growth potential. Mean annual temperature is 4.8°C (40.6 F), with an average daily variation of greater that 20°C (68°F) and frost occurring 330 nights of the year. Annual precipitation averages from 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to 40 inches) and is normally restricted to the months from November to March, although the timing is irregular and unpredictable, and extended periods of drought occur. No agriculture is practiced in the area today, and grazing ungulates represent the most reliable food resource." }, { "docid": "D2370667#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-breed_dog\nMongrel", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Mixed-breed dog)navigation search For other uses, see Mongrel (disambiguation). [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( June 2015)This article possibly contains original research. ( June 2015)Heavy winter coat with countershading in a mixed-breed Mixed-breed terrier Dog of mixed breed These littermates share an Australian Shepherd mother, although neither exactly resembles that breed. A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a dog that does not belong to one officially recognized breed and is not the result of intentional breeding. [ 1] Estimates place their numbers at 150 million animals worldwide. [ 1] Although the term \"\"mixed-breed dog\"\" is preferred by some, many mongrels have no known purebred ancestors. Furthermore, crossbreed dogs, while literally a mix of breeds, differ from mongrels in being intentionally bred." }, { "docid": "D3425512#0", "title": "https://www.bio.org/articles/glossary-agricultural-biotechnology-terms\nGlossary of Agricultural Biotechnology Terms", "text": "\"Glossary of Agricultural Biotechnology Terms Share Print Agricultural Biotechnology: A range of tools, including traditional breeding techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products; improve plants or animals; or develop microorganisms for specific agricultural uses. Modern biotechnology today includes the tools of genetic engineering. Allergen: A substance, usually a protein, that can cause an allergy or allergic reaction in the body. Allergy: A reaction by the body's immune system after exposure to a particular substance, often a protein. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): A soil bacterium that produces toxins that are deadly to some pests. The ability to produce Bt toxins has been engineered into some crops. See Bt crops. Biopharming: The production of pharmaceuticals such as edible vaccines and antibodies in plants or domestic animals. Bt crops: Crops that are genetically engineered to carry a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The bacterium produces proteins that are toxic to some pests but non-toxic to humans and other mammals." }, { "docid": "D2690801#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/22902627/dna-rna-and-genetics-flash-cards/\nDNA, RNA, and Genetics", "text": "32 terms s010390DNA, RNA, and Genetics Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Frame-Shift Mutation The addition (insertion mutation) or removal (deletion mutation) of one or more nucleotides that is not indivisible by three, therefore resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence than would be normal. The earlier in the sequence nucleotides are added or removed, the more altered the protein will be. Mutation A permanent transmissible change of genetic material (e.g., chromosomal mutations and gene mutations). Point Mutation A single-base substitution causing the replacement Protein Synthesis The process in which amino acids are arranged in a linear sequence through the processes of transcription of DNA and to RNA and the translation of RNA to a polypeptide chain. Semiconservative Replication The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule. Transcription The process in which a strand of messenger RNA (m RNA) is synthesized by using the genetic information found on a strand DNA as a template. Translation The process in which the messenger RNA (m RNA) molecule on a ribosome is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis." }, { "docid": "D2013221#0", "title": "http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/1/mond26006.html\nMithun: An Animal of Indian Pride", "text": "Livestock Research for Rural Development 26 (1) 2014 Guide for preparation of papers LRRD Newsletter Citation of this paper Mithun: An Animal of Indian Pride Mohan Mondal, K K Baruah* and C RajkhowaNational Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, A-12 Block, Kalyani, West Bengal-741 235, India [email protected] National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland-797 106, India Abstract Mithun, also known as ‘Cattle of Mountain” is an important bovine species of north-eastern hill region of India and also of China, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh. This magnificent massive bovine is presently reared under free-range condition in the hill forests at an altitude of 1000 to 3000 m above mean sea level. Mithun plays an important role in the socio-economic and cultural life of the local tribal population. Presently, this animal is mainly reared for meat, which is considered to be more tender and superior over the meat of any other species. Mithun milk, though produced less in quantity, is of high quality and can be used for preparation of various milk products. Leather obtained from this species has been found to be superior to cattle. With the dwindling population of Mithun over the years and gradual denudation of free range area along with the biotic and abiotic stress, there is urgent need of scientific intervention for proper management as well as conservation of this beautiful hill animal through implementing an effective conservation program. Key words: conservation, meat, milk, propagation, rare ruminant Introduction India at large and specifically the North-East India is the hotspot of floral and faunal biodiversity and the habitat of a number endemic species. Of these species, Mithun ( Bos frontalis) is an important one which needs support for healthy propagation. However, due to denudation of free range along with the biotic and abiotic stress, there is urgent need of scientific intervention for proper management as well as conservation of this beautiful hill animal through implementing an effective conservation programme." } ]
8911	________ refers to gestures, facial expressions, and other body movements that convey meaning.	[ { "docid": "D2026058#0", "title": "http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/short-notes-on-the-non-verbal-communication/2536/\nShort Notes on the Non-verbal Communication", "text": "Short Notes on the Non-verbal Communication Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Communication need not be verbal in order to convey a message. A glance, a smile, a handshake, a body movement they all have meaning. The study of body motions is called kinesics. It refers to gestures, facial configurations and other movements of the body. It is argued that every body movement has a meaning and that no movement is accidental. Image Courtesy : 4.bp.blogspot.com/-Q9_PIrs5Gtk/UBt VImz Tw AI/keynote+.jpg ADVERTISEMENTS: Body language adds to and often complicates verbal communication. A body movement does not by itself have a universal meaning but when it is linked with spoken language, it gives fuller meaning to a sender’s message. Through body language people communicate meaning to others with their bodies in interpersonal interaction. Body language is an important supplement to verbal communication in most parts of the world. The face and the hands are important sources of body language in work situations." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2934533#0", "title": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/facial%20expression\nTranslations for facial expression", "text": "\"Princeton's Word Net (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:facial expression, facial gesture (noun)a gesture executed with the facial musclesexpression, look, aspect, facial expression, face (noun)the feelings expressed on a person's face\"\"a sad expression\"\"; \"\"a look of triumph\"\"; \"\"an angry face\"\"Wiktionary (2.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition:facial expression (Noun)The expression or countenance that seems to an onlooker to be represented by the appearance of a person's face, resulting from specific use of that person's facial muscles. Freebase (4.00 / 4 votes)Rate this definition: Facial expression A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information between humans, but they also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. Humans can adopt a facial expression voluntarily or involuntarily, and the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling the expression differ in each case. Voluntary facial expressions are often socially conditioned and follow a cortical route in the brain. Conversely, involuntary facial expressions are believed to be innate and follow a subcortical route in the brain. Facial recognition is often an emotional experience for the brain and the amygdala is highly involved in the recognition process. The eyes are often viewed as important features of facial expressions." }, { "docid": "D1257878#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/77258430/chapter-6-nonverbal-communication-flash-cards/\nChapter 6- Nonverbal Communication", "text": "\"33 terms xneypes Chapter 6- Nonverbal Communication Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Nonverbal Communciation All forms of communication other than words themselves. This form of communication occurs via gestures, body orientation, posture, touch, facial expression and eye contact, vocal qualities and accents, body shape, clothing and artifacts Interpretation of nonverbal communication is not always straight forward because nonverbal communication is ambiguous. Functions of Nonverbal Communication Repeat Substitute For Accent Complement Regulate Verbal communication Repeating A form of nonverbal communication; occurs when nonverbal communication repeats what is being communicated verbally Substituting A function of nonverbal communication; occurs when nonverbal communication substitutes for verbal communication Emblems Nonverbal behaviors that can be translated directly in a word or two of verbal communication. Nonverbal emblems are culturally specific. Accenting A function of nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication can accent or emphasize the spoken word. Illustrators Typically gestures that are directly tied to speech. Pointing movements, those that depict spatial relationships, and rhythmic chopping gestures are examples of illustrators Complementing Similar to the accenting function of nonverbal communicating , complementing nonverbal behavior adds meaning to verbal communication." }, { "docid": "D2957381#0", "title": "http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/Body-Language.htm\nBody Language in the Communication Process", "text": "\"Humanities ›Languages Body Language in the Communication Process Glossary Share Flipboard Email Print\"\"Body language speaks to us,\"\" says Dr. Nicholas Epley, \"\"but only in whispers.\"\". Blend Images-JGI/Jamie Grill/Getty Imagesby Richard Nordquist Updated February 03, 2018Body language is a type of nonverbal communication that relies on body movements (such as gestures, posture, and facial expressions) to convey messages. Body language may be used consciously or unconsciously. It may accompany a verbal message or serve as a substitute for speech. Examples and Observations\"\"Pamela listened dumbly, her posture informing him that she wouldn't be offering any counter-arguments, that whatever he wanted was okay: making amends with body language .\"\" ( Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses. Viking, 1988)\"\"The fun part is the process of, of getting to know a girl. It's like, it's like flirting in code. It's using body language and laughing at the right jokes and, and looking into her eyes and knowing she's still whispering to you, even when she's not saying a word. And that sense that if you can just touch her, just once, everything will be okay for both of you." }, { "docid": "D2557052#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-to-body_communication\nBody-to-body communication", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Body-to-body communication is a way of communicating with others through the use of nonverbal communication, or without using speech or verbalization. It can include body language, facial expressions, and other bodily gestures in order to communicate with others without the need of verbal communication. [ 1] Body-to-body communication accounts for postures, body language, positioning in the environment, nonverbal language, gestures, movements and in general the people as a whole. This form of communication accounts for roughly up to sixty percent of human conversation [2] and can be expressed in many different forms. Body-to-body communication can be used in collaboration with, as well as in replacement of verbal communication to emphasize the point being made. [ 3] Substitution of nonverbal for verbal communication is often used when verbal communication does not allow the message to be conveyed or when it is not possible to communicate verbally. This includes over long distances or when there is an interruption verbal communication such as a noise or a distraction. Nonverbal communication can also be used to express a quick message that would otherwise take time to explain if expressed verbally. [ 3]Human communication consists of both verbal and nonverbal interaction between each other. Nonverbal contributes to human communication in a variety of ways and is an important aspect of social interactions between humans." }, { "docid": "D3279254#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/15476303/vce-dance-flash-cards/\nVCE Dance", "text": "66 terms Kelsington4VCE Dance Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Spatial Organisation Direction, Level, Eye/Body Focus, Dimension Direction The line of locomotor movement, when a dancer moves forward, backwards, sideways, upwards, downwards, circular or diagonally Level The height in relation to the distance from the floor Dimension To do with the height, width, depth of the individual personal shape in space and also the perspective of the size of the total group or groupings of dancers in the space. Focus The point of concentration onto which the face, eyes or total body converges to convey a specific expression intention. Group Structures Symmetry, unison, canon, contrast, asymmetry Symmetry 'Balanced'. The equal placement of the group or small groups in the performance space Asymmetry Unbalanced group arrangements: the unequal or random placement of the group or small groups in the performance space Unison When a group of dancers are performing the same movement simultaneously Contrast A group structure where two or more people simultaneously dance differing movements. Canon A minor successive time difference. This may be one movement by two or more dancers or a phrase of movement put into canon. Alignment The static and dynamic relationship of the skeleton to the line of gravity and base of support. Alignment principles Principles used to develop the ability to correctly align body parts in movement and in stillness, for example, the integrated engagement of the muscles of the abdomen to create core stability to facilitate safe placement of the pelvis and spine thus enabling ease of movement and efficient use of energy through the torso, for example, • lifted and supported use of the arches of the feet (to avoid pronation) • appropriate rotation of the leg in the hip socket for the individual body (to allow for the safe use of turn out) • Maintenance of the knee over the foot (to avoid hip, knee, shin and foot injuries)." }, { "docid": "D2724590#0", "title": "http://www.brighthubeducation.com/middle-school-social-studies-lessons/110445-cultural-indifference-awareness-lesson/\nMiddle School Lesson Plan on Cultural Indifference", "text": "\"Middle School Lesson Plan on Cultural Indifferencewritten by: Linda M. Rhinehart Neas • edited by: Elizabeth Stannard Gromisch • updated: 9/29/2014Helping students understand how people can unintentionally be indifferent to another person's culture is the first standard of this cultural indifference lesson plan. Giving students the tools to be culturally sensitive is the second standard. Indifference vs. Sensitivity With this cultural indifference lesson plan, teach students to become mindful of the culture of others. Cultural insensitivity is the cause of problems throughout society. In fact, the more multicultural society becomes, the more we need information that helps us to be aware of cultural indifference. Cultural indifference is the opposite of cultural empathy. Instead of feeling for and understanding another culture, there is an absence of feeling, an absence of caring, which causes situations from minor embarrassment to major conflict. Objectives The objectives of this lesson plan are to: Enable students to understand other cultures. Give students the tools to learn about other cultures. Open dialogue for students who have questions concerning other cultures." }, { "docid": "D1639640#0", "title": "https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/words-can-change-your-brain/201207/the-8-key-elements-highly-effective-speech\nThe 8 Key Elements of Highly Effective Speech", "text": "\"The 8 Key Elements of Highly Effective Speech…and why your words barely matter!Posted Jul 10, 2012SHARETWEETEMAILMOREI’d like you to take a moment to experience the following sentence, taken from a recent article exploring the nature of human consciousness: “Neuroplastic mechanisms relevant to the growing number of empirical studies of the capacity of directed attention and mental effort systematically alter brain function. ”Exciting? Hardly! In fact, most of the words you read barely register in your brain, and most of the words you speak barely register in the listener’s brain. In fact, research shows that words are the least important part of communication when you have face-to-face conversations with others. So before you utter another word to another person, memorize this list of the 8 key elements of highly effective speech:1. Gentle eye contact2. Kind facial expression3. Warm tone of voice4. Expressive hand and body gestures5." }, { "docid": "D242061#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/20469713/nonverbal-communication-flash-cards/\nNonverbal Communication", "text": "\"37 terms Rhythm619Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication study guide exam 1. Part 2 Chapter 2 The Body Codes of Nonverbal Communication. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort The importance of physical appearance in the formation of initial impressions. Some research has suggested that physical appearance is particularly important during initial impressions. Uncertainty Reduction Theory. ( URT) Fundamental drive to reduce uncertainty. The idea of uncertainty, and how nonverbal communication factors. Important role in physical attraction and mate selection: The first information we gather about people is typically their physical appearance; Example." }, { "docid": "D1020779#0", "title": "http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/317758-overview\nCommunication Disorders", "text": "\"Drugs & Diseases > Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Communication Disorders Updated: Sep 17, 2015Author: Renee S Melfi, MD; Chief Editor: Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA more... Share Email Feedback Sections Overview The Normal Communication Process Voice Disorders (Dysphonia)Motor Speech Disorders Language Disorders (Aphasia)Selected Cognitive-Communicative Disorders Hearing Impairment Show All Tables References Overview Disorders impairing a patient’s communication abilities may involve voice, speech, language, hearing, and/or cognition. [ 1, 2] Recognizing and addressing communication disorders is important; failure to do so may result in isolation, depression, and loss of independence. [ 3, 4]A voice disorder exists when the voice’s quality, pitch, or volume differs from that of other persons of similar age, culture, and geographic location. Dysphonia is classified as either an organic or a functional disorder of the larynx. [ 5, 6]Another type of communication problem, dysarthria, encompasses a group of motor speech disorders caused by a disturbance in the neuromuscular control of speech. [ 3] A second form of motor speech disorder, apraxia, occurs in the presence of significant weakness or incoordination of the muscles of speech production. Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to the areas of the brain responsible for language comprehension and expression, [ 7] while a cognitive-communicative disorder affects the ability to communicate by impairing the pragmatics, or social rules, of language. The Normal Communication Process Communication is a multidimensional dynamic process that allows human beings to interact with their environment. Through communication, people are able to express thoughts, needs, and emotions. Communication is an intricate process that involves cerebration, cognition, hearing, speech production, and motor coordination." }, { "docid": "D1555532#0", "title": "http://www.yoursidekick.com/5723/t4-3.htm\n.", "text": "\"Book Chapter -- Unit 4Michael J. Nolan [Chapter] 6/The Relationship between Verbal Nonverbal Communication At present, most theories of communication deal primarily with verbal messages and relegate to nonverbal messages the secondary functions of repeating, contradicting, complementing, supplementing, accenting, or regulating verbal exchanges. Theories frequently assign content to the verbal channel and the relational aspects of messages to the nonverbal channel. However, a view of communication which postulates two discrete channels overlooks an important system-feature of the process of human communication: messages consist of the interaction between modes or channels. Many factors contribute to this rather limiting view of communication. First, in an attempt to construct an orderly view of communication, we have established a useful but in many ways fictitious distinction between verbal and nonverbal communication. The distinction is useful in that it provides an awareness of the modes of transmitting information. However, the distinction also appears to suggest different functions for the separate channels, despite the fact that both channels share a single function, the communication of information. The specific techniques employed in the transmission of information may differ for these two modes. Verbal communication employs the repertoire of linguistic symbols of a given language; nonverbal communication employs symbols and signs which are98Verbal and Nonverbal Communication [Insert Figure 1]Fig. 1." }, { "docid": "D2071703#0", "title": "http://natyasastraced.blogspot.com/\nNATYA SASTRA", "text": "\"NATYASASTRANatyashastra is the most detail and elaborate of all treatises on dramatic criticism and acting ever written in any language and is regarded as the oldest surviving text on stagecraft in the world. Written by the great dramatist of ancient India, Bharata, Natyashastra is reckoned as the poetics of Indian drama. Bharata muni in his Natyashastra demonstrates every aspect of Indian drama whilst covering areas like covers music, stage-design, make up, dance and virtually every aspect of stagecraft. With its kaleidoscopic approach, with its wider scope Natyashastra has offered a remarkable dimension to growth and development of Indian classical music, dance, drama and art. Hence it is certainly not an overstatement to say that Natyashastra indeed laid the cornerstone of the fine arts in India. The commentaries on the Natyashastra are known, dating from the sixth or seventh centuries. The earliest surviving one is the Abhinavabharati by Abhinava Gupta. It was followed by works of writers such as Saradatanaya of twelfth-thirteenth century, Sarngadeva of thirteenth century, and Kallinatha of sixteenth century. However the abhinavabharati is regarded as the most authoritative commentary on Natyashastra as Abhinavagupta provides not only his own illuminating interpretation of the Natyashastra, but wide information about pre-Bharata traditions as well as varied interpretations of the text offered by his predecessors. Written in Sanskrit, the vast treatise consists 6,000 sutras." }, { "docid": "D997866#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculesics\nOculesics", "text": "\"Oculesics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The word ocu is often used interchangeably with eye contact. However, there are other dimensions of oculesics. See below. Oculesics, a subcategory of kinesics, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbalcommunication. The specific definition varies depending on whether it applies to the fields of medicine or social science. [ 1] [2]Contents [ hide ]1 Introduction2 Nonverbal Communication2.1 Dimensions of Oculesics2.1.1 Dimension 1: Eye Contact2.1.2 Dimension 2: Eye Movement2.1.3 Dimension 3: Pupil Dilation2.1.4 Dimension 4: Gaze Direction2.2 Theorists and Studies2.2.1 Ray Birdwhistell2.2.2 Paul Ekman2.2.3 W. Gerrod Parrott2.2.4 Robert Plutchik2.2.5 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing2.3 Communicating Emotions2.3.1 Lists of Emotions2.4 Cultural Impact2.4.1 Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication2.4.2 Projected Similarity2.4.3 Stereotypes in Cultural Differences2.4.4 Some Oculesic Findings from around the World2.4.4.1 Latin American Culture vs. Anglo Saxon Culture2.4.4.2 Muslim Culture2.4.4.3 Western Pacific Nations2.4.4.4 East Asia and Northern Africa2.4.4.5 United States2.4.5 Dealing With Cultural Differences3 Medical Field3.1 Ophthalmology3.2 Optometry4 See also5 References6 Further reading Introduction [ edit]Green eyes Nonverbal Communication [ edit]Oculesics is one form of nonverbal communication, which is the transmission and reception of meaning between communicators without the use of words. It can include the environment around the communicators, the physical attributes or characteristics of the communicators, and the behavior of the communicators. [ 3]The four nonverbal communication cues are spatial, temporal, visual and vocal. Each relates to one or more forms of nonverbal communication: [4]Chronemics – the study of time Haptics – the study of touch Kinesics – the study of movement Oculesics – the study of eye behavior Olfactics – the study of scent Paralanguage – the study of voice communication outside of language Proxemics – the study of space Dimensions of Oculesics [ edit]Eye contact is one aspect of oculesics. The others are pupil dilation, eye movement, blinking, and gaze direction." }, { "docid": "D2212299#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/4683122/THE_ROLE_OF_NON-VERBAL_COMMUNICATION_SKILLS_IN_CONSECUTIVE_INTERPRETING_PROCESS\nTHE ROLE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING PROCESS", "text": "docx THE ROLE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING PROCESS13 Pages THE ROLE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING PROCESSUploaded by Gratiana Samaconnect to download Get docx THE ROLE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING PROCESSDownload THE ROLE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING PROCESS 1. Introduction Interpreting is a process of conversational exchanges between two primary speakers and through a person called interpreter who has knowledge and understanding of the entire communicative situation, including fluency in languages, competence in appropriate usage within each language. In other words, Interpreting is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language (Pochhacer, 2004:11). Furthermore, Hatim and Mason (1997:36) propose three basic forms of interpreting; (1) Simultaneous interpreting is the rendering of one spoken language into another when running renditions are needed at the same time, (2) consecutive interpreting; the interpreter waits until the speaker has finished before rendering speech into another language. ( 3) Liaison interpreting is a form of consecutive interpreting, which is to some extent the most personal and informal type of interpreting. It is used principally for small groups or meetings (e.g. a business meeting between two executives). In the case of consecutive interpreting tends to focus on information relevance to text structure. The interpreter must be able to receive and understand the incoming message and then express its meaning in the target language. In order to accomplish this task, the interpreter must go through an overlapping series of cognitive processing activities such as attending to the message, concentrating on the task at hand, remembering the message, comprehending the meaning of the message, analyzing the message for meaning, visualizing the message nonverbally, and finally reformulating the message in the target language. 1 Consecutive interpreting demands at least the three following skills: listening, note-taking, and/or memory." }, { "docid": "D2159024#0", "title": "http://www.slideshare.net/siddharth4mba/kinesics\nKinesics", "text": "Kinesics55,761 views Share Like Download... Siddharth Nath, Corporate Sales Manager at Prognohealth Solution Ltd. Follow Published on Mar 30, 2009Kinesics... Published in: Business, Technology, Education6 Comments56 Likes Statistics Notes Post Mahnoor Saleem , Student at COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology Well done, also...the key to successful trading is using a professional trading system. Have you check out: tryita? Go to: www.tryita.com2 months ago Mahnoor Saleem , Student at COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology Well done, also...the key to successful trading is using a professional trading system. Have you check out: tryita? Go to: www.tryita.com2 months ago Andrew S. Bonci, BA, DC , Bilingual Health Practitioner and Consultant at Dr. Andres, LLCThese areas are of great interest to me. Thank you for your efforts and sahring this work with us.3 months ago Download e Books , GET at http://peakebook.com/category/it-ebooks Njce! Thanks for sharing.1 year agoubedullah khan , data entry at Catking - India Woohoo, guys just came across some IIM A personal interview experiences http://catking.in/2016/12/20/iim-ahmedabad-personal-interview-experiences/ #Target IIM #CAT2017 #IIMor Nothing1 year ago Show More Kinesics1. BODY LANGUAGE Kinesics is the scientific study of body movements involved in communication, especially as they accompany speech. This includes gestures, facial expressions, eye behaviour and posture. Commonly called Body Language or Non verbal behaviour." }, { "docid": "D1328885#0", "title": "https://www.thebalance.com/nonverbal-communication-in-the-workplace-1918470\nNonverbal Communication in the Workplace", "text": "Human Resources HR Glossary Nonverbal Communication in the Workplace Basic Definition of Workplace and Interpersonal Nonverbal Communication Share Flip Pin Share Email•••By Susan M. Heathfield Updated February 27, 2018Nonverbal communication is the transmission of information in addition to words in a communication to an audience or receiver of the communication content. How do people communicate nonverbally? The sender conveys nonverbal information to a receiver by means of the following methods. Body language: The way a person sits; stands; moves arms, hands, and feet; other subtle movements. Facial expression: Human faces are incredibly expressive including the eyes, eyebrows, mouth, and any other movement. Emotions such as anger, happiness, hurt, disgust, confusion, and boredom are all easily expressed with facial movements. Posture: How you carry yourself including bearing, stance, rigidity, uprightness. Whether you are leaning back comfortably, sitting rigidly on the edge of your seat, or leaning back with your eyes closed, you convey a message via your posture and positioning. Eye contact: People often attribute trustworthiness to people who speak while maintaining good eye contact and vice versa. Eye contact is also used to convey interest and emotions, and to promote rapport with the receiver of the message." }, { "docid": "D351475#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/133827322/Origin-of-Bharatanatyam\nBharata Natyam or Chadhir Attam (Tamil: à®ªà®°à®¤à®¨à®¾à®à®à®¯à®®), is a classical dance form from the South Indian state of Tamil", "text": "\"Bharata Natyam or Chadhir Attam (Tamil: பரதநாடடயம), is a classical dance form from the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, practiced predominantly in modern times by women. The dance is usually accompanied by classical Carnatic music. Its inspirations come from the sculptures of the ancient temple of Chidambaram. Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance) seen in a Bharata Natyam pose Texts surviving from the golden age of Tamil literature and poetry, known as the Sangam Age, such as the Tolkappiyam (ொதாலகபபயம), as well as the later Silappadikaram (சலபபதகரம), testify to a variety of dance traditions of Koothu which flourished in these times. The latter work is of particular importance, since one of its main characters, the courtesan Madhavi, is a highly accomplished dancer. The Silappadikaram is a mine of information of ancient Tamil culture and society, during which the arts of music and dance were highly developed and played a major role. [ 1] In ancient times Bharata Natyam was performed as \"\"sadir attam\"\" (sadir refers to the square stage, 'chatura' in Sanskrit) by Kovil (temple) Devadasis. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata Natyam karanas or dance postures. In fact, it is the celestial dancers (apsaras) who are depicted in many scriptures as dancing the heavenly version of what is known on earth as Bharata Natyam. In the most essential sense, a Hindu deity is a revered royal guest in his temple/abode, to be offered the \"\"sixteen hospitalities\"\" — among which are music and dance to please the senses." }, { "docid": "D281806#0", "title": "http://www.conservenature.org/learn_about_wildlife/chimpanzees/chimp_communication.htm\n.", "text": "Chimpanzee Communication There is no doubt that, like humans, animals can communicate. However, they don’t go about it in exactly the same way as humans. Chimpanzees, as well as other animals, communicate vocally but non-verbally, meaning they make noises that indicate their general mood, but they don’t use words to communicate exactly how they feel. For a chimpanzee words are often unnecessary; they can make their intentions clear without them. Vocal communication Chimpanzees and humans make vocalizations in situations to give another individual a message or express an emotion. Not all vocal communication has to be performed with words. Think of a time when someone is laughing or crying, people nearby know exactly what the individual is feeling without a single word being spoken between them. We know that laughter is normally associated with happiness and feelings of joy and that crying and whimpering is normally associated with feelings of sadness. This is the same as in chimpanzees! A chimpanzee will whimper or cry when they are feeling distressed and laugh when they feel excitement." }, { "docid": "D1535108#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/body-language-communication-1689031\nBody Language in the Communication Process", "text": "\"Humanities ›Languages Body Language in the Communication Process Glossary Share Flipboard Email Print\"\"Body language speaks to us,\"\" says Dr. Nicholas Epley, \"\"but only in whispers.\"\". Blend Images-JGI/Jamie Grill/Getty Imagesby Richard Nordquist Updated February 03, 2018Body language is a type of nonverbal communication that relies on body movements (such as gestures, posture, and facial expressions) to convey messages. Body language may be used consciously or unconsciously. It may accompany a verbal message or serve as a substitute for speech. Examples and Observations\"\"Pamela listened dumbly, her posture informing him that she wouldn't be offering any counter-arguments, that whatever he wanted was okay: making amends with body language .\"\" ( Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses. Viking, 1988)\"\"The fun part is the process of, of getting to know a girl. It's like, it's like flirting in code. It's using body language and laughing at the right jokes and, and looking into her eyes and knowing she's still whispering to you, even when she's not saying a word. And that sense that if you can just touch her, just once, everything will be okay for both of you." }, { "docid": "D2159025#0", "title": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Kinesics\nKinesics", "text": "\"Assessment \| Biopsychology \| Comparative \| Cognitive \| Developmental \| Language \| Individual differences \| Personality \| Philosophy \| Social \| Methods \| Statistics \| Clinical \| Educational \| Industrial \| Professional items \| World psychology \|Language: Linguistics · Semiotics · Speech Main article: Body language Kinesics the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures — or, more formally, non-verbal behaviour related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole. The term was first used (in 1952) by Ray Birdwhistell, a ballet dancer turned anthropologist who wished to study how different people communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement. Part of Birdwhistell's work involved making film of people in social situations and analyzing them to show different levels of communication not clearly seen otherwise. The study was joined by several anthropologists, including Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson . Drawing heavily on descriptive linguistics, Birdwhistell argued that all movements of the body have meaning (ie. are not accidental), and that these non-verbal forms of language (or paralanguage) have a grammar that can be analysed in similar terms to spoken language. Thus, a \"\"kineme\"\" is \"\"similar to a phoneme because it consists of a group of movements which are not identical, but which may be used interchangeably without affecting social meaning\"\" (Knapp 1972:94-95). He also concluded that there were no universals in these kinesic displays - a claim disputed by Paul Ekman 's analysis of universals in facial expression . A few Birdwhistell-isms are as follows: Social personality is a temporo-spatial system. All behaviors evinced by any such system are components of the system except as related to different levels of abstractions." }, { "docid": "D1752157#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gesture\ngesture", "text": "\"gesture Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Idioms, Wikipedia .ges·ture (jĕs′chər)n.1.a. A motion of the limbs or body made to express or help express thought or to emphasize speech.b. The action of making such a motion or motions: communicated solely by gesture.2. An act or a remark made as a formality or as a sign of intention or attitude: sent flowers as a gesture of sympathy.v. ges·tured, ges·tur·ing, ges·turesv. intr. To make gestures.v. tr. To show, express, or direct by gestures: gestured her disapproval. [ Middle English, from Medieval Latin gestūra, bearing, from Latin gestus, past participle of gerere, to carry, carry on, act . ]" } ]
8913	________ refers to the ability to exert force against external objects.	[ { "docid": "D3041686#0", "title": "http://www.swiftutors.com/behaviors/what-is-ability.php\n.", "text": "Ability It refers to an individual's capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. It is the assessment of what one can do. An individual ability is essentially made up of two factors:1) Intellectual ability2) Physical ability Intellectual Ability Ability to perform mental activities is known as intellectual ability. Intellectual abilities have got five dimensions.1. Number aptitude: It is an ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic.2. Verbal comprehension: It is the ability to understand what is read and heard and the relationship of words to each other.3. Perceptual speed: It is the ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately.4. Inductive reasoning: It is the ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem.5. Deductive reasoning: It is the ability to see logic and assesses the implication of an argument.6. Special visualization: It is the ability to imagine how an object would look like it its position in space was changed.7." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3313152#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Classical_Mechanics/Newtonian_Physics\nClassical Mechanics/Newtonian Physics", "text": "\"Classical Mechanics/Newtonian Physics< Classical Mechanics The latest reviewed version was checked on 14 June 2017. There are template/file changes awaiting review.navigation search Newton's three laws of motion are the basis of classical mechanics, so they are presented here for review and completeness. Contents1 The First Law: Uniform Motion2 The Second Law: Force and Momentum3 The Third Law: Action and Reaction4 Validity of Newton's Laws5 References The First Law: Uniform Motion [ edit]An object in an inertial frame of reference having uniform, linear motion will remain that way unless acted upon by a net force.or, Newton's First law may also be stated as : \"\"In an inertial frame, if a body is at rest or in uniform motion, then it will continue to do so unless it is acted upon by an external force.\"\" Please note that the first law is a \"\" fundamental law of nature \"\". As such, it is not derivable from other laws, e.g. by putting F=0 in 2nd Law, and hence getting a=0, one can not say that the first law can be \"\"mathematically\"\" derived from 2nd Law. This is because the 2nd Law is applicable ONLY in inertial frames for which the first law gives a characterization. Hence, an inertial reference frame is one in which the motion is self sustaining, that is, an object in a state of rest or uniform linear motion will remain in that state forever unless acted upon by any external agency. Once, you have identified your inertial frame, it's only then that you can sensibly talk about the second law. Note that an object at rest is a special case in an inertial frame of an object in uniform, linear motion, that being a object with zero velocity. The Second Law: Force and Momentum [ edit]The rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the net force applied on it." }, { "docid": "D3334215#0", "title": "http://deflem.blogspot.com/1999/09/classical-sociological-theory-1999.html\nClassical Sociological Theory: A Summary", "text": "\"Classical Sociological Theory: A Summary Mathieu Deflem www.mathieudeflem.net These summary notes were originally prepared in the summer of 1993 when I was a graduate student preparing for comprehensive exams. They are meant to provide a useful introduction to the classics by way of summaries of their major works. This edition was first placed online in January 1999. Latest revisions, September 2004. Cite as: Deflem, Mathieu. 1999. \"\" Classical Sociological Theory: A Summary.\"\" Unpublished notes. Available via www.mathieudeflem.net. Scroll down for sections on: Max Weber Emile Durkheim Additional notes on: Georg Simmel George H. Mead MAX WEBER (1864-1920): THE RATIONALIZATION OF SOCIETYLiterature (1905) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1910-1914) Economy and Society (1915-) Religionssoziologie A. Methodological Approach1." }, { "docid": "D1703282#0", "title": "http://rwby.wikia.com/wiki/Semblance\nSemblance", "text": "\"in: Terminology, Power Semblance Edit Comments (1k) Share Members of this wiki gave feedback on a previous version of the above video's script. Any inaccuracies in the new version are not approved of by members of this wiki. Additionally, the above video may be out of date.“ Your Semblance is like a muscle. The more you practice with it, the stronger it will become. But if you only focus on one aspect of it...if you fail to test the limits of what you think is possible...then you'll never truly grow. ”— Winter Schnee, encouraging Weiss Schnee to summon. Glynda using her Semblance Semblance is a power exhibited by certain characters in RWBY . Contents [ show]Description Edit Semblance is the manifestation of one's innate and personal power as an ability unique to each individual, with the effects varying greatly from user to user. The nature of one's Semblance is noted as representing an aspect of their character." }, { "docid": "D922#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity\nElectricity", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Electricity (disambiguation). \"\" Electric\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Electric (disambiguation). Lightning is one of the most dramatic effects of electricity. Part of a series of articles about Electromagnetism Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics [show]Magnetostatics [show]Electrodynamics [show]Electrical network [show]Covariant formulation [show]Scientists [show]v t e Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge. Although initially considered a phenomenon separate from magnetism, since the development of Maxwell's equations, both are recognized as part of a single phenomenon: electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field. When a charge is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field, a force will act on it." }, { "docid": "D2115100#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urethral+pressure\npressure", "text": "\"pressure (redirected from urethral pressure) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia. Related to urethral pressure: urethral pressure profilepressure ( P) [ presh´ur] force per unit area.arterial pressure ( arterial blood pressure) blood pressure (def. 2).atmospheric pressure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, usually considered as thedownward pressure of air onto a unit of area of the earth's surface; the unit of pressure at sealevel is one atmosphere. Pressure decreases with increasing altitude.barometric pressure atmospheric p.blood pressure1. see blood pressure.2. pressure of blood on walls of any blood vessel.capillary pressure the blood pressure in the capillaries.central venous pressure see central venous pressure.cerebral perfusion pressure the mean arterial pressure minus the intracranial pressure; a measure of the adequacy of cerebral blood flow.cerebrospinal pressure the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, normally 100 to 150 mm Hg.continuous positive airway pressure see continuous positive airway pressure.filling pressure see mean circulatory filling pressure.high blood pressure hypertension.intracranial pressure see intracranial pressure.intraocular pressure the pressure exerted against the outer coats by the contents of theeyeball.intrapleural pressure ( intrathoracic pressure) pleural pressure.intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure elevated positive end-expiratory pressure anddynamic pulmonary hyperinflation caused by insufficient expiratory time or a limitation on expiratory flow. It cannot be routinely measured by a ventilator's pressure monitoring system but is measurable only using an expiratory hold maneuver done by the clinician. Its presenceincreases the work needed to trigger the ventilator, causes errors in the calculation of pulmonarycompliance, may cause hemodynamic compromise, and complicates interpretation of hemodynamic measurements. Called also auto-PEEP and intrinsic PEEP.maximal expiratory pressure maximum expiratory pressure.maximal inspiratory pressure the pressure during inhalation against a completely occludedairway; used to evaluate inspiratory respiratory muscle strength and readiness for weaning frommechanical ventilation. A maximum inspiratory pressure above −25 cm H 2 O is associated withsuccessful weaning.maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) a measure of the strength of respiratory muscles,obtained by having the patient exhale as strongly as possible against a mouthpiece; themaximum value is near total lung capacity.maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) the inspiratory pressure generated against a completelyoccluded airway; used to evaluate inspiratory respiratory muscle strength and readiness forweaning from mechanical ventilation." }, { "docid": "D1485397#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/81494089/ace-practice-questions-flash-cards/\nACE: Practice Questions", "text": "\"210 terms jashlin ACE: Practice Questions Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort When comparing the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, which of the following statements is correct? a. The medial epicondyle is more toward the front of the body than the lateral epicondyle b. The medial epicondyle is more toward the back of the body than the lateral epicondyle c. The medial epicondyle is more toward the midline of the body than the lateral epicondyle d. The medial epicondyle is more away from the midline of the body than the lateral epicondyle c. The medial epicondyle is more toward the midline of the body than the lateral epicondyle The term \"\"medial\"\" means \"\"toward the midline of the body,\"\" while the term \"\"lateral\"\" means \"\"away from the midline of the body.\"\" ACE's Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 2Which of the following is NOT one of four types of tissue found in the human body? a. Muscular b. Nervous c. Epithelial d. Vascular d. Vascular The four primary types of tissue are muscular, nervous, connective, and epithelial. ACE's Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 3Which of the four components of blood carries hormones, food materials, ions, and gases throughout the body? a. Plasma b. Red blood cells c. White blood cells d. Platelets a. Plasma The liquid component of blood, called plasma, is responsible for carrying hormones, plasma proteins, food materials (e.g., carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids), ions (e.g., sodium, chloride, bicarbonate), and gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) throughout the body. ACE's Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 3-4When blood is flowing through the heart, where does it go after passing through the tricuspid valve? a. Right atrium b. Left atrium c. Right ventricle d. Left ventricle c. Right ventricle Blood passes through the tricuspid valve on its way from the right atrium to the right ventricle." }, { "docid": "D1986093#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/range+of+motion+exercise\nexercise", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.exercise (redirected from range of motion exercise) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia. Related to range of motion exercise: Passive Range Of Motion Exercise Definition Exercise is physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive for the purpose of conditioningany part of the body. Exercise is used to improve health, maintain fitness and is important as a means of physical rehabilitation. Purpose Exercise is useful in preventing or treating coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, weakness,diabetes, obesity, and depression. Range of motion is one aspect of exercise important forincreasing or maintaining joint function. Strengthening exercises provide appropriate resistance to the muscles to increase endurance and strength. Cardiac rehabilitation exercises are developed andindividualized to improve the cardiovascular system for prevention and rehabilitation of cardiacdisorders and diseases. A well-balanced exercise program can improve general health, buildendurance, and slow many of the effects of aging. The benefits of exercise not only improve physicalhealth, but also enhance emotional well-being." }, { "docid": "D1114569#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession\nPrecession", "text": "\"Precession From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Precession (disambiguation). Precession of a gyroscope Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating about a second axis, that body is said to be precessing about the second axis. A motion in which the second Euler angle changes is called nutation. In physics, there are two types of precession: torque -free and torque-induced. In astronomy, precession refers to any of several slow changes in an astronomical body's rotational or orbital parameters. An important example is the steady change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Earth, known as the precession of the equinoxes. Contents [ hide ]1 Torque-free2 Torque-induced2.1 Classical (Newtonian)2.2 Relativistic (Einsteinian)3 Astronomy3.1 Axial precession (precession of the equinoxes)3.2 Perihelion precession4 See also5 References6 External links Torque-free [ edit]Torque-free precession implies that no external moment (torque) is applied to the body. In torque-free precession, the angular momentum is a constant, but the angular velocity vector changes orientation with time." }, { "docid": "D2000332#0", "title": "https://www.universalclass.com/articles/science/how-to-calculate-momentum-and-energy.htm\n.", "text": "\"How to Calculate Momentum and Energy A. Momentum. Overview and Definition The reason why the term momentum is so often used in sports is that it conveys a sense of movement that requires a real concerted effort to stop, for example the Denver Broncos have true momentum this season; it looks as if they will go all the way to the Super Bowl. But I bet you did not know that momentum originated as a physics term. Specifically, it refers to the quantity of motion an object possesses. Akin to a sports team on the move, an object that is in motion has momentum. To further expound on this theme, momentum can be defined as mass in motion. This is true because all objects have mass, so if an object is in motion then it has momentum, and if it has momentum, it is mass in motion. How much momentum an object has is dependent upon two variables: The amount of mass that is moving. The speed at which the mass is moving. Therefore, momentum depends upon the variables known as mass and velocity." }, { "docid": "D792762#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_pressure\nPressure", "text": "\"Pressure From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Fluid pressure)navigation search This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. For other uses, see Pressure (disambiguation). Pressure Common symbols p, PSI unit Pascal [Pa]In SI base units 1 N / m 2, 1 kg / ( m · s 2 ), or 1 J / m 3Derivations from other quantities p = F / APressure as exerted by particle collisions inside a closed container Thermodynamics The classical Carnot heat engine Branches [show]Laws [show]Systems [show]System properties [show]Material properties [show]Equations [show]Potentials [show]History Culture [show]Scientists [show]Book: Thermodynamicsv t e Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) [a] is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre; similarly, the pound-force per square inch ( psi) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄ 760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer. Contents [ hide ]1 Definition1.1 Formula1.2 Units1.3 Examples1.4 Scalar nature2 Types2.1 Fluid pressure2.1.1 Applications2.2 Explosion or deflagration pressures2.3 Negative pressures2.4 Stagnation pressure2.5 Surface pressure and surface tension2.6 Pressure of an ideal gas2.7 Vapour pressure2.8 Liquid pressure2.9 Direction of liquid pressure2.10 Kinematic pressure3 See also4 Notes5 References6 External links Definition [ edit]Pressure is the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area. The symbol for it is p or P. [1] The IUPAC recommendation for pressure is a lower-case p. [2] However, upper-case P is widely used." }, { "docid": "D424295#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy\nPotential energy", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Potential energy In the case of a bow and arrow, when the archer does work on the bow, drawing the string back, some of the chemical energy of the archer's body is transformed into elastic potential energy in the bent limbs of the bow. When the string is released, the force between the string and the arrow does work on the arrow. The potential energy in the bow limbs is transformed into the kinetic energy of the arrow as it takes flight. Common symbols PE, U, or VSI unit joule (J)Derivations from other quantities U = m · g · h ( gravitational) U = ½ · k · x 2 U = ½ · C · V 2 ( electric)U = - m · B ( magnetic)Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics Second law of motion History Timeline Branches [show]Fundamentals [show]Formulations [show]Core topics [show]Rotation [show]Scientists [show]v t e In physics, potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors. [ 1] [2]Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an object that depends on its mass and its distance from the center of mass of another object, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field. The unit for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule, which has the symbol J. The term potential energy was introduced by the 19th century Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine, [3] [4] although it has links to Greek philosopher Aristotle 's concept of potentiality. Potential energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that the total work done by these forces on the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the body in space. These forces, that are called conservative forces, can be represented at every point in space by vectors expressed as gradients of a certain scalar function called potential. Since the work of potential forces acting on a body that moves from a start to an end position is determined only by these two positions, and does not depend on the trajectory of the body, there is a function known as potential or potential energy that can be evaluated at the two positions to determine this work. Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 Work and potential energy2.1 Derivable from a potential2.2 Computing potential energy3 Potential energy for near Earth gravity4 Potential energy for a linear spring5 Potential energy for gravitational forces between two bodies5.1 Derivation6 Potential energy for electrostatic forces between two bodies7 Reference level8 Gravitational potential energy8.1 Local approximation8.2 General formula8.3 Why choose a convention where gravitational energy is negative?8.4 Uses9 Chemical potential energy10 Electric potential energy10.1 Electrostatic potential energy10.2 Magnetic potential energy11 Nuclear potential energy12 Forces and potential energy13 Notes14 References15 External links Overview [ edit]There are various types of potential energy, each associated with a particular type of force." }, { "docid": "D3410618#0", "title": "http://www.timinvermont.com/fitness/squat.htm\n.", "text": "\"I May Not Know Diddley, But I Know Squat!A Primer for Beginners in the Squatwritten by Frederick C. Hatfield, Ph. D., MSS, International Sports Sciences Association My youngest son, Beau, has a sign in his room which reads Beau knows Squat. I like it! ‘ Course, it’s a play off the ol’ Bo Jackson thing, but I don’t care. I know Beau, and I don’t know Bo. And, Bo doesn’t know Squat!Humor me once more. See, I used to be pretty good at squatting. Eleven hundred pounds ain’t a bad squat, no? You might say that I too -- ahem -- know squat!Ok, ok! I’ll spare you." }, { "docid": "D329792#0", "title": "https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/22-3-the-process-of-breathing/\n148 22.3 The Process of Breathing", "text": "Chapter 22. The Respiratory System148 22.3 The Process of Breathing Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the mechanisms that drive breathing Discuss how pressure, volume, and resistance are related List the steps involved in pulmonary ventilation Discuss the physical factors related to breathing Discuss the meaning of respiratory volume and capacities Define respiratory rate Outline the mechanisms behind the control of breathing Describe the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata Describe the respiratory centers of the pons Discuss factors that can influence the respiratory rate Pulmonary ventilation is the act of breathing, which can be described as the movement of air into and out of the lungs. The major mechanisms that drive pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure ( P atm ); the air pressure within the alveoli, called alveolar pressure ( P alv ); and the pressure within the pleural cavity, called intrapleural pressure ( P ip ). Mechanisms of Breathing The alveolar and intrapleural pressures are dependent on certain physical features of the lung. However, the ability to breathe—to have air enter the lungs during inspiration and air leave the lungs during expiration—is dependent on the air pressure of the atmosphere and the air pressure within the lungs. Pressure Relationships Inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation) are dependent on the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs. In a gas, pressure is a force created by the movement of gas molecules that are confined. For example, a certain number of gas molecules in a two-liter container has more room than the same number of gas molecules in a one-liter container ( Figure 1 ). In this case, the force exerted by the movement of the gas molecules against the walls of the two-liter container is lower than the force exerted by the gas molecules in the one-liter container. Therefore, the pressure is lower in the two-liter container and higher in the one-liter container." }, { "docid": "D1389614#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/static+exercise\nstatic exercise", "text": "\"static exercise Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia .exercise [ ek´ser-sīz] performance of physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity.active exercise motion imparted to a part by voluntary contraction and relaxation of itscontrolling muscles.active assistive exercise voluntary contraction of muscles controlling a part, assisted by a therapist or by some other means.aerobic exercise a type of physical activity that increases the heart rate and promotesincreased use of oxygen in order to improve the overall body condition.ballistic stretching e's rapid, jerky movements employed in exercises to stretch muscles andconnective tissue. Buerger-Allen e's see buerger-allen exercises.cardiovascular exercise exercises to promote improved capacity of the cardiovascular system. They must be administered at least twice weekly, with most programs conducted three to five or more times weekly. The contraction of major muscle groups must be repeated often enough to elevate the heart rate to a target level determined during testing. Used in the treatment of compromised cardiovascular systems, as in cardiac rehabilitation, or as a preventive measure.corrective exercise therapeutic exercise.endurance exercise any exercise that involves the use of several large groups of muscles and is thus dependent on the delivery of oxygen to the muscles by the cardiovascular system; used in both physical fitness programs and testing of cardiovascular and pulmonary function.isokinetic exercise dynamic muscle activity performed at a constant angular velocity.isometric exercise active exercise performed against stable resistance, without change in thelength of the muscle.isotonic exercise active exercise without appreciable change in the force of muscularcontraction, with shortening of the muscle. Kegel e's see kegel exercises. Mc Kenzie exercise an exercise regimen used in the treatment of low back pain and sciatica,prescribed according to findings during mechanical examination of the lumbar spine and using a combination of lumbar motions, including flexion, rotation, side gliding, and extension. It is sometimes referred to as Mc Kenzie extension exercises, but this is a misnomer because theregimen involves movements other than extension.muscle-setting exercise voluntary contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles withoutchanging the muscle length or moving the associated part of the body. Called also static exercise.passive exercise motion imparted to a segment of the body by another individual, machine, or other outside force, or produced by voluntary effort of another segment of the patient's own body.pelvic floor e's1. a combination of endurance and strength exercises of the pelvic floor (circumvaginal or perianal) muscles, used in the management of stress urinary incontinence; the patient is taught to isolate and contract muscles once or twice a day.2." }, { "docid": "D1901082#0", "title": "http://coe.kean.edu/~afonarev/Dynamics/Sliding%20Friction%20-%20Part%201_1day.htm\nSliding Friction", "text": "Sliding Friction Materials: Computer and hands-on Time Allotment: 1 Class Days Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to analyze the relationships between the variables associated wit h the frictional forces acting on a sliding block (wagon) upon a given force . Theoretical Backgraund: The interaction between various objects is responsible for a whole variety of phenomena in our Physical World. If no interaction existed, our world would be a bunch of objects performing Uniform Motion in accordance with Newton's 1st law. We could not even perceive such a world because our perceptions are associated with our interaction with the external environment. For example, vision is due to interaction with light. In fact, we would not even exist because no forces would bind the constituents of our organisms together. What a boring situation!So Force is one of the central physical concepts. It is not possible for us to trace out all the possible means by which various forces act, and what are all the implications. However, we will consider a specific situation that can be studied completely. This is based on the observation that a force applied to a single object produces acceleration of this object." }, { "docid": "D661099#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_pressure\nPressure", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Units of pressure)navigation search This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. For other uses, see Pressure (disambiguation). Pressure Common symbols p, PSI unit Pascal [Pa]In SI base units 1 N / m 2, 1 kg / ( m · s 2 ), or 1 J / m 3Derivations from other quantities p = F / APressure as exerted by particle collisions inside a closed container Thermodynamics The classical Carnot heat engine Branches [show]Laws [show]Systems [show]System properties [show]Material properties [show]Equations [show]Potentials [show]History Culture [show]Scientists [show]Book: Thermodynamicsv t e Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) [a] is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre; similarly, the pound-force per square inch ( psi) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄ 760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer. Contents [ hide ]1 Definition1.1 Formula1.2 Units1.3 Examples1.4 Scalar nature2 Types2.1 Fluid pressure2.1.1 Applications2.2 Explosion or deflagration pressures2.3 Negative pressures2.4 Stagnation pressure2.5 Surface pressure and surface tension2.6 Pressure of an ideal gas2.7 Vapour pressure2.8 Liquid pressure2.9 Direction of liquid pressure2.10 Kinematic pressure3 See also4 Notes5 References6 External links Definition [ edit]Pressure is the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area. The symbol for it is p or P. [1] The IUPAC recommendation for pressure is a lower-case p. [2] However, upper-case P is widely used." }, { "docid": "D2797768#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_laws_of_motion\nNewton's laws of motion", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Newton laws of motion)navigation search\"\"Laws of Motion\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Laws of motion. \"\" Newton's Law\"\" redirects here. For the 2017 Australian TV series, see Newton's Law (TV series). Newton's First and Second laws, in Latin, from the original 1687 Principia Mathematica Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics Second law of motion History Timeline Branches [show]Fundamentals [show]Formulations [show]Core topics [show]Rotation [show]Scientists [show]v t e Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries, [1] and can be summarised as follows: First law: In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force. [ 2] [3]Second law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = m a. (It is assumed here that the mass m is constant – see below . ) Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body." }, { "docid": "D1445441#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/static+exercise\nstatic exercise", "text": "\"static exercise Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia .exercise [ ek´ser-sīz] performance of physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity.active exercise motion imparted to a part by voluntary contraction and relaxation of itscontrolling muscles.active assistive exercise voluntary contraction of muscles controlling a part, assisted by a therapist or by some other means.aerobic exercise a type of physical activity that increases the heart rate and promotesincreased use of oxygen in order to improve the overall body condition.ballistic stretching e's rapid, jerky movements employed in exercises to stretch muscles andconnective tissue. Buerger-Allen e's see buerger-allen exercises.cardiovascular exercise exercises to promote improved capacity of the cardiovascular system. They must be administered at least twice weekly, with most programs conducted three to five or more times weekly. The contraction of major muscle groups must be repeated often enough to elevate the heart rate to a target level determined during testing. Used in the treatment of compromised cardiovascular systems, as in cardiac rehabilitation, or as a preventive measure.corrective exercise therapeutic exercise.endurance exercise any exercise that involves the use of several large groups of muscles and is thus dependent on the delivery of oxygen to the muscles by the cardiovascular system; used in both physical fitness programs and testing of cardiovascular and pulmonary function.isokinetic exercise dynamic muscle activity performed at a constant angular velocity.isometric exercise active exercise performed against stable resistance, without change in thelength of the muscle.isotonic exercise active exercise without appreciable change in the force of muscularcontraction, with shortening of the muscle. Kegel e's see kegel exercises. Mc Kenzie exercise an exercise regimen used in the treatment of low back pain and sciatica,prescribed according to findings during mechanical examination of the lumbar spine and using a combination of lumbar motions, including flexion, rotation, side gliding, and extension. It is sometimes referred to as Mc Kenzie extension exercises, but this is a misnomer because theregimen involves movements other than extension.muscle-setting exercise voluntary contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles withoutchanging the muscle length or moving the associated part of the body. Called also static exercise.passive exercise motion imparted to a segment of the body by another individual, machine, or other outside force, or produced by voluntary effort of another segment of the patient's own body.pelvic floor e's1. a combination of endurance and strength exercises of the pelvic floor (circumvaginal or perianal) muscles, used in the management of stress urinary incontinence; the patient is taught to isolate and contract muscles once or twice a day.2." }, { "docid": "D944922#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Strength+(material)\nStrength of Materials", "text": "\"Strength of Materials (redirected from Strength (material))materials, strength of:see strength of materialsstrength of materials,measurement in engineering of the capacity of metal, wood, concrete, and other materials to withstand stress and strain. Stress is the internal force exerted by one part of an elastic body upon the adjoining part, and strain is the deformation or change in ..... Click the link for more information..strength of materials,measurement in engineering of the capacity of metal, wood,concrete, and other materials to withstand stress and strain. Stress is the internal force exerted by one part of an elastic body upon the adjoining part, and strain is the deformation or change in dimension occasioned by stress. When a body is subjected to pull, it is said to be under tension, or tensional stress, and when it is being pushed, i.e., is supporting a weight, it is under compression, or compressive stress. Shear, or shearing stress, results when a force tends to make part of thebody or one side of a plane slide past the other. Torsion, or torsional stress, occurs when externalforces tend to twist a body around an axis. Materials are considered to be elastic in relation to an applied stress if the strain disappears after the force is removed. The elastic limit is the maximumstress a material can sustain and still return to its original form. According to Hooke's law, thestress created in an elastic material is proportional to strain, within the elastic limit (see elasticityelasticity,the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or stress and to return to its original size and shape when the stress is removed. All solids are elastic for small enoughdeformations or strains, but if the stress exceeds a certain amount known as the elastic..... Click the link for more information.)." }, { "docid": "D1717931#0", "title": "http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question114530.html\nWhat is the strongest muscle in human body?", "text": "\"What is the strongest muscle in human body? Question #114530. Asked by armindasantana. Last updated Sep 17 16. Originally posted May 05 10 2:33 PM. What-A-Mess Answer has 4 votes. Vote for this answer By strength: The quadriceps. By size to power ratio: The masseter (jaw). \"\" In ordinary parlance, muscular \"\"strength\"\" usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the masseter or jaw muscle is the strongest." } ]
8920	________ refers to which gender a person is primarily attracted to romantically, emotionally, and sexually.	[ { "docid": "D1590746#0", "title": "http://www4.ncsu.edu/~bsscott2/GenderDefinitions.htm\nDefinition of Terms and Concepts Related to Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation", "text": "\"Definition of Terms and Concepts Related to Sex, Gender, and Sexual OrientationIt is important to recognize the difference between sexual orientation and sexual behavior as well as the differences among sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender role. Sexual orientation is the affectional or loving attraction to another person. It can be considered as ranging along a continuum from same-sex attraction only at one end of the continuum to opposite-sex attraction only at the other end. Heterosexuality is the attraction to persons of the opposite sex; homosexuality, to persons of the same sex; and bisexuality, to both sexes. Sexual orientation can be seen as part of a continuum ranging from same-sex attraction only (at one end of the continuum) to opposite-sex attraction only (at the other end of the continuum). Sexual behavior, or sexual activity, differs from sexual orientation and alone does not define someone as an LGBT individual. Any person may be capable of sexual behavior with a person of the same or opposite sex, but an individual knows his or her longings—erotic and affectional—and which sex is more likely to satisfy those needs. It is necessary to draw a distinction between sexual orientation and sexual behavior. Not every person with a homosexual or bisexual orientation is sexually active. A person’s sexual orientation does not tell us if she/he is sexually active nor does it define her/his specific sexual behaviors." } ]	[ { "docid": "D832931#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexuality\nAsexuality", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about humans who lack sexual attraction or interest in sexual activity. For other uses, see Asexual. Not to be confused with Agender. Sexual orientation Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Non-binary categories Androphilia and gynephilia Gray asexuality Non-heterosexual Pansexuality Polysexuality Queer Research Biological Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Demographics Environment Hetero/homosexual continuum Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscientific Queer studies Romantic orientation Sexology Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Non-human animals Animal sexual behaviour Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals Homosexual behavior in animals ( list)Categoryv t e Asexuality is the lack of sexual attraction to others, or low or absent interest in or desire for sexual activity. [ 1] [2] [3] It may be considered the lack of a sexual orientation, or one of the variations thereof, alongside heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality. [ 4] [5] [6] It may also be an umbrella term used to categorize a broader spectrum of various asexual sub-identities. [ 7]Asexuality is distinct from abstention from sexual activity and from celibacy, [8] [9] which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal or religious beliefs. [ 10] Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be \"\"enduring\"\". [ 11] Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, due to a variety of reasons, such as a desire to pleasure themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children. [ 8] [12]Acceptance of asexuality as a sexual orientation and field of scientific research is still relatively new, [2] [12] [5] as a growing body of research from both sociological and psychological perspectives has begun to develop. [" }, { "docid": "D1828135#0", "title": "http://www.beneaththetangles.com/otaku-dictionary/\nOtaku Dictionary", "text": "Otaku Dictionary Aniblogger (n.) A blogger who focuses on anime. See ‘Blogger (n.)’. Anime (n.) ah’-nee-meh Strictly speaking, in Japan anime merely refers to anything animated. However, anime in the West is mostly simply understood as animation produced in Japan, though the definition has expanded in recent years to include that from other countries which is influenced by Japanese animators. Described as being “characterized by colorful graphics, vibrant characters and fantastic themes,” the form differs markedly from traditional Western animation through it’s visual and directorial style and by commonly employing mature themes and fantastical stories. Well-known examples of anime include Pokemon, Naruto, and Spirited Away. Bishoujo (n.) In Japanese, it literally means “pretty girl”. This usually translates to young, attractive, anime-style females within Japanese media. This is often referred to in bishoujo-style figures or bishoujo games within the visual novel, galge genre. See ‘Figure (n.)’ and ‘Galge (n.)’." }, { "docid": "D2340140#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_variance\nGender variance", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Part of a series on Transgender topics Gender identities Agender (genderless) Androgyne Bigender Genderqueer / non-binary Gender bender Hijra Pangender Third gender Akava'ine Bakla Bissu Calabai Fa'afafine Fakaleiti Hijra Kathoey Khanith Koekchuch MāhūMaknyah Mukhannathun Muxe Sworn virgin Takatāpui Travesti Two-Spirit Winkte Trans man Trans woman Transmasculine Transfeminine Transsexual Trigender Health care and medicine Gender dysphoria In children Health care Pregnancy Sex reassignment Therapy Surgery To female To male Transsexual Detransition Rights issues Discrimination Inequality Non-binary Transmisogyny Transphobia Rights Movement Non-binary, third gender Organizations Military service Toilets Bathroom bills Unisex Violence Trans bashing Unlawful killings Trans panic Yogyakarta Principles Society and culture Characters Fictional Film and television LGBT-related films Events Awareness Week Day of Remembrance Day of Visibility March LGBTFlags History People Non-binary Publications Transitioning Sports Youth more Theory and concepts Ambiphilia, androphilia, gynephilia Childhood gender nonconformity Cisgender, cissexual Cross-dressing Gender identity Genderism Gender binary Gender-sexuality questioning Gender variance Postgenderism Transfeminism Transmisogyny By country Argentina Australia Rights Re Kevin Brazil Canada Bill C-16, 2016 Rights China Germany India Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014Tamil Nadu Iran Ireland New Zealand Singapore South Africa Turkey United Kingdom Rights Gender Recognition Act 2004United States Cafeteria riot Disenfranchisement History Legal history Rights Title IXSee also Gender Intersex LGBT Sexsex assignment Sex and gender distinction Sexual orientation Transgender portalv t e Part of a series on Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ( LGBT) people Sexual orientation Homosexuality Bisexualitypansexualitypolysexuality Demographics Biology Environment History Timeline Social movements LGBT and intersex LGBT and people of color Culture LGBT community Coming out Pride Slang Symbols Gay village Same-sex relationship Rights Laws around the world Marriage Union Adoption LGBT parenting Military service Transgender rights Intersex human rights Social attitudes Heteronormativity LGBT stereotypes Queer Sexual diversity Homosexuality and religion Transgender people and religion Prejudice, violence AIDS stigma Anti-intersex Biphobia Gay bashing Genderism Heterosexism Homophobia Lesbophobia Binarism Sexualism Suicide among LGBT youth Transphobia Violence against LGBT people Closeted Outing Domestic violence in same-sex relationships Academic fields and discourse Queer studies Lesbian feminism Queer theory Transfeminism Lavender linguistics LGBT portalv t e Gender variance, or gender nonconformity, is behavior or gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine and feminine gender norms. People who exhibit gender variance may be called gender variant, gender non-conforming, gender diverse, gender atypical [1] or genderqueer, and may be transgender or otherwise variant in their gender identity. In the case of transgender people, they may be perceived, or perceive themselves as, gender nonconforming before transitioning, but might not be perceived as such after transitioning. Some intersex people may also exhibit gender variance. Contents [ hide ]1 Terminology2 Childhood gender variance3 Social status for men vs. women4 Atypical gender roles5 Association with sexual orientation6 Clothing7 See also8 References Terminology [ edit]The terms gender variance and gender variant are used by scholars of psychology [2] [3] and psychiatry, [4] anthropology, [5] and gender studies, as well as advocacy groups of gender variant people themselves. [ 6] The term gender-variant is deliberately broad, encompassing such specific terms as transsexual, butch and femme, queen, sissy, tomboy, travesti, or hijra. The word transgender usually has a narrower meaning and somewhat different connotations, including an identification that differs from the gender assigned at birth. GLAAD (formerly the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation)'s Media Reference Guide defines transgender as an \"\"umbrella term for people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.\"\" [ 7] Not all gender variant people identify as transgender, and not all transgender people identify as gender variant — many identify simply as men or women. Gender identity is one's internal sense of their own gender; while most people have a gender identity of a boy or a man, or a girl or a woman, gender identity for other people is more complex than two choices." }, { "docid": "D1042328#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology/Marriage,_Reproduction_and_Kinship\nCultural Anthropology/Marriage, Reproduction and Kinship", "text": "\"Cultural Anthropology/Marriage, Reproduction and Kinship< Cultural Anthropology This is the latest reviewed version, approved on 17 January 2018 . There is 1 pending change awaiting review. Quality: averagenavigation search Contents1 Sexuality1.1 Sexual Orientation and Cultural Perspectives1.2 Romantic Orientation1.2.1 Cultural Examples of LGBTQ Relationships1.2.2 Two-Spirit1.2.3 Lesbianism in Mombasa1.2.4 Sexuality in Ancient Greece1.2.5 Ritual Homosexuality of the Sambia1.3 Rights of Sexuality1.3.1 Family Rights of LGBQT Couples1.3.2 Sexual Harassment2 Gender2.1 How Culture Shapes Gender2.1.1 Preferred Pronouns2.2 Sexual Taboos2.2.1 Incest2.2.2 Nudity3 Reproduction3.1 Reproduction: An Anthropological Definition & Focus3.1.1 Childbirth3.1.2 Abortion3.1.2.1 Abortion in the United States3.1.2.2 Abortion in East Africa3.1.2.3 Abortion in Colombia3.1.3 Birthing Practices3.1.4 Differences in Birthing Practices3.1.5 Cultural Meaning of Birthing Practices3.1.6 Child Birth in Kenya3.1.7 Postpartum Depression3.1.8 Breast Feeding3.1.9 Formula Feeding of Infants3.1.10 Reproductive Technologies3.1.10.1 Artificial Insemination3.1.10.2 Surrogacy4 Marriage4.1 Why Do People Get Married?4.2 Monogamy and Polygamy4.2.1 Monogamy4.2.2 Polygamy4.2.3 Polygyny4.2.4 Polygynous Families4.2.5 Polyamory4.2.6 Serial Monogamy vs. Serial Polygamy4.3 Same-Sex Marriage4.4 Ghost Marriage4.5 Arranged Marriage4.6 Residence Pattern4.7 Marriage and Economic Exchange4.7.1 Dowry4.7.2 Bridewealth4.8 Different Cultural Reference Rules for Marriage4.8.1 Endogamy4.8.2 Exogamy4.8.3 Hypergamy and Hypogamy4.8.4 Isogamy5 Divorce5.1 Divorce and Children5.2 Divorce in Islam5.3 Divorce in the Philippines5.4 Divorce and The Catholic Church5.4.1 Divorce and American Society6 Kinship6.1 The Japanese Family6.2 Different Types of Descent6.2.1 Household Forms6.3 The Definition of a Family6.4 Single Person6.5 Nuclear6.6 Extended Polygamous6.7 Individualism7 Genealogy7.1 Oral tradition7.2 Written pedigrees7.3 Modern genealogy7.3.1 Tekonymy in Bali8 Friendship8.1 Examples of Friendship8.1.1 Friendship within the Family8.1.2 Platonic Parenting8.1.3 Platonic Friendship8.1.3.1 Friends With Benefits9 Chapter Glossary of Key Terms10 References Sexuality [ edit]Sexual Orientation and Cultural Perspectives [ edit]Sexual orientation is the pattern of sexual and emotional attraction based on the gender of one's partner. In the contemporary American culture, heterosexuality is the only sexual orientation that receives complete social legitimacy. Since June 26, 2015, same-sex marriage has been legal in all 50 States and American territories except American Samoa and Native American land. [ 1] [2] Though heterosexuality is viewed as the social \"\"norm\"\" in the United States, many other cultures maintain a very diverse perspective on sexuality and sexual orientation. Various types of sexual orientation are defined below and can be found in many different cultures across the globe. Heterosexuality: refers to the emotional and sexual attraction between men and women. Homosexuality: refers to the emotionally and sexually attracted to those of the same sex. \"\" Lesbian\"\" refers to specifically homosexual women; \"\"Gay\"\" refers to both homosexual men and women." }, { "docid": "D579422#0", "title": "https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/what-does-that-mean-a-gender-and-sexuality-glossary-kt/\nWhat Does That Mean? A Gender and Sexuality Glossary", "text": "\"What Does That Mean? A Gender and Sexuality Glossary December 4, 2015 by Ravishly 1 Comment0 shares0The Image Bank Peter Cade View image \| gettyimages.com Get educated: Catherine Gigante-Brown breaks down some gender and sexuality terms for us.____Don’t like ads? Become a supporter and enjoy The Good Men Project ad free By Catherine Gigante-Brown What’s the difference between being pansexual and binary? Genderqueer and regular queer? And what’s a graysexual panromantic trans man? Confused? Me, too. Once upon a time, it was easier to keep track of gender. Today, not so much — the lines are blurred. For many, gender’s not so much about questioning your own identity as it is about questioning the very nature of identity." }, { "docid": "D1652141#0", "title": "http://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/blank.cfm?id=2234\n.", "text": "LGBTQ+: A common acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, two-spirit, intersex and queer individuals/communities. The plus sign is added on the end of acronym to signify many other sexual orientations and gender identities. SEXUAL ORIENTATION: Asexual: a word describing a person who is not sexually and/or romantically active. Bisexual: a word describing a person whose sexual orientation is directed toward men and women, though not necessarily at the same time. Depending upon the person, their attraction may be stronger for one sex over the other or they may experience equal attraction to men and to women. Gay : A word to describe a man whose emotional, romantic, and/or physical attraction is to people of the same sex. Lesbian: A woman whose emotional, romantic, and/or physical attraction is to other women. People who are lesbians need not have had any sexual experience; it is the attraction that helps determine orientation. Pansexual: A person whose emotional, romantic, and/or physical attraction is to people of all gender identities and biological sexes. People who are pansexual need not have had any sexual experience; attraction determines orientation." }, { "docid": "D2380715#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_transgressions\nRelational transgression", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Relational transgressions)navigation search This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. ( June 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Relationships Types [show]Activities [show]Endings [show]Emotions and feelings [show]Practices [show]Abuse [show]v t e Relational transgressions occur when people violate implicit or explicit relational rules. These transgressions include a wide variety of behaviors. Scholars tend to delineate relational transgressions into three categories or approaches. The first approach focuses on the aspect of certain behaviors as a violation of relational norms and rules. The second approach focuses on the interpretive consequences of certain behaviors, particularly the degree to which they hurt the victim, imply disregard for the victim, and imply disregard for the relationship. The third and final approach focuses more specifically on behaviors that constitute infidelity (a common form of relational transgression). [ 1]The boundaries of relational transgressions are permeable. Betrayal for example, is often used as a synonym for a relational transgression." }, { "docid": "D2173010#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia\nAndrophilia and gynephilia", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Sexual orientation Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Non-binary categories Androphilia and gynephilia Gray asexuality Non-heterosexual Pansexuality Polysexuality Queer Research Biological Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Demographics Environment Hetero/homosexual continuum Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscientific Queer studies Romantic orientation Sexology Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Non-human animals Animal sexual behaviour Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals Homosexual behavior in animals ( list)Categoryv t e Part of a series on Transgender topics Gender identities Agender (genderless) Androgyne Bigender Genderqueer / non-binary Gender bender Hijra Pangender Third gender Akava'ine Bakla Bissu Calabai Fa'afafine Fakaleiti Hijra Kathoey Khanith Koekchuch MāhūMaknyah Mukhannathun Muxe Sworn virgin Takatāpui Travesti Two-Spirit Winkte Trans man Trans woman Transmasculine Transfeminine Transsexual Trigender Health care and medicine Gender dysphoria In children Health care Pregnancy Sex reassignment Therapy Surgery To female To male Transsexual Detransition Rights issues Discrimination Inequality Non-binary Transmisogyny Transphobia Rights Movement Non-binary, third gender Organizations Military service Toilets Bathroom bills Unisex Violence Trans bashing Unlawful killings Trans panic Yogyakarta Principles Society and culture Characters Fictional Film and television LGBT-related films Events Awareness Week Day of Remembrance Day of Visibility March LGBTFlags History People Non-binary Publications Transitioning Sports Youth more Theory and concepts Ambiphilia, androphilia, gynephilia Childhood gender nonconformity Cisgender, cissexual Cross-dressing Gender identity Genderism Gender binary Gender-sexuality questioning Gender variance Postgenderism Transfeminism Transmisogyny By country Argentina Australia Rights Re Kevin Brazil Canada Bill C-16, 2016 Rights China Germany India Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014Tamil Nadu Iran Ireland New Zealand Singapore South Africa Turkey United Kingdom Rights Gender Recognition Act 2004United States Cafeteria riot Disenfranchisement History Legal history Rights Title IXSee also Gender Intersex LGBT Sexsex assignment Sex and gender distinction Sexual orientation Transgender portalv t e Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation, as an alternative to a gender binary homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to men or masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to women or femininity. [ 1] Ambiphilia describes the combination of both androphilia and gynephilia in a given individual, or bisexuality. [ 2]The terms are objectively used for identifying a person's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the person. This can avoid bias inherent in normative conceptualizations [ weasel words] of human sexuality, avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people, especially those who are nonbinary or otherwise falling outside the gender binary. Contents [ hide ]1 Historical usage1.1 Androphilia1.2 Gynephilia2 Sexual interest in adults3 Androphilia and gynephilia scales4 Gender identity and expression4.1 Gender in non-Western cultures5 See also6 References6.1 Bibliography Historical usage [ edit]Androphilia [ edit]In a discussion of homosexuality, sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld divided men into four groups: paedophiles, who are most attracted to prepubescent youth, ephebophiles, who are most attracted to youths from puberty up to the early twenties; androphiles, who are most attracted to persons between the early twenties and fifty; and gerontophiles, who are most attracted to older men, up to senile old age. [ 3] [4] According to Karen Franklin, Hirschfeld considered ephebophilia \"\"common and nonpathological, with ephebophiles and androphiles each making up about 45% of the homosexual population.\"\" [ 5]In his book Androphilia, A Manifesto: Rejecting the Gay Identity, Reclaiming Masculinity, Jack Malebranche uses the term to emphasize masculinity in both the object and the subject of male homosexual desire and to reject the sexual nonconformity that he sees in some segments of the homosexual identity. [ 6] [7]The term androsexuality is occasionally used as a synonym for androphilia. [ 8]Alternate uses in biology and medicine In biology, androphilic is sometimes used as a synonym for anthropophilic, describing parasites who have a host preference for humans versus non-human animals. [" }, { "docid": "D3157556#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading\nDeception", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Misleading)navigation search For other uses, see Deception (disambiguation) and Deceit (disambiguation). \"\" Feign\"\" redirects here. For the album by Tim Berne's Hard Cell, see Feign (album). Deception is the act of propagating a belief that is not true, or is not the whole truth (as in half-truths or omission ). Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda, and sleight of hand, as well as distraction, camouflage, or concealment. There is also self-deception, as in bad faith. It can also be called, with varying subjective implications, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, ruse, or subterfuge. Deception is a major relational transgression that often leads to feelings of betrayal and distrust between relational partners. Deception violates relational rules and is considered to be a negative violation of expectations. Most people expect friends, relational partners, and even strangers to be truthful most of the time." }, { "docid": "D585700#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansexuality\nPansexuality", "text": "\"Sexual orientation Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Non-binary categories Androphilia and gynephilia Gray asexuality Non-heterosexual Pansexuality Polysexuality Queer Research Biological Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Demographics Environment Hetero/homosexual continuum Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscientific Queer studies Romantic orientation Sexology Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Non-human animals Animal sexual behaviour Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals Homosexual behavior in animals ( list)Categoryv t e Pansexuality, or omnisexuality, [1] is the sexual, romantic or emotional attraction towards people regardless of their sex or gender identity. [ 2] [3] Pansexual people may refer to themselves as gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are not determining factors in their romantic or sexual attraction to others. [ 4] [5]Pansexuality may be considered a sexual orientation in its own right or a branch of bisexuality, to indicate an alternative sexual identity. [ 3] [6] [7] Because pansexual people are open to relationships with people who do not identify as strictly men or women, and pansexuality therefore rejects the gender binary, [3] [7] it is often considered a more inclusive term than bisexual. [ 8] [9] To what extent the term bisexual is inclusive when compared with the term pansexual is debated within the LGBT community, especially the bisexual community. [ 9]Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 Comparison to bisexuality and other sexual identities3 See also4 References5 Further reading Etymology The prefix pan- comes from the ancient Greek word for \"\"all, every\"\", πᾶν; omni- comes from the Latin word for \"\"all\"\", omnis. The hybrid words pansexual and pansexualism were first attested in 1917, denoting the idea \"\"that the sex instinct plays the primary part in all human activity, mental and physical\"\", [8] [10] a reproach (credited to Sigmund Freud) levelled at early psychology. [ 8] [10] [11]Comparison to bisexuality and other sexual identities The pansexual pride flag [12] [13] [14]A literal dictionary definition of bisexuality, due to the prefix bi-, is sexual or romantic attraction to two sexes ( males and females ), or to two genders ( men and women ). [ 8] [9] [15] Pansexuality, however, composed with the prefix pan-, is the sexual attraction to a person of any sex or gender. Using these definitions, pansexuality is defined differently by explicitly including people who are intersex or outside the gender binary. [" }, { "docid": "D930296#0", "title": "http://cyberbullying.org/glossary\nGlossary", "text": "In our Glossary below, we define the terms you need to know in the realm of cyberbullying and Internet safety, so that you are increasingly informed about technological jargon as you work with online youth. Click here for a printable version. Acceptable Use Policy (AUP): A policy that schools and other organizations create to define the responsibilities and appropriate behaviors of computer and network users. Android: Operating system created by Google. Android powers smartphones and tablets. Anonymizer: An intermediary website that hides or disguises the IP address associated with the Internet user. Generally, these sites allow a person to engage in various Internet activities without leaving an easily traceable digital footprint. App: Abbreviation for “application,” it is a piece of software, primarily referring to those used on smartphones, tablets, and other touch-based devices. Ask.fm: A website where users can ask and answer others’ questions with the option of doing so anonymously. Bash Board: An online bulletin board on which individuals can post anything they want." }, { "docid": "D117993#0", "title": "http://www.revelandriot.com/resources/internalized-homophobia/\nINTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA", "text": "INTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIAYou were just recently told by a friend to “deal with your internalized homophobia. ”You force your partner to stay in the closet with you. You feel contempt or disgust towards LGBTQ people who don’t “blend in. ”You can’t come out, even in safe communities and settings. You’ve tried to change your sexual orientation through conversion therapy, prayer, or medical treatment. You cannot have emotionally intimate or romantic relationships, even though you desire it. You think about committing suicide because of your sexuality. These are just a few of the many signs of internalized homophobia, an issue that affects the vast majority of LGBQ individuals and belongs at the forefront of the fight for justice and equality. Working to overcome it can lead to immensely positive results such as emotional and physical well being, a stronger more effective political movement, and a more compassionate world._______________________________________CONTENTSThe definition Problems with the term Why does it happen? What does internalized homophobia look like and how do I know if I suffer from it?" }, { "docid": "D343765#0", "title": "http://www.advocate.com/bisexuality/2014/06/02/13-things-never-say-bisexual-people\n13 Things Never to Say to Bisexual People", "text": "\"Bisexuality13 Things Never to Say to Bisexual People Yes, bisexual people really do exist, but they aren’t any more — or less — promiscuous, monogamous, or indecisive than anyone else. By Eliel Cruz September 23 2016 11:06 AM EDTAs a proud bisexual man, for years I've had to navigate the complicated gray area that my identity occupies on the sexuality spectrum. Despite all of the gains the LGBT community has made, bisexuals are still looked upon with confusion — or outright scorn — by gays, lesbians, and straight people alike. From people asking me if I was \"\"full-blown gay yet\"\" to others questioning my motivations, I've probably heard it all. Unfortunately, the binary thinking of those who deny bisexuality's existence ultimately oppresses everyone by perpetuating unflinching standards of identity, whether they be heteronormative or homonormative. Being intimate with someone of the same sex doesn't mean you're gay, just like being intimate with someone of the opposite sex doesn't mean you're straight — it just means you fall somewhere in the beautiful, fluid spectrum of sexuality. So here we are in the supposedly enlightened year of 2016, and yet, biphobia persists. In no particular order, here are a few of the most tiresome lies society really needs to stop telling about bisexual people.1. Bisexuals don't exist. This is the first and most pervasive lie about bisexuality." }, { "docid": "D2978544#0", "title": "http://www.wikihow.com/Understand-Different-Sexual-Identity-Terms\nHow to Understand Different Sexual Identity Terms", "text": "\"Edit Article How to Understand Different Sexual Identity Terms Have you ever had trouble using the right terms when with the LGBTQ community? With a desire to better understand, you can learn the differences. Steps1 Learn the terms. Lesbian, bisexual, gay, transgender, and queer are the most commonly used ones, but there are more, such as nonbinary and asexual. Getting some books from the library can help you understand more about these people and how they live.2 First, learn about sexual identity. Sexual identity defines which gender (s) of people an individual is sexually attracted to. It says nothing about the way they dress, behave, or present themselves. Lesbian: A lesbian is a person who identifies as female that is attracted to another person that identifies as female. Some fall into the \"\"butch\"\" (masculine) or \"\"femme\"\" (feminine) categories. However, their gender presentation is usually more nuanced than that, and not every lesbian couple is a mixture of the two." }, { "docid": "D18807#0", "title": "http://itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2013/01/a-comprehensive-list-of-lgbtq-term-definitions/\nComprehensive* List of LGBTQ+ Vocabulary Definitions", "text": "+ Shares Comprehensive* List of LGBTQ+ Vocabulary Definitions To help you make sense of the alphabet soup, and be as respectful and accurate as possible when using identifying language. By Sam Killermann on January 7, 2013 in Gender / Sexuality / Start Here tagged List Terminology. Updated 12/08/2017This free resource was funded by IPM Patrons. Join and help support social justice media. Become a Patron Read my latest article: “I can’t stop thinking about the ‘ Social Justice Dogma ,’ or keeping quiet“The Safe Zone Project.com My New (-ish) Book!Get the 2nd Edition of my first book A Guide to Gender: it is fully revised, expanded, and shinier than ever!Paperback \| Kindle \| Pay-What-You-Want/Can . PDFperfectlyeveryoneadvocate – 1noun : a person who actively works to end intolerance, educate others, and support social equity for a marginalized group. 2verb to actively support/plea in favor of a particular cause, the action of working to end intolerance, educate others, etc.agender – adj. : a person with no (or very little) connection to the traditional system of gender, no personal alignment with the concepts of either man or woman, and/or someone who sees themselves as existing without gender. Sometimes called gender neutrois, gender neutral, or genderless.ally /“al-lie”/ – noun : a (typically straight and/or cisgender) person who supports and respects members of the LGBTQ community. We consider people to be active allies who take action on in support and respect." }, { "docid": "D963060#0", "title": "http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/12/bi-erasure-hurts/\n5 Ways That Bi Erasure Hurts More Than Just Bisexual People", "text": "5 Ways That Bi Erasure Hurts More Than Just Bisexual People December 2, 2014 by Milo Todd5.4KShare Tweet Source: Bi Net USAThis year, Bisexual Awareness Day/Celebrate Bisexuality Day was on September 23 rd. That same day, the National LGBTQ Task Force thought it’d be a good idea to post an article entitled “Bye Bye Bi, Hello Queer,” in which leadership programs director Evangeline Weiss said “she is ready ‘to say bye bye to the word bisexuality. ’She said it does not describe her sexual orientation, and she encouraged readers to cease using the word as well as she felt it reinforced a binary concept of gender. Let me drive that home a little more. The National LGBTQ Task Force not only thought it would be a good idea to publish an article insulting, misrepresenting, and forsaking the bisexual letter in their own name, but did so on Celebrate Bisexuality Day. Rude. And a fantastic example of the constant, ongoing erasure bisexual people have to deal with. This one just happened to be incredibly blatant. What happened as a result of that article? People got pissed." }, { "docid": "D1942768#0", "title": "http://ok2bme.ca/resources/kids-teens/what-does-lgbtq-mean/\nWhat Does LGBTQ+ Mean?", "text": "LGBTQ is an initialism that means: LL esbian GG ay BB isexual TT ransgender QQ ueer or Q uestioning People often use LGBTQ to mean all of the communities included in the “LGBTTTQQIAA”: L esbian G ay B isexual T ransgender T ranssexual T wo-spirited Q ueer Q uestioning I ntersex A sexual A lly+ Pansexual + Agender + Gender Queer + Bigender + Gender Variant + Pangender LGBTQ is the more commonly used term in the community; possibly because it is more user friendly! You may also hear the terms “Queer Community” or “Rainbow Community” used to describe LGBTQ+ people. This initialism and the various terms are always evolving so don’t try to memorize the list. The most important thing is to be respectful and use the terms that people prefer. LGBTQ Out Loud Common Terms Video: LGBTQ Out Loud is a DVD documentary produced by KW Counselling Services and the Waterloo Region District School Board in 2010. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:00Word: Definition: Lesbian A lesbian is a female homosexual: a female who experiences romantic love or sexual attraction to other females. Gay Gay is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. Gay is often used to describe homosexual males but lesbians may also be referred to as gay. Bisexual Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior toward both males and females, or romantic or sexual attraction to people of any sex or gender identity; this latter aspect is sometimes termed pansexuality." }, { "docid": "D1263756#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality\nBisexuality", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Bisexual\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Bisexual (disambiguation). Sexual orientation Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Non-binary categories Androphilia and gynephilia Gray asexuality Non-heterosexual Pansexuality Polysexuality Queer Research Biological Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Demographics Environment Hetero/homosexual continuum Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscientific Queer studies Romantic orientation Sexology Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Non-human animals Animal sexual behaviour Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals Homosexual behavior in animals ( list)Categoryv t e Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior toward both males and females, [1] [2] [3] or romantic or sexual attraction to people of any sex or gender identity; this latter aspect is sometimes alternatively termed pansexuality. [ 4] [5] [6]The term bisexuality is mainly used in the context of human attraction to denote romantic or sexual feelings toward both men and women, [1] [2] [3] and the concept is one of the three main classifications of sexual orientation along with heterosexuality and homosexuality, all of which exist on the heterosexual–homosexual continuum. A bisexual identity does not necessarily equate to equal sexual attraction to both sexes; commonly, people who have a distinct but not exclusive sexual preference for one sex over the other also identify themselves as bisexual. [ 7]Bisexuality has been observed in various human societies [8] and elsewhere in the animal kingdom [9] [10] [11] throughout recorded history. The term bisexuality, however, like the terms hetero- and homosexuality, was coined in the 19th century. [ 12]Contents1 Definitions1.1 Sexual orientation, identity, and behavior1.2 Kinsey scale2 Demographics and prevalence3 Studies, theories and social responses3.1 Brain structure and chromosomes3.2 Evolutionary theory3.3 Masculinization3.4 Prenatal hormones3.5 Sex drive4 Community4.1 General social impacts4.2 Perceptions and discrimination4.3 Symbols4.4 Within BDSM4.5 Within feminism5 History6 Media6.1 Film6.2 Literature6.3 Music6.4 Television6.5 Webseries7 Among other animals8 See also9 References10 Further reading10.1 General10.2 Ancient Greece and Rome10.3 By country10.4 Modern Western10.5 Other reading11 External links Definitions Sexual orientation, identity, and behavior Main articles: Sexual orientation, Sexual identity, and Human sexual activity Bisexuality is romantic or sexual attraction to males and females. The American Psychological Association states that \"\"sexual orientation falls along a continuum. In other words, someone does not have to be exclusively homosexual or heterosexual, but can feel varying degrees of both." }, { "docid": "D1039900#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation\nSexual orientation", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Sexual preference\"\" redirects here. For the book, see Sexual Preference (book). Sexual orientation Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Non-binary categories Androphilia and gynephilia Gray asexuality Non-heterosexual Pansexuality Polysexuality Queer Research Biological Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Demographics Environment Hetero/homosexual continuum Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscientific Queer studies Romantic orientation Sexology Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Non-human animals Animal sexual behaviour Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals Homosexual behavior in animals ( list)Categoryv t e Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender. These attractions are generally subsumed under heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, [1] [2] while asexuality (the lack of sexual attraction to others) is sometimes identified as the fourth category. [ 3] [4]These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. [ 1] For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, [5] or none at all. [ 1] According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation \"\"also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions\"\". [ 1] [6] Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. [ 7] The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. [" }, { "docid": "D571102#0", "title": "http://lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu/educated/glossary.html\nLGBTQIA Resource Center Glossary", "text": "\"LGBTQIA Resource Center Glossary The terms and definitions below are always evolving and changing and often mean different things to different people. They are provided below as a starting point for discussion and understanding. This Glossary has been collectively built and collected by the staff members of the LGBTQIA+ Resource Center since the early 2000s. Ability: The quality of being able to do something Ableism: The pervasive system of discrimination and exclusion that oppresses people who have mental, emotional and physical disabilities. Ageism: Any attitude, action, or institutional structure, which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age (Traxler, 1980, p.4). Allosexism: The system of discrimination and exclusion that oppresses asexual people. Allosexual: A sexual orientation generally characterized by feeling sexual attraction or a desire for partnered sexuality. Allyship: The action of working to end oppression through support of, and as an advocate with and for, a group other than one’s own. Androgyne: A person with masculine and feminine physical traits. Aromantic: A romantic orientation generally characterized by not feeling romantic attraction or a desire for romance." } ]
8923	________ social movements advocate the radical reorganization of society.	[ { "docid": "D2727484#0", "title": "http://www.sociologyguide.com/social-change/social-movements-type.php\n.", "text": "Home » Social Change » Social Movements Types Social Movements Types Reform Movements: Reform movements are organized to carry out reforms in some specific areas. The reformers endeavor to change elements of the system for better. For example: Civil Rights Movement, Women's Liberation Movement, Arya Samaj Movement, Brahmo Samaj Movement etc. Revolutionary Movements: The revolutionary movements deny that the system will even work. These movements are deeply dissatisfied with the social order and work for radical change. They advocate replacing the entire existing structure. Their objective is the reorganization of society in accordance with their own ideological blueprint. Revolutionary movements generally become violent as they progress. Example: The Protestant Reformation Movement, the Socialist Movement, the Communist Revolution of China. Reactionary or Revivalist Movement: Some movements are known as reactionary or regressive movements." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1222746#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism\nLibertarianism", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Libertarians\"\" redirects here. For political parties that may go by this name, see Libertarian Party. For other uses, see Libertarianism (disambiguation). Part of a series on Libertarianism Origins [show]Concepts [show]Schools [show]People [show]Aspects [show]Organizations [show]Related topics [show]Outline of libertarianism Libertarianism portalv t e Libertarianism (from Latin: libertas, meaning \"\"freedom\"\") is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle. [ 1] Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association, and individual judgment. [ 2] [3] [4] Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power, but they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing political and economic systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions. [ 5]Left-libertarians, seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production in favor of their common or cooperative ownership and management, viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty. [ 6] [7] [8] [9] In contrast, modern right-libertarian ideologies, such as minarchism and anarcho-capitalism, instead advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights, [10] such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources. Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 Philosophy2.1 Personal autonomy2.2 Civil liberties2.3 State2.4 Property rights2.5 Economics2.6 Wage labour3 Prominent currents3.1 Left-libertarianism3.2 Right-libertarianism4 History4.1 Age of Enlightenment4.2 Rise of anarchism4.3 Libertarian socialism4.4 Individualism in the United States4.5 Modern American libertarianism5 Contemporary libertarianism5.1 Contemporary libertarian socialism5.2 American libertarianism6 Contemporary libertarian organizations7 Criticism7.1 Government decentralization7.2 Lack of real-world examples of libertarianism8 See also9 Notes10 References11 Bibliography12 External links Etymology [ edit]The 17 August 1860 edition of Le Libertaire: Journal du Mouvement Social, a libertarian communist publication in New York The first recorded use of the term \"\"libertarian\"\" was in 1789, when William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics. [" }, { "docid": "D1125789#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminism\nRadical feminism", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page. ( December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Part of a series on Feminism Women Girls Femininity History [show]Variants (general) [show]Variants (religious) [show]Concepts [show]Theory [show]By country [show]Lists and categories [show]Feminism portalv t e Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts. [ 1]Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a patriarchy in which men dominate and oppress women, and seek to abolish the patriarchy in order to liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions. This includes opposing the sexual objectification of women, raising public awareness about such issues as rape and violence against women, and challenging the very notion of gender roles. Shulamith Firestone wrote in The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970): \"\" [T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male privilege but of the sex distinction itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally.\"\" [ 2]Early radical feminism, arising within second-wave feminism in the 1960s, [3] typically viewed patriarchy as a \"\"transhistorical phenomenon\"\" [4] prior to or deeper than other sources of oppression, \"\"not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form\"\" and the model for all others. [ 5] Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from cultural feminism to more syncretic politics that placed issues of class, economics, etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression. [ 6]Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to legal systems (as in liberal feminism) or class conflict (as in anarchist feminism, socialist feminism, and Marxist feminism )." }, { "docid": "D582106#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement\nTemperance movement", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the social movement. For the blues rock band, see The Temperance Movement (band). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The Drunkard's Progress: a lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements typically criticize alcohol intoxication, promote complete abstinence ( teetotalism ), or use its political influence to press the government to enact alcohol laws to regulate the availability of alcohol or even its complete prohibition. Contents [ hide ]1 Origins1.1 Teetotalism1.2 Growing radicalism and influence1.3 Transition to a mass movement1.4 Legislative successes and failures2 Decline3 Present day4 See also4.1 Temperance movement by country5 References6 Bibliography7 External links Origins [ edit]A cartoon from Australia The temperance movement began in the early 19th century (around the 1820s). Before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, [1] total abstinence from alcohol (i.e. teetotalism) was very rarely advocated or practiced. There was also a concentration on hard spirits rather than on abstinence from alcohol and on moral reform rather than legal measures against alcohol. [" }, { "docid": "D2322306#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/9572636/apush-unit-five-flash-cards/\nAPUSH Unit Five", "text": "\"138 terms deana14APUSH Unit Five Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortan important factor in transforming the nature of american agriculture after the Civil War was: increasing utilization of machineryin general, American agriculture in the second half of the nineteenth century became: more dependent on market forcesthe development of agriculture in California during the late nineteenth century was: large-scale farmingby 1890, under the leadership of the New South Advocates, the South: still remained economically dependent on the North According to the Plessy v. Ferguson decision: the races could be seperated but equal accomodations must be providedin the late nineteenth century, southern agriculture: remained dependent on cotton cultivationan organization which represented an early attempt by farmers to confront their problems during the 1860s and 1970s was the: Grangein its attempt to regulate railroad rates during the late nineteenth century, the Interstate Commerce Commission: was often opposed by the federal courts' decisions In the Ocala platform, the National Farmers' Alliance advocated: a graduated income taxthe authors characterize the late nineteenth century as \"\"the nadir of black life.\"\" Nadir means the: lowest pointthe Supreme Court upheld the principle that state governments could regulate railroad and grain elevator companies with its decision in: Munn v. Illinoisone of the primary goals of farmers movements during the late nineteenth century was: regulation of the railroads Chief leader of the moderate approach to achieving black rights within American society was: Booker T. Washington During the late nineteenth century, the Supreme Court: a gradualy abandoned support of blacks rights guaranteed by the Constitutionthe philosophy of the New South advocates stressed: a policy promoting industrialization of the southern economythose Indians who followed the Ghost Dance movement believed that natural disasters would destroy the whites, but not the Indians The Dawes Act was designed to: provide Indians with individual land ownership The federal government's Indian policy between 1876 and 1900 was characterized by a movement to end Indian power and culture An important factor in the white man's defeat of the Plains tribes was the destruction of the buffalo herdsin the last three decades of the nineteenth century, Indians on the Great Plains: often fiercely resisted white settlement in the areabetween 1865 and 1900, the basis for economic growth in the United States during the last half of the nineteenth century was: the availability of capital for investment purposesthe transformation of the American economy during the late nineteenth century resulted in: increased instability in the economic cyclethe \"\"new immigrants\"\" whose migration to the United States increased after 1880 came mainly from: southern and eastern Europeduring the late nineteenth century, the typical American city: often attracted rural Americans displaced by the mechanization of agriculturein the last three decades of the nineteenth century, the industrial city in teh United States was led by: the poorest people living near the center of teh cityin the working class neighborhoods of American industrial cities in the three decades after the Civil War: ethnic groups often gathered in a particular areaduring the late nineteenth century, the American middle class generally: enjoyed an improvement in its standard of livingthe social ethic which prevailed in late nineteenth-century America stressed that: economic success was available to anyone who worked hardsuccess and upward mobility in late nineteenth-century America were generally: more available to native-born, middle-class whitesin its approach to union organization, the Knights of Labor officially: welcomed both skilled and unskilled workersin the era between 1865 and 1900, American workers often protested agaisnt their working conditionsthe social geography of the industrial city in America during the late nineteenth century indicated that: people tended to be seperated by class, occupation, and raceas a result of economic developments in the united states during the late nineteenth century: the united state became one of teh major industrial countries of the worldsome of the entrepreneurs of the late nineteenth century in the United States attempted to dominate their chosen area of the economy through vertical integration. Vertical integration involves: adding operations either before or after the production processin its attempt to deal with the Pullman strike, the federal government used an injunction, which is a court orderedward bellamy prophesied in \"\"looking backward\"\" that: the future held great hope for all peoplean imprortant developtment in the operation of teh United States government that occured during the nineteenth century was the: emergence of a professional bureacracythe presidents of the United States from 1877 to 1897 can generally be described as undistinguishedin the last three decades of the nineteenth century, American voters were particularlyinterested in local issuesthe typical social reformer in the United States during the late nineteenth century would most likely be middle classthe theory of Social Darwinism promoted the idea that the maldistribution of wealth in society was justifiablea leader in promoting the settlement house movement was Jane Addamsa central issue in the election of 1896 was the monetary questionthe period of the late nineteenth century in the United States is often referred to as the \"\"Gilded Age.\"\" Gilded implies: a deceptive outward appearance Social reformers in late nineteenth-century America considered the laissez faire philosophy advocates the Social Darwinists to be both wasteful and inhumane. Lassiez faire means: an economic life free of government interventionthe election of 1896 represented: the triumph of industrialism over agrarianism in American politicsthe columbian exposition held in chicago in 1893: made the inequities in American society more apparentagricultural and industrial overextension during the late nineteeth-century in the United States contributed to: financial panican important demand of the Populists was: the unlimited coinage of silverin the late nineteenth-century, urban bosses dispensed patronage jobs in return for votes and contributionsin the period after the Civil War, the Social Gospel movement tied salvation to social bettermentamong the issues confronting American political leaders in teh alst three decades of the nineteenth-century was: tariff revisiona common characteristic of scalawags and carpetbaggers during Reconstruction was that they cooperated with Republicans and blacks in the new southern government Jacob Coxey's solution for ending the Depression of 1893 included a call for government sponsored jobs The writings of Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and William Dean Howells attempted to depict the realism of American life during Gilded Age The author of the cartoon is an advocate for maintaining tariffs levels in America As an advocate of the \"\"Gospel of Wealth,\"\" Andrew Carnegie believed that the rich had a moral responsibility to use their wealth to improve society President Cleveland responded to the 1894 Pullman Strike by invoking an injuction against the workers and sending troops to break and strike Which of the following best summarizes the impact of Reconstruction on the South? Reconstruction failed to make lasting changes in the political and social power structure in the South When farmers sought an explanation for their economic troubles after the Civil War, they focused on the inadequate amount of money in circulation in the country From 1876-1900, the two major political parties were characterized by internal divisions over economic policies and questions of integrity Which of the following was true about the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909? it included both whites and blacks, and used the courts to attack Jim Crow The \"\"open door policy\"\" in 1899 primarily covered trade with Asia In which decision did the Supreme Court invalidate the practice of \"\"seperate but equal\"\" facilities for blacks and whites? Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas The \"\"Ghost Dancer\"\" movement among Western Native Americans stressed all of the following EXCEPT non-violence Following the Civil War, most freed slaves stayed in the South and worked as sharecroppers Which of the following is true of the American rail system int he nineteenth century?" }, { "docid": "D3446168#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/18815545/chapter-4-critics-of-business-flash-cards/\nChapter 4 - Critics of Business", "text": "\"21 terms cards13Chapter 4 - Critics of Business Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Agrarian society A society with a largely agricultural economy. Just price A price giving a moderate profit; one inspired by fairness, not greed. Market price A price determined by the interaction of supply and demand. Usury The lending of money for interest. Protestant ethic The belief that hard work and adherence to a set of virtues such as thrift, saving, and sobriety would bring wealth and God's approval. Utopia A socially engineered model community designed to correct faults in the world so its members can find happiness. Populist movement A political reform movement that arose among farmers in the late 1800s. Populists blamed social problems on industry and sought radical reforms such as government ownership of railroads. Progressive movement A turn-of-the-twentieth-century political movement that associated moderate social reform with progress. Progressivism was less radical than populism and had wider appeal." }, { "docid": "D1938234#0", "title": "https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/history/item/21635-the-communist-pedigree-of-the-clenched-fist-salute\nThe Communist Pedigree of the Clenched-fist Salute", "text": "\"Wednesday, 23 September 2015The Communist Pedigree of the Clenched-fist Salute Written by Christian Gomez Tweetfont size Print Email Riots, protests, demonstrations, rallies; pick the issue — police brutality, racism, Occupy Wall Street, oil and gas fracking, minimum-wage legislation, education funding, etc. — it’s a sure bet a certain symbol will be ever-present. When Baltimore erupted in flames, riots, and looting, the “protesters” — from unknown teens to infamous agitators — prominently displayed the clenched-fist salute. The same clenched fist appeared on rally posters and banners, along with “#Black Lives Matter” and “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot!” Malik Zulu Shabazz, the hate-spewing former head of the New Black Panther Party (and current national president of Black Lawyers for Justice) conspicuously employed the clenched fist salute while leading chants and rallies in Baltimore. ( See picture below.) It was a repeat of the violence-promoting rallies that exploited the “racial justice” theme and fomented racial turmoil nationwide following the Trayvon Martin shooting in Florida and the Michael Brown police shooting in Missouri. In Ferguson, Missouri, black rioters and looters went on a rampage, spurred on by the media, which falsely portrayed Michael Brown as “the gentle giant,” another unarmed young black man shot down in cold blood by a white police officer, according to the media storyline. Protesters took to the streets with their clenched fists raised, led by the professional organizers of the Black Lives Matter movement, the New Black Panther Party, the Communist Party USA, and the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Black protesters with their clenched fists raised in the air were photographed and displayed on the cover of Revolution, the official newspaper of the Revolutionary Communist Party." }, { "docid": "D1656464#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Nearing\nScott Nearing", "text": "\"Scott Nearing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Scott Nearing Scott Nearing (1915)Born August 6, 1883 Morris Run, Tioga County, Pennsylvania Died August 24, 1983 (aged 100) Harborside, Maine Nationality American Education Ph D in Economics (1909)Alma mater University of Pennsylvania Occupation radical economist, educator, writer Years active 1905–1982Known for political activist, author, and advocate of simple living Movement Socialism, Communism Spouse (s) Nellie Marguerite Seeds Nearing; Helen Nearing Children 2, including John Scott Scott Nearing (August 6, 1883 – August 24, 1983) was an American radical economist, educator, writer, political activist, and advocate of simple living. Contents [ hide ]1 Biography1.1 Early years1.2 First World War1.3 From Socialism to Communism1.4 Great Depression1.5 Second World War1.6 Cold War era1.7 Vietnam era and thereafter2 Foreign policy analyst3 Death4 Philosophical ideas5 Footnotes6 Chronological list of books and pamphlets by Scott Nearing6.1 Titles published through 19156.2 Titles published during Nearing's Socialist Party period (1916–1923)6.3 Titles published during Nearing's Communist period (1924–1929)6.4 Independent radicalism from the Depression through World War II (1930–1945)6.5 Independent radicalism after World War II (1946–1979)7 Further reading8 External links Biography [ edit]Early years [ edit]Nearing was born in Morris Run, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, the heart of the state's coal country. Nearing's grandfather, Winfield Scott Nearing, had arrived in Tioga County with his family in 1864, at the age of 35, when he accepted a job as a civil and mining engineer. Before the end of the year he had assumed full control of mining operations as the superintendent of the Morris Run Coal Company, a position of authority which he held for the remainder of his working life. [ 1] An intense, driven man, Scott Nearing's grandfather studied science and nature, practiced gardening and carpentry, and regularly received crates of books from New York City, amassing a large personal library. [ 2] In his memoirs written late in his life, Scott Nearing would recall his grandfather as one of the four most influential figures in his life. [ 3] Nearing's upbringing was that of a young bourgeois, his mother employing a part-time tutor and two Polish servants to clean the gleaming white house atop a hill overlooking the town. [ 4] Scott's brother recalled that the citizens of Morris Run had treated the handsome and intelligent Scott \"\"the way they would treat the heir to the nobleman.... They all treated him with awe.\"\" [ 4]Nearing's father was a small businessman and stockbroker, his mother a vigorous, energetic, and idealistic woman whom Nearing later credited with instilling in him an appreciation for the higher things in life: nature, books, and the arts. [ 5] Despite an upbringing in a life of privilege made possible in no small measure by the harsh anti-union policies of his patriarchal grandfather, [6] young Scott nevertheless developed a social conscience, which one of his biographers describes as \"\"a burr under his skin that none of his relatives acquired and that no interpretation satisfactorily explains.\"\" [" }, { "docid": "D3319434#0", "title": "https://www.shmoop.com/causes-of-civil-war/politics.html\nPolitics in Causes of the Civil War", "text": "\"Politics in Causes of the Civil War BACK NEXTA Log Cabin Whig Abraham Lincoln, the exalted Republican who led the war effort to preserve the American union, spent much of his political life as a member of another political party: the Whigs. As a young statesman, Lincoln closely followed his party's line. He believed that federal aid for industry, protective tariffs, and a national bank benefited western expansion and stimulated a modernizing society. His party, however, was sharply divided over the issue of slavery and its spread. Seems to be the theme of post-war America. Whigs, some of them wealthy Southern planters, others Northern merchants and industrialists, agreed only that \"\"liberty\"\" came from the economic opportunities that a prosperous nation offered to average (white) citizens, not from the abolition or limitation of bondage. Lincoln's party, however, never developed a clear response to the political crises that grew as a result of western expansion, abolitionist agitation, and the threat of slave insurrection. Lincoln himself displayed seemingly inconsistent views on these increasingly controversial topics. He refused to sympathize with defenders of slavery, convinced that the existence of the institution jeopardized freedom and justice for all Americans. But he also condemned those who broke the law in support of abolition, since he felt that this also compromised the principles of the republic." }, { "docid": "D2955956#0", "title": "http://www.christendom-awake.org/pages/may/feminismabortion.htm\n.", "text": "Home Page Prof May Home Page Feminism and Abortion C. Randolph Clark Since the advent of “second wave” American feminism [1], legal abortion and feminism have become almost inextricably linked, even equated, in most people’s minds. And no wonder: by the mid-1970’s a member of the National Organization of Women could be ousted for opposing legalized abortion. [ 2] Feminist leaders like Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem have vocally championed legalized abortion; Ellie Smeal and Kate Michelman have celebrated abortion a “fundamental right,” implying that without it, other rights of women may be undermined and even lost. “First wave” feminists saw no intrinsic link between feminism and legal abortion. In fact, “without known exception, the early American feminists condemned abortion in the strongest possible terms.” [ 3] On what basis, then, do so many modern feminists argue that legal abortion is essential to women’s rights? Roe v. Wade not only saved American women from death and injury in the nation’s back alleys, but also enabled women to more fully participate in the social, economic and political life of this country. [ 4]The Roe decision has enabled women to participate as full partners in American society. [ 5]Roe v. Wade enabled women to participate in the social, financial, and political life of this country. [ 6]This classic abortion advocacy argument has found its way into the decisions of the highest court in the land." }, { "docid": "D3238697#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America\nSocialist Party of America", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For more on the Socialist Party after it changed its name in 1972, see Social Democrats, USA. For information about two successor organizations formed via the group's 1973 split, see Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee and Socialist Party USA. Socialist Party of America Leader Eugene V. Debs Allan L. Benson Norman Thomas Darlington Hoopes Founded July 29, 1901Dissolved December 31, 1972Preceded by Social Democratic Party of America Succeeded by Social Democrats, USA (majority)Socialist Party USA (minority)Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (minority)World Socialist Party of the United States (minority)Headquarters Washington D. C. (minority)Youth wing Young People's Socialist League Ideology Anti-Stalinism Pacifism Socialism ( American)Political position Left-wing International affiliation Second International (1901–1916)Labour and Socialist International (1923–1940)Socialist International (1951–1972)Colors Dark red Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic socialist and social democratic political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization in 1899. [ 1]In the first decades of the 20th century, it drew significant support from many different groups, including trade unionists, progressive social reformers, populist farmers and immigrants. However, it refused to form coalitions with other parties, or even to allow its members to vote for other parties. Eugene V. Debs twice won over 900,000 votes in presidential elections ( 1912 and 1920) while the party also elected two United States Representatives ( Victor L. Berger and Meyer London ), dozens of state legislators, more than a hundred mayors and countless lesser officials. [ 2] The party's staunch opposition to American involvement in World War I, although welcomed by many, also led to prominent defections, official repression and vigilante persecution. The organization was further shattered by a factional war over how to respond to the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and the establishment of the Communist International in 1919—many members left the party in favor of the Communist Party. After endorsing Robert La Follette Sr. 's presidential campaign in 1924, the party returned to independent action at the presidential level." }, { "docid": "D2145103#0", "title": "http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1848/terms.html\nEurope (1815-1848)", "text": "\"Important Terms, People, and Events<< Prev Section Next Section >>Terms Bourgeoisie - Term used to refer to the \"\"middle class.\"\" In the 19th century concept of class struggle, the bourgeoisie were those who owned the means of production and the proletariat consisted of their workers. Bund - A confederation of the various fragmented German states in the period after the Congress of Vienna (1815). Burschenschaft - Student political groups that formed at German Universities beginning around 1815. These groups were expressions of German nationalism. Capitalism - Generally middle-class economic ideology emphasizing free markets, the ownership of private property, and the accumulation of wealth by enterprising businesspeople. Carbonari - Liberal, Nationalist secret society in Italy in the first half of the 19th century. They sought a unified Italy under governments different from those the Congress of Vienna had imposed on them. Cato Street Conspiracy - Conspiracy of British Radicalism, plotting to assassinate the Tory cabinet. When the conspiracy was discovered in 1820, several conspirators were executed." }, { "docid": "D1468456#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States\nAnarchism in the United States", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. ( September 2017)This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. ( September 2017)Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. ( September 2017)Part of the Politics series on Anarchism Schools of thought [show]Theory Practice [show]People [show]Issues [show]History [show]Culture [show]Economics [show]By region [hide]Africa Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bolivia Brazil Canada China Cuba Ecuador Egypt France French Guiana Germany Greece India Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Monaco New Zealand Poland Puerto Rico Romania Russia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Transnistria Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Lists [show]Related topics [show]Anarchism portal Politics portalv t e Anarchism in the United States began in the mid 19th century and started to grow in influence as it entered the American labor movements, growing an anarcho-communist current as well as gaining notoriety for violent propaganda by the deed and campaigning for diverse social reforms in the early 20th century. As the post-World War II era anarchism regained influence through new developments such as anarcho-pacifism, the American new left and the counterculture of the 1960s. In contemporary times, anarchism in the United States influenced and became influenced and renewed by developments both inside and outside the worldwide anarchist movement such as platformism, insurrectionary anarchism, the new social movements ( anarcha-feminism, queer anarchism and green anarchism) and the alterglobalization movements. Contents [ hide ]1 Early American anarchism2 19th-century American individualist anarchism3 Early American anarcho-communism4 American anarchism and the labor movement5 The \"\"Red scare\"\", propaganda by the deed and the World Wars period6 The post-World War II period7 The late 20th century and contemporary times8 See also9 References10 Bibliography11 Further reading12 External links Early American anarchism [ edit]Josiah Warren For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, American individualist anarchism \"\"stresses the isolation of the individual—his right to his own tools, his mind, his body, and to the products of his labor. To the artist who embraces this philosophy it is ' aesthetic ' anarchism, to the reformer, ethical anarchism, to the independent mechanic, economic anarchism." }, { "docid": "D1939196#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/415830/sociology-chapter-1-flash-cards/\nSociology Chapter 1", "text": "\"59 terms tuzzioam Sociology Chapter 1Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortsociology the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. It focuses on social relationships; how those relationships influence people's behavior; and how societies develop and change. C. Wright Mills In attempting to understand social behavior, this leading sociologist described an unusual type of creative thinking as the sociological imagination.sociological imagination an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.sociological imagination an awareness that allows us to comprehend the links between our immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world that surrounds and helps to shape us.science refers to the body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation.natural science the study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change. Examples: Astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, and physics.social science the study of the scoial features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change. Examples: Sociology, anthropology, economics, history, psychology, and political science.sociologists they study the influence that society has on people's attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people interact andn shape society. they examine our social relationships with others scientifically. Pythagoras and Aristotle once considered common sense to accept that the earth was flat - this idea was questioned by himsociologists test and record each piece of information, then analyze it in relationship to other data. they rely on scientific studies in order to describe and understand a social environment.sociological theory a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior." }, { "docid": "D2403046#0", "title": "http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/hickey/lecture%20Europe%201850-1914.htm\n.", "text": "Europe between 1850 and World War One: Mass Politics and State Authority Conservative reaction after 1848by end of 1851, conservative order restored everywhere (including France under Louis Napoleon)Conservative elites need to find way to “control movements for manhood suffrage and nationalism, to use these as props to support rule of traditional elites Liberals, frightened by 1848, need to find a way to make change (extending voting rights, promoting free trade, national unification, etc) without risking radical social revolution from the lower classes Socialists and the radical left debate over how to make social revolution—through peaceful electoral political means, through violent revolution, through terrorism? By organizing mass political parties, or by organizing conspiratorial movements? One case in which these issues can be seen is Englan d.• Failure of the Chartist Movement to win political reforms and extend voting rights in 1840s.• Loose coalition of left liberals, radical republicans, and socialists push for voting reform in 1850s• Conservative Party (Tories) led by Disraeli push for even wider voting reforms in late 1850s, based on belief that the lower classes are basically conservative and nationalistic, and will support Tories if they promote imperialism/patriotism Another case is Prussia (northern Germany)Collapse of revolutionary movement in 1849, King Fredrich Wilhelm back grants a constitution Prussian constitution gives King special executive authority: names ministers, controls diplomacy and military, can disband legislature at will Legislature’s main power is control over budgetlegislature elected by universal manhood suffrage, but by voting curia, so votes of big landowners count more than votes of peasants, urban workers, or the middle classunderlying conservativism of Prussian political culture reinforces authoritarian pseudo-democracy. Another case is France under Louis Napoleon Bonaparte To put down left opposition, LNB used police state tactics (spies, arrests, political trials) and restrictions on civil liberties (no freedom of speech , press, or assembly in 1850s)To draw support from wide range of population, LNB granted universal manhood suffrage. He could claim that France was democratic, and he could use mass support to defend himself from critics. Repression prevented danger from the left, and his real opposition came from monarchists. He could not repress them, because he needed them to cooperate in governing vs the left. To manipulate mass support, LNB use propaganda skillfully and presented himself as “all things to all people,” friend of the common man, friend of the worker, of the business man, of the farmer, etc. To boost mass support and reduce danger of revolution, LNB initiated new social legislation, e.g., clearing out and re-building slum sections of cities, building sewer systems, etc. Also re-legalized unions (although they were filled with police spies)To boost mass support, LNB emphasized the link between patriotism and foreign policy." }, { "docid": "D502928#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search William Garrison William Lloyd Garrison, circa 1870. Born December 10, 1805 Newburyport, Massachusetts, U. S. Died May 24, 1879 (aged 73) New York City, New York, U. S. Nationality American Occupation Abolitionist Known for Editor of The Liberator Spouse (s) Helen Eliza Benson Children 7Signature William Lloyd Garrison (December 10, 1805 – May 24, 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded with Isaac Knapp in 1831 and published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and promoted \"\"immediate emancipation\"\" of slaves in the United States. Born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, Garrison began his newspaper career as an apprentice compositor for the Newburyport Herald. He became involved in the anti-slavery movement in the 1820s, and over time he rejected both the American Colonization Society and the gradualist views of most others involved in the movement. Garrison co-founded The Liberator to espouse his abolitionist views, and in 1832 he organized the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. This society expanded into the American Anti-Slavery Society, which espoused the position that slavery should be immediately abolished. Garrison also emerged as a leading advocate of women's rights, which prompted a split in the abolitionist community. In the 1870s, Garrison became a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement." }, { "docid": "D164602#0", "title": "http://www.yourdictionary.com/politics\npolitics", "text": "\"politicspol·i·tics Use politics in a sentencenoun The definition of politics are the methods and tactics used to run a government or an organization. An example of politics is a government official who is backed by big oil companies. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citepoliticsthe science and art of political government; political sciencepolitical affairsthe conducting of or participation in political affairs, often as a professionpolitical methods, tactics, etc. ; sometimes, specif., crafty or unprincipled methodspolitical opinions, principles, or party connectionsfactional scheming for power and status within a group: office politics Origin of politicspolit (ic) + -ics Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citepoliticsnounused with a sing. verba. The art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political entity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs.b." }, { "docid": "D1412642#0", "title": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/social-14\nSocial Movements", "text": "Social Movements I. TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Rudolf Heberle II. THE STUDY OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Joseph R. Gusfield The articles under this heading survey and analyze the general features of social movements and describe various approaches to their study. Specific movements and types of movements are discussed in ANARCHISM; CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; COMMUNISM, article on THE INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT; CONSERVATION; FALANGISM; FASCISM; IMPERIALISM; LATIN AMERICAN POLITICAL MOVEMENTS; MILITARISM; Ml LLENARISM; NATIONAL SOCIALISM; NATIONALISM; NATIVISM AND REVIVALISM; PACIFISM; PAN MOVEMENTS; SOCIALISM; SYNDICALISM; ZIONISM. Related modes of organization are discussed in INTEREST GROUPS; PARTIES, POLITICAL; SECTS AND CULTS; VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS; and in many of the articles listed in the guide under RELIGION. For the relationship of social movements to ideology, see IDEOLOGY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, article on IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS; RADICALISM; REVOLUTION; UTOPIANISM. The impact of social movements on the social structure is reviewed in COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR; MASS PHENOMENA; MASS SOCIETY; ORGANIZATIONS, article on ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS; POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY. I TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTSThe term “social movement” or its equivalent in other Western languages is being used to denote a wide variety of collective attempts to bring about a change in certain social institutions or to create an entirely new order. Sometimes the term is used in distinction from religious or political movements and from movements among particular groups, for example, the women’s movement or the youth movement. As all of these movements occur in society and tend to affect, directly or indirectly, the social order, it would be permissible to apply the term social movement to all of them. However, when the term first came into use, early in the nineteenth century, it had a more specific meaning: the social movement meant the movement of the new industrial working class, with its socialistic, communistic, and anarchistic tendencies." }, { "docid": "D1676550#0", "title": "http://themutualist.com/what-is-mutualism/\nWhat is Mutualism?", "text": "What is Mutualism? Work in progress Mutualism is a family of socialist ideologies that assert that liberating the working classes involves allowing them to have full access to the rewards of their labour, full autonomy in determining how they labour and that large organisations must embrace economic democracy to facilitate the communication of information workers will deem necessary to get the full reward of their labour. Mutualism belongs to the libertarian family of socialist ideologies, mutualists tend to support either a small-state or an anarchy. It advocates free markets, though differing families within mutualist thought differ in how they define a free market, this difference is primarily because different economic frameworks are utilised to understand how economic systems work. Mutualists are market radicals, they want to fundamentally change the institutions operating within the market to create a set of conditions that will promote economic and social equality. Some market radicals are market anarchists, while others want a state to introduce a legal system that promotes property rights. Market anarchists believe that the state plays a fundamental role in corrupting markets so that they don’t promote equality and enhance freedom for workers. The only way to strive for equality involves abolishing the state. Once the state is abolished certain privileges granted by the state, such as intellectual property, will no longer be enforced ensuring monopolies that exist as a result of intellectual property will have to face the full force of market competition. Non-anarchist market radicals, like myself, believe that the roots of inequality rely in social relations themselves, not the state." }, { "docid": "D1323933#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11396723/apush-94-95-flash-cards/\nAPUSH 9.4 & 9.5", "text": "\"42 terms hannatorline APUSH 9.4 & 9.5Vietnam; The '60s and the \"\"Counterculture\"\"Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Counterculture white middle-class youths, called hippies. New Left, against Vietnam War, turned back on America becasue they believed in a society based on peace and love. rock'n'roll, colorful clothes, and the use of drugs, lived in large groups. lived in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbuy district becasue of the avalibility of drugs Beatniks Nonconformist's in th 1950's in Greenwhich Village Area of NYC. Led by poeple such as writer Jack Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg, they believed and encouraged individuality in an age of conformity. Used drugs, wrote poetry, and rebelled: formed mold from which hippies would come. Hippies believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal \"\"crash pads\"\", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam Yippies Youth International Party; anarchist party headed by Abbie Hoffman that opposed the Vietnam War & conformity; poured bags of dollars onto the New York Stock Exchange and carried pictures of LBJ upside down Students for a Democratic Society Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. Port Huron Statement The manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). It voiced the groups feelings on issues such as racism, nuclear proliferation and the lack of a nation in which \"\"all men are created equal. \"\"\"\"" }, { "docid": "D1671163#0", "title": "http://gender.cawater-info.net/knowledge_base/rubricator/feminism_e.htm\n.", "text": "\"HISTORY AND THEORY OF FEMINISMThe term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. Feminism involves political and sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference, as well as a movement that advocates gender equality for women and campaigns for women's rights and interests. Although the terms \"\"feminism\"\" and \"\"feminist\"\" did not gain widespread use until the 1970s, they were already being used in the public parlance much earlier; for instance, Katherine Hepburn speaks of the \"\"feminist movement\"\" in the 1942 film Woman of the Year. According to Maggie Humm and Rebecca Walker, the history of feminism can be divided into three waves. The first feminist wave was in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second was in the 1960s and 1970s, and the third extends from the 1990s to the present. Feminist theory emerged from these feminist movements. It is manifest in a variety of disciplines such as feminist geography, feminist history and feminist literary criticism. Feminism has altered predominant perspectives in a wide range of areas within Western society, ranging from culture to law. Feminist activists have campaigned for women's legal rights (rights of contract, property rights, voting rights); for women's right to bodily integrity and autonomy, for abortion rights, and for reproductive rights (including access to contraception and quality prenatal care); for protection of women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape;for workplace rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; against misogyny; and against other forms of gender-specific discrimination against women. During much of its history, most feminist movements and theories had leaders who were predominantly middle-class white women from Western Europe and North America." } ]
8927	________ variable is presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable.	[ { "docid": "D2087267#0", "title": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/p4ri3j89/Independent-variable-presumed-to-cause-or-determine-a-dependent-variable-c/\nIndependent variable presumed to cause or determine a", "text": "Independent variable presumed to cause or determine a SCHOOLBaylor COURSE TITLESOC 1305TYPENotes UPLOADED BYProf Lightning Trout9559PAGES 29This preview shows pages 11–19. Sign up to view the full content. View Full Documentb. * Independent variable— presumed to cause or determine adependent variablec. * dependent variable— assumed to depend on or be causedy the independent variabled. * intervening variable (km) – one that affects the dependentvariable more so than does the independent variable This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document (Step 3 continued)e. To use a variable, sociologists create anoperational definition: an explanation of anabstract conceptin terms that can measure the variable. Step 4: Develop the research design Types of Research Designs:* 1." } ]	[ { "docid": "D32195#0", "title": "http://dss.princeton.edu/online_help/analysis/regression_intro.htm\nIntroduction to Regression", "text": "\"Home Online help Analysis Introduction to Regression Introduction to Regression Introduction Assumptions of Regression Number of cases Accuracy of data Missing data Outliers Normaility Linearity Homoscedasticity Multicollinearity and singularity Tranforming Variables Simple Linear Regression Standard Multiple Regression Examples Introduction Regression analysis is used when you want to predict a continuous dependent variable from a number of independent variables. If the dependent variable is dichotomous, then logistic regression should be used. ( If the split between the two levels of the dependent variable is close to 50-50, then both logistic and linear regression will end up giving you similar results.) The independent variables used in regression can be either continuous or dichotomous. Independent variables with more than two levels can also be used in regression analyses, but they first must be converted into variables that have only two levels. This is called dummy coding and will be discussed later. Usually, regression analysis is used with naturally-occurring variables, as opposed to experimentally manipulated variables, although you can use regression with experimentally manipulated variables. One point to keep in mind with regression analysis is that causal relationships among the variables cannot be determined. While the terminology is such that we say that X \"\"predicts\"\" Y, we cannot say that X \"\"causes\"\" Y. Assumptions of regression Number of cases When doing regression, the cases-to-Independent Variables (IVs) ratio should ideally be 20:1; that is 20 cases for every IV in the model. The lowest your ratio should be is 5:1 (i.e., 5 cases for every IV in the model)." }, { "docid": "D1757326#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/686343/Three-Types-of-Research\nThree Types of Research 1.", "text": "\"Three Types of Research 1. Causal Reseach When most people think of scientific experimentation, research on cause and effect is most often brought to mind. Experiments on causal relationships investigate the effect of one or more variables on one or more outcome variables. This type of research also determines if one variable causes another variable to occur or change. An example of this type of research would be altering the amount of a treatment and measuring the effect on study participants. 2. Descriptive Research Descriptive research seeks to depict what already exists in a group or population. An example of this type of research would be an opinion poll to determine which Presidential candidate people plan to vote for in the next election. Descriptive studies do not seek to measure the effect of a variable; they seek only to describe. 3." }, { "docid": "D1130644#0", "title": "http://blog.minitab.com/blog/michelle-paret/process-capability-statistics-cpk-vs-ppk\nProcess Capability Statistics: Cpk vs. Ppk", "text": "\"Process Capability Statistics: Cpk vs. Ppk Michelle Paret 12 August, 201691Back when I used to work in Minitab Tech Support, customers often asked me, “What’s the difference between Cpk and Ppk?” It’s a good question, especially since many practitioners default to using Cpk while overlooking Ppk altogether. It’s like the '80s pop duo Wham!, where Cpk is George Michael and Ppk is that other guy. Poofy hairdos styled with mousse, shoulder pads, and leg warmers aside, let’s start by defining rational subgroups and then explore the difference between Cpk and Ppk. Rational Subgroups A rational subgroup is a group of measurements produced under the same set of conditions. Subgroups are meant to represent a snapshot of your process. Therefore, the measurements that make up a subgroup should be taken from a similar point in time. For example, if you sample 5 items every hour, your subgroup size would be 5. Formulas, Definitions, Etc." }, { "docid": "D998598#0", "title": "https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/ljones/gov3301/block9/objective7.htm\n.", "text": "\"Block 9 Objective 7: Understanding the requirements for causality A relationship, or correlation, in research broadly refers to any relationship between two or more variables. A causal relationship is a relationship between variables that occurs when changes in one variable are systematically related to changes in another variable. This is the type of relationship political scientists want to discover. A relationship between variables, however, does not necessarily mean that a causal relationship exists. Remember, correlation does not necessarily mean, or guarantee, causation. In other words, the observed relationship may be a coincidence. As a reminder, the direction of a relationship refers to positive or negative relations between variables. A positive relation means that as values of one variable increase, or decrease, values of the other variable also increase, or decrease. A negative relationship means that as values of one variable increase, or decrease, values of the other variable change in the opposite direction. The magnitude of a relationship between variables is also important when considering causality." }, { "docid": "D2042391#0", "title": "http://www.physicsclassroom.com/reviews/newtlaws/newtlawsprint.cfm\nNewton's Laws of Motion Review", "text": "\"The Physics Classroom » The Review Session » Newton's Laws of Motion » Printable Version Newton's Laws of Motion Review Part A: Mass, Inertia, Weight, and Newton's First Law of Motion1. Which of the following statements are true of inertia? List all that apply. Inertia is a force. Inertia is a force which keeps stationary objects at rest and moving objects in motion at constant velocity. Inertia is a force which brings all objects to a rest position. All objects have inertia. A more massive object has more inertia than a less massive object. Fast-moving objects have more inertia than slow-moving objects. An object would not have any inertia in a gravity-free environment (if there is such a place)." }, { "docid": "D1069265#0", "title": "http://www.biostathandbook.com/linearregression.html\nCorrelation and linear regression", "text": "\"⇐ Previous topic \| Next topic ⇒Correlation and linear regression Summary Use linear regression or correlation when you want to know whether one measurement variable is associated with another measurement variable; you want to measure the strength of the association ( r 2 ); or you want an equation that describes the relationship and can be used to predict unknown values. Introduction One of the most common graphs in science plots one measurement variable on the x (horizontal) axis vs. another on the y (vertical) axis. For example, here are two graphs. For the first, I dusted off the elliptical machine in our basement and measured my pulse after one minute of ellipticizing at various speeds: Speed, kph Pulse, bpm0 571.6 693.1 784 805 856 876.9 907.7 928.7 9712.4 10815.3 119Graph of my pulse rate vs. speed on an elliptical exercise machine. For the second graph, I dusted off some data from Mc Donald (1989): I collected the amphipod crustacean Platorchestia platensis on a beach near Stony Brook, Long Island, in April, 1987, removed and counted the number of eggs each female was carrying, then freeze-dried and weighed the mothers: Weight, mg Eggs5.38 297.36 236.13 224.75 208.10 258.62 256.30 177.44 247.26 207.17 277.78 246.23 215.42 227.87 225.25 237.37 358.01 274.92 237.03 256.45 245.06 196.72 217.00 209.39 336.49 176.34 216.16 255.74 22Graph of number of eggs vs. dry weight in the amphipod Platorchestia platensis. There are three things you can do with this kind of data. One is a hypothesis test, to see if there is an association between the two variables; in other words, as the X variable goes up, does the Y variable tend to change (up or down). For the exercise data, you'd want to know whether pulse rate was significantly higher with higher speeds. The P value is 1.3×10 −8, but the relationship is so obvious from the graph, and so biologically unsurprising (of course my pulse rate goes up when I exercise harder! ), that the hypothesis test wouldn't be a very interesting part of the analysis." }, { "docid": "D1524981#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)\nValidity (statistics)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Validity (disambiguation). This article needs attention from an expert in statistics. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. Wiki Project Statistics may be able to help recruit an expert. ( November 2008)Validity is the extent to which a concept, [1] conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world. The word \"\"valid\"\" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. The validity of a measurement tool (for example, a test in education) is considered to be the degree to which the tool measures what it claims to measure; in this case, the validity is an equivalent to accuracy. In psychometrics, validity has a particular application known as test validity: \"\"the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores\"\" (\"\"as entailed by proposed uses of tests\"\"). [ 2]It is generally accepted that the concept of scientific validity addresses the nature of reality and as such is an epistemological and philosophical issue as well as a question of measurement. The use of the term in logic is narrower, relating to the truth of inferences made from premises." }, { "docid": "D2807903#0", "title": "https://harpmagazine.com/how-long-does-adderall-stay-in-your-system/\nHow Long Does Adderall Stay In Your System?", "text": "\"How Long Does Adderall Stay In Your System?by John Martono How Long Does Adderall Stay In Your System – Adderall is a prescription drug manufactured by County Pharmaceuticals including a mixture of amphetamine salts (75% dextroamphetamine and 25% levoamphetamine). It was first approved by the FDA in 1996 for the administration of ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity problem) as well as was later approved for the treatment of narcolepsy. The medicine is made in several layouts consisting of: a prompt release (IR) tablet (delivering 4 to 6 hours of result) and a prolonged launch (XR) encapsulation (generating 8 to 12 hours of result). Though its appeal might ultimately fade, the name “Adderall” stays commonly acknowledged amongst current-market ADHD drugs, and probably all pharmaceutical drugs. Along with its FDA accepted signs, Adderall is in some cases prescribed off-label as a treatment for refractory cases of clinical depression and irregular anxiety in which dopaminergic disorder is implicated. The medicine is also used illicitly as an efficiency booster (academically and also athletically), in addition to a “party medication” among those trying to obtain stimulatory intoxication. Although a part of individuals with ADHD as well as narcolepsy might take into consideration Adderall to be a highly reliable therapy, some will wind up stopping the medicine as a result of a lack of ability to manage negative effects and/or long-term effects. Others that have actually been utilizing Adderall illicitly could quit taking it in worry that they could fall short a future medication examination. If you’ve quit using the drug, you may wish to be cognizant of for how long Adderall remains in your system after your last dose (proceed reviewing to get a precise evaluation). Contents [ show]The Length Of Time Does Adderall Stay In Your System? (" }, { "docid": "D224972#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/theory-of-production\nTheory of production", "text": "Theory of production, in economics, an effort to explain the principles by which a business firm decides how much of each commodity that it sells (its “outputs” or “products”) it will produce, and how much of each kind of labour, raw material, fixed capital good, etc., that it employs (its “inputs” or “factors of production”) it will use. The theory involves some of the most fundamental principles of economics. These include the relationship between the prices of commodities and the prices (or wages or rents) of the productive factors used to produce them and also the relationships between the prices of commodities and productive factors, on the one hand, and the quantities of these commodities and productive factors that are produced or used, on the other. The various decisions a business enterprise makes about its productive activities can be classified into three layers of increasing complexity. The first layer includes decisions about methods of producing a given quantity of the output in a plant of given size and equipment. It involves the problem of what is called short-run cost minimization. The second layer, including the determination of the most profitable quantities of products to produce in any given plant, deals with what is called short-run profit maximization. The third layer, concerning the determination of the most profitable size and equipment of plant, relates to what is called long-run profit maximization. Minimization of short-run costs The production function However much of a commodity a business firm produces, it endeavours to produce it as cheaply as possible." }, { "docid": "D795904#0", "title": "http://www.studymode.com/subjects/revenue-variance-analysis-page1.html\n\"\"\"Revenue Variance Analysis\"\" Essays and Research Papers\"", "text": "\"Revenue Variance Analysis Variance Analysis HCA-530 Sue P. Gombio Grand Canyon University Variance Analysis is utilized to support the management during the initial stages. It is the procedure of investigating each variance between the actual and budgeted costs to determine the reasons as to why the planned amount was not met, in more detailed explanation (Ventureline, 2012). There are several influences that contribute to the variance report and one is the department’s assumptions, second is the possible... Analysis of variance, Employment, Management 1020 Words \| 5 Pages Open Document Analysis of Variance Analysis of Variance Lecture 11 April 26th, 2011 A. Introduction When you have more than two groups, a t-test (or the nonparametric equivalent) is no longer applicable. Instead, we use a technique called analysis of variance. This chapter covers analysis of variance designs with one or more independent variables, as well as more advanced topics such as interpreting significant interactions, and unbalanced designs. B. One-Way Analysis of Variance The method used today for comparisons of... Analysis of variance, Arithmetic mean, Multiple comparisons 1012 Words \| 5 Pages Open Document Introduction to One-Way Analysis of Variance INTRODUCTION TO ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE Dale Berger, Claremont Graduate University http://wise.cgu.edu The purpose of this paper is to explain the logic and vocabulary of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The null hypothesis tested by one-way ANOVA is that two or more population means are equal. The question is whether (H0) the population means may equal for all groups and that the observed differences in sample means are due to random sampling variation, or (Ha) the observed differences... Analysis of variance, Arithmetic mean, Normal distribution 1656 Words \| 6 Pages Open Document Case: Coal and Variancecase study, we conclude that we need to do a variance analysis to better understand the plant performance compared to the previous year. The main problem in related to this case is about the falling in revenues, the performance of coal-plant, the price of coal and the quality of coal. All of this problem will be answered in the next sections in the qualitative analysis of Luotang Power." }, { "docid": "D3320786#0", "title": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7026507/why-are-static-variables-considered-evil\n.", "text": "\"Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. Email Sign Upor sign in with Google Facebook Why are static variables considered evil? Ask Questionup vote516down votefavorite229I am a Java programmer who is new to the corporate world. Recently I've developed an application using Groovy and Java. All through the code I wrote used quite a good number of statics. I was asked by the senior technical lot to cut down on the number of statics used. I've googled about the same, and I find that many programmers are fairly against using static variables. I find static variables more convenient to use. And I presume that they are efficient too (please correct me if I am wrong), because if I had to make 10,000 calls to a function within a class, I would be glad to make the method static and use a straightforward Class.method Call () on it instead of cluttering the memory with 10,000 instances of the class, right? Moreover statics reduce the inter-dependencies on the other parts of the code." }, { "docid": "D1055177#0", "title": "http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/i.html\n- I -", "text": "\"- I -IADB Inter-American Development Bank IASB International Accounting Standards Board IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction & Development ICA International commodity agreement ICC International Chamber of Commerce Iceberg transport cost A cost of transporting a good that uses up some fraction of the good itself, rather than other resources. By analogy with floating an iceberg, costless except for the part of the iceberg that melts. Far from realistic, but a tractable way of modeling transport costs since it impacts no other market. Due to Samuelson (1954) . ICN International Competition Network ICOR Incremental capital output ratio ICP International Comparison Program ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes IDA International Development Association IDB 1. Islamic Development Bank2. Inter-American Development Bank (more commonly, IADB . ) Identical preferences The assumption that individuals -- either within a country or in different countries -- have the same preferences. To be useful, since individuals' and countries' incomes may differ, the assumption is often used together with homothetic preferences. IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IFI International financial institution IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards IFS International Financial Statistics IFSWF International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds IGO Intergovernmental organization IIDE Institute for International and Development Economics IIE Institute for International Economics, now the Peterson Institute for International Economics ." }, { "docid": "D170767#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments\nDesign of experiments", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the book, see The Design of Experiments. [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( September 2015)This article possibly contains original research. ( September 2015)Design of experiments with full factorial design (left), response surface with second-degree polynomial (right)The design of experiments ( DOE, DOX, or experimental design) is the design of any task that aims to describe or explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation. The term is generally associated with experiments in which the design introduces conditions that directly affect the variation, but may also refer to the design of quasi-experiments, in which natural conditions that influence the variation are selected for observation. In its simplest form, an experiment aims at predicting the outcome by introducing a change of the preconditions, which is represented by one or more independent variables, also referred to as \"\"input variables\"\" or \"\"predictor variables.\"\" The change in one or more independent variables is generally hypothesized to result in a change in one or more dependent variables, also referred to as \"\"output variables\"\" or \"\"response variables.\"\" The experimental design may also identify control variables that must be held constant to prevent external factors from affecting the results." }, { "docid": "D153614#0", "title": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/visual-acuity-measurement\nVisual Acuity Measurement", "text": "Visual Acuity Measurement Related terms: Idiopathy Macular edema Macular degeneration Ion laser Neovascularization Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome Choroidal neovascularization Laser coagulation Visual Function Lesion Learn more about Visual Acuity Measurement ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FUNCTIONDAVID B. ELLIOTT, JOHN FLANAGAN, in Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care (Third Edition), 20073.6.1Central visual function The most common assessment of central visual function is visual acuity measurement. However, this provides just one assessment of central vision and offers little help in differential diagnosis. In addition, some ocular abnormalities can produce little or no reduction in visual acuity, but can produce other changes to central vision, such as centrocaecal scotomas, metamorphopsia (distorted vision) and changes in colour vision. The central visual field should be examined regularly in patients with age-related maculopathy, those taking certain medications such as hydroxychloroquine that are known to occasionally cause maculopathy, and in fixation-threatening scotomas in glaucoma. Read full chapter TRAUMA TO THE EYE AND ORBITMario A. Meallet, in Current Therapy of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, 2008When an open globe is not clearly obvious, a full ocular examination is carried out in a methodical and rational fashion, beginning with gross external inspection and visual acuity measurement in each eye, independently. Optic nerve function is assessed by testing for a relative afferent pupillary defect and, if appropriate, intraocular pressure is measured and a careful slit-lamp examination is performed. Dilated fundus exam can only be performed by trained personnel and can be left to the ophthalmologist. If the combination of clinical findings and ancillary testing is not clearly indicative of an open globe injury, but the suspicion remains high, then formal exploration under anesthesia is recommended. Photodocumentation is recommended whenever feasible. 1 Prompt management by the initial emergency and trauma surgeons can have a profound impact on the ultimate visual function of these patients, and familiarity with the various types of urgent eye injuries will promote a system of ideal triage ( Figure 2 )." }, { "docid": "D2376622#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/The_Coordinate_%28Cartesian%29_Plane\nAlgebra/The Coordinate (Cartesian) Plane", "text": "\"Algebra/The Coordinate (Cartesian) Plane< Algebra The latest reviewed version was checked on 31 July 2017. There are template/file changes awaiting review.navigation search Algebra Algebra← Function Graphing The Coordinate (Cartesian) Plane Linear Equations and Functions →A Quick Review... [ edit]What is the Cartesian Plane? Named for \"\"the father of analytical geometry,\"\" 17th century French mathematician René Descartes (Cartesius), uniform regular grid (Cartesian) coordinates is one system used for graphing. Many algebraic expressions lend themselves to graphical analysis. The location of a point's Cartesian plot is found by indexing numerical values (coordinates) along numbered grid lines. The trivial single R number line comprises a one dimensional, single ordinate, system with all locations existing only on that line. This study begins with graphing in two dimensions (see the two diagrams below). Plots and points are located and labeled with the offsets of their 'projections' from two number lines ( R 2 axes) anywhere on the page and plane. The four quadrants of a Cartesian coordinate system. The arrows on the axes indicate that they extend forever in their respective directions (i.e. infinitely)." }, { "docid": "D679409#0", "title": "https://www.employmentmattersblog.com/2014/05/the-affordable-care-act-countdown-to-compliance-for-employers-week-32-why-capping-annual-hours-at-1560-does-not-work/\nThe Affordable Care ActâCountdown to Compliance for Employers, Week 32: Why Capping Annual Hours at 1560 Does Not Work", "text": "The Affordable Care Act—Countdown to Compliance for Employers, Week 32: Why Capping Annual Hours at 1560 Does Not Work By Michael Arnold on May 19, 2014Posted in ACA Compliance Series, Affordable Care Act, IRSWritten by Alden J. Bianchi and Edward A. Lenz Whenever Congress draws a line in the sand—such as with exposure for assessable payments under the Affordable Care Act’s employer shared responsibly rules—entities subject to regulation (here, applicable large employers) will inevitably seek ways to avoid having to comply. Also inevitably, some compliance strategies will be perfectly legitimate, while others will not. One approach that falls into the latter category involves capping annual hours of certain, “variable hour” and other employees at 1,560 hours. Simply put, the approach does not work. This post explains why. The Affordable Care Act’s employer shared responsibility rules are codified in Internal Revenue Code § 4980H and fleshed out in excruciating detail in final regulations issued earlier this year. Employers that are subject to these rules (“applicable large employers”) are by now generally familiar if not conversant with the rule’s basic structure: An applicable large employer is subject to an assessable payment if one or more full-time employees is certified to the employer as having received an applicable premium tax credit or cost-sharing reduction and either: The employer fails to offer to its full-time employees (and their dependents) the opportunity to enroll in minimum essential coverage (MEC) under an eligible employer sponsored plan, or The employer offers its full-time employees (and their dependents) the opportunity to enroll in MEC under an eligible employer-sponsored plan but the coverage fails to meet requirements for affordability and minimum value. MEC includes group health plans that are self-insured or are offered in the large or small group market within a State. Code § 36B generally provides a premium tax credit to low- and moderate-income taxpayers who enroll (or whose family members enroll) in a qualified health plan (QHP) through a public insurance exchange. The credit subsidizes a portion of the premiums for the QHP." }, { "docid": "D34998#0", "title": "http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/statmethods.html\nResearch Methods", "text": "\"Research Methods To understand the use of statistics, one needs to know a little bit about experimental design or how a researcher conducts investigations. A little knowledge about methodology will provide us with a place to hang our statistics. In other words, statistics are not numbers that just appear out of nowhere. Rather, the numbers (data) are generated out of research. Statistics are merely a tool to help us answer research questions. As such, an understanding of methodology will facilitate our understanding of basic statistics. Validity A key concept relevant to a discussion of research methodology is that of validity. When an individual asks, \"\"Is this study valid? \"\", they are questioning the validity of at least one aspect of the study. There are four types of validity that can be discussed in relation to research and statistics." }, { "docid": "D1985913#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/4213346/research-flash-cards/\nResearch", "text": "\"129 terms patrcruz Research Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Assumption A principle that is accepted as being true based on logic or reason, without proof. Bench marking data provides information on such issues as the rates of using various procedures (i.e. rates of cesarean deliveries) or rates of infection (i.e. nosocomial pneumonia rates), and can serve as a guide in evaluating clinical practices. Cause Probing research research designed to illuminate the underlying causes of phenomena. A fundamental distinction that is especially relevant in quantitative research is between studies whose primary intent is to describe phenomena and those that are cause probing (i.e., designed to illuminate underlying causes of phenomena). Specific purposes on the description/explanation continuum include identification, description, exploration prediction/control and eplanation. Clinical nursing research research designed to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses' clients. Nursing research began with Florence Nightengale, but developed slowly until its rapid acceleration in the 1950s. since the 1980s, the focus has been on clinical nursing research-that is, on problems relating to clinical practice." }, { "docid": "D526541#0", "title": "https://explorable.com/dependent-variable\nDependent Variable", "text": "\"Home > Research > Methods > Dependent Variable Martyn Shuttleworth, Lyndsay T Wilson 97.6K reads In any true experiment, a researcher manipulates an independent variable, to influence a dependent variable, or variables. What is a Dependent Variable? In an experiment, the independent variable is manipulated and the effects observed. These observed effects are called dependent variables. They are often the hypothesized outcome of manipulating the independent variable. A change in the dependent variable depends on the independent variable, hence the name. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable, and it’s this relationship that researchers attempt to measure when conducting experiments. A well-designed experiment normally incorporate one or two independent variables, with every other possible factor eliminated, or controlled. There may be more than two dependent variables in any experiment. Dependent Variable Examples A researcher might wish to establish the effect of fertilizer on the rate of plant growth; amount of fertilizer is the independent variable." }, { "docid": "D648622#0", "title": "http://chemistry.about.com/od/experimentdesign/fl/Independent-and-Dependent-Variable-Examples.htm\nIndependent and Dependent Variable Examples", "text": "\"Science, Tech, Math ›Science Independent and Dependent Variable Examples Dependent and Independent Variable Definition & Examples Share Flipboard Email Print It's useful to record data for experimental variables on a graph. Fry Design Ltd, Getty Imagesby Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph. D. Updated November 02, 2017The independent variable and dependent variable are examined in any experiment using the scientific method, so it's important to know what they are and how to use them. Here are the definitions for independent and dependent variables, examples of each variable, and the explanation for how to graph them. Independent Variable The independent variable is the condition that you change in an experiment. It is the variable you control. It is called independent because its value does not depend on and is not affected by the state of any other variable in the experiment. Sometimes you may hear this variable called the \"\"controlled variable\"\" because it is the one that is changed. Do not confuse it with a \"\"control variable,\"\" which is a variable that is purposely held constant so that it can't affect the outcome of the experiment. Dependent Variable The dependent variable is the condition that you measure in an experiment." } ]
8928	________ was born in germany and studied in italy, but spent much of his creative life in england.	[ { "docid": "D2096665#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=F4W2XZ3Q&Link=i\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: was born in Germany and studied in Italy, but spent much of his creative life in England. Question 1 options: Bach Handel Vivaldi Scarlatti A: Handel was born in Germany and studied in Italy, but spent much of his creative life in England. Log in for more information. Question Asked 9/23/2013 9:43:28 AMUpdated 7/26/2015 8:36:25 AM1 Answer/Comment Edited by jeifunk [7/26/2015 8:36:03 AM]Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)was born in Germany and studied in Italy, but spent much of his creative life in England. Question 1 options: Bach Handel Vivaldi Scarlatti" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1040349#0", "title": "https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/mary-wollstonecraft-shelley\nMary Wollstonecraft Shelley", "text": "\"Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley1797–1851The most eloquent summary of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's position in English letters is still Leigh Hunt 's much-quoted couplet from \"\"The Blue-Stocking Revels\"\": \"\"And Shelley, fourfam'd,—for her parents, her lord, / And the poor lone impossible monster abhorr'd.\"\" Though recent studies have shown some appreciation of Mary Shelley by her own lights, the four \"\"fames\"\" Hunt mentioned have tended to outshine them. When not known as the wife of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, she is recognized as the daughter of the celebrated radical writer Mary Wollstonecraft and the equally well-known novelist and political philosopher William Godwin. Even the sole recognition won by her own efforts, the \"\"monster abhorr'd\"\" of her great novel Frankenstein (1818), is tainted by popular associations with stage and cinema versions of the monster which have little to do with her \"\"Modern Prometheus.\"\" Yet this \"\"four-famed\"\" woman was also a skilled editor and critic, an influential travel writer, a literary historian, a devoted mother, and a dabbler in verse as well as in the new genre of the short story. There is some warrant for seeing Mary Shelley as a reflection of her parents, for both mother and father were extraordinary. Her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, published the classic manifesto of sexual equality, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Her father, William Godwin, established his preeminence in radical British political thought with his Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) and won a permanent place in literary history with his novel Caleb Williams (1794), often considered the first English detective novel. The toast of radical social circles, the two were bound to meet. When they did, in the summer of 1796, an immediate mutual attraction began, and they were married on 29 March 1797." }, { "docid": "D447263#0", "title": "http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm\n.", "text": "\"» BMW Car Designers throughout history In the beginning of the automotive history, car styling - shaping of car's body, used colors and materials, seemed not the most important. Luxury of car's interior and mechanical reliability was essential. It is only at the end of the 1920's, that car producers realized how important the form of a car is, how strong emotions of desire and fulfillment well designed car may bring. Exterior design dominated above the interior. Driver wanted to see his car form outside and driving feel a part of it. Cars began to express their owners. This is how the automotive design came to life. >> Dawn of the Automotive Design before 1930: People who influenced the BMW's car design Lucien Rosengart (1881-1976)French engineer and industrialist born in Paris; already as a boy of 12 he had his own workshop in Belleville; also an inventor (among his 120 patented inventions are table football - although this credit is disputed, bicycle lights and stainless steel bolts); a smart businessman - Rosengart helped off Citroen and Peugeot before and in 1927 he bought with another engineer Jules Salomon an old car factory in Neuilly, to build his own car based on British Austin 7 called LR2; soon after Rosengart was called upon by BMW to modernize Dixi 3/15 also based on Austin 7; the car has been called BMW 3/15 type DA2 (German: Deutsche Ausführung) 1929; it had bigger windows, changed radiator and more space inside. The BMW slogan was: Bigger inside than on the outside; sedan, coupe, cabrio (convertible) and roadster were produced Rosengart went later to produce his own development from Austin 7 called LR4 and from 1931, French versions of German Adler cars; his built in 1938 Supertraction was a 2-door sports cabrio with a kidneys like front grille; Rosengart spent the war in the USA and his factory did not produce cars during the time, after the WWII, he returned to France and tried to launch a new small car - Ariette (1947-1954) and a bigger modern break - Vivor (1950-1955); production at Rosengart factory near Paris ceased in 1955; apart from cars he produced also yachts at his shipyards in Villefranche-sur-Mer, Côte d'Azur; Rosengart died in Nice; today, the city of Plerin (at Saint-Brieuc, Brittany) has a street named after him; in 1992 the Museum Rosenqart opened in Bedburg-Rath, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, apart from the cars he built and memorabilia the museum has in its collection the original drawings by Rosenqart<BMW Dixi 3/15 DA-2 << final assembly hall of the BMW 3/15 in Berlin in 1929; << Lucien Rosengart and Peugeot 181b mass produced car which had also an amphibian version designed by Rosengart; (1928) <<< Lucien Rosengart in 1932 - a portrait by Eduard Vuillard, oil (fragment), private coll. <<<< Rosengart's initials on a wheel hub on the car he was building <<<< Rosengart LR4 N2 from 1932, with the max." }, { "docid": "D2005056#0", "title": "http://www.notablebiographies.com/Sc-St/Shelley-Mary.html\nMary Shelley Biography", "text": "Mary Shelley Biography Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Born: August 30, 1797 London, England Died: February 1, 1851 Bournemouth, England English novelist English novelist Mary Shelley is best known for writing Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (1818) and for her marriage to the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822). Early years Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was born on August 30, 1797, in London, England. She was the only daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, the early feminist (one who works on behalf of women's rights) and author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and William Godwin, the political writer and novelist, both of whom objected to the institution of marriage. Ten days after Mary's birth, Wollstonecraft died from complications, leaving Godwin, a self-absorbed intellectual, to care for both Mary and Fanny Imlay, Wollstonecraft's daughter from an earlier relationship. Mary's home life improved little when four years later her father married his next-door neighbor, Mary Jane Clairmont, who already had two children of her own. The new Mrs. Godwin favored her own children over the daughters of the celebrated Wollstonecraft, and Mary was often alone and unhappy. She was not formally educated, but she read many of her mother's books and absorbed the intellectual atmosphere created by her father and such visitors as the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834). Young Mary's favorite retreat was Wollstonecraft's grave in the St. Pancras churchyard, where she went to read and write, and eventually, to meet her lover, Percy Shelley (1792–1822). Life with Shelley An admirer of Godwin, Percy Shelley visited the author's home and briefly met Mary when she was fourteen, but their attraction did not take hold until a meeting two years later. Shelley, twenty-two, was married, and his wife was expecting their second child, but he and Mary, like Godwin and Wollstonecraft, believed that ties of the heart were more important than legal ones." }, { "docid": "D2630177#0", "title": "http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor\nWilhelm II, German Emperor", "text": "\"\"\"Wilhelm II\"\" and \"\"Kaiser Wilhelm II\"\" redirect here. For other uses, see Wilhelm II (disambiguation) and Kaiser Wilhelm II (disambiguation). Wilhelm IIWilhelm II in 1902Preceded by Frederick IIISucceeded by Monarchy abolished Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany Personal details Born 27 January 1859 Crown Prince's Palace, Berlin, Prussia Died 4 June 1941 (aged 82) Doorn, Netherlands Spouse (s) 1. Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, 1881–1921 (her death) 2. Hermine Reuss of Greiz, 1922–1941 (his death)Religion Evangelical Christian Church Signature Wilhelm II or William II (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Preußen; Frederick William Victor Albert of Prussia; 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor ( Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He was the eldest grandson of the British Queen Victoria and related to many monarchs and princes of Europe, two notable contemporary relations being his first cousin King George V of the United Kingdom, founder of the House of Windsor, and his second cousin Tsar Nicholas II of the House of Romanov, the last ruler of the Russian Empire before the Russian Revolution of 1917 which deposed the monarchy. Crowned in 1888, he dismissed the Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, in 1890 and launched Germany on a bellicose \"\"New Course\"\" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914 that led to World War I. Bombastic and impetuous, he sometimes made tactless pronouncements on sensitive topics without consulting his ministers, culminating in a disastrous Daily Telegraph interview that cost him most of his power in 1908. His top generals, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, dictated policy during World War I with little regard for the civilian government. An ineffective war leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands. Contents [ show]Biography Edit Wilhelm was born on 27 January 1859 at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin to Prince Frederick William of Prussia (the future Frederick III) and his wife, Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom." }, { "docid": "D1518043#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kline\nFranz Kline", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Franz Kline Painting Number 2, 1954, The Museum of Modern Art Born Franz Kline May 23, 1910 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Died May 13, 1962 (aged 51) New York City, New York Nationality American Education Boston University Known for Abstract painting Movement Abstract expressionism, action painting Franz Kline (May 23, 1910 – May 13, 1962) was an American painter. He is associated with the Abstract Expressionist movement of the 1940s and 1950s. Kline, along with other action painters like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Robert Motherwell and Lee Krasner, as well as local poets, dancers, and musicians came to be known as the informal group, the New York School. Although he explored the same innovations to painting as the other artists in this group, Kline's work is distinct in itself and has been revered since the 1950s. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Biography2 Artistic development2.1 Early work2.2 Later work3 Interpretation and influence4 Art market5 Exhibitions6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links Biography [ edit]Kline was born in Wilkes-Barre, a small coal-mining community in Eastern Pennsylvania. When he was seven years old, Kline's father committed suicide. During his youth he moved to Lehighton, Pennsylvania and graduated from Lehighton High School. [ 2] His mother later remarried and sent him to Girard College, an academy in Philadelphia for fatherless boys. After graduation from high school, Kline studied art at Boston University from 1931 to 1935, then spent a year in England attending the Heatherley School of Fine Art in London. During this time, he met his future wife, Elizabeth V. Parsons, a British ballet dancer." }, { "docid": "D1936134#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence\nD. H. Lawrence", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the early 20th century novelist. For the American actor, see David H. Lawrence XVII. D. H. Lawrence Born David Herbert Lawrence 11 September 1885 Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, England Died 2 March 1930 (aged 44) Vence, France Resting place D. H. Lawrence Ranch, Taos, New Mexico Occupation Novelist, poet Nationality British Alma mater University College Nottingham Period 1907–1930Genre Modernism Notable works Novels: Sons and Lovers The Rainbow Women in Love John Thomas and Lady Jane Lady Chatterley's Lover Short stories: Odour of Chrysanthemums The Virgin and the Gypsy The Rocking-Horse Winner David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. His collected works represent, among other things, an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. Some of the issues Lawrence explores are sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity, and instinct. Lawrence's opinions earned him many enemies and he endured official persecution, censorship, and misrepresentation of his creative work throughout the second half of his life, much of which he spent in a voluntary exile he called his \"\"savage pilgrimage\"\". [ 1] At the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. E. M. Forster, in an obituary notice, challenged this widely held view, describing him as \"\"the greatest imaginative novelist of our generation.\"\" [ 2] The philosopher Bertrand Russell characterised Lawrence as a proto-German Fascist. Later, the literary critic F. R. Leavis championed both his artistic integrity and his moral seriousness." }, { "docid": "D2575921#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/17234209/his-354-flash-cards/\nHIS 354", "text": "\"79 terms tsjones3HIS 354History of the Middle Ages Dr. Lester Field The University of Mississippi Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Charlemagne Charles I, was the founder of the Carolingian Empire, reigning from 768 until his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom, adding Italy, subduing the Saxons and Bavarians, and pushed his frontier into Spain. The oldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, Charlemagne was the first Emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the West Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Becoming King of the Franks in 768 following the death of his father, Charlemagne was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman I's sudden death in 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the undisputed ruler of the Frankish Kingdom. Through his military conquests, he expanded his kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. Charlemagne continued his father's policy towards the papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in Italy, and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain. He also campaigned against the peoples to his east, forcibly Christianizing them along the way (especially the Saxons), eventually subjecting them to his rule after a protracted war. Charlemagne reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned as \"\"Emperor\"\" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day." }, { "docid": "D2401311#0", "title": "http://www.biography.com/people/george-handel-9327378\nGeorge Frideric Handel Biography", "text": "Quick Facts Name George Frideric Handel Occupation Composer Birth Date February 23, 1685Death Date April 14, 1759Education University of Halle Place of Birth Halle, Germany Place of Death London, United Kingdom Originally Georg Friedrich Händel Georg Friedrich Haendel Cite This Page IN THESE GROUPSFamous People Who Died in United Kingdom Famous People in Classical Music Famous People Born in Halle Famous University of Halle Alumni Show All Groups George Frideric Handel Biography Composer (1685–1759)582SHARESGeorge Frideric Handel composed operas, oratorios and instrumentals. His 1741 work, 'Messiah,' is among the most famous oratorios in history. Synopsis Baroque composer George Frideric Handel was born in Halle, Germany, in 1685. In 1705 he made his debut as an opera composer with Almira. He produced several operas with the Royal Academy of Music in England before forming the New Royal Academy of Music in 1727. When Italian operas fell out of fashion, he started composing oratorios, including his most famous, Messiah. Handel died in London, England, in 1759. Early Life Georg Frideric Handel was born on February 23, 1685, to Georg and Dorothea Handel of Halle, Saxony, Germany. From an early age, Handel longed to study music, but his father objected, doubting that music would be a realistic source of income. In fact, his father would not even permit him to own a musical instrument." }, { "docid": "D2324079#0", "title": "http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chet-baker-mn0000094210/biography\nChet Baker", "text": "\"photo credit: William Claxton Stream or buy on: Active1950s - 1980s Born December 23, 1929 in Yale, OKDied May 13, 1988 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands Genre Jazz Styles Cool West Coast Jazz Vocal Jazz Jazz Instrument Trumpet Jazz Film Score Also Known As Chesney Henry Baker Jr. Submit Corrections Chet Baker Biography by William Ruhlmann A tragic figure with immense talent, both in his silvery fingered trumpet playing and his wonderfully soft and heartfelt voice. Read Full Biography Overview Biography Discography Songs Credits Related Share this pagefacebook twitter google+Artist Biography by William Ruhlmann Chet Baker was a primary exponent of the West Coast school of cool jazz in the early and mid-'50s. As a trumpeter, he had a generally restrained, intimate playing style and he attracted attention beyond jazz for his photogenic looks and singing. But his career was marred by drug addiction. Baker 's father, Chesney Henry Baker,Sr., was a guitarist who was forced to turn to other work during the Depression; his mother, Vera (Moser) Baker, worked in a perfumery. The family moved from Oklahoma to Glendale, CA, in 1940. As a child, Baker sang at amateur competitions and in a church choir. Before his adolescence, his father brought home a trombone for him, then replaced it with a trumpet when the larger instrument proved too much for him. He had his first formal training in music in junior high and later at Glendale High School, but would play largely by ear for the rest of his life." }, { "docid": "D2783943#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Print_version\nEuropean History/Print version", "text": "\"< European History The latest reviewed version was checked on 19 August 2017. There are template/file changes awaiting review.navigation search This is the print version of European History You won't see this message or any elements not part of the book's content when you print or preview this page. European History The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. GNU Free Documentation License Chapter 01 - The Crises of the Middle Ages The Middle Ages was a period of approximately one thousand years of history; generally accepted as spanning from the fall of the Roman Empire (toward the end of the 5th century) to the Protestant reformation in the 16th century. This period began with a demographic downturn at the end of the Roman imperial era, with European populations shrinking and many cities and rural estates abandoned. A cooling climate, disease, and political disorder each played a part in this opening period which saw Classical Mediterranean civilization eclipsed. Across Europe, there emerged smaller, more localized hybrid societies combining Roman, Christian and Germanic or Celtic barbarian influences. By the 9th and 10th centuries, populations had reached their minima, and Europe became a largely rural and somewhat backward region. Commerce and learning flourished in the Islamic world, China and India during the same period. Islamic armies conquered Spain during the 7th and 8th centuries, but were defeated by the Frankish kingdom in 732 when they attempted to enter France." }, { "docid": "D2011958#0", "title": "http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/george-frideric-handel-524.php\nGeorge Frideric Handel Biography", "text": "Famous People » Musicians George Frideric Handel Biography George Frideric Handel was a well-known German-British baroque composer, famed for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos. Check out this biography to know about his childhood, family life, achievements and fun facts about his life. SHAREONQuick Facts Famous as: Composer Born Country: Germany Nationality: German, British Birthday: February 23, 1685Died At Age: 74Sun Sign: Pisces Born in: Halle, Germanyfather: Georg Händelmother: Dorothea Taustsiblings: Anna Barbara Händel, Christoph Händel, Dorothea Elisabet Händel, Dorothea Sophia Händel, Gottfried Händel, Johanna Christiana Händel, Karl Händel, Sophia Rosina Händel Died on: April 14, 1759place of death: London More Facts Image Credit George Frideric Handel As PDFGeorge Frideric Handel was a well-known German-British baroque composer, famed for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos. Although born in Halle, Germany to German parents, he spent the greater part of his working life in London, and later on took British citizenship. Initially kept away from musical instruments by his father, who wanted him to go into legal profession, George Frideric Handel learned to play keyboard instruments secretly. Later, he had formal lessons from Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, then a church organist at Halle, on the suggestion of Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, whose words his father could not disobey. Even as a student, he began to take up his master’s duties and started composing church music. Later he moved to Hamburg and then to Italy before being appointed a Kapellmeister at Hanover. But within a year he visited London, where his ‘Rinaldo’, an Italian opera especially composed for London, was received with great enthusiasm. Very soon, he received royal patronage and thereafter, except for a short sojourn at Hanover, he remained at London, continuing to produce operas and oratorios all most till the end of his life." }, { "docid": "D2272873#0", "title": "http://www.dolmetsch.com/cdefsm.htm\n.", "text": "\"Name Born Died Information Maal, Baaba more...12 Nov. 1953 Podor, Senegal Senegalese singer and guitarist, who, in addition to acoustic guitar, also plays percussion. He has released several albums, both for independent and major labels. In July 2003, he was made a UNDP Youth Emissary Maasalo, Armas 28 Aug. 1885 Rautavaara, Finland 9 Sep. 1960 Helsinki, Finland Finnish composer best known for his sacred vocal music Maasland, Arie (pseudonym: Malando) more...26 May 1908 Rotterdam, The Netherlands 22 Nov. 1980 Bussum, The Netherlands Dutch composer and musician Maayani, Ami more...1936 Ramat Gan, Israel Israeli composer, teacher and writer on musical matters Mabarak, Carlos Jiménez more...1916 Tacuba, Mexico 1994 Mexico City, Mexico composed El paraíso de los ahogados in 1960, considered the first piece involving electroacoustic medias produced by a Mexican composer. He also composed La llorona, ballet music for small orchestra, electronic oscillator, timpani, percussions, piano and strings in 1961, and La portentosa vida de la muerte in 1964Macbeth, Allen more...13 Mar. 1856 Greenock, Scotland 25 Aug. 1910 Glasgow, Scotland Macbeth is remembered (if at all) nowadays for his light intermezzo Forget Me Not Opus 22, which quickly made a hit with professional and amateur orchestras (the Doncaster Orchestral Society performed it at a concert on 10 March 1891) and remained in their repertoires for generations. It comes as something of a shock to find that the composer of such a Grand Hotel lollipop studied at Leipzig Conservatory with Reinecke and Jadassohn, conducted the Glasgow Choral Union between 1880 and 1887, held organist's positions in Glasgow and Edinburgh and from 1890 directed the Music School of the Glasgow Athenaeum Mac Coll, Ewan (born: James Miller) more...25 Jan. 1915 Broughton, Lancashire, England 22 Oct. 1989 England a British folk singer, songwriter, socialist, actor, poet, playwright, and record producer. He was the father of singer Kirsty Mac Coll Mac Coll, Kirsty more...10 Oct. 1959 Croydon, England 18 Dec. 2000 Cozumel, Mexico English singer-songwriter, daughter of Ewan Mac Coll Mac Cunn, Hamish more...22 Mar. 1868 Greenock, Scotland 2 Aug. 1916 London, England Scottish romantic composer, born the son of a shipowner, who was educated at the Royal College of Music, where his teachers included (Sir) Charles Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford Macdearmid, Anne more...20th century Aberdeen-born Scottish harpist and composer for the harp Mac Dermot, (Arthur Terence) Galt more...18 Dec. 1928 Montreal, Canada Canadian pianist, composer and writer of musical theatre Mac Diarmid, George (see Brecht, George)Mac Donald, Andrew Paul more...30 Nov. 1958 Guelph, Ontario, Canada Canadian composer Mac Dowell, Edward more...18 Dec. 1860 New York, USA 23 Jan. 1908 New York, USA making his living chiefly as a piano teacher, while giving concerts that include his own works (First Concerto and Indian Suite were premiered in New York), on May 2, 1896, Mac Dowell was appointed professor of music at Columbia University and the Department of Music was created. The news was received by the musical public and the University with enthusiasm, for Mac Dowell was thought, at the time, to be the preeminent American composer and pianist. Funds raised to help him and his wife during his final years went to found the Mac Dowell Colony. The Colony, in Peterborough, New Hampshire, has become a place of retreat for artists: Aaron Copland composed parts of Appalachian Spring at the Colony; Thornton Wilder wrote Our Town; Virgil Thomson worked on Mother of Us All; Leonard Bernstein completed his Mass. Works of art created by artists while in residence are exhibited in galleries and museums around the world Macedo Pimentel, Osvaldo Lenine (see Lenine)Macfarren, (Sir) George Alexander more...2 Mar. 1813 London, UK 31 Oct. 1887 London, UK musical author and composer who studied at the Royal Academy and became professor there in 1834Mac Farren, Mrs. John (pseud. Jules Brissac) 1824 London 1895 published several light piano pieces that enjoyed large sales Mac Gimsey, Robert 7 Sep. 1898 Pineville, Louisiana, USA 13 Mar. 1979 Phoenix, Arizona, USA Mac Gimsey received his musical training at Juilliard." }, { "docid": "D1900905#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/german-history-biographies/charles-v-holy-roman-empire\nCharles V", "text": "\"Charles VThe Holy Roman emperor Charles V (1500-1558) inherited the thrones of the Netherlands, Spain, and the Hapsburg possessions but failed in his attempt to bring all of Europe under his imperial rule. Born in Ghent on Feb. 24, 1500, Charles V was the oldest son of Philip the Fair of Hapsburg, Lord of the Netherlands, and Joanna the Mad of Aragon and Castile. When Philip died in 1506, Charles was in line for the rich inheritance of the Netherlands as well as Hapsburg Austria and possibly the office of emperor. Spain—the product of the rather recent union of Aragon and Castile under the Catholic Kings—fell to him because of a series of deaths in the Spanish family, which made his mother, Joanna, the legal successor to the Spanish throne. Charles's maternal grandfather, Ferdinand of Aragon, who had long tried to block a Spanish-Hapsburg union, favored the succession of Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, to the Spanish crown. But the grandfather died in 1516 before he was able to alter the succession. Charles, who in 1515 had already taken over the government of the Netherlands, became regent of Aragon and Castile for his mother, who was confined because of mental illness to the castle of Tordesillas. In 1517 Charles went to Spain, where he met his brother, Ferdinand, for the first time. The 17-year-old Charles acted with remarkable authority and self-confidence and firmly rejected the suggestions of his family that he give his brother either Spain or the Netherlands. Although the medieval idea of universal empire captured Charles's imagination only later, he was already determined to play a major role in the European scene." }, { "docid": "D2399464#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens\nPeter Paul Rubens", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Rubens\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Rubens (disambiguation). Peter Paul Rubens Self-portrait, 1623, Royal Collection Born 28 June 1577 Siegen, Nassau-Dillenburg, Holy Roman Empire (now North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)Died 30 May 1640 (aged 62) Antwerp, Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium)Nationality Flemish Education Tobias Verhaecht Adam van Noort Otto van Veen Known for Painting, Printmaking Movement Flemish Baroque Baroque Spouse (s) Isabella Brant Helena Fourment Signature Sir Peter Paul Rubens ( / ˈ r uː b ən z /; [1] Dutch: [ˈrybə (n)s]; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist. He is considered the most influential artist of Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens' highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasized movement, color, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation. Rubens specialized in making altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. In addition to running a large studio in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated humanist scholar and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England. Rubens was a prolific artist. The catalogue of his works by Michael Jaffé lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop. [" }, { "docid": "D2136916#0", "title": "http://raptusassociation.org/symphoniegeschichte1e.html\n.", "text": "\"\"\"Die Symphonie\"\" (The Symphony) (Painting by Moritz v. Schwind)Content: A few Initial Questions The Development of the Symphony in the 18th Century: Social Aspects Recording of the Works Instrumentation Key and Form Italy Dresden Berlin Mannheim Vienna and Salzburg Paris London Other Centers Mozart Haydn (Part 2)A few Initial Questions: What is a Symphony? ( French simphonie, symphonie; Ital. sinfonia) Today, this term serves to describe a longer composition for orchestra. According to Grove, during the 18th century, the symphony developed into the most important compositional genre of instrumental music, while the adjective \"\"symphonic\"\" points towards a longer, compositionally fully developed work. Where does the word come from? According to Grove, the word \"\"Symphonie\"\" is a combination of the ancient-Greek word \"\"sýn\"\" (together) and \"\"phoné\"\" (sound) and became known in its Latin form as \"\"Symphonia\"\" during the Medieval age. Who used it first? In this form, it was, for example, used by Giovanni Gabrieli as \"\"sacrae symphoniae\"\" in 1597 or, in 1629, by Heinrich Schütz as \"\"symphoniae sacrae\"\", but also by other musicians, namely for concert-motets (usually for voice and instrumental accompaniment). In the 17th century, the term \"\"sinfonia\"\" was mainly used for introductory movements to operas, oratorios and cantatas, but also for instrumental introductions to arias and ensembles. In this context, the \"\"common denominator\"\" was that the \"\"sinfonia\"\" was performed as one of several works in an \"\"academy concert\"\" or in church performances." }, { "docid": "D3311097#0", "title": "http://musicacademyonline.com/composer/biographies.php?bid=106\nEdvard Grieg (1843-1907)", "text": "Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)Perhaps most famous for his orchestral Peer Gynt suite, Edvard Grieg was a beloved son of Norway and is today remembered for his nationally inspired compositions. During his lifetime he was a celebrated composer who met with such luminaries as Brahms, Tchaikovsky and Ibsen. He is also credited with inspiring Debussy and Ravel. Grieg was so popular in his day that his funeral was a national, even international, affair, which drew political and musical royalty to pay their respects. At his request, his composition, the Funeral March for Rikard Nordraak, a friend and famous Norwegian nationalist, was played in Grieg’s memory. A Love of Norway Edvard Grieg was born on June 15, 1843, in Bergen, Norway, the fourth of five siblings. His father, Alexander, had inherited a fish-export business and British consulship in Bergen, but musical talent had long been evident on his side of the family. Moreover, Gesine, Grieg’s mother, was a singer, pianist, and piano teacher, and was a popular accompanist. His sister, Maren, and brother, John, also exhibited musical talent early on, at the piano and cello, respectively. Grieg did not do exceptionally well in school, but by the age of nine had become deeply interested in composition." }, { "docid": "D1891304#0", "title": "http://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/people.html\n.", "text": "\"Diego Rivera \| Leon Trotsky \| Heinz Berggruen \| André Breton \| Isamu Noguchi \| Frida's Family Diego Rivera was born in December 1886, in Guanajuato, Mexico. Considered a prodigy at a very early age, he began painting at age two. Rivera studied and worked in Spain, France and Italy, discovering a passion for murals. Returning to Mexico, Diego's popularity grew. In the 1920s he painted a number of large murals depicting scenes from Mexican history. Throughout his life, Rivera was active in politics and the Communist Party, acting as a Mexican delegate to the Soviet Union in 1927. Contributions to his native country included serving as head of the Department of Plastic Crafts at the Ministry of Education; creating the Labor Union of Technical Workers, Painters, and Sculptors; and forming the Commission of Mural Painting, an arm of the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Rivera married Mexican artist Frida Kahlo in 1929, but fidelity was out of the question for him. A doctor had once told him that he was unfit for monogamy, and Rivera cheerfully accepted the diagnosis. Rivera and Kahlo had been married less than a year when he had his first affair." }, { "docid": "D1952821#0", "title": "http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ni-Pe/Pavarotti-Luciano.html\nLuciano Pavarotti Biography", "text": "\"Luciano Pavarotti Biography Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Born: October 12, 1935 Modena, Italy Italian opera singer Luciano Pavarotti is possibly the most operatic tenor (the highest male singing voice) since Enrico Caruso (1873–1921). He is noted for combining accuracy of pitch and quality of sound production with a natural musicality. His early years Luciano Pavarotti was born on the outskirts of Modena in north-central Italy on October 12, 1935. He speaks fondly of his childhood, but the family had little money. Pavarotti, his parents, and his sister were crowded into a two-room apartment. His father was a baker, and his mother worked in a cigar factory. In 1943, because of World War II (1939–45; when France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union fought against Germany, Japan, and Italy) the family had to leave the city. For the following year they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighboring countryside. Pavarotti's earliest musical influences were his father's recordings featuring the popular tenors of the day. At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir." }, { "docid": "D1509537#0", "title": "http://www.singers.com/composers/\nDominick Argento", "text": "\"Displaying 1 - 50 of 124 items. Dominick Argento Dominick Argento is considered to be America's preeminent composer of lyric opera. At the Peabody Conservatory, where he earned his Bachelor's and Master's degrees, his teachers included Nicholas Nabokov, Henry Cowell and Hugo Weisgall. Argento received his Ph. D. from the Eastman School of Music, where he studied with Alan Hovhaness and Howard Hanson. Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellowships allowed him to study in Italy with Luigi Dallapiccola and to complete his first opera, Colonel Jonathan the Saint. Following his Fulbright, Argento became music director of Hilltop Opera in Baltimore, and taught theory and composition at the Eastman School. In 1958, he joined the faculty of the Department of Music at the University of Minnesota, where he taught until 1997. He now holds the rank of Professor Emeritus. Although Argento's instrumental works have received consistent praise, the great majority of his music is vocal, whether in operatic, choral or solo context." }, { "docid": "D1073576#0", "title": "http://crossref-it.info/articles/518/Naturalism-and-realism\nNaturalism and realism", "text": "Naturalism and realism Historical background A change in attitude Realism and naturalism Theatrical definitions Realism Naturalism Convergence and divergence Similarities between realism and naturalism Differences between realism and naturalism Naturalism and realism in France Writers, practitioners and plays Emile Zola (1840-1902)Jean Jullien (1854–1919)André Antoine and the Thèâtre Libre Naturalism and realism in Russia The situation in Russia Russian playwrights Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883)Nikolai Gogol (1808-1852)Anton Chekhov (1860-1904)The practitioners Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko and the Moscow Art Theatre (1897)The Stanislavsky System (a very short version)Beyond Chekhov‘Maxim Gorky’ (1868-1936)Naturalism and realism in Europe Henrick Ibsen (1828-1906) Norway August Strindberg (1848-1912) Sweden Naturalistic drama Symbolic drama George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Ireland and England Social analyst Dramas of social injustice Conclusion Historical background A change in attitude What is usually understood as modern theatre began to develop from the middle of the nineteenth century, when new philosophical ideas of realism and naturalism replaced the subjective traditions of the Romantic Movement. As a result, a stage style that had remained virtually unchanged for a century and a half underwent a radical shift. Romanticism had been the predominant artistic movement in Europe from the late eighteenth century onwards, with an intense focus on the consciousness of the individual in terms of imagination, emotion and an intense appreciation of the beauties of nature. However, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the Romantic emphasis on emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect had given way to a much more objective and scientific way of examining the human condition. A number of factors contributed to this: A year of revolutions in France, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire during the so-called Springtime of the Peoples in 1848 showed that there was a widespread desire for political, social, and economic reform Technological advances in industry and trade led to an increased belief that science could solve human problems The working classes were determined to fight for their rights, using unionisation and strikes as their principal weapons Romantic idealism was rejected in favour of pragmatism The common man demanded recognition and believed that the way to bring this about was through action. These factors helped fuel the development of two major philosophical ideas, realism and naturalism, which resulted in a radical shift in theatrical presentation. Realism and naturalism Theatrical definitions The terms realism and naturalism are closely linked but there are significant differences in what they mean in the theatre: Realism describes any play that depicts ordinary people in everyday situations Naturalism is a form of realism that particularly focuses on how technology and science affect society as a whole, as well as how society and genetics affect individuals. Realism Beginning in the early nineteenth century, realism was an artistic movement that moved away from the unrealistic situations and characters that had been the basis of Romantic theatre. The playwright Henrik Ibsen is regarded as the father of modern realism because of the three-dimensional characters he created and the situations in which he put them. People in the audience could relate to the activities occurring on stage and the individuals involved." } ]
8943	_________ refers to how quickly an asset can be converted into cash.	[ { "docid": "D2812908#0", "title": "http://www.dummies.com/personal-finance/investing/how-to-start-investing-list-assets-according-to-liquidity/\nHow to Start Investing: List Assets According to Liquidity", "text": "Personal Finance Investing How to Start Investing: List Assets According to Liquidity How to Start Investing: List Assets According to Liquidity By Paul Mladjenovic In investing, liquidity refers to how quickly you can convert a particular asset into cash. If you know the liquidity of your assets, including investments, you have some options when you need cash. All too often, people are short on cash and have too much wealth tied up in illiquid investments such as real estate. Illiquid is just a fancy way of saying that you don’t have the immediate cash to meet a pressing need. Listing assets in order of liquidity on your balance sheet gives you a picture of which assets you can quickly convert to cash. If you need money now, cash in hand, your checking account, and your savings account are at the top of the list. The items last in order of liquidity are things like real estate and other assets that can take a long time to convert to cash. Investors who don’t have adequate liquid assets run the danger of selling assets quickly and possibly at a loss as they scramble to accumulate the cash for their short-term financial obligations. For stock investors, this scramble may include prematurely selling stocks that they originally intended to use as long-term investments. Asset Item Market Value Annual Growth Rate %Current assets Cash on hand and in checking $150Bank savings accounts and certificates of deposit $5,000 2%Stocks $2,000 11%Mutual funds $2,400 9%Other assets (collectibles and so on) $240Total current assets $9,790Long-term assets Auto $1,800 –10%Residence $150,000 5%Real estate investment $125,000 6%Personal stuff (such as jewelry) $4,000Total long-term assets $280,800Total assets $290,590Here’s how to break down this information: The first column describes the asset." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3112626#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_ratio\nQuick ratio", "text": "For other uses, see Acid test (disambiguation). In finance, the acid-test or quick ratio or liquidity ratio measures the ability of a company to use its near cash or quick assets to extinguish or retire its current liabilities immediately. Quick assets include those current assets that presumably can be quickly converted to cash at close to their book values. It is the ratio between quick or liquid assets and current liabilities. A normal liquid ratio is considered to be 1:1. A company with a quick ratio of less than 1 cannot currently fully pay back its current liabilities. This ratio is considered to be much better and reliable as a tool for assessment of liquidity position of firms. [ citation needed]Formula [ edit]or specifically: Quick (Acid Test) Ratio Cash and Cash Equivalent Note that inventory is excluded from the sum of assets in the quick ratio, but included in the current ratio. Ratios are tests of viability for business entities but do not give a complete picture of the business' health. If a business has large amounts in accounts receivable which are due for payment after a long period (say 120 days), and essential business expenses and accounts payable due for immediate payment, the quick ratio may look healthy when the business is actually about to run out of cash." }, { "docid": "D753112#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/business-finance/liquid-cash-f8c47eb63acc54da\nWhat Is Liquid Cash?", "text": "Business & Finance Currency & Conversions Q: What Is Liquid Cash? A: Quick Answer Liquid cash or liquid assets are a type of asset that can be converted to cash quickly without taking a large impact to the value of the item. Liquid assets are considered to be almost as good as cash reserves because their prices are stable when sold. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Should You Look for When Purchasing a Used Cash Register? How Do You Calculate Cash for Gold Prices? How Do Coin Counting Vending Machines Work? Credit: Phil Ashley Stone Getty Images Full Answer For it to be considered a liquid asset, the potential market must be large enough to absorb the influx of product without significantly affecting the asset's price. It must also be easy to transfer ownership between seller and buyer in order to be considered liquid. There are many examples of liquid assets including bonds, stocks, money within a checking or savings account, tax refunds, mortgages, court settlements, certificates of deposits and trust funds. Collections, jewelry and real estate cannot be considered liquid assets due to the time it takes to sell them for their true value." }, { "docid": "D3217907#0", "title": "http://www.studyfinance.com/lessons/finstmt/?page=11\nBasic Financial Statements", "text": "The Balance Sheet Begin Previous Next The Balance Sheet – Order of Listing Items on a balance sheet are listed in order of liquidity. Liquidity takes on a slightly different meaning for assets and for claims on assets. For assets, liquidity means nearness to cash. For this reason cash is the first item on the balance sheet. After cash, the other current assets are listed in order of liquidity. Marketable securities (which can be converted to cash by selling them), accounts receivable (which may be factored), and finally inventories make up the rest of the current assets. Inventories, which are considered current assets, are listed last because it is generally harder to convert to cash a half-finished item in production than it would a U. S. Treasury bond, for example. Following current assets come those assets that would take more time to convert to cash. Buildings, land, and equipment would all be considered long-term or fixed assets. When ranking claims on assets, liquidity refers to how quickly the claim against the company matures." }, { "docid": "D3028663#0", "title": "http://findaccountingsoftware.com/directory/infor/infor-erp-syteline/costing/\nInfor SyteLine", "text": "Infor Syte Line No reviews yet. Write the first? A full ERP system designed by Infor for manufacturers. Demo Pricing Questions about Infor Syte Line? Call (800) 827-1151 and talk to a software expert now. Infor Syte Line is the solution of choice for over 5,000 manufacturers around the world. From repetitive to engineer-to-order, Infor Syte Line enables the processes you need to accelerate production and meet customer demand more quickly. Infor Syte Line enables you to: Increase customer satisfaction Plan and schedule order by order Increase forecasting speed and accuracy Minimize error-prone manual steps Deliver orders on time, every time Reduce inventory levels and shortages Leverage innovative technologies Packaged with smart functionality to address the key challenges manufacturers face today, Infor Syte Line requires less customization, shorter implementation time, and fewer IT resources to maintain. That means an immediate return on your investment, and lower total cost of ownership over the long term. From the very first day, you’ll see improvements in visibility and transparency of data to address your challenges." }, { "docid": "D259808#0", "title": "http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/bank.htm\nBanks: At the Heart of the Matter", "text": "Share This Banks: At the Heart of the Matter Finance & Development Jeanne Gobat Institutions that match up savers and borrowers help ensure that economies function smoothly Unbeatable combination (photo: Superstock/Corbis)YOU’VE got $1,000 you don’t need for, say, a year and want to earn income from the money until then. Or you want to buy a house and need to borrow $100,000 and pay it back over 30 years. It would be difficult, if not impossible, for someone acting alone to find either a potential borrower who needs exactly $1,000 for a year or a lender who can spare $100,000 for 30. That’s where banks come in. Although banks do many things, their primary role is to take in funds—called deposits—from those with money, pool them, and lend them to those who need funds. Banks are intermediaries between depositors (who lend money to the bank) and borrowers (to whom the bank lends money). The amount banks pay for deposits and the income they receive on their loans are both called interest. Depositors can be individuals and households, financial and nonfinancial firms, or national and local governments. Borrowers are, well, the same. Deposits can be available on demand (a checking account, for example) or with some restrictions (such as savings and time deposits)." }, { "docid": "D3258353#0", "title": "https://exitpromise.com/dry-powder/\nDry Powder Definition", "text": "Dry Powder Definitionby Holly Magister The term “dry powder” is financial slang and refers to a company’s or investor’s highly liquid securities which are kept on hand to finance future obligations, purchase assets, or invest in opportunities. Such capital also may be kept on hand to provide emergency operational funding. The term “dry powder” originates from the days when military battles were fought with cannons and guns requiring loose gunpowder. The gunpowder needed to be kept dry in order for it be effective – and now the term is used metaphorically in reference to the financial world, and keeping liquid securities on hand ‘just in case. ’Dry powder securities usually include cash reserves, Treasuries, and other fixed income securities. Any investment or security that can be converted quickly to cash may be considered dry powder. Why dry powder? Keeping drypowder on hand can offer an advantage over other businesses with less-liquid assets on hand. Often, businesses will stock up their ‘dry powder’ in anticipation of tougher economic conditions in the future. A prime example of this was Ford Motor Company’s build up of cash reserves prior to the 2008 financial crisis." }, { "docid": "D219061#0", "title": "http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liquidasset.asp\nWhat is a 'Liquid Asset'", "text": "Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load What is a 'Liquid Asset'A liquid asset is an asset that can be converted into cash quickly, with minimal impact to the price received in the open market. Liquid assets include money market instruments and government bonds. The foreign exchange market is deemed to be the most liquid market in the world because it hosts the exchange of trillions of dollars each day, making it impossible for any one individual to influence the exchange rate. Next Up Liquid Market Flight To Liquidity Quick Liquidity Ratio Liquidity Ratios BREAKING DOWN 'Liquid Asset'A liquid asset must have an established market in which enough buyers and sellers exist so that the market price of the asset cannot be manipulated or easily changed. A company must have the ability to transfer ownership of the asset quickly and easily for full market price. If a discount is applied to the selling price, the asset is considered to be illiquid. Although there is no universal formula to calculate liquid assets, standard financial liquidity ratios determine and utilize liquid assets. These ratios – including the current ratio and quick ratio – manipulate the level of liquidity analyzed based on the underlying asset. Hierarchy of Liquid Assets Assets are listed on the balance sheet in accordance to liquidity with the most liquid assets listed first. For this reason, cash is always listed as the first current asset because it is the most liquid asset." }, { "docid": "D1983895#0", "title": "http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/040715/what-do-efficiency-ratios-measure.asp\nWhat do efficiency ratios measure?", "text": "A: Efficiency ratios measure a company's ability to use its assets and manage its liabilities effectively. Some efficiency ratios include the inventory turnover ratio, asset turnover ratio and receivables turnover ratio. These ratios measure how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate revenues and its ability to manage those assets. The inventory turnover ratio measures a company's ability to manage its inventory efficiently. The ratio is calculated by dividing its cost of goods sold by its average inventory. For example, suppose company ABC sells computers and reported cost of goods sold (COGS) at $5 million. The average inventory of ABC is $20 million. The inventory turnover ratio for ABC is 0.25 ($5 million/$20 million). This indicates that company ABC is not managing its inventory properly, because it only sold a quarter of its inventory for the year. The asset turnover ratio measures a company's ability to generate revenues from its assets efficiently." }, { "docid": "D3254088#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/137253129/chapter-15-accounting-flash-cards/\nChapter 15 Accounting", "text": "\"110 terms yoserios8Chapter 15 Accounting Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort The merchandise inventory account is never debited or credited during the year using the periodic method. TTwo adjustments are made to the merchandise inventory account on the work sheet. TThe merchandise inventory account always reflects the current inventory on hand. FThe amount of inventory on hand is determined by physically counting the goods on hand and determining the cost of those goods. TAt the end of the accounting period, the merchandise inventory account is debited for the beginning inventory amount. FBoth the debit and credit amounts in the merchandise inventory account at the end of an accounting period are used to calculate the cost of goods sold TThe credit amount for Income Summary in the Adjusted Trial Balance column reflects the inventory on hand at the end of the accounting period. TMerchandise Inventory has a normal debit balance. TIf beginning inventory is $30,000 and ending inventory is $25,000, the cost of the inventory on hand at the end of the accounting period is $25,000." }, { "docid": "D2408960#0", "title": "https://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/begfinstmtguide.htm\nBeginners' Guide to Financial Statement", "text": "\"Beginners' Guide to Financial Statement Feb. 5, 2007The Basics If you can read a nutrition label or a baseball box score, you can learn to read basic financial statements. If you can follow a recipe or apply for a loan, you can learn basic accounting. The basics aren’t difficult and they aren’t rocket science. This brochure is designed to help you gain a basic understanding of how to read financial statements. Just as a CPR class teaches you how to perform the basics of cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, this brochure will explain how to read the basic parts of a financial statement. It will not train you to be an accountant (just as a CPR course will not make you a cardiac doctor), but it should give you the confidence to be able to look at a set of financial statements and make sense of them. Let’s begin by looking at what financial statements do. “Show me the money!”We all remember Cuba Gooding Jr.’s immortal line from the movie Jerry Maguire, “Show me the money!” Well, that’s what financial statements do. They show you the money." }, { "docid": "D497806#0", "title": "https://www.investopedia.com/university/ratios/liquidity-measurement/ratio1.asp\nLiquidity Measurement Ratios: Current Ratio", "text": "The current ratio measures the ability of a company to cover its short-term liabilities with its current assets. The formula is: Current assets divided by current liabilities As an example, a company with $10 million in current assets and $5 million in current liabilities would have a current ratio of 2.0 times. A current ratio of 1.0 or greater is an indication that the company is well-positioned to cover its current or short-term liabilities. A current ratio of less than 1.0 could be a sign of trouble if the company runs into financial difficulty. Cautions in using this ratio When looking at the current ratio, investors should be aware that this is not the whole story on company liquidity. It’s also important to understand the types of current assets the company has and how quickly these can be converted into cash to meet current liabilities. For example, how quickly can the company collect all of its outstanding accounts receivables? An analyst would want to look at the company’s days sales outstanding which is a measure of how long it takes the company to receive payment after a sale is made. For companies with inventory, how quickly can this inventory be liquidated should the need arise and what percentage of the inventory’s value would the company be likely to receive? Looking at the company as a going concern, an analyst would want to calculate the company’s inventory turnover ratio, a measurement of how long it takes a company to turnover or sell its inventory." }, { "docid": "D570968#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-accounting/chapter/overview-of-cash/\nOverview of Cash", "text": "What Is Cash? Cash and cash equivalents are the most liquid type of company assets used by businesses to settle debts and purchase goods. Learning Objectives Define the role cash or cash equivalents play within a business Key Takeaways Key Points Cash is generally any currency a business owns, whether it is at the place of business or in its bank accounts. Cash equivalents are securities that can easily and quickly be converted into cash. These securities mature within three months of being reported on a financial statement. There is a minimal risk that these securities could lose value. Cash can also be used as a reserve against unforeseen business problems, such as momentary decrease in revenues or a downturn in financial markets. Key Termscash: money in the form of notes/bills and coins, as opposed to cheques/checks or electronic transactions Cash equivalent: Cash equivalents are assets that are readily convertible into cash, such as money market holdings, short-term government bonds or Treasury bills, marketable securities, and commercial paper. Mature: The final payment date of a loan or other financial instrument, at which point the principal (and all remaining interest) is due to be paid. Cash is the most liquid of all company assets." }, { "docid": "D1031680#0", "title": "http://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/working-capital-ratio\nWhat is Working Capital?", "text": "What is Working Capital? Definition: The working capital ratio, also called the current ratio, is a liquidity ratio that measures a firm’s ability to pay off its current liabilities with current assets. The working capital ratio is important to creditors because it shows the liquidity of the company. Current liabilities are best paid with current assets like cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities because these assets can be converted into cash much quicker than fixed assets. The faster the assets can be converted into cash, the more likely the company will have the cash in time to pay its debts. The reason this ratio is called the working capital ratio comes from the working capital calculation. When current assets exceed current liabilities, the firm has enough capital to run its day-to-day operations. In other words, it has enough capital to work. The working capital ratio transforms the working capital calculation into a comparison between current assets and current liabilities. Formula The working capital ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities." }, { "docid": "D27749#0", "title": "http://www.ambest.com/resource/glossary.html\nGlossary of Insurance Terms", "text": "\"Glossary of Insurance Terms No insurance resource would be complete without a comprehensive glossary of terms. We've compiled a list of terms and their definitions to better help you navigate the sometimes confusing world of insurance. A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| G \| H \| I \| J \| K \| L \| M \| N \| O \| P \| Q \| R \| S \| T \| U \| V \| W \| X \| YAcceleration Clause - The part of a contract that says when a loan may be declared due and payable. Accidental Death Benefit - In a life insurance policy, benefit in addition to the death benefit paid to the beneficiary, should death occur due to an accident. There can be certain exclusions as well as time and age limits. Active Participant - Person whose absence from a planned event would trigger a benefit if the event needs to be canceled or postponed. Activities of Daily Living - Bathing, preparing and eating meals, moving from room to room, getting into and out of beds or chairs, dressing, using a toilet. Actual Cash Value - Cost of replacing damaged or destroyed property with comparable new property, minus depreciation and obsolescence. For example, a 10-year-old sofa will not be replaced at current full value because of a decade of depreciation. Actuary - A specialist in the mathematics of insurance who calculates rates, reserves, dividends and other statistics. (" }, { "docid": "D1204102#0", "title": "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/liquidity.html\nliquidity", "text": "liquidity Definitions (3)Related Terms1. A measure of the extent to which a person or organization has cash to meet immediate and short-term obligations, or assets that can be quickly converted to do this.2. Accounting: The ability of current assets to meet current liabilities.3. Investing: The ability to quickly convert an investment portfolio to cash with little or no loss in value.acid test ratioreservesfractal market...divestiturecash collateralcredit easingliquid net wort...registered comp...accounts payabl... Use 'liquidity' in a Sentence Being able to come up with liquidity quickly can help you make a spur of the moment profitable buy at the right time.17 people found this helpful The bosses were quick to take advantage of the firm's current liquidity and spent almost all of it immediately redecorating the executive suites, gym, conference areas and dining room.14 people found this helpful Being able to quickly access your liquidity can be the difference between making a profitable deal and missing out on it.14 people found this helpful Show More Examples You Also Might Like... Adam Colgate How to Read a Financial Statement A company's financial statement is used to show a company's performance over a certain period of time, generally every fiscal quarter. The financial statement really consists of three different statements: balance sheets, cash flow statements and ... Jeffrey Glen Capital Lease vs. Operating Lease While leasing may seem like a relatively straight forward process, the accounting and tax treatment of leases can vary greatly depending on if a lease is considered to be capital or operating in nature. This article will help you understand the ... Ravinder Kapur How to Use Factoring for Cash Flow One of the biggest challenges that an entrepreneur faces is the management of cash flows. It is never easy to accurately predict when your customers will pay. On the other hand, there are often payments to be made that are difficult to anticipate. ... Jeffrey Glen Lease vs. Rent When purchasing something is not quite possible (or desired) the option for many individuals and companies comes down to leasing or renting. While both have similarities, getting access to an asset for a limited period, there are significant ... Adam Colgate Accounting Practices Needed When Starting a ..." }, { "docid": "D2577862#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-key-financial-ratios-to-know-when-going-through-financial-statements-of-any-company\nWhat are the key financial ratios to know when going through financial statements of any company? Also, how can I intuitively interpret what these ratios actually mean?", "text": "\"Financial Statements Financial Accounting Finance and Investments Accounting Finance Business Investing What are the key financial ratios to know when going through financial statements of any company? Also, how can I intuitively interpret what these ratios actually mean?ad by The Exec Ranks Do you use advisors to help you with your business? Start connecting with pre-qualified startup advisors. Work with execs who have been there & done that. Start Now at execrank.com14 Answers Peter Baskerville, studied Business & Accounting at Queensland University of Technology Answered Dec 11, 2012 · Author has 1.7k answers and 11.4m answer views External rather than internal stakeholders of a company are most interested in the analysis of key financial ratios. While internal stakeholders like corporate managers may use financial statement ratios to flag problems requiring attention, they have access to a far greater range of other financial information than external stakeholders to make their decisions. External stakeholders simply have the financial statements covering past periods as their only source of information to give them insights into the financial position and performance of the company. So a ratio analysis of the income statement and balance sheet to calculate the key financial ratios is vitally important to them. Typical external stakeholders include:existing or potential investors in the company and their share analyst.existing or potential loan providers (bank, finance company) in regard to a company's creditworthiness.existing or potential suppliers providing credit arrangement to the company (creditors)Key financial ratio areas These external stakeholders are most interested in using the financial ratio analysis to answer questions about 5 key areas of concern:the ability of the company to pay its bills as they become due. An analysis of the Liquidity ratios helps these stakeholders determine the extent to which the company has the cash necessary to fund its operations and plans.the extent to which the company is relying on external debt to fund its operations and plans." }, { "docid": "D753113#0", "title": "https://legaldictionary.net/liquid-assets/\nLiquid Assets", "text": "Liquid Assets Liquid assets are any assets that can quickly be converted into cash with a minimal impact on the asset’s value. In general, liquid assets are viewed in the same manner as cash, as their value remains largely the same when sold. In order for an asset to be considered liquid, it must be in an established market, with a large number of interested buyers, and with the ability for ownership to be transferred easily. This type of asset is the most basic used by consumers and businesses alike. To explore this concept, consider the following liquid assets definition. Definition of Liquid Assets Noun Any asset in the form of money, or that can be converted into cash quickly, with little or no loss in value. Origin (“asset”)1525-1535 Old French asez (“to have enough”)What Are Liquid Assets The term liquid assets refers to cash on hand, or other assets that can easily be converted into cash without losing much of the original value. Liquid assets are those assets the owner, whether an individual or entity, can turn into cash quickly during a financial emergency. Examples of Liquid Assets Cash and savings accounts are the most common type of liquid asset owned by people and businesses alike, but other assets considered to be liquid, are those that are established on the market and can be transferred between owners easily. Examples of liquid assets include: Certifications of deposit Accounts receivable Marketable securities Stocks Government bonds Promissory notes Tax refunds Assets not considered to be liquid include real estate, venture capital investments, and collectibles." }, { "docid": "D32929#0", "title": "https://www.inc.com/articles/2000/05/18941.html\nThe Basics of Balance Sheets", "text": "\"A balance sheet is a snapshot of a business's financial condition at a specific moment in time, usually at the close of an accounting period. A balance sheet comprises assets, liabilities, and owners' or stockholders' equity. Assets and liabilities are divided into short- and long-term obligations including cash accounts such as checking, money market, or government securities. At any given time, assets must equal liabilities plus owners' equity. An asset is anything the business owns that has monetary value. Liabilities are the claims of creditors against the assets of the business. What is a balance sheet used for? A balance sheet helps a small-business owner quickly get a handle on the financial strength and capabilities of the business. Is the business in a position to expand? Can the business easily handle the normal financial ebbs and flows of revenues and expenses?" }, { "docid": "D1022890#0", "title": "http://www.investopedia.com/university/accounting/accounting5.asp\nAccounting Basics: Financial Statements", "text": "\"Financial statements present the results of operations and the financial position of the company. Four main statements are commonly prepared by publicly-traded companies: balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity. Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position)The balance sheet tells you whether the company can pay its bills on time, its financial flexibility to acquire capital and its ability to distribute cash in the form of dividends to the company's owners. In short, it is a view of the company’s financial positions as of the date it is prepared. The balance sheet shows the company's assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity. Each is defined in Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6, but to summarize: Assets are items that provide probable future economic benefits Liabilities are obligations of the firm that will be settled by using assets. Equity (variously called stockholders equity, shareowners equity or owners equity) is the residual interest that remains after you subtract liabilities from assets and represents what is left for the shareholders. The key balance sheet accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity, or A=L+OEIn the most common format, assets on a balance sheet are listed on the left; they ordinarily have debit balances unless the balance is negative or a contra-asset, an offset to a basic asset account is shown separately. Liabilities and owner’s equity is shown on the righthand side, and these accounts typically have credit balances." }, { "docid": "D3366490#0", "title": "http://accounts.smccd.edu/nurre/online/chtr7fa.htm\n.", "text": "\"Internal Control and Cash Study Objectives Identify the principles of internal control. Explain the applications of internal control to cash receipts. Explain the applications of internal control to cash disbursements. Prepare a bank reconciliation. Explain the reporting of cash. Discuss the basic principles of cash management. Identify the primary elements of a cash budget. ( Appendix) Explain the operation of a petty cash fund. Chapter Outline Study Objective 1 - Identify the Principles of Internal Control Internal control consists of all of the related methods and measures adopted within a business to: Safeguard assets from employee theft, robbery, and unauthorized use. Enhance the accuracy and reliability of its accounting records by reducing the risk of errors (unintentional mistakes) and irregularities (intentional mistakes and misrepresentations) in the accounting process." } ]
8955	__________ constancy refers to the ability to understand that an object retains the same form even when viewed from a different angle.	[ { "docid": "D2685392#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=15LUD154\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: __________ constancy refers to the ability to understand that an object retains the same form even when viewed from a different angle. Structural Shape Brightness Color A: Shape constancy refers to the ability to understand that an object retains the same form even when viewed from a different angle. Log in for more information. Question Asked 7/30/2014 7:04:45 AMUpdated 7/30/2014 7:39:04 AM1 Answer/Comment Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)__________ constancy refers to the ability to understand that an object retains the same form even when viewed from a different angle. Structural Shape Brightness Color" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1701020#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_Color\nColor", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Shades of Color)navigation search For other uses of \"\"Color\"\" and \"\"Colour\"\", see Color (disambiguation). For editing Wikipedia, see Help: Using color. See also, Colorful (disambiguation) and List of colors. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Colored pencils Color effect – Sunlight shining through stained glass onto carpet ( Nasir ol Molk Mosque located in Shiraz, Iran)Colors can appear different depending on their surrounding colors and shapes. The two small squares have exactly the same color, but the right one looks slightly darker, the Chubb illusion. Color ( American English) or colour ( Commonwealth English) is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color categories, with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of cone cells in the human eye by electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum." }, { "docid": "D2539934#0", "title": "http://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/buying-guide/glossary-digital-photography-terms\nA Glossary of Digital Photography Terms", "text": "\"Photography / Tips and Solutions A Glossary of Digital Photography Terms By Allan Weitz \| Updated 2 years ago37 Share S ometimes, the phrases, acronyms and strings of numbers or number-letter combinations used to identify photographic hardware or techniques can be daunting to the uninitiated neophyte photographer. We've prepared a list of the basic terms. Have we left any out that you think should be added? Please let us know!2K2K is a 17:9 format, defined by the Digital Cinema Initiatives, is a resolution of 2048 x 1080. It is most commonly found on professional cinema cameras and gear.4K DCIThis is 4K as is defined by the Digital Cinema Initiatives. It is a 17:9 format that is a resolution of 4096 x 2160. It is most commonly found on professional cinema cameras and gear.4K UHDUltra High Definition 4K is a 16:9 format that is a resolution of 3840 x 2160. It is the most common type of 4K for consumer applications and distribution.720p Shorthand term used to describe an HD signal format that has a 16:9 aspect ratio, 1280 x 720 resolution, and progressive frame rates. The major HDTV broadcasting standard is 60 (59.94) frames per second (or 50 frames per second, depending on the region). Non-broadcast standard frame rates are also common in cameras, including lower frame rates of 30 fps and higher frame rates of 120 fps, 240 fps, etc.1080p Also known as “Full-HD,” 1080p is a shorthand term for video recorded at 1920 lines of horizontal resolution and 1080 lines of vertical resolution, and optimized for 16:9 format playback." }, { "docid": "D35073#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy\nMineralogy", "text": "\"Mineralogy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Mineralogy is a mixture of chemistry, materials science, physics and geology. Mineralogy [n 1] is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Physical properties3 Crystal structure4 Chemical elements5 Optical5.1 Transmitted light6 Systematic7 Formation environments8 Biomineralogy9 Uses9.1 Collecting10 See also11 Notes12 References13 Further reading14 External links14.1 Associations14.2 Other History [ edit]Page from Treatise on mineralogy by Friedrich Mohs (1825)The Moon Mineralogy Mapper, a spectrometer that mapped the lunar surface [3]Main article: History of mineralogy Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval China, and Sanskrit texts from ancient India and the ancient Islamic World. [ 4] Books on the subject included the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones) by Persian scientist Al Biruni. The German Renaissance specialist Georgius Agricola wrote works such as De re metallica ( On Metals, 1556) and De Natura Fossilium ( On the Nature of Rocks, 1546) which began the scientific approach to the subject. Systematic scientific studies of minerals and rocks developed in post- Renaissance Europe. [ 4] The modern study of mineralogy was founded on the principles of crystallography (the origins of geometric crystallography, itself, can be traced back to the mineralogy practiced in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries) and to the microscopic study of rock sections with the invention of the microscope in the 17th century. [ 4]Nicholas Steno first observed the law of constancy of interfacial angles (also known as the first law of crystallography) in quartz crystals in 1669. [ 5]: 4 This was later generalized and established experimentally by Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Islee in 1783. [" }, { "docid": "D3226098#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1546435/psychology-chapter-6-flash-cards/\nPsychology Chapter 6", "text": "48 terms pfotekir Psychology Chapter 6Chapter 6 vocabulary words and concepts on Perception. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortselective attention focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in cocktail party effectinattentional blindness failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewherechange blindness after being distracted and refocusing on a particular stimulus, change in stimulus during distraction period goes undetectedchange deafness when focused on repeating a list, change in individual speaking goes unnoticedpop-out when distinct stimulus pops out and draws our attentionvisual capture tendancy for vision to dominate other sensesgestalt an organized whole; tendancy to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholesfigure-ground organization of visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from surroundings (ground)Grouping perceptual tendancy to organize stimuli into coherant groups; has 5 rulesproximity a rule for grouping; tendancy to group nearby objects figures togethersimilarity rule for grouping; tendancy to group figures together that are similarcontinuity rule for grouping; tendancy to perceive smooth, continuous patternsconnectedness rule for grouping; tendancy to perceive connected, similar figures as 1 unitclosure rule for grouping; tendancy to fill in gaps to create complete whole objectsdepth perception the ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike our retina are 2D; allows us to judge distancevisual cliff labratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animalsbinocular cues depth cues such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on use of two eyesretinal disparity a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from each eye, the brain computes distance; the greater the difference between two images the closer the objectconvergence binocular cue for perceiving depth; the estent to which the eyse converge inward when looking at an object; the greater the inward strain, the closer the objectmonocular cues depth cues such as interposition, relative size, and linear perspective available to each eye alonerelative size a monocular cue; if we assume two objects are similar in size we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther awayinterposition a monocular cue; if one object partially blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closerrelative clarity a monocular cue; light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere therefore they are perceived as hazy and farther away than sharp, clear objectstexture gradient a monocular cue; a gradual change from course, distinct texture to fine, indistinct textures signals increasing distancerelative height a monocular cue; objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away; causes the illusion that taller objects are longer than shorter objectsrelative motion a monocular cue; as we move, objects that are stationary appear to move; the closer the object, the faster it appears to move Linear perspective a monocular cue; parallel lines such as RR tracks, seem to converge with distance; the greater the convergence, the greater the distance perceivedlight and shadow a monocular cue; nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes, dimmer objects seem farther away (assuming light comes from above)stroboscopic movement brain perceives continuous movement in rapid series of slightly varying imagesphi phenomenon an illusion of movement created when two or more adjcent lights blink on and off in quick successionmotion perception of objects shrinking objects are perceived to be retreating, enlarging objects appear to be approaching; large objects appear to move slower than small objectsperceptual constancy perceiving objects as unchanging (in lightness, color, shape, size) as illumination and retinal images change; relating to top-down processing)shape constancy perceived shape can appear as staying consistant when angle is changessize constancy perceive objects as having constant size even as distance changeslightness constancy objects are perceived as having constant lightness despite illumination variationsrelative luminance amount of light an object reflects relative to surroundingsperceptual set a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another; determined by our schemas and experiencesmoon illusion when the moon is closer to the horizon it looks 50 percent larger Muller-Lyer illusion distance determines length; lines farther away appear to be bigger than lines close to usperceptual adaptation in vision, the ability to adjust an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field Human factors psychologists psychologists who explore how people and machines interact, and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use; help design appliances, work settings to fit natural perceptionsextrasensory perception (ESP) controvercial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; said to include telepathy, clairvoyance and precognitiontelepathy a type of ESP involving mind to mind communicationclairvoyance a type of ESP involving perceiving remote events, for example sensing that your friends house is burning downprecognition a type of ESP involving perceiving future eventspsychokinesis related to ESP; mind over matter principle; for example levitating a table, influencing a roll of diceproblems with ESP rejects our understanding that we are creatures whose minds are tied to our physical brains, and our belief that perceptual experiences of the world are built on sensationsclaims of ESP astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with dead, out of body experiences Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc." }, { "docid": "D1458821#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/20596949/psychology-chapter-6-flash-cards/\nPsychology Chapter 6", "text": "\"81 terms kris9874Psychology Chapter 6Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What are sensation and perception? What do we mean by bottom-up processing and top-down processing? Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting this information, enabling recognition of meaningful events. Sensation and perception are actually parts of one continuous process. Bottom-up processing is sensory analysis that begins at the entry level, with information flowing from the sensory receptors to the brain. Top-down processing is information processing guided by high-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions by filtering information through our experience and expectations. What three steps are basic to all our sensory systems?" }, { "docid": "D73182#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion\nOptical illusion", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about visual perception. For the album, see Optical Illusion (Time Requiem album). The checker shadow illusion. Although square A appears a darker shade of grey than square B, in the image the two have exactly the same luminance. Drawing a connecting bar between the two squares breaks the illusion and shows that they are the same shade. Gregory’s categorization of illusions [1]In this animation, Mach bands exaggerate the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they come in contact with one-another. An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion [2]) is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that (loosely said) appears to differ from reality. Illusions come in a wide variety; their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear [3] but a classification [1] [4] proposed by Richard Gregory is useful as an orientation. According to that, there are three main classes: physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions, and in each class there are four kinds: Ambiguities, distortions, paradoxes, and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion would be the apparent bending of a stick half immerged in water; an example for a physiological paradox is the motion aftereffect (where despite movement position remains unchanged)." }, { "docid": "D2778560#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/7406534/perceptual-constancy-flash-cards/\nPerceptual Constancy", "text": "4 terms harper794Perceptual Constancyrefers to our tendency to perceive sizes, shapes, brightness and colors as remaining the same even though their physical characteristics are constantly changing. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Size constancy tendency to perceive objects as remaining the same size even when their images on the retina are continually growing or shrinking. Shape constancy tendency to perceive an object as retaining its same shape even thought when you view it form different angle, its shape is continually changing its image on the retina. Brightness constancy tendency to perceive brightness as remaining the same in changing illumination. Color constancy tendency to perceive colors as remaining stable despite differences in lighting." }, { "docid": "D857848#0", "title": "http://biologicalpsych.com/occipital-lobe/\n9. Occipital Lobe and Vision", "text": "9. Occipital Lobe and Vision June 22, 2015 by Dr. Tangen Leave a Comment Tweet There are eyes in the back of your head. Well, okay, not actual eyes. But at least there are vsion processors for the information that comes from the eyes. The occipital lobe is at the back of the head, just above the neck. This is the primary projection area for vision. Sensory information comes from the eyes, passes through the LGN, reaches the occipital lobe, is processed and then routed to both the parietal and temporal lobes. The cortex here is striated into 6 layers. Each has its own speciality. The processed visual information is distributed to both the parietal and temporal lobes." }, { "docid": "D122567#0", "title": "http://brailleauthority.org/tg/web-manual/\nGuidelines and Standards for Tactile Graphics, 2010", "text": "\"Guidelines and Standards for Tactile Graphics, 2010Web Version - February 2012Developed as a Joint Project of the Braille Authority of North America and the Canadian Braille Authority L'Autorité Canadienne du Braille Published by The Braille Authority of North America ©2011 by The Braille Authority of North America All rights reserved. This material may be downloaded and printed, but not altered or sold. The mission and purpose of the Braille Authority of North America are to assure literacy for tactile readers through the standardization of braille and/or tactile graphics. BANA promotes and facilitates the use, teaching, and production of braille. It publishes rules, interprets, and renders opinions pertaining to braille in all existing codes. It deals with codes now in existence or to be developed in the future, in collaboration with other countries using English braille. In exercising its function and authority, BANA considers the effects of its decisions on other existing braille codes and formats; the ease of production by various methods; and acceptability to readers. For more information and resources, visit www.brailleauthority.org. Canadian Braille Authority (CBA) Members CNIB (Canadian National Institute for the Blind) Canadian Council of the Blind Braille Authority of North America (BANA) Members American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB) American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) American Printing House for the Blind (APH) Associated Services for the Blind (ASB) Association for Education & Rehabilitation of the Blind & Visually Impaired (AER) Braille Institute of America (BIA) California Transcribers & Educators for the Blind and Visually Impaired (CTEBVI) CNIB (Canadian National Institute for the Blind) The Clovernook Center for the Blind (CCBVI) National Braille Association, Inc. (NBA) National Braille Press (NBP) National Federation of the Blind (NFB) National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress (NLS) Associate Member: Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind Associate Member: T-Base Communications Inc. Joint BANA/CBA Tactile Graphics Committee Canadian Braille Authority Irene Miller, Co-Chairperson Braille & Large Print Services Supervisor Alberta Education Edmonton, Alberta, CAAquinas Pather Quality Assurance, Tactile Design Specialist T-Base Communications Inc. Ottawa, Ontario, CAJanet Milbury Tactile Graphics Designer Atlantic Provinces Special Education Authority Halifax, Nova Scotia, CABraille Authority of North America Lucia Hasty, Co-Chairperson Chief Executive Officer Rocky Mountain Braille Associates Colorado Springs, Colorado, USAllison O'Day Certified Braille Proofreader Minnesota State Services for the Blind St. Paul, Minnesota, USDiane Spence Director Braille Services Region 4 Education Service Center Houston, Texas, USOther Contributors Mary Nelle Mc Lennan, BANA Board Liaison John Mc Connell, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Consultant Sarah Morley-Wilkins, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Consultant Constance Craig, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Susan Osterhaus, BANA Tactile Graphics Committee Consultant Table of Contents Acknowledgements Preface Introduction Background and Mandate Unit 1 Criteria for Including a Tactile Graphic Unit 2 Design Principles Unit 3 Planning and Editing3.1 Definition of Primary Components3.2 Editing Content3.3 Planning Process3.4 Planning Size and Layout3.5 Re-sizing the Original Print Graphic3.6 Simplification3.7 Elimination3.8 Consolidation and Distortion3.9 Separation Unit 4 Production and Duplication Methods4.1 Digital Master Production4.2 Hard Copy Master Production4.3 Duplication and Development Unit 5 Braille Formats for Tactile Graphics5.1 Placement of Tactile Graphic5.2 Order of Elements in a Tactile Graphic5.3 Headings, Titles, and Numbered Figures5.4 Description of Print Illustrations5.5 Illustration Captions5.6 Transcriber's Note: Content and Format5.7 Keys and Legends: Content and Format5.8 Alphabetic and Numeric Keys5.9 Symbol Placement and Measurements in Keys5.10 Label Placement5.11 Running Heads5.12 Page Numbering5.13 Special Symbols Page5.14 Graphic Symbols Page Unit 6 Mathematical and Scientific Diagrams6.1 Clocks6.2 Spinners6.3 Circle Graphs6.4 Money6.5 Line Formations6.6 Graphs6.7 Pictographs6.8 Counting Symbols6.9 Thermometers6.10 Measurement Tools6.11 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Drawings6.12 Venn Diagrams6.13 Tessellations6.14 Stem-and-Leaf Plots6.15 Orthographic Drawings6.16 Ancient Numeration Systems6.17 Chemistry Unit 7 Complex Diagrams7.1 Typical Characteristics of a Diagram that is Complex7.2 Procedure7.3 Design Techniques7.4 Order of Preference for Modifications7.5 Biology7.6 Social Studies7.7 Charts and Graphic Organizers Unit 8 Orientation and Mobility8.1 Map Designer Requirements8.2 Content Decisions8.3 General Overview or Area Maps8.4 Orientation and Mobility Route Maps8.5 Orientation and Mobility Maps - Design Considerations8.6 Map Size and Scale Unit 9 Tactile Graphics Supplements9.1 Use of Tactile Graphics Supplements9.2 Format and Layout9.3 Collaborative Planning and Formatting9.4 Choosing Transcriber's Notes and Key Symbols9.5 Reference and Source Information9.6 Transcriber's Notes/Producer's Notes9.7 Preliminary Pages9.8 Page Numbering9.9 Diagram Identification9.10 Key Explanations9.11 Tactile Graphics Supplement Size Unit 10 Quality Control10.1 Proofreading the Tactile Graphic10.2 Tactile Graphic Proofreading Procedures10.3 Proofreading Tactile Graphic Copies Unit 11 Graphics for Early Grades11.1 The Challenge of Graphics for Young Readers11.2 Design of Graphics for Young Readers11.3 Re-sizing the Original Print Graphic11.4 Clarity and Strength of Graphic11.5 Teacher Reference Materials Unit 12 Standardized Tests12.1 Overview12.2 Editing the Graphic12.3 Format12.4 Proofreading the Graphic Appendix A Braille to ASCII Conversion Appendix B Sample Braille Fonts Appendix C Standard Key for Maps Appendix D Production and Duplication Methods Appendix E Texture Palette for Microcapsule Paper Appendix F Line Styles Appendix G Example of Tactile Graphic Template Appendix H Production Materials, Equipment, and Suppliers Appendix I Glossary of Terms Tactile Graphics Contents Parts of a Flower Cross-section of Skin Australia: Average Annual Rainfall Circulatory System Prince Andrew High School Floor Plan Southwest Asia U. S. A. Sources of Pollution Patterns Digital Clock Describing Money Open- and Solid-circle Number Line Number Line Line Plot Average Life Span Pictograph Counting Symbols Blocks of One Hundred Thermometer Angles on Survey Map Nets Tessellation: Polygons Stem-and-leaf Plot Calvin Cycle Box-and-whisker Plot (Horizontal)Box-and-whisker Plot (Vertical)Value of Coins Bus Routes Acknowledgements The Braille Authority of North America and Canadian Braille Authority jointly supported and funded the development of these guidelines and standards through the joint committee on tactile graphics. The committee wishes to express its appreciation to the BANA and CBA boards for their encouragement and financial support." }, { "docid": "D3052719#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/102619094/ap-psych-ch-6-flash-cards/\nAP PSYCH CH 6`", "text": "\"104 terms kcrabtree16AP PSYCH CH 6`Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Sensation (input) the brain receives input from sensory organs Perception (processing) the brain makes sense of the input from sensory organs Bottom-up processing taking sensory information & then assembling & integrating it (what am i seeing? ) Top-down processing using models, ideas, & expectations to interpret sensory information (is that something I've seen before? ) Reception (Process of sensation; step 1) stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, heat, etc. ) Transduction (Process of sensation; step 2) transforming this cell stimulation to neural impulses Transmission (Process of sensation; step 3) delivering this neural info into the brain to be processed Psychophysics studies the relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli & our psychological experience w/them Absolute threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus (i.e light, sound, pressure, taste or odor) 50% of the time (absolute threshold detection involves all your senses)Signal detection theory refers to whether or not we detect a stimulus, especially admit background noise Subliminal threshold when you can detect the stimuli less than 50% of the time Priming is activation (often unconscious) of certain associations w/one's perceptions, memories, or responses Weber's law two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different Difference threshold minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time Sensory adaptation our diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation Perceptual set is what we expect to see, which influences what we actually see Context effect context can radically alter perception Cultural context context instilled by culture also alters perception Transduction transformation of stimulus energy (sight, young, smell) into neural impulses Vision energy, sensation, & perception Wavelength (vision) determines hue/color (light characteristic)Intensity (amplitude) determines brightness (light characteristic); amount of energy in a wave, as determined by height of wave Amplitude related to perceived brightness; larger waves yield brighter colors, smaller waves yield dull colors Cornea (parts of eye) transparent disc were light enters eye; bends light to provide focus Pupil (parts of eye) small adjustable opening whose size is regulated by the iris; it dilates in the dark to let light in Iris (parts of eye) muscle that expands/dilates & contracts/constricts to change size of opening (pupil) in response to light intensity & inner emotions (___ dilates when we are interested in someone)Lens (parts of eye) behind pupil focuses light rays on the retina by changing its curvature Retina (parts of eye) multi-layered light sensitive surface containing sensory receptors that process visual info & sends to brain Normal vision when rays of light converge on he retina for both nearby objects & w/appropriate readjustments in curvature of the lens for far away objects Nearsightedness a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects Farsighted a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than objects nearby Retinal processing photo transduction takes place, rods and cones Rods more sensitive to light than cones; the help you see black & white vision, night vision, & peripheral vision Cones enable you to see colors & fine detail, important in daylight vision & color vision Bipolar cells receive chemical messages (i.e visual stimulation) from photoreceptors; also transmits to ganglion cells Ganglion cells axons of which converge to form optic nerves Optic nerves carris neural impulses from eye to visual cortex in the brains' occipital lobe Blind spot point where optic nerve leaves the eye, b/c there are no receptor cells located there Fovea central point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster Feature detectors nerve ells in visual correct that respond only to specific elementary features of a visual stimulus (such as bars, edges, angles, & gradients of light)Parallel processing is the brain's natural mode of information processing Blindsight (type of parallel processing) occurs when people experience blindness in part of their vision, but still can perceive certain things Young-Helmholtz's Trichromatic (3 color) Theory (theories of color vision #1) theory that the retina contains three types of color receptors, each sensitive to red, blue, or green colors Opponent Process Theory (theories of color vision #2) after leaving the retina's receptor cells (rods & cones), visual information is analyzed of opponent colors: blue-yello, green-red, & white-black Color blindess genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colors Opponent process theory Ewald Hering proposes that our retinas process four primary colors that are combined into opponent pairs (we perceive white as opposite of perceiving black)Perceptual illusions provide good examples in understanding how perception is organized Visual capture when vision competes w/our other senses, visually usually wins Gestalt refers to a meaningful patter/configuration, forming a \"\"whole\"\" that is more than the sum of its parts Figure ground some items seem prominent, others recede into background Proximity grouping nearby figures together Similarity grouping similar figures together Continuity perceiving smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones Connectedness perceiving sports, lines, or areas as a single unit when uniform & linked Closure filling in gaps to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object Binocular cues require information from both eyes Retinal disparity cue difference between two images the retinas receive of an object Monocular cues require information from each eye separately; they enable us to judge depth using information from only one eye Linear perspective parallel lines, such as railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance, the more lines converge, the greater their perceived distance Relative Clarity when light from distant objects passed through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those objects that appear sharp & clear Interposition when one object appears to block the view of another, objects that block other object tend to be perceived as closer Texture gradient when a gradual change from coarse distinct texture to indistinct fine texture signals on increasing distance Relative height we perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower Light & shadow nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes that more distant objects (given two identical objects the dimmer one appears to be farther away)Relative motion as we move, objects that are actually at bale may appear to move Motion Perception when our brain assumes that shrinking objects are moving away & enlarging objects are moving closer Phi Phenomenon when two or more adjacent lights flash at a certain speed, they tend to present illusions of motion Perceptual constancy our ability to see objects as appearing the same under different lighting conditions, at different distances &angles Shape constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects as having a constant shape despite different images Color constancy perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object Size constancy perceiving as unchanging in size, even when our distance from them may vary Size distance relationship given the perceived distance of an object, we instantly & unconsciously infer the object's size Immanuel Kant (perceptual interoperation) maintained that knowledge comes from our innate hate of organizing sensory experiences John Locke (perceptual interoperation) argued that we learn to perceive the world through our experiences Acoustical transduction conversion of sound waves not neural impulses in the hair cells of the inner ear Wave length (pitch; sound characteristics) distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next Frequency (pitch; sound characteristics) dimension of frequency determined by wavelength of sound Intensity/loudness amount of energy in a wave, determined by the amplitude, determines the perceived loudness Visible outer ear (parts of ear) (collects sound) channels sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum, a tight membrane that vibrates w/ the aves Middle ear (parts of ear) chamber between eardrum & cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window Inner ear (parts of ear) inner most part of ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals & vestibular sacs Cochlea coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner eat that transforms sound vibrations to neural auditory signals Conduction hearing loss when the middle ear isn't conducting sound well to the cochlea Sensorineural hearing loss when the receptor cells aren't sending messages through the auditory nerves Cochlear implants (bionic ears) are electric devices wired into various sites on the auditory nerve that transmit auditory impulses to the brain Place theory suggests we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger vibrational activity at different places along cochlea's basilar membrane Frequency theory states the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone Nociceptors are sensory receptors whose signals are interpreted by the brain as pain Gate-control theory this theory hypothesizes that the spinal cord contains a neurological \"\"gate\"\" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain Endorphins these hormones can be" }, { "docid": "D888976#0", "title": "http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/perception/perception-meaning-definition-principles-and-factors-affecting-in-perception/634\nPerception: Meaning, Definition, Principles and Factors Affecting in Perception", "text": "Perception: Meaning, Definition, Principles and Factors Affecting in Perception Article Shared by Perception: Meaning, Definition, Principles and Factors Affecting in Perception!Everyday different stimuli around us will be stimulating our sense organs. Many of these stimuli are received by our sense organs and are converted into sensations. These sensations are transmitted to the concerned parts of brain. ADVERTISEMENTS: In turn the brain will interpret these sensations. It is only after such interpretation we understand what the stimulus is. Hence in understanding the world around us, attention occurs first, followed by sensation and finally interpretation by brain. This process of ‘interpretation of stimulus is known as perception’. So perception involves two processes: sensation interpretation. But interpretation of any stimulus requires past experience also. For example, a child who has not seen an elephant earlier either in photo or directly cannot identify that animal, whereas another child who has seen earlier will identify the animal easily." }, { "docid": "D1510323#0", "title": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/daoism/\nDaoism", "text": "Daoism First published Wed Feb 19, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jun 28, 2007Daoism [ 1] stands alongside Confucianism as one of the two great religious/philosophical systems of China. Traditionally traced to the mythical Laozi “Old Philosopher,” Philosophical Daoism owes more to “philosopher Zhuang” (Zhuangzi) (4 th Century BCE). Daoism is an umbrella that covers a range of similarly motivated doctrines. The term “Daoism” is also associated with assorted naturalistic or mystical religions. Sometimes the term “Lao-Zhuang Philosophy” is used to distinguish the philosophical from the more religious “Huang-Lao” (Yellow Emperor-Laozi) strain of Daoist thought. Both the Daode Jing and the Zhuangzi are composite texts written and rewritten over centuries with varied input from multiple anonymous writers. Each has a distinctive rhetorical style, the Daode Jing terse and poetic, the Zhuangzi prolix, funny, elusive and filled with fantasy dialogues. Both texts flow from reflections on the nature of dao (way) and related concepts that were central to the ethical disputes of Ancient China. The concept of “Daoism” as a theme or group did not exist at the time of the Classical Daoists, but we have some reasons to suspect the communities focusing on the Zhuangzi and Laozi texts were in contact with each other. The texts share some figurative expressions and themes, an ironic detachment from the first order moral issues so hotly debated by the Mohists and Confucians preferring a reflective, metaethical focus on the nature and development of ways." }, { "docid": "D1461861#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/pure+color\ncolor", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.color (redirected from pure color) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal .color,effect produced on the eye and its associated nerves by light waves of differentwavelength or frequency. Light transmitted from an object to the eye stimulates the different colorcones of the retina, thus making possible perception of various colors in the object. See also lightlight,visible electromagnetic radiation. Of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, the human eye is sensitive to only a tiny part, the part that is called light. The wavelengths of visible light range from about 350 or 400 nm to about 750 or 800 nm...... Click the link for more information. ; paintingpainting,direct application of pigment to a surface to produce by tones of color or of light and dark some representation or decorative arrangement of natural or imagined forms. See also articles on individual painters, e.g., Rubens; countries, e.g...... Click the link for more information. ; protective colorationprotective coloration,coloration or color pattern of an animal that affords it protection from observation either by its predators or by its prey. The most widespread form of protective coloration is called cryptic resemblance, in which various effects that supplement the..... Click the link for more information. ;" }, { "docid": "D1118691#0", "title": "http://www.iep.utm.edu/timetrav/\nTime Travel", "text": "\"Time Travel Time travel is commonly defined with David Lewis’ definition: An object time travels if and only if the difference between its departure and arrival times as measured in the surrounding world does not equal the duration of the journey undergone by the object. For example, Jane is a time traveler if she travels away from home in her spaceship for one hour as measured by her own clock on the ship but travels two hours as measured by the clock back home, assuming both clocks are functioning properly. Before the twentieth century, scientists and philosophers rarely investigated time travel, but now it is an exciting and deeply studied topic. There are investigations into travel to the future and travel to the past, although travel to the past is more problematical and receives more attention. There are also investigations of the logical possibility of time travel, the physical possibility of time travel, and the technological practicality of time travel. The most attention is paid to time travel that is consistent with current physical theory such as Einstein's general theory of relativity. In science, different models of the cosmos and the laws of nature governing the universe imply different possibilities for time travel. So, theories about time travel have changed radically as the dominant cosmological theories have evolved from classical, Newtonian conceptions to modern, relativistic and quantum mechanical conceptions. Philosophers were quick to note some of the implications of the new physics for venerable issues in metaphysics: the nature of time, causation and personal identity, to name just a few. The subject continues to produce a fruitful cross-fertilization of ideas between scientists and philosophers as theorists in both fields struggle to resolve confounding paradoxes that emerge when time travel is pondered seriously." }, { "docid": "D512186#0", "title": "http://www.iep.utm.edu/sci-real/\nScientific Realism and Antirealism", "text": "\"Scientific Realism and Antirealism Debates about scientific realism concern the extent to which we are entitled to hope or believe that science will tell us what the world is really like. Realists tend to be optimistic; antirealists do not. To a first approximation, scientific realism is the view that well-confirmed scientific theories are approximately true; the entities they postulate do exist; and we have good reason to believe their main tenets. Realists often add that, given the spectacular predictive, engineering, and theoretical successes of our best scientific theories, it would be miraculous were they not to be approximately correct. This natural line of thought has an honorable pedigree yet has been subject to philosophical dispute since modern science began. In the 1970s, a particularly strong form of scientific realism was advocated by Putnam, Boyd, and others. When scientific realism is mentioned in the literature, usually some version of this is intended. It is often characterized in terms of these commitments: Science aims to give a literally true account of the world. To accept a theory is to believe it is (approximately) true. There is a determinate mind-independent and language-independent world." }, { "docid": "D1225409#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6542581/chapter-3-psychology-flash-cards/\nChapter 3 Psychology", "text": "\"44 terms sonicdrink Chapter 3 Psychology Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What is the definition of sensation? The process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light sound heat or pressure. Detecting change in the environment What is the definition of perception? Process of integrating organizing and interpreting sensations. Integration & Organization Needs access to memory and/or reasoning ability Examples Can you guess correctly? How do sensation and perception work together? .. sensation is something one feels or experiences, this may effect the way the perceive things. One must know true perception with or without sensation." }, { "docid": "D2819128#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows_camera\nView camera", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bellows camera)navigation search Basic view camera terminology A view camera is a large format camera in which the lens forms an inverted image on a ground glass screen directly at the plane of the film. The image viewed is exactly the same as the image on the film, which replaces the viewing screen during exposure. [ 1]This type of camera was first developed in the era of the daguerreotype [2] (1840s-1850s) and still in use today, though with many refinements. It comprises a flexible bellows that forms a light-tight seal between two adjustable standards, one of which holds a lens, and the other a viewfinder or a photographic film holder. [ 3] There are three general types, the monorail camera, the field camera, and press or technical cameras. The bellows is a flexible, accordion-pleated box. It encloses the space between the lens and film, and flexes to accommodate the movements of the standards. [ 4]: p.34 The front standard is a board at the front of the camera that holds the lens and, usually, a shutter. At the other end of the bellows, the rear standard is a frame that holds a ground glass plate, used for focusing and composing the image before exposure—and is replaced by a holder containing the light-sensitive film, plate, or image sensor for exposure. The front and rear standards can move in various ways relative to each other, unlike most other camera types." }, { "docid": "D416231#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development\nPiaget's theory of cognitive development", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Theory of cognitive development)navigation search Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It was first created by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980). The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it. [ 1] Piaget's theory is mainly known as a developmental stage theory. To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, then adjust their ideas accordingly. [ 2] Moreover, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism, and language is contingent on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development. [ 3] Piaget's earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centered classrooms and \"\" open education \"\" are direct applications of Piaget's views. [ 4] Despite its huge success, Piaget's theory has some limitations that Piaget recognized himself: for example, the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development ( décalage ). [" }, { "docid": "D1149842#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_special_relativity\nSpecial relativity", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Introduction to special relativity)navigation search For history and motivation, see History of special relativity. Special relativity Principle of relativity Theory of relativity Doubly special relativityde Sitter invariant special relativity General relativity Foundations [show]Consequences [show]Spacetime [show]Dynamics [show]History Precursors [show]People [show]Alternative formulations of special relativityv t e In physics, special relativity ( SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein 's original pedagogical treatment, it is based on two postulates: The laws of physics are invariant (i.e., identical) in all inertial systems (i.e., non-accelerating frames of reference). The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source. It was originally proposed by Albert Einstein in a paper published 26 September 1905 titled \"\" On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies \"\". [ 1] The inconsistency of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the lack of experimental confirmation for a hypothesized luminiferous aether led to the development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving motions at a significant fraction of the speed of light (known as relativistic velocities ). As of today, special relativity is the most accurate model of motion at any speed when gravitational effects are negligible. Even so, the Newtonian mechanics model is still useful (due to its simplicity and high accuracy) as an approximation at small velocities relative to the speed of light. Not until Einstein developed general relativity, to incorporate general (i.e., including accelerated) frames of reference and gravity, was the phrase \"\"special relativity\"\" employed. A translation that has often been used is \"\"restricted relativity\"\"; \"\"special\"\" really means \"\"special case\"\". [" }, { "docid": "D381741#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/10104214/Sensation_and_Perception\nSensation & Perception", "text": "pdf Sensation & Perception46 Pages Sensation & Perception Uploaded by Nikos Telanconnect to download Get pdf Sensation & Perception Download3 Sensation and Perception Key Questions/ Core Concepts Psychology Matters Chapter Outline 3.1 How Does Stimulation Become The brain senses the world indirectly Sensory Adaptation Sensation? because the sense organs convert We get used to all but the most stimulation into the language of the extreme or obnoxious stimuli because Transduction: Changing Stimulation to nervous system: neural messages. our senses are built to tell us about Sensation Thresholds: The Boundaries of Sensation change. Signal Detection Theory 3.2 How Are the Senses Alike? The senses all operate in much the The Experience of Pain How Are They Different? same way, but each extracts different Pain is more than just a stimulus; information and sends it to its own it is an experience that varies from Vision: How the Nervous System Processes specialized processing region in the person to person. Pain control methods Light brain. include drugs, hypnosis, and—for Hearing: If a Tree Falls in the Forest . . . How the Other Senses Are Like Vision and some—placebos. Hearing Synesthesia: Sensations across the Senses 3.3 What Is the Relationship between Perception brings meaning to Using Psychology to Learn Sensation and Perception?" } ]
8957	__________ describes a jewish nationalist movement to create a jewish homeland.	[ { "docid": "D2772000#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Which_term_describes_the_nationalist_movement_that_sought_to_create_a_nation-state_for_the_Jewish_people\nWhich term describes the nationalist movement that sought to create a nation-state for the Jewish people?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories History, Politics & Society Politics and Government Political Theory Nationalism Which term describes the nationalist movement that sought to create a nation-state for the Jewish people? Flag Which term describes the nationalist movement that sought to create a nation-state for the Jewish people? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. The term that describes the nationalist movement that sought to create a nation-state for the Jewish people is ZIONISM .2 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Doniels 11,935 Contributions Which terms are used to describe Jewish people? The followers of Judaism are called Jews, Israelites or Hebrews in English.. Yidden in Yiddish, Yehudim or Bnei Yisrael in Hebrew.. Juif in French and Jude in Ge …A movement to create a Jewish homeland?zionism What reform movement that sought to return control of the government to the people? Progressive Movememt. Divorah 18,361 Contributions What nation was created for Jewish people? The modern state of Israel. Jonathan Carmona 1,649 Contributions History, Bible, and Science loving Nerd - oh!" } ]	[ { "docid": "D2434316#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/22322553/cold-war-era-flash-cards/\nCold War era", "text": "\"44 terms cclemons1Cold War era Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Berlin Wall Separated East and West Berlin. Created East Germany, to keep citizens from escaping to the West. Its destruction in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. Brezhnev Doctrine The USSR asserted that it had the right to intervene in any communist country. Proclaimed after the USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Containment policy Established by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II. Cuban Missile Crisis The closest that the US and USSR came to nuclear war (1962). Soviets were supplying nuclear missiles to a socialist state near the U. S. The Cultural Revolution In 1966, Mao launched a program to purge bourgeois influence in China." }, { "docid": "D145136#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state\nNation state", "text": "\"For the ambiguities surrounding and specifications of the terms \"\"nation\"\", \"\"state\"\", \"\"country\"\" and \"\"international\"\", see Nation. For the online video game, see Nation States. Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracypower of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchypower of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracypower of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republicsocio-political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertariansocio-economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. localgeo-cultural ideologies Commune City-state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portalv t e Portrait of \"\"The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster\"\", one of the treaties leading to the Peace of Westphalia, where the concept of the \"\"nation state\"\" was born. A nation state (or nation-state) in the most specific sense is a country where a distinct cultural or ethnic group (a \"\" nation \"\" or \"\" people \"\") inhabits a territory and have formed a state (often a sovereign state) that they predominantly govern. It is a more precise term than \"\" country ,\"\" but of the same general meaning, being that it is an ethnic nation with its own land (thus \"\" homeland \"\") and government. A nation, in the sense of a common ethnicity, may include a diaspora or refugees who live outside the nation-state; some nations of this sense do not have a state where that ethnicity predominates. In a more general sense, a nation-state is simply a large, politically sovereign country or administrative territory. A nation-state may be contrasted with: A multinational state, where no one ethnic group dominates (may also be considered a multicultural state depending on the degree of cultural assimilation of various groups). A city-state which is both smaller than a \"\"nation\"\" in the sense of \"\"large sovereign country\"\" and which may or may not be dominated by all or part of a single \"\"nation\"\" in the sense of a common ethnicity. [ 1] [2] [3]An empire, which is composed of many countries (possibly non-sovereign states) and nations under a single monarch or ruling state government." }, { "docid": "D1879015#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism\nZionism", "text": "Zionism, Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews (Hebrew: Eretz Yisraʾel, “the Land of Israel”). Though Zionism originated in eastern and central Europe in the latter part of the 19th century, it is in many ways a continuation of the ancient attachment of the Jews and of the Jewish religion to the historical region of Palestine, where one of the hills of ancient Jerusalem was called Zion. Read More on This Topic Israel: Zionism Modern Israel springs from both religious and political sources. The biblical promise of a land for the Jews and a return to the Temple in Jerusalem were enshrined in Judaism and sustained Jewish identity through an exile of 19 centuries following the failed revolts…READ MOREA brief treatment of Zionism follows. For fuller treatments, see Israel: Zionism; Judaism: Zionism. In the 16th and 17th centuries a number of “ messiahs ” came forward trying to persuade Jews to “return” to Palestine. The Haskala (“Jewish Enlightenment”) movement of the late 18th century, however, urged Jews to assimilate into Western secular culture. In the early 19th century interest in a return of the Jews to Palestine was kept alive mostly by Christian millenarians. Despite the Haskala, eastern European Jews did not assimilate and, in reaction to tsarist pogroms, formed the Ḥovevei Ẕiyyon (“Lovers of Zion”) to promote the settlement of Jewish farmers and artisans in Palestine. A political turn was given to Zionism by Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist who regarded assimilation as most desirable but, in view of anti-Semitism, impossible to realize." }, { "docid": "D3379569#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/196403/wh2-chapter-29-flash-cards/\nWH2: Chapter 29", "text": "\"87 terms Aschenk WH2: Chapter 29Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Porfirio Diaz dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants. Had power 1876-1911Francisco Madero early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles Zapatistas followers of Emiliano Zapata Venustiano Carranza conservative, became president of Mexico in 1917, also approved a new constitution Diego Rivera socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)Good Neighbor Policy Policy of Roosevelt's which led to the recall of US troops from Nicaragua and Haiti; supposed change in US interventionist policy in Latin America, which really represented no change in interests/involvement.nationalization government takeover of natural resources, allowed in the constitution of 1917economic nationalism in Mexico emphasis on domestic control of the economycultural nationalism pride in one's own culture Describe three causes of the Mexican Revolution Reasants desired land, factory workers and miners wanted higher wages, middle-class liberals favored democracy Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed this issue: land permited the breakp of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land and allowed nationalization of natural resources Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed this issue: religion made church land \"\"the property of the nation\"\"Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed this issue: labor set a minimum wage for workers and protected their right to strike Describe how nationalism affected Mexico. it led to th nationalizing of the oil fields and to a new pride in Mexican culture How did Franklin Roosevelt change United States policy toward Latin America? introduced the GNP under which troops were withdrawn from Haiti and NIcaragua and the PLatt amendement which limited Cuban independence was lifted Emiliano Zapata southern Mexico, led a peasant revolt, understood the misery of peasant villagers, followers call Zapatistas Francisco \"\"Pancho\"\" Villa hard-riding rebel from the north- fought for personal power but won the loyalty of his followers Constitution of 1917 addressed the three major issues of land, religion and labor\"\"Women's War\"\" full fledged revolt. women armed with machetes and sticks mocked British troops and shouted at them African National Congress political party (1912) worked through legal means protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans, it had no effect on sa's white government Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world Negritude Movement french speaking writers in w. africa & carribeans expressed pride in African roots (Leopold Sengnor)Pan-Arabism arab nationalism, built on shared heritage of Arabs living in the Arbaian Peninsula to North Africa, mphasized common history and lang. sought to free Arabs from foreign dom. Zionist jewish nationalistapartheid racial separation and economic and political discrimination against non-whites a policy formerly practiced in the republic of South Africa (abolished in 1989)polygamy the fact or condition of having more than one wife or husband at once. How did Africans resist the impact of colonialism? people squatted on European plantations, city workers formed labor unions, and they staged protests and occasionally as in the women's war revolted Describe three examples of the rise of nationalism in Africa. Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent." }, { "docid": "D831902#0", "title": "http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Issues/Pages/The-meaning-of-Israel-as-the-state-of-the-Jewish-people-20-Feb-2014.aspx\nThe meaning of Israel as the state of the Jewish people", "text": "\"The meaning of Israel as the state of the Jewish people Avigdor Liberman, Minister of Foreign Affairs2/20/2014The international community should encourage recognition by the Palestinians of the Jewish state, in order to ensure the realization of the vision of two states for two peoples. \"\" Eretz Israel [the Land of Israel] was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books [the Bible].\"\" (The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, 14th May 1948). The meaning of the Jewish state and its importance Decades before the founding of the state in 1948, the international community recognized the Land of Israel as the homeland of the Jewish nation. Palestinian representatives for their part have refused to recognize Israel as the Jewish state. This is not only a matter of semantics; it is, rather, an essential issue of peace making. The core of the conflict remains the Palestinian refusal to accept the existence of Israel as the nation state of the Jewish people. The Jewish people have always constituted a nation, a people and a civilization, even throughout prolonged separation from their land. Millennia before the emergence of the ‘Westphalian system’, the Jewish people had established an independent polity in the Land of Israel." }, { "docid": "D2772001#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people\nHomeland for the Jewish people", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the ongoing debate as to the nature of the State of Israel, see Jewish state. Jews, largely Holocaust survivors, on their way from France to Mandatory Palestine, aboard the SS Exodus Part of a series on Jews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew? Jewish peoplehood Jewish identity Religion [show]Texts [show]Communities [show]Population [show]Denominations [show]Culture [show]Languages [show]History [show]Politics [show]Category: Jews and Judaism Portal: Judaismv t e A homeland for the Jewish people is an idea rooted in Jewish culture and religion. In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars led to the idea of Jewish emancipation. [ 1] This unleashed a number of religious and secular cultural streams and political philosophies among the Jews in Europe, covering everything from Marxism to Chassidism. Among these movements was Zionism as promoted by Theodore Herzl. [ 2] In the late 19th century, Herzl set out his vision of a Jewish state and homeland for the Jewish people in his book Der Judenstaat. Herzl was later hailed by the Zionist political parties as the founding father of the State of Israel. [ 3] [4] [5]In the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the United Kingdom became the first world power to endorse the establishment in Palestine of a \"\"national home for the Jewish people.\"\" The British government confirmed this commitment by accepting the British Mandate for Palestine in 1922 (along with their colonial control of the Pirate Coast, Southern Coast of Persia, Iraq and from 1922 a separate area called Transjordan, all of the Middle-Eastern territory except the French territory )." }, { "docid": "D566345#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_land_without_a_people_for_a_people_without_a_land\nA land without a people for a people without a land", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Bust of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, by F. Winter, 1886. In the collection of Dorset County museum, Dorchester. \"\" A land without a people for a people without a land\"\" is a widely cited phrase associated with the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine during the 19th and 20th centuries. Although usually assumed to have been a Zionist slogan, the phrase was used as early as 1843 by a Christian Restorationist clergyman and it continued to be used for almost a century by Christian Restorationists. [ 1]It is thought by some scholars that this phrase never came into widespread use among Jewish Zionists. [ 2] [3] On the other hand, Anita Shapira wrote that \"\"The slogan 'A land without a people for a people without a land' was common among Zionists at the end of the nineteenth, and the beginning of the twentieth century.\"\" [ 4]Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Use of the phrase2.1 Use of the phrase by Christian Zionists and proponents of a Jewish return to the land2.2 Use of the phrase by Jewish Zionists2.3 Assertions that it was not a Jewish Zionist slogan2.4 Use of the phrase by opponents of Zionism3 Interpretation of the phrase by scholars3.1 An expression of the Zionist vision of an empty land3.2 An expression of the intention of ethnic cleansing3.3 An expression of the wish that the Arabs would go away3.4 An expression of the non-existence of a Palestinian nation3.5 As an efficiency-based territorial claim4 See also5 References History [ edit]Rev. Dr. Alexander Keith A variation apparently first used by a Christian clergyman and Christian Restorationist, Rev. Alexander Keith, D. D., appeared in 1843, when he wrote that the Jews are \"\"a people without a country; even as their own land, as subsequently to be shown, is in a great measure a country without a people\"\". [ 3] [5]In its most common wording, A land without a people and a people without a land, the phrase appeared in print in an 1844 review of Keith's book in a Scottish Free Church magazine. [ 6]Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, in July 1853, who was President of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews wrote to Prime Minister Aberdeen that Greater Syria was \"\"a country without a nation\"\" in need of \"\"a nation without a country... Is there such a thing?" }, { "docid": "D3204236#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language\nRevival of the Hebrew language", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The revival of the Hebrew language took place in Europe and Israel toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, through which the language's usage changed from the sacred language of Judaism to a spoken and written language used for daily life in Israel. The process began as Jews started arriving in Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century and used Hebrew as a lingua franca. [ 1] [2] However, a parallel development in Europe changed Hebrew from primarily a sacred liturgical language into a literary language [3] which played a key role in the development of nationalist educational programs. [ 4] Modern Hebrew, along with Modern Arabic, are official languages in Israel, even continuing after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. More than purely a linguistic process, the revival of Hebrew was utilized by Jewish modernization and political movements, and became a tenet of the ideology associated with settlement of the land, Zionism [5] and Israeli policy. The process of Hebrew's return to regular usage is unique; there are no other examples of a natural language without any native speakers subsequently acquiring several million native speakers, and no other examples of a sacred language becoming a national language with millions of \"\"first language\"\" speakers. The language's revival eventually brought linguistic additions with it. While the initial leaders of the process insisted they were only continuing \"\"from the place where Hebrew's vitality was ended\"\", what was created represented a broader basis of language acceptance; it includes characteristics derived from all periods of Hebrew language, as well as from the non-Hebrew languages used by the long-established European, North African, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities, with Yiddish (the European variant) being predominant. Contents [ hide ]1 Background2 Revival of literary Hebrew2.1 Hebrew during the Haskalah2.2 Hebrew writers2.2.1 Mendele Mocher Sfarim2.2.2 Devorah Baron2.2.3 Other figures2.3 Continuation of the literary revival3 Revival of spoken Hebrew3.1 First Aliyah (1882-1903)3.2 Second Aliyah (1904-1914)3.3 Mandate Period (1920-1948)3.4 State of Israel4 See also5 References6 External links Background [ edit]Main article: Hebrew language Arabic – Hebrew – Latin dictionary, 1524Mishneh Torah, written in Hebrew by Maimonides. Historical records testify to the existence of Hebrew from the 10th century BCE [6] to the late Second Temple period (lasting to c. 70 CE), after which the language developed into Mishnaic Hebrew. (" }, { "docid": "D1090072#0", "title": "http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Israel/Zionism_def_history.html\nZionism", "text": "\"Zionismdefinition and historywikipedia.com Zionism is a political movement among Jews (although supported by some non-Jews) which maintains that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. Formally founded in 1897, Zionism embraced a variety of opinions in its early years on where that homeland might be established. From 1917 it focused on the establishment of a Jewish national homeland or state in Palestine, the location of the ancient Kingdom of Israel. Since 1948, Zionism has been a movement to support the development and defence of the State of Israel, and to encourage Jews to settle there. Since the Six Day War of 1967, when Israel took control of the West Bank and Gaza, the objectives and methods of the Zionist movement and of Israel have come under increasing criticism. The Arab world opposed the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine from the outset, but during the course of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians since 1967, the legitimacy of Israel, and thus of Zionism, has been increasingly questioned in the wider world. Since the breakdown of the Oslo Accords in 2001, attacks on Zionism in media, intellectual and political circles, particularly in Europe, have reached new levels of intensity. The Jews and Zion The word \"\"Zionist\"\" is derived from the word \"\"Zion\"\" (Hebrew: ____, Tziyyon ), being one of the names of Jerusalem, as mentioned in the Bible. It was coined by an Austrian Jewish publicist Nathan Birnbaum in his journal Self Emancipation in 1890. Zionism has always had both religious and secular aspects, reflecting the dual nature of Jewish identity, as both a religion (Judaism) and as a national or ethnic identity (Jewishness)." }, { "docid": "D2236323#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Bandera\nStepan Bandera", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ show] This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. ( January 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Stepan Bandera Степан Андрійович БандераPersonal details Born Stepan Andriyovych Bandera 1 January 1909 Uhryniv Staryi, Galicia, Austria-Hungary Died 15 October 1959 (aged 50) Munich, West Germany Citizenship Austria-Hungary → Second Polish Republic → Stateless Nationality Ukrainian Political party Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Spouse (s) Jarosława Bandera ( pl)Relations Brother: Wasyl Bandera ( ru)Children 3Parents Father: Andrij Bandera ( ru) Mother: Myrosława Głodzińskie ( ru)Alma mater Lviv Polytechnic Occupation Politician Awards Hero of Ukraine (stripped)Military service Allegiance Ukraine Service/branch OUN (1929—1940) UPA, OUN-B (1940—1959)Battles/wars World War IIStepan Andriyovych Bandera ( Ukrainian: Степан Андрійович Бандера, Polish: Stepan Andrijowycz Bandera; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian political activist and a leader of the nationalist and independence movement of Ukraine. Born in Austrian Galicia, he became nationalistic from an early age. After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary Galicia became a short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was quickly annexed by Poland and was subjected to an extensive campaigns of Polonization and Pacification [ sic ]. He became radicalised during this time, and after Polish authorities refused his request to leave for Czechoslovakia for studying, he enrolled in Lviv Polytechnic where he organized several nationalistic organizations. He was imprisoned in 1934 and was sentenced to death, but then commuted to life imprisonment. He escaped in 1939 when the Second Polish Republic collapsed after the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion and moved to the German-occupied zone. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union he allied himself with them, but after he attempted to proclaim an independent Ukrainian state, the Gestapo put him under house arrest on 5 of July 1941 [1] and later, between 1942 and 1943, [2] sent him to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [ 3] In 1944, with Germany rapidly losing ground in the war in the face of the advancing Allied armies, Bandera was released, in the hope that he could deter the advancing Soviet forces." }, { "docid": "D527992#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism\nZionism", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. For other uses, see Zion (disambiguation). Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of the Modern Zionist movement. In his 1896 book Der Judenstaat, he envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. Part of a series on the History of Israel Ancient Israel and Judah Natufian culture Prehistory Canaan Israelites United monarchy Northern Kingdom Kingdom of Judah Babylonian rule Second Temple period (530 BC–AD 70)Persian rule Hellenistic period Hasmonean dynasty Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Middle Ages (70–1517)Roman Palaestina Byzantine Palaestina Prima Secunda Revolt against Constantius Gallus Samaritan revolts Revolt against Heraclius Caliphates Filastin Urdunn Crusades Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Modern history (1517–1948)Ottoman rule Eyalet Mutasarrifate Old Yishuv Zionism OETA British mandate State of Israel (1948–present)Independence Timeline Years Arab–Israeli conflict Start-up Nation History of the Land of Israel by topic Judaism Jerusalem Zionism Jewish leaders Jewish warfare Nationality Related Jewish history Hebrew calendar Archaeology Museums Israel portalv t e Part of a series on Jews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew? Jewish peoplehood Jewish identity Religion [show]Texts [show]Communities [show]Population [show]Denominations [show]Culture [show]Languages [show]History [show]Politics [hide]Politics of Israel Zionism ( General Green Labor Neo Religious Revisionist)Judaism and politics World Agudath Israel Bundism Feminism Jewish left Category: Jews and Judaism Portal: Judaismv t e Part of a series on Aliyah Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel Concepts Promised Land Gathering of Israel Diaspora Negation Homeland for the Jewish people Zionism Jewish question Law of Return Pre-Modern Aliyah Return to Zion Old Yishuv Perushim Aliyah in modern times First Second during World War I Third Fourth Fifth Aliyah Bet Bricha from Muslim countries Yemen Iraq Morocco Lebanonfrom the Soviet Unionpost-Sovietfrom Ethiopia from Latin America Absorption Revival of the Hebrew language Ulpan Hebraization of surnames Kibbutz Youth village Immigrant camps Ma'abarot Development town Austerity Organizations World Zionist Organization Jewish National Fund Jewish Agency for Israel Youth Aliyah Mossad Le Aliyah Bet El Al Ministry of Immigrant Absorption Nefesh B'Nefesh Am Yisrael Foundation Related topics Yishuv Sabra Yerida Jewish refugees History of the Jews in the Land of Israel Demographic history of Palestine (region)Historical Jewish population comparisons Yom Ha Aliyahv t e Zionism ( Hebrew: צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut [t͡sijo̞ˈnut] after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine ). [ 1] [2] [3] [4] Modern Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as an imitative response to other exclusionary nationalist movements. [ 5] [6] [7] Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire. [ 8] [9] [10]Until 1948, the primary goals of Zionism were the re-establishment of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, ingathering of the exiles, and liberation of Jews from the antisemitic discrimination and persecution that they experienced during their diaspora. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Zionism continues primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and to address threats to its continued existence and security." }, { "docid": "D774760#0", "title": "http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/reform_movement/\nReform Movement", "text": "Reform Movement The German Jews who founded the Reform Movement emphasized their loyalty to the “fatherland” in order to be accepted in mainstream German society. Author’s note: This section on the Reform Movement (and part 58) is meant as an overview of the origins and history of the movement. It is not meant to reflect the modern attitude of the Reform Movement nor its present-day adherents. Nearly 200 years after the founding of the first Reform congregations, the movement has gone through a significant metamorphosis. The failure of an enlightened Europe to end anti-Semitism; the Holocaust; the birth of the State of Israel and the high rate of intermarriage and assimilation among successive generations of Reform Jews has led to what can only be termed a dramatic about face in the Reform attitude toward both Jewish observance and Jewish national identity. These monumental changes are best reflected in The Statement of Principles for the Reform Judaism adopted by the CCAR (Central Conference of American Rabbis) May 1999. President Rabbi Richard Levy called for an increased commitment to observance, Torah study and Israel, a radical departure from previous CCAR platforms. While the ideological differences between Orthodox and Reform remain enormous, these changes clearly reflect the modern Reforms Movement’s recognition of what has shown to be a historically proven reality: What has kept Jews Jewish for thousands of years is a commitment to Judaism—its study, observance, and the primacy of Judaism as a central component of every Jew’s identity. As we saw in the last installment, the Enlightenment gave Jews new rights—human rights and citizenship rights—which they never had before. After centuries of physical and economic marginalization, the intoxicating allure of emancipation proved overwhelming attractive to many Jews in Western Europe." }, { "docid": "D472878#0", "title": "http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/overstating-the-importance-of-the-balfour-declaration/\nOverstating the Importance of the Balfour Declaration", "text": "Overstating the Importance of the Balfour Declaration However Israel came to be it wasn't because of a 67-word letter during WWI. By Paul Gottfried • November 15, 2017Tweet Lord Balfour (center) visiting Tel Aviv in 1925. ( Public domain)Reading a recent commentary by Seth Lipsky about the Balfour Declaration, and then seeing a photo of British Prime Minister Theresa May and Israeli leader Benjamin Netanyahu celebrating the 100th anniversary of this so-called declaration, I had to ask myself: How did this 67-word document, which was actually a letter sent by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Walter Rothschild, an influential Zionist, on November 7, 1917, authorize a Jewish state in the Middle East or, for that matter, anywhere else? The letter speaks about “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” At that time the British government was not incidentally at war with the Central Powers, including the Ottoman Empire. It was therefore busily negotiating with other political actors besides Jewish Zionists—for example, the future Hashemite rulers of Syria, Iraq, and Jordan. The British had detached the Sharif of Mecca, an important Muslim religious official, from his erstwhile sovereign, the Turkish sultan. Furthermore, the negotiators promised to confer kingdoms on the Sharif’s sons in return for their support of the British effort in World War I. At the same time, the British also were putting finishing touches on what became the famous Sykes-Picot Agreement, which had the effect of dividing control over the same territory with their French allies. If Zionists who were anticipating an Allied victory thought the Balfour Declaration smoothed the way for a Jewish state, they were mistaken. The declaration was a small piece in a broader British strategy of dealing with multiple players while trying to win a costly war." }, { "docid": "D2772002#0", "title": "https://www.weknowtheanswer.com/q/describes-a-jewish-nationalist-movement-to-create-a-jewish-homeland\n- describes a Jewish nationalist movement to create a Jewish homeland.", "text": "- describes a Jewish nationalist movement to create a Jewish homeland. Free e-mail watchdog Tweet Answer this question- describes a Jewish nationalist movement to create a Jewish homeland. Answer for question: Your name: Answersrecent questions recent answers VIP Elite can I please have my prize numbers for giveaway numbers 7667, 7600VIP Elite please give me my prize numbers for giveaway numbers 7667, 7600A rock that forms from bits of weathered rocky + 7 + 8 (y + 4)Can i win cause i really need to" }, { "docid": "D3005523#0", "title": "http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v16/v16n3p21_Michaels.html\nINSTITUTE FOR HISTORICAL REVIEW", "text": "\"Capitalism in the New Russiaby Daniel W. Michaels Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991-1992, and the end of the centrally controlled \"\"command economy,\"\" a new class of wealthy private capitalists with close government connections has emerged in Russia. The new ruling clique that has replaced the Soviet-era \"\" nomenklatura \"\" is widely referred to by the American-origin term \"\" istablishment . \"\" At the same time, life for most Russians has not improved. The great majority still struggles to survive, sometimes below the subsistence level. Industrial and agricultural production have fallen 50 percent in recent years, and millions are not paid their paltry salaries on time. Because most people lack hard currency to buy anything but essentials, consumer goods are generally accessible only to successful speculators, the mafia, and higher government officials. For the average Russian, and especially the elderly, life is not just impoverished, it is becoming desperate. [ See: \"\"Nationalist Sentiment Widespread, Growing in Former Soviet Union,\"\" Sept.-Oct. 1995 Journal, pp. 8-10. ]" }, { "docid": "D1720183#0", "title": "http://itech.fgcu.edu/&/issues/vol2/issue1/german.htm\n.", "text": "Understanding the German People’s Participation in the Third Reichby Theo Bailey In the annals of human barbarism, the cruelties practiced by the Germans over the Jews in Nazi Germany are among the worst remembered. The Holocaust stands out so vividly because it was so recent and also because it was so well documented. Through film footage and meticulous records, we have been witnesses to the Germans’ methodical mass-murder and their complete abandonment of compassion. As to the shameful scar left upon western civilization, there is no question. However, a few questions do remain. Why was the Nazi party so attractive to the German people? Were the people of Germany seduced by Hitler’s incredible charisma and hypnotized by the Nazi’s relentless propaganda, or were they generally following their own desires? If they were following their own particular desire as a nation, what was the source of that desire which led to such brutality? The Nazi Party was attractive to the majority of the German people because Hitler and his party proposed a solution to nearly every problem that was facing the various segments of the population. For example, the Party agenda addressed the problem of Germany’s loss of WWI." }, { "docid": "D2710617#0", "title": "http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13953.html\nMinority Rights", "text": "\"MINORITY RIGHTS, rights enjoyed by Jews and other ethnic minorities between the two world wars in some countries, mainly eastern and southeastern Europe, according to the provisions of the minorities treaties at the Versailles Peace Conference, 1919. In all the other states the treatment of minority nationals was regarded as an internal matter, subject only to the state's own laws and not to international law. In those states which were bound, between the two world wars, by the minorities treaties, Jews and other minority nationals were guaranteed certain minimal rights, and the League of Nations created a machinery for supervising their implementation. These were rights granted in addition to civil, political, and religious freedoms. Whereas the French Revolution and Napoleon brought emancipation of the individual in parts of Europe as an equal citizen of the state, the minority rights expanded the concept of equality to include ethnic and cultural distinctions within the territory of the state. These national rights differed from medieval *autonomy in that the latter presupposed a society that is subdivided into corporations, each of which lives according to its own distinct law. The minority rights, on the other hand, posited an egalitarian society, where the individual enjoyed individual rights plus his rights as a person belonging to an ethnic or religious minority. The proponents of the idea gave it widely differing interpretations. Minority rights tended to embrace largely secular, as opposed to religious, elements; therefore the terms cultural, national, ethnic, or linguistic are interchangeable with the term minority. Development of the Idea The idea originated at the beginning of the 20 th century in the multi-national states of Eastern Europe where it was impossible to carve out territorial units to accommodate particular ethnic groups." }, { "docid": "D2459386#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duke\nDavid Duke", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the white nationalist. For the Scottish football player, see David Duke (footballer). David Duke Member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 81st district In office February 18, 1989 – January 13, 1992Preceded by Chuck Cusimano Succeeded by David Vitter Personal details Born David Ernest Duke July 1, 1950 (age 67)Tulsa, Oklahoma, U. S. Political party American Nazi (before 1975) [1]Democratic (1975–1988) Populist (1988–1989) Republican (1989–1999; 2016–present) [2]Reform (1999–2001) [3]Spouse (s) Chloê Hardin ( m. 1974; div. 1984)Children 2Alma mater Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Interregional Academy of Personnel Management Website Official website David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is an American white supremacist and white nationalist politician, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, Holocaust denier, convicted felon, and former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. A former Republican Louisiana State Representative, Duke was a candidate in the Democratic presidential primaries in 1988 and the Republican presidential primaries in 1992. Duke also ran unsuccessfully for the Louisiana State Senate, United States Senate, United States House of Representatives, and for Governor of Louisiana. In 2002, Duke pled guilty to felony fraud. Specifically, he defrauded his political supporters by claiming to be in dire financial straits, and asking them for money to help him pay for basic necessities. At the time, Duke was financially secure, and used his supporters' money for recreational gambling. [ 4]Duke speaks against what he describes as Jewish control of the Federal Reserve Bank, the U. S. federal government, and the media." }, { "docid": "D1098283#0", "title": "http://www.historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20World%20History/39.%20Age_of_revolution_in_Europe_and_America.htm\n.", "text": "\"The Age of Revolution in Europe and America The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were times of political turmoil and upheaval in the Atlantic world. Drawing on ideals of Enlightenment thinkers, revolutionaries attempted to institute new governments which would meet the needs of the people they governed. They argued for popular sovereignty, the idea that ultimate authority lies with the people, not the ruler. Revolutions broke out in France and America; however the French Revolution failed to establish a stable alternative to the monarchy. Revolutionary Ideas: The thinkers of the European Enlightenment had challenged the idea of Divine Right or rulers, and sought to make rulers responsible to the people they governed. They considered government to be a contract between the ruled and the ruler. John Locke had formulated the most influential theory of contractual government in his Second Treatise on Civil Government in which he argued that people granted political power to their rulers to preserve their rights to life, liberty and property. The power of the ruler came expressly from the consent of the governed, they who had created the government. If the ruler failed to protect these rights, the people could depose him. Voltaire had argued against religious persecution and the power of royal officials to censor works that did not meet the approval of religious or political authorities." }, { "docid": "D411170#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States\nDomestic terrorism in the United States", "text": "\"Domestic terrorism in the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Terrorism Definitions History Incidents By ideology [show]Structure [show]Methods Tactics [show]Terrorist groups [show]Adherents [show]Response to terrorism [show]v t e Domestic terrorism in the United States consists of incidents confirmed as terrorist acts. These attacks are considered domestic because they were carried out by U. S. citizens or U. S. permanent residents. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Definitions of domestic terrorism2 Anti-abortion violence3 Eco-terrorism4 Terrorist organizations4.1 Alpha 66 and Omega 74.2 Animal Liberation Front4.3 Army of God4.4 Aryan Nations4.5 Black Liberation Army4.6 The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord4.7 Earth Liberation Front4.8 Jewish Defense League4.9 Ku Klux Klan4.10 May 19 Communist Organization4.11 The Order4.12 Phineas Priesthood4.13 Symbionese Liberation Army4.14 United Freedom Front4.15 Weathermen5 Notable domestic terrorist attacks5.1 The Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)5.2 Los Angeles Times bombing (1910)5.3 Milwaukee Police Department bombing (1917)5.4 Wall Street bombing (1920)5.5 Burning of Black Wall Street (1921)5.6 Unabomber attacks (1978-1995)5.7 Attacks by the Jewish Defense League (1980-1985)5.8 Oklahoma City bombing (1995)5.9 Centennial Olympic Park bombing (1996)5.10 Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting (2012)5.11 Boston Marathon bombing (2013)5.12 Charleston Church Shooting (2015)5.13 San Bernardino shooting (2015)5.14 Orlando nightclub shooting (2016)6 See also7 References8 Further reading Definitions of domestic terrorism [ edit]The statutory definition of domestic terrorism in the United States has changed many times over the years; also, it can be argued that acts of domestic terrorism have been occurring since long before any legal definition was set forth. Under current United States law, set forth in the USA PATRIOT Act, acts of domestic terrorism are those which: \"\" (A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State; (B) appear to be intended – (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.\"\" [ 2] [3] [4]Anti-abortion violence [ edit]Main article: Anti-abortion violence Anti-abortion violence, considered a form of terrorism, is often committed in the United States against individuals and organizations that provide abortions or abortion counseling. Incidents have included crimes against people, such as murder, assault, kidnapping, and stalking; crimes affecting both people and property, such as arson or bombing; and property crimes such as vandalism. Perpetrators may defend their actions as necessary to protect fetuses, and are often motivated by their Christian beliefs, leading to anti-abortion violence's identification as Christian terrorism; it is also associated with Antifeminism. [ citation needed]Notable incidents of anti-abortion violence include the murders of a number of doctors and clinic staff in the 1990s. In 1993, Michael F. Griffin shot Dr. David Gunn to death during a protest. In 1994, Paul Jennings Hill shot Dr. John Britton and clinic escort James Barrett to death, also wounding Barrett's wife June; John Salvi shot and killed two receptionists, Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols." } ]
8959	__________ disorders are more common among women than they are among men.	[ { "docid": "D1639465#0", "title": "http://www.dualdiagnosis.org/mental-health-and-addiction/common-issues-women/\nCommon Mental Health Issues Among Women", "text": "Common Mental Health Issues Among Women Home Mental Health Disorders Common Health Issues Among Women Table of Contents: Does Gender Play a Part in Mental Illness? Other Factors Affecting Mental Illness in Women Mental Illnesses in Women Getting Treatment for a Mental Health Disorder Share Tweet Mental health disorders can affect anyone of any gender, race or age. There are over 50 million Americans who suffer from mental illness, and if you’re one of them, you’re not alone. Of both genders, women are often most likely to suffer from certain mental illnesses. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) estimates that approximately 23.8 percent of American women have experienced a diagnosable mental health disorder in the last year, compared to the estimated 15.6 percent of men who have mental illness. Does Gender Play a Part in Mental Illness? Studies have shown that biological factors do play an important role in mental illness. It’s in fact a critical element in one’s mental health and possible development of mental health disorders. Women have lower serotonin levels than men and also process the chemical at slower rates, which can contribute to fluctuations in mood. Females are generally more predisposed to hormonal fluctuations as well." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1290875#0", "title": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm\nMental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States", "text": "\"MMWRShare Compartir Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: [email protected]. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States Supplements September 2, 2011 / 60 (03);1-32William C. Reeves, MD 1Tara W. Strine, Ph D 1Laura A. Pratt, Ph D 2William Thompson, Ph D 3Indu Ahluwalia, Ph D 3Satvinder S. Dhingra, MPH 4Lela R. Mc Knight-Eily, Ph D 3Leslie Harrison, MPH 3Denise V. D'Angelo, MPH 3Letitia Williams, MPH 3Brian Morrow, MA 3Deborah Gould, Ph D 1Marc A. Safran, MD 51 Public Health Surveillance Program Office2 National Center for Health Statistics3 National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion4 Northrop Grumman5 National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Corresponding author: William C. Reeves, MD, Public Health Surveillance Program Office, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd., N. E., MS E-97, Atlanta, GA 30333. Telephone: 404-498-6521; Fax: 404-498-1177; E-mail: [email protected]. Summary Mental illnesses account for a larger proportion of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. In 2004, an estimated 25% of adults in the United States reported having a mental illness in the previous year. The economic cost of mental illness in the United States is substantial, approximately $300 billion in 2002. Population surveys and surveys of health-care use measure the occurrence of mental illness, associated risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol and drug abuse) and chronic conditions, and use of mental health--related care and clinical services." }, { "docid": "D2573328#0", "title": "https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/major-depression/depression-statistics/\nStats and Facts About Depression in America", "text": "\"According to depression statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 9 percent of adult Americans have feelings of hopelessness, despondency, and/or guilt that generate a diagnosis of depression. At any given time, about 3 percent of adults have major depression, also known as major depressive disorder, a long-lasting and severe form of depression. In fact, major depression is the leading cause of disability for Americans between the ages of 15 and 44, according to the CDC. Understanding these very real depression statistics helps paint a fuller picture of the impact of depression in America. Prevalence of Depression in Men vs. Women According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the largest scientific organization dedicated to mental health issues, women are 70 percent more likely than men to experience depression during the course of their lifetimes. Research has shown that this is in part due to hormones. Depression risk goes up for women after pregnancy, during menstruation, and during menopause. Another reason for higher recorded numbers among women? They are more likely to seek help and be diagnosed. \"\" Men are more likely to try to self-medicate with drugs or alcohol, whereas women are more likely to seek help from friends and family or psychiatrists,\"\" explains Carole Lieberman, MD, a psychiatrist, author, and member of the clinical faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior." }, { "docid": "D1805991#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology\nHomosexuality and psychology", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search { {multiple issues\|The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page. ( May 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Sexual orientation Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Non-binary categories Androphilia and gynephilia Gray asexuality Non-heterosexual Pansexuality Polysexuality Queer Research Biological Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Demographics Environment Hetero/homosexual continuum Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscientific Queer studies Romantic orientation Sexology Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Non-human animals Animal sexual behaviour Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals Homosexual behavior in animals ( list)Categoryv t e Psychology was one of the first disciplines to study homosexuality as a discrete phenomenon [ citation needed]. Prior to and throughout most of the 20th century, common standard psychology viewed homosexuality in terms of pathological models as a mental illness [ citation needed]. That classification began to be tested in research, which hasn't produced strong empirical evidence regarding homosexuality as a disorder. A large number of professionals in medicine, mental health, and the behavioral and social sciences, \"\"sit on the fence\"\" regarding the classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder [ citation needed]. In more recent years many have claimed the conclusion as accurate, and that the DSM classification reflected tested assumptions that were based on once-prevalent social norms and clinical impressions from \"\"official\"\" samples which consisted of patients seeking therapy and individuals whose conduct brought them into the criminal justice system. [ 1]Since the 1970s, the consensus of the behavioral and social sciences and the health and mental health professions globally is that homosexuality is a variation of human sexual orientation, although some professionals maintain that it is a disorder. [ 2] In 1974, the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder. [ citation needed] The American Psychological Association Council of Representatives followed in 1975. [ citation needed] Thereafter other major mental health organizations followed, including the World Health Organization in 1990. Contents [ hide ]1 Historical background1.1 Freud and psychoanalysis1.2 Havelock Ellis1.3 Alfred Kinsey1.4 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual2 Major areas of psychological research2.1 Causes of homosexuality2.2 Discrimination2.3 Mental health issues2.3.1 Suicide2.4 Sexual orientation identity development2.5 Fluidity of sexual orientation2.6 Parenting3 Psychotherapy3.1 Relationship counseling3.2 Gay affirmative psychotherapy3.3 Sexual orientation identity exploration4 Developments in individual psychology5 See also6 References7 External links7.1 Join statements by professional bodies in the United Kingdom Historical background [ edit]The view of homosexuality as a psychological disorder has been seen in literature since research on homosexuality first began; however, psychology as a discipline has evolved over the years in its position on homosexuality. Current attitudes have their roots in religious, legal, and cultural underpinnings." }, { "docid": "D2935141#0", "title": "http://ocd.stanford.edu/about/\nAbout OCD", "text": "About OCDObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was described as early as the seventeenth century, when the Oxford Don, Robert Burton, reported a case in his compendium, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621). Modern concepts of OCD began to evolve in France and Germany in the nineteenth century. In the late twentieth century we have begun to understand the biology of this mental disorder, as neurochemical assay and brain imaging techniques have become available. Age at Onset OCD usually begins before age 25 years and often in childhood or adolescence. In individuals seeking treatment, the mean age of onset appears to be somewhat earlier in men than women. According to Swedo et al. 's report in 1989, in a series of 70 children and adolescents seen at the National Institute of Mental Health, the mean age of onset was 9.6 years for boys and 11.0 for girls. In a series of 263 adult and child patients, Lensi et al. in 1996 reported that the mean age at onset was 21 years for men and 24 years for women. Still, in another series reported by Rasmussen and Eisen in 1992, the means were 21 years for men and 22 years for women -- in this series, major symptoms began before age 15 years in about one-third, before age 25 in about two-thirds, and after age 35 in less than 15%." }, { "docid": "D2085108#0", "title": "https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm466024.htm\nDrug Trials Snapshots: VRAYLAR for the treatment of bipolar disorder with a manic/mixed episode", "text": "Drug Trials Snapshots: VRAYLAR for the treatment of bipolar disorder with a manic/mixed episode Share Tweet Linkedin Pin it Email Print HOW TO USE THIS SNAPSHOT The information provided in Snapshots highlights who participated in the clinical trials that supported the FDA approval of this drug, and whether there were differences among sex, race, and age groups. The “MORE INFO” bar shows more detailed, technical content for each section. The Snapshot is intended as one tool for consumers to use when discussing the risks and benefits of the drugs. LIMITATIONS OF THIS SNAPSHOT: Do not rely on Snapshots to make decisions regarding medical care. Always speak to your health provider about the risks and benefits of a drug. Refer to the VRAYLAR Prescribing Information for complete information. VRAYLAR (cariprazine) pronunciation (vrāy-lar) Approval date: September 17, 2015DRUG TRIALS SNAPSHOT SUMMARY: What is the drug for? VRAYLAR is used for bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness. It is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. How is this drug used?" }, { "docid": "D584349#0", "title": "http://www.anxietycentre.com/anxiety-statistics-information.shtml\nAnxiety Effects On Society Statistics", "text": "Anxiety Effects On Society Statistics Anxiety Disorder Statistics Anxiety Disorders affect 18.1 percent of adults in the United States (approximately 40 million adults between the ages of 18 to 54). - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Current estimates put this number much higher - approximately 30 percent - as many people don't seek help, are misdiagnosed, or don't know they have issues with anxiety. According to The Economic Burden of Anxiety Disorders, a study commissioned by the ADAA and based on data gathered by the association and published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, anxiety disorders cost the U. S. more than $42 billion a year, almost one third of the $148 billion total mental health bill for the U. S. More than $22.84 billion of those costs are associated with the repeated use of healthcare services, as those with anxiety disorders seek relief for symptoms that mimic physical illnesses. People with an anxiety disorder are three-to-five times more likely to go to the doctor and six times more likely to be hospitalized for psychiatric disorders than non-sufferers. Anxiety has become the number one mental health issue in North America. It's estimated that one third of the North American adult population experiences anxiety unwellness issues. A recent survey showed 41 percent of employees from a range of industries reported high levels of anxiety in the workplace. A recent study by University of Toronto Scarborough and Rotman School of Management professors Julie Mc Carthy and John Trougakos, along with Bonnie Cheng from Hong Kong Polytechnic University, found that high levels of emotional exhaustion that come from workplace anxiety can directly lead to lower job performance. Another report found that more than half of college students sought help for their anxiety issues." }, { "docid": "D1796933#0", "title": "http://www.research.va.gov/topics/cardio.cfm\nOffice of Research & Development", "text": "\"VA research on Cardiovascular Disease Introduction Selected Major Accomplishments in VA Research New, Ongoing, and Published Research The SPRINT trial The COURAGE trial Quality of VA heart care Cardiovascular disease and PTSDCHD and male and female Veterans Cardiovascular disease and diabetes More on Our Website Selected Scientific Articles by Our Researchers Introduction Cardiovascular disease refers to conditions that affect the heart or blood vessels. It describes conditions ranging from peripheral artery disease and high blood pressure to heart attacks and strokes. It is the number-one killer of Americans, and the leading cause of hospitalization in the VA health care system. It is also a major cause of disability. Another reason why cardiovascular disease is particularly important to Veterans is that it is associated with a number of other diseases that often affect them. These include diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Although there are many different forms of cardiovascular disease, one of the most common forms is a narrowing or a blocking of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. This is called coronary artery disease (CAD), and is the main reason people have heart attacks. A VA study conducted in the 1960s generated the first definitive evidence that treating moderate high blood pressure helps prevent and delay the complications hypertension can bring. These complications can include heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and CAD." }, { "docid": "D1729209#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity\nPromiscuity", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Promiscuous\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Promiscuous (disambiguation). Promiscuity is the practice of having casual sex frequently with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners. [ 1] The term can carry a moral judgment if the social ideal for sexual activity is monogamous relationships. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous by many cultures is the one-night stand, and its frequency is used by researchers as a marker for promiscuity. [ 2]What sexual behavior is considered promiscuous varies between cultures, as does the prevalence of promiscuity. Different standards are often applied to different genders and civil statuses. Feminists have traditionally argued a significant double standard exists between how men and women are judged for promiscuity. Historically, stereotypes of the promiscuous woman have tended to be negative, such as \"\"the slut \"\" or \"\"the harlot\"\", while male stereotypes have been more varied, some expressing approval, such as \"\"the stud\"\" or \"\"the player\"\", while others imply societal deviance, such as \"\"the womanizer\"\" or \"\"the philanderer\"\". A scientific study published in 2005 found that promiscuous men and women are judged equally harshly. [" }, { "docid": "D1099455#0", "title": "https://www.disabled-world.com/health/autoimmunediseases/lupus/\nLupus: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment", "text": "\"A - A +Lupus: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment Synopsis: Last Revised/Updated: 2015-03-08 - Information cause and treatments for Lupus an autoimmune disease affecting parts of the human body including the skin. Jump to: Definition Facts Statistics Publications Awareness Lupus Systemic lupus erythematosus, often abbreviated as SLE or lupus, is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when your body's immune system attacks your own tissues and organs. There are many kinds of lupus. The most common type is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which affects many internal organs in the body. SLE most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Childhood systemic lupus erythematosus generally presents between the ages of 3 and 15, with girls outnumbering boys 4:1, and typical skin manifestations being butterfly eruption on the face and photosensitivity. Main Document An Introduction to Lupus Lupus is an autoimmune disease. Lupus can affect different parts of the body; to include the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, skin, and joints such as elbows, knees, or hips. In a person unaffected by Lupus, the immune system produces proteins called, 'antibodies,' in order to protect the body from bacteria, antigens, and viruses. For a person who has Lupus the immune system cannot differentiate between antigens and the tissues and cells in the body." }, { "docid": "D1670255#0", "title": "http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsyanxietydisorders.html\n.", "text": "\"Anxiety Disorders Dr. C. George Boeree [Note: The quotes in italics below are from Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, U. S. Public Health Services (1999), available at http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/home.html]The anxiety disorders are the most common, or frequently occurring, mental disorders. They encompass a group of conditions that share extreme or pathological anxiety as the principal disturbance of mood or emotional tone. Anxiety, which may be understood as the pathological counterpart of normal fear, is manifest by disturbances of mood, as well as of thinking, behavior, and physiological activity. Anxiety is at the root of many, if not all, of our psychological disorders. It is, physically, a kind of fear response, involving the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, in response to a dangerous situation. More specifically, anxiety is the anticipation of danger, learned through repeated stress or trauma. Some people are innately more sensitive to stress, and so are more likely to experience anxiety and develop anxiety disorders. But everyone becomes sensitized to stress and trauma with repeated experiences: Each experience \"\"tunes\"\" the nervous system to respond more quickly and more profoundly to perceived danger. We often talk about anxiety as some sort of genetic issue, and also as something based on traumas in childhood. But long term stress is probably more often the root of anxiety disorders." }, { "docid": "D1582909#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk\nAssessment of suicide risk", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Suicide Social aspects [show]Suicide crisis [show]Suicide types [show]Suicide methods [show]Epidemiology [show]History [show]In warfare [show]Related phenomena [show]By country [show]Organizations [show]v t e Suicide risk assessment is a process of estimating probability for a person to commit suicide. The assessment process is ethically complex: the concept of \"\"imminent suicide\"\" (implying the foreseeability of an inherently unpredictable act) is a legal construct in a clinical guise, which can be used to justify the rationing of emergency psychiatric resources or intrusion into patients' civil liberties. [ 1] Accurate and defensible risk assessment requires a clinician to integrate a clinical judgment with the latest evidence-based practice, [2] although accurate prediction of low base rate events, such as suicide, is inherently difficult and prone to false positives. [ 3] Risk for suicide is re-evaluated throughout the course of care to assess the patient's response to personal situational changes and clinical interventions. [ 4] Some experts recommend abandoning suicide risk assessment as it is so inaccurate. [ 5] In addition suicide risk assessment is often conflated with assessment of self-harm which has little overlap with completed suicide. Instead, it is suggested that the emotional state which has caused the suicidal thoughts, feelings or behaviour should be the focus of assessment with a view to helping the patient rather than reducing the anxiety of clinician who overestimates the risk of suicide and are fearful of litigation. In 2017, an example of how to do this in practice was published in the Scientific American [6]Contents [ hide ]1 In practice1.1 SSI/MSSI1.2 SIS1.3 SABCS1.4 Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire1.5 Life Orientation Inventory1.6 Reasons For Living Inventory1.7 Nurses Global Assessment of Suicide Risk2 Demographic factors2.1 Age2.2 Sex2.3 Ethnicity and culture2.4 Marital status2.5 Sexual orientation3 Biographical and historical factors4 Mental state5 Suicidal ideation5.1 Planning5.2 Motivation to die5.3 Other motivations for suicide5.4 Reasons to live6 Past suicidal acts7 Suicide risk and mental illness8 Theoretical Models9 See also10 Notes11 References12 Further reading13 External links In practice [ edit]There are risks and disadvantages to both over-estimation and under-estimation of suicide risk. Over-sensitivity to risk can have undesirable consequences, including inappropriate deprivation of patients' rights and squandering of scarce clinical resources. On the other hand, underestimating suicidality as a result of a dismissive attitude or lack of clinical skill jeopardizes patient safety and risks clinician liability. [" }, { "docid": "D2179627#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fantasy\nSexual fantasy", "text": "\"This article is about psychological fantasies. For written fantasy, see Erotic literature. One of the illustrations to De Figuris Veneris by Édouard-Henri Avril. It portrays a male masturbating while sexually fantasizing A sexual fantasy, also called an erotic fantasy, is a mental image or pattern of thought that stirs a person's sexuality and can create or enhance sexual arousal. [ 1] A sexual fantasy can be created by the person's imagination or memory, and may be triggered autonomously or by external stimulation such as erotic literature or pornography, a physical object, or sexual attraction to another person. Anything that may give rise to a sexual arousal may also produce a sexual fantasy, and sexual arousal may in turn give rise to fantasies. Sexual fantasies are nearly universal, [2] being reported in many societies across the globe. However, because of the nature of some fantasies, the actual putting of such fantasies into action is far less common, due to cultural, social, moral, and religious constraints. [ 3] In some cases, even a discussion by a person of sexual fantasies is subject to social taboos and inhibitions. Some people find it convenient to act out fantasies through sexual roleplay." }, { "docid": "D2305567#0", "title": "https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml\nMental Illness", "text": "Mental Illness Mental illnesses are common in the United States. One in six U. S. adults lives with a mental illness (44.7 million in 2016). Mental illnesses include many different conditions that vary in degree of severity, ranging from mild to moderate to severe. Two broad categories can be used to describe these conditions: Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI). AMI encompasses all recognized mental illnesses. SMI is a smaller and more severe subset of AMI. Additional information on mental illnesses can be found on the NIMH Health Topics Pages. Definitions The data presented here are from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). For inclusion in NSDUH prevalence estimates, mental illnesses include those that are diagnosable currently or within the past year; of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV); and, exclude developmental and substance use disorders. Any Mental Illness Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder." }, { "docid": "D3555280#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11318386/chapter-6-health-and-wellness-flash-cards/\nCHAPTER 6 HEALTH AND WELLNESS", "text": "106 terms Magicmom CHAPTER 6 HEALTH AND WELLNESSLearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort According to the CDC and NCHS, the United States has lowere its infant mortality rate to 0.7% 7 newborns or infants of 1,000 die The infant mortality rate is hagher than in the white population. Who are they. Native American, Hispanic and African American populations Who's population is twice as high for infant mortality African Americans What contributes to one half of all infant deaths Low birth weight, congenital anomalites, SIDS, and respiratory distress syndrome What are the two major factors that influence mortality rates Education and financial resources of the mother. The number one cause of death in young chilren in American is Accidental injury What is the leading cause of illness in children and can be life threatening. Asthma Statistics show that a child is five times more likely to be injured or killed by a Firearm What is the second leading cause of death in ages 10-24 Death by fiream What is the third leading cause of death for ages 25-34 Firearmthe third leading cuse of death by firearm is ages 25-34 yearsthe second leading cause of death by firame is ages 20-24 years Obesity is present in at least one third of the young Immunizations are available against Mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus What are some of the newer vaccines that are also eliminating illness in children Vaccines against hepatitis A and B, chickenpox, and the flu. How many high school students smoke compared with 25% of the general population. one third Peer Pressure is strongest in what age group than any other High School What is the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for ages 10-24 Motor vechicle accidents How many young people a day die due to firearms At least 10 die a day Death and injury related to firearms cost the US about $20 Billion a year What is the second leading cause of death in adolescents and young adults. Homicide What is the leading cause of death among African American youth homicide The rate for Homicide is _________times higher for African American than for whites Six What is the greatest risk factor for death by homicide Low socioeconomic status Binge drinking is defined as having one or alcoholic drinks in one day at least once per month What is common in high school students and is very common in college students Weekend binge drinkingwhat is not metabolized in youn adults as efficiently as in older adults Alcohol What is often associated with alcohol consumption." }, { "docid": "D2621916#0", "title": "http://www.sirc.org/publik/binge_drinking.shtml\nBinge DrinkingReport of research conducted for the Wine Trade Action Group", "text": "\"Binge Drinking Report of research conducted for the Wine Trade Action Group Introduction The term 'binge-drinking' has, in recent years, come to replace earlier epithets such as 'lager louts' in discussions of alcohol-related antisocial behaviour. The use of such a new term is taken by many commentators to imply that the phenomenon to which it relates is also quite novel. But in the way that aggressive outbursts from motorists were common long before the descriptor 'road rage' was coined, the patterns of behaviour that fall within the loose boundaries of binge-drinking also have a long ancestry in Britain. One only has to read The Pub and the People, written by Tom Harrisson and his Mass Observation colleagues in the late 1930s, to be reminded of this. He refers us, for example, to the annual report of the Worktown (Bolton) Temperance Society annual report of 1854 which commented:\"\"That drunkenness is painfully prevalent in the Borough a thousand facts bear most painful testimony. Men and women staggering along the public streets, fights brawls of the most barbarous character\"\"The contemporary observations made by Harrisson and co in Bolton and Blackpool were, in many substantial ways, consistent with what we have seen in our research over the past 20 years and with the present-day patterns of activity in towns and cities all over the country. For example:\"\"At closing time back and front streets crowded, some people dancing, men and women doing foxtrots and a group of women trying to do a fling. Three observers independently estimate that at least 25 percent of the crowd are drunk. Along the promenade the air is full of beersmell that overcomes seasmell. It arises from people breathing." }, { "docid": "D1329773#0", "title": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/suicidal_thoughts/page3_em.htm\nSuicidal Thoughts", "text": "\"Suicide Facts Suicide Overview Suicide Causes Suicide Risk Factors Protective Factors Against Suicide Prevalence of Suicides and Suicide Attempts Methodsof Suicide Warning Signs Before a Suicide Attempt Evaluating Suicide Risk Treatments for Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviors Helping Someone With Suicidal Thoughts Preventing Suicides the Community How to Cope With the Loss of a Loved One to Suicide Suicide Myths For More Information on Suicide Suicide Facts Suicide is intentionally acting to end one's life. Suicide attempts may be planned out or impulsive. Murder-suicide involves a person killing someone else, then himself or herself. This is a very dramatic, but fortunately rare, event. Suicide by cop involves a person trying to provoke police officers to kill him or herself. Self-mutilation is deliberate self-harm without an intent to end one's life. Self-mutilation is associated with an increased risk of suicide. Most individuals who commit suicide have a mental illness such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia. Decreased serotonin activity in the brain is associated with suicide risk. People who feel hopeless, helpless, or isolated are more likely to consider or attempt suicide." }, { "docid": "D360792#0", "title": "http://copdgene.org/genetics\nGenetics and racial, ethnic, and gender characteristics of COPD", "text": "Genetics Genetics and racial, ethnic, and gender characteristics of COPDChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be influenced by race, ethnicity, gender, and genetic factors. Limited data exist that compare COPD in different racial/ethnic groups; however, the available data suggest that differences in COPD may exist. Potential differences in COPD between racial/ ethnic groups include genetic and biological differences; disparities in diagnosis and treatment; increasing exposure to cigarette in nonwhite populations world wide; and a lack of enrollment of minorities in epidemiological and clinical trials. Gender appears to also influence COPD. Historically, men have had higher prevalence rates of COPD than women, but recent data suggests that women may actually be more susceptible to COPD. COPD in omen may have different characteristics than in men, and it may be more severe. Importantly, in the United States, more women now die of COPD than men. The marked variability in lung function and risk for COPD in people with similar cigarette smoking histories, together with studies of familial aggregation, support an important role for genetic risk factors in COPD. A small but important fraction of COPD cases harbor a major genetic determinant, α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). This condition is most common in populations of Northern European ancestry, although affected individuals in other populations can be found." }, { "docid": "D890309#0", "title": "http://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/major-depression/depression-statistics/\nStats and Facts About Depression in America", "text": "\"According to depression statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 9 percent of adult Americans have feelings of hopelessness, despondency, and/or guilt that generate a diagnosis of depression. At any given time, about 3 percent of adults have major depression, also known as major depressive disorder, a long-lasting and severe form of depression. In fact, major depression is the leading cause of disability for Americans between the ages of 15 and 44, according to the CDC. Understanding these very real depression statistics helps paint a fuller picture of the impact of depression in America. Prevalence of Depression in Men vs. Women According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the largest scientific organization dedicated to mental health issues, women are 70 percent more likely than men to experience depression during the course of their lifetimes. Research has shown that this is in part due to hormones. Depression risk goes up for women after pregnancy, during menstruation, and during menopause. Another reason for higher recorded numbers among women? They are more likely to seek help and be diagnosed. \"\" Men are more likely to try to self-medicate with drugs or alcohol, whereas women are more likely to seek help from friends and family or psychiatrists,\"\" explains Carole Lieberman, MD, a psychiatrist, author, and member of the clinical faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior." }, { "docid": "D77700#0", "title": "http://mchb.hrsa.gov/whusa09/hstat/hi/pages/217emd.html\nEndocrine and Metabolic Disorders", "text": "Printer-Friendly Home » Health Status » Health Indicators Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Endocrine disorders involve the body’s over- or under-production of certain hormones, while metabolic disorders affect the body’s ability to process certain nutrients and vitamins. Endocrine disorders include hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, diseases of the parathyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the adrenal glands (including Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease), and ovarian dysfunction (including polycystic ovary syndrome), among others. Some examples of metabolic disorders include cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), hyperlipidemia, gout, and rickets. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age, and is the most common cause of endocrine-related female infertility in the United States. An estimated 1 in 10 women of childbearing age has PCOS, and it can occur in females as young as 11 years of age. In addition, PCOS may put women at risk for other health conditions, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes. 1Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are also common endocrine disorders. In 2005–2006, women were nearly five times more likely than men to report having ever been told by a health professional that they have a thyroid problem (16.4 versus 3.4 percent, respectively; data not shown). Among women, rates varied by race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic White women were most likely to report a thyroid problem (18.5 percent), while Hispanic women were least likely (9.2 percent)." }, { "docid": "D2701731#0", "title": "http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=54191\nAtenolol: The Medication for High Blood Pressure", "text": "\"Atenolol: The Medication for High Blood Pressure Length: 1279 words (3.7 double-spaced pages)Rating: Excellent Open Document- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Text Preview More ↓Continue reading... Open Document Atenolol is a nationally known, commonly used medication that has helped to change the lives of many people in America. Atenolol, also known as Tenormin, is placed in a group of remedies known as beta-blocker. As a Beta-blocker, Atenolol is used to treat a range of bodily disorders in connection with anxiety and tension, such as high blood pressure, angina, irregular heart rhythms, migraines, prevention of a second heart attack, tremors, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety, and glaucoma. The three main malfunctions atenelol is used for are alcohol withdrawal, anxiety disorders, and cardiac disorders. Dealing with alcohol withdrawal, Atenolol can be used as an addition to tradition alcohol withdrawal treatment to help make the results more effective. In relation to anxiety disorders, atenolol is usually used in small stress reactions, minor panic disorders, and generalized anxiety syndrome. Results are most easily obtainable in patients who have bodily anxiety, as opposed to the mind, and helps reduce trembling and rapid heart beat. Atenolol also had a large affect on cardiac illnesses. In the most common, angina pectoris, atenolol is used to decrease the amount of repeated attacks and to prevent any immediate death. Atenolol is best effective on middle-aged or teenagers, and to those with high blood pressure and heart rate as a result of exercise." } ]
8960	__________ helps organisms transport nutrients.	[ { "docid": "D1682634#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=BMI8I541&Link=i\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: __________ helps organisms transport nutrients. a. soil b. sap c. water d. wind Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C DA: Water helps organisms transport nutrients. Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)__________ helps organisms transport nutrients. a. soil b. sap c. water d. wind Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1317949#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/the-plant-body/\nThe Plant Body", "text": "Plant Tissues and Organ Systems Plants are made up of meristematic and permanent tissues and are supported by shoot and root organ systems. Learning Objectives Differentiate among the types of plant tissues and organs Key Takeaways Key Points There are two types of plant tissues: meristematic tissue found in plant regions of continuous cell division and growth, and permanent (or non-meristematic) tissue consisting of cells that are no longer actively dividing. Meristems produce cells that differentiate into three secondary tissue types: dermal tissue which covers and protects the plant, vascular tissue which transports water, minerals, and sugars and ground tissue which serves as a site for photosynthesis, supports vascular tissue, and stores nutrients. Vascular tissue is made of xylem tissue which transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant and phloem tissue which transports organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant. The xylem and phloem always lie next to each other forming a structure called a vascular bundle in stems and a vascular stele or vascular cylinder in roots. Parts of the shoot system include the vegetative parts, such as the leaves and the stems, and the reproductive parts, such as the flowers and fruits. Key Termsmeristem: the plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growthparenchyma: the ground tissue making up most of the non-woody parts of a plantxylem: a vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of woodphloem: a vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoottracheid: elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts Plant Tissues Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with tissue systems made of various cell types that carry out specific functions. Plant tissue systems fall into one of two general types: meristematic tissue and permanent (or non-meristematic) tissue. Cells of the meristematic tissue are found in meristems, which are plant regions of continuous cell division and growth. Meristematic tissue cells are either undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated; they continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant." }, { "docid": "D35771#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nutrition\nPlant nutrition", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth, plant metabolism and their external supply. In 1972, Emanuel Epstein defined two criteria for an element to be essential for plant growth:in its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle.or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite. This is in accordance with Justus von Liebig's law of the minimum. [ 1] The essential plant nutrients include carbon, oxygen and hydrogen which are absorbed from the air, whereas other nutrients including nitrogen are typically obtained from the soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). There are seventeen most important nutrients for plants. Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from their growing medium:- [2]the macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H)the micronutrients (or trace minerals): iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni)These elements stay beneath soil as salt. So plants consume these elements as ion. The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon contribute to over 95% of a plants' entire biomass on a dry matter weight basis. Micronutrients are present in plant tissue in quantities measured in parts per million, ranging from 0.1 [3] to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weight. [ 4]Most soil conditions across the world can provide plants adapted to that climate and soil with sufficient nutrition for a complete life cycle, without the addition of nutrients as fertilizer." }, { "docid": "D2293626#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-circulatory-system-40/overview-of-the-circulatory-system-224/types-of-circulatory-systems-in-animals-845-12090/\nOverview of the Circulatory System", "text": "The Role of the Circulatory System The circulatory systems is a network of blood vessels supplying the body with oxygen and nutrients, while removing carbon dioxide and waste. Learning Objectives Describe the basic properties of the circulatory systems Key Takeaways Key Points The heart is central to the circulatory system as it is the fist-sized pump that circulates the blood throughout the body. As animals became more complex and multicellular, the circulatory system evolved because simple diffusion was insufficient to supply all of the cells with nutrients. The coordination of the circulatory system and the respiratory system to ensure proper gas exchange is very important in animals that have lungs and gills. Key Termsrespiration: the process by which cells obtain chemical energy by the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide; the process of inhaling and exhaling; breathingcardiac: pertaining to the heart Most animals are complex, multicellular organisms that require a mechanism for transporting nutrients throughout their bodies and for removing waste products. The circulatory system has evolved over time from simple diffusion through cells, in the early evolution of animals, to a complex network of blood vessels that reach all parts of the human body. This extensive network supplies the cells, tissues, and organs with oxygen and nutrients, while removing carbon dioxide and waste, the byproducts of respiration. The circulatory system can be thought of as a highway system that runs throughout the body. Circulatory system is analogous to a highway system: Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the animal body. At the core of the human circulatory system is the heart." }, { "docid": "D1449075#0", "title": "https://www.ukessays.com/essays/physical-education/interaction-between-the-respiratory-and-cardiovascular-systems-physical-education-essay.php\nInteraction Between The Respiratory And Cardiovascular Systems Physical Education Essay", "text": "Interaction Between The Respiratory And Cardiovascular Systems Physical Education Essay Print Reference this Published: 23rd March, 2015Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. Human homeostasis refers to the body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment and the weather. The liver, the kidneys, and the brain (hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system [1]) help maintain homeostasis. The liver is responsible for metabolizing toxic substances and maintaining carbohydrate metabolism. The kidneys are responsible for regulating blood water levels, re-absorption of substances into the blood, maintenance of salt and ion levels in the blood, regulation of blood p H, and excretion of urea and other wastes. An inability to maintain homeostasis may lead to death or a disease, a condition known as homeostatic imbalance. For instance, heart failure may occur when negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over. [ 2] Other diseases which result from a homeostatic imbalance include diabetes, dehydration, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, gout and any disease caused by the presence of a toxin in the bloodstream." }, { "docid": "D3087077#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/90258704/teas-organ-systems-flash-cards/\nTEAS Organ Systems", "text": "73 terms Dian_Ly TEAS Organ Systems Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Circulatory system consists of... the heart, blood vessels, and blood Circulatory system functions Supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body. Oxygen, hormones, and nutrients from food are some of these substances. How do the endocrine system and the circulatory system work together Hormones released from the endocrine system influence blood pressure How do the urinary system and the circulatory system work together The urinary system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume How do the nervous system and the circulatory system work together The nervous system controls the blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body How does estrogen affect the circulatory system Estrogen helps preserve vascular health How does the integumentary system and the circulatory system work together The integumentary system allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels How does blood affect bone marrow Blood cells are formed in the marrow of the bones in the skeletal system What does the digestive system consist of organs from the mouth to the anus (esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus Functions of the digestive system Manufactures enzymes that break down food so that the nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use throughout the body. Any food that is not digested expelled through the anus Where does absorption take place Occurs in the small intestine, which consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum What is the colon's job Removes water from the waste that remains after absorption What are two other organs that are included in the digestive system liver and pancreas What is the liver's function Produces bile that helps break down fats What is the pancreas's function The pancreas delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion Endocrine system function Serves to control body functions What do glands in the endocrine system do Secrete hormones that travel through the body to organs throughout the body What are the glands that regulate processes such as growth and metabolism Pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal How does increased skeletal muscle activity affect the GI tract it increases the motility of the gastrointestinal tract How does the lymphatic system and endocrine system work together Lymphatic system provides a means of transportation for some hormones How does endocrine system work with the muscular system The muscular system provides protection for some endocrine glands How does the nervous system work with the endocrine system The nervous system controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland Integumentary system consists of... the skin, mucous, membranes, hair, and nails Integumentary system functions Protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature. Also serves as a barrier to pathogens (microorganisms capable of producing disease). How does the respiratory and digestive systems affect the skin They provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy How do the cardiovascular system and the integumentary system work together Oxygen and nutrients for the skin travel through blood vessels in the cardiovascular system How does the lymphatic system and the integumentary system work together The lymphatic system picks up excess fluid from the skin to avoid swelling How do the skeletal system and integumentary system work together The skeletal system provides shape and support How do endocrine system and the integumentary system work together Hormones from the endocrine system regulate hair growth and hydration How do the reproductive and integumentary system work together The skin serves to protect internal organs, including those in the reproductive system How does the muscular system and the integumentary system work together The muscular system generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat The urinary system activates what vitamin Vitamin DIntegumentary system relationship with nervous system The nervous system regulates the production of sweat, interprets stimuli, and adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin Lymphatic system consists of... lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph (a clear fluid rich in antibodies), the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils, which are made of lymphoid tissue Lymphatic system functions Supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes and it returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels Lymphatic and urinary system relationship Helps with proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood Lymphatic and nervous system relationship The brain helps control the immune response Lymphatic and reproductive system relationship Acidic secretions in both the reproductive and integumentary systems prevent bacterial growth Muscular system consists of Skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints How do the endocrine system and the muscular system work together The endocrine system releases hormones that influence muscle strength How do the nervous system and the muscular system work together The nervous system regulates and coordinates muscle activity How do the reproductive system and the muscular system work together The reproductive system encourages larger muscle size in men How do bones affect the muscular system The bones provide levers for muscular activity Nervous system consists of... the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Nervous system function serves as the body's control system How does the nervous system work Sensory receptors detect stimuli that can occur both inside and outside the body. The conduction of nervous impulses along nerves is extremely fast, making it possible for immediate reflexive responses to protect the body from threats. Once a threat is detected, the nervous system activates the appropriate muscles or glands to respond. How do the endocrine system and the nervous system work together The endocrine system releases hormones to regulate the activity of neurons. How do the urinary system and the nervous system work together The urinary system helps dispose of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function Reproductive system consists of... testes,, penis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts Reproductive system function Produce offspring." }, { "docid": "D624879#0", "title": "http://digestive.templehealth.org/content/YourDigestiveSystem.htm\nYour Digestive System and How It Works", "text": "Your Digestive System and How It Works Digestive system overview Why is digestion important? How is food digested? Movement of food through the system Production of digestive juices Absorption and transport of nutrients How is the digestive process controlled? Schedule an appointment Digestive system overview The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract - a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus - and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food (see figure). Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine - also called the colon - rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a layer of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it along the tract. Two “solid” digestive organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gallbladder stores the liver’s digestive juices until they are needed in the intestine." }, { "docid": "D3193080#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_part_of_the_blood_transports_nutrients_hormones_enzymes_and_waste_materials_to_and_from_the_cells_of_the_body\nWhat part of the blood transports nutrients hormones enzymes and waste materials to and from the cells of the body?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Biology Human Anatomy and Physiology What part of the blood transports nutrients hormones enzymes and waste materials to and from the cells of the body? Flag What part of the blood transports nutrients hormones enzymes and waste materials to and from the cells of the body? Edit Answer by Bonnie Peregrine Confidence votes 6.4K\"\"Books, records, films--these things matter.\"\" --High Fidelity The plasma component of the blood, contained within the cardiovascular system, transports hormones and nutrients.3 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Dr. Ashok Deshmukh 14,919 Contributions Pediatrician who has taught in medical college and dental college for almost 8 years How does the blood transport nutrients to the different parts of the body? Your heart pumps the blood to all parts of the body through the arterial system. There are progressively smaller and smaller branches of the arteries to supply the oxygen and …Uniquestar.7 1,689 Contributions What part of blood that caries blood cells wastes and nutrients? Plasma. Edit Anatomy James What in the human body transports hormones and nutrient? The plasma component of the blood, contained within the cardiovascular system, transports hormones and nutrients." }, { "docid": "D16483#0", "title": "http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php/genpage.php?tname=faq&dbid=16\n.", "text": "\"Introduction Food is Complex and Contains Many Types of Molecules Proteins Provide Amino Acid Building Blocks For Growth and Repair How do I get the protein I need? How much protein do I need? Fats Insulate Your Body's Cells From the Outside World What happens when I eat a food containing fat? Carbohydrates Support Your Need for Energy and Provide Fiber for Intestinal Health What happens when I eat a bowl of cereal? What is starch? Vitamins and Minerals are Absorbed Selectively Digestion (Animation)Where does digestion occur? What happens in the mouth? What happens in the esophagus? What happens in the stomach? What happens in the small intestine?" }, { "docid": "D1475523#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Why_do_humans_need_transport_system\nWhy do humans need transport system?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Animal Life Mammals Land Mammals Primates Monkeys Why do humans need transport system? Flag Why do humans need transport system? Answer by Koju Confidence votes 141We need nutrients and oxygen to be supplied to our cells at a very fast rate as our cells need a lot of energy to keep us alive. Therefore we must have an efficient transport system to transport nutrients and oxygen to the billions of cells in our body. The transport system in man is known as the circulatory system.20 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Monique Rennie 1 Contribution What does the human circulatory system transport? Our circulatory system is probably considered the highway of our body. It is responsible for moving blood cells, nutrients, hormones, waste products and blood gasses around y …Why do sponges not need a fluid transport system? Because sponges have seawater to carry nutrients and waste. What materials are transported in the human circulatory system?nitrogen ." }, { "docid": "D1238416#0", "title": "http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/fruit-vegetable/using-manure-and-compost/\nUsing manure and compost as nutrient sources for fruit and vegetable crops", "text": "Extension > Garden > Commercial fruit and vegetable production > Using manure and compost as nutrient sources for fruit and vegetable crops Using manure and compost as nutrient sources for fruit and vegetable crops Carl J. Rosen and Peter M. Bierman Manure is a valuable fertilizer for any farming operation and has been used for centuries to supply needed nutrients for crop growth. The use of manure has generally declined on many farms over the past 50 years due to: 1) Farm specialization with increasing separation of crop and livestock production, 2) Cost of transporting manure, which is a bulky, relatively low analysis nutrient source, and 3) Increased availability of high analysis synthetic fertilizers that usually provide a cheaper source per unit of nutrient than manure. Despite these limitations, manure (and other organic nutrient sources) produced on or near a vegetable farm provide many benefits and should be beneficially utilized whenever possible. Manure and compost not only supply many nutrients for crop production, including micronutrients, but they are also valuable sources of organic matter. Increasing soil organic matter improves soil structure or tilth, increases the water-holding capacity of coarse-textured sandy soils, improves drainage in fine-textured clay soils, provides a source of slow release nutrients, reduces wind and water erosion, and promotes growth of earthworms and other beneficial soil organisms. Most vegetable crops return small amounts of crop residue to the soil, so manure, compost, and other organic amendments help maintain soil organic matter levels. Proper use of manure and compost is essential from both a production and environmental standpoint. Applying rates that are too low can lead to nutrient deficiency and low yields. On the other hand, too high a rate can lead to nitrate leaching, phosphorus runoff, accelerated eutrophication of lakes, and excessive vegetative growth of some crops. Thus, understanding how to manage manure is important for any farming operation with livestock that relies on manure as a major source of nutrients, as well as for vegetable producers who have access to an economical supply of manure, compost, or other organic nutrient sources." }, { "docid": "D337388#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/20024783/plants-flash-cards/\nPlants", "text": "\"68 terms baboomom Plants Plant kingdom, Plants without seeds, Characteristics of seed plants, Roots, stems, and leaves. Reproduction in seed plants. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What 5 things do the structure of plants enable them to do? 1. Obtain Water 2. Nutrients 3. Make Food 4. Grow 5." }, { "docid": "D63434#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/62396811/body-systems-flash-cards/\nBody Systems", "text": "145 terms cadouglas68Body Systems Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Organs in the Circulatory System Heart - pumps blood throughout the body Blood-fluid that brings nutrients and removes waste Blood Vessels - the containers for blood, the tubes Red Blood Cells carry oxygen to cells (your blood is red when you bleed because it contains oxygen)White Blood Cells Attacks foreign things in blood -fights infections like soldiers Plasma fluid part of the blood - the wet part Parts of the Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Platelets helps to clot blood - make scabs Arteries blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart Capillaries blood vessel that carries blood between the arteries and veins Veins Blood vessel that carries blood into the heart System that works with the Circulatory System The Respiratory System * The Digestive System How does the circulatory system and respiratory system work together? * The lungs give oxygen to the bloodstream and the blood carries it to the cells The blood takes carbon dioxide FROM cells and brings it back to the lungs to be released How does the circulatory system work with the digestive system? the circulatory system delivers nutrients from the digestion process to the cells where it is needed Blood pressure force applied by blood to the artery walls Steps to blood flow of O2 rich blood (There are 5) LUNGS pick up O2 to deliver to the cells Left atrium Left Ventricle pulmonary vein body Functions of the Respiratory System (3) 1. Gets oxygen from air and gives to bloodstream (inhaling) 2. Releases carbon dioxide waste from cells (exhaling) 3. Allows us to speak Structures of the Respiratory System Nose and Mouth, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Bronchiole, Alveoli, Diaphragm Nose and Mouth warms, filters and moistens the air Pharynx (throat) tube that leads from nose to mouth and branches off to larynx (air) and esophagus (food)Trachea (wind pipe or tree trunk) tube carries air from larynx to lungs Lungs sponge-like organs responsible for gas exchange Bronchiole tiny tubes branching off from each bronchi Alveoli sacs at the end of bronchioles where oxygen enters the blood stream and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood stream (like a store)Diaphragm dome shaped muscle under lungs that expands and contracts to allow air in and out of the lungs. Bronchi or Bronchial Tube (Large branches) tube leading from trachea to each lung Larynx Voice Box - contains the vocal chordsosmosis movement of WATER from areas of higher to lower concentrationactive transport Movement of materials from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration where it is needed. This requires energy to occur, unlike diffusion Atriums upper chambers, receive blood from the lungs or body Ventricles lower chambers, pump blood out of the heartpericardium a protective covering surrounding the heart, a fluid filled sac Coronary Circulation blood flow to and from the tissues of the heart itself Pulmonary Circulation blood flow from heart to the lungs and back again Systemic Circulation oxygen-rich blood flows to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs; oxygen -poor blood returns to the heart. Arteries are blood vessels that direct blood away from the heart. They have thick elastic walls that contain smooth muscle tissue." }, { "docid": "D1277553#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/19925979/5th-grade-science-living-systems-living-cells-flash-cards/\n5th Grade - Science - Living Systems - Living Cells", "text": "48 terms Forchen81 PLUS5th Grade - Science - Living Systems - Living Cells Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortcells the basic unit of life. All cells have a membrane on the outside and are filled with a liquid called cytoplasm.multicellular organism an organism composed of many cellswater a liquid earth materials made of hydrogen and oxygenwaste disposal the removal of unusable materialtransport to move or carryrespiratory system the system of lungs and connecting tubes that transport oxygen to the red blood cellslungs the organ in animal where gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, passes between the atmosphere and the bloodcapillary the smallest blood vessel. Gases, nutrients, and wastes that are exchanged between capillaries and cellscarbon dioxide a waste gas produced during cellular respiration. Plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis to make foodheart a muscular organ that pumps bloodcirculatory system the system of blood vessels and organs that transports blood to all the cells in the bodyarteries a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the bodyveins the blood vessel that carries blood from the body to the heartenergy what cells need to workdigestive system the system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The system includes the teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and colondigestion the process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by cellsmouth + teeth MOUTH: a body body opening where animals and people take food TEETH: hard structure in the mouth used for cutting, biting, and chewing foodstomach the organ where food is reduced to mush by acid and muscle activityesophagus the tube connecting the mouth and the stomachsmall intestine the part of the digestive system between the large intestine that absorbs nutrients from digested foodsugar the nutrient that cells use for energylarge intestine the part of the digestive system between the small intestine and the rectum where water is removed from the solid wastecolon the large intestine where solid waste is compacted in preparation for eliminationexcretory system the system, which includes the kidneys and bladder, that eliminates wastescirculatory system the system of blood vessels and organs that transports blood to all the cells in the bodykidneys an organ that filters and cleans the bloodbladder the organ that holds urine until it is eliminatedurine liquid waste produced by kidneys What support does the digestive system provide for cells? Mouth (teeth) > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > sugars > large intestine > colon Cells do a lot of work and that work needs energy. They way you can get the energy is through food you eat and your digestive system. What support does the respiratory system provide for cells?" }, { "docid": "D276440#0", "title": "http://biology.tutorvista.com/plant-kingdom/plant-tissue.html\nPlant Tissue", "text": "Biology Plant Kingdom Plant Anatomy Plant Tissue Plant Tissue A cellular organization between a single cell and a complete organism is controlled by the tissue. They are the collection of similar cells, with specific function. A collection of tissue gives rise to an organ. A tissue is a simple, which may be single celled type or a complex cell type. Definition of Plant Tissue Back to Top A plant tissue can be defined as a cell or a group of cells dividing, to give rise to large number of cell, which is collectively referred as tissues. They are structurally and functionally similar to these cells. Plant Tissue Systems Back to Top Plants do have a higher level of structure called plant tissue systems. A plant tissue system can be defined as a functional unit, which connects all organs of a plant. Like animal tissue system, plant tissue system is also grouped into various tissues based on their functions. Types of Plant Tissue Systems Back to Top There are three types of tissue systems." }, { "docid": "D2057016#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/22152925/teas-v-human-body-science-flash-cards/\nTEAS V- Human Body Science", "text": "158 terms rplauche1TEAS V- Human Body Science Notes from Human Body Science portion of TEAS V Study Guide by ATILearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Atoms smallest part of the element; still retains all the original properties of the element. Atom What combines to form a molecule? Molecule A chemical bonding of atoms that possesses it's own characteristics independent of the atoms itself. Molecule What combines to form cells? Cells basic units of life Cells What forms tissues? Tissues What forms organs? Organ System Organs work together to form an...11 How many organ systems are in the body? Organism Highest level of organization Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules, atoms Hierarchy of the human body Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous 4 types of tissue Epithelial Provides covering or produces secretions. Epithelial Exists in sheets and has no blood supply Epithelial Can regenerate easily if well nourished Epithelial Classified by number of cell layers and cells shape Simple Epithelium 1 layer of cells found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur. Stratified Epithelium More than 1 later ; serves as protection Squamos, Cuboidal, Columnar Shapes of Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Connects different structures of the body Connective Tissue Has it's own blood supply No Do ligaments have blood supply?" }, { "docid": "D1084644#0", "title": "https://ejdio.weebly.com/bacteria.html\nBACTERIA", "text": "\"BACTERIABACTERIA CAN BE EXTREMELY HELPFUL AND EXTREMELY HARMFULHELPFULSome bacteria feed on dead matter - breaking them down. This is extremely important, as if dead matter didn't get broken down, the nutrients locked up in them will never be able to be used again! Bacteria that break down dead bodies and sewage release carbon dioxide and nutrients - two things plants need to grow!Due to the way bacteria undergo respiration (will learn this later) - they are very helpful in making food that we eat. For example, cheese, and yoghurt. They have also been used in the chemical industry. Some bacteria live inside other living organisms, and together they have a mutually beneficial relationship. For example, bacteria that live inside the root of leguminous plants are able to break down nutrients containing nitrogen into a form that can be used by that plant. This way the bacteria get somewhere to live and food to eat, and the plant gets nitrogen which it needs to grow! We have bacteria living inside our stomachs which help us break particular foods down. The gas they make by doing all this work is what makes us fart!HARMFULBacteria lives everywhere, and if left on particular foods they will start to eat it too!" }, { "docid": "D1538477#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/13121384/organ-systems-quiz-flash-cards/\nOrgan Systems quiz", "text": "76 terms Mr_Dunn Organ Systems quiz Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Circulatory System transports materials to and from cells; transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes; fights infection; helps regulate body temperature Endocrine System controls growth and development and energy processes; controls many body processes by means of chemicals; helps maintain homeostasis Muscular System with skeletal systme enables movement of the body and internal organs; helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system Digestive System breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; removes wastes Nervous System Controls body's responses to changes in inside and outside environments; Detects information from the environment and controls body functions Skeletal System Supports body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells Respiratory System brings in oxygen needed by cells; and removes carbon dioxide from body Excretory System Removes wastes products from the body How many organ systems are there in the body 10 organ systems List the 10 organ systems 1) Circulatory 2) Digestive 3)Endocrine 4) Excretory 5)Muscular 6) Nervous 7) Respiratory 8) Skeletal 9) Integumentary System 10) Reproductive System What are the four levels of organization in the human body? 1) cells 2) tissues 3) organs 4) organ systems What is the largest level or organization in the human body? organ system What is the smallest unit of organization in the human body? cellcell the basic unit of structure and function in a living thingcell membrane forms the outside boundary of the cellnucleus the control center located inside the cell membrane and directs the cell's activities and contains information that determines the cell's characteristics.cytoplasm a clear, jelly-like substance found between the cell membrane and the nucleus in which many important cell structures are found What is the function of the nucleus? to act as a control center - directing the cell's activitiestissue group of similar cells that form the same function What are the 4 basic types of tissue? 1) muscle tissue 2) nerve tissue 3) connective tissue 4) epithelial tissuemuscle tissue they contract and shorten thus making parts of the body movenerve tissue carry messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. What type of tissue is the brain made of? nerve tissueconnective tissue it provides support for your body and connects all its parts What is one type of connective tissue?" }, { "docid": "D946792#0", "title": "https://microbeonline.com/types-of-bacteriological-culture-medium/\nBacterial Culture Media: classification, types and uses 4.48 / 5 ( 127 )", "text": "\"Bacterial Culture Media: classification, types and uses 4.48 / 5 ( 127 )July 24, 2010by Tankeshwar Acharyain Bacteriology, Culture Media used in Microbiology, laboratory diagnosis of Bacterial Disease, Microbiology · 18 Comments Culture media contains nutrients and physical growth parameters necessary for microbial growth. All microorganisms cannot grow in a single culture medium and in fact many can’t grow in any known culture medium. Organisms that cannot grow in artificial culture medium are known as obligate parasites. Mycobacterium leprae, rickettsias, Chlamydias, and Treponema pallidum are obligate parasites. Bacterial culture media can be distinguished on the basis of composition, consistency and purpose. Classification of culture media used in Microbiology laboratory on the basis of consistency Solid medium solid medium contains agar at a concentration of 1.5-2.0% or some other, mostly inert solidifying agent. Solid medium has physical structure and allows bacteria to grow in physically informative or useful ways (e.g. as colonies or in streaks). Solid medium is useful for isolating bacteria or for determining the colony characteristics of the isolate. Semisolid media They are prepared with agar at concentrations of 0.5% or less. They have soft custard like consistency and are useful for the cultivation of microaerophilic bacteria or for determination of bacterial motility." }, { "docid": "D3450748#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/bio-e-1blecture3nutritionandthedigestivesystem.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Bio E-1b Lecture 3: Nutrition and the Digestive System Description Chapter 46-2/1/10Total Cards 82Subject Biology Level Undergraduate 4Created 02/06/2010Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Biology Flashcards Cards Termsmall intestine Definitionmajor organ of digestion and absorption; most of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and most of the absorption of nutrients into the blood occurs in the small intestine Termpancreas Definitionproduces several hydrolytic enzymes and an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate that buffers the acidity of the chyme from the stomach;a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the chyme. Termmaltose Definitiona disaccharide formed from two units of glucose Termmaltase Definitionenzyme that breaks down maltose Termdisaccharides Definition Termtrypsin Definition Termchymotrypsin Definitionsynthsized in pancreas, released in response to cholecystokinin from small intestine, activated by trypsin Termcarboxypeptidase Definitionan enzyme that hydrolyzes the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a peptide bond Termaminopeptidase Definitionzinc-dependent digestion of proteins Termdipeptidase Definitionhydrolize dipeptides Termenterokinase Definitionan enzyme involved in human digestion. It is produced by cells in the duodenum wall, and is secreted from duodenum's glands, the crypts of Lieberkühn, whenever ingested food enters the duodenum from the stomach. Turns trypsinogen (a zymogen) to trypsin, indirectly activating a number of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Termchyme Definitiona nutrient-rich broth formed as a result of mixing and enzyme action in the stomach Termmicrovilli Definitionincreases surface area of villi;Large circular folds in the lining bear fingerlike projections called villi, and each epithelial cell of a villus has many microscopic appendages called microvilli that are exposed to the intestinal lumen." }, { "docid": "D262512#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/12422753/chapter-23-flash-cards/\nChapter 23", "text": "55 terms dflo455Chapter 23Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortparts of the plant shoot: flower, seed, lead, fruit, stem root: root the three principcal organs of seed plants are roots, stems and leaves.leaf capture sunlight for photosynthesis to make food main photosynthetic organs, flat surfaces of them increase amount of sunlight plants absorb. they also expose a lot of tissue to the dryness of the air, and have adaptations that protect against water loss , adjustable pores in leaves help conserve water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide enter the leaf.stem transport location b/t leaf and roots hold leaves up to get sunlight support system for the plant body, defensive system against predators and disease. also make leaves and reproductive organs like flowers.roots absorption of water and minerals to anchor the plant anchor plants in the ground, holding soil in place and preventing erosion. often work with soil bacteria and fungi to absorb water and dissolved nutrients and then transport these to the rest of the plant, store food, and hold plants upright against forces like wind and rain.dermal tissues outer covering, protecting, single layer of cells consists of a single layer of cells called the epidermis, outer surfaces often covered by thick, waxy cuticle, which protects against water loss. some epidermal cells have projections called trichomes which protect the leaf and might make it look fuzzy. in older plants, it may be many cell layers deep and covered with bark. in roots, it includes root hair cells that help absorb water.vascular tissue transport and support, veins of the plant xylem and phloemxylem (tracheids) long, thin, narrow, tapered ends, dead at maturity, all stuff inside is gone, basically just cell wall long and narrow cell walls to help support the plant, contain lignin which resists water and makes wood strong. openings in walls connect neighboring cells and let water flow, thinner regions of the wall, aka pits, let water diffuse from tracheids into surrounding ground tissue, let tracheids carry water throughout the plant and distribute it to tissues where it is needed.xylem (vessel elements) shorter, wider, still tapered, dead, walls have slits for water wider than tracheids, arranged end to end on top of one another, after they mature and die, cell walls at both ends are left with slitlike opening through which water can move freely, in some, end walls disappear, producing a continuous tube.phloem (sieve tube elements) alive, only one sugar flows through, missing most organelles so easy for sugar to get through end walls have man small holes which nutrients move through, as they mature, lose nuclei and most organelles, remaining organelles kept alive by companion cellsphloem (companion cells) has nucleus, organelles, keeps sieve tube elements alive support phloem cells and aid in movement of substances in and out of the phloemground tissue fundamental tissue produces and stores sugars, contributes to the physical support of the plant." } ]
8964	__________ interference occurs when two waves are in a phase	[ { "docid": "D2473027#0", "title": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/do-the-amplitudes-have-to-be-the-same-for-two-waves-to-be-in-phase-and-construct.242987/\nDo the amplitudes have to be the same for two waves to be in phase and construct?", "text": "\"Jul 1, 2008#1Quantom Just curious... I know that constructive interference occurs when two waves are \"\"in phase\"\" but does this mean that the heights of the waves have to be the same? In other words... can two waves that are in phase with each other constructively interfere if one wave has a higher amplitude than the other? Phys.org - latest science and technology news stories on Phys.org• Can we imitate organisms' abilities to decode water patterns for new technologies?• King penguin breeding colonies are structured like fluids• Study suggests the elusive neutrino could make up a significant part of dark matter Jul 1, 2008#2George Jones Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member Quantom said: ↑Just curious... I know that constructive interference occurs when two waves are \"\"in phase\"\" but does this mean that the heights of the waves have to be the same? No. In other words... can two waves that are in phase with each other constructively interfere if one wave has a higher amplitude than the other? Yes. Jul 1, 2008#3Quantom Thank you, that has been bothering me for a while... Jul 2, 2008#4rbjit might not have been an issue, but i'm thinking that a good thing to point out is that the two waves don't have be perfectly in-phase to be constructive interference. but they have to be within 90 o of each other to constructively interfere. only for totally destructive interference (where the result is nothing) must both the phase and amplitude be exactly something (180 o outa phase and equal amplitude). otherwise either the phase or amplitude can be sloppy." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1383283#0", "title": "https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Electromagnetic_Radiation\nElectromagnetic Radiation", "text": "Electromagnetic Radiation Last updated September 19, 2015 12:58:32 PM PDT Share Table of contents As you read the print off this computer screen now, you are reading pages of fluctuating energy and magnetic fields. Light, electricity, and magnetism are all different forms of electromagnetic radiation. Introduction Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that is produced by oscillating electric and magnetic disturbance, or by the movement of electrically charged particles traveling through a vacuum or matter. The electric and magnetic fields come at right angles to each other and combined wave moves perpendicular to both magnetic and electric oscillating fields thus the disturbance. Electron radiation is released as photons, which are bundles of light energy that travel at the speed of light as quantized harmonic waves. This energy is then grouped into categories based on its wavelength into the electromagnetic spectrum. These electric and magnetic waves travel perpendicular to each other and have certain characteristics, including amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. General Properties of all electromagnetic radiation: Electromagnetic radiation can travel through empty space. Most other types of waves must travel through some sort of substance. For example, sound waves need either a gas, solid, or liquid to pass through in order to be heard." }, { "docid": "D780487#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics\nOptics", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the branch of physics. For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. For other uses, see Optic (disambiguation). Optics includes study of dispersion of light. Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. [ 1] Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties. [ 1]Most optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of light. Complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are, however, often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics is usually done using simplified models." }, { "docid": "D1901669#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/16588711/science-sound-and-light-flash-cards/\nScience sound and light", "text": "\"164 terms toppenemily PLUSScience sound and light Test 11/28/12Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What is a wave? any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or empty space. Medium A substance through which a wave can travel. Explain how energy is transmitted through a medium. When a particle vibrates it can pass its energy to a particle next to it. The 2nd particle will vibrate like the first particles does. In this way energy is transmitted through energy. Explain why a wave moves toward the shore but the leaf floating on the surface of the water doesn't." }, { "docid": "D112180#0", "title": "http://www.phys.uconn.edu/~gibson/Notes/Section5_2/Sec5_2.htm\n.", "text": "\"5.2 Constructive and Destructive Interference In the last section we discussed the fact that waves can move through each other, which means that they can be in the same place at the same time. This is very different from solid objects. Thus, we need to know how to handle this situation. As it turns out, when waves are at the same place at the same time, the amplitudes of the waves simply add together and this is really all we need to know! However, the consequences of this are profound and sometimes startling. To start exploring the implications of the statement above, let’s consider two waves with the same frequency traveling in the same direction: If we add these two waves together, point-by-point, we end up with a new wave that looks pretty much like the original waves but its amplitude is larger. This situation, where the resultant wave is bigger than either of the two original, is called constructive interference. The waves are adding together to form a bigger wave. You may be thinking that this is pretty obvious and natural – of course the sum of two waves will be bigger than each wave on its own. However, carefully consider the next situation, again where two waves with the same frequency are traveling in the same direction: Now what happens if we add these waves together?" }, { "docid": "D1037752#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/55850587/Physics-12-Unit-4-Solns\nUnit 4 The Wave Nature of Light", "text": "\"Unit 4 The Wave Nature of Light ARE YOU READY? ( Pages 440–441)Knowledge and Understanding 1.2. 3. The rays are reflected so that if normals are drawn in, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection for each ray. Rays of light travelling from air into glass at an oblique angle will slow down and bend toward the normal.4. ( a) θi = 60° θR = 21° n=? sin θ i =n sin θ R sin 60° =n sin 21° n = 2.42 The index of refraction of the diamond is 2.42. ( b) v1 = 3.00 108 m/s v2 = ? v n= 1 v2 v1 n 3.00 × 108 m/s = 2.42 v2 = 1.24 × 108 m/s The speed of light in diamond is 1.24 v2 =108 m/s. Copyright © 2003 Nelson Unit 4 Are You Ready?" }, { "docid": "D3477366#0", "title": "http://mark.foster.cc/school/phys100.html\nPhysics Definitions", "text": "Physics Definitions Rotational Motion Gravity Vibrations and Waves Sound Satellite Motion Electricity Color Reflection and Refraction Light Waves Light Emission Light Quanta Atoms and Quantum Physics Rotational Motion Rotational Inertia: That property of an object to resist any change in its state of rotation. If at rest the body tends to remain at rest; if rotating, it tends to remain rotating and will continue to do so unless acted upon by a net external torque. Torque: The product of force and lever-arm distance, which tends to produce rotation. Center of Mass: The average position of mass or the single point associated with an object where all its mass can be considered to be concentrated. Center of Gravity: The average position of weight or the single point associated with an object where the force of gravity can be considered to ace. Usually the same place as the center of mass. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque. An object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity; that is, not accelerating. Centripetal Force: A center-seeking force that causes an object to follow a circular path F = (mv`2)/r Centrifugal Force: An outward force that is due to rotation. In an inertial frame of reference, it is fictitious in the sense that it doesn't act on the rotating object but on whatever supplied the centripetal force; it is the reaction to the centripetal force." }, { "docid": "D1986065#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_length\nWavelength", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Wave length)navigation search For other uses, see Wavelength (disambiguation). Wavelength of a sine wave, λ, can be measured between any two points with the same phase, such as between crests (on top), or troughs (on bottom), or corresponding zero crossings as shown. In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. [ 1] [2] It is thus the inverse of the spatial frequency. Wavelength is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. [ 3] [4] Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). The term wavelength is also sometimes applied to modulated waves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids. [ 5]Assuming a sinusoidal wave moving at a fixed wave speed, wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency of the wave: waves with higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths. [ 6]Wavelength depends on the medium (for example, vacuum, air, or water) that a wave travels through. Examples of wave-like phenomena are sound waves, light, water waves and periodic electrical signals in a conductor." }, { "docid": "D2110336#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)\nNode (physics)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A standing wave. The red dots are the wave nodes A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude. For instance, in a vibrating guitar string, the ends of the string are nodes. By changing the position of the end node through frets, the guitarist changes the effective length of the vibrating string and thereby the note played. The opposite of a node is an anti-node, a point where the amplitude of the standing wave is a maximum. These occur midway between the nodes. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Explanation2 Boundary conditions3 Examples3.1 Sound3.2 Chemistry4 References Explanation [ edit]Pattern of two waves' interference (from up to down). The point represents the node. Standing waves result when two sinusoidal wave trains of the same frequency are moving in opposite directions in the same space and interfere with each other. [ 2] They occur when waves are reflected at a boundary, such as sound waves reflected from a wall or electromagnetic waves reflected from the end of a transmission line, and particularly when waves are confined in a resonator at resonance, bouncing back and forth between two boundaries, such as in an organ pipe or guitar string." }, { "docid": "D1871981#0", "title": "http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/sound/U11L3a.cfm\nInterference and Beats", "text": "\"The Physics Classroom » Physics Tutorial » Sound Waves and Music » Interference and Beats Sound Waves and Music - Lesson 3 Behavior of Sound Waves Interference and Beats Interference and Beats The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves Boundary Behavior Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium. The interference of waves causes the medium to take on a shape that results from the net effect of the two individual waves upon the particles of the medium. As mentioned in a previous unit of The Physics Classroom Tutorial, if two upward displaced pulses having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directions along a medium, the medium will take on the shape of an upward displaced pulse with twice the amplitude of the two interfering pulses. This type of interference is known as constructive interference. If an upward displaced pulse and a downward displaced pulse having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directions along a medium, the two pulses will cancel each other's effect upon the displacement of the medium and the medium will assume the equilibrium position. This type of interference is known as destructive interference. The diagrams below show two waves - one is blue and the other is red - interfering in such a way to produce a resultant shape in a medium; the resultant is shown in green. In two cases (on the left and in the middle), constructive interference occurs and in the third case (on the far right, destructive interference occurs. But how can sound waves that do not possess upward and downward displacements interfere constructively and destructively? Sound is a pressure wave that consists of compressions and rarefactions." }, { "docid": "D1376551#0", "title": "http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/standing_waves.php\nWaves on a String", "text": "Waves on a String All kinds of stringed instruments - guitars, pianos, violins - have stretched strings which oscillate when plucked or struck. This oscillation generates sound, which can be amplified acoustically by coupling the vibrations to a large sound-board (for a guitar, the top, and in an upright piano, at the back) or electrically by turning the string oscillations into an electrical signal (using a 'pickup') which can be sent to an electronic amplifier / loudspeaker. The 'note' depends on the frequency at which the string vibrates - and this depends on: The tension in the string The length of the string The 'weight' (mass per metre) of the string - called in science the 'mass per unit length'. This animation shows an impulse travelling along a string. The end of the string has been fixed - using a large metal block - to ensure a reflection of the wave when it meets this boundary. In the animation, there is a (crude!) attempt to show that when the wave is reflected, there is a phase change - if the displacement of the string is in an 'upwards' direction for the wave travelling left-right, then the reflected wave will be displaced in a downwards direction. Compare the amplitude of the reflected wave and the incident wave - what does this tell you about the presence or absence of damping at the point of reflection? If damping was to take place (OK, we've given you the answer now! ), what would happen to the amplitude of the reflected wave?" }, { "docid": "D1629000#0", "title": "http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys136/modules/m9/diff.htm\n.", "text": "\"We can classify optical phenomena into one of three categories: ray optics , wave optics, and quantum optics. Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. In many situations, the wavelengths of the light being studied are very small compared to the dimensions of the equipment used to study the light. Under these conditions we can make an approximation called geometrical optics or ray optic s . Consider the wavelength scale of light waves. Wavelengths in the middle of the visible band are on the order of 500 nm. So a laser beam with a diameter of 1 mm has a diameter of 2000 times the wavelength. Individual atoms in a solid are separated by distance on the order of 0.1 nm. So, as far as visible light is concerned, matter is quasi-continuous. If the wavelengths of the light become comparable to the dimensions of the equipment, then we study optical phenomena using the classical theory of radiation, or wave optics ." }, { "docid": "D3311348#0", "title": "http://www.hamamatsu.com/us/en/community/optical_sensors/articles/measuring_distance_with_light/index.html\nMeasuring distance with light", "text": "\"Measuring distance with light By Slawomir S. Piatek, Hamamatsu Corporation & New Jersey Institute of Technology (April 2015)Introduction Assessing the distance, size, or shape of an object is of great practical importance in everyday life. Stereoscopic vision is the main mechanism for humans and other organisms to nearly instantaneously obtain this information, whose accuracy depends on many variables. A few among them are the distance to the target; the target's intrinsic size, shape, or color; and the functionality of the light detectors — eyes. The eyes receive light from the surroundings, producing retinal images that the brain processes. This is a passive method. An example of an active method, though not optical, is echolocation by bats. A bat emits a short burst of sound; the sound reflects from a target (echo) and is later detected by the bat's ears. The time interval between the emission and reception gives clues about the distance. There are no examples of an active method using light echo in nature because the speed of light is close to one million times larger than the speed of sound, which means that for a given distance, the time of flight for a light pulse is about one millionth of that for sound. Nature has not developed clocks capable of measuring time intervals this short, but humans have." }, { "docid": "D781835#0", "title": "http://www.sarahtulga.com/panpipes.htm\n.", "text": "Instruments Activities Glossary About Sarah Contact Melodic Tube Drums Glockenspiel Didgeritubes Panpipes Instruments Activities Glossary About Sarah Contact Harmonics Instruments Activities Glossary About Sarah Contact Instruments Activities Glossary About Sarah Contact Instruments Activities Glossary About Sarah Contact Instruments Activities Glossary About Sarah Contact Panpipes Welcome to my page on panpipes! It's designed for middle and high school science students who are interested in studying the physics of flutes. On this page, you will find a short introduction on panpipes; a description on how they produce sound; and a demonstration on how to apply physics principles to this instrument – this section is particularly relevant for Science Olympiad participants in the Sounds of Music event. Introduction Panpipes, or pan flutes, can be traced to Greek mythology, Mayans, Native Americans, and many other ancient cultures [21]. These instruments are characterized by closed-end tubes of graduated length, and are constructed from traditional materials such as bamboo, oak, reeds, and river cane. The panpipes that are demonstrated on this page are constructed from 1/2-inch schedule-40 PVC, with pennies glued onto the ends. In terms of classification, panpipes are considered aerophones according to the Sachs-Hornbostel system, or in orchestral terminology, are considered part of the woodwind family of instruments. How It Works What actually happens when a flute produces a sound, and how does it work? We'll start by addressing this question. Panpipes, like all other flutes, produce their sound by vibrating a column of air inside of a tube. Stated another way, what you hear is not the flute, but a vibrating column of air inside of the flute." }, { "docid": "D443038#0", "title": "http://physics.tutorvista.com/waves/constructive-interference.html\nConstructive Interference", "text": "\"Physics Waves Types of Waves Longitudinal Waves Wave Interference Constructive Interference Constructive Interference Interference is a process of the formation of new wave with lower or higher amplitude by superimposition of two waves. It is the interaction process of two waves which are produced from either same source or same frequency. This effect is seen for all types of waves. We observe the various processes of waves like reflection or refraction etc. of we see peacock feather, we see various colour are spread at various angles like a thin film. Do you think that why we can see this colour pattern. We see some colours clearly while some are less seen. This is also a wave interference process. We see colours at the point where it has high intensity. Thus on this basis, the interference is divided into two parts that constructive and destructive interference." }, { "docid": "D3523574#0", "title": "http://masteringmasteringphysics.blogspot.com/2014/12/22-phet-tutorial-wave-interference.html\n22: PhET Tutorial: Wave Interference", "text": "22: Ph ET Tutorial: Wave Interference Part A: How does the amplitude of the wave depend on the distance from the source? A) The amplitude decreases with distance. B) The amplitude increases with distance. C) The amplitude is constant. SOLUTION: Comparing the reading from the detector placed close to the source with a reading placed farther away from the source, one can see that the amplitude decreases as distance increases. Option A)Part B: Which statement best describes how the intensity of the wave depends on position along the screen? A) The intensity is roughly constant. B) The intensity is large near the middle of the screen, then decreases to nearly zero, and then increases again as the distance from the middle of the screen increases. C) The intensity is a maximum near the middle of the screen (directly to the right of the source) and significantly decreases above and below the middle of the screen. SOLUTION: The intensity graph appears to be a vertical line, or pretty much constant all along the screen." }, { "docid": "D3278941#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)\nBeat (acoustics)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the interference pattern between two sounds. For other uses, see Beat (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Diagram of beat frequency In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two frequencies. When tuning instruments that can produce sustained tones, beats can be readily recognized. Tuning two tones to a unison will present a peculiar effect: when the two tones are close in pitch but not identical, the difference in frequency generates the beating. The volume varies like in a tremolo as the sounds alternately interfere constructively and destructively. As the two tones gradually approach unison, the beating slows down and may become so slow as to be imperceptible." }, { "docid": "D3145776#0", "title": "https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/contrast.html\n.", "text": "\"Contrast in Optical Microscopy When imaging specimens in the optical microscope, differences in intensity and/or color create image contrast, which allows individual features and details of the specimen to become visible. Contrast is defined as the difference in light intensity between the image and the adjacent background relative to the overall background intensity. In general, a minimum contrast value of 0.02 (2 percent) is needed by the human eye to distinguish differences between the image and its background. For other detectors, such as film, video cameras, or photodetectors (CCD and CMOS devices), the minimum contrast is often a different value. With each detector, the signal-to-noise ratio (noise is all of the light in the optical system devoid of image information) must be large enough to be interpreted in terms of the formation of a coherent image. Contrast produced in the specimen by the absorption of light, brightness, reflectance, birefringence, light scattering, diffraction, fluorescence, or color variations has been the classical means of imaging specimens in brightfield microscopy. The ability of a detail to stand out against the background or other adjacent details is a measure of specimen contrast. In terms of a simple formula, contrast can be described as: Percent Contrast (C) = ( (I ( s) - I ( b )) x 100)/I ( b)Where I ( b) is the intensity of the background and I ( s) is the specimen intensity. From this equation, it is evident that specimen contrast refers to the relationship between the highest and lowest intensity in the image. The graph shown in Figure 1 illustrates the effect of background intensity on contrast." }, { "docid": "D556218#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography\nHolography", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Holography (disambiguation). For the documentary authorship, see Holograph. \"\" Hologram\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Hologram (disambiguation). This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. ( March 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Two photographs of a single hologram taken from different viewpoints Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Typically, a hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than of an image formed by a lens, and it is used to display a fully three-dimensional image of the holographed subject, which is seen without the aid of special glasses or other intermediate optics. The hologram itself is not an image and it is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light. It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of seemingly random variations in the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium." }, { "docid": "D3530798#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/57381883/ch-17-wave-optics-flash-cards/\nCh 17 Wave Optics", "text": "\"250 terms fernysc6Ch 17 Wave Optics Pg 544-567Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortlight has aspects of_ (3) -waves -rays -particlesdiffract one of the most basic aspects of waves is that they can be bend around the edges of objectswhat is an indication that light is a wave? the diffraction of lightlike all waves, light waveof the same can_ (how interact with other waves) -can interfere constructively and destructivelyexplain briefly double slit interference -when light shines on two narrow, closely spaced slits, interfere fringes are seen on a screen behind the slitsinterference is a clear_ indication of the wave nature of lightexplain diffraction grafting (what is capable of regarding white light) -many closely spaced slits or grooves from a diffraction grafting, capable of breaking white light into its component colorsthin-film interference (what is possible within it and how) interference is also possible between waves reflecting off the front and back surfaces of a thin transparent filmthe colors in an oil slick result form _ thin-film interfrencewhen looking at a CD, with its colorful appearance, what produces it? -the microscopic grooves in a CD act as a diffraction grafting, leading to its colorful appearancewhat was light in the antique point of view? -they did not make a distinction between light and vision. Light to them was not something that existed apart from seeing -But gradually there arose a view that light actually \"\"exists,\"\" that light is some sort of physical entity that is present regardless of whether or not someone is lookingwhat Newton believed about light? -He believed that light consists of very small, light, fast particles, which he called corpuscles, traveling in straight linewhat was the law proposed by Robert Hooke? Hooke's lawwhat Robert Hooke along with Christian Huygens believed about light? -light was some sort of wavewho prevailed: Newton or Robert Hooke along with Christian Huygens?" }, { "docid": "D2748666#0", "title": "http://physics.bu.edu/%7Eduffy/py105/WaveInterference.html\nInterference of Waves", "text": "Interference of Waves3-3-99Sections 11.11 - 11.12Interference Interference is what happens when two or more waves come together. Depending on how the peaks and troughs of the waves are matched up, the waves might add together or they can partially or even completely cancel each other. We'll discuss interference as it applies to sound waves, but it applies to other waves as well. Linear superposition The principle of linear superposition - when two or more waves come together, the result is the sum of the individual waves. The principle of linear superposition applies to any number of waves, but to simplify matters just consider what happens when two waves come together. For example, this could be sound reaching you simultaneously from two different sources, or two pulses traveling towards each other along a string. When the waves come together, what happens? The result is that the waves are superimposed: they add together, with the amplitude at any point being the addition of the amplitudes of the individual waves at that point. Although the waves interfere with each other when they meet, they continue traveling as if they had never encountered each other. When the waves move away from the point where they came together, in other words, their form and motion is the same as it was before they came together." } ]
8966	__________ is a characteristic of an unhealthy relationship.	[ { "docid": "D682514#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=24AXE8SR\n.", "text": "User: __________ is a characteristic of an unhealthy relationship. A. Honesty B. Inequality C. Open communication D. Mutual respect Weegy: Inequality - is a characteristic of an unhealthy relationship. yumdrea \|Points 5765\|User: Which sentence is TRUE about having sexual intercourse with a minor? A. Sex with a minor can lead to rape charges. B. Sex with a minor will not lead to sex offender status if the female is of legal age. C. Once labeled as a sex offender, it is easy to have that label removed. D. Legal ramifications for having sex with a minor are not valid if parents give the minor permission. Weegy: Sex with a minor can lead to rape charges. - This is TRUE about having sexual intercourse with a minor. andrewpallarca \|Points 32947\|User: Unhealthy behaviors while dating include all of the following EXCEPT: A. spending time with friends and family still B. controlling one's partner C. someone stopping you from doing the things you love D. verbal, physical, and sexual abuse Weegy: Unhealthy behaviors while dating include all of the following EXCEPT: A. spending time with friends and family still." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3485137#0", "title": "http://www.juicerselect.com/health-triangle.html\n.", "text": "Health Triangle Learn how to Use the Triangle Sides to Balance Your Life By adopting the simple concept of the Health Triangle, you can rein in your life. The Health Triangle devotes one of each three sides to a health characteristic - physical, mental and social. What is the Health Triangle? Interestingly, the Health Triangle was devised by students at an Alaskan middle school who were researching health and health issues to find those pertinent to their peers. Over a ten-day span, the students narrowed the list of issues to the three legs of the triangle — physical, mental and social. Physical Health For many of us, this is the leg that is most often ignored. We don’t get enough rest and consume too many unhealthy or empty calories and pay little attention as those extra ten pounds become 20 or more. But by making a few simple changes, with the health triangle in mind, you can improve your physical health. Exercise Begin a regular regimen of exercise. Start slow, with walking or a beginner’s class at a gym." }, { "docid": "D2372#0", "title": "https://www.allaboutcounseling.com/codependency.htm\nCodependency", "text": "\"Communication Relationships Depression Anger Codependency Q & A Self Help Codependency Be sure to visit the discussion area Overview of Co-dependency What is codependency? What are the characteristics of codependency? Is there anything wrong with being codependent? How do I know if I'm codependent? Isn't everyone codependent to some degree? How do we become codependent? Can counseling help treat codependency? What is codependency? You have probably heard the term “ codependency ” used a lot, as it became a popular term in our vernacular sometime after the Alcoholics Anonymous twelve step recovery program was established in the late 1930s. The concept of codependency has been discussed and written about a lot in recent years, and you may run into various definitions of the term." }, { "docid": "D1155492#0", "title": "http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/socrates/\nSocrates", "text": "Socrates lived in Athens Greece his entire life (469-399 BC), cajoling his fellow citizens to think hard about questions of truth and justice, convinced as he was that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” While claiming that his wisdom consisted merely in “knowing that he knew nothing,” Socrates did have certain beliefs, chief among them that happiness is obtainable by human effort. Specifically, he recommended gaining rational control over your desires and harmonizing the different parts of your soul. Doing so would produce a divine-like state of inner tranquility that the external would could not effect. True to his word, he cheerfully faced his own death, discussing philosophy right up to the moments before he took the lethal hemlock. Through his influence on Plato and Aristotle, a new era of philosophy was inaugurated and the course of western civilization was decisively shaped. A Little Background Socrates has a unique place in the history of happiness, as he is the first known figure in the West to argue that happiness is actually obtainable through human effort. He was born in Athens, Greece in 460 BC; like most ancient peoples, the Greeks had a rather pessimistic view of human existence. Happiness was deemed a rare occurrence and reserved only for those whom the gods favored. The idea that one could obtain happiness for oneself was considered hubris, a kind of overreaching pride, and was to be met with harsh punishment." }, { "docid": "D2915430#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Is_it_possible_that_someone_with_Borderline_Personality_Disorder_can_have_symptoms_that_worsen_with_age_rather_than_improve\nIs it possible that someone with Borderline Personality Disorder can have symptoms that worsen with age rather than improve?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Health Mental Health Is it possible that someone with Borderline Personality Disorder can have symptoms that worsen with age rather than improve? Flag Is it possible that someone with Borderline Personality Disorder can have symptoms that worsen with age rather than improve? Edit Answer by J. E. S. Hays Confidence votes 79.5KWordsmith, world-builder, author All mental illnesses and personality disorders will get worse with age unless you deal with them and correct them. The longer you ignore things that are unhealthy, the worse they will get. People who do not try to change their borderline thinking habits will find that those habits get more ingrained and harder to get rid of as time goes on.1 person found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Marcy M 60,142 Contributions I love people and enjoy helping others. I have a great thirst for knowledge and always strive to expand my mind and thus my life. Why do a lot of answers to abuse questions contain an explanation of stalkers and borderline personality disorder rather than an actual answer to the question? Answer \\n. \\n Because it is hard to separate possibly dangerous behaviors from the abusive personality." }, { "docid": "D772446#0", "title": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52806/\n4 Factors Affecting Health Status", "text": "4 Factors Affecting Health Status This chapter examines some of the factors affecting health status that are driving health care spending among the Medicare population. The workshop presentations covered three such factors, which research shows are important to consider in projecting future Medicare costs:health and health care cost consequences of obesity among the Medicare population;the role of socioeconomic status and health-related behavior in driving medical care spending; andthe role of chronic diseases and disability in health care costs. Go to: HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE COST CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITYJustin Trogdon (RTI International) described the current costs of obesity in terms of health outcomes and spending among the Medicare population, presenting cross-sectional, lifetime, and recent trend estimates. He also reviewed different types of strategies that modelers have used to estimate costs and forecast the future, both for the prevalence and health consequences of obesity and how obesity impacts projections of Medicare spending. Health Consequences of Obesity Obesity has the attention of researchers and policy makers. It is associated with increased risk for many chronic conditions, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, among others. Obesity impacts nearly every major system in the body. It is, in itself, an outcome of several different behavioral and policy decisions; it is also an input into chronic disease. Improved treatment for many of the conditions associated with obesity means that, in some sense, an obese person in 2010 is “healthier” than an obese person in 1950 or probably even 1980. That is good from a morbidity and health status point of view, but such improvements have been achieved often at increased health care cost." }, { "docid": "D1442460#0", "title": "http://intothedepthsofthehumanmind.blogspot.com/2013/05/theoretical-perspectives-dispositional.html\nTheoretical Perspectives: Dispositional Theories", "text": "Theoretical Perspectives: Dispositional Theories Theoretical Perspectives: Dispositional Theories There are many different theories in explaining personality. Dispositional theories explain the relationship between traits and personality. Two of the most well known dispositional theories are Allport’s Psychology of the Individual Theory and Trait and Factor Theories. Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Robert Mc Crae, and Paul Costa Jr are the more common of the dispositional theorists. The assumptions vary from those of the other theorists. However, just as the other theories, the dispositional theories provide a basis for the study of personality. Assumptions Allport's Psychology of the Individual Theory Gordon Allport developed the Psychology of the Individual Theory. The basis of this theory was the “uniqueness, variety, and continuity of personal growth” (Bertocci, 1940, p.501). Allport accepted some beliefs from other theorists; however he also believed that no one theorist could completely explain personality. While previous theorists emphasized the unconscious, Allport focused more on the conscious." }, { "docid": "D1544178#0", "title": "http://www.lifehack.org/articles/communication/11-warning-signs-unhealthy-relationships-you-need-aware.html\n11 WARNING Signs Of Unhealthy Relationships You Need to Be Aware Of", "text": "Relationships11 WARNING Signs Of Unhealthy Relationships You Need to Be Aware Of Judy Belmont Judy Belmont, M. S., LPC is a mental health & wellness speaker/author and is a member of the National Speakers Association. Full Bio Are you in an unhealthy relationship? Is it real love or just infatuation? What, you’re not sure? Here are the 11 telltale warning signs that you’re in an unhealthy relationship:1. Your personal growth can not flourish in the relationship Whereas healthy relationships offer safe havens for personal growth, people who feel that their own growth and happiness needs to be sacrificed for the survival of the relationship often find themselves going the wrong way in the tunnel of love.2. You feel as if the life is being sucked out of you Did you ever hear of emotional vampires? These unseemly characters thrive while sucking the energy and life out of others. If you feel like you are in a relationship that is draining your energy and leaves you feeling exhausted and spent, there is rarely a happy ending.3. They don’t “get it “ that it’s not all your fault!If you are involved with someone who tends to blame you for their anger and problems, and you spend too much energy either defending yourself or trying to be understood, stop expecting the light bulb to turn on." }, { "docid": "D2111430#0", "title": "https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350-092/350-092.html\nFamilies First-Keys to Successful Family Functioning: Communication", "text": "\"350-092Rick Peterson, Extension Specialist and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Development, and Stephen Green, Graduate Student, Department of Human Development, Virginia Tech Effective communication is an important characteristic of strong, healthy families. Research identifies communication as an essential building block of strong marital, parent-child, and sibling relationships. Family communication is the way verbal and non-verbal information is exchanged between family members (Epstein et al. ,1993). Family Communication Family communication refers to the way verbal and non-verbal information is exchanged between family members (Epstein, Bishop, Ryan, Miller, & Keitner, (1993). Communication involves the ability to pay attention to what others are thinking and feeling. In other words, an important part of communication is not just talking, but listening to what others have to say. Communication within the family is extremely important because it enables members to express their needs, wants, and concerns to each other. Open and honest communication creates an atmosphere that allows family members to express their differences as well as love and admiration for one another. It is through communication that family members are able to resolve the unavoidable problems that arise in all families." }, { "docid": "D2498141#0", "title": "https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/10_0005.htm\nSPECIAL TOPIC Measuring Population Health Outcomes", "text": "Home Volume 7: No. 4, July 2010SPECIAL TOPIC Measuring Population Health Outcomes TABLE OF CONTENTSEste resumen en español Print this article E-mail this article: Send feedback to editors Syndicate this content Download this article as a PDF (472K)You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view PDF files. Navigate This Article• Abstract• Definitions and Introduction• Basic Outcome Metrics for Population Health• Attributes of a Good Health Outcome Metric• Current Metrics for Population Health Outcomes• Data and Analytical Issues for Population Health Outcome Metrics• Recommendations• Acknowledgment• Author Information• References• Tables R. Gibson Parrish, MDSuggested citation for this article: Parrish RG. Measuring population health outcomes. Prev Chronic Dis 2010;7 (4): A71. http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/10_0005.htm. Accessed [ date ]. PEER REVIEWEDAbstract An ideal population health outcome metric should reflect a population’s dynamic state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Positive health outcomes include being alive; functioning well mentally, physically, and socially; and having a sense of well-being. Negative outcomes include death, loss of function, and lack of well-being." }, { "docid": "D3183859#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disordered_eating\nDisordered eating", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about abnormal patterns of eating. For clinical eating disorders, see Eating disorders. Disordered eating describes a variety of abnormal eating behaviors that, by themselves, do not warrant diagnosis of an eating disorder. Disordered eating includes behaviors that are common features of eating disorders, such as: Chronic restrained eating. [ 1]Compulsive eating. [ 1]Binge eating, with associated loss of control. Self-induced vomiting. [ 2]Disordered eating also includes behaviors that are not characteristic of any eating disorder, such as: Irregular, chaotic eating patterns. Ignoring physical feelings of hunger and satiety (fullness). [ 1]Use of diet pills. [" }, { "docid": "D1290875#0", "title": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm\nMental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States", "text": "\"MMWRShare Compartir Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: [email protected]. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States Supplements September 2, 2011 / 60 (03);1-32William C. Reeves, MD 1Tara W. Strine, Ph D 1Laura A. Pratt, Ph D 2William Thompson, Ph D 3Indu Ahluwalia, Ph D 3Satvinder S. Dhingra, MPH 4Lela R. Mc Knight-Eily, Ph D 3Leslie Harrison, MPH 3Denise V. D'Angelo, MPH 3Letitia Williams, MPH 3Brian Morrow, MA 3Deborah Gould, Ph D 1Marc A. Safran, MD 51 Public Health Surveillance Program Office2 National Center for Health Statistics3 National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion4 Northrop Grumman5 National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Corresponding author: William C. Reeves, MD, Public Health Surveillance Program Office, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd., N. E., MS E-97, Atlanta, GA 30333. Telephone: 404-498-6521; Fax: 404-498-1177; E-mail: [email protected]. Summary Mental illnesses account for a larger proportion of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. In 2004, an estimated 25% of adults in the United States reported having a mental illness in the previous year. The economic cost of mental illness in the United States is substantial, approximately $300 billion in 2002. Population surveys and surveys of health-care use measure the occurrence of mental illness, associated risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol and drug abuse) and chronic conditions, and use of mental health--related care and clinical services." }, { "docid": "D992237#0", "title": "http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/eating_disorders/faq.html\nFrequently Asked Questions About Eating Disorders", "text": "Share this page: More Home > Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences > Specialty Areas > Eating Disorders Frequently Asked Questions About Eating Disorders The Johns Hopkins Eating Disorders Program What is an eating disorder? Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, a form of self-starvation; bulimia nervosa, in which individuals engage in repetitive cycles of binge-eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation; binge-eating disorder, which resembles bulimia but without compensatory behaviors (e.g. vomiting, excessive exercise, laxative abuse) to avoid weight gain; and atypical eating disorders, in which people may have fears and unusual behaviors (e.g. chewing and spitting or fear of choking) associated with eating. Although young women comprise the majority of people affected, eating disorders can occur in any age group. One in ten people with an eating disorder is male. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are psychiatric illnesses that center on food and its consumption and are usually characterized by: Excessive preoccupation with food and dissatisfaction with one’s body shape or weight A compulsion to engage in extreme eating habits and unhealthy methods of weight control such as: o Fasting or binge-eating o Excessive exercise o Self-induced vomiting o Chewing and spitting or regurgitating food o Laxative, diuretic, or diet pill abuse. These unhealthy behaviors and preoccupations develop into a ruling passion interfering with physical, psychological and social well-being. Eating disorders have many causes. They may be triggered by stressful life events, including a loss or trauma; relationship difficulties; physical illness; or a life change such as entering one’s teens, starting college, marriage or pregnancy. An eating disorder may develop in association with another psychiatric illness such as a depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or substance abuse. Current research indicates some people are more genetically predisposed to developing an eating disorder than others." }, { "docid": "D665555#0", "title": "http://www.minddisorders.com/A-Br/Avoidant-personality-disorder.html\nAvoidant personality disorder", "text": "\"Avoidant personality disorder Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Photo by: Kwest Definition Avoidant personality disorder is one of several personality disorders listed in the newest edition of the standard reference guide to mental disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , also known as the DSM-IV-TR . It is characterized by marked avoidance of both social situations and close interpersonal relationships due to an excessive fear of rejection by others. Persons with this disorder exhibit feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and mistrust toward others. Description People who are diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder desire to be in relationships with others but lack the skills and confidence that are necessary in social interactions. In order to protect themselves from anticipated criticism or ridicule, they withdraw from other people. This avoidance of interaction tends to isolate them from meaningful relationships, and serves to reinforce their nervousness and awkwardness in social situations. The behavior of people with avoidant personality disorder is characterized by social withdrawal, shyness, distrustfulness, and emotional distance. These people tend to be very cautious when they speak, and they convey a general impression of awkwardness in their manner. Most are highly self-conscious and self-critical about their problems relating to others. Causes and symptoms Causes The cause of avoidant personality disorder is not clearly defined, and may be influenced by a combination of social, genetic, and biological factors." }, { "docid": "D3293425#0", "title": "https://whatismitochondria.com/\nLearn Exactly What Mitochondria Do", "text": "\"Learn Exactly What Mitochondria Doin Share Stumble Upon Submit What Is Mitochondriamitochondria plural of mi·to·chon·dri·on Noun: An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. Courtesy of Merriam-Webster Dictionary There are a few characteristics which make mitochondria unique. The amount of mitochondria in a cell varies widely. Contents History Function Additional functions Dysfunction and disease Mitochondrial diseases Possible relationships to aging In popular culture See also References History Very first observations of intracellular structures that most likely represent mitochondria were published in the 1840s. One popular term \"\"powerhouse of the cell\"\" was conceived by Philip Siekevitz in 1957. Mitochondria are found in nearly all. Function A most easily seen role of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP , through respiration, and also to regulate cellular metabolism . However, the mitochondrion has many other performances in addition to the production of ATP. Additional functions Mitochondria play a prominent role in many other metabolic tasks, such as: Regulation of the membrane potential Apoptosis -programmed cell death Calcium signaling (including calcium-evoked apoptosis)Regulation of cellular metabolism Certain heme synthesis reactions (see also: porphyrin)Steroid synthesis. As a matter of fact there are mitochondrial functions that are performed only in specific types of cells." }, { "docid": "D1349987#0", "title": "http://www.allaboutlifechallenges.org/enabling-and-codependency-faq.htm\nEnabling and Codependency", "text": "\"Home >> Enabling and Codependency Enabling and Codependency QUESTION: Enabling and codependency - Am I in a codependent relationship? ANSWER: Enabling and codependency often go together. How can one know if they are involved in a codependent relationship? Codependency is an emotional disorder affecting persons from all walks of life. One need only take a close look at their motivations and their expectations of people in their lives to begin to determine if they are codependent. Codependent people are often from households with members who are involved in destructive behaviors such as alcoholism or drug addiction. They may have family members or loved ones who are mentally ill or chronically sick. The co-dependent person may be a spouse, parent, or care giver. They have been faced with the unhealthy behavior of the family member, and in an attempt to deal with it, have themselves developed unhealthy habits and behavior patterns. Are you happier or more gratified when you are doing for others than when you do for yourself?" }, { "docid": "D3257978#0", "title": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022146510383501\nSocial Relationships and Health: A Flashpoint for Health Policy", "text": "\"Abstract Social relationships—both quantity and quality—affect mental health, health behavior, physical health, and mortality risk. Sociologists have played a central role in establishing the link between social relationships and health outcomes, identifying explanations for this link, and discovering social variation (e.g., by gender and race) at the population level. Studies show that social relationships have short- and long-term effects on health, for better and for worse, and that these effects emerge in childhood and cascade throughout life to foster cumulative advantage or disadvantage in health. This article describes key research themes in the study of social relationships and health, and it highlights policy implications suggested by this research. References Antonovsky, Aaron. 1987. Unraveling the Mystery of Health. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Bediako, Shawn M. and Ronald Friend. 2004. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D891230#0", "title": "https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/teen_dating_violence.html\nTeen Dating Violence", "text": "On This Page What is dating violence? What are the consequences of dating violence? Why does dating violence happen? Unhealthy relationships can start early and last a lifetime. Teens often think some behaviors, like teasing and name-calling, are a “normal” part of a relationship. However, these behaviors can become abusive and develop into more serious forms of violence. What is teen dating violence? Teen dating violence [187KB, 2Pages, 508] is defined as the physical, sexual, psychological, or emotional aggression within a dating relationship, including stalking. It can occur in person or electronically and might occur between a current or former dating partner. Several different words are used to describe teen dating violence." }, { "docid": "D319377#0", "title": "http://pubs.cde.ca.gov/tcsii/documentlibrary/characteristicsMG.aspx\nDOCUMENT LIBRARY", "text": "\"DOCUMENT LIBRARYCharacteristics of Middle Grade Students\"\"Characteristics of Middle Grade Students,” Caught in the Middle (1989). Sacramento: California Department of Education, pages 144-148. Intellectual Development Middle Grade Students: Display a wide range of individual intellectual development as their minds experience transition from the concrete-manipulatory stage to the capacity for abstract thought. This transition ultimately makes possible: Propositional thought Consideration of ideas contrary to fact Reasoning with hypotheses involving two or more variables Appreciation for the elegance of mathematical logic expressed in symbols Insight into the nuances of poetic metaphor and musical notation. Analysis of the power of a political ideology Ability to project thought into the future, to anticipate, and to formulate goals Insight into the sources of previously unquestioned attitudes, behaviors, and values Interpretation of larger concepts and generalizations of traditional wisdom expressed through sayings, axioms, and aphorisms Are intensely curious;Prefer active over passive learning experiences; favor interaction with peers during learning activities;Exhibit a strong willingness to learn things they consider to be useful; enjoy using skills to solve real life problems;Are egocentric; argue to convince others; exhibit independent, critical thought;Consider academic goals as a secondary level of priority; personal social concerns dominate thoughts and activities;Experience the phenomenon of metacognition the ability to know what one knows and does not know. Are intellectually at-risk; face decisions that have the potential to affect major academic values with lifelong consequences. Physical Development Middle Grade Students: Experience accelerated physical development marked by increases' in weight, height, heart size, lung capacity, and muscular strength;Mature at varying rates of speed. Girls tend to be taller than boys for the first two years of early adolescence and are ordinarily more physically developed than boys;Experience bone growth faster than muscle development; uneven muscle/bone development results in lack of coordination and awkwardness; bones may lack protection of covering muscles and supporting tendons;Reflect a wide range of individual differences which begin to appear in prepubertal and pubertal stages of development. Boys tend to lag behind girls. There are marked individual differences in physical development for boys and girls." }, { "docid": "D1342525#0", "title": "https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/population-health/zimmerman.html\nPopulation Health: Behavioral and Social Science Insights", "text": "\"Population Health: Behavioral and Social Science Insights Understanding the Relationship Between Education and Health Full title Previous Page Table of Contents By Emily B. Zimmerman, Steven H. Woolf, and Amber Haley Abstract Education is critical to social and economic development and has a profound impact on population health. We review evidence for the health benefits associated with education in the context of a socioecological model of health. The health benefits of education accrue at the individual level (e.g., skill development and access to resources); the community level (e.g., the health-related characteristics of the environments in which people live); and the larger social/ cultural context (e.g., social policies, residential segregation, and unequal access to educational resources). All of these upstream factors may contribute to health outcomes, while factors such as ability to navigate the health care system, educational disparities in personal health behaviors, and exposure to chronic stress act as more proximate factors. It is also important to consider the impact of health on educational attainment and the conditions that occur throughout the life course that can impact both health and education, such as early childhood experiences. After exploring the literature linking health and education, we describe a project to engage residents of a low-income, urban community in a process of creating causal models to try to identify new links between education and health and help refine our understanding of the complex phenomena that shape this relationship. We asked community researchers to map out the pathways linking education and health in an effort to explore the possibility that people outside of academia might be able to help refine our understanding of complex phenomena by positing factors and relationships from their lived experience. Introduction It is now widely recognized that health outcomes are deeply influenced by a variety of social factors outside of health care. The dramatic differences in morbidity, mortality, and risk factors that researchers have documented within and between countries are patterned after classic social determinants of health, such as education and income, 1,2 as well as place-based characteristics of the physical and social environment in which people live and the macrostructural policies that shape them. A 2013 report from the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine cited these socioecological factors, along with unhealthy behaviors and deficiencies in the health care system, as leading explanations for the \"\"health disadvantage\"\" of the United States." }, { "docid": "D2909974#0", "title": "http://www.personalityrelationships.net/infp-relationships/\nCompatibility and Dating Advice for INFP Relationships", "text": "Compatibility and Dating Advice for INFP Relationships For an INFP, relationships may be less numerous but those that are formed are often long-lasting. This Myers-Briggs personality is defined as primarily being introverted, intuitive, feeling, and perceiving, although this description really only scratches the surface of this character. An estimated four to five percent of the population has the INFP personality. Although there is a fairly balanced ratio of males and females with this character, it does seem that this persona appears slightly more often in males. INFP Characteristics The INFP, or “Idealist,” is a character that has a very active imagination. They tend to not only see the best in the people around them, but they may also be led to imagining characteristics and motives in others that simply aren’t there. Much like the INFJ, INFPs really dislike conflict and will go to great lengths to avoid an argument and see that everyone is happy. When a conflict does arise, this persona may have a profound emotional reaction. To outsiders, the outburst can see over the top and absurd, but the INFP has a very “internal” thought process in which they struggle to see the logical or factual side of things. They often go by their feelings rather than what science, facts, or logic suggests." } ]
8974	__________ is defined as the art of conducting relations with other countries, including negotiating alliances, treaties, and trade agreements.	[ { "docid": "D1102202#0", "title": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/diplomacy\nDefinitions &Translations", "text": "Princeton's Word Net (1.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition:diplomacy, diplomatic negotiations (noun)negotiation between nationsdelicacy, diplomacy, discreetness, finesse (noun)subtly skillful handling of a situationstatesmanship, statecraft, diplomacy (noun)wisdom in the management of public affairs Wiktionary (4.50 / 2 votes)Rate this definition:diplomacy (Noun)The art and practice of conducting international relations by negotiating alliances, treaties, agreements etc., bilaterally or multilaterally, between states and sometimes international organisms, or even between policies with varying status, such as those of monarchs and their princely vassals National diplomacy typically deploys its dexterity to secure advantage for one's nation.diplomacy (Noun)Tact and subtle skill in dealing with people so as to avoid or settle hostility. Origin: From diplomatie, from as if *, from diploma; see diploma. Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Diplomacy (noun)the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations (particularly in securing treaties), including the methods and forms usually employed Diplomacy (noun)dexterity or skill in securing advantages; tact Diplomacy (noun)the body of ministers or envoys resident at a court; the diplomatic body Origin: [F. diplomatie. This word, like supremacy, retains the accent of its original. See Diploma. ] Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Diplomacy Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states. It usually refers to international diplomacy, the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to issues of peace-making, trade, war, economics, culture, environment, and human rights. International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians. In an informal or social sense, diplomacy is the employment of tact to gain strategic advantage or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge, one set of tools being the phrasing of statements in a non-confrontational, or polite manner." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1291409#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_relations\nDiplomacy", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Diplomatic relations)navigation search For the textual analysis of historic documents, see Diplomatics. For other uses, see Diplomacy (disambiguation). The United Nations, with its headquarters in New York City, is the largest international diplomatic organization. Ger van Elk, Symmetry of Diplomacy, 1975, Groninger Museum. The First Geneva Convention (1864). Geneva ( Switzerland) is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world. [ 1]Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states. It usually refers to international diplomacy, the conduct of international relations [2] through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to a full range of topical issues. International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians. David Stevenson reports that by 1900 the term \"\"diplomats\"\" also covered diplomatic services, consular services and foreign ministry officials. [" }, { "docid": "D460876#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_diplomat\nDiplomacy", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Chief diplomat)navigation search For the textual analysis of historic documents, see Diplomatics. For other uses, see Diplomacy (disambiguation). The United Nations, with its headquarters in New York City, is the largest international diplomatic organization. Ger van Elk, Symmetry of Diplomacy, 1975, Groninger Museum. The First Geneva Convention (1864). Geneva ( Switzerland) is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world. [ 1]Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states. It usually refers to international diplomacy, the conduct of international relations [2] through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to a full range of topical issues. International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians. David Stevenson reports that by 1900 the term \"\"diplomats\"\" also covered diplomatic services, consular services and foreign ministry officials. [" }, { "docid": "D2691896#0", "title": "http://www.fao.org/docrep/w5973e/w5973e08.htm\nChapter 4: The Legal, Political/Trade Environment", "text": "\"Chapter 4: The Legal, Political/Trade Environment Chapter Objectives Structure Of The Chapter Laws, rules, and standards Issues The political environment The legal environment Terms of access Winds of change Chapter Summary Key Terms Review Questions Review Questions Answers References The legal/political aspect is very important in global marketing. \"\" International law\"\" can be defined as rules and principles that states and nations consider binding upon themselves. This raises two interesting characteristics of international law. The first is that \"\"law\"\" belongs to individual nations and international law only exists to the degree that individual nations are willing to relinquish their rights. The second is the lack of an adequate international judicial and administrative framework or a body of law which would form the basis of a truly comprehensive international legal system. The international business is also subject to political decrees made by governments both in \"\"home\"\" and \"\"host\"\" countries. Home governments can apply pressure not to deal with disapproved parties. These measures may take the refusal to grant an export licence, or withdrawal of export guarantee cover. The host government may take measures like taxation, ownership controls, operating restrictions or expropriation. Chapter Objectives The objectives of this chapter are:· To give an understanding of the major factors which must be considered in the legal/political environment when planning to market globally· To describe the \"\"Terms of Access\"\" and show the importance of these as vital elements of facilitating trade· To give, in detail, a description of the main elements of the latest GATT Round· To show the importance of legal/political aspects in global marketing." }, { "docid": "D1608501#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/diplomacy\ndiplomacy", "text": "\"diplomacy Also found in: Thesaurus, Legal, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to diplomacy: gunboat diplomacy, shuttle diplomacydi·plo·ma·cy (dĭ-plō′mə-sē)n.1. The art or practice of conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances,treaties, and agreements.2. Tact or skill in dealing with people: Placating the angry customer required delicatediplomacy. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.diplomacy ( dɪˈpləʊməsɪ) n, pl -cies1. ( Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the conduct of the relations of one state with another by peaceful means2. ( Government, Politics & Diplomacy) skill in the management of international relations3." }, { "docid": "D1046435#0", "title": "http://www.crf-usa.org/war-in-iraq/foreign-policy.html\nWar and International Law", "text": "Foreign Policy War and International Law America’s Foreign Policy: A Brief History A central function of the U. S. government is to conduct relations with the almost 200 other nations in the world. A nation is a sovereign country, and as such, possesses the highest authority over its territories. All sovereign states are theoretically equal. Foreign policy determines how America conducts relations with other countries. It is designed to further certain goals. It seeks to assure America’s security and defense. It seeks the power to protect and project America’s national interests around the world. National interest shapes foreign policy and covers a wide range of political, economic, military, ideological, and humanitarian concerns. America’s foreign policy has changed over time reflecting the change in its national interest. As a new nation after the Revolutionary War, America’s prime national interest was to maintain its independence from more powerful European countries." }, { "docid": "D1193066#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/12971931/us-history-2-unit-2-flash-cards/\nUS History 2 Unit 2", "text": "\"261 terms dmeangreen US History 2 Unit 2US History 2 Unit 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Treaty of Paris, 1898 was an agreement made in 1898 that resulted in Spain surrendering control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, parts of the West Indies, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States in exchange for a payment of twenty million dollars. [ 1]. It was signed on December 10, 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War, and came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the ratifications were exchanged. [ 2] The Treaty signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific Ocean (see also the German-Spanish Treaty (1899)), and marked the beginning of an age of United States colonial power. Platt Amendment, 1901 was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. [ 1] It stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War and defined the terms of Cuban-U. S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured U. S. involvement in Cuban affairs and gave legal standing (in U. S. law) to U. S. claims to certain territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. [ 2]Open Door notes is a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy in 1899 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with Qing Dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839-1842). [ 1] As a specific policy with regard to China, it was first advanced by the United States in the Open Door Notes of September-November 1899, authored by William Woodville Rockhill. [ 2] In 1898, the United States had become an East Asian power through the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and when the partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China threatened." }, { "docid": "D1515883#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_treaties\nList of treaties", "text": "\"List of treaties From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. ( June 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The oldest known surviving peace treaty in the world, the Ramses-Hattusili Treaty preserved at the Temple of Amun in Karnak This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups. Contents [ hide ]1 Before AD 12002 1200–12993 1300–13994 1400–14995 1500–15996 1600–16997 1700–17998 1800–18999 1900–199910 2000–current11 Pending12 External links13 Footnotes Before AD 1200 [ edit]Year Name Summaryc. 2100 BC ( Lagash and Umma of Mesopotamia) Border agreement between the rulers of the city-states of Lagash and Umma in Mesopotamia, inscribed on a stone block, setting a prescribed boundary between their two states. [ 1]c. 1283 BC Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty Treaty between the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and the Hittite monarch Hattusili III after the Battle of Kadesh. [ 2] [3]c. 493 BCFoedus Cassianum [4]Ends the war between the Roman Republic and the Latin League.c." }, { "docid": "D1087996#0", "title": "http://constitution.findlaw.com/article2/annotation12.html\nAnnotation 12 - Article II", "text": "Find Law U. S. Constitution Article 2 Annotation 12 - Article II<< previousnext >>Annotation 12 - Article IIINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS WITHOUT SENATE APPROVALThe capacity of the United States to enter into agreements with other nations is not exhausted in the treaty-making power. The Constitution recognizes a distinction between ''treaties'' and ''agreements'' or ''compacts'' but does not indicate what the difference is. 388 The differences, which once may have been clearer, have been seriously blurred in practice within recent decades. Once a stepchild in the family in which treaties were the preferred offspring, the executive agreement has surpassed in number and perhaps in international influence the treaty formally signed, submitted for ratification to the Senate, and proclaimed upon ratification. During the first half-century of its independence, the United States was party to sixty treaties but to only twenty-seven published executive agreements. By the beginning of World War II, there had been concluded approximately 800 treaties and 1,200 executive agreements. In the period 1940-1989, the Nation entered into 759 treaties and into 13,016 published executive agreements. Cumulatively, in 1989, the United states was a party to 890 treaties and 5,117 executive agreements. To phrase it comparatively, in the first 50 years of its history, the United States concluded twice as many treaties as executive agreements. In the 50-year period from 1839 to 1889, a few more executive agreements than treaties were entered into." }, { "docid": "D1151637#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement\nEuropean Union Association Agreement", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A European Union Association Agreement (for short, Association Agreement or AA) is a treaty between the European Union (EU), its Member States and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them. Areas frequently covered by such agreements include the development of political, trade, social, cultural and security links. The legal base for the conclusion of the association agreements is provided by art. 217 TFEU (former art. 310 and art. 238 TEC ). Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 EU Agreements with third states2.1 Association Agreements2.1.1 In force2.1.2 Currently undergoing ratification2.1.3 Currently in negotiations2.1.4 Defunct agreements2.2 Free-trade agreements2.2.1 In force2.2.2 Currently undergoing ratification2.2.3 Currently in negotiations2.3 Other agreements2.3.1 Currently undergoing ratification2.3.2 Currently in negotiations2.4 Defunct agreements3 See also4 Notes5 References6 External links Overview [ edit]Association Agreements are broad framework agreements between the EU (or its predecessors) and its member states, and an external state which governs their bilateral relations." }, { "docid": "D72068#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Climate_Change_Treaty\nKyoto Protocol", "text": "\"This article is about the international treaty. For the rock band, see Kyoto Protocol (band). Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the secondnon-Annex B parties without binding targets Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew from the Protocol Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol Signed 11 December 1997 [1]Location Kyoto, Japan Effective 16 February 2005 [1]Condition Ratification by at least 55 States to the Convention Expiration in force (first commitment period expired 31 December 2012) [2]Signatories 84 [1]Parties 192 [3] [4]EU, Cook Islands, Niue and all UN member states, except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and USDepositary Secretary-General of the United Nations Languages Arabic, Mandarin, English, French, Russian and Spanish Kyoto Protocol at Wikisource Kyoto Protocol Extension (2012–20)Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol Acceptance of the Doha Amendment States that ratified Kyoto protocol parties that did not ratify Non-parties to the Kyoto Protocol Drafted December 8, 2012Location Doha, Qatar Effective not in effect Condition ratification by 144 (3/4 of 192 Parties) required Ratifiers 111 [5]Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol at Wikisource Kyoto Parties with first period (2008–12) greenhouse gas emissions limitations targets, and the percentage change in their carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion between 1990 and 2009. For more detailed country/region information, see Kyoto Protocol and government action. Overview map of states committed to greenhouse gas (GHG) limitations in the first Kyoto Protocol period (2008–12): [6]Annex I Parties who have agreed to reduce their GHG emissions below their individual base year levels (see definition in this article)Annex I Parties who have agreed to cap their GHG emissions at their base year levels Non-Annex I Parties who are not obligated by caps or Annex I Parties with an emissions cap that allows their emissions to expand above their base year levels or countries that have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol For specific emission reduction commitments of Annex I Parties, see the section of the article on 2012 emission targets and \"\"flexible mechanisms\"\". The European Union as a whole has in accordance with this treaty committed itself to a 6.7% reduction. However, many member states (such as Greece, Spain, Ireland and Sweden) have not committed themselves to any reduction while France has committed itself not to expand its emissions (0% reduction). [ 7]The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (a) global warming is occurring and (b) it is extremely likely that human-made CO 2emissions have predominantly caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997 and entered into force on February 16, 2005. There are currently 192 parties ( Canada withdrew effective December 2012) [4] to the Protocol." }, { "docid": "D1530604#0", "title": "http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/eulaw/lisbon-treaty-guide\nThe Treaty of Lisbon explained", "text": "\"The Treaty of Lisbon explained01 December 2009by eub2 -- last modified 01 December 2009The following memo gives an overview of the main innovations in the Treaty of Lisbon that enters into force on 1 December 2009. It is not exhaustive, and should not be seen as a legal analysis. Advertisement Why does Europe need the Lisbon Treaty? The European Union (EU) of 27 Member States has been operating with rules designed for an EU of 15 Member States. To realise its full potential, the European Union needs to modernise and reform. At the same time, there is increasing support for the EU to work together on issues that affect us all, such as climate change, energy security and international terrorism. As the EU has grown and its responsibilities have changed, it makes sense to adapt the framework it operates in so that the EU has the means to tackle today's challenges and tomorrow's. In particular, the Lisbon Treaty will lead to greater efficiency in the decision making process, increased democratic accountability by associating the European Parliament and national parliaments and increased coherence externally. All of these improvements will equip the EU better to defend the interests of its citizens on a day-to-day basis. 10 examples of benefits for European citizens * A right for citizens to make a request to the Commission for it to propose a new initiative (\"\"European citizens initiative\"\") * Better protection for citizens through the new status given to the Charter of fundamental rights * Diplomatic and consular protection for all EU citizens when travelling and living abroad * Mutual assistance against natural or man-made catastrophes inside the Union, such as flooding and forest fires * New possibilities to deal with cross border effects of energy policy, civil protection and combating serious cross border threats to health * Common action on dealing with criminal gangs who smuggle people across frontiers * Common rules to avoid asylum shopping where multiple applications are made to different member countries * Tackling terrorism through the freezing of assets, while full judicial review is guaranteed by the European Court of Justice * More democratic approach to EU decision-making (strengthened role of European Parliament and national Parliaments) * An ability to provide urgent financial aid to third countries Key innovations in the Lisbon Treaty This overview is structured in three parts: * key internal policy changes * key external policy changes * institutional and legal changes 1) Key 'internal' policy changes - area by area Broadly, the Lisbon Treaty does not change policies, or only slightly, in a number of areas including: enlargement policy, regional affairs, competition, environment, education and culture (although there is a substantial change on sport policy), transport, industrial policy, taxation, health (although there is greater emphasis on coordination and cooperation), and consumer policy." }, { "docid": "D2714797#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union\nBrexit", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union)navigation search Part of a series of articles on the United Kingdomin the European Union [ show]Accession [ show]Membership [ show]Withdrawalv t e Part of a series on the History of the United Kingdom Timeline [show]Topics [show]United Kingdom portalv t e Brexit ( / ˈ b r ɛ k s ɪ t, ˈ b r ɛ ɡ z ɪ t /) is the prospective withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). In a referendum on 23 June 2016, 51.9% of the participating UK electorate voted to leave the EU, out of a turnout of 72.2%. On 29 March 2017, the UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union. The UK is thus due to leave the EU on 29 March 2019. [ 1]Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK would not seek permanent membership of the single market or the customs union after leaving the EU [2] [3] and promised to repeal the European Communities Act of 1972 and incorporate existing European Union law into UK domestic law. [ 4] A new government department, the Department for Exiting the European Union (DEx EU), was created in July 2016, with Eurosceptic David Davis appointed its first Secretary of State. Negotiations with the EU officially started in June 2017. The UK joined the European Communities (EC) in 1973, with membership confirmed by a referendum in 1975. In the 1970s and 1980s, withdrawal from the EC was advocated mainly by Labour Party members and trade union figures. From the 1990s, the main advocates of withdrawal were the newly founded UK Independence Party (UKIP) and an increasing number of Eurosceptic Conservative Party members." }, { "docid": "D2555325#0", "title": "http://elr.info/sites/default/files/articles/19.10171.htm\nHazardous Waste Exports: A Leak in the System of International Legal Controls", "text": "\"19 ELR 10171 \| Environmental Law Reporter \| copyright © 1989 \| All rights reserved Hazardous Waste Exports: A Leak in the System of International Legal Controls F. James Handley Editors' Summary: The United States and other industrialized nations export a significant amount of their hazardous wastes abroad for disposal. Exporters often send their waste to countries where environmental regulation is less stringent than in the generating country in order to avoid the high cost of compliance with domestic disposal requirements. Although the United States and the European Community have established limited controls on waste exportation, these regulations do not ensure that waste shipped abroad is transported or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. The author describes the regulatory regimes of the United States and the European Community, and analyzes recent efforts to create international agreements to impose greater controls on transboundary shipments of hazardous waste. In addition, the author examines legislative initiatives put forward in the United States Congress to address the problem. The author concludes that unless waste exports from the United States are prohibited, unsafe disposal abroad will likely continue, and efforts to encourage the minimization of hazardous waste at the source will be thwarted. The author is a staff attorney in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring. The views expressed in this Article are solely those of the author; they do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mr. Handley prepared this Article in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an LL. M. in environmental law at the National Law Center of George Washington University. [" }, { "docid": "D183138#0", "title": "http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/external-relations/\nCanadian Foreign Relations", "text": "\"Canadian Foreign Relations Through its history, Canada has taken a series of increasingly bold steps to develop from a British colony into an independent nation. Both the world wars were turning points, with Canada's military sacrifices giving it the strength and confidence to demand its own voice on the world stage. In the postwar era, Canada has maintained its role in both Western and global alliances. However, relations with the United States – because of its singular importance to Canadian security and trade – have dominated Canada's foreign policy since Confederation. Harper and Obama Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and US President Barack Obama walk down the Hall of Honor towards a joint news conference on Parliament Hill in Ottawa on 19 Feb 2009. Canada was the new president's first international visit. Photo by Charles Dharapak, courtesy CP Archives Confederation and Foreign Affairs The colonies that united in Confederation were essentially self-governing in internal affairs. Nevertheless, the British North America Act gave legal force to the union, but said nothing about foreign relations. It was assumed that those relations were virtually the exclusive concern of the British government. The authorities then conducting Canada's business with the United States were the governor general, the British ambassador in Washington and the British foreign secretary in London." }, { "docid": "D1102204#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=TD04144I&ModeType=0\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: __________ is defined as the art of conducting relations with other countries, including negotiating alliances, treaties, and trade agreements. A. charter B. consent C. assembly D.diplomacy A: D. Diplomacy is defined as the art of conducting relations with other countries, including negotiating alliances, treaties, and trade agreements. Log in for more information. Question\|Asked by kmarentes Asked 2/4/2014 10:18:29 AMUpdated 2/4/2014 12:16:25 PM1 Answer/Comment Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)__________ is defined as the art of conducting relations with other countries, including negotiating alliances, treaties, and trade agreements. A. charter B. consent C. assembly D. diplomacy New answers Rating3jeifunk MD. Diplomacy is defined as the art of conducting relations with other countries, including negotiating alliances, treaties, and trade agreements. Log in for more information. Added 2/4/2014 12:16:25 PMThis answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Comments There are no comments. Add an answer or comment Log in or sign up first." }, { "docid": "D474241#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO\nEnlargement of NATO", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Map of NATO countries' chronological membership Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO) is the process of including new member states in NATO. NATO is a military alliance of twenty-seven European and two North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows only for the invitation of \"\"other European States\"\", and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join have to meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialogue and military integration. The accession process is overseen by the North Atlantic Council, NATO's governing body. After its formation in 1949 with twelve founding members, NATO grew by including Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955, and then later Spain in 1982. After the Cold War ended, and Germany reunited in 1990, there was a debate in NATO about continued expansion eastward. In 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined the organization, amid much debate within the organization and Russian opposition. Another expansion came with the accession of seven Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. These nations were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague summit, and joined NATO shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit." }, { "docid": "D2123577#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy\nDiplomacy", "text": "Diplomacy, the established method of influencing the decisions and behaviour of foreign governments and peoples through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or violence. Modern diplomatic practices are a product of the post- Renaissance European state system. Historically, diplomacy meant the conduct of official (usually bilateral) relations between sovereign states. By the 20th century, however, the diplomatic practices pioneered in Europe had been adopted throughout the world, and diplomacy had expanded to cover summit meetings and other international conferences, parliamentary diplomacy, the international activities of supranational and subnational entities, unofficial diplomacy by nongovernmental elements, and the work of international civil servants. The term diplomacy is derived via French from the ancient Greek diplōma, composed of diplo, meaning “folded in two,” and the suffix -ma, meaning “an object.” The folded document conferred a privilege—often a permit to travel—on the bearer, and the term came to denote documents through which princes granted such favours. Later it applied to all solemn documents issued by chancelleries, especially those containing agreements between sovereigns. Diplomacy later became identified with international relations, and the direct tie to documents lapsed (except in diplomatics, which is the science of authenticating old official documents). In the 18th century the French term diplomate (“diplomat” or “diplomatist”) came to refer to a person authorized to negotiate on behalf of a state. This article discusses the nature of diplomacy, its history, and the ways in which modern diplomacy is conducted, including the selection and training of diplomats and the organization of diplomatic bodies." }, { "docid": "D558858#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase\nLouisiana Purchase", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Louisiana Purchase (disambiguation). Louisiana Purchase Vente de la Louisiane Expansion of the United States← 1803–1804→→The modern United States, with Louisiana Purchase overlay History• Established July 4, 1803• Disestablished October 1, 1804Today part of United States Canada The Louisiana Purchase ( French: Vente de la Louisiane \"\"Sale of Louisiana\"\") was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km²) by the United States from France in 1803. The U. S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15 million, equivalent to $300 million in 2016). The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U. S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans ); and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves. [ 1]The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France's failure to put down the revolt in Saint-Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain." }, { "docid": "D3228350#0", "title": "http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/international-politics/diplomacy-meaning-nature-functions-and-role-in-crisis-management/48491\nDiplomacy: Meaning, Nature, Functions and Role in Crisis Management", "text": "Diplomacy: Meaning, Nature, Functions and Role in Crisis Management Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Diplomacy stands accepted as the mainstay and the core process of relations among nations. The process of establishment of relations among nations begins effectively by the establishment of diplomatic relations among nations. A new state becomes a full and active member of the family of nations only after it gets recognition by existing states. The common way in which this recognition is granted is the announcement of the decision to establish diplomatic relations. Thereafter diplomats are exchanged and relations among nations get underway. As such diplomacy is the means through which nations begin to develop their relations. “Diplomacy is the management of international relations by means of negotiations; the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys the business or art of the diplomats” —Harold Nicholson. “Diplomacy is the inevitable outcome of the coexistence of separate political units (states) with any degree of contact.” — Frankel Diplomacy is a basic means by which a nation seeks to secure the goals of its national interest. Foreign policy always travels on the shoulders of diplomacy and gets operationalized in other states." }, { "docid": "D2645832#0", "title": "https://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-94.html\nWhat is a Treaty?", "text": "\"Sovereignty To understand what a treaty is, we must first understand the concept of sovereignty. Sovereignty is the right of a group of people to be self-governing. Nations such as the United States, Germany, Japan, and Mexico are sovereign nations completely independent of any other political power. Within their borders, they have what is called absolute sovereignty. Sovereign countries often find it necessary to make agreements with other sovereign powers. One of the ways that they do that is to negotiate treaties. These are formal agreements between two or more sovereign powers that obligate their governments to perform certain actions embodied in the provisions of the agreement. So everyone understands and knows the provisions, the treaty is written down and signed by all the parties that negotiated and agreed to it. Treaties can have many different purposes. Some are written so that two or more countries can form an alliance against a common enemy." } ]
8978	__________ is the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure	[ { "docid": "D88219#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/13142488/validity-reliability-precision-accuracy-flash-cards/\nValidity, Reliability, Precision, Accuracy", "text": "\"21 terms satishtray Validity, Reliability, Precision, Accuracy Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Accuracy Refers to the correctness of the mean value (How close it is to the true population value) It is comparable to Validity Validity The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. All tests are designed to measure something; hopefully something specific. If the test does indeed measure what it is intended to measure, then we can say that the test is --------Reliability Refers to the accuracy, consistency & stability of test scores across situations. 1. Test-Retest: Cronbach's alpha 2. Inter-Rater Cronbach's alpha It is generally used as a measure of internal consistency or reliability of a psychometric instrument. Generally, alpha coefficient ranges in value from 0 to 1 Some professionals insist on a reliability score of 0.70 or higher in order to use a psychometric instrument. Precision The degree to which a calculated central value (eg." } ]	[ { "docid": "D969246#0", "title": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-objectivity/\nScientific Objectivity", "text": "Scientific Objectivity First published Mon Aug 25, 2014Scientific objectivity is a characteristic of scientific claims, methods and results. It expresses the idea that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspectives, value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few relevant factors. Objectivity is often considered as an ideal for scientific inquiry, as a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge, and as the basis of the authority of science in society. Many central debates in the philosophy of science have, in one way or another, to do with objectivity: confirmation and the problem of induction; theory choice and scientific change; realism; scientific explanation; experimentation; measurement and quantification; evidence and the foundations of statistics; evidence-based science; feminism and values in science. Understanding the role of objectivity in science is therefore integral to a full appreciation of these debates. As this article testifies, the reverse is true too: it is impossible to fully appreciate the notion of scientific objectivity without touching upon many of these debates. The ideal of objectivity has been criticized repeatedly in philosophy of science, questioning both its value and its attainability. This article focuses on the question of how scientific objectivity should be defined, whether the ideal of objectivity is desirable, and to what extent scientists can achieve it. In line with the idea that the epistemic authority of science relies primarily on the objectivity of scientific reasoning, we focus on the role of objectivity in scientific experimentation, inference and theory choice.1. Introduction: Product and Process Objectivity2." }, { "docid": "D783476#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006052513911\n\"What is \"\"operational definition\"\" ?\"", "text": "\"Education & Reference Teaching What is \"\"operational definition\"\" ? Is that anyone will get the same result when he/she repeat your experiment or operational process, because it stands on some experiment or operational process to define an quantity or some concepts? I need some examples? Follow 11 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Operational definition A very clear and very precise explanation of the items being measured or the terms that are used to ensures comprehensible knowledge of the terminology and the ability to operate a process, procedure, or service and/or collect data consistently and reliably. ( http://www.sixsigmaspc.com/dictionary/op... ) operational definition An operational definition is a description of something — such as a variable, term or object — in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity. Properties described in this manner must be publicly accessible so that persons other than the definer can independently measure or test for them at will. For example, the weight of an object may be operationally defined in terms of the specific steps of putting an object on a scale. The weight is whatever results from following the measurement procedure, which can in principle be repeated by anyone. It is intentionally not defined in terms of some intrinsic or private essence. The operational definition of weight is just the result of what happens when the defined procedure is followed." }, { "docid": "D3520509#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/194058/Assessments_of_Learning_Outcomes_Validity_and_Reliability_of_Classroom_Tests\nAssessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests", "text": "pdf Assessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests4 Pages Assessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests Uploaded by Maizam Alias Files1 of 2connect to download Get pdf Assessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests Download World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education © 2005 UICEE Vol.4, No.2, 2005 Assessment of learning outcomes: validity and reliability of classroom tests Maizam Alias Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia ABSTRACT: Teachers in engineering routinely design and administer classroom tests to their students for decision-making purposes. To be of real value in decision-making, these tests must be valid and reliable. Test validity and reliability may be achieved by taking a systematic approach to test design. In this article, the author proposes and discusses measures that teachers could take in order to help them enhance the validity and reliability of their classroom tests, taking examples from the teaching and learning of structural design in civil engineering. A sample spreadsheet in Excel is provided that may be used by teachers to get a quick estimate of the reliability of their classroom tests. INTRODUCTION that is specifically designed by teachers to measure an identified learned capability (or set of learned capabilities) and Assessment entails the systematic gathering of evidence to administered by teachers to their students in classroom setting. judge a student’s demonstration of learning. Teachers can then judge whether a student has learned what they are expected to Classroom tests are routinely designed and administered by learn by securing valid and reliable information through teachers to assess students’ learned capabilities, and output various assessment methods. The assessment method chosen from classroom tests are often used to support decision- would depend on the learning domain that is of interest, which making, such as in giving grades to students or assigning could be the cognitive, affective or psychomotor domains [1]. students to remedial classes. In order to be of real value in Examples of learning in the three domains are given in Table 1." }, { "docid": "D1807273#0", "title": "https://www.verywell.com/what-is-validity-2795788\nWhy Validity is Important to Psychological Tests", "text": "Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Why Validity is Important to Psychological Tests By Kendra Cherry Updated June 25, 2017Share Pin Email Print Validity is an important part of determining the usefulness and applicability of a psychological test. spx Chrome / Getty Images When people talk about psychological tests, they often ask whether the test is valid or not. What exactly does this mean? Validity is a measure of how well a test measures what it claims to measure. Psychological assessment is an important part of both experimental research and clinical treatment. One of the greatest concerns when creating a psychological test is whether or not it actually measures what we think it is measuring. For example, a test might be designed to measure a stable personality trait but instead measure transitory emotions generated by situational or environmental conditions. A valid test ensures that the results are an accurate reflection of the dimension undergoing assessment. So what does it mean for a test to have validity? Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure." }, { "docid": "D918376#0", "title": "http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/mickey/ASTR110L_S05/measurement.html\nMeasurement and Uncertainty", "text": "\"Measurement and Uncertainty In the Parallax lab, you were asked to estimate the uncertainty in your results, from your guesses about the sources of error in the measurement. This lab explores, in a little more detail, how one can express the level of confidence associated with a scientific measurement. Introduction All of our knowledge of the physical world is obtained from our observations of that world, and from extensions to those observations that allow us to predict physical behavior. These extensions are called theory, and theories must be testable by measurements of predicted behavior. So the process is a circle, from measurement to theory to prediction to measurement again, which leads to improvement in the theory, new predictions and tests. Each loop increases our understanding, so it is perhaps useful to think of the process more as a spiral, where every time around we make a little progress. For example: a simple observation is that the Sun \"\"goes down\"\" sometimes—but, after giving us time for a nap, it \"\"comes up\"\" again on the other side of the house. A theory based on several such observations would be something like \"\" every time the Sun goes down, it will come back up on the other side of the world.\"\" This can be tested by watching. Better observations would include measurements of the times between sunset and sunrise, using some sort of clock, and measurements of the time that the sun is \"\"up.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D2200117#0", "title": "http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/Heritability.html\nHow Heritability Misleads about Race", "text": "\"From The Boston Review, XX, no 6, January, 1996, p. 30-35How Heritability Misleads about Race Ned Block Department of Philosophy NYUAccording to The Bell Curve, Black Americans are genetically inferior to Whites. That's not the only point in Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's book. They also argue that there is something called \"\"general intelligence\"\" which is measured by IQ tests, socially important, and 60 percent \"\"heritable\"\" within whites. ( I'll explain heritability below.) But the claim about genetic inferiority is my target here. It has been subject to wide-ranging criticism since the book was first published last year. Those criticisms, however, have missed its deepest flaws. Indeed, the Herrnstein/Murray argument depends on conceptual confusions that have been tacitly accepted to some degree by many of the book's sharpest critics. Let's first be clear about the conclusion itself. In a recent article on \"\"The Real Bell Curve,\"\" Charles Murray grumbles about critics, such as Stephen Jay Gould, who read the book as saying that racial differences in IQ are mostly genetic." }, { "docid": "D251319#0", "title": "http://my.ilstu.edu/~jdpeter/THE%20SCIENCE%20PROCESSES.htm\n.", "text": "\"THE SCIENCE PROCESSESby Jerry Jinks©1997Illinois State University1997The following is a list of the thirteen science processes advocated by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). These are best thought of as a set of intellectual skills that are associated with acquiring reliable information about nature. Each process is defined. In addition, comment about the inherent nature of each of the skills is provided. The first eight processes are called \"\"basic processes\"\" and are appropriate for children in the primary grades. The last five are called \"\"integrated processes\"\" and are more appropriate for children at grades four and above.1. Observation This is the most fundamental of all of the processes. Observation may be defined as the gathering of information through the use of any one, or combination of the five basic senses; sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. The term observation may also be used to express the result of observing. In other words one might observe and, as a result, gather observations." }, { "docid": "D3411843#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/1735638/ap-psychology-chapter-11-intelligence-flash-cards/\nAP Psychology- Chapter 11: Intelligence", "text": "29 terms marilynlapu96AP Psychology- Chapter 11: Intelligence Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortintelligence mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situationsfactor analysis a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total scoregeneral intelligence (g) a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence testsavant syndrome a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawinganalytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence according to Sternberg, a type of intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answercreative intelligence according to Sternberg, a type of intelligence that is demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideaspractical intelligence according to Sternberg, a type of intelligence that is often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-defined, with multiple solutions Spearman's general intelligence (g) intelligence theory that a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic subjects Thurstone's primary mental abilities intelligence theory that our intelligence may be broken down into 7 factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory Gardner's multiple intelligences intelligence theory that our abilities are best classified into 8 independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts Sternberg's triarchic intelligence theory that our intelligence is best classified into 3 areas that predict our real-world success: analytical, creative, and practicalemotional intelligence the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotionsintelligence test a method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scoresmental age a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence testintelligence quotient (IQ) defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100; on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100aptitude test a test designed to predict a person's future performanceachievement test a test designed to assess what a person has learned WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtestsstandardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization groupnormal curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributesreliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retestingvalidity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed tocontent validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)criterion the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validitypredictive validity the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and criterion behaviormental retardation a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound Down syndrome a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeupstereotype threat a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc." }, { "docid": "D1829473#0", "title": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/202358\nConnect with Project MUSE", "text": "\"What Is Evaluation Research? Evaluation research is not easily defined. There is not even unanimity regarding its name; it is referred to as evaluation research and evaluative research. Some individuals consider evaluation research to be a specific research method; others focus on special techniques unique, more often [End Page 102] than not, to program evaluation; and yet others view it as a research activity that employs standard research methods for evaluative purposes. Consistent with the last perspective, Childers concludes, \"\"The differences between evaluative research and other research center on the orientation of the research and not on the methods employed\"\" (1989, p. 251). When evaluation research is treated as a research method, it is likely to be seen as a type of applied or action research, not as basic or theoretical research. Weiss, in her standard textbook, defines evaluation as \"\"the systematic assessment of the operation and/or the outcomes of a program or policy, compared to a set of explicit or implicit standards, as a means of contributing to the improvement of the program or policy\"\" (1998, p. 4; emphasis in original). While certainly not incorrect, this definition, at least within a library and information (LIS) context, is too narrow or limited. Wallace and Van Fleet, for example, point out that \"\"evaluation has to do with understanding library systems\"\" (2001, p. 1). As will be noted later in this article, evaluative methods are used for everything from evaluating library collections to reference transactions." }, { "docid": "D3377330#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/73432519/ch-13-measuring-forecasting-demand-flash-cards/\nCh. 13- Measuring & Forecasting Demand", "text": "34 terms morgh14Ch. 13- Measuring & Forecasting Demand Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Demand to a Destination Depends on Propensity and Resistance In somewhat more speciﬁc terms, the demand for travel to a particular destination will be a function of the person's propensity to travel and the reciprocal of the resistance of the link between origin and destination areas. Thus, Demand = f (propensity, resistance) Propensity can be thought of as a person's predisposition to travel —in other words, how willing the person is to travel, what types of travel experiences he or she prefers, and what types of destinations are considered. A person's propensity to travel will, quite obviously, be determined largely by his or her psychographic proﬁle and travel motivation, as discussed in previous chapters. In addition, a person's socioeconomic status will have an important bearing on propensity. It follows that to estimate a person's propensity to travel, we must understand both psychographic and demographic variables concerning the person. Propensity is directly related to demand. Resistance, on the other hand, relates to the relative attractiveness of various destinations." }, { "docid": "D2285982#0", "title": "http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/\nEgalitarianism", "text": "Egalitarianism First published Fri Aug 16, 2002; substantive revision Wed Apr 24, 2013Egalitarianism is a trend of thought in political philosophy. An egalitarian favors equality of some sort: People should get the same, or be treated the same, or be treated as equals, in some respect. An alternative view expands on this last-mentioned option: People should be treated as equals, should treat one another as equals, should relate as equals, or enjoy an equality of social status of some sort. Egalitarian doctrines tend to rest on a background idea that all human persons are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. So far as the Western European and Anglo-American philosophical tradition is concerned, one significant source of this thought is the Christian notion that God loves all human souls equally. Egalitarianism is a protean doctrine, because there are several different types of equality, or ways in which people might be treated the same, or might relate as equals, that might be thought desirable. In modern democratic societies, the term “egalitarian” is often used to refer to a position that favors, for any of a wide array of reasons, a greater degree of equality of income and wealth across persons than currently exists.1. Preliminary Distinctions2. Equality of Opportunity3. Equality of Condition: Equality of What?3.1 Lockean Rights3.2 Karl Marx on Equal Rights3.3 Income and Wealth3.4 Capabilities3.5 Resources3.6 Welfare and Opportunity for Welfare3.7 Conclusion: A Test Case4." }, { "docid": "D3401501#0", "title": "http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/522\nVenezuela: Dictatorship or Democracy?", "text": "Opinion & Analysis Politics Venezuela: Dictatorship or Democracy? The radically different views of the nature of the Chavez government contribute towards greater polarization because they create a vicious cycle of deepening distrust. Thus, we must find other ways of making sense of the situation than these simple slogans By Gregory Wilpert - Venezuelanalysis.com May 27th 2004 at 11.49am Topics Politics Short URL : One of the most striking things about Venezuelan politics is just how diametrically opposed perspectives on the situation here are. In its most essential and simplified form, the perspectives tend to be narrowed down to those who say that Venezuela under Chavez has become a dictatorship and those who say that it has become a real democracy. This dichotomy of perceptions is reflected in three major issues that have taken center stage in Venezuela recently. The first is the recall referendum process, where the opposition says that the government is doing everything in its power to prevent it and the government and its supporters say that the opposition simply does not have the popular support to implement it. The second issue is the recent capture of a paramilitary force in the country’s capital, where the opposition says that the capture was, at worst a government-staged event and, at best, an exaggeration, while the government says the group represents a serious threat to Venezuelan sovereignty and stability. The third issue, which has perhaps not caught on too much yet, is a new Supreme Court law, where the opposition says it paves the way for a “constitutional dictatorship” and the government says it deepens and strengthens the rule of law in Venezuela. Recall Referendum: Obstacle Course or Insufficient Popular Support? Venezuela’s opposition and important international observers, particularly from the U. S., such as U. S. State Department officials or Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry, say that “there is very little Chavez wouldn’t do to hold on to power.” [" }, { "docid": "D1727218#0", "title": "https://www.researchgate.net/post/Sensitivity_and_specificity_Are_they_measures_of_validity_or_reliability\nSensitivity and specificity: Are they measures of validity or reliability ?", "text": "\"Question Asked 4 years ago Umesh Wadgave24.25 Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Sensitivity and specificity: Are they measures of validity or reliability ? In leon gordis, these methods were explained under validity and I felt it logically correct, but few other books covered these measures under diagnostic agreement. Clinical Epidemiology Medical Statistics Epidemiological Analysis Epidemiologic Methods Advanced Epidemiology Applied Epidemiology Epidemiologic Studies Epidemiological Statistics Biostatistical Methods Share2 Recommendations Popular Answers ( 1)4 years ago David Martin Ward Powers Flinders University A dichotomous diagnosis problem gives rise to a four cell contingency table with three degrees of freedom: TP+FP+TN+FN=N. This means that any three independent measures suffice to completely specify the outcomes. Any further measures used will necessarily be dependent on those first three independent measures. Specificity and Sensitivity are measures of validity or informedness with respect to the disease rather than accuracy or reliability of the test, and are commonly plotted against each other in ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics), allowing optimization of the operating point, e.g. by tuning or setting a threshold. However, usually what is plotted is mirror image: Specificity (True Positive Rate) vs 1-Sensitivity (False Positive Rate). The best operating point in terms of maximizing informedness is the one that is furthest from the chance diagonal (TPR=FPR). Under the assumptions that the (error) cost associated with the set of all negative cases matches that for all positive cases, this is also the minimum cost solution. Informedness = ΔP = TPR-FPR = Specificity+Sensitivity-1 is the distance of the operating point above the chance line, and give the probability of an informed decision (as opposed to guessing). Informedness = 0 corresponds to guessing, that is operating at chance level or being on the chance line." }, { "docid": "D2892665#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/5070395/ch-5-validity-flash-cards/\nCh 5 validity", "text": "\"74 terms auzy47Ch 5 validity Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Validity refers to a test measures what it purports to measure First, we gotta establish the validity of a test score when used for a particular purpose... a score may be improperly used for one purpose, but not for another Second, validity is a matter of degree We wanna know if validity is sufficient to make use of the test worthwhile Third, we must distinguish btwn validity n accuracy of norms of a test It's possible for a test to have a good validity but have norms that is off the mark. The converse may be also true. Construct is a trait or characteristic. For ex, construct might be depression or mathematical reasoning ability Construct underrepresentation refers to the part of the construct that isn't covered by the test Construct irrelevant variance refers to the test that may measure some construct other than what we want to measure Socially desirable responses is the extent to which examinees may respond in order to yield positive result. This is construct irrelevant variance Basic issue is providing evidence that the scores on a test are indicative of the trait or construct of interest. We will review the types of evidence presented to establish test validityface validity refers to whether a test LOOKS like it measures its target construct Issue of face validity face validity never substitute for empirical validity; aim for face validity but never at expense of empirical validitycontent validity the relationship between the content of a test and some well-defined domain of knowledge or behavior two primary applications: educational achievement tests and employment test1) Achievement tests purpose of such test is to determine the extent of knowledge of some body of material. Begins with careful definition of the content to be covered Two-way table specifications: first dimension covers the content topics. Second dimension represents mental processes After preparing a table of specifications for content area, we determine content validity of a test by matching content of the test with a table specificationscon't with table specifications... a table of specification shuld show (a) areas of content not covered by the test and (b) test items that do not fit the content specifications (similar to the concept of construct underrepresenation/irrelevant variance)Bloom's taxonomy cognitive, affective, psychomotor Instructional validity (aka curricular validity) refers to whether the content has actually been taught (vs. what is supposed to be taught)2) employment test same notion for educational achievement test, but this tests the content domain of knowledge and skills required by a PARTICULAR job; therefore, motivation and personality traits are not ordinarily included Job analysis list of knowledge and job skills required by the job The differences in specification 1) specifications of achievement tests are usually basis of textbook, but specifications of employment tests are usually derived from panels of experts 2) percentage-agreement figure is use in evaluation of employment tests, which is called a content validity ratio: percentage of test content that a panel of experts judges essential for job performance Problems with content validity 1) getting a clear specification of the content is often difficult 2) judging how well test items cover elements of the content specifications." }, { "docid": "D1458192#0", "title": "http://www.assessmentpsychology.com/psychometrics.htm\nPsychometrics", "text": "\"Psychometrics Assessment Psychology.com > Assessment > Psychological Tests > Topics in Testing > Psychometrics Books on Psychological Testing Psychometrics For information regarding the parapsychology phenomenon of distance knowledge, see psychometry. Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. The field is primarily concerned with the study of differences between individuals. It involves two major research tasks, namely: (i) the construction of instruments and procedures for measurement; and (ii) the development and refinement of theoretical approaches to measurement. Contents1 Origins and background2 Definition of measurement in the social sciences3 Instruments and procedures4 Theoretical approaches4.1 Key concepts5 See also6 Related articles7 References7.1 External links Origins and background Much of the early theoretical and applied work in psychometrics was undertaken in an attempt to measure intelligence. The origin of psychometrics has connections to the related field of psychophysics . Charles Spearman, a pioneer in psychometrics who developed approaches to the measurement of intelligence, studied under Wilhelm Wundt and was trained in psychophysics. The psychometrician L. L. Thurstone later developed and applied a theoretical approach to the measurement referred to as the law of comparative judgment, an approach which has close connections to the psychophysical theory developed by Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Fechner. In addition, Spearman and Thurstone both made important contributions to the theory and application of factor analysis, a statistical method that has been used extensively in psychometrics. More recently, psychometric theory has been applied in the measurement of personality, attitudes and beliefs, academic achievement, and in health-related fields." }, { "docid": "D340951#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean\nRegression toward the mean", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search In statistics, regression toward (or to) the mean is the phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first. [ 1] [2] [3] To avoid making incorrect inferences, regression toward the mean must be considered when designing scientific experiments and interpreting data. [ 4]The conditions under which regression toward the mean occurs depend on the way the term is mathematically defined. Sir Francis Galton first observed the phenomenon in the context of simple linear regression of data points. Galton [5] developed the following model: pellets fall through a quincunx forming a normal distribution centered directly under their entrance point. These pellets could then be released down into a second gallery corresponding to a second measurement occasion. Galton then asked the reverse question, \"\"From where did these pellets come? \"\" The answer was not ' on average directly above '. Rather it was ' on average, more towards the middle ', for the simple reason that there were more pellets above it towards the middle that could wander left than there were in the left extreme that could wander to the right, inwards [6]A less restrictive approach is possible. Regression towards the mean can be defined for any bivariate distribution with identical marginal distributions." }, { "docid": "D88216#0", "title": "http://fcit.usf.edu/assessment/basic/basicc.html\n.", "text": "C. Reliability and Validity In order for assessments to be sound, they must be free of bias and distortion. Reliability and validity are two concepts that are important for defining and measuring bias and distortion. Reliability refers to the extent to which assessments are consistent. Just as we enjoy having reliable cars (cars that start every time we need them), we strive to have reliable, consistent instruments to measure student achievement. Another way to think of reliability is to imagine a kitchen scale. If you weigh five pounds of potatoes in the morning, and the scale is reliable, the same scale should register five pounds for the potatoes an hour later (unless, of course, you peeled and cooked them). Likewise, instruments such as classroom tests and national standardized exams should be reliable – it should not make any difference whether a student takes the assessment in the morning or afternoon; one day or the next. Another measure of reliability is the internal consistency of the items. For example, if you create a quiz to measure students’ ability to solve quadratic equations, you should be able to assume that if a student gets an item correct, he or she will also get other, similar items correct. The following table outlines three common reliability measures." }, { "docid": "D1807275#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(psychometric)\nValidity (statistics)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Validity (psychometric))navigation search For other uses, see Validity (disambiguation). This article needs attention from an expert in statistics. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. Wiki Project Statistics may be able to help recruit an expert. ( November 2008)Validity is the extent to which a concept, [1] conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world. The word \"\"valid\"\" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. The validity of a measurement tool (for example, a test in education) is considered to be the degree to which the tool measures what it claims to measure; in this case, the validity is an equivalent to accuracy. In psychometrics, validity has a particular application known as test validity: \"\"the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores\"\" (\"\"as entailed by proposed uses of tests\"\"). [ 2]It is generally accepted that the concept of scientific validity addresses the nature of reality and as such is an epistemological and philosophical issue as well as a question of measurement. The use of the term in logic is narrower, relating to the truth of inferences made from premises." }, { "docid": "D3472431#0", "title": "https://newrepublic.com/article/118534/gerrymandering-efficiency-gap-better-way-measure-gerrymandering\nHere's How We Can End Gerrymandering Once and for All", "text": "Jana Birchum/Getty Images News Here's How We Can End Gerrymandering Once and for All By Nicholas Stephanopoulos July 3, 2014If insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result, then litigants who challenge gerrymandering must be mad. Last month, a federal court threw out the Texas Democratic Party’s claim that the state’s new congressional and state house districts are unlawful. This was the twelfth time in a row that this sort of claim has failed in the current cycle. Plaintiffs’ record of futility now spans at least three dozen cases over four decades. It doesn’t have to be this way. Litigants keep losing these lawsuits because they keep proposing standards the courts have already rejected (such as partisan intent). They’re failing to capitalize on encouraging comments by the Supreme Court, which show that it’s open to a test based on partisan symmetry —the idea that district plans should treat the parties equally. In a forthcoming law review article, Eric Mc Ghee and I lay out just such a test. If plaintiffs were to use it in litigation, they’d have a fighting chance at winning. And if they were to win, then the whole landscape of redistricting in America would be transformed." }, { "docid": "D497855#0", "title": "http://what-when-how.com/sociology/probability-theory/\nPROBABILITY THEORY", "text": "PROBABILITY THEORYSociologists, as much as researchers in any field perhaps, use a variety of approaches in the investigation of their subject matter. Quite successful and important are the historical and exegetical approaches and those in the traditions of anthropology and philosophy. Also of great importance are the systematic approaches that use mathematical models. Here the social investigator proposes a model, a mathematical depiction of social phenomena. A successful mathematical model can be very powerful, providing not only confidence in the theory from which the model was derived, giving us an explanation of the phenomena, but producing as well a method for predicting, giving us a practical means for controlling or affecting the social phenomena. The social mathematical model is first of all a description of the relationship of the properties of social objects—groups, states, institutions, organizations, even people. If the model is derived from a theory, or if it contains features implied by a theory, and if the model fits data (i.e., has been found to satisfy some criterion of performance), the model can in addition be regarded as evidence to support that theory. In this case we can think of a true, underlying model that generated the observations we are studying and a proposed model that will be tested against data. Quantitative analysis begins, then, with some theoretical understanding of the properties of groups of social objects; this understanding leads to the specification of a model of the interaction of these properties, after which observations of these properties on a sample of the objects are collected. The performance of the model is then evaluated to determine to what degree the model truly describes the underlying process." } ]
8979	__________ is the maximum amount of advanced sick leave a full-time employee may have to his or her credit at any one time.	[ { "docid": "D227935#0", "title": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/5/630.402\n5 CFR 630.402 - Advanced sick leave.", "text": "CFR › Title 5 › Chapter I › Subchapter B › Part 630 › Subpart D › Section 630.4025 CFR 630.402 - Advanced sick leave.e CFR Authorities (U. S. Code)prev \| next§ 630.402 Advanced sick leave. ( a) At the beginning of a leave year or at any time thereafter when required by the exigencies of the situation, an agency may grant advanced sick leave in the amount of: (1) Up to 240 hours to a full-time employee - (i) Who is incapacitated for the performance of his or her duties by physical or mental illness, injury, pregnancy, or childbirth; (ii) For a serious health condition of the employee or a family member ; (iii) When the employee would, as determined by the health authorities having jurisdiction or by a health care provider, jeopardize the health of others by his or her presence on the job because of exposure to a communicable disease; (iv) For purposes relating to the adoption of a child; or (v) For the care of a covered servicemember with a serious injury or illness, provided the employee is exercising his or her entitlement under 5 U. S. C. 6382 (a) (3) . ( 2) Up to 104 hours to a full-time employee - (i) When he or she receives medical, dental or optical examination or treatment; (ii) To provide care for a family member who is incapacitated by a medical or mental condition or to attend to a family member receiving medical, dental, or optical examination or treatment; (iii) To provide care for a family member who would, as determined by the health authorities having jurisdiction or by a health care provider, jeopardize the health of others by that family member 's presence in the community because of exposure to a communicable disease; or (iv) To make arrangements necessitated by the death of a family member or to attend the funeral of a family member . ( b) Two hundred forty hours is the maximum amount of advanced sick leave an employee may have to his or her credit at any one time. For a part-time employee (or an employee on an uncommon tour of duty), the maximum amount of sick leave an agency may advance must be prorated according to the number of hours in the employee 's regularly scheduled administrative workweek. [ 75 FR 75373, Dec. 3, 2010]" } ]	[ { "docid": "D200205#0", "title": "https://www.goer.ny.gov/Labor_Relations/Contracts/Current/pefpst/05art12.cfm\nArticle 12 Attendance and Leave", "text": "State-Union Contracts • Management/Confidential • Salary Schedules NYSGOER \| Labor Relations \| Current State-Union Contracts \| PEF Professional, Scientific, & Technical 2007-2011, Art. 12 - Attendance and Leave Article 12 Attendance and Leave12.1 Holiday Observance An employee who is entitled to time off with pay on days observed as holidays by the State as an employer shall be granted compensatory time off when any such holiday falls on a Saturday, provided, however, that employees scheduled or directed to work on any such Saturday may receive additional compensation in lieu of such compensatory time off in accordance with Section 7.15 of this Agreement. The State may designate a day to be observed as a holiday in lieu of such holiday which falls on Saturday. The following holidays will be observed by all employees within this unit eligible to observe holidays unless otherwise specified by mutual agreement between the parties:1. New Year's Day 2. Lincoln's Birthday 3. Washington's Birthday 4. Memorial Day 5. Independence Day 6. Labor Day 7." }, { "docid": "D1968586#0", "title": "http://residency-ncal.kaiserpermanente.org/programs/peds/salary-benefits/\nAnnual Salary 2017-2018", "text": "Kaiser Permanente is committed to providing its residents and fellows with a Total Compensation Program that is competitive with what is offered in the external market. We approach salary and benefits as a “total compensation” package which includes wage programs, pay practices, paid time off and benefits. Annual Salary 2017-2018Resident I Resident II Resident III Resident IV Resident V$63,550 $66,956 $71,213 $75,376 $79,078Chief Resident III Chief Resident IV Chief Resident V Resident Faculty$73,685 $77,848 $81,550 $118,634Fellow I Fellow II Fellow III$75,376 $79,078 $82,929Educational Stipend Residents are eligible for an Educational Stipend to attend a conference or for the purchase of books, CDs or other educational materials subject to the approval of the Program Director. PGY-1s and PGY-2s will be reimbursed up to $500. PGY-3s will be reimbursed up to $750. Housing Allowance Residents are eligible for a Housing Allowance, reimbursed up to $2,000 per year. Relocation Stipend – New Hire Residents only All new KP residents and fellows receive $1000 for relocation expenses. Health & Wellness Stipend All residents will be reimbursed up to $720 per year for Health and Wellness. This can be used towards a gym membership or fitness classes, for example. Benefits Kaiser Permanente offers a comprehensive benefits program to residents and fellows in Northern California." }, { "docid": "D604553#0", "title": "http://about.usps.com/manuals/elm/html/elmc5_002.htm\n.", "text": "512 Annual Leave512.1 General512.11 Purpose Annual leave is provided to employees for rest, for recreation, and for personal and emergency purposes.512.12 Definitions The following definitions apply for the purposes of 510: Leave year — the year beginning with the first day of the first complete pay period in a calendar year and ending on the day before the first day of the first complete pay period in the following calendar year. Accumulated leave — the total unused leave that remains to the credit of the employee at the beginning of any leave year. Current leave — leave that an employee earns by biweekly pay periods during the current leave year. Accrued leave — leave that is earned but is unused by an employee during any period during the current leave year.512.2 Determining Annual Leave Category512.21 General Policy Annual leave category is determined by using the leave policy in effect at the time an employee enters a career appointment or transfers into the Postal Service. Both active military and civilian service, as outlined in 512.22 and 512.23, are used in computing the years of service that determine an employee’s annual leave category, but leave credit is not allowed for both civilian and military service that cover the same period of time. Other service not counted is listed in 512.24.512.22 Federal Civilian Service Counted512.221 Service in the Postal Service The following prior service in the Postal Service is used in computing the years of service that determine the annual leave category: Service performed while a career employee of the Postal Service or Post Office Department. Time on the rolls during which an employee served as a substitute rural carrier (not just the dates on which actual service was performed) if the time is creditable for the federal retirement program applicable to the employee. If performed before January 1, 1977, time on the rolls as a casual or temporary employee, or time actually worked as a postmaster relief/leave replacement in an office other than first-class. For postmaster relief/replacement in a first-class office, time actually worked after July 21, 1947, and before January 1, 1977.512.222 Service in Other Federal Government Organizations, the District of Columbia, or Gallaudet University The following service in the federal government, the District of Columbia, or Gallaudet University, regardless of breaks in service, is used in computing the years of service that determine the annual leave category: Career, career conditional, and excepted appointment service (without a “not to exceed” (NTE) date). Seasonal, on–call, or intermittent employment, even though it may be an “indefinite career appointment,” credited on a “when actually employed” (WAE) basis." }, { "docid": "D459691#0", "title": "https://www.proposalkit.com/htm/legal-contract-templates/human-resources-templates/employee-salary-reduction-letter-template.htm\nContract Packs / All Documents / Employee Salary Reduction Letter", "text": "\"View Employee Salary Reduction Letter Add To Cart ($199)DOWNLOADABLE PURCHASEThis contract document is also included in the discounted Proposal Kit Professional bundle. Order and download for $199. Use the Employee Salary Reduction Letter to notify an employee of a reduction in their salary, the reasons why, and the effective date. Document Length: 1 Page The materialsalone would have cost us thousands for a private lawyer to create. We had them reviewed by a lawyer in the business and he made the statement that, \"\"these are very good contracts and are very well done throughout\"\". \"\" Andrew Huffman {CEO}View 700+ Proposal Kit testimonials »The actual document is delivered in the retail products as an editable template. Product name: Proposal Kit Professional Produced by: Proposal Kit Category: Software > Computer Software > Business & Productivity Software Price: $199 USDAdd To Cart ($199)4.9 stars, based on over 700 reviews Related documents may be used in conjunction with this document depending on your situation. Many related documents are intended for use as part of a contract management system. Related Documents: Employee Promotion Authorization Form Employee Transfer Notice Letter Employee Demotion Authorization Form Employee Demotion Letter Employee Reinstatement Notice Letter Employee Notice of Salary Increase Form Disclaimers: Proposal Kit, Inc. makes no warranty and accepts no responsibility for suitability of any materials to licensees business. Proposal Kit, Inc. assumes no responsibility or liability for errors or inaccuracies." }, { "docid": "D2348188#0", "title": "http://in.gov/dol/2345.htm\nWage & Hour FAQs", "text": "\"DOL Wage & Hour Wage & Hour FAQs Wage & Hour FAQs Wages Minimum Wage Overtime Tipped employees Underpayment/Non-payment of wages Deductions Fringe benefits Payroll practices Hours Hours of work Mandatory overtime Discipline/Suspension/Termination Breaks/Lunches Vacation Other Frequently Asked Questions Unemployment Workers Compensation Federal overtime/Minimum wage issues Discrimination Family Medical Leave (FML)Minimum Wage Q: Is my employer required to pay minimum wage or overtime? A: Most Indiana employers and employees are covered by the minimum wage and overtime provisions of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA); however those not covered under federal law may still be covered by the Indiana Minimum Wage Law. For more information on differences between Federal and Indiana State Minimum Wage, click here. Q: If I am a waiter or waitress and earn tips, is my employer still required to pay me minimum wage? A: Tipped employees must be paid at least the minimum wage. The employer is required to pay a base hourly wage of $2.13 an hour. If the employee is not compensated at a rate equal to the minimum wage after adding any tips he/she received to the base hourly wage of $2.13 an hour, the employer must pay the employee the difference. If the employee earns more than the minimum wage after adding the tips he/she received to the hourly wage of $2.13 an hour, the employer has fulfilled his/her obligation. A tipped employee means any employee engaged in an occupation in which he/she customarily and regularly receives more than $30 a month in tips. BACK TO TOPOvertime Q: Is my employer required to pay minimum wage or overtime?" }, { "docid": "D408454#0", "title": "https://www1.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/paid-sick-leave-FAQs.page\nFAQs", "text": "\"Paid Sick Leave Law FAQs Share Download the Paid Sick Leave: Frequently Asked Questions (in PDF)I. GENERAL QUESTIONSII. EMPLOYEES COVERED/NOT COVERED BY THE LAWIII. RIGHT TO SICK LEAVE – HOURS, ACCRUALIV. USE OF SICK LEAVEV. HOW SICK LEAVE IS PAIDVI. OTHER TIME OFF POLICIESVII. OTHER FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS RELATED TO LEAVE TIMEVIII. RETALIATIONIX. NOTICE TO EMPLOYEESX. EMPLOYER RECORD KEEPINGXI." }, { "docid": "D1635306#0", "title": "http://hr.od.nih.gov/benefits/leave/leaveguide.htm\nNIH Leave Guide for Civilian Employees", "text": "\"Purpose Definitions Charges to Leave General Provisions - Approval of Annual or Sick Leave Annual Leave Sick Leave Leave Without Pay Military Leave Court Leave Excused Absence Family & Medical Leave Act of 1993Expanded Family-Medical Leave Policies Voluntary Leave Bank Program Voluntary Leave Transfer Program Compensatory Time Continuation of Pay for Work Injuries Volunteer Activities Miscellaneous References Purpose This Guide provides National Institutes of Health (NIH) employees, as well as leave approving officials (LAOs), basic regulatory and policy guidance on the various leave programs available to civilian employees. It is not a substitute for any Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) or NIH regulations that are more comprehensive. More specific guidance may be obtained by contacting your Administrative Officer, as well as reviewing the references used in preparation of this Guide. Questions regarding this Guide should be directed to your Administrative Officer. Back to Top Definitions Absence without Leave (AWOL)A non-pay status for an absence from duty not authorized by the proper leave approving official. Accrued Leave Leave earned by an employee during the current leave year that is unused at any given time in that leave year. Accumulated Leave Unused leave remaining to the credit of an employee at the beginning of a leave year. Contagious Disease A disease that is ruled as subject to quarantine, requires isolation of the patient, or requires restriction of movement by the patient or requires restriction of contact by the patient for a specified period, as prescribed by a physician or state or county public health authorities having jurisdiction. This also includes any situation where such limitation on the patient's freedom of contact prohibits attendance at work, school, or daycare. Childhood diseases such as measles or chicken pox that require isolation meet this definition." }, { "docid": "D429185#0", "title": "https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/80158\nThe Basics of Employee Benefits", "text": "\"Growth Strategies The Basics of Employee Benefits What's required? What's not? And what's just good policy? This primer will help you figure it out. Next Article Add to Queue Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own. Once you have great employees on board, how do you keep them from jumping ship? One way is by offering a good benefits package. Many small-business owners mistakenly believe they cannot afford to offer benefits. But while going without benefits may boost your bottom line in the short run, than penny-wise philosophy could strangle your business's chances for long-term prosperity. \"\" There are certain benefits good employees feel they must have,\"\" says Ray Silverstein, founder of PRO, President's Resource Organization, a small-business advisory network." }, { "docid": "D2498743#0", "title": "https://humanresources.umn.edu/contracts-administrative-interpretations/administrative-interpretation-teamsters-unit-3\nAdministrative Interpretation Teamsters (Unit 3)", "text": "\"Administrative Interpretation Teamsters (Unit 3)Go to: Article 2, Recognition Article 7, Union Security Article 8, Grievance Procedure Article 10, Seniority Article 11, Discipline Article 12, Probationary Period Article 14, Workweek and Shift Assignment Article 16, Overtime Article 18, Vacation and Sick Leave Article 19, Leaves of Absence Article 21, Wages Article 22, Premium Pay Article 25, Job Posting Article 26, Layoff and Recall Article 29, Holidays Article 34, Reinstatement Article 2, Recognition (pdf)Q1. Which groups of employees are covered by the union contract for Bargaining Unit 3? A1. The union contract for Bargaining Unit 3 covers all employees in classifications having classification numbers in the 60XX series who are employed for more than fourteen (14) hours per week (or 35% of the normal work week) and more than sixty-seven (67) working days in any calendar year. These positions typically are the maintenance, service, or labor positions. ( Article 2)Q2. Are undergraduate student employees who are employed in maintenance, service, or labor positions, covered by the union contract for Bargaining Unit 3? A2. No. The Minnesota Public Employee Labor Relations Act (MPELRA) exempts full-time University undergraduate student employees from coverage by a University bargaining unit contract." }, { "docid": "D2879546#0", "title": "https://www.irs.gov/irm/part6/irm_06-610-001.html\nPart 6. Human Resources Management", "text": "\"Part 6. Human Resources Management Chapter 610. 0 Hours of Duty Section 1. IRS Hours of Duty6.610.1 IRS Hours of Duty Manual Transmittal October 12, 2016Purpose (1) This transmits revised IRM 6.610.1, IRS Hours of Duty. Background IRM 6.610.1 provides Servicewide policy, standards, requirements, and guidance relating to the administration of hours of duty and work schedules. Material Changes (1) Paragraph 6.610.1.2 (3) provides a reminder that telework arrangements do not affect the availability of work schedules. ( 2) Paragraph 6.610.1.2.1 (1)h provides the definition of “day shift.” ( 3) Paragraph 6.610.1.2.1 (1)i provides a link to the Single Entry Time Reporting (SETR) leave code web page. ( 4) Paragraph 6.610.1.2.1 (1)o provides the definition of “night shift.” ( 5) Paragraph 6.610.1.2.1 (1)q provides the definition of “regular overtime work.” (" }, { "docid": "D1311744#0", "title": "http://labourguide.co.za/conditions-of-employment/437-types-of-leave\n.", "text": "\"Types of Leave André Claassen The Basic Conditions of Employment Act, section 19 onwards in Chapter 3, covers employee’s rights with respect to all types of leave. The provisions regarding all types of leave do not apply to employees who work less than 24 hours per month. Annual Leave These conditions also apply to domestic employees. The employee is entitled to 15 working days per annum on full pay. The Act states “21 consecutive days” (section 20 (2) (a) of the Act) and reference to a calendar will show that 21 consecutive days is 15 working days based on a 5 day week, or 18 working days based on a 6 day week. Therefore those employees who work a 6 day week are fortunate because they actually score 3 days over their “5 day week” compatriots. Public holidays which fall within a period of annual leave are additional to the annual leave entitlement. Accrual or accumulation of annual leave. Contrary to popular belief, the Basic Conditions of Employment Act does not stipulate that annual leave must be taken within 6 months of the end of the cycle in which it accrues. What at the Act does stipulate is that should the employee submit a request to take annual leave due to him/her upon expiry of the 6 month period then the employer may not refuse to grant that request for leave." }, { "docid": "D219506#0", "title": "http://hr.commerce.gov/Practitioners/CompensationAndLeave/DEV01_006143\n.", "text": "\"Home > HR Practitioners > Compensation & Leave Sick Leave Purpose Sick leave is a period of approved absence with pay from official duties. Sick leave is authorized when an employee: Is incapacitated for duty as a result of physical or mental illness; injury, pregnancy or childbirth;Receives medical, dental, or optical examinations or treatment;Would endanger the rest of the workforce by being present on the job after exposure to a contagious disease as determined by a health care provider or public health authorities;Makes arrangements necessitated by the death of a family member or arranges for the funeral of a family member, including ceremonies up to one year after the death;Provides care for a family member (1) who is incapacitated as a result of mental or physical conditions, including pregnancy, childbirth and before/after care of the mother; (2) who requires assistance to medical, optical, dental examinations or treatments; or (3) with a serious health condition;Must be absent from duty for purposes relating to his/her adoption of a child, including appointments with adoption agencies, social workers, and attorneys; court proceedings; required travel; and any other activities necessary to allow the adoption to proceed;Participates in a drug or alcohol counseling program, or other counseling program which is under the auspices of a licensed practitioner and which has been prescribed as treatment by a licensed practitioner; or Requires time to replace or repair a prosthetic device, or train in the use of an aid, e.g., a seeing eye dog. General Family Care or Bereavement Basic entitlement. A full-time employee may use up to 104 hours (or 13 days) of sick leave in any leave year for the general care of a family member or for bereavement. A part-time employee or an employee with an uncommon tour may use leave in an amount equal to number of hours of sick leave he/she normally accrues during a leave year. Family member. A family member includes the employee’s: 1) spouse, parents, and spouse’s parents; 2) children, including stepchildren and adopted children, and their spouses; 3) brothers and sisters, and their spouses; and 4) anyone related by blood or affinity whose close relationship with the employee is the equivalent of a family relationship. Advanced leave. A supervisor may advance a maximum of 30 days of sick leave to a full-time employee at the beginning of a leave year, or at any time thereafter, when required by the exigencies of the situation for a serious disability or ailment of the employee or a family member or for purposes relating to the adoption of a child. A maximum of 13 days of sick leave per leave year may be advanced to a full-time employee for general family care or bereavement purposes." }, { "docid": "D2267986#0", "title": "http://www.wvretirement.com/TRS.html\n.", "text": "RETIREMENT BENEFITSPrint friendly version In order to qualify for regular retirement benefits, a member of TRS must meet eligibility requirements. A member who is working in covered employment at the time of retirement may: Retire with full benefits at age 60 with 5 or more years of service. Retire with full benefits at age 55 with 30 or more years of service. Retire with full benefits at any age with 35 or more years of service. Retire with reduced benefits before age 55 with at least 30 but less than 35 years of service. A member with 5 or more years of service who terminates employment prior to retirement, but does not withdraw his or her employee contributions, will be eligible for retirement benefits at age 62, or at age 60 with 20 years of service. Final Average Salary x Years of Service x 2% =Annual Retirement Benefit under Straight Life A regular retirement benefit under the Straight Life annuity option is an amount equal to 2% of a member’s final average salary multiplied by the member’s years of service credit paid in equal monthly installments. Final average salary refers to the average of the 5 highest fiscal year salaries out of the last 15 fiscal years of contributing service. Normally, this figure will come from the last 5 years of employment. Retirement benefits are not automatic." }, { "docid": "D478989#0", "title": "http://www.opm.gov/OCA/LEAVE/HTML/sicklv.asp\nPay & Leave Leave Administration", "text": "Pay & Leave Leave Administration Fact Sheet: Sick Leave (General Information)Sick Leave Entitlement Sick leave is a paid absence from duty. An employee is entitled to use sick leave for-personal medical needsfamily care or bereavementcare of a family member with a serious health conditionadoption-related purposes Sick Leave Accrual Description Time Full-time employees 1/2 day (4 hours) for each biweekly pay period Part-time employees 1 hour for each 20 hours in a pay status Uncommon tours of duty (4 hours) times (average # of hours per biweekly pay period) divided by 80 = biweekly accrual rate Sick Leave Accumulation There is no limitation on the amount of sick leave that can be accumulated. Advanced Sick Leave At the discretion of the agency, up to a maximum of 240 hours (30 days) of sick leave may be advanced to an employee when required by the exigencies of the situation. For further details and limitations, please see our fact sheet entitled Advanced Sick Leave. Sick Leave Usage Limits per Leave Year No limitation for an employee's own personal medical needs Up to 13 days (104 hours) of sick leave for general family care and bereavement each leave year Up to 12 weeks (480 hours) of sick leave to care for a family member with a serious health condition each leave year If an employee previously has used any portion of the 13 days of sick leave for general family care or bereavement purposes in a leave year, that amount must be subtracted from the 12-week entitlement. If an employee has already used 12 weeks of sick leave to care for a family member with a serious health condition, he or she cannot use an additional 13 days in the same leave year for general family care purposes. An employee is entitled to no more than a combined total of 12 weeks of sick leave each leave year for all family care purposes. Part-time employees and employees with uncommon tours of duty are also entitled to use sick leave, and the amount of sick leave which may be granted is pro-rated in proportion to the average number of hours of work in the employee's scheduled tour of duty each week. Definition of Family Member The definition of family member covers a wide range of relationships, including spouse; parents; parents-in-law; children; brothers; sisters; grandparents; grandchildren; step parents; step children; foster parents; foster children; guardianship relationships; same sex and opposite sex domestic partners; and spouses or domestic partners of the aforementioned, as applicable. The list of family members for whom an employee may request sick leave for family care or bereavement purposes (as well as important associated definitions for the terms son or daughter, parent, domestic partner, and committed relationship) may be found on our fact sheet Definitions Related to Family Member and Immediate Relative." }, { "docid": "D462409#0", "title": "http://accounting.ucr.edu/payroll/leave.html\nAccounting", "text": "LEAVE ACCRUAL RECORDSVacation and sick leaves are accrued based on the leave accrual codes established on the Payroll Personnel System (PPS). Leave code is established by the department when an appointment is initially set up. For staff employees thereafter, the PPS will re-derive the leave code on the appointment during month-begin periodic maintenance. The PPS does not re-derive the leave codes for Academic employees. Re-derivation of leave codes for staff employees is based on the Employment Service Credit (ESC) and prior service months recorded on PPS. ESC is recorded on the EDB once a month based on the hours on pay status. To earn 1 month ESC, an employee has to be paid 50 percent or more. Absence from Work Policy (PPSM 2.210)LEAVE RATE TABLE (pdf)P&P Manual 200-01 - Attendance, Time Reporting, and Leave Accrual Records. LEAVE ACCRUAL CODESA full-time employee shall not accrue vacation in excess of an amount specified for his/her leave code on the chart below unless an exceptional approval has been granted. Vacation hours earned above the maximum is lost and should not be re-instated." }, { "docid": "D1710318#0", "title": "http://www.federaljobs.net/benefits.htm\nFederal Employee Pay & Benefits", "text": "\"Page updated 3/5/2018Federal Employee Pay / Vacations & Sick Leave / Insurance Job security, excellent benefits, good federal employee pay and an exceptional retirement system are just a few of the reasons most people seek federal employment. Others consider government careers because of desirable travel opportunities, training availability, diverse occupations, and the ability to locate jobs nationwide and overseas. There are 8 predominant pay systems. Approximately half of the workforce is under the General Schedule (GS) pay scale, 20 percent are paid under the Postal Service rates, and about 10 percent are paid under the Prevailing Rate Schedule (WG) Wage Grade classification. The remaining pay systems are for the Executive Schedule, Foreign Service, Special Salary Rates, and non appropriated Fund Instrumentalities (NAFI) pay scales, and Veterans Health Administration. Pay & Benefits Menu Pay (2018 Pay Charts)General Schedule (GS) pay chart GS & Wage Grade (WG) Occupational Groups Vacation & sick leave Paid Holidays2017 Federal Holiday Schedule and Dates Leave Year Beginning and Ending Dates\"\"Use or Lose\"\" Leave Health & life insurance Retirement Return to Introduction Menu Pay Average annual salary for full-time federal government jobs now exceeds $86,635 and t he average annual federal workers compensation, including pay plus benefits, now exceeds $123,049 compared to just $70,081 for the private sector according to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis. The majority of professional and administrative federal workers are paid under the General Schedule (GS). The General Schedule has 15 grades of pay for civilian white-collar and service workers, and smaller within-grade step increases that occur based on length of service and quality of performance. New employees usually start at the first step of a grade; however, if the position in question is difficult to fill, entrants may receive somewhat higher pay or special rates. Almost all physician and engineer positions, for example, fall into this category." }, { "docid": "D1339618#0", "title": "http://federalhandbooks.com/federal-employee-sick-leave-benefits/\nFederal Employee Sick Leave Benefits", "text": "by Ga EYbn8c on May 14th, 2013 in Blog \| 2 Comments In addition to annual leave, federal employees also accrue sick leave. Employees may use sick leave for their own personal medical needs; to care for a family member; to care for a family member with a serious health condition; or for adoption-related purposes. As will be explained in more detail below, however, there are special restrictions when an employee uses sick leave to care for a family member or for adoption-related purposes. Sick Leave Accrualâ€¢ Â Full-time Employees – 1/2 day (4 hours) for each biweekly pay period.â€¢ Â Part-time Employees – 1 hour for each 20 hours in a pay status. There are no limits on the amount of sick leave that can be accumulated. Unused sick leave accumulated by employees covered by the Civil Service Retirement System will be used in the calculation of their annuities. Requesting Sick Leave An employee must request sick leave within such time limits as the agency may require. An agency may require employees to request advance approval for sick leave for their own or a family memberâ€™s medical, dental, or optical examination or treatment. Granting Sick Leave An agency may grant sick leave only when supported by evidence administratively acceptable by the agency. For absences in excess of 3 days, or for a lesser period when determined necessary by the agency, an agency may require a medical certificate or other administratively acceptable evidence." }, { "docid": "D2495229#0", "title": "https://rnet.state.gov/index.cfm?pg=cri&sys=2\n.", "text": "\"> Comprehensive Retirement Information COMPREHENSIVE RETIREMENT INFORMATIONFOREIGN SERVICE PENSION SYSTEM (FSPS) (Close)Retirement Coverage Credit for Service Age and Service Requirements for Retirement Eligibility Computation of Retirement Annuity Alternative Form of Annuity Survivor Benefits Divorce/Former Spouse Benefits Taxation of Benefits Reemployment COLA's After Retirement Retirement Coverage - FSPS This is the \"\"new\"\" retirement plan for career Foreign Service employees; all employees covered by FSPS are also covered by social security. In general, all FS employees newly hired since 1/1/84 are mandatorily covered by FSPS. In addition, employees rehired after 1/1/84 who had less than five years of prior civilian service as of 12/31/86, are mandatorily covered by FSPS. An employee who receives a new appointment can often elect FSPS coverage voluntarily during the first six months of the appointment. An employee covered by FSPS pays 1.35% of basic pay to FSPS and 6.2% to social security. When the employee's basic pay reaches $106,800 (2010), the social security deductions (except Medicare) end, and the employee pays only 1.35% of basic pay above that level to FSPS. Employees covered by FSPS are eligible for government contributions to their account in the Thrift Savings Plan. Credit for Service A basic factor in determining whether an employee is eligible for retirement and in computing the annuity benefit is the total of the years and months of the employee's creditable service. In general, employees will receive retirement credit for all types of Federal civilian and military service subject to the following general rules. An employee cannot receive retirement credit for service under another Federal retirement system, unless the employee waives credit under that system and transfers retirement deductions to the new system." }, { "docid": "D1111143#0", "title": "https://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/glossary20152016.htm\nNational Compensation Survey: Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms", "text": "\"National Compensation Survey: Glossary of Employee Benefit Terms On This Page Overview Retirement Benefits Healthcare Benefits Life Insurance Benefits Paid Leave Benefits Disability Benefits Other Benefits PDF version of Glossary ( PDF )Overview The definitions of major plans, key provisions, and related terms presented in this glossary are those used by the U. S Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), National Compensation Survey (NCS) program when conducting its survey of employee benefits. Under the NCS program, information on the incidence and provision of benefits is published in several stages. Data on the incidence of (access to and participation in) selected benefits and detailed provisions of paid leave plans, life insurance plans, disability benefits, other selected benefits, and the employer and employee shares of contributions to medical care premiums are published annually, with a March reference period. Separate estimates are published for civilian workers, private industry employees, and state and local government workers. Data on detailed provisions of health insurance and retirement benefits for both private industry and state and local government also are available. See the BLS website www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs. Note: Access to employee benefit programs and participation in those programs, as these concepts are used in the National Compensation Survey, are defined as follows: Access to a benefit plan: Employees are considered to have access to a benefit plan if it is available for their use. For example, if an employee is permitted to participate in a medical care plan offered by the employer, but the employee declines to do so, he or she is placed in a category with those having access to medical care. Participation in a benefit plan: Employees in contributory plans are considered participants in an insurance or retirement plan if they have paid required contributions and fulfilled any applicable service requirements. Employees in noncontributory plans are counted as participating regardless of whether they have fulfilled the service requirements." }, { "docid": "D2187391#0", "title": "https://www.irs.gov/irm/part6/irm_06-451-001.html\nPart 6. Human Resources Management", "text": "\"Part 6. Human Resources Management Chapter 451. 1 Employee Performance and Utilization Section 1. Policies, Authorities, Categories, and Approvals6.451.1 Policies, Authorities, Categories, and Approvals Manual Transmittal October 04, 2011Purpose (1) This transmits a correction to IRM 6.451.1, Employee Performance and Utilization - Awards and Recognition, which provides Servicewide awards and recognition policy, standards, requirements, procedures, and guidance. Material Changes (1) Paragraph 6.451.1.11 (2), Managers’ Awards, had been cleared through normal IRM procedures; however it was inadvertently omitted from IRM 6.451.1, dated May 20, 2011. This transmittal corrects the omission by adding Paragraph 6.451.1.11 (2). Effect on Other Documents (1) IRM 6.451.1, Employee Performance and Utilization - Awards and Recognition, dated May 20, 2011, catalog no. 30095H. Audience All Operating Divisions and Functions. Effective Date (10-04-2011)Richard J. Cronin Director, Workforce Progression and Management Division6.451.1.1 (05-20-2011)Program Objectives and Components The objectives of the IRS awards and recognition program are to reward and retain competent and talented employees by appropriately recognizing their achievements and contributions to the Service’s mission and to promote an organizational culture where managers recognize and appreciate their employee’s contributions and achievements. Awards and recognition programs shall be administered consistent with these objectives in an inclusive environment in which employees know they are treated with equity, fairness, dignity and respect." } ]
8982	__________ is the name of the ancient egyptian writing system.	[ { "docid": "D1792959#0", "title": "http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptwriting.html\n.", "text": "\"Ancient Egyptian Writing and Hieroglyphs Thoth Egyptian God of Writing and Wisdom Thoth - Book of the Dead Thoth the Scribe creates our Grid Reality He hides the truth in a Cylinder Seal Until the end ... Now. Thoth's Journey Scribes The Ancient Egyptian scribe, or sesh, was a person educated in the arts of writing (using both hieroglyphics and hieratic scripts, and from the second half of the first millennium BCE the demotic script, used as shorthand and for commerce) and dena (arithmetics). Sons of scribes were brought up in the same scribal tradition, sent to school and, upon entering the civil service, inherited their fathers' positions. Much of what is known about ancient Egypt is due to the activities of its scribes. Monumental buildings were erected under their supervision, administrative and economic activities were documented by them, and tales from the mouths of Egypt's lower classes or from foreign lands survive thanks to scribes putting them in writing. Scribes were also considered part of the royal court and did not have to pay tax or join the military. The scribal profession had companion professions, the painters and artisans who decorated reliefs and other relics with scenes, personages, or hieroglyphic text. A scribe was exempt from the heavy manual labor required of the lower classes, or corvee labor. A scribe's duties ranged from writing letters for townspeople, to recording harvests, to keeping accounts for the Egyptian army. Above these scribes were more scholarly scribes, who had advanced to higher positions such as priests, doctors, and engineers." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2320400#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/18912161/world-history-first-civilizations-and-empires-flash-cards/\nWorld History: First Civilizations and Empires", "text": "\"115 terms mark_teague World History: First Civilizations and Empires Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Australopithecines 1st stage of early human development; called \"\"Southern Apes\"\", flourished in eastern and Southern Africa. Were the first hominids to make simple tools Hominids humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright Prehistory Period before written records Homo Erectus 2nd stage of early human development; means \"\"upright human being\"\"; emerged around 1.5 million years ago; made use of larger and more varied tools Homo Sapiens 3rd stage of early human development; most crucial stage; means \"\"wise human being\"\"; comprised of two distinct subgroups (Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens)Neanderthals first found in the Neander Valley in Germany; remains have been dated between 100,000 and 30,000 B. C.; have been found in Europe and Southwest Asia; relied on a variety of stone tools and seem to be the first early people to bury their dead Homo sapiens sapiens first anatomically modern humans (people who look like us); means \"\"wise, wise human being\"\"; appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; recent evidence indicates that they began to spread outside Africa around 100,000 years ago; had replaced the Neanderthal by 30,000 B. C. when the Neanderthals had died out Paleolithic Age used to designate the early period of human history from approximately 2,500,000 to 10,000 B. C. in which humans used simple stone tools; called the \"\"Old Stone Age\"\"; people of this age learned how to create more sophisticated tools, how to use fire, and how to adapt to and even change their physical environment Paleolithic Greek for \"\"old stone\"\"Nomads People who move from place to place Neolithic Revolution came after the end of the last Ice Age; revolution that occurred in the Neolithic Age Neolithic Age the period of human history from 8000 to 4000 B. C. Neolithic Greek for \"\"new stone\"\"Agricultural Revolution shift from the hunting of animals and the gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis Domestication adaptation for human use Agricultural Revolution growing of crops and the taming of food producing animals Neolithic farming villages permanent settlements for the growing of crops on a consistent basis Civilization complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements6 basic characteristics of a civilization Cities, government, religion, social structure, writing and art Tigris River A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent Euphrates River A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Fertile Crescent Found along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this was the first early river civilization. The cities in this area were governed by city-states and used irrigation to produced their corps. City-States cities that came to have political and economic control over the surrounding countryside; created by the Sumerians Sumerians The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B. C. E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. Eridu considered the oldest known city in the world. it is located in southern mesopotamia and was inhabited by sumerians Ur A city of ancient Sumer in southern Mesopotamia on a site in present-day southeast Iraq. One of the oldest cities in Mesopotamia, it was an important center of Sumerian culture after c. 3000 B. C. and the birthplace of Abraham." }, { "docid": "D1326814#0", "title": "https://students.ga.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/1798/8826/WHAP_02_PreHistory_print.html\nPre-History to the Early Civilizations", "text": "\"AP World History Pre-History to the Early Civilizations Pre-History to the Early Civilizations Introduction The time before the development of writing is known as Prehistory. Humans developed stone tools about 2,000,000 years ago, beginning what is known as the Stone Age. The Stone Age can be divided into two basic periods: the Paleolithic era, or Old Stone Age, and the Neolithic era, or New Stone Age. The main difference between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras is the development of agriculture. This transition from food gathering to food producing, i.e. agriculture, is known as the Neolithic Revolution. This transition allows for the development of permanent settlements in some areas. Domestication of both plants and animals plays a key role in the transition from food gathering to food producing. It is the Neolithic Revolution that allows the later development of civilizations. The term \"\"civilization\"\" refers to a complex society that develops because of its food surplus that exists from the development of agriculture. The first civilizations developed in several river valleys around the world: the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley, the Nile River Valley, the Indus River Valley, the Huang He River Valley." }, { "docid": "D1937136#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/184298817/ancient-egypt-flash-cards/\nAncient Egypt", "text": "\"93 terms Mario_Liguori Ancient Egypt Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort The location for someone who is dead. Tomb The people of an area and their way of life Culture Firmly established, not changing Stability The capital city of Egypt. Cairo\"\"Secret\"\" location of the tombs of pharaohs during the New Kingdom. Valley of the Kings Ruler of Ancient Egypt Pharaoh Structure where tombs are buried in the Middle Kingdom Pyramid To treat (a dead body) so as to protect from decay Embalm To preserve (a dead body) by treating it with oils and wrapping it in strips of cloth Mummification Egyptian system of writing Hieroglyphics A piece of land shaped like a triangle that is formed when a river splits into smaller rivers before it flows into an ocean Delta A large waterfall: steep rapids in a river Cataract A building in which grain is stored Granary A tall, four-sided stone column that becomes narrower toward the top and that ends in a point Obelisk A succession of rulers of the same line of descent, A powerful group or family that maintains its position for a considerable time Dynasty A payment by one ruler or nation to another acknowledgement of submission or as price of protection; also: the tax levied for such payment Tribute A god or goddess Deity Dishonest or illegal behavior especially by powerful people (such as government officials or police officers). Corruption A civil officer in ancient Egypt having viceregal powers. Vizier To find the meaning of (something that is difficult to read or understand) Decipher Full of confusion, violence, or disorder : not stable or steady. Turbulent Egyptian symbol for life; often portrayed by Egyptians as carrying it by its loop, or having one in each hand Ankh Device consisting of a long suspended pole weighted at one end and having a bucket at the other end, used especially in ancient Egypt for raising water, as for the irrigation of the land. Shadoof Paper made from papyrus that was used in ancient times : a piece of paper made from papyrus that has writing on it Papyrus Belief or worship of many gods Polytheism Similar culture of different city-states." }, { "docid": "D1846849#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070327080836AAho3PO\n\"Why Ancient Egypt is called \"\"the gift of the Nile\"\"?\"", "text": "\"Travel Africa & Middle East Egypt Why Ancient Egypt is called \"\"the gift of the Nile\"\"? Guided questions: ---what did the Nile provide to Ancient Egyptians? ---other comminers ---soldiers ---the government officials ---farmers ---merchants ---the Pharaoh PLEASE I NEED HELP!!!!!!! NOW!!!!!! ! 1 following 12 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Right - other than the nice copy and paste job up there, let me just point out that you should have put this in the homework help category. The ancient Egyptian society and culture is referred to as The Gift of the Nile because it was the Nile river that allowed the society to exist in enough comfort that they were able to turn their attention to other matters: namely, developing systems of writing, irrigation and agriculture, of law, of heirarchy. Without such a rich and vast water supply, Ancient Egypt would never have developed into the awesome society that it was. N. From VT · 1 decade ago3 0 Comment Asker's rating It was Herodotus the Greek historian who said it. He visited Egypt in the fourth century BC. He wrote a book about Egypt." }, { "docid": "D583503#0", "title": "http://www.omniglot.com/writing/akkadian.htm\nAkkadian", "text": "Akkadian Akkadian was a semitic language spoken in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria) between about 2,800 BC and 500 AD. It was named after the city of Akkad and first appeared in Sumerian texts dating from 2,800 BC in the form of Akkadian names. The Akkadian cuneiform script was adapted from Sumerian cuneiform in about 2,350 BC. At the same time, many Sumerian words were borrowed into Akkadian, and Sumerian logograms were given both Sumerian and Akkadian readings. In many ways the process of adapting the Sumerian script to the Akkadian language resembles the way the Chinese script was adapted to write Japanese. Akkadian, like Japanese, was polysyllabic and used a range of inflections while Sumerian, like Chinese, had few inflections. A large corpus of Akkadian texts and text fragments numbering hundreds of thousands has been excavated. They include mythology, legal and scientific texts, correspondence and so on. During the 2nd millenium BC the Akkadian language developed into two variants, Assyrian and Babylonian, in Assyria and Babylon. Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East, but started to be replaced by Aramaic by the 8th century BC." }, { "docid": "D1578258#0", "title": "http://www.newarchaeology.com/writing/\nA brief guide to the history of the written word.", "text": "A brief guide to the history of the written word. Katie Harrow summarizes the timeline for the development of writing in Eurasia. Language existed long before writing. We have probably been talking for between 50,000 and 100,000 years. But archaeology suggests that the first writing emerged around 6,000 years ago. Pictograms (pictures whose meaning is directly related to the image: eg. a snake means a snake) were first in use in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. These pictograms evolved into Hieroglyphics when the meanings came to include verbs (image of an eye might now also mean ‘too see something’) and phonetics, (the snake image could mean an ‘ess’ sound). It is no coincidence that we see the emergence of advanced written language in places like Egypt and the city states of the Tigris and Euphrates. The people here were no cleverer than their rural cousins, but their need to orderly record and store information increased as the cities grew and this provided the impetus to improve their writing systems." }, { "docid": "D3318943#0", "title": "http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub365/item1926.html\nANCIENT EGYPTIAN ECONOMICS, MONEY, TRADE AND INDUSTRY", "text": "\"ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ECONOMICSBakery and brewery The Egyptian economy in the time of the pyramids was powered the by the construction of the pyramids. Pyramids building required labor. An economy was necessary to pay them. Toby Wilkinson wrote in The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt, “Ideology is never enough, on its own, to guarantee power. To be successful over the long term, a regime must also exercise effective economic control to reinforce its claims of legitimacy. Governments seek to manipulate livelihoods as well as lives. The development in ancient Egypt of a truly national administration was one of the major accomplishments of the First to Third dynasties, the four- hundred- year formative phase of pharaonic civilization known as the Early Dynastic Period (2950-2575). At the start of the period, the country had only just been unified. Narmer and his immediate successors were faced with the challenge of ruling a vast realm, stretching five hundred miles from the heart of Africa to the shores of the Mediterranean. By the close of the Early Dynastic Period, the government presided over a centrally controlled command economy, financing royal building projects on a lavish scale." }, { "docid": "D2352815#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090325020933AAeHfMn\nWhen did the Ancient Egyptian civilization start and end?", "text": "\"Arts & Humanities History When did the Ancient Egyptian civilization start and end?2 following 6 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egy... Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern nation of Egypt. The civilization began around 3150 BC [1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. [ 2] Its history occurred in a series of stable periods, known as kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. After the end of the last kingdom, known as the New Kingdom, the civilization of ancient Egypt entered a period of slow, steady decline, during which Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers. The rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province. [ 3] The civilization of ancient Egypt thrived from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. Controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military that defeated foreign enemies and asserted Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people through an elaborate system of religious beliefs. [ 4] [5] The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians included a system of mathematics, quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, obelisks, faience and glass technology, a practical and effective system of medicine, new forms of literature, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, and the earliest known peace treaty. [" }, { "docid": "D2271208#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_most_ancient_form_of_writing\nWhat are forms of ancient writing?", "text": "\"Lindalee Stuckey 292,989 Contributions Weeds are the bane of my existence! I have a Star Trek garden with 21 Star Trek named daylilies and many plants to attract butterflies. What are forms of ancient writing? The oldest form of written language developed in both ancient Sumerand Meso America (the Olmec or Zapotec. ) Erekdum 179 Contributions Ancient Egyptian form of writing? Ancient Egyptians devised one of the earliest forms of writing, known as \"\"hieroglyphic\"\" writing. It was a rather complex form of symbols, some standing for consonants/syllable …What is the ancient Egyptian form of writing called?hieroglyphics Ancient form of writing using wedge-shaped symbols?cuneiform maybe? Form of writing used by ancient Egyptians?hieroglyphics What form of writing did the ancient Mayans have? The ancient Mayans had a writing system of hieroglyphics (writing that uses pictures to represent things and sounds). They had nearly 800 signs in their writing." }, { "docid": "D1151647#0", "title": "http://www.eloquentpeasant.com/2015/06/02/emojis-vs-hieroglyphs/\nEmojis vs. Hieroglyphs: why is ancient Egyptian writing still dismissed as primitive almost 200 years after its decipherment?", "text": "June 2, 2015 by Margaret Emojis vs. Hieroglyphs: why is ancient Egyptian writing still dismissed as primitive almost 200 years after its decipherment?4000 years ago, a learned Egyptian scribe penned this advice: ‘Do not be proud because you are wise! Consult with the ignorant as with the learned! Perfect speech is more hidden than malachite, yet it is found with the maidservants at the millstones’. While wisdom may be found in unexpected places, unfortunately ignorance may be also. I was disappointed last week when the BBC and the Guardian published articles that inaccurately dismissed hieroglyphs as a more primitive form of writing than emojis. Professor Vyv Evans, Professor of Linguistics at Bangor University, was quoted as saying: ‘As a visual language emoji has already far eclipsed hieroglyphics, its ancient Egyptian precursor which took centuries to develop’. While emojis are a fun and creative method of casual digital communication, they’re definitely not yet on the same level as ancient Egyptian, which was actually a structured, grammatical language capable of communicating complex, abstract ideas. To compare the two, you can look at some fun emoji news headlines that the BBC put together. They manage to convey some very basic ideas, but only really work if you’re already familiar with the news stories to which they allude. For example, this one which is apparently ‘One in four people don’t know the dodo is extinct, a poll finds." }, { "docid": "D2356694#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_is_Jean-Francois_Champollion\nWho is Jean-Francois Champollion?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Literature & Language Languages and Cultures English Language Writing and Composition History of Writing Hieroglyphics Who is Jean-Francois Champollion? Flag Who is Jean-Francois Champollion? Answer by Katherine Ovalles Confidence votes 14Champollion was a french scholar who knew how to read hieroglyphs and Greek. French soldiers found the Rosetta Stone near an Egyptian city. The Rosetta Stone had the same passage in 3 languages- Greek, hieroglyphs, and Demotic (an Egyptian form of writing). He realized that the he knew 2/3 of the translations and was able to translate to others. Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No What artifact did Jean-Francois Champollion use to translate hieroglyphics? Champollion used the Rosetta Stone to translate hieroglyphics. . Jean Francois Champollion, the father of Egyptology, used the Rosetta Stone to decipher and understand hierogly …How did Jean-Francois Champollion decipher the Rosetta Stone?" }, { "docid": "D3091341#0", "title": "http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/igbo/westafricanorigin.htm\n.", "text": "File: <westafricanorigin.htm> < Migrations Index > < Bronze Age Index > < Archeology Index > < Home >WEST-AFRICAN ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: THE CASE OF IGBOCatherine Obianuju Acholonu & Erich Fred Legner Review of a paper presented at the Conference on Indigenous Knowledge and the Challenges of the 21 st Century, Institute of African Studies, UNN, Nsukka. It was elicited by a recent article in the world renowned New York Times newspaper published on April, 14 th , 2011, authored by Nicholas Wade under the title: “ Phonetic Clues Hint Language is Africa-Born ”Please CLICK on Subject of choice: Introduction Catherine Acholonu Research Center Igbo Origin of Humankind The Mother Language Egyptian Words of Igbo Origin Sumerian / Semitic India / Hindu Words of Igbo Origin International Words & Igbo Language Conclusions Introduction A researcher analyzing the sounds in languages spoken around the world has detected an ancient signal that points to southern Africa (meaning Sub-Sahara) as the place where modern human language originated. The finding fits well with the evidence from fossil skulls and DNA that modern humans originated in Africa. The detection of such an ancient signal in language is surprising. Because words change so rapidly, many linguists think that languages cannot be traced very far back in time. The oldest language tree so far reconstructed, that of the Indo-European family, which includes English, goes back 9,000 years at most. Quentin D. Atkinson, a biologist at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, has shattered this time barrier, if his claim is correct, by looking not at words but at phonemes — the consonants, vowels and tones are the simplest elements of language. Dr. Atkinson, an expert at applying mathematical methods to linguistics, has found a simple but striking pattern in some 500 languages spoken throughout the world: A language area uses fewer phonemes the farther that early humans had to travel from Africa to reach it. Some of the click-using languages of Africa have more than 100 phonemes, whereas Hawaiian, toward the far end of the human migration route out of Africa, has only 13. English has about 45 phonemes." }, { "docid": "D388564#0", "title": "http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFiles/LinguisticsAndLanguages/Hieroglyphs.html\n.", "text": "\"Hieroglyphs I. Introduction Hieroglyphs, characters in any system of writing in which symbols represent objects (such as tools, animals, or boats) and ideas (such as motion, time, and joy). The word comes from a Greek term meaning \"\"sacred carving,\"\" which the ancient Greeks used to describe decorative characters carved on Egyptian monuments. The term is now mainly used to refer to the system of writing used by the ancient Egyptians. Archaeological discoveries suggest that Egyptian hieroglyphs may be the oldest form of writing. The earliest evidence of an Egyptian hieroglyphic system is believed to be from about 3300 or 3200 BC, and the Egyptians used hieroglyphs for the next 3,500 years. They were most prevalent during a 1,700-year period when the Egyptians spoke and wrote Old Egyptian (3000 BC -2200 BC) and Middle Egyptian (about 2200 BC -1300 BC ). Only a small portion of the Egyptian population, primarily royalty, priests, and civil officials, used hieroglyphs because they were difficult to learn and time consuming to create. Ancient cultures in China, Mesopotamia, and the Americas used similar writing systems, but these systems were not related to Egyptian hieroglyphs. II. General Characteristics and Form The hieroglyphic system used in ancient Egypt had between 700 and 800 basic symbols, called glyphs." }, { "docid": "D228115#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language\nCoptic language", "text": "\"Coptic language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Copticϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ~ ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉNative to Egypt Ethnicity Egyptians Era 2nd – 17th century. Survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, with sporadic attempts at revival. Language family Afro-Asiatic Egyptian Coptic Early forms Archaic Egyptian Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Late Egyptian Demotic Writing system Coptic alphabet Language codes ISO 639-2 cop ISO 639-3 cop Glottolog copt1239 [1]This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help: IPA. This article contains Coptic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Coptic letters. This article is part of a series on Life in Egypt Culture Architecture Egyptian revival Art Contemporary Cinema Cuisine Dance Raqs sharqi Baladi Tahtib Tanoura Fashion Folklore History Holidays Language Literature Music Mythology Radio Sculpture Sport Symbols Flag Anthem Television Theater Society People Identity Education Demographics Health Media Human rights Religion World Heritage Sites Politics Presidency Government Parliament Political parties Military Corruption Law enforcement Foreign relations Law Economy Communications Tourism Telecommunications Transportation Energy Egypt portalv t e Part of the series on Copts Culture Architecture Art Calendar Coptology Cross Encyclopedia Fasting Flag History Identity Literature Music Monasticism Nationalism Persecution Regions Egypt Sudan Libya United States ( Churches)Canada ( Churches) Australia ( Churches)Africa Asia Europe South America Coptic Diaspora Religions Orthodoxy Catholicism Evangelicals Other Protestants Language Egyptian language Coptic language Writing Systems Hieroglyphs Hieratic Demotic Copticv t e Coptic or Coptic Egyptian ( Bohairic: ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ti.met.rem.ən.k hēmi and Sahidic: ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ t.mənt.rəm.ən.kēme) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. [ 2] Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from demotic to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have, in the first century AD. [ 3]Several distinct Coptic dialects are identified, the most prominent of which are Sahidic, originating in parts of Upper Egypt, and Bohairic, originally from the western Nile Delta in Lower Egypt." }, { "docid": "D1743930#0", "title": "http://www.infoniac.com/science/top-10-inventions-of-ancient-egypt.html\nTop 10 Inventions of Ancient Egypt", "text": "\"The civilization of Ancient Egypt occupied the territory of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River. Today this is the territory of modern Egypt. Ancient Egypt managed to succeed in numerous fields, bringing new invention some of which not only survived till nowadays, but can also be seen in use. Mainly the great evolution of ancient Egyptian civilization is due to its ability to adjust to the somewhat harsh conditions of the Nile River Valley. The socio-cultural development greatly evolved thanks to predictable flooding, the ability to control irrigation and development of some really important devices. Check out some of the most important inventions that appeared in ancient Egypt. Wigs The first documentations of wigs were registered on different Egyptian artifacts as well as wall painting on ancient tombs. During hot summers a lot of Egyptians shaved their heads to keep them clean, which was much easier than cleaning them from pests. At the same time looking bald in ancient Egypt was not considered to be aesthetically pleasing, which is why they invented wigs. Those who did not wear wigs, while remaining bald were mostly priests and laborers." }, { "docid": "D1461721#0", "title": "http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-7.html\nTHE HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.", "text": "\"\"\"Chapter 7: The Hieroglyphic Writing of the Ancient Egyptians.\"\" by Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards (1831-1892) Publication: Pharaohs Fellahs and Explorers. by Amelia Edwards. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1891. ( First edition.) pp. 234-260. [ Page 234]BAS-RELIEF SLAB FROM THE TOMB OF A ROYAL SCRIBE OF THE SECOND DYNASTY, IN THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD. VII. THE HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS." }, { "docid": "D1990595#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush\nKingdom of Kush", "text": "\"Kingdom of Kush From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the subsequent rule in Egypt, see Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt. For the South Asian empire, see Kushan empire. Kingdom of Kush Kulušc 785 BC [1]–c AD 350Capital Napata, Meroe Languages Meroitic, Nubian languages, Egyptian [2]Government Monarchy History• Established c 785 BC [1]• Capital moved to Meroe 591 BC• Disestablished [3] c AD 350Population• Egyptian phase [4] est. 100,000• Meroite phase [4] est. 1,150,000Preceded by Succeeded by New Kingdom of Egypt Alodia Nobatia Makuria Aksumite Empire Today part of Sudan Egypt The Kingdom of Kush or Kush ( / k ʊ ʃ, k ʌ ʃ /) was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, located at the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what are now Sudan and South Sudan. The Kushite era of rule in Nubia was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt. Kush was centered at Napata during its early phase. After King Kashta (\"\"the Kushite\"\") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the Kushite emperors ruled for a century as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, until they were expelled by the Assyrians under the rule of Esarhaddon. During classical antiquity, the Kushite imperial capital was located at Meroe. In early Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Aethiopia." }, { "docid": "D2308988#0", "title": "http://www.landofpyramids.org/egyptian-symbols.htm\nEgyptian Symbols", "text": "\"Ancient Egyptian Symbols Discover the history, significance and meanings of ancient Egyptian Symbols and signs. Ancient Egyptian Symbols features in many Hieroglyphics, images and pictures of ancient Egypt and understanding the meanings of ancient Egyptian Symbols enables a fuller understanding of ancient Egyptian history. The Ancient Egyptian Symbols typically symbolize, life, love and death and were symbols of divine power, immortality, reincarnation and healing or emblems of authority. The most famous ancient Egyptian symbols and signs of ancient Egypt are the ankh, the 'all-seeing' Eye of Horus, the Was Sceptre and the djed column. Additional information about ancient gods is also available via: The Gods of Ancient Egypt Index Egyptian Symbols & Signs Facts about Egyptian Symbols Egyptian Symbols played an important in ancient Egypt. Depictions of Egyptian symbols can be seen in art, artefacts, relics found in the tombs, temples, hieroglyphics and manuscripts of the ancient Egyptians. Look at the top of the page, and the other images contained in this, and other articles on ancient Egypt, and you will see many depictions of Egyptian Symbols and signs including the Ankh, the Eye of Horus, Was Sceptre, Djed pillar, Scarab, Winged Sun, Shen, Cartouche, Lotus Flower, Cobra, Circle of Ouroboros and the Crook and Flail Egyptian symbols. Your understanding of ancient Egypt will increase at a glance when you understand the meanings of Egyptian Symbols and signs. Egyptian Symbols Fact File Color Symbolism: Definition: The symbolism of the colors in Egyptian symbols was used to great effect when depicting the symbols, images and characteristics of the various Ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses. Every color had a meaning Hieroglyphics: Definition: Hieroglyphics consists of a writing system, developed in ancient Egypt, that use picture symbols to convey concepts and ideas." }, { "docid": "D3459017#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/26055252/art-history-exam-1-flash-cards/\nArt History Exam 1", "text": "65 terms superclaykel Art History Exam 1Mississippi State University Paleolithic-Aegean Art Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Additive Sculpture a technique used to create a work of sculptural art in which material is added or built up (example: clay modeling or bronze casting). BCE Before the Common Era Carbon 14 Dating a scientific dating technique that estimates the approximate age of artifacts that contain the naturally occurring the radioisotope carbon-14. Deity gods or goddesses Free-standing Sculpture sculpture in which the image is carved on all side of the material, considered a 3-dimensional work of art. Megalithic a description of a type of construction that uses primarily massive stone construction, literally large stone. Mesolithic the time period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic age, approximately 12,000-9,000 BCE, literally Middle Stone Age Neolithic the time period following the Mesolithic, approximately 9,000-3,000 BCE, literally New Stone Age Paleolithic the time period dating to approximately 30,000 BCE - 12,000 BCE, literally Old Stone Age. Post and Lintel Construction a building technique for spanning space in which two upright posts are capped by a horizontal beam (lintel). Ready-mades mass produced artwork Relief Sculpture sculpture in which the image is carved into a 2-dimensional plane. Sculpture in the round sculpture in which the image is carved on all side of the material, considered a 3-dimensional work of art." }, { "docid": "D2320786#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_in_Ancient_Egypt\nEgyptian hieroglyphs", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Writing in Ancient Egypt)navigation search\"\"Hieroglyphics\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Hieroglyph (disambiguation). Egyptian hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs from the Great Hypostyle Hall in Karnak ( Seti I, 13th century BC)Type Logography usable as an abjad Languages Egyptian language Time period c. 3200 BC [1] – AD 400Parent systems ( Proto-writing )Egyptian hieroglyphs Child systems Hieratic, Demotic, Coptic, Meroitic, Proto-Sinaitic Direction Left-to-right ISO 15924 Egyp, 050Unicode alias Egyptian Hieroglyphs Unicode range U+13000–U+1342FThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help: IPA. Egyptian hieroglyphs ( / ˈ h aɪ r ə ˌ ɡ l ɪ f, - r oʊ -/ [2] [3]) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. It combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters. [ 4] [5]Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing; Meroitic was a late derivation from demotic. The use of hieroglyphic writing arose from proto-literate symbol systems in the Early Bronze Age, around the 32nd century BC ( Naqada III ), [1] with the first decipherable sentence written in the Egyptian language dating to the Second Dynasty (28th century BC)." } ]
8988	__________ percent of manslaughters are due to alcohol	[ { "docid": "D417177#0", "title": "https://www.essaysforstudent.com/essays/Underage-Drinking/4421.html\nUnderage Drinking", "text": "\"Underage Drinking By: Tommy • Essay • 1,393 Words • November 11, 2009 • 1,188 Views Page 1 of 6Essay title: Underage Drinking Teenagers today have no idea what alcoholism really is. They think that they can never become alcoholics. They think that it could never happen to them, but they are wrong. Stress, Family problems and the desire to be popular are wrong the cause of teenage alcoholism. Signs that a teenager has a drinking problem and steps that parents can take to help their child are what I will discuss in this paper. The critical ingredient common to all alcoholic beverages is ethyl alcohol or ethanol ( Lang 21). It is a clear, tasteless liquid formed through the fermentation of sugars by yeast spores ( Lang 21). The amount of alcohol produced depends on the type and amount of sugar in the original mixture, the type of yeast used, the temperature maintained during the fermentation process. American beers, which contain about 3% to 6% alcohol, are made from malted barley and hops (he ripened and dried cones of the hop plant). Most wines are made by fermenting grapes or berries, and normally reach a maximum of about 15% alcohol." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2248163#0", "title": "http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-05-05/news/bs-md-minimum-signing-20140505_1_minimum-wage-increase-minimum-wage-bill-minimum-wage\nO'Malley signs Maryland minimum-wage increase into law", "text": "\"O'Malley signs Maryland minimum-wage increase into law Measure will gradually raise base pay to $10.10 an hour Seated at table left to right as the minimum wage bill is signed… (Barbara Haddock Taylor,…)May 05, 2014 \| By Michael Dresser, The Baltimore Sun Vowing to strengthen Maryland's middle class, Gov. Martin O'Malley signed legislation Monday that will gradually raise the state's minimum wage to $10.10 an hour — his No. 1 legislative priority for the last of his eight years in office. The measure was among more than 200 bills the governor signed into law at a State House ceremony. Others included a ban on the sale of most grain alcohol, reforms to Baltimore's liquor board and expansion of the city's needle-exchange program to prevent AIDS. O'Malley hailed the minimum-wage bill, which will begin raising the current $7.25 minimum wage in January, as a victory for Maryland's working families. \"\" It is not fair, it is not right, it is not just\"\" for Marylanders to have to work 16-hour days while raising their children in poverty, O'Malley said. The governor was joined at the signing ceremony by U. S. Labor Secretary Thomas E. Perez, representing President Barack Obama, who is advocating an increase in the federal minimum wage to the $10.10 level that Maryland will reach in 2018. Perez, a former member of O'Malley's Cabinet, praised his home state as an \"\"incubator of innovation. \"\"\"\" This will be good for Maryland business, good for Maryland workers and a good example for the country,\"\" Perez said. Winning passage of the minimum-wage bill at the level Obama supports, even with the compromises needed to get it passed, gives O'Malley something to brag about as he turns his attention to a possible run for president in 2016." }, { "docid": "D1013580#0", "title": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/rpt/2012-R-0279.htm\n.", "text": "Location: DRUNK DRIVING; Scope: Connecticut laws/regulations; Court Cases; Background;July 17, 20122012-R-0279CONNECTICUT DUI LAWBy: Paul Frisman, Principal Analyst You asked about Connecticut laws on driving under the influence (DUI) and related offenses. This report updates OLR Report 2011-R- 0319. SUMMARYConnecticut ' s DUI law consists primarily of two statutes, CGS §§ 14-227a and -227b. The first prohibits a person from driving (1) while “under the influence” of alcohol or drugs or (2) with an “elevated” blood alcohol content (BAC). A person is under the influence if his ability to drive is affected to an appreciable degree. The maximum allowable BAC depends on the driver ' s age and the type of vehicle he or she is operating. Under the second statute, CGS § 14-227b, motorists implicitly consent to be tested for drugs or alcohol when they drive. The law establishes administrative license suspension procedures for drivers who refuse to submit to a test or whose test results indicate an elevated BAC. ( These provisions are called “implied consent” and “administrative per se ,” respectively. ) Drivers over age 21 have an elevated BAC if it is found to be .08% or more." }, { "docid": "D2254819#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Westfall_(Wentworth)\nList of Wentworth characters", "text": "\"List of Wentworth characters From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bridget Westfall (Wentworth))navigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The following is a list of characters from the Australian television series Wentworth. The series follow the lives of the inmates and officers at Wentworth Correctional Centre. Contents [ hide ]1 Main characters1.1 Bea Smith1.2 Franky Doyle1.3 Vera Bennett1.4 Doreen Anderson1.5 Liz Birdsworth1.6 Fletch1.7 Will Jackson1.8 Jacs Holt1.9 Boomer1.10 Erica Davidson1.11 Joan Ferguson1.12 Karen Proctor1.13 Bridget Westfall1.14 Maxine Conway2 Recurring characters2.1 Inmates2.2 Staff2.3 Other characters3 See also4 References Main characters [ edit]Bea Smith [ edit]Main article: Bea Smith (Wentworth)Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack) (seasons 1-4) came to be an inmate after attempting to murder her husband, Harry, after she had endured years of domestic violence. After entering the facility she is coveted by both Franky Doyle and Jacs Holt in their fight for \"\"Top Dog\"\" of the prison. Bea struggles adjusting to her new life in prison as well as trying to keep up with her daughter, Debbie, and her husband while they are on the outside world. After Bea's daughter is murdered on the order of Jacs Holt, Bea kills her by jabbing a pen into her neck and is charged with manslaughter. After believing that Debbie committed suicide, it is later revealed to Bea that Debbie was murdered by Brayden Holt, Jacs' son." }, { "docid": "D2826682#0", "title": "http://definitions.uslegal.com/v/vehicular-homicide/\nVehicular Homicide Law and Legal Definition", "text": "\"Vehicular Homicide Law and Legal Definition Homicide is the willful (non-negligent) killing of one human being by another. The only difference between a vehicular homicide and other homicides is the use of a motor vehicle as a weapon, as opposed to a gun or knife. Impairment due to alcohol or other drugs may be used as a partial defense. This occurs if the defendant is charged with murder or voluntary manslaughter and the defendant’s impairment level is so high that it affects the defendant’s intent to kill. When this happens, murder and voluntary manslaughter may be mitigated to a lesser crime, like involuntary manslaughter or criminally negligent homicide. Vehicular homicide is governed by state laws, which vary by state, so local laws should be consulted for specific requirements and punishments. The following is an example of a state law governing vehicular homicide: Criminal vehicular homicide and injury. Subdivision 1. Criminal vehicular homicide. A person is guilty of criminal vehicular homicide resulting in death and may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than ten years or to payment of a fine of not more than $20,000, or both, if the person causes the death of a human being not constituting murder or manslaughter as a result of operating a motor vehicle: (1) in a grossly negligent manner; (2) in a negligent manner while under the influence of: (i) alcohol; (ii) a controlled substance; or (iii) any combination of those elements; (3) while having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more; (4) while having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more, as measured within two hours of the time of driving; (5) in a negligent manner while knowingly under the influence of a hazardous substance; (6) in a negligent manner while any amount of a controlled substance listed in schedule I or II, other than marijuana or tetrahydrocannabinols, is present in the person's body; or (7) where the driver who causes the accident leaves the scene of the accident in violation of section 169.09, subdivision 1 or 6." }, { "docid": "D322595#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.com/tx/texas/suspended-license\nFREE DUI Attorney Consultation", "text": "Suspended Texas Drivers License FREE DUI Attorney Consultation Find a Top Rated Lawyer In Your Area1. Personal Information 2. Claim Details1. Personal Information Continue1. Get Started With Drivers License Reinstatement Assistance Online In order to get a Texas drivers license reinstated, you need to complete a number of important steps when applying. In order to simplify the process, you will need to gather the necessary documents, calculate your required fee payment before being able to reinstate your Texas drivers license. Online assistance can help you complete all of these steps quickly and easily by providing you with all of the information you need to know about replacing your license. Start simplifying your application process today.2. By Mail Rather than get ahead with online assistance and services, some Texas residents prefer to handle their DMV transactions via mail. Drivers can complete a few different procedures by mail, but payment methods are restricted, and the transactions have inconvenient and lengthy turnaround times for results.3." }, { "docid": "D258817#0", "title": "http://www.people.vcu.edu/~jmahoney/deviance.htm\n.", "text": "\"Deviance and Social Control Simply defined, \"\"deviance\"\" is the violation of social norms. Back to Table of Contents Links to related web sites: The FBI Homepage The U. S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Prisons The Anti-Defamation League Ben and Jerry's Pinto Madness Contents Introduction Definition and Concepts Deviance is Defined Within the Social Context The Effects of Deviance on Society Who Are Society's Deviants? Theories of Deviance (and Crime)Types of Crime Introduction Groups, as we have seen constantly try to enforce conformity on their members through the use of sanctions-- both positive and negative; formal and informal . In this section of the course, we'll address how and why people deviate from social norms. Deviance is the violation of a social norm. Generally, \"\"deviance\"\" is regarded in a negative light, but there are many \"\"positive\"\" sides to deviance. For example, ice cream lovers in the United States have come to regard \"\"Ben and Jerry's\"\" ice cream as one of the best brands on the market. But the founders of this product, Ben and Jerry, are generally regarded as \"\"deviants\"\" in the minds of the \"\"established\"\" corporate society. This is because they ran their highly successful business in a very unusual manner, trying to create the most pleasant work environment possible. Of course, Ben and Jerry do not consider themselves to be \"\"deviant\"\" at all." }, { "docid": "D1996174#0", "title": "http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/involuntary-manslaughter.html\nInvoluntary Manslaughter", "text": "\"Legal Topics Criminal Law and Police Personal Crimes Homicide Involuntary Manslaughter Find a Local Criminal Lawyer near You1 (may not be the same place you live)2Can't find a category? Click here What is \"\"Involuntary Manslaughter\"\"? Involuntary manslaughter is the unintentional killing of another human being caused by gross negligence. It is considered a lesser charge, below voluntary manslaughter (an intentional killing) and below second degree murder. It is different from second degree murder, another type of unintentional killing, as second degree murder requires that the defendant killed the victim due to extreme recklessness which means the defendant's actions is known to result in a high probability of death. What Are the Elements of Involuntary Manslaughter Charges? While each state has specific requirements for involuntary manslaughter, all states follow a general outline. In general, the three elements are required for a conviction of involuntary manslaughter are: A person is killed due to the actions of the defendant;The defendant’s actions were criminally negligent or from an unlawful act that is a misdemeanor or low-level felony; and The defendant knew or should have known that their actions were putting the lives of others at risk. What Actions Show a Reckless Disregard for Human Life? To determine whether an action shows a reckless disregard for human life, the court will ask whether a reasonable person should know that lives would be endangered due to the conduct." }, { "docid": "D1188830#0", "title": "http://www.criminaljusticeschools.com/blog/21-celebrities-who-have-killed/\n.", "text": "21 Celebrities Who Have Killed Someone Celebrities who have either admitted to or have been convicted of killing someone…outside of military service or as political leaders, that is. Some have paid the price; others, not so much. Robert Blake On May 4, 2001, actor Robert Blake’s wife Bonnie Lee Bakley was shot and killed while sitting in a car outside a Studio City, California restaurant. Blake claimed to be inside the restaurant at the time, retrieving a gun that he’d left at his table. Almost a year later, Blake was arrested and charged with murder, but despite the testimony of two men who claimed that he tried to recruit them to kill Bakley, Blake was found not guilty by the jury. However, when Bakley’s three children filed a civil suit against Blake in 2005, he was found liable for the wrongful death of his wife and was ordered to pay them $30 million. In April 2008, an appeals court upheld the civil case verdict but cut Blake’s penalty in half. John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth is known today as the person who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, but before then, he was already a celebrity, nationally known as a theatrical actor. His family was already known on the theater circuit through Booth’s father Junius and older brother Edwin, the latter perhaps the foremost American Shakespearean actor of his day. John Wilkes Booth meanwhile made a name for himself with his energetic performances in roles that were lighter in tone than Edwin’s, and he came to headline plays around the country." }, { "docid": "D1984278#0", "title": "http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/intoxication/\nIntoxication Law and Legal Definition", "text": "Intoxication Law and Legal Definition Intoxication is defined by state law, which varies by state, for purposes of defining drunk driving, driving while intoxicated, or driving under the influence laws. It is the condition of being drunk as the result of drinking alcoholic beverages and/or use of narcotics. The legal standard of intoxication as it applies to drunk driving (DUI, DWI) varies by state between .08 and .10 alcohol in the bloodstream, or a combination of alcohol and narcotics which would produce the same effect even though the amount of alcohol is below the minimum. Intoxication is defined by a more subjective standard for purposes of determining public drunkenness. Public intoxication means the person must be unable to care for himself, be dangerous to himself or others, be causing a disturbance or refuse to leave or move along when requested. Intoxication may be a defense in a criminal case in which the claim is made by the defendant that he/she was too intoxicated to form an intent to commit the crime or to know what he/she was doing. Unintentional intoxication can possibly reduce the possible level of conviction and punishment for crimes in which criminal intent is a necessary element of the crime, such as reducing voluntary manslaughter down to involuntary manslaughter. Legal Definition list Intimidation, Take By Means Of Intimidation Intimidation Intimidate Intimate Parts Intoxication Intra-Company Transferee Visa (L-1)Intra-Enterprise Conspiracy Intractable Prisoner Intranet Intrapreneurship Related Legal Terms Alcohol Intoxication Caffeine Intoxication Cocaine Intoxication Involuntary Intoxication Pathological Intoxication Public Intoxication Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxication Treatment Act Voluntary Intoxication Water Intoxication" }, { "docid": "D803106#0", "title": "https://legaldictionary.net/voluntary-manslaughter/\nVoluntary Manslaughter", "text": "Voluntary Manslaughter Voluntary manslaughter is a crime that occurs when someone kills another person with no prior intent to harm or kill, but under a sudden circumstance that made him mentally or emotionally distraught. Voluntary manslaughter is often referred to as killing in the “heat of passion.” The difference between voluntary manslaughter and murder is often the provocation to kill. To explore this concept, consider the following voluntary manslaughter definition. Definition of Voluntary Manslaughter Noun The intentionally killing of a person by another who had no prior intent to kill. Origin7th Century B. C. The concept of manslaughter vs. murder was first introduced by Ancient Athenian lawmaker Graco. What is Voluntary Manslaughter Voluntary manslaughter is a criminal act that occurs when a person kills without premeditation, and after serious provocation. The act takes place when there has been adequate action that causes an ordinarily reasonable person to lose control and commit the crime in passion. It can also occur when a person kills another without malice, which means he did not have a prior intent to harm the victim, or to cause his death. The exact definition of voluntary manslaughter varies by state, but in any jurisdiction, it is a very serious criminal offense." }, { "docid": "D2679781#0", "title": "http://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/rpt/2012-R-0279.htm\n.", "text": "Location: DRUNK DRIVING; Scope: Connecticut laws/regulations; Court Cases; Background;July 17, 20122012-R-0279CONNECTICUT DUI LAWBy: Paul Frisman, Principal Analyst You asked about Connecticut laws on driving under the influence (DUI) and related offenses. This report updates OLR Report 2011-R- 0319. SUMMARYConnecticut ' s DUI law consists primarily of two statutes, CGS §§ 14-227a and -227b. The first prohibits a person from driving (1) while “under the influence” of alcohol or drugs or (2) with an “elevated” blood alcohol content (BAC). A person is under the influence if his ability to drive is affected to an appreciable degree. The maximum allowable BAC depends on the driver ' s age and the type of vehicle he or she is operating. Under the second statute, CGS § 14-227b, motorists implicitly consent to be tested for drugs or alcohol when they drive. The law establishes administrative license suspension procedures for drivers who refuse to submit to a test or whose test results indicate an elevated BAC. ( These provisions are called “implied consent” and “administrative per se ,” respectively. ) Drivers over age 21 have an elevated BAC if it is found to be .08% or more." }, { "docid": "D1380926#0", "title": "http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Homicide\nhomicide", "text": "\"homicide Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Homicide The killing of one human being by another human being. Although the term homicide is sometimes used synonymously with murder, homicide is broader in scope than murder. Murder is a form of criminal homicide; other forms of homicide might notconstitute criminal acts. These homicides are regarded as justified or excusable. For example,individuals may, in a necessary act of Self-Defense, kill a person who threatens them with death or serious injury, or they may be commanded or authorized by law to kill a person who is a member of an enemy force or who has committed a serious crime. Typically, the circumstances surrounding a killing determine whether it is criminal. The intent of the killer usually determines whether a criminalhomicide is classified as murder or Manslaughter and at what degree. English courts developed the body of Common Law on which U. S. jurisdictions initially relied in developing their homicide statutes. Early English common law divided homicide into two broadcategories: felonious and non-felonious." }, { "docid": "D540621#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_homicide\nVehicular homicide", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For terrorist attacks, see Vehicle-ramming attack. The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( April 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Part of a series on Homicide Murder Note: Varies by jurisdiction Assassination Cannibalism Child murder Consensual homicide Contract killing Crime of passion Depraved-heart murder Execution-style murder Felony murder rule Feticide Honor killing Human sacrifice Infanticide Child sacrifice Internet homicide Lonely hearts killer Lust murder Lynching Mass murder Mass shooting Misdemeanor murder Murder–suicide Poisoning Proxy murder Pseudocommando Serial killer Spree killer Thrill killing Torture murder Vehicle-ramming attack Manslaughter In English law Voluntary manslaughter Negligent homicide Vehicular homicide Non-criminal homicide Note: Varies by jurisdiction Assisted suicide Capital punishment Euthanasia Feticide Justifiable homicide War By victim or victims Suicide Family Avunculicide (Nepoticide) Familicide Mariticide Uxoricide Prolicide Filicide Infanticide Neonaticide Siblicide Fratricide Sororicide Parricide Matricide Patricide Other Blood libel Capital punishment Crucifixion Democide Friendly fire Gendercide Genocide Omnicide Regicide Stoning Tyrannicide War crimev t e Criminal law Elements Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence Scope of criminal liability Complicity Corporate Vicarious Severity of offense Felony Infraction (also called violation)Misdemeanor Inchoate offenses Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation Offence against the person Assassination Assault Battery Bigamy Criminal negligence False imprisonment Home invasion Homicide Kidnapping Manslaughter ( corporate) Mayhem Murdercorporate Negligent homicide Public indecency Rape Robbery Sexual assault Crimes against property Arson Blackmail Bribery Burglary Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Fraud Larceny Payola Pickpocketing Possessing stolen property Robbery Smuggling Tax evasion Theft Crimes against justice Compounding Malfeasance in office Miscarriage of justice Misprision Obstruction Perjury Perverting the course of justice Victimless crimes Adultery Apostasy Buggery Providing contraception information ( Comstock law)Dueling Fornication Gambling Incest Lewd and lascivious behavior Exhibitionism Creation of obscenity Prostitution Recreational drug use (including alcohol, when prohibited) Sodomy Suicide Crimes against animals Cruelty to animals Wildlife smuggling Bestiality Defences to liability Automatism Consent Defence of property Diminished responsibility Duress Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy Insanity Justification Mistake ( of law) Necessity Provocation Self-defence Other common-law areas Contracts Evidence Property Torts Wills, trusts and estates Portals Criminal justice Lawv t e Vehicular homicide is a crime that involves the death of a person other than the driver as a result of either criminally negligent or murderous operation of a motor vehicle. In cases of criminal negligence, the defendant is commonly charged with unintentional vehicular manslaughter. Vehicular homicide is similar to the offense, in some countries, of \"\"dangerous driving causing death. \"\" The victim may be either a person not in the car with the offending motorist (such as a pedestrian, cyclist, or another motorist), or a passenger in the vehicle with the offender. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Jurisdictions1.1 Canada1.2 United Kingdom1.3 United States1.3.1 California1.3.2 Georgia1.3.3 Louisiana1.3.4 Minnesota1.3.5 Washington1.3.5.1 Text1.3.6 Sentencing2 See also3 References4 External links Jurisdictions [ edit]Canada [ edit]The Criminal Code does not have a specific offence for vehicular homicide, but has a series of provisions covering driving offences causing death, [2] among them:dangerous driving causing deathcriminal negligence causing deathfailure to stop for police causing deathstreet racing causing deathimpaired driving causing deathhit and run driving causing death The maximum penalty for dangerous driving causing death, absent any of the remaining 5 elements mentioned above, is 14 years' imprisonment. [ 3] The maximum penalty is otherwise life imprisonment. Anyone sentenced to life imprisonment for a Criminal Code driving offence is eligible to apply for parole after serving 7 years, but there is no guarantee of parole." }, { "docid": "D139186#0", "title": "http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Prisons_and_Drugs\nPrisons and Drugs", "text": "\"Prisons and Drugs Related Chapters: Prisons Overview: Prisons, Jails, and the Corrections System Race and Prison1. Number Of People Serving Time For Drug, Violent, Property, and Other Offenses In US Prisons Federal Prisons: \"\"Forty-seven percent (81,900) of sentenced federal prisoners on September 30, 2016 (the most recent date for which federal offense data are available) were serving time for a drug offense (table 14; table 15). \"\" More than a third (38% or 65,900 prisoners) of federal prisoners were imprisoned for a public order offense, including 17% (28,800 federal prisoners) for a weapons offense and 8% (13,300) for an adjudicated immigration offense. \"\" More than half (56% or 6,300) of female federal prisoners were serving sentences for a drug offense, compared to 47% of males (75,600). \"\" State Prisons: \"\"More than half (54% or 707,900 prisoners) of all state prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year at year-end 2015 (the most recent year for which state prison offense data are available) were serving sentences for violent offenses on their current term of imprisonment (table 12; table 13). \"\" At year-end 2015, an estimated 14% of sentenced prisoners (177,600 prisoners) were serving time in state prison for murder or nonnegligent manslaughter, and an additional 12% of state prisoners (161,900) had been sentenced for rape or sexual assault. \"\" Among sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities on December 31, 2015, 15% (197,200 prisoners) had been convicted of a drug offense as their most serious crime. \"\"E. Ann Carson, Ph D. Prisoners In 2016. Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 2018, NCJ251149, p. 13. https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?...https://www.bjs.gov/content/pu...2." }, { "docid": "D3542923#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissor_Sisters_(convicted_killers)\nScissor Sisters (convicted killers)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Scissor Sisters (disambiguation). Linda and Charlotte Mulhall Born 1975 (Linda) c. 1983 (Charlotte) Dublin, Ireland Nationality Irish Other names The Scissor Sisters Criminal penalty life imprisonment (Charlotte) 15 years' imprisonment (Linda)Criminal status Incarcerated at Limerick Prison (Charlotte) Released (Linda)Conviction (s) murder (Charlotte) manslaughter (Linda)Details Victims 1Weapons Stanley knife, hammer Date apprehended October 200617 Richmond Cottages Location of the murder site in Dublin Linda and Charlotte Mulhall (also called the Scissor Sisters by the media) are sisters from Dublin, Ireland, known for having killed and dismembered their mother's boyfriend, Farah Swaleh Noor, in March 2005. Noor was killed with a Stanley knife wielded by Charlotte and struck with a hammer by Linda following a confrontation with the sisters and their mother, Kathleen Mulhall. His head and penis were sliced off and the rest of his corpse dismembered by the women and dumped in Dublin 's Royal Canal where a piece of leg still wearing a sock was spotted floating near Croke Park ten days later. The subsequent manhunt and the trial in October 2006 attracted intense media attention in Ireland as the true details of the crime slowly emerged. The sisters and their mother were arrested but released until Linda confessed to involvement in the crime. Kathleen Mulhall left the country at this point to live in England. When Charlotte and Linda were charged with murder in December 2005, their father, John Mulhall, hanged himself in Phoenix Park. As a result of the method they used to carry out the killing of Farah Swaleh Noor, Linda and Charlotte Mulhall were dubbed the Scissor Sisters by the media, after the pop rock band the Scissor Sisters. [ 1] [2] [3] Justice Paul Carney, presiding over the trial, said during sentencing that it was \"\"the most grotesque killing that has occurred in my professional lifetime\"\". [" }, { "docid": "D803108#0", "title": "http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/involuntary-manslaughter-overview.html\nInvoluntary Manslaughter Overview", "text": "\"Involuntary Manslaughter Overview Involuntary manslaughter usually refers to an unintentional killing that results from recklessness or criminal negligence, or from an unlawful act that is a misdemeanor or low-level felony (such as a DUI ). The usual distinction from voluntary manslaughter is that involuntary manslaughter (sometimes called \"\"criminally negligent homicide\"\") is a crime in which the victim's death is unintended. As an illustration, consider the following scenario. Dan comes home to find his wife in bed with Victor. Distraught, Dan heads to a local bar to drown his sorrows. After having five drinks, Dan jumps into his car and drives down the street at twice the posted speed limit. If Dan had killed Victor in a \"\"heat of passion\"\" at the time he discovered the affair, then he could be charged with voluntary manslaughter. However, if Dan instead accidentally hit and killed a pedestrian while driving recklessly and intoxicated, he could be charged with involuntary manslaughter. Elements of the Offense Three elements must be satisfied in order for someone to be found guilty of involuntary manslaughter: Someone was killed as a result of the defendant's actions. The act either was inherently dangerous to others or done with reckless disregard for human life." }, { "docid": "D158896#0", "title": "http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/homicide-murder-manslaughter-32637-2.html\nWhat Is Manslaughter? What Is Murder vs. Manslaughter?", "text": "\"Manslaughter is an unlawful killing that doesn’t involve malice aforethought—intent to seriously harm or kill, or extreme, reckless disregard for life. The absence of malice aforethought means that manslaughter involves less moral blame than either first or second degree murder. ( But plenty argue that some instances of felony murder, a form of first degree murder, involve less blameworthiness than some instances of manslaughter.) Thus, while manslaughter is a serious crime, the punishment for it is generally less than that for murder. Related Products MORECriminal Law: A Desk Reference Legal Research The Criminal Law Handbook The two main variations of manslaughter are usually referred to as voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. Voluntary Manslaughter This is often called a \"\"heat of passion\"\" crime. Voluntary manslaughter occurs when a person:is strongly provoked (under circumstances that could similarly provoke a reasonable person) andkills in the heat of passion aroused by that provocation. For “heat of passion” to exist, the person must not have had sufficient time to “cool off” from the provocation. That the killing isn’t considered first or second degree murder is a concession to human weakness. Killers who act in the heat of passion may kill intentionally, but the emotional context is a mitigating factor that reduces their moral blameworthiness." }, { "docid": "D2679780#0", "title": "http://connecticutdui.pro/\n.", "text": "\"The Connecticut DUI Guide Anthony Collins& Nancy Martin (860) 761-3400Collins & Martin P. C. Connecticut DUI Defense Call Today for a Professional CT DUI Consultation55 Town Line Road Wethersfield, CT 06109State of Connecticut DUI and Criminal Defenseand Immigration Legal Services DUI \| DWI \| OUIDriving While Suspended Driving While Revoked Pretrial Alcohol Education System (PAES) Program Superior Court1st CT DUI2nd CT DUI3rd CT DUIFelony CT DUIBridgeport Hartford New Haven Stamford Waterbury Norwalk Danbury Bristol Greenwich Fairfield I just got arrested for a State of Connecticut DUI charge. What happens now? ISSUE ONE: The Connecticut Implied Consent / Administrative Per Se Proceeding: Your Connecticut license (or your right to drive in Connecticut if you're not a Connecticut licensed driver) was most likely suspended for anywhere from 90 days to three years for failing or refusing a chemical (breath, blood, or urine) test. The suspension generally begins on the 31st day following your arrest. Following your arrest, a Notice of Suspension will be mailed to your address of record allowing you only seven days to request a hearing to challenge planned suspension. Read you paperwork carefully. Do not miss your deadline or you will forfeit your right to challenge your suspension. What is meant by the term \"\"implied consent?\"\" Any person who operates a motor vehicle in the State of Connecticut is deemed to have given consent to a chemical analysis of such person's blood, breath or urine and, if such person is a minor, such person's parent or parents or guardian shall also be deemed to have given their consent. CT Laws Sec." }, { "docid": "D1639151#0", "title": "https://www.leagle.com/decision/innyco20110915346\nPEOPLE v. HEIDGEN", "text": "\"PEOPLE v. HEIDGENEmail \| Print \| Comments ( 0) 2007-02662. View Case Cited Cases Citing Case87 A. D.3d 1016 (2011)930 N. Y. S.2d 1992011 NY Slip Op 6493THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, Respondent, v. MARTIN HEIDGEN, Appellant. Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, Second Department. Decided September 13, 2011. Ordered that the judgment is affirmed. On July 1, 2005, after spending several hours in a bar in Manhattan, at which he consumed at least six beers, the defendant attended a friend's party in Merrick in Nassau County. He arrived at the party, which consisted of a small gathering of his friends, between 11:00 P. M. and midnight. The house where the party was being held was approximately a five-minute drive from the Meadowbrook State Parkway. At the party, the defendant was seen consuming several alcoholic drinks. Two of the defendant's friends who were at the party described the defendant as intoxicated or \"\"buzzed.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D145699#0", "title": "http://www.ohiodui.pro/\n.", "text": "\"What is the difference between a OVI, OMVI, OMWI, DUI, DWI, OVUI, DWAI etc.? These terms are all acronyms that refer to the offense commonly known as \"\"drunk driving.\"\" Different states have different names for the crime. For example, in New York the charge is known as driving while intoxicated or DWI. Oregon uses the phrase driving under the influence of an intoxicant or DUII . In Michigan, the phrase operating while intoxicated or OWI is used. Indiana law usesthe terminology \"\"operating a vehicle while intoxicated\"\" so the terms OVWI or OWI or OVI are used there. Ohio law prohibits operating a vehicle under the influence―OVI. However, the phrase driving under the influence (DUI) is commonly used throughout the United States and it is often used in the State of Ohio. [ West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Florida and most other states use the term DUI as well.]" } ]
8993	__________ refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation	[ { "docid": "D2591485#0", "title": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/p65ptks/Habituation-refers-to-gradual-reduction-in-the-strength-of-a-response-due-to/\nHabituation refers to gradual reduction in the", "text": "Habituation refers to gradual reduction in the SCHOOLUVACOURSE TITLEENGL 200TYPENotes UPLOADED BY1528541_ch PAGES 3This preview shows pages 2–3. Sign up to view the full content. View Full Document- Habituation: refers to gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitivestimulation. Loss of interest- Dishabituation: (Recover) a new stimulus – some kind of change in the environment –causes responsiveness to return to a high level- EXAMPLE:- Baby who habituates to a visual pattern and recovers to a new one appears to rememberthe first stimulus and perceives the second one as new and different.- Two months old actually may take longer than newborns to habituate (13) Does infants’ imitation of others appear to be voluntary behavior or a reflex?- Imitation – copying the behavior of another person- Harder to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than just after birth Therefore, someresearchers regard the capacity as little more than an automatic response that declineswith age (REFLEX)VS.- Babies several months old often do not imitate an adult’s behavior right awaybecause they try to play social games. But when done repeatedly, older babieswill start to imitate. This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document (14) How is gross motor development defined differently from fine motordevelopment?- Gross motor development: refers to control over actions that help infants around in theenvironment, such as crawling, standing, and walking.- Fine motor development: smaller movements, such as reaching and grasping.- TABLE 5.1This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Spring '09 PROFESSOR Lynn TAGSBehaviorism, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, neutral stimulus, marasmus Report View Full Document Literature Study Guides Learn more about characters, symbols, and themes in all your favorite books with Course Hero's FREE study guides and infographics!Explore Bookmarked 0Recently viewed ENGL 200Berk5Viewing now Interested in Berk5?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D51678#0", "title": "http://www.tendonpain.org/injury.shtml\nThe Tendinosis/Tendinopathy Injury", "text": "\"The Tendinosis/Tendinopathy Injury This section will help you understand the tendinosis/tendinopathy injury. You might have more patience to wait for your injury to heal if you understand why it heals so slowly and what's happening at the cellular level. The numbers in brackets after some sentences on this page are references found on the References page. What is Collagen? Collagens are proteins that help strengthen the structure of tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, ligaments, vertebral disks, skin, and blood vessels. These tissues all contain collagen, but they have different proportions of different kinds of collagen (as well as various other constituents) and their structural characteristics vary. The collagen in tendons and ligaments is arranged in bundles of parallel fibers, giving tendons and ligaments a rope-like structure. Some of the fibers in tendons and ligaments also run transverse to the parallel bundles, forming cross-links that add strength to the structure. The collagen in cartilage is arranged in a mesh with a large amount of gel-like substance between the collagen fibers, making the structure of cartilage more like a sponge. The characteristics of collagen-containing tissues also vary with position within the structure; for example, tendons and ligaments are different at the point of insertion to the bone than they are in the middle of the tendon or ligament." }, { "docid": "D942049#0", "title": "https://examine.com/supplements/arginine/\nArginine", "text": "\"Supplements Nutrition Store SIGN UP LOGINSignup Login My Cart History Quick Navigation Summary Things to Know How to Take Human Effect Matrix Scientific Research Citations Arginine L-Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid. It is important for blood flow and nitric oxide levels, but oral supplementation may not reliably improve blood flow in humans. This page features 175 unique references to scientific papers. History Summary Things to Know How to Take Human Effect Matrix Scientific Research Citations Summary of Arginine Primary Information, Benefits, Effects, and Important Facts L-Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid found in the diet. It is a dietary supplement used mostly by athletic people because it is the amino acid that directly produces nitric oxide via the nitric oxide synthase enzymes. It's particularly important during periods of illness and chronic conditions like hypertension and type II diabetes, as these states tend to be characterized by an increase in the enzyme that degrades L-arginine (known as arginase) resulting in a transient deficiency; this precedes an increase in blood pressure in these states, and can be partially remedied by an increase in L-arginine intake or resolution of the illness/disease state. L-arginine is a popular supplement for athletes as it is touted to increase nitric oxide activity in the body. Unfortunately, this effect appears to be unreliable in otherwise healthy adults. While there have been studies that have measured increased effects of nitric oxide (blood flow) they are paired with studies showing no net effects. As for the mechanism, there is reason to believe that this difference is in part due to poor absorption of L-arginine from the intestines before it can reach appreciable activity in the body." }, { "docid": "D1455743#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/quadriceps+setting+exercise\nexercise", "text": "\"exercise (redirected from quadriceps setting exercise) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia . Exercise Definition Exercise is physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive for the purpose of conditioningany part of the body. Exercise is used to improve health, maintain fitness and is important as a means of physical rehabilitation. Purpose Exercise is useful in preventing or treating coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, weakness,diabetes, obesity, and depression. Range of motion is one aspect of exercise important forincreasing or maintaining joint function. Strengthening exercises provide appropriate resistance to the muscles to increase endurance and strength. Cardiac rehabilitation exercises are developed andindividualized to improve the cardiovascular system for prevention and rehabilitation of cardiacdisorders and diseases. A well-balanced exercise program can improve general health, buildendurance, and slow many of the effects of aging. The benefits of exercise not only improve physicalhealth, but also enhance emotional well-being. Studies have shown that a consistent, guided exercise program benefits almost everyone from Gulf War veterans coping with fatigue, distress, cognitive problems, and mental health functioning to patients awaiting heart transplants." }, { "docid": "D1216638#0", "title": "http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/exercises-rid-belly-fat-back-upper-arm-fat-women-16093.html\nExercises to Get Rid of Belly Fat & Back of Upper Arm Fat for Women", "text": "Exercises to Get Rid of Belly Fat & Back of Upper Arm Fat for Womenby Robin Reichert Related Articles Exercises for Women to Get the Long Lean Look Overhead Exercises How to Get Toned and Thin Arms and Legs How to Work Out Your Forearms With Dumbells Equivalent Exercises to a Kettlebell5 Things You Need to Start Getting in Shape Women tend to put on fat around the midsection, hips and upper arms. It can be tough to lose this fat and spot reduction won't help. Diet, lack of exercise and your genes can be responsible for weight gain. You can't do much about your genetics, but you can change your diet and burn fat with exercise. A balance of aerobic and strength-training exercises can help you burn fat and build muscle for a slimmer, firmer body. Do at least 30 minutes of aerobic exercise each day, five days each week. The American College of Sports Medicine reports that you may have to exercise longer each week or more intensely to lose weight. HIIT for Fat Burning Cardiovascular exercise, also called aerobic exercise, is the best way to burn fat. Reduce the calories you eat and get more aerobic exercise to create a calorie deficit. A calorie deficit exists when you burn more calories than you consume." }, { "docid": "D1011091#0", "title": "http://www.leanbodiesconsulting.com/faqs/recomp-simultaneous-fat-loss-muscle-gain/\nRecomp â Simultaneous Fat Loss & Muscle Gain", "text": "Recomp – Simultaneous Fat Loss & Muscle Gain December 25th, 2009 by I’ve been having some really good success in my attempts to lose fat and get in better shape, but I also have a goal to get stronger and to gain more muscle as well. While I have made some strength gains, they’ve been nothing to write home about and I really don’t believe I’ve added any muscle either. Any suggestions? On the subject of simultaneous fat loss and muscle gain, in all but a few conditions, these two goals are mutually exclusive. I’ll touch on strength gains while dieting a bit later, but in the mean time, to lose fat, you need to create a caloric deficit. Without this deficit, which can be created via dietary means (reduced calories) or increased expenditure, you simply cannot lose fat. Period. On the flip side, to build muscle, you generally, outside of a few conditions that will be mentioned shortly, need a caloric surplus. You simply cannot build a house out of sweat. There needs to be some raw materials available." }, { "docid": "D1281291#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/pro/nadolol.html\nNadolol", "text": "Nadolol Dosage Form: tablet Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Interactions More Pregnancy Warnings Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Drug Images Support Group Q & ACompare Alternatives Pricing & Coupons On This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Boxed Warning Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling On This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Boxed Warning Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling PRODUCT OVERVIEW: Nadolol TABLETRx Only Nadolol Description Nadolol is a synthetic nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent designated chemically as 1- ( tert -butylamino)-3- [ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- cis -6,7-dihydroxy-1-naphthyl)oxy]-2-propanol. Structural formula: C 17 H 27 NO 4 MW 309.40Nadolol is a white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in ethanol, soluble in hydrochloric acid, slightly soluble in water and in chloroform, and very slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide. Nadolol tablet is available for oral administration as 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg tablets. Inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, colorant (FD&C Blue No. 2), corn starch, magnesium stearate, povidone (except 20 mg and 40 mg), and other ingredients. Slideshow Health Quiz - Basics About Stroke Signs and Symptoms Nadolol - Clinical Pharmacology Nadolol tablet is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. Clinical pharmacology studies have demonstrated beta-blocking activity by showing (1) reduction in heart rate and cardiac output at rest and on exercise, (2) reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and on exercise, (3) inhibition of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia, and (4) reduction of reflex orthostatic tachycardia. Nadolol tablet specifically competes with beta-adrenergic receptor agonists for available beta receptor sites; it inhibits both the beta 1 receptors located chiefly in cardiac muscle and the beta 2 receptors located chiefly in the bronchial and vascular musculature, inhibiting the chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation proportionately. Nadolol tablet has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and, unlike some other beta-adrenergic blocking agents, Nadolol has little direct myocardial depressant activity and does not have an anesthetic-like membrane- stabilizing action." }, { "docid": "D3312684#0", "title": "http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/19/Aging.html\nAging", "text": "Aging Aging is a progressive, predictable process in which gradual changes not caused by disease or accident occur over time. Aging affects both the body and the mind. Some age-related changes start as early as the 20s; others may not appear until people are in their 70s. Although aging is inevitable, people ageat different rates. Age-related changes eventually lead to the increased probability of death as people grow older. Life expectancy-how long people are expected to live-has risen dramatically since 1900, when it was 47 years. Today, the average life expectancy is 76 years, an increase of about 110 days each year since 1900. Women live longer than men. People today have a much more positive attitude toward aging than earlier generations did. The aging process involves the steady decline of organ functioning and the regulation of the body systems." }, { "docid": "D751094#0", "title": "http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/neurology/myasthenia-gravis/\nMyasthenia Gravis", "text": "\"Myasthenia Gravis Yuebing Li, MD, Ph DPublished: February 2014Contents Definition Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most commonly occurring disorder of neuromuscular junction transmission and is characterized by weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles. It is a T-cell dependent antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Back to Top Epidemiology and Genetics The annual incidence of MG is approximately 10 to 20 new cases per million with a prevalence of about 150 to 200 per million. 1 Its prevalence has been increasing over the past several decades secondary to better recognition and increased survival. The age of onset is characterized by a bimodal distribution with an early incidence peak in the 2nd to 3rd decades affecting young women and a late peak in the 6th to 8th decades that is primarily seen in men. 2 MG is often associated with other autoimmune diseases including thyroid disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, vitiligo and neuromyelitis optica. 3 Several medications including penicillamine, pyrithioxine and hydroxychloroquine are capable of inducing autoimmune MG. Genetics also play a role as the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of MG vary among different ethnic populations with distinct HLA associations. 2Back to Top Pathophysiology MG results from antibody mediated dysfunction of synaptic transmission. Two major components implicated in its pathogenesis are acetylcholine receptors (ACh R) and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase receptors (Mu SK), both located on the postsynaptic membrane." }, { "docid": "D1017250#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_fetal_monitoring\nCardiotocography", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Electronic fetal monitoring)navigation search Cardiotocography A cardiotocograph recording fetal heart rate and uterine contractions ICD-9-CM 75.32Me SH D015148 [ edit on Wikidata]Cardiotocography ( CTG) is a technical means of recording the fetal heartbeat and the uterine contractions during pregnancy. The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a cardiotocograph, more commonly known as an electronic fetal monitor ( EFM ). Fetal monitoring was invented by Doctors Alan Bradfield, Orvan Hess and Edward Hon. A refined (antepartal, non-invasive, beat-to-beat) version (cardiotocograph) was later developed for Hewlett Packard by Konrad Hammacher. CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal wellbeing. [ 1] A review found that in the antenatal period (before labour) there is no evidence to suggest that monitoring women with high-risk pregnancies benefits the mother or baby although research around this is old and should be interpreted with caution. [ 1] The same review found that computerised CTG machines resulted in lower numbers of baby deaths than the traditional CTG machines (as shown in picture). More up-to-date research is needed to provide more information around this practice. [ 1]CTG monitoring can sometimes lead to medical interventions which are not necessarily needed. [ 1] Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation (sound played to the unborn baby through the mother’s abdomen) has been used to provoke the baby into being more active. [" }, { "docid": "D298015#0", "title": "https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/video-glossary/glossary-terms\nGlossary of Terms", "text": "\"Glossary of Terms Click the letter below to see terms in that section. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z For a printer friendly version of the Glossary of Terms, click here. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is the instrument considered to be the current gold standard for diagnosing ASD and, along with information from parents, should be incorporated into a child's evaluation. Although a diagnosis of ASD is not necessary to get intervention, in some states the differences in the services provided to children with and without a diagnosis of ASD can be huge. Once a child has had a diagnostic evaluation and is determined eligible for services, additional assessments may be completed to better understand the child's strengths and needs in order to plan intervention goals and strategies. Click here to link to this term in the ASD Video Glossary.back to top Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism is an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of disorders referred to as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The terms PDD and ASD are used interchangeably. They are a group of neurobiological disorders that affect a child's ability to interact, communicate, relate, play, imagine, and learn. These disorders not only affect how the brain develops and works, but may also be related to immunological, gastrointestinal, and metabolic problems. Signs and symptoms are seen in early childhood." }, { "docid": "D352767#0", "title": "http://www.brianmac.co.uk/trnprin.htm\nPrinciples of Training", "text": "\"Principles of Training Why do people get involved in physical activity? People get involved in exercise for a number of reasons: to improve their health and physical condition, to achieve a sporting ambition, to relive the tension and stress of daily life, to lose weight, it makes them feel good. Participating in sport encourages co-operation in team sports, develops the element of competitiveness, provides a physical challenge and the opportunity to meet new people and make new friends. Principles of Training Training to improve an athlete's performance obeys the principles of training: specificity, overload, rest, adaptation and reversibility (SORAR). Specificity To improve the range of movement for a particular joint action, you have to perform exercises that involve that joint action. It is quite possible for an athlete to have good mobility in the shoulder joint but to have poor hip mobility. Conducting shoulder mobility exercises may further improve the shoulder mobility but it will not affect hip mobility. In addition to developing general levels of all round mobility in an athlete, coaches need to consider the specific mobility requirements of a given event. The coach can analyse the technique of his/her event, identify which joint actions are involved and determine which need to be improved in terms of the range of movement. A thrower, for example, might require improvements in his/her shoulder and spine mobility." }, { "docid": "D1931631#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Myasthenia+Gravis\nmyasthenia gravis", "text": "\"myasthenia gravis Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Myasthenia Gravis Definition Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness. Description Myasthenia gravis (MG) affects the neuromuscular junction, interrupting the communicationbetween nerve and muscle, and thereby causing weakness. A person with MG may have difficultymoving their eyes, walking, speaking clearly, swallowing, and even breathing, depending on theseverity and distribution of weakness. Increased weakness with exertion, and improvement withrest, is a characteristic feature of MG. About 30,000 people in the United States are affected by MG. It can occur at any age, but is mostcommon in women who are in their late teens and early twenties, and in men in their sixties andseventies. Causes and symptoms Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease, meaning it is caused by the body's own immunesystem. In MG, the immune system attacks a receptor on the surface of muscle cells. Thisprevents the muscle from receiving the nerve impulses that normally make it respond." }, { "docid": "D3184929#0", "title": "https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines\nBenzodiazepine", "text": "\"navigation search Death may occur when benzodiazepines are combined with other depressants such as opiates, barbiturates, gabapentinoids, thienodiazepines, alcohol or other GABAergic substances. [ 1]It is strongly discouraged to combine these substances, particularly in common to heavy doses. The core structure of benzodiazepines Xanax (alprazolam) 2 mg tri-score tablets Benzodiazepines (commonly referred to as benzos) are a class of psychoactive substances that act as central nervous system depressants. These substances work by magnifying the efficiency and effects of the principal inhibitory neurotransmittergamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA) by binding to and acting on its receptors. [ 2]The characteristic effects of benzodiazepines include anxiety suppression, sedation, muscle relaxation, disinhibition, sleepiness and amnesia. In a medical context, short-acting benzodiazepines are typically recommended for treating insomnia or acute anxiety or panic attack disorders while long-acting ones are recommended for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders. The sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines can lead to life-threatening seizures or death for individuals who have been using them regularly, in heavy doses, or for extended periods of time. [ 3] For this reason, it is recommended to discontinue use by tapering one's dose by gradually lowering the amount taken each day for a prolonged period of time instead of stopping one's usage abruptly. [ 4]Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Society and culture [ +] 3 Chemistry4 Pharmacology [ +] 5 Subjective effects6 Equivalent dosages7 Preparation methods8 Medical uses [ +] 9 Toxicity and harm potential10 See also11 External links12 References History The molecular structure of chlordiazepoxide, the first benzodiazepine. It was marketed by Hoffmann–La Roche from 1960 branded as Librium." }, { "docid": "D242670#0", "title": "http://www.physio-pedia.com/Hamstring_origin_tendinopathy\nHamstring origin tendinopathy", "text": "Hamstring origin tendinopathy Description Hamstring origin tendinopathy, also called proximal hamstring tendinopathy or high hamstring tendinopathy, are a group of pathologies of the proximal hamstring tendon. They include tendon degeneration, partial tearing and peritendinous inflammatory reaction. [ 1]Clinically Relevant Anatomy One of the most important muscle groups in running is the hamstring. They are active at various stages in the gait cycle, particularly in knee flexion and hip extension. Consisting of three fibers all originating from the ischial tuberosity and femur. Distally the muscle is inserted on the back of the knee, both on tibia and fibula. The junction between the tendons of the hamstrings and the ischial tuberosity is the area affected by high hamstring tendinopathy. The tendon’s thickness, fibrousness and poor blood supply are the cases of difficult healing. [ 2]The muscles contain a higher proportion of type 2 muscle fibers than the other muscles of the lower extremity; suggesting high intrinsic force generation. During running, the hamstrings have three main functions." }, { "docid": "D1606364#0", "title": "http://www.floatingbed.com/features-benefits/medical-research/\nMedical Research", "text": "\"Excerpts from a variety of articles or studies that found health benefits of motion, for various conditions in several categories. Compiled by John Huff • 641 472 6651 • Floating Bed ® Co • www.floatingbed.com • Updated 4/24/08 These are grouped into topic sub-headings: General info, Motion Sickness, Post-Operative Recovery, Mother-Infant, Autism, Vestibular, Stress, Elders / Overall Fitness and Health, and Misc. The studies or articles cited involve use of various devices and modalities, such as rocking chairs, etc.1. General Information and/or Conditionshttp://www.rockingchairtherapy.org/research.html#m_sens Many links & info on rocking chairs in one place. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Recognizing NASA's rocking results, it was later determined that rocking was also the best solution for CFS patients. Rocking provides easy, non-weight bearing, rhythmic motion and does a very important job in autonomic tone for a population that has difficulty accomplishing exercise. ( Chronic Fatigue Syndrome affects approximately half a million people in the US. ) Varicose Veins There is research on the use of rocking to stimulate circulation, improve muscle tone, and to help prevent and cure varicose veins. Many pregnancy support articles and web sites recommend rocking in a rocking chair to prevent the development of varicose veins.2. Motion Sickness Case studies of motion sickness suggests that balance training and habituation (reducing or modifying one's response to a stimulus that causes motion sickness) may help diminish the symptoms of the condition." }, { "docid": "D230840#0", "title": "http://reference.medscape.com/article/90068-treatment\nPatellar Injury and Dislocation Treatment & Management", "text": "\"Drugs & Diseases > Sports Medicine Patellar Injury and Dislocation Treatment & Management Updated: Jun 13, 2017Author: Gerard A Malanga, MD; Chief Editor: Craig C Young, MD more... Share Email Print Feedback Acute Phase Rehabilitation Program Physical Therapy During the acute phase of a patellar injury or dislocation, the immediate goals are to reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and stop activities that place excessive loads on the patellofemoral joint. Patients with an acute patella dislocation typically have been evaluated in an emergency department, with radiographic evaluation, and have often had a consultation with an orthopedist to assess for intra-articular pathology. Acute phase management should apply the PRICE principle: protection of the injured joint, relative rest, ice, compression, and elevation to control inflammation. A study by Maenpaa and Lehto suggested that a period of immobilization may be beneficial. In their study of 100 acute dislocations, patients were divided into 3 treatment groups: plaster cast, posterior splint, and patellar bandage/brace. [ 23] At long-term follow-up, fewer redislocations were noted in the posterior splint group and the cast group than in the patellar bandage group. The first 2 groups had a period of immobility, whereas the bandage group did not. The mechanism of benefit is thought to be the time to heal the disrupted medial structures. The best outcomes were noted in the group initially treated with a posterior splint. The plaster cast group had a longer period of immobilization, and the authors suggested limiting the period of immobilization to 3 weeks to avoid muscle atrophy, knee joint restrictions, and retropatellar crepitation. [" }, { "docid": "D796695#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/myasthenia_gravis/page2.htm\nMyasthenia Gravis", "text": "\"Myasthenia Gravis Center Hyperthyroidism Slideshow Pictures Take the Lupus Quiz15 Immune Boosting Foods!Patient Comments: Myasthenia Gravis - Symptoms Patient Comments: Myasthenia Gravis - Treatment Patient Comments: Myasthenia Gravis - Diagnostic Tests Find a local Neurologist in your town Myasthenia gravis facts*What is myasthenia gravis? What causes myasthenia gravis? What is the role of the thymus gland in myasthenia gravis? What are myasthenia gravis symptoms and signs? Who gets myasthenia gravis? How is myasthenia gravis diagnosed? What tests are used? What is the treatment for myasthenia gravis? What are myasthenic crises? What is the prognosis for myasthenia gravis?" }, { "docid": "D1373315#0", "title": "https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/124/11/2131/302768/Pathophysiology-of-bradykinesia-in-Parkinson-s\nPathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease", "text": "Article Navigation Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease A. Berardelli J. C. Rothwell P. D. Thompson M. Hallett Brain, Volume 124, Issue 11, 1 November 2001, Pages 2131–2146, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.11.2131Published: 01 November 2001 Article history Views PDF Cite Permissions Share Abstract Bradykinesia means slowness of movement and is one of the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Weakness, tremor and rigidity may contribute to but do not fully explain bradykinesia. We argue that bradykinesia results from a failure of basal ganglia output to reinforce the cortical mechanisms that prepare and execute the commands to move. The cortical deficit is most apparent in midline motor areas. This leads to particular difficulty with self-paced movements, prolonged reaction times and abnormal pre-movement EEG activity. Movements are often performed with normally timed EMG bursts but the amount of EMG activity is underscaled relative to the desired movement parameters. There are also abnormalities in sensory scaling and sensorimotor integration. The brain appears to be able to compensate to some degree for the basal ganglia deficit. There is overactivity in the lateral premotor areas during task performance and movements can be speeded by giving sensory cues. Attention to movement is also beneficial." }, { "docid": "D495009#0", "title": "http://wellnessproposals.com/wellness-library/glossaries/wellness-glossary/\nWellness Glossary â Health and Wellness Definitions", "text": "Wellness Glossary – Health and Wellness Definitions Employee Assistance Program, Health Risk Assessment, Wellness, what do all of these words actually mean? Use our convenient Wellness Glossary to find the answer to all of these and more. A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| G \| H \| I \| J \| K \| L \| M \| N \| O \| P \| Q \| R \| S \| T \| U \| V \| W \| X \| Y \| Z-A-Acupuncture The practice of inserting fine needles on specific meridian points for the purpose of relieving tension, stress, and pain. Highly useful in the treatment and relief of back pain. Addiction Psychological, emotional, or physical dependence on the effects of a drug. Adjustments A form of chiropractic technique involving the application of gentle, yet firm, pressure to a bone. Adjustments employ a high velocity, low amplitude thrust. The goal of any adjustment is to restore the bone to its natural, or original, position. Adrenal Glands Small glands located on the kidneys that produce the stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline A hormone that stimulates metabolism, increases alertness and increases blood pressure." }, { "docid": "D298073#0", "title": "https://www.trans-cranial.com/tct/research/\ntDCS peer-reviewed research index", "text": "\"On this page, you can search all t DCS peer reviewed research publications. To narrow down the results, enter a keyword for the subject that you are interested in. Additionaly, some articles have links to online full text copies of the paper. Search1521 research article (s) found. Only show articles with full text links The effects of t DCS upon sustained visual attention are dependent on cognitive load.2016 Jan Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (t DCS) modulates the excitability of neuronal responses and consequently can affect performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. However, the interaction between cognitive load and the effects of t DCS is currently not well-understood. We recorded the performance accuracy of participants on a bilateral multiple object tracking task while undergoing bilateral stimulation assumed to enhance (anodal) and decrease (cathodal) neuronal excitability. Stimulation was applied to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a region inferred to be at the centre of an attentional tracking network that shows load-dependent activation. 34 participants underwent three separate stimulation conditions across three days. Each subject received (1) left cathodal / right anodal PPC t DCS, (2) left anodal / right cathodal PPC t DCS, and (3) sham t DCS." } ]
9002	___________ affects your vision because your eye muscles are tired, along with the rest of your body, and it is difficult to focus.	[ { "docid": "D2787077#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=77DC4718\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: ___________ affects your vision because your eye muscles are tired, along with the rest of your body, and it is difficult to focus A: Fatigue affects your vision because your eye muscles are tired along with the rest of your body and it is difficult to focus. Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)___________ affects your vision because your eye muscles are tired, along with the rest of your body, and it is difficult to focus" } ]	[ { "docid": "D2593672#0", "title": "http://www.ourhealth.com/conditions/i-cannot-get-a-diagnosis/muscle-weakness-tremors-and-many-more-symptoms-for-20-yrs\nMuscle weakness, tremors and Many more symptoms for 20+ yrs", "text": "\"Muscle weakness, tremors and Many more symptoms for 20+ yrs Posted In: I cannot get a diagnosis. 6 Replies Posted By: imatthebeach July 9, 2007 00:28 AMHi, I am 46, female and have been hoping for answers for over 20 yrs now. Tho I had a few symptoms (I did not realize were symptoms) as a child, like weakness when I chew. I became very ill around '85 and was left with many symptoms to deal with which I realized three years ago all increase or decrease with using my muscles. I am so tired of having to explain symptoms. Here is a basic 'list'. # The more I use my muscles, the worse I get! All symptoms increase the more I do. Literally. Tremors, hard to walk..very slow, legs have to touch down a few times to finish gait." }, { "docid": "D661339#0", "title": "http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/central-neurotoxicity-memory-loss.aspx\nCentral Neurotoxicity, Memory Loss, and Their Relationship to Chemotherapy", "text": "\"Central Neurotoxicity, Memory Loss, and Their Relationship to Chemotherapy Neurotoxicity Includes: Confusion, Cognitive Problems, Memory Problems, and Seizures Description: The body's nervous system is divided into two systems, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is also divided into two major parts the brain and spinal cord. Different parts of the brain control different functions. Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, can produce certain effects on these areas of the brain, including impaired cognitive skills, chemo-induced seizures, and memory loss. The cerebral cortex is a sheet of tissue that makes up the outer layer of the brain. This area of the brain is responsible for thought, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, perception. The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and controls functions of movement, balance and posture. The brain stem is a general term for the area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord. Structures within the brain stem are responsible for the most basic functions of life such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. The hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain and is only the size of a pea." }, { "docid": "D506188#0", "title": "http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/symptoms/eye-pain\nAnxiety May Cause Eye Pain", "text": "\"Anxiety and the eye are not often connected. Your eyes are directly connected to an area of your brain that is generally less affected by hormones and neurotransmitters. Some people's eyes get dizzy or blurry during times of intense stress, but most people do not experience eye symptoms. But a small number of people living with anxiety do experience eye pain, and because the symptom is not as common as other anxiety symptoms, many of those people worry their eye pain is caused by something else - something more problematic. Eye Pain = Anxiety? Eye pain can genuinely be caused by anxiety. If the eye pain is too disruptive, talk to an eye doctor first. But if you find that your eyes are in good health, anxiety is often the cause. Eye pain almost never occurs alone. Take my anxiety test to find out what other symptoms may be related to your anxiety and how they're all connected." }, { "docid": "D3089616#0", "title": "https://draxe.com/eye-strain/\nEye Strain: Causes & Symptoms + 7 Natural Treatments", "text": "Conditions Eye Strain Eye Strain: Causes & Symptoms + 7 Natural Treatments Eye Strain: Causes & Symptoms + 7 Natural Treatments489 23 475Eye strain — also called “tired eyes” or eye fatigue — is believed to be a problem for more people today than ever before. Why is this? With more time spent staring into electronically-lit screens everyday (such as phones or computers) along with less simply resting the eyes, most of us are experiencing eye strain. A 2016 study published in the Journal of Physical Therapy Science reports that “Nowadays, university students are readily exposed to accelerated environmental eye fatigue as frequent users of computer screens. Eye fatigue is a frequent complaint due to computer usage for academic or recreational purposes, and for social networking. ”Researchers found that eye strain was ultimately influenced by factors including “artificial or insufficient lighting, prolonged watching of visual displays, poor diet, eye muscle inefficiency due to prolonged hours of office work and academic studies, psychosocial and emotional tension, and aging.” ( 1) What are some of the ways you can find relief from symptoms like dryness, irritation, redness and decreased visual acuity? These include taking breaks from screen time and practicing eye exercises. It’s also important to take care of your eyes as you age by managing stress and eating a nutrient-dense diet. What is Eye Strain?" }, { "docid": "D1213078#0", "title": "http://symptomchecker.webmd.com/multiple-symptoms?symptoms=depressed-mood\|fatigue\|headache\|nausea-or-vomiting&symptomids=70\|98\|115\|156&locations=2\|66\|2\|20\nDepressed mood, Fatigue, Headache and Nausea or vomiting", "text": "Depressed mood, Fatigue, Headache and Nausea or vomiting Web MD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms depressed mood, fatigue, headache and nausea or vomiting including Depression (Adult), Depression (Child and Adolescent), and Mumps. There are 164 conditions associated with depressed mood, fatigue, headache and nausea or vomiting. The links below will provide you with more detailed information on these medical conditions from the Web MD Symptom Checker and help provide a better understanding of causes and treatment of these related conditions. Depression (Adult)Depression is a painful sadness that interferes with daily life and includes hopelessness, anxiety, and more. Depression (Child and Adolescent)Depression is a painful sadness that interferes with a child's schoolwork, family life, and social activities. Mumps Mumps is a contagious viral disease that causes painful swelling of the glands that produce saliva. Diabetes, type 2Diabetes can make you feel hungry, tired, or thirsty; you may urinate more than normal and have blurry vision. Acute sinusitis Acute sinusitis, an inflammation of the sinuses, causes sinus pain and tenderness, facial redness and more. Heat exhaustion Heat exhaustion causes intense thirst, heavy sweating, pale, cool, and moist skin, muscle cramps, and more. Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the nervous system causing difficulties with balance, speech, and movement." }, { "docid": "D1728175#0", "title": "https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Eye-Care/Jerky-Bouncy--Vibrating-Vision/show/1366203\nJerky,Bouncy, Vibrating Vision????RockstarKv24 Oct 11, 2010", "text": "Jerky,Bouncy, Vibrating Vision???? Rockstar Kv24 Oct 11, 2010Ok about a month ago I was under a lot of stress not geting any sleep and having some anxitiy issues. I Always felt run down and tired head aches stiff neck etc. I started to notice that I was feeeling very spacy or detatched if you will. It felt like my vision was off like I was hung over or drunk but with out the alchohol. I then started to notice that my eyes were burning, more so my right eye. I also noticed that the vision field in my right eye was starting to jerk or bounce around if I looked at something, more so at angels like down or to the right side. I went to see my doctor about 2 weeks into these sytoms I told him every thing that was going on he did full check up said that every thing looked fine. He said that it was probably stress and anxitiy precribed me some vallium 10 mg said to take one before bed each night and that should held me get better rest. As far as my eye he suggested that I see a nero optimologist." }, { "docid": "D1832851#0", "title": "http://theroadback.org/lexapro_side_effects.aspx\n.", "text": "\"Where supplements are available: In The United States Click Here (The Road Back is currently able to subsidize the cost of the supplements in the U. S. Enter the Discount Code word discount click Apply and you will see a new 30% discount. This discount will come off the manufactures already discounted price. ) Australia and Indonesia Click Here Europe and the UK Click Here Lexapro Side Effects - Lexapro Withdrawal - Lexapro Stories The web site you are on is The Road Back Program. The Road Back is a member of California Association of Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Counselors (CAADAC). We have been assisting people off psychoactive medication since 1999, and have helped well over 50,000 people off their drugs.1. The Road Back Basics . Your hope may be depleted and you may very well feel like there is no way out of this. There is Hope and There is a Solution. \"\" I took medication for anxiety and mild depression on and off for 9 years. During the last 6 years I was taking Lexapro." }, { "docid": "D1703518#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/Why-do-my-eyes-burn-when-Im-tired\nWhy do my eyes burn when I'm tired?", "text": "\"Eye Health Fatigue Health Advice Eyes Sleep Personal Question Why do my eyes burn when I'm tired?11 Answers Ghadeer Hussein, Medical student Answered Jan 29, 2015\"\"As you get more tired, your body tries to shut down so you'll go to sleep. That affects the amount of tears that are released by your tear (lacrimal) gland. So, less tears flowing, eyes dry out, and it burns. What's your body's solution to that? Close your eyes to cover the dry surface. Which, when you close your eyes, your body will also want to sleep. The burning is telling you to close your eyes and go to sleep.\"\" An 'alleged' optometrist wrote on Yahoo Answers in response to a similar question..20.1k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date? Related Questions More Answers Below Why do my eyes burn?" }, { "docid": "D1579985#0", "title": "http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/strabismus?sso=y\n.", "text": "\"Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)What causes strabismus? How is strabismus diagnosed? How is strabismus treated? Crossed eyes, or strabismus, is a condition in which both eyes do not look at the same place at the same time. It usually occurs in people who have poor eye muscle control or are very farsighted. Six muscles attach to each eye to control how it moves. The muscles receive signals from the brain that direct their movements. Normally, the eyes work together so they both point at the same place. When problems develop with eye movement control, an eye may turn in, out, up or down. The eye turning may occur all the time or may appear only when the person is tired, ill, or has done a lot of reading or close work." }, { "docid": "D2258085#0", "title": "http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/01/health/dehydration-body/index.html\nFrom bad breath to car accidents, dehydration is a real health threat", "text": "\"From bad breath to car accidents, dehydration is a real health threat Linda Melone, Health.com Updated 9:59 AM ET, Thu July 2, 2015Story highlights Dehydration can mask itself as hunger, particularly sugar cravings Driving errors double during a two-hour drive when drivers are dehydrated Study: dehydrated women reported headaches, loss of focus, and irritability (Health.com) It doesn't take much to become dehydrated. Lose just 1.5% of the water in your body (the human body is usually about 60% H2O), and you've reached the tipping point of mild dehydration. It can be brought on by many things — and it can do much more to your body than just make you feel thirsty. Dehydration also brings on health effects ranging from fatigue and smelly breath to more dangerous consequences like distracted driving. It gives you bad breath It's easy to forget to drink water during a busy workday, but at the end of the day you may find people standing unusually far from you when you open your mouth. \"\" Dehydration can give you bad breath,\"\" says Marshall Young, DDS, a dentist in Newport Beach, Calif. \"\"Saliva has important antibacterial properties. When dehydrated, the decreased saliva in the mouth allows bacteria to thrive, resulting in bad breath.\"\" So drink up for your own sake, and for those around you as well. It makes you crave sugar Dehydration can mask itself as hunger, particularly sugar cravings. This may happen particularly if you've been exercising, says Amy Goodson, RD, sports dietitian for the Dallas Cowboys. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D3049957#0", "title": "http://msfocus.org/Symptoms-of-Multiple-Sclerosis.aspx\nSymptoms of MS", "text": "\"Symptoms of MSWhat causes MS symptoms? Imagine you run a delivery service in a busy city. Each time you receive a package, you assign it to a driver to deliver. Along some drivers' routes, there may be potholes or detours that slow them down. They may deliver the packages eventually, but not at the speed you would have liked. Another driver may find his way completely blocked and be unable to deliver their package. You, however, have no control over the road damage or dead-ends along their routes, nor can you predict where they will be. This illustrates MS and its symptoms. Your nervous system is like a network of \"\"roads\"\" running to every part of your body. Your brain uses these \"\"roads\"\" to sends \"\"packages\"\" – nerve signals that instruct the body what to do – throughout your body every second of the day." }, { "docid": "D2919696#0", "title": "http://symptomchecker.webmd.com/multiple-symptoms?symptoms=blurred-vision%7Cdizziness%7Cfatigue%7Cmuscle-weakness&symptomids=42%7C81%7C98%7C290&locations=3%7C66%7C66%7C66\nBlurred vision, Dizziness, Fatigue and Muscle weakness", "text": "Blurred vision, Dizziness, Fatigue and Muscle weakness Web MD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms blurred vision, dizziness, fatigue and muscle weakness including Lack of exercise, Hypocalcemia, and Diabetes, type 2. There are 103 conditions associated with blurred vision, dizziness, fatigue and muscle weakness. The links below will provide you with more detailed information on these medical conditions from the Web MD Symptom Checker and help provide a better understanding of causes and treatment of these related conditions. Lack of exercise Lack of exercise is a common cause of fatigue, weight gain, and muscle weakness. Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia is a blood condition marked by tingling, muscle spasms and aches, and confusion. Diabetes, type 2Diabetes can make you feel hungry, tired, or thirsty; you may urinate more than normal and have blurry vision. Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the nervous system causing difficulties with balance, speech, and movement. Diabetes, type 1Diabetes can make you feel hungry, tired, or thirsty; you may urinate more than normal and have blurry vision. Medication reaction or side-effect Medication side effects include nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, weakness, dizziness, seizures, and more. Hypothyroidism (adult)Hypothyroidism your body functions slow down, making you gain weight and feel tired all the time." }, { "docid": "D1313701#0", "title": "http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/caring-for-your-vision/protecting-your-vision/computer-vision-syndrome?sso=y\n.", "text": "Computer Vision Syndrome Suggestions for Computer Vision Syndrome Sufferers What causes Computer Vision Syndrome? How is Computer Vision Syndrome diagnosed? How is Computer Vision Syndrome treated? Computer Vision Syndrome, also referred to as Digital Eye Strain, describes a group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use. Many individuals experience eye discomfort and vision problems when viewing digital screens for extended periods. The level of discomfort appears to increase with the amount of digital screen use. The average American worker spends seven hours a day on the computer either in the office or working from home. March is Save Your Vision Month and the American Optometric Association is working to educate both employers and employees about how to avoid digital eye strain in the workplace. To help alleviate digital eye strain, follow the 20-20-20 rule; take a 20-second break to view something 20 feet away every 20 minutes. Click here for helpful infographics about the 20-20-20 rule and digital eye strain." }, { "docid": "D1803801#0", "title": "http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/eye-and-vision-science-explorations-newsletter/\nEyes & Vision", "text": "Share Eyes & Vision Science Lesson Eye Anatomy The human eye is one of the the most complex and sophisticated organs in the body. Its unique automatic focusing system outstrips that of any camera, and its light sensitivity is ten million times greater than the best film designed so far! Before taking a look at how the eye works, let’s start with a basic overview of how it is built. The outside layer of the eye is made up of the sclera and the cornea. The sclera is the firm white tissue that covers all of the eye except the very front. It helps maintain the shape of the eye and protects the inner parts. The cornea is the transparent portion at the center front part of the eye that allows light through. A thin outer mucous membrane called the conjunctiva covers the inside of the eyelids, the cornea, and the front portion of the sclera. It helps lubricate the eye. The middle layer of the eye contains oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood vessels, most of which are located in the layer of tissue called the choroid." }, { "docid": "D46431#0", "title": "https://www.reddit.com/r/answers/comments/1qmdgm/does_not_wearing_glasses_make_your_eyes_worse/\n.", "text": "\" [–] Mrs Shauna Paul 39 points 4 years ago My husband is an eye doctor and I have needed glasses for distance since I was around 5. I have correction for distance as well as astigmatism correction so I can speak to both of those cases quite well and comment on other situations based on what I have learned from my husband: If you don't wear your glasses and you have... A lazy eye, the lazy eye will remain turned out and your brain will not be receiving any information from that eye. Once the eye starts to turn out, you need to start wearing glasses so the eye turns back (via prism correction in the glasses) and your brain learns to see out of that eye. Long term, not wearing glasses will cause your brain to permanently turn off that eye and it will never be able to see. One eye that needs correction, your brain will rely on the \"\"stronger eye\"\" and it will likely cause headaches and strain. It can also lead to spasms in the eye because the muscles in your eye don't have a chance to relax. In the long term, if you force your eyes to strain to see, your muscles will get weaker. This will make it difficult to see far away and also up close called convergence insufficiency. This is why every person needs reading glasses between 35-45; the eye muscle can no longer contract and accommodate enough to see up close. Two eyes that need correction, whether up close or far away, if you don't wear glasses, your eye muscles will have to strain and work extra hard to see at all times." }, { "docid": "D2900486#0", "title": "http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2014/04/15/prozac-fluoxetine-withdrawal-symptoms-duration/\nProzac (Fluoxetine) Withdrawal: Symptoms + Duration", "text": "Prozac (Fluoxetine) Withdrawal: Symptoms + Duration Share Pin Reddit Stumble Email939Prozac (Fluoxetine) is among the most popular antidepressant medications on the market. It operates as an SSRI (selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor) meaning it prevents the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is thought to help with both depression and anxiety, but it is also prescribed for a number of other conditions. Although most people end up taking Prozac for a period of time to help them get through a rough patch and/or for major depression, many people do not like the idea of being on a medication for life – so they withdraw from it. Fortunately withdrawal from Prozac is widely regarded as being “easier” than most other major SSRI medications. Most people seem to have considerably less withdrawal symptoms when quitting Prozac than they do quitting a medication like Paxil or Effexor. Part of the reason that withdrawal from Prozac may be considered relatively easy has to do with the fact that it has a longer half life. I do not mean to undermine the withdrawal from Prozac – as symptoms can still be difficult to deal with. However, many people actually switch to Prozac to help ease withdrawal symptoms from other medications that have shorter half lives. Most SSRI’s are difficult to come off of – especially if you have been on them for an extended period of time." }, { "docid": "D1841541#0", "title": "http://www.allaboutvision.com/cvs/faqs.htm\nComputer Vision Syndrome And Computer Glasses FAQ", "text": "\"Home Digital Eye Strain » Computer Vision FAQs Computer Vision Syndrome And Computer Glasses FAQBy Gary Heiting, OD, and Larry K. Wan, ODLike This Page? Please Share!According to The Vision Council, a recent survey of more than 10,000 adults found that 65 percent of Americans experience digital eye strain symptoms — such as dry, irritated eyes, blurred vision, eye fatigue and headaches — when using a computer, smartphone and other digital devices. And eye strain and other symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS) don't occur only in adults. Millions of children work at a computer every day, either at home or in school. Prolonged computer use can stress a child's eyes and may affect normal vision development. What are the symptoms of computer vision syndrome? If you or your child spend more than two hours per day in front of a computer screen, it's likely you will experience some degree of computer vision syndrome. Symptoms of CVS include: Headaches Loss of focus Burning eyes Tired eyes Red eyes Double vision Eye twitching Blurred vision Neck and shoulder pain What causes computer vision syndrome? Computer eye strain and computer vision syndrome are caused by our eyes and brain reacting differently to characters on a computer screen than they do to printed characters. Our eyes have little problem focusing on printed material that has dense black characters with well-defined edges." }, { "docid": "D3537233#0", "title": "https://www.medicinenet.com/ms_multiple_sclerosis_symptoms_and_treatments/article.htm\nEarly Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Warning Signs and Symptoms", "text": "Early Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Warning Signs and Symptoms Center Understanding Multiple Sclerosis Slideshow Make an MS-Friendly Home Take the MS Quiz Patient Comments: MS Symptoms and Treatments - Eye Problems Patient Comments: MS Symptoms and Treatments - Muscle Patient Comments: MS Symptoms and Treatments - Numb, Tingling Find a local Doctor in your town What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? At what age does multiple sclerosis start? Does multiple sclerosis cause pain?5 early signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis Sexual problems Bladder and bowel problems Speech and swallowing problems Balance, thinking, and emotional problems Vision problems Muscle, movement, and spasticity problems Numbness, tingling, and pain What are the treatment guidelines for MS symptoms? List of first line drugs to treat MS symptoms List of drugs to manage symptoms of pain, fatigue, and sexual problems List of drugs to mange spasticity, vision, urinary, bowel, and emotional symptoms Which specialties of doctors treat multiple sclerosis? What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), damaging or destroying the myelin and/or the axons (nerve tissue). Sclerosis means abnormal hardening or thickening of tissue, often due to inflammation. MS often progresses slowly over many years (about 25 years). Multiple sclerosis is most commonly diagnosed in females ages 20 to 40 but may occur at any age and both genders. Usually, multiple sclerosis in children and teens (pediatric MS) goes undiagnosed; however, about 8,000 to 10,000 children and teens in the US have been diagnosed with the disease." }, { "docid": "D3402172#0", "title": "http://willsglaucoma.org/medications-and-side-effect\nGlaucoma Service Foundation Web Blog", "text": "Medications and Side Effect Chat Highlights Medications and Side Effect April 26, 2000 Norma Devine, Editor On Wednesday, April 26, 2000, Dr. Rick Wilson, a glaucoma specialist at Wills, and the glaucoma chat group discussed “Medications and Side Effects. ”Moderator: Hi, Dr. Wilson. Dr. Wilson: Hello gang. Sorry to be late. Moderator: Our topic tonight is Medications and Side Effects. Dr. Wilson: Shoot. P: I can’t tell if it’s the drops or me, but do drops tend to make you tired? Dr. Wilson: Alphagan is the biggest offender. Diamox or Neptazane also will make you tired. Timolol or Betagan (levobunolol) rarely make you tired." }, { "docid": "D1143264#0", "title": "http://thinkaboutyoureyes.com/articles/eye-problems-diseases/digital-fatigue\nDigital Fatigue: Eye Strain and Migraines", "text": "\"Eye Problems & Diseases / Eye Problems Digital Fatigue: Eye Strain and Migraines Eye Strain Just like the muscles in your body, your eyes can get tired. For the job they do, your eyes contain the strongest muscles in your body. But as strong as they are, they can become strained and fatigued by sitting in front of a computer, under fluorescent lights or in front of a TV for several hours. This is called visual fatigue, and an eye doctor can show you how to lessen it during an annual comprehensive eye exam. Why do I care about visual fatigue? Today, more and more people are suffering from visual fatigue without knowing the cause of their symptoms. Modern work and lifestyle changes have forced us to spend extended hours in close-range activities such as smart phones, computer work, e-books, and hand-held gaming. The increased demands of these activities on your eyes can leave you with uncomfortable and sometimes painful symptoms. For some people, visual fatigue can also lead to reduction in productivity and ability to concentrate—and may even negatively impact your vision health. Common Symptoms Headaches Tired Eyes Neck or Back pain Burning/Stinging eyes Difficulty focusing after extended periods of time If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, your eye doctor may be able to help. What Should I do?" } ]
9009	___________ involves randomly allocating the experimental units across the treatment groups.	[ { "docid": "D2806770#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_trial\nRandomized experiment", "text": "\"Randomized experiment From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Randomized trial)navigation search Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT 2010 Statement [1]In science, randomized experiments are the experiments that allow the greatest reliability and validity of statistical estimates of treatment effects. Randomization-based inference is especially important in experimental design and in survey sampling. Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 Online randomized controlled experiments3 History4 Statistical interpretation5 Empirical evidence that randomization makes a difference6 See also7 References Overview [ edit]In the statistical theory of design of experiments, randomization involves randomly allocating the experimental units across the treatment groups. For example, if an experiment compares a new drug against a standard drug, then the patients should be allocated to either the new drug or to the standard drug control using randomization. Randomized experimentation is not haphazard. Randomization reduces bias by equalising other factors that have not been explicitly accounted for in the experimental design (according to the law of large numbers ). Randomization also produces ignorable designs, which are valuable in model -based statistical inference, especially Bayesian or likelihood -based. In the design of experiments, the simplest design for comparing treatments is the \"\"completely randomized design\"\". Some \"\"restriction on randomization\"\" can occur with blocking and experiments that have hard-to-change factors; additional restrictions on randomization can occur when a full randomization is infeasible or when it is desirable to reduce the variance of estimators of selected effects. Randomization of treatment in clinical trials pose ethical problems." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3057192#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Experimental+design\nexperimental design", "text": "\"experimental design Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia. Related to experimental design: scientific methoddesign [ de-zīn´] a strategy that directs a researcher in planning and implementing a study in a way that is mostlikely to achieve the intended goal.case study design an investigation strategy involving extensive exploration of a single unit of study, which may be a person, family, group, community, or institution, or a very small number of subjects who are examined intensively. The number of variables is usually very large.cohort design longitudinal design.cross-sectional design a research strategy in which one or more group (s) of subjects arestudied at one given point in time.experimental design a research design that eliminates all factors that influence outcomeexcept for the cause being studied (independent variable). All other factors are controlled by randomization, investigator-controlled manipulation of the independent variable, and control of thestudy situation by the investigator, including the use of control groups.longitudinal design a research strategy in which one or more group (s) of subjects in variousstages of development are examined simultaneously with the intent of inferring trends over time. The assumption is that the phenomenon under study progresses with time. Called also cohort design.methodological design a process used to develop the validity and reliability of instruments to measure constructs used as variables in research.nonequivalent control group design a study design in which the control group is not selected by random means.partial correlation design a design developed to eliminate the influence of a third variable on a relational pattern by holding it constant mathematically, so that the magnitude of the relationshipbetween the two remaining variables can be determined.path analysis design a design to determine the accuracy of a theoretical model: a hypothesized causal model is developed from the theoretical model and the major variableswithin it are measured and relationships among them determined; regression analysis is used to determine whether the data are consistent with the model.survey design a design in which data are collected with questionnaires or through personalinterviews with members of an identified population.time dimensional design an investigation strategy for the examination of sequence andpatterns of change, growth, or trends across time; see also prospective study andretrospective study.trend design a research strategy to examine changes in the general population in relation to a particular phenomenon by means of data collected at predetermined intervals of time fromdifferent samples selected from the general population. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.experimental design [eksper′imen′təl]Etymology: L, experimentum + designare, to mark out (in research) a study design used to test cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Theclassic experimental design specifies an experimental group and a control group. Theindependent variable is administered to the experimental group and not to the control group, andboth groups are measured on the same dependent variable." }, { "docid": "D701921#0", "title": "https://www.learner.org/courses/learningmath/data/keyterms.html\n.", "text": "\"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAallocationclose window An allocation is an arrangement for the values in a data set. For example, the data sets {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and {3, 3, 3, 3, 3} each have a mean and a median equal to 3, but they are very different allocations. Allocation can also be used to describe the proximity of values to the mean; values may be closely distributed to or widely distributed from the mean, for example.associationclose window An association between two variables exists when a change in the values for one variable produces a systematic change in the other. If an increase in one variable tends to result in an increase in the other, the association is positive. If an increase in one variable tends to result in a decrease in the other, the association is negative. Bbiasclose window Bias, or systematic error, favors particular results. A measurement process is biased if it systematically overstates or understates the true value of a variable.binomial experimentclose window A binomial experiment consists of n trials, where each trial is like a coin toss -- it has exactly two possible outcomes. In each trial, the probability for each outcome remains constant.binomial probability modelclose window The binomial probability model specifies the probabilities for each of the two possible outcomes in a binomial experiment.bivariate analysisclose window Bivariate analysis is a kind of data analysis that explores the association between two variables.box plotclose window A box plot, also known as a box-and-whiskers plot, is a graphical representation of the Five-Number Summary of a data set. A box is drawn from the lower quartile (Q1) to the upper quartile (Q3); a horizontal line across the box indicates the median. Two whiskers are drawn, one from the lower quartile to the minimum and one from the upper quartile to the maximum." }, { "docid": "D795909#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance_analysis\nAnalysis of variance", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Variance analysis)navigation search Analysis of variance ( ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated procedures (such as \"\"variation\"\" among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among group means. ANOVA was developed by statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher. In the ANOVA setting, the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation. In its simplest form, ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether or not the means of several groups are equal, and therefore generalizes the t -test to more than two groups. ANOVA is useful for comparing (testing) three or more means (groups or variables) for statistical significance. It is conceptually similar to multiple two-sample t-tests, but is more conservative (results in less type I error) [1] and is therefore suited to a wide range of practical problems. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Motivating example3 Background and terminology3.1 Design-of-experiments terms4 Classes of models4.1 Fixed-effects models4.2 Random-effects models4.3 Mixed-effects models5 Assumptions5.1 Textbook analysis using a normal distribution5.2 Randomization-based analysis5.3 Summary of assumptions6 Characteristics7 Logic7.1 Partitioning of the sum of squares7.2 The F-test7.3 Extended logic8 For a single factor9 For multiple factors10 Worked numeric examples11 Associated analysis11.1 Preparatory analysis11.2 Follow-up analysis12 Study designs13 Cautions14 Generalizations14.1 Connection to linear regression15 See also16 Footnotes17 Notes18 References19 Further reading20 External links History [ edit]While the analysis of variance reached fruition in the 20th century, antecedents extend centuries into the past according to Stigler. [ 2] These include hypothesis testing, the partitioning of sums of squares, experimental techniques and the additive model. Laplace was performing hypothesis testing in the 1770s. [ 3] The development of least-squares methods by Laplace and Gauss circa 1800 provided an improved method of combining observations (over the existing practices then used in astronomy and geodesy)." }, { "docid": "D1399075#0", "title": "https://www.aasv.org/shap/issues/v5n4/v5n4p139.html\nField study", "text": "Field study July and August, 1997Vaccination against Streptococcus suis: Effect on nursery mortality Montserrat Torremorell, DVM; Carlos Pijoan, DVM, Ph D; Emilio Trigo, DVM, Ph DCopyright (C) 1997 American Association of Swine Practitioners Also available in PDF format. Summary Purpose: To evaluate the effect of selected vaccines and administration routes on mortality of nursery pigs due to Streptococcus suis. Methods: A field trial was conducted on one group of nursery pigs (N=330). Pigs were randomly allocated to one of four groups that each received one of the following treatments at weaning: an experimental autogenous vaccine administered intramuscularly (IM) (n=90); a standard autogenous vaccine administered IM (n=90); a commercial bacterin, administered intraperitoneally (IP) (n=60); or no vaccine (n=90). Nursery mortality was monitored from the start of the trial (18 days of age) until the end of the nursery period (9 weeks of age). Results: Nursery mortality before the start of the trial was approximately 17%. There were no significant differences among the four treatment groups; however, there was a trend toward decreased mortality among pigs that received the experimental autogenous vaccine. Overall nursery mortality at the end of the trial had decreased to 3.3%. Following the trial, an IP vaccination protocol with the commercial bacterin was initiated among all nursery pigs for 6 months. Total nursery mortality while this protocol was in place was 3.48% (SD=1.45) and the mortality rate for pigs that showed CNS signs at the time of death was 2.55% (SD=1.2)." }, { "docid": "D1711526#0", "title": "https://annezelenka.com/2010/08/15/experimental-and-quasi-experimental-research-designs/\nExperimental and quasi-experimental research designs", "text": "research Experimental and quasi-experimental research designs Posted on August 15, 2010 by Anne Z. in research Ph. D. Topics : Research and Evaluation Methods In an experimental design, subjects are randomly assigned to groups for different levels of treatment (or no treatment, i.e., the control group). In a quasi-experimental design, subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment; there is no randomization. Random assignments of subjects helps control for participant differences, one of the main sources of threats to internal validity of a research study. Random assignment of subjects doesn’t guarantee that there are no participant differences; especially with smaller sample sizes, you may need to take steps to control for participant differences even after randomly assigning them to treatment levels. For example, administering a pre-test will control for different levels of ability or achievement prior to intervention. Measuring moderators such as demographics (gender, age, race, socioeconomic status) and including those in your analysis may help further isolate causal relationships between interventions and outcome. In some experimental designs, researchers may match participants across control and treatment so that each pair of participants can be treated as one virtual participant (Gliner & Morgan, 2000), giving a pseudo-within-subjects design. A randomized experimental design with pre-test and post-test controls for threats to internal validity from participant characteristics but leaves some threats uncontrolled, specifically testing effects and bias from selective attrition. Testing effects–for example the possibility that taking a pre-test will help both control and treatment group participants do better on the post-test thus obscuring the actual treatment effect–can be controlled by a Solomon four-group design (Gliner & Morgan, 2000)." }, { "docid": "D2429776#0", "title": "http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/ajr.183.6.01831539\n.", "text": "December 2004, Volume 183, Number 6« Previous Article \| Next Article »The Practice of Radiology Fundamentals of Clinical Research for Radiologists Randomized Controlled Trials Harald O. Stolberg 1, Geoffrey Norman 2 and Isabelle Trop 3Share+ Affiliations: Citation: American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004;183: 1539-1544. 10.2214/ajr.183.6.01831539Citation Full Text References PDF PDF Plus Add to Favorites Permissions Download Citation Preceding articles in this series have provided a great deal of information concerning research design and methodology, including research protocols, statistical analyses, and assessment of the clinical importance of radiologic research studies. Many methods of research design have already been presented, including descriptive studies (e.g., case reports, case series, and cross-sectional surveys), and some analytical designs (e.g., cohort and case-control studies). Case-control and cohort studies are also called observational studies, which distinguishes them from interventional (experimental) studies because the decision to seek one treatment or another, or to be exposed to one risk or another, was made by someone other than the experimenter. Consequently, the researcher's role is one of observing the outcome of these exposures. By contrast, in experimental studies, the researcher (experimenter) controls the exposure. The most powerful type of experimental study is the randomized controlled trial. The basic principles of randomized controlled trials will be discussed in this article. History of Randomized Controlled Trials The history of clinical trials dates back to approximately 600 B. C. when Daniel of Judah [ 1] conducted what is probably the earliest recorded clinical trial." }, { "docid": "D3219912#0", "title": "http://people.vetmed.wsu.edu/jmgay/courses/glossclinstudy.htm\n.", "text": "\"Clinical Epidemiology & Evidence-Based Medicine Glossary: Clinical Study Design and Methods Terminology Updated November 02, 2010Contents: Clinical Study Types (Strongest to Weakest)Validity vs. Bias Study Objective, Direction and Timing Other Terms Sample Selection / Allocation Procedures Clinical Study Types: (In order from strongest to weakest empirical evidence inherent to the design when properly executed. ) Experimental Studies: The hallmark of the experimental study is that the allocation or assignment of individuals is under control of investigator and thus can be randomized. The key is that the investigator controls the assignment of the exposure or of the treatment but otherwise symmetry of potential unknown confounders is maintained through randomization. Properly executed experimental studies provide the strongest empirical evidence. The randomization also provides a better foundation for statistical procedures than do observational studies. Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (RCT): A prospective, analytical, experimental study using primary data generated in the clinical environment. Individuals similar at the beginning are randomly allocated to two or more treatment groups and the outcomes the groups are compared after sufficient follow-up time. Properly executed, the RCT is the strongest evidence of the clinical efficacy of preventive and therapeutic procedures in the clinical setting. Randomized Cross-Over Clinical Trial: A prospective, analytical, experimental study using primary data generated in the clinical environment. Individuals with a chronic condition are randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups, and, after a sufficient treatment period and often a washout period, are switched to the other treatment for the same period." }, { "docid": "D235254#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio\nAmateur radio", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Ham radio\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Ham radio (disambiguation). Amateur radio Antenna theory Automatic Link Establishment Automatic Packet Reporting System Call signs Contesting Direction finding DX communication DX-pedition Emergency communications Frequency allocations Hamfest High speed multimedia High Speed Telegraphy Homebrew Internet Radio Linking Project Maritime mobile Operating awards Packet radio Portable operation QRP operation QSL card Satellites Software Skywarn Special event stations Stations Television Vintage radiosv t e An example of an amateur radio station with four transceivers, amplifiers, and a computer for logging and for digital modes. On the wall are examples of various amateur radio awards, certificates, and a reception report card (QSL card) from a foreign amateur station. Amateur radio (also called ham radio) describes the use of radio frequencyspectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency communication. The term \"\"amateur\"\" is used to specify \"\"a duly authorised person interested in radioelectric practice with a purely personal aim and without pecuniary interest;\"\" [1] (either direct monetary or other similar reward) and to differentiate it from commercial broadcasting, public safety (such as police and fire), or professional two-way radio services (such as maritime, aviation, taxis, etc.). The amateur radio service ( amateur service and amateur-satellite service) is established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) through the Radio Regulations. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with an identifying call sign. Prospective amateur operators are tested for their understanding of key concepts in electronics and the host government's radio regulations. Radio amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes and have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum." }, { "docid": "D2219664#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_radio\nAmateur radio", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Ham radio)navigation search\"\"Ham radio\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Ham radio (disambiguation). Amateur radio Antenna theory Automatic Link Establishment Automatic Packet Reporting System Call signs Contesting Direction finding DX communication DX-pedition Emergency communications Frequency allocations Hamfest High speed multimedia High Speed Telegraphy Homebrew Internet Radio Linking Project Maritime mobile Operating awards Packet radio Portable operation QRP operation QSL card Satellites Software Skywarn Special event stations Stations Television Vintage radiosv t e An example of an amateur radio station with four transceivers, amplifiers, and a computer for logging and for digital modes. On the wall are examples of various amateur radio awards, certificates, and a reception report card (QSL card) from a foreign amateur station. Amateur radio (also called ham radio) describes the use of radio frequencyspectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency communication. The term \"\"amateur\"\" is used to specify \"\"a duly authorised person interested in radioelectric practice with a purely personal aim and without pecuniary interest;\"\" [1] (either direct monetary or other similar reward) and to differentiate it from commercial broadcasting, public safety (such as police and fire), or professional two-way radio services (such as maritime, aviation, taxis, etc.). The amateur radio service ( amateur service and amateur-satellite service) is established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) through the Radio Regulations. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with an identifying call sign. Prospective amateur operators are tested for their understanding of key concepts in electronics and the host government's radio regulations. Radio amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes and have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum." }, { "docid": "D2111392#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/physics/science-general/research\nRESEARCH METHODS", "text": "\"RESEARCH METHODSoverview georgine m. piondavid s. cordrayqualitative and ethnographic leann g. putneyjudith l. greencarol n. dixonschool and program evaluation laura desimoneverbal protocols tammy bourg OVERVIEWHow do people learn to be effective teachers? What percentage of American students has access to computers at home? What types of assessments best measure learning in science classes? Do college admission tests place certain groups at a disadvantage? Can students who are at risk for dropping out of high school be identified? What is the impact of new technologies on school performance? These are some of the many questions that can be informed by the results of research. Although research is not the only source used for seeking answers to such questions, it is an important one and the most reliable if executed well. Research is a process in which measurements are taken of individuals or organizations and the resulting data are subjected to analysis and interpretation. Special care is taken to provide as accurate an answer as possible to the posed question by subjecting \"\"beliefs, conjectures, policies, positions, sources of ideas, traditions, and the like … to maximum criticism, in order to counteract and eliminate as much intellectual error as possible\"\" (Bartley, pp." }, { "docid": "D1171477#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_study\nObservational study", "text": "\"Observational study From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator. [ 1] [2] This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Contents [ hide ]1 Motivation2 Types3 Degree of usefulness and reliability4 Bias and compensating methods5 See also6 References7 Further reading Motivation [ edit]The independent variable may be beyond the control of the investigator for a variety of reasons: A randomized experiment would violate ethical standards. Suppose one wanted to investigate the abortion – breast cancer hypothesis, which postulates a causal link between induced abortion and the incidence of breast cancer. In a hypothetical controlled experiment, one would start with a large subject pool of pregnant women and divide them randomly into a treatment group (receiving induced abortions) and a control group (not receiving abortions), and then conduct regular cancer screenings for women from both groups. Needless to say, such an experiment would run counter to common ethical principles. ( It would also suffer from various confounds and sources of bias, e.g. it would be impossible to conduct it as a blind experiment .) The published studies investigating the abortion–breast cancer hypothesis generally start with a group of women who already have received abortions. Membership in this \"\"treated\"\" group is not controlled by the investigator: the group is formed after the \"\"treatment\"\" has been assigned. [" }, { "docid": "D2080115#0", "title": "http://www.pt.armstrong.edu/wright/hlpr/text/3.3.indvar2.htm\nChapter 3.3 Independent Variables", "text": "\"Chapter 3.3 Independent Variables Independent Variables = Grouping Variables Objectives Independent variables Random Assignment Repeated Measures vs Independent groups Multiple Independent Variables Summary Table Back to Basics of Research Outline Objectives: For any research article, be able to correctly identify the independent and dependent variables, and for each independent variable, correctly determinefor each active variable, whether or not subjects were randomly assigned to groups.whether the independent variables were within subjects (paired, or repeated measures) or between subjects (Back to top)Random Assignment to Groups This is a critical feature in determining whether a study is a true experiment. In the subjects or methods section of the article, the authors should describe how subjects were assigned to groups. If subjects volunteered for a specific group (e.g., an exercise or treatment group), they were not randomly assigned. Individuals who volunteer for a group likely have other characteristics in common, and different from those who volunteer to be in a sedentary control group. It is also possible for experimenter bias to occur, for example putting the more severely ill subjects in the experimental group. This produces a systematic bias: now you cannot tell if the experimental group improved more because of the treatment, or because they were different from the control group to begin with. Random assignment eliminates experimenter or subject preference bias in determining group assignment. If anything other than the independent variable is different between the groups, then any outcome differences cannot be attributed to the independent variable. All variables that are randomly assigned are active, since the investigators must have active control over the variable to randomly assign them. However, not all active independent variables are randomly assigned." }, { "docid": "D143191#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trials\nClinical trial", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Clinical trials)navigation search\"\"Clinical Trials\"\" redirects here. For the journal, see Clinical Trials (journal). Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. [ 1] They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial – their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. Clinical trials can vary in size and cost, and they can involve a single research center or multiple centers, in one country or in multiple countries. Clinical study design aims to ensure the scientific validity and reproducibility of the results." }, { "docid": "D2111771#0", "title": "https://www.amtamassage.org/approved_position_statements/Massage-Therapy-for-Those-Who-Exercise.html\nAbout the American Massage Therapy Association", "text": "Approved October 2011Position Statement It is the position of the American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA) that those who participate in exercise programs, as well as athletes in training, can benefit from massage therapy. Background Information Millions of people around the world play sports and exercise, from the elite professional athlete to the novice just starting a walking program for general health and wellness benefits. Exercise is recommended for everyone. Although other government groups in the past have recommended exercise and fitness, the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services released the first official U. S. Physical Activity Guidelines in October 2008, as the official guidelines of the U. S. government. The Guidelines indicate that some activity is better than none, and then go on to make several specific recommendations: Moderate amounts of physical activity provide substantial health benefits for all adults. This dose is defined as 150 minutes/week of moderate intensity activity such as walking, or 75 minutes of vigorous activity/week such as jogging or vigorous sports. Furthermore, this moderate dose can be obtained by mixing some days of moderate intensity and some days of vigorous intensity, with one minute of vigorous equaling two minutes of moderate intensity. For this combination, 150 minutes is the goal. Additional health benefits can be obtained by doing more than the moderate dose. This higher target is described as 300 minutes of moderate intensity, 150 minutes of vigorous intensity, or combining moderate and vigorous intensity." }, { "docid": "D3548892#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/exam-1/deck/14849904\nPopular Study Materials from Psychology 140", "text": "\"Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates.... Overconfindence The case study is a research method in which.... A single individual or group is studied in great depth A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a..... Confounding variable Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of scores? Standard deviation A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger.... Population Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors.... Vary together Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking..... Critical thinking most clearly involves.... The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the _____ group... In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the _____ variable... The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the.... In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process? A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called.... A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is know as.... An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug called a.... Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships? To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you should determine the ____ of observed differences. Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite finding is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of.... A hypothesis is a.... The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates..... The symmetrical bell-shaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a..... When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as...... In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the _____ variable Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are.... One research team randomly assigned hospitalized premature infants either to formula feedings or to breast-milk feedings. Which research method did they use? A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors, is called a.... The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value..... The hindsight bias refers to peoples tendency to.... Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support \"\"welfare\"\" than than \"\"aid to the needy\"\" These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of.... People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ____ cases.... The most foolproof way of testing whether a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is truly effective is to use..... Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if.... In contrast to explicit, conscious reasoning, an effortless and immediate automatic judgment is best described as a..... A sample average can be used to estimate a population average with greater precision if the sample is.... Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates.... Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group.... The mean of a distribution of scores is the..... Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned..... Illusory correlation refers to..... Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions illustrates.... The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a.... The endocrine system consists of the.... The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called.... The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the... A neural system at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the.... A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called.... The association areas are located in the.... The nervous system is the.... The part of the central nervous system that carries information from your senses to your brain and motor-control information to your body parts is the.... Physical exercise, sleep, and exposure to non-stressful but stimulating environments are most likely to promote.... The amygdala consists of emotion-linked neural clusters in the.... The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of..... Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called an.... Phrenology highlighted the presumed functions of.... The classic case of railroad worker Phineas Gage best illustrated that frontal lobe damage can..... A drug molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action is called a.... The longest part of a motor neurons is likely to be the...... Hormones are the chemical messengers of the..... Neurons are surrounded by ____ which guided neural connections and mop up ions and neurotransmitters..... A neurons reaction of either firing at full strength or not firing at all is described as..... The neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories for storage is called the..... Stimulation of _____ produced in patients are feeling of wanting to move to an upper limb but without any limb movement..... The ancient Greek philosopher Plato located the mind in the..... In Roger Sperry's view, the brain creates and controls the mind, which in turn influences the brain. Sperry understands the mind and brain as a..... Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in.... An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain called..... The motor cortex is located in the ____ lobes The motor cortex is located in the ___ lobes During a laboratory game, those given a nasal squirt of ___ rather than a placebo were more likely to trust strangers with their money... Compared with right-handers, left-handers are.... A new ___ technique provides greatly increased resolution for mapping neural pathways across large areas of the brain..... Any drug molecule that blocks the reuptake of a neurotrasnmitter is a.... Our pleasurable \"\"chills\"\" response to a favorite piece of a muscle is facilitated by the release of the neurotransmitter..... Left-handedness is ___ common among males than females, and in both right and left- handers the left hemisphere tends to be slightly ___ than the right hemisphere.... With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which...... Thanks to the release of carbon isotopes in nuclear weapons tests, researchers have been able to detect the process of neurogenesis in the..... One function of the glial cells is to.... During a resting pause following depolarization, the sodium/potassium pump transports ____ ions ___ a neuron Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetic fields and ____ to produce computer-generated images of soft tissues..... An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to..... Drug use it considered a substance use disorder when a person.... Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called..... One study simultaneously delivered a recording of men talking in participants one ear and a recording of women talking in participants other ear. When participants were assigned to pay attention to the women, 70 percent failed to hear one of the men repeatedly say \"\"im a gorilla\"\"." }, { "docid": "D1850418#0", "title": "http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/glossary/\nGlossary of Key Terms", "text": "\"Writing@CSU Guide Glossary of Key Terms This glossary provides definitions of many of the terms used in the guides to conducting qualitative and quantitative research. The definitions were developed by members of the research methods seminar (E600) taught by Mike Palmquist in the 1990s and 2000s. Accuracy A term used in survey research to refer to the match between the target population and the sample. ANCOVA (Analysis of Co-Variance) Same method as ANOVA, but analyzes differences between dependent variables. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) A method of statistical analysis broadly applicable to a number of research designs, used to determine differences among the means of two or more groups on a variable. The independent variables are usually nominal, and the dependent variable is usual an interval. Apparency Clear, understandable representation of the data Bell curve A frequency distribution statistics. Normal distribution is shaped like a bell. Case Study The collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. Causal Model A model which represents a causal relationship between two variables." }, { "docid": "D351668#0", "title": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.cd003934.pub4/full\nMaternal positions and mobility during first stage labour", "text": "\"Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour Review Intervention Authors Annemarie Lawrence,Close author notes Corresponding author The Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Health & Well Being Service Group and Tropical Health Research Unit for Nursing and Midwifery Practice, Douglas, Queensland, Australia Annemarie Lawrence, Health & Well Being Service Group and Tropical Health Research Unit for Nursing and Midwifery Practice, The Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Douglas, Queensland, 4810, Australia. [email protected]. [email protected]. Search for more papers by this author Lucy Lewis,Close author notes Department of Nursing and Midwifery Education Research, King Edward Memorial Hospital, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Search for more papers by this author G Justus Hofmeyr,Close author notes University of the Witwatersrand, University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape Department of Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East London Hospital Complex, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa Search for more papers by this author Cathy Styles Close author notes Sunshine Coast Health Service District, Women's and Family Service Group, Nambour, Queensland, Australia Search for more papers by this author First published: 9 October 2013Editorial Group: Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD003934.pub4 View/save citation Cited by (Cross Ref): 16 articles Check for updates Citation tools See clinical summaries based on this review English Spanish; Castilian Abstract Background It is more common for women in both high- and low-income countries giving birth in health facilities, to labour in bed. There is no evidence that this is associated with any advantage for women or babies, although it may be more convenient for staff. Observational studies have suggested that if women lie on their backs during labour this may have adverse effects on uterine contractions and impede progress in labour, and in some women reduce placental blood flow. Objectives To assess the effects of encouraging women to assume different upright positions (including walking, sitting, standing and kneeling) versus recumbent positions (supine, semi-recumbent and lateral) for women in the first stage of labour on duration of labour, type of birth and other important outcomes for mothers and babies. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group’s Trials Register (31 January 2013). Selection criteria Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing women randomised to upright versus recumbent positions in the first stage of labour." }, { "docid": "D2100346#0", "title": "http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/sbevins/50065/qtdesign.html\n.", "text": "\"RESEARCH DESIGNSThomas Bevins Summer 1999Research Designs are platforms to use to explore new knowledge in order to better understand phenomena, clarify explanations and identify causative factors. Although there are no real rules for choosing a design; one must realize the consequences for choosing one design over the other. One should choose the design that best attempts to address the conceptual issues presented. Some questions that would help you decide which quantitative design is most appropriate for your study include: How much do you know about the variables of interest? Are you manipulating the levels of the independent variable? How many independent variables are being tested? How many levels do each independent variable have, and are these levels experimental or control? How many groups of subjects are being tested? How will subjects be selected? Can subjects be randomly assigned to groups?" }, { "docid": "D1689756#0", "title": "http://web.pdx.edu/~stipakb/download/PA555/ResearchDesign.html\nThreats to validity of Research Design", "text": "\"The next three designs discussed are the most strongly recommended designs: The Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design This designs takes on this form: R O 1 X O 2R O 3 O 4This design controls for all of the seven threats to validity described in detail so far. An explanation of how this design controls for these threats is below. History --this is controlled in that the general history events which may have contributed to the O 1 and O 2 effects would also produce the O 3 and O 4 effects. This is true only if the experiment is run in a specific manner--meaning that you may not test the treatment and control groups at different times and in vastly different settings as these differences may effect the results. Rather, you must test simultaneously the control and experimental groups. Intrasession history must also be taken into consideration. For example if the groups truly are run simultaneously, then there must be different experimenters involved, and the differences between the experimenters may contribute to effects. A solution to history in this case is the randomization of experimental occasions--balanced in terms of experimenter, time of day, week and etc. Maturation and testing --these are controlled in that they are manifested equally in both treatment and control groups. Instrumentation --this is controlled where conditions control for intrasession history, especially where fixed tests are used." }, { "docid": "D2495058#0", "title": "http://www.nature.com/news/policy-twenty-tips-for-interpreting-scientific-claims-1.14183\nPolicy: Twenty tips for interpreting scientific claims", "text": "Nature \| Comment Policy: Twenty tips for interpreting scientific claims William J. Sutherland, David Spiegelhalter & Mark Burgman20 November 2013This list will help non-scientists to interrogate advisers and to grasp the limitations of evidence, say William J. Sutherland, David Spiegelhalter and Mark A. Burgman. PDF Rights & Permissions Subject terms: Government Policy Politics Society BADGER: ANDY ROUSE/NATURE PICTURE LIBRARY; NUCLEAR PLANT: MICHAEL KOHAUPT/FLICKR/GETTY; BEE: MICHAEL DURHAM/MINDEN/FLPAScience and policy have collided on contentious issues such as bee declines, nuclear power and the role of badgers in bovine tuberculosis. Calls for the closer integration of science in political decision-making have been commonplace for decades. However, there are serious problems in the application of science to policy — from energy to health and environment to education. One suggestion to improve matters is to encourage more scientists to get involved in politics. Although laudable, it is unrealistic to expect substantially increased political involvement from scientists. Another proposal is to expand the role of chief scientific advisers 1, increasing their number, availability and participation in political processes. Neither approach deals with the core problem of scientific ignorance among many who vote in parliaments. Perhaps we could teach science to politicians? It is an attractive idea, but which busy politician has sufficient time?" } ]
9018	____________ is a physical change from the solid state directly into the gaseous state.	[ { "docid": "D185#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)\nSublimation (phase transition)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Dark green crystals of nickelocene, sublimed and freshly deposited on a cold finger Sublimation is the phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase. [ 1] Sublimation is an endothermic process that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance's triple point in its phase diagram, which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid. The reverse process of sublimation is deposition or desublimation, in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase. [ 2] Sublimation has also been used as a generic term to describe a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation) followed by a gas-to-solid transition ( deposition ). [ 3]At normal pressures, most chemical compounds and elements possess three different states at different temperatures. In these cases, the transition from the solid to the gaseous state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the partial pressure of the substance, not the total (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. So, all solids that possess an appreciable vapour pressure at a certain temperature usually can sublime in air (e.g. water ice just below 0 °C). For some substances, such as carbon and arsenic, sublimation is much easier than evaporation from the melt, because the pressure of their triple point is very high, and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids. The term sublimation refers to a physical change of state and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction." } ]	[ { "docid": "D390795#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy\nEnthalpy", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with Entropy. Thermodynamics The classical Carnot heat engine Branches [show]Laws [show]Systems [show]System properties [show]Material properties [show]Equations [show]Potentials [hide]Free energy Free entropy Internal energy Enthalpy Helmholtz free energy Gibbs free energy History Culture [show]Scientists [show]Book: Thermodynamicsv t e Enthalpy / ˈ ɛ n θ əl p i / ( listen) is a property of a thermodynamic system. The enthalpy of a system is equal to the system's internal energy plus the product of its pressure and volume. [ 1] [2]The unit of measurement for enthalpy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule. Other historical conventional units still in use include the British thermal unit (BTU) and the calorie. Enthalpy comprises a system's internal energy, which is the energy required to create the system, plus the amount of work required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure. [ 3]Enthalpy is defined as a state function that depends only on the prevailing equilibrium state identified by the system's internal energy, pressure, and volume. It is an extensive quantity. Enthalpy is the preferred expression of system energy changes in many chemical, biological, and physical measurements at constant pressure, because it simplifies the description of energy transfer. At constant pressure, the enthalpy change equals the energy transferred from the environment through heating or work other than expansion work." }, { "docid": "D137182#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/introduction-to-chemistry-1/classification-of-matter-27/substances-and-mixtures-179-3707/\nClassification of Matter", "text": "Three States of Matter The three states of matter are the distinct physical forms that matter can take: solid, liquid, and gas. Learning Objectives Describe the three states of matter Key Takeaways Key Points Matter can exist in one of three main states: solid, liquid, or gas. Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. A solid will retain its shape; the particles are not free to move around. Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. It will take the shape of its container. Particles can move about within a liquid, but they are packed densely enough that volume is maintained. Gaseous matter is composed of particles packed so loosely that it has neither a defined shape nor a defined volume. A gas can be compressed. Key Termsliquid: A substance that flows and keeps no definite shape because its molecules are loosely packed and constantly moving." }, { "docid": "D3249195#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutes\nSolution", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Solutes)navigation search This article is about chemical solutions. For other uses, see Solution (disambiguation). \"\" Solute\"\" redirects here. For the sole order of the class Homoiostelea, see Solute (echinoderm). Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt ( Na Cl) in water. The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The mixing process of a solution happens at a scale where the effects of chemical polarity are involved, resulting in interactions that are specific to solvation. The solution assumes the phase of the solvent when the solvent is the larger fraction of the mixture, as is commonly the case." }, { "docid": "D2889734#0", "title": "http://physics.about.com/od/glossary/g/vaporization.htm\nSublimation", "text": "\"Science, Tech, Math ›Science Sublimation Share Flipboard Email Print Sublimation of dry ice (CO2). Solid CO2 changes directly from solid to gas. Matt Meadowsby Andrew Zimmerman Jones Updated March 18, 2017Sublimation is the term for when matter undergoes a phase transition directly from a solid to gaseous form, or vapor, without passing through the more common liquid phase between the two. It is a specific case of vaporization. Sublimation refers to physical changes of transition, and not to cases where solids convert into gas due to a chemical reaction. Because the physical change from solid into a gas requires the addition of energy into the substance, it is an example of an endothermic change. How Sublimation Works Phase transitions are dependent upon the temperature and pressure of the material in question. Under normal conditions, as generally described by kinetic theory, adding heat causes the atoms within a solid to gain energy and become less tightly bound to each other. Depending on the physical structure, this usually causes the solid to melt into liquid form. If you look at the phase diagrams, which is a graph that depicts the states of matter for various pressures and volumes." }, { "docid": "D1839013#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sublimation\nsublimation", "text": "\"sublimation Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia .sub·li·mate (sŭb′lə-māt′)v. sub·li·mat·ed, sub·li·mat·ing, sub·li·matesv. intr. Chemistry To be transformed directly from the solid to the gaseous state or from the gaseous to thesolid state without becoming a liquid.v. tr.1. Chemistry To cause (a solid or gas) to sublimate.2.a. To modify the natural expression of (a primitive, instinctual impulse) in a sociallyacceptable manner.b. To divert the energy associated with (an unacceptable impulse or drive) into an acceptable activity.n. Chemistry A product of sublimation. [ Latin sublīmāre, sublīmāt-, to elevate, from sublīmis, uplifted . ]" }, { "docid": "D206724#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Examples_of_changing_a_gas_to_a_solid\nExamples of changing a gas to a solid?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Chemistry Examples of changing a gas to a solid? Flag Examples of changing a gas to a solid? Answer by Payemgirl Confidence votes 101The process of a gas changing directly into a solid is called deposition or desublimation. For example, water vapor in sub-freezing air can transform into ice without going through the liquid phase, which is how snow and frost are formed. And also in fire extinguishers gases are stored in high pressure and thats why when they release they are in the form of solid flakes. this is due to a process called sublimation.the gases can be sublimated by decreasing heat and increasing pressure24 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No What are some examples of when a gas change into a solid?ice cubes. floor. ice cubes. floor Aturservice 9 Contributions If gas can change into solid can I have examples of a gas changing to solid?" }, { "docid": "D330970#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseous_phase\nGas", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Gaseous phase)navigation search This article is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter. For an automotive fuel, see autogas. For popular contraction for another automotive fuel, see gasoline. For the uses of gases, and other meanings, see Gas (disambiguation). Gas phase particles ( atoms, molecules, or ions) move around freely in the absence of an applied electric field. Continuum mechanics Laws Solid mechanics Fluid mechanics Rheology Scientistsv t e Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma ). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon ), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen ), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide ). A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer." }, { "docid": "D2103050#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute\nSolution", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Solute)navigation search This article is about chemical solutions. For other uses, see Solution (disambiguation). \"\" Solute\"\" redirects here. For the sole order of the class Homoiostelea, see Solute (echinoderm). Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt ( Na Cl) in water. The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The mixing process of a solution happens at a scale where the effects of chemical polarity are involved, resulting in interactions that are specific to solvation. The solution assumes the phase of the solvent when the solvent is the larger fraction of the mixture, as is commonly the case." }, { "docid": "D1541370#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/science/gas-liquid-process-called-fcd2fb1618e9e8ab\nWhat Is the Gas-to-Liquid Process Called?", "text": "Full Answer Physical changes occur when the form of a chemical substance changes but its chemical composition remains intact. Phase changes are one type of physical change. The substance moves from solid to liquid to gas form. While the substance may look or behave differently, the chemical composition of the substance remains the same. What Are Gases? A gas is one of the three primary states of matter, along with solids and liquids. Gases are characterized by the fact that they have no fixed shape and no fixed volume. In the gaseous state, the particles have a lot of energy. They bounce around, collide with one another and have a lot of space between them. If gases are not confined to a sealed container, they will disperse freely into the atmosphere." }, { "docid": "D3282150#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/physics/physics/sublimation\nSublimation", "text": "Sublimation Sublimation is the term that describes the change of state of a material from a frozen form to a gas or visa versa. In sublimation, there is no intermediate liquid phase. A well-known example of sublimation occurs with dry ice, the frozen form of carbon dioxide. When exposed to air, dry ice changes directly to vapor, which is visible as a cloud immediately above the frozen CO 2. In the case of dry ice, the frozen CO 2 is energetically more stable as a gas at room temperature than as the frozen solid. The gaseous tail that develops behind a comet as it approaches the sun is another example of sublimation. Frost and snowflakes are products of a reverse path of sublimation, where water changes directly from the gaseous state to the solid state. Sublimation has practical applications in forensic science . Forensic analysis of a crime or accident scene often relies on the examination of photographic evidence after the scene has been cleaned. A dye-sublimation printer enables digital pictures to be rendered in print form in a very realistic and detailed fashion, which helps investigators in their analysis." }, { "docid": "D2478933#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/science/gaseous-form-water-called-92da154746be7fdf\nWhat Is the Gaseous Form of Water Called?", "text": "Science Chemistry States of Matter Q: What Is the Gaseous Form of Water Called? A: Quick Answer Water that exists in a gaseous state is called water vapor. Water vapor normally forms from liquid water through a process called evaporation, but it may also form directly from ice through sublimation. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Is the Gaseous State of Water? What Is Water That Has Been Heated to a Gas? What Is the Difference Between Steam and Water Vapor? Full Answer When water vapor cools, it undergoes a process of condensation through which small droplets of water are formed. If these droplets maintain their small dimensions, they remain suspended in the air, forming clouds or fog. If the droplets become larger, they create precipitation in the form of rain, snow or sleet, depending on the temperature. In nature, water transforms from one state of matter to another and moves between the atmosphere, the ground and underground areas, creating the hydrologic cycle, as indicated by the Arkansas Geological Survey." }, { "docid": "D1427727#0", "title": "http://chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/bondenthalpies.html\n.", "text": "\"BOND ENTHALPY (BOND ENERGY)This page introduces bond enthalpies (bond energies) and looks at some simple calculations involving them. One of the most confusing things about this is the way the words are used. These days, the term \"\"bond enthalpy\"\" is normally used, but you will also find it described as \"\"bond energy\"\" - sometimes in the same article. An even older term is \"\"bond strength\"\". So you can take all these terms as being interchangeable. As you will see below, though, \"\"bond enthalpy\"\" is used in several different ways, and you might need to be careful about this. Note: Bond enthalpies quoted from different sources often vary by a few kilojoules, even if they are referring to exactly the same thing. Don't worry if you come across slightly different values. As you will see later on this page, calculations involving bond enthalpies hardly ever give accurate answers anyway. You may even find differences in values between different pages of Chemguide, or differences between Chemguide and my calculations book." }, { "docid": "D3320768#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_sublimation\nWhat is sublimation used for?", "text": "Saurabh chaudhary 57 Contributions What is sublimation used for?sublimation is a process in which a solid is directly converted to its vapour phase without facing liquid phase. Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit 164,415 Contributions This circuit is used in most electronic digital computers ever built & was invented in 1918 (patent GB148582). What is it now called? What is sublimation point?the temperature at which a solid directly becomes a gas (without becoming a liquid). What is sublimation in organic chemistry? Sublimation is when a substance goes from a solid to gas state, without an intermediate liquid phase. What is sublimation printing? Dye Sublimation Transfer is a process where you use an image that has been created digitally either by scanning a photograph or downloading a picture taken with your digit …, Linc Mad 332,237 Contributions What is sublimation in science? Sublimation is when a solid becomes a vapor directly without first becoming liquid. If you leave a tray of ice cubes in the freezer for several days, you will notice that the …Brittunculi 9,545 Contributions What is sublimation method?a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid Rks1726 2 Contributions WHAT IS sublimation of textiles?" }, { "docid": "D246664#0", "title": "https://www.msdsonline.com/resources/ghs-answer-center/ghs-101-ghs-definitions/\nGHS 101: GHS Definitions", "text": "\"Definitions UN’s GHS Third Revision Links Aerosols - means any non-refillable receptacles made of metal, glass or plastics and containing a gas compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure, with or without a liquid, paste or powder, and fitted with a release device allowing the contents to be ejected as solid or liquid particles in suspension in a gas, as a foam, paste or powder or in a liquid state or in a gaseous state. Aerosol includes aerosol dispensers. Alloy - means a metallic material, homogeneous the naked eye, consisting of two or more elements so combined that they cannot be readily separated by mechanical means. Alloys are considered to be mixtures for the purpose of classification under the GHS. Aspiration - means the entry of a liquid or solid chemical product into the trachea and lower respiratory system directly through the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting. ASTM - means the \"\"American Society of Testing and Materials\"\". BCF - means \"\"bioconcentration factor\"\". BOD/COD - means \"\"biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand\"\". CA - means \"\"competent authority\"\". Carcinogen - means a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances which induce cancer or increase its incidence." }, { "docid": "D1287775#0", "title": "http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-gas-and-vs-vapor/\nDifference Between Gas and Vapor", "text": "\"Difference Between Gas and Vapor Posted on March 8, 2011 by Madhus Last updated on: May 31, 2017Key Difference – Gas vs Vapor Gaseous phase is one of the four fundamental phases of all matter along with solid phase, liquid phase and plasma. Gases can be clearly distinguished from solid and liquid phases because, unlike in solids or liquids, the atoms are in free motion and are spread all around a container. Gas and vapor both seems similar due to their transparency, but are two distinct phases that matter can exist. The key difference between gas and vapor is that gas exists only in one physical state whereas vapor can coexist with another physical state. CONTENTS 1. Overview and Key Difference 2. What is Gas 3. What is Vapor 4. Side by Side Comparison – Gas vs Vapor 5. Summary What is Gas?" }, { "docid": "D345716#0", "title": "http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/principles-of-general-chemistry-v1.0/s14-01-gaseous-elements-and-compounds.html\n10.1 Gaseous Elements and Compounds", "text": "\"10.1 Gaseous Elements and Compounds Learning Objective To describe the characteristics of a gas. The three common phases (or states) of matter are gases, liquids, and solids. Gases have the lowest density of the three, are highly compressible, and completely fill any container in which they are placed. Gases behave this way because their intermolecular forces are relatively weak, so their molecules are constantly moving independently of the other molecules present. Solids, in contrast, are relatively dense, rigid, and incompressible because their intermolecular forces are so strong that the molecules are essentially locked in place. Liquids are relatively dense and incompressible, like solids, but they flow readily to adapt to the shape of their containers, like gases. We can therefore conclude that the sum of the intermolecular forces in liquids are between those of gases and solids. Figure 10.1 \"\"A Diatomic Substance (O\"\" compares the three states of matter and illustrates the differences at the molecular level. Figure 10.1 A Diatomic Substance (O 2) in the Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous States (a) Solid O 2 has a fixed volume and shape, and the molecules are packed tightly together. ( b) Liquid O 2 conforms to the shape of its container but has a fixed volume; it contains relatively densely packed molecules. (" }, { "docid": "D3006665#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Real+gas\ngas", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.gas (redirected from Real gas) Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia. Related to Real gas: ideal gasgas (găs) n. pl. gas·es or gas·ses1.a. The state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by relatively lowdensity and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, the ability to diffuse readily, and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container.b. A substance in the gaseous state.2. Any of various mixtures of flammable gases used for lighting, heating, or cooking.3. Gasoline.4. The speed control of a gasoline engine. Used with the: Step on the gas.5." }, { "docid": "D1481660#0", "title": "http://chemguide.co.uk/physical/kt/basic.html\n.", "text": "\"AN INTRODUCTION TO KINETIC THEORYThis page takes a simple look at solids, liquids and gases, and changes of state such as melting and boiling, in terms of the behaviour of the particles present. The arrangements of particles in solids, liquids and gases A simple view of the arrangement of the particles in solids, liquids and gases looks like this: Solids In the solid, the particles are touching, and the only motion allowed to them is vibration. The particles may be arranged regularly (in which case, the solid is crystalline), or at random (giving waxy solids like candles or some forms of polythene, for example). The particles are held in the solid by forces which depend on the actual substance - ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds or van der Waals attractions. Liquids In a liquid, the particles are mainly touching, but some gaps have appeared in the structure. These gaps allow the particles to move, and so the particles are arranged randomly. The forces that held the solid particles together are also present in the liquid (unless melting has broken up a substance consisting only of covalent bonds - a giant covalent structure). However, the particles in the liquid have enough energy to prevent the forces holding them in a fixed arrangement. For most liquids, the density of the liquid is slightly less than that of the solid, but there isn't much difference. That means that the particles in the liquid are almost as close together as they are in a solid." }, { "docid": "D2182725#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sublimate\nsublimate", "text": "\"sublimate Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia .sub·li·mate (sŭb′lə-māt′)v. sub·li·mat·ed, sub·li·mat·ing, sub·li·matesv. intr. Chemistry To be transformed directly from the solid to the gaseous state or from the gaseous to thesolid state without becoming a liquid.v. tr.1. Chemistry To cause (a solid or gas) to sublimate.2.a. To modify the natural expression of (a primitive, instinctual impulse) in a sociallyacceptable manner.b. To divert the energy associated with (an unacceptable impulse or drive) into an acceptable activity.n. Chemistry A product of sublimation. [ Latin sublīmāre, sublīmāt-, to elevate, from sublīmis, uplifted . ]" }, { "docid": "D947123#0", "title": "http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-gas-and-vapor\nDifference between Gas and Vapor", "text": "Tweet Key Difference: Gas is a state of matter. Vapor is a state of equilibrium between a gas and a liquid, which can easily be converted to a liquid by applying pressure and without changing the temperature. Many people erroneously consider gas and vapor to be the same or similar. However, in technicality the two substances are vastly different. There are four states of matter, i.e. four different forms that things can exist in: solid, liquid, gaseous, and plasma. Solid is when things hold form and their molecules are tightly knitted together. Liquid is when the molecules have slightly more space between them allowing the matter to be fluid and take the shape of the container it is in. Gas is when the molecules have a lot of space between them allowing them to move around in different directions and constantly expand. Plasma is similar to gas but is ionized, i.e. the molecules are split into charged ions. Now, vapor is different than all of these." } ]
9019	____________ is an oral prescription medication for hair loss that is available to men only.	[ { "docid": "D3194614#0", "title": "https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/features/thinning-hair-medications\nThinning Hair: Can Medications Help?", "text": "Thinning Hair: Can Medications Help? By Suz Redfearn From the Web MD Archives Many things can cause women to lose more hair than normal: genetics, illness, stress, medical conditions or hormonal imbalance, aging, and even what you eat. The first step is to work with your doctor to find out what's causing the problem. There may be treatments that can help restore your locks. Minoxidil: No Prescription Needed Pros: Minoxidil ( Rogaine, Ronoxidil) can stop hairs from getting thinner. It also can help some women regrow hair on the top of their head, says Paradi Mirmirani, MD. She's a dermatologist with the Permanente Medical Group in Vallejo, Calif.. “Very good studies show that it’s effective and gets the hair root or follicle to become larger. ”Minoxidil OTC come in 5% and 2% solutions and are considered safe for most women. The 2% solution is the only hair loss treatment for women approved by the FDA. Depending on which solution you use you put it on your scalp once daily." } ]	[ { "docid": "D3525108#0", "title": "https://www.reviews.com/hair-loss-treatment/\nThe Best Hair Loss Treatments", "text": "\"The Best Hair Loss Treatments Men’s Rogaine Unscented Foam Best Overall for Men and Women Kirkland Signature Regrowth Treatment Minoxidil Foam for Men Generic Runner-Up Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men Generic Runner-Up Hair Max Ultima 12 Laser Comb A Pricey Add-on Treatment Editor's Note There’s no cure for baldness, but there are ways to hold on to what you've got. The six dermatologists and the clinical studies point to three methods: minoxidil, laser treatments, and prescription finasteride. The key is finding the combination and hair loss regimen that works for you. A doctor is your best bet for that kind of guidance — but we found a few trustworthy products that will work for most people. Our top pick is Men’s Rogaine Unscented Foam. It contains five percent minoxidil which has been clinically proven to slow hair loss and even regrow some hair. It’s also FDA-approved and non-prescription, which means it’s not only effective and safe for use but widely available. You can easily find a three-month supply on Amazon for about $35. There’s also a women’s version ( Women’s Rogaine Foam) — but a three-month supply costs $22 more online. The only difference between the two products are the instructions; women are instructed to apply once a day instead of twice." }, { "docid": "D1167759#0", "title": "https://www.goodrx.com/proscar/what-is\n.", "text": "What is Proscar? Proscar discount prices start at just $4.00!Commonly Used Brand Name (s) Propecia, Proscar Therapeutic Classifications Alopecia Agent Pharmacologic Classifications 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor QUICK LINKSOverview Proper Use Dosing Missed Dose Use & Storage Before Using Allergies Pediatric Geriatric Pregnancy Breast Feeding Drug Interactions Other Interactions Other Medical Problems Precautions Advertisement Overview TOPNote: Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant should not use finasteride or handle the crushed or broken tablets. Finasteride can cause birth defects in male babies. Finasteride is used to treat men with benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH) and male pattern hair loss, also called androgenetic alopecia. BPH is caused by an enlarged prostate. Men with BPH usually have difficulty urinating, a decreased flow of urination, hesitation at the beginning of urination, and a need to get up at night to urinate. Finasteride will make these symptoms less severe and reduce the chance that prostate surgery will be needed. It may be used alone or in combination with other medicines such as an alpha-blocker ( doxazosin, Cardura ®) to treat BPH. For men with hair loss, finasteride will increase the number of scalp hairs but will not increase the amount of body hair. Finasteride blocks the action of an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase." }, { "docid": "D1425046#0", "title": "http://winstrolresults.com/stanozolol-for-sale/\nStanozolol for Sale on the Web: High Quality for Low Price", "text": "Home / Winstrol / Stanozolol for Sale on the Web: High Quality for Low Price Stanozolol for Sale on the Web: High Quality for Low Price Posted By: Rob Cordova on August 5, 2014 Last modified on October 4th, 2017 at 6:03 pm LEGAL NOTICEWinstrol is legal in some countries, but requires a prescription to buy in other countries. Learn about legal alternatives that you can buy without a prescription. Learn More A number of people want to purchase Stanozolol as it is an effective steroid. This effective Stanozolol is available in form of tablet that needs to be taken regularly according to the recommendation of doctor. One search online will tell you that there can be great differences between the prices charged for Stanozolol (more frequently sold under the name Winstrol V) on different vendor sites. These differences come down to significant variations in quality, source and dose size. A sad truth is that much of the Stanozolol for sale online is fake or of extremely low quality. Prudence is the best guide when purchasing this steroid to avoid health problems. Click here to buy legal Winsol online, without a prescription. Winsol★★★★★ 29 Customer Reviews BUY 2, GET 1 Free Rapidly cuts fat for hard muscle [1]Maximizes strength and speed [2]Enhanced vascularity for ripped physique [3]100% Legal with no prescription required [4]FREE Worldwide Shipping+ VIEW DETAILSBUY NOW SEE RESULTSStanozolol for Sale Table of Contents Winstrol VWinstrol Only Cycle Adverse Side Effects Oral Winstrol Tablets Stanozolol Cycle Before and After Pictures Comparison to Anavar Stanozolol 10 mg Pills Cycles for Women Dosage Guide Weight Loss Effects Deca Winstrol Stack Winstrol Testosterone Cycle Buy Winstrol Online Winstrol Depotck Injectable Format This drug is a kind of synthetic anabolic steroid." }, { "docid": "D2823794#0", "title": "http://www.treasuredlocks.com/black-hair-loss-breakage-info.html\nHair Loss, Growth and Breakage Information", "text": "\"Home Beauty 101 Hair Care Information Hair Loss, Growth and Breakage Information Hair Loss, Growth and Breakage Information Hair Loss- The Problem Hair Loss can be a devastating thing. Many men can live with the fact that genetics have predisposed them to losing their hair. Many men even embrace the loss. But, for some men and most women, losing one's hair can have a profound impact on them; causing stress and loss of self-esteem. Until relatively recently, there were few alternatives to reverse hair loss short of wearing a wig or having hair transplant surgery. But, medical breakthroughs have made available very effective over-the-counter treatments These treatments have been shown to be safe and effective for a lot of people. However, there is not one single product that is great for everyone in every situation. Treasured Locks is glad to be able to offer some of the most advanced non-prescription treatments available. We receive email after email asking the question \"\"My hair is breaking off (I'm losing my hair), what can I do?\"\" As much as we'd love to answer that question for each client who asks, simply put, we cannot." }, { "docid": "D111215#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/mtm/finasteride.html\nFinasteride", "text": "Finasteride Generic Name: finasteride (fih NAH steh ride) Brand Name: Propecia, Proscar Medically reviewed: April 24, 2017Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Tips More Interactions Pregnancy Warnings User Reviews Drug Images Support Group Q & ACompare Alternatives Pricing & Coupons What is finasteride? Finasteride prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the body. DHT is involved in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Finasteride is used to treat male pattern hair loss in men. It is also used to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men with an enlarged prostate. This medicine is for use in men only. Finasteride may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Slideshow View Frightful (But Dead Serious) Drug Side Effects Important Information Finasteride should never be taken by a woman or a child. Finasteride can cause birth defects if a woman is exposed to it during pregnancy. Finasteride tablets should not be handled by a woman who is pregnant or may become pregnant." }, { "docid": "D1802879#0", "title": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a681043.html\nIsotretinoin", "text": "Isotretinoinpronounced as (eye soe tret' i noyn)Why is this medication prescribed? How should this medicine be used? Other uses for this medicine What special precautions should I follow? What special dietary instructions should I follow? What should I do if I forget a dose? What side effects can this medication cause? What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication? In case of emergency/overdose What other information should I know? Brand names IMPORTANT WARNING: For all patients: Isotretinoin must not be taken by patients who are pregnant or who may become pregnant. There is a high risk that isotretinoin will cause loss of the pregnancy, or will cause the baby to be born too early, to die shortly after birth, or to be born with birth defects (physical problems that are present at birth)." }, { "docid": "D1700385#0", "title": "http://www.hairlossspecialists.com/top-5-hair-loss-shampoos.cfm\nTop 5 Hair Loss Shampoos", "text": "\"Home > Articles > Top 5 Hair Loss Shampoos Top 5 Hair Loss Shampoos Share Before the introduction of cutting-edge hair loss medications like Rogaine® and Propecia; before the development of state-of-the-art hair transplant surgery; the only available hair loss treatments were soaps, sprays and tonics pandered by the likes of questionable snake-oil salesmen to the embarrassed, balding masses. Fortunately, along with today's wave of hair loss surgery options and prescription medications, newer, more effective hair loss shampoos, conditioners, foams and lotions have also emerged—to help receding hair lines on a day-to-day basis. But what makes today's hair loss shampoos and topicals any more effective than the mysterious hair loss potions of the past? To find out more about these treatments' active ingredients and how exactly they can assist with premature hair loss or thinning hair, we've compiled a list of five of today's most popular hair loss shampoos*. Important Note: Before reading this list, please be aware that no shampoos currently available can literally regrow hair. If a hair follicle has become inactive, no topical product will be able to reverse that; what certain shampoos and treatments can do for hair loss patients is to prevent and treat the early signs of hair thinning and hair loss before they get worse.1) Revivogen Biocleansing Shampoo Revivogen Biocleansing Shampoo deeply cleanses and replenishes irritated scalps with a combination of aloe vera and menthol. To treat thin hair conditions, Revivogen uses anti-DHT action to prevent DHT saturation in the hair follicles and skin of the scalp. Additional proteins and nutrients moisturize hair and create a fuller hair appearance and texture. Revivogen shampoo's primary ingredients include aloe vera, panthenol, silicone, saw palmetto berry extract, jojoba oil, niacin, soy protein, gamma linolenic acids and zinc. Does it work? Revivogen hair loss shampoo users have said that regular use of Revivogen has decreased their hair loss while brushing and showering." }, { "docid": "D1994772#0", "title": "http://www.livestrong.com/article/265709-top-10-best-hair-loss-treatments/\nTop 10 Best Hair Loss Treatments", "text": "Top 10 Best Hair Loss Treatmentsby LYNN HETZLER Aug. 14, 2017The average person loses about 100 hairs per day. There is no cure for baldness, or alopecia. There are, however, ways to slow the loss of hair and encourage new growth. These treatments can include oral medication, ointments or creams, and surgery. Physicians are reluctant to use the same oral medications for female patients as prescribed to male patients unless the doctor knows the woman’s hair loss is due to a hormonal imbalance, according to American Hair Loss.org. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Minoxidil Minoxidil is a nonprescription drug, available over the counter as foam or liquid that is rubbed into the scalp twice a day. Minoxidil is available in a 2 percent solution or a 5 percent solution; minoxidil is safe for female patients. Patients taking minoxidil may notice a reduction in hair loss, growth of new hair or both. New hair growth stops after the patient discontinues the minoxidil. Side effects may include irritation of the scalp." }, { "docid": "D1165911#0", "title": "http://xenicalwtloss.hypermart.net/MINOXIDILHairLossPrescriptionINDEXpage.html\n.", "text": "\"High strength PRESCRIPTION Minoxidil IS MEDICALLY PROVEN and only FDA-approved topical treatment to STOP hair loss and REGROW hair. Prescription strength Minoxidil compounded formulations may be used alone or along with Propecia or Avodart. ( http://www.accessdata.fda.gov). If you suffer from Male Pattern Baldness, prescription strength Minoxidil along with Propecia or Avodart may be the answer!Minoxidil is the ONLY FDA -approved TOPICAL treatment for male pattern hairloss. Propecia (FDA approved systemic hair loss treatment) and Avodart are SYSTEMIC treatments for male pattern hair loss Minoxidil is the active ingredient in Rogaine (2% or 5% Minoxidil) but at much lower dose. Minoxidil's hair regrowth is dose dependent - the higher the dose the better the regrowth Minoxidil 10% -30% compounded formulations are available by PRESCRIPTION only and are significantly MORE effective than Rogaine Prescription strength Minoxidil can be used alone as a treatment for male pattern hairloss or used along with Propecia or Avodart to enhance the effectiveness of both. Minoxidil is prescribed online for Men only!MINOXIDIL HAIR LOSS PRESCRIPTIONS AVAILABLE ONLINE FOR MEN ONLYMEDICAL WELLNESS CENTER Provides: Simple, Convenient & Confidential Online Physician consultations for prescription strength Minoxidil cream or lotion. RISK-FREE Online Physician Evaluation to determine eligibility for prescription strength Minoxidil. Prescription strength Minoxidil is specifically formulated and customized individually for you. If approved the medical consultation fee to Medical Wellness Center is only $49.95 and your prescription for Minoxidil with 6 available refills is forwarded to a compounding pharmacy." }, { "docid": "D3360454#0", "title": "http://minoxidilshampoo.net/does-minoxidil-work-htm\nDoes Minoxidil Work?", "text": "Does Minoxidil Work? Does minoxidil work to reduce or even reverse hair loss? The answer is “yes”!According to the American Hair Loss Association, minoxidil was the very first FDA-approved and recommended as an effective hair loss treatment for male pattern hair thinning. It is believed that minoxidil is purchased more than any other baldness treatment in the world. In fact, Wikipedia reports that only two medications for the treatment of male pattern baldness have been approved by the FDA. One of these is finasteride, a prescription medication. The other is minoxidil . It is available over-the-counter as a topical solution or as an ingredient in shampoo. It is generally accepted that a common cause of hair loss is the effect of a testosterone by-product called dihydro-testosterone (DHT). High levels of DHT are responsible for the progressive miniaturization – and eventual loss – of hair follicles." }, { "docid": "D1234876#0", "title": "http://supplement-geek.com/viviscal-review-ingredients-side-effects/\nViviscal Review Does It Regrow Hair? In Depth Review (Update 2018)", "text": "Viviscal Review Does It Regrow Hair? In Depth Review (Update 2018)March 22, 2018 by Joe Cannon 774 Comments Does Viviscal grow hair or is it a scam? That was the question I was recently asked by someone, so after asking myself “ what’s Viviscal? ” I did some digging and discovered that Viviscal is a hair loss treatment pill that you take to combat not only male pattern baldness but hair loss in women too. Turns out there are many Viviscal products- Viviscal shampoos ect – but I want to review Viviscal, the hair loss pill, because that’s what the research is on. Also read my review of gray hair supplements as well as castor oil and hair growth for more info. Who Makes Viviscal? Viviscal is sold by Lifes2good (Lifes2Good.com), a company that markets many health and beauty products. While the global corporate office is located in Ireland, in the US, they can be found at 355 N Canal Street Chicago IL 60606. They also have an office in London as well." }, { "docid": "D2175955#0", "title": "http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/beauty/haircare/a12012/baldness-remedies-8211-what-works-and-what-doesnt/\nBaldness remedies â what works and what doesn't?", "text": "Baldness remedies – what works and what doesn't? The medicines some men use to keep baldness at bay More from Beauty Are these everyday habits making your hair greasy?10 reasons your scalp might be itchy How to make your hair look instantly thicker Getty Jonathan Kirn By Rita Ghelani 30 October 2013People have always been gullible where their hair is concerned. Queen Victoria drank silver birch wine made from sap because she believed it would cure her baldness. Dr Andrew Messenger, a consultant dermatologist at Royal Hallamshire Hospital in Sheffield, told Net Doctor: 'Although the great majority of men learn to live with it, I think everybody would prefer not to be bald. For a very small number of men, it becomes a big issue. ' He says it is more often younger men who visit their doctor to ask what can be done about hair thinning. Medical attitudes to thinning hair Most doctors believe men should think deeply before using any remedies for hair loss because the treatment options are so limited. Baldness isn't a life-threatening condition, and it is easy to spend a lot of money trying to restore a full head of hair. An unanticipated problem was encountered, check back soon and try again Error Code: MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWNSession ID: 2018-04-10:72ec675c7f9e4ddae5c8a86 Player ID: 1179c8c7-9bf0-4331-9281-1f9fdc3a0825OKWhile it's all very well being told how you ought to feel about the loss of your hair, if it starts to dint your self-esteem, it's probably worth seeking treatment. But Dr Messenger is clear about the limitations of medicine in this area: 'There are only two ways to deal with baldness currently available in the UK that the evidence shows work to at least some extent.'" }, { "docid": "D1592414#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/tinea-capitis.html\nTinea Capitis", "text": "Tinea Capitis Medically reviewed on May 8, 2014 by L. Anderson, Pharm D. Tinea capitis is an infection of the scalp by mold-like fungi called dermatophytes. Tinea capitis can appear as scaly and itchy areas of bald skin on the head. Severe infection and inflammation can lead to scarring or permanent hair loss. What causes tinea capitis and who is at risk? Tinea capitis (also called ringworm of the scalp) is a skin disorder that usually affects only children younger than age ten. It can be persistent and is highly contagious; it is not due to an infection by a worm. Ringworm gets its name from the appearance of the round lesions that occur on the scalp. The fungi that cause tinea infections thrive in warm, moist areas. You have an increased risk for tinea infection if you have poor hygiene, prolonged wetness of the skin (such as from sweating), and minor skin or scalp injuries. Other types of tinea infections that can occur include tinea corporis (on the body), tinea cruris ('jock itch' in the groin area), tinea barbae (beard), tinea unguium (nails), or tinea pedis ('athletes' foot)." }, { "docid": "D1054169#0", "title": "https://www.canadadrugs.com/products/propecia\nPropecia and/or Equivalents", "text": "Canada Drugs.com All Products Propecia and/or Equivalents Propecia and/or Equivalents Drug Related Drug Names Propecia 1mg and/or Equivalents Finasteride, Propecia Propecia (finasteride)Propecia Description Propecia is a drug that is used to treat male baldness. It is produced by Merck, and the main ingredient in this drug is Finasteride. Merck also holds the patent for Propecia since 1997. Unlike others, this was the only medicine on baldness that was in the form of an oral pill. Other trade names of the drug are Proscar. The drug is specifically meant for adult males to cure baldness; hence it cannot be prescribed to kids or women. Propecia is a dermatological prescription drug and therefore cannot be taken without a doctor’s prescription. Conditions Treated by Propecia As stated above, Propecia is a drug that focuses specifically on pattern baldness in men. It specifically targets areas of the head where hair loss is more prominent, or where hair loss is initiated first. These areas are the anterior mid-scalp and the vertex." }, { "docid": "D1380805#0", "title": "http://www.healthblurbs.com/causes-of-folliculitis-infected-hair-follicle-symptoms-for-superficial-or-deep-natural-home-care-treatment/\nCauses of Folliculitis Infected Hair Follicle Symptoms for Superficial or Deep Natural Home Care Treatment", "text": "Causes of Folliculitis Infected Hair Follicle Symptoms for Superficial or Deep Natural Home Care Treatment Is an infected hair follicle causing a swollen bump of pain? Folliculitis is a general term used for any hair follicle infection. There are numerous causes for this infection and the cure depends on the cause. Severe cases of folliculitis can cause hair loss and scarring, so in some follicle situations prompt treatment is important to avoid these outcomes. Your hair follicles’ primary function involves body temperature control and skin lubrication. Once a hair follicle is damaged, they have an increased likelihood of being invaded by viruses , bacteria or fungi. In many cases, this invasion is evidenced by a small, white pimple cropping up around an overwhelmed follicle. And this site may itch and be painful. Some common causes for follicular damage include:shavingskin injuriestight clothesdermatitis and acneexcessive perspirationcoal tar, pitch, creosote exposurecovering skin with non-breathable material Most folliculitis are superficial, and oftentimes the infection clears within a few days. However, there are some causes in which an infected hair follicle is deep or recurring, thus needing more intense medical treatment." }, { "docid": "D1704527#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/hair-loss.html\nHair Loss: Medications & Treatment Options", "text": "\"Hair Loss: Medications & Treatment Options Hair loss occurs when hair follicles stop producing hair growth - it is called alopecia. Hair loss is a normal part of aging. Generally about 100 hairs are lost from your head every day. You may not notice this loss because the average scalp contains about 100,000 hairs. Some people may however experience excessive hair loss. The normal cycle of hair goes through a phase of growth and rest. Each individual hair survives for an average of three and a half years. The growth phase of hair generally lasts two to three years, during which time it grows about half an inch a month. This growing phase is called anagen. This is followed by a resting phase called telogen, which lasts for about three to four months." }, { "docid": "D2183730#0", "title": "http://www.healthline.com/health/saw-palmetto-hair-loss\nAndrogenetic alopecia: Male and female hair loss", "text": "Androgenetic alopecia: Male and female hair loss Hair loss in both men and women is called androgenetic alopecia, and it’s common as everyone ages. It’s caused by the hormone testosterone, and its conversion into a molecule called DHT. This alteration causes hair follicles to shrink, resulting in hair loss. Men have more testosterone than women do, so balding is more common in men. Men typically experience an M-shaped pattern of thinning hair, known as male pattern baldness. Thinning usually occurs all over the scalp in women and rarely results in complete baldness. Because hair loss is so common, it’s no wonder people turn to herbal remedies. Saw palmetto is one of the most popular that people use to try to slow down hair loss or to regrow hair. Saw palmetto Saw palmetto and hair loss There are many treatments for hair loss. In recent years, hair pieces and hair extensions have gained popularity." }, { "docid": "D2931725#0", "title": "https://www.baldingbeards.com/best-hair-loss-treatment/\nBest Hair Loss Treatment For Men: A No-Nonsense Guide", "text": "Best Hair Loss Treatment For Men: A No-Nonsense Guide Domen Hrovatin January 31, 2018 Guides, Hair Growth Products, Hair Loss, Reviews 188 Comments1 out of 4. That’s the average number of men who start losing their hair to male pattern baldness before the age of 30. This is it. You are not alone brother; it’s nothing out of the ordinary. As a matter of fact, it’s quite common. Welcome to our club. Hair loss is a different experience for everyone. And if you don’t care about losing hair, that’s perfectly fine. It’s not always worth stressing over it. You have a defined jawline, a strong brow ridge, a nice head shape and have the ability to grow a decent amount of facial hair?" }, { "docid": "D157299#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoxidil\nMinoxidil", "text": "\"Minoxidil From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Minoxidil Clinical data Trade names Rogaine AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category US: C (Risk not ruled out)Routes of administration By mouth / topical ATC code C02DC01 ( WHO) D11AX01 ( WHO)Legal status Legal status UK: P ( Pharmacy medicines) (for topical use, otherwise POM. Cannot be prescribed on the NHS)US: OTC Rx only for by mouth form Pharmacokinetic data Metabolism Primarily hepatic Biological half-life 4.2 h Excretion renal Identifiers IUPAC name [show]CAS Number38304-91-5Pub Chem CID4201IUPHAR/BPS4254Drug Bank DB00350Chem Spider10438564UNII5965120SH1KEGGD00418Ch EBICHEBI:6942Ch EMBLCHEMBL802PDB ligand MXD ( PDBe, RCSB PDB)ECHA Info Card 100.048.959Chemical and physical data Formula C 9 H 15 N 5 OMolar mass 209.251 g/mol3D model ( JSmol)Interactive image Melting point 248 °C (478 °F)Solubility in water <1 mg/m L (20 °C)SMILES [show]In Ch I [show] (what is this?) ( verify)Minoxidil is an antihypertensive vasodilator medication and is used to treat hair loss. It is available as a generic medication and over the counter for the treatment of androgenic alopecia, a form of hair loss, in people. [ 4]Contents [ hide ]1 Medical uses2 Side effects3 Mechanism of action4 History4.1 Initial application4.2 Hair growth5 Trade names6 See also7 References8 External links Medical uses [ edit]Minoxidil, applied topically, is widely used for the treatment of hair loss. It is effective in helping promote hair growth in people with androgenic alopecia regardless of sex. [ 5] About 40% of men experience hair regrowth after 3–6 months. [ 6] Minoxidil must be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and the maintenance of any experienced hair regrowth. [ 4]Its effect in people with alopecia areata is unclear. [ 7]Side effects [ edit]Minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include burning or irritation of the eye, itching, redness or irritation at the treated area, and unwanted hair growth elsewhere on the body." }, { "docid": "D30861#0", "title": "http://www.webmd.boots.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/ss/slideshow-men-solutions\nMenâs hair loss: Treatments and solutions", "text": "Boots Web MD slideshows View our slideshows to learn more about your health. Fingernail file What your nails say about your health Weight gain shockers Surprising reasons you're gaining weight Plan for a healthy pregnancy What you can do now Skin cancer warning signs Precancerous skin lesions and skin cancer Liver damage Surprising things that can damage your liver Foods for heart health Best foods for your heart Hair loss: A common problem Male-pattern baldness affects some 6.5 million men in the UK, according to the NHS. Some men may begin to lose their hair as early as their late teens. By their late 60s, most men have some degree of hair loss. Uncovering hair loss myths Does wearing a cap or hat cause baldness? No! Someone running their fingers through your hair won't cause it either. Neither will combing, brushing, twisting or styling. However, avoid being too rough to prevent hair breakage. Quit smoking and save your hair?" } ]
9020	____________ is considered a stimulant drug.	[ { "docid": "D657453#0", "title": "http://stimulants.com/legal-illegal-stimulants/\nLegal and Illegal Stimulants", "text": "Legal and Illegal Stimulants By the definition from the US National Library of Medicine, stimulants are drugs that increase your heart rate, breathing rate, and brain function. These body function changes increase a person’s attention, alertness, and energy. Stimulants were historically used to treat many illnesses, including asthma, obesity, neurological disorders, and others, but the realization of their potential for abuse changed this. Now stimulants are only used to treat a few health conditions, such as ADHD and narcolepsy. Stimulants can be broken into categories of legal and illegal, natural and synthetic. The most common types of prescription stimulants are dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine and Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta). Most stimulants – legal or illegal – have a high potential for abuse and can lead to addiction. Illegal Stimulants Adderall is a stimulant prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Some illegal drugs are considered stimulants because of the effects they cause. These are all illegal stimulants: Cocaine Crack cocaine Methamphetamine (meth, crystal meth)Speed MDMAAll of these drugs carry a high potential for abuse and addiction." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2397359#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward\nBrain stimulation reward", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Brain stimulation reward ( BSR) is a pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions, originally discovered by James Olds and Peter Milner. BSR can serve as a robust operant reinforcer. Targeted stimulation activates the reward system circuitry and establishes response habits similar to those established by natural rewards, such as food and sex. [ 1] Experiments on BSR soon demonstrated that stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, along with other regions of the brain associated with natural reward, was both rewarding as well as motivation-inducing. [ 2]Electrical brain stimulation and intracranial drug injections produce robust reward sensation due to a relatively direct activation of the reward circuitry. This activation is considered to be more direct than rewards produced by natural stimuli, as those signals generally travel through the more indirect peripheral nerves. [ 3] BSR has been found in all vertebrates tested, including humans, and it has provided a useful tool for understanding how natural rewards are processed by specific brain regions and circuits, as well the neurotransmission associated with the reward system. [ 4]Intracranial self-stimulation ( ICSS) is the operant conditioning method used to produce BSR in an experimental setting. ICSS typically involves subjects with permanent electrode implants in one of several regions of the brain known to produce BSR when stimulated. Subjects are trained to continuously respond for electrical stimulation of that brain region, which produces BSR. [" }, { "docid": "D1365897#0", "title": "https://psychcentral.com/lib/side-effects-of-adhd-medications/\nSide Effects of ADHD Medications", "text": "Side Effects of ADHD Medications By Jane Collingwood ~ 3 min read Side effects resulting from drugs taken for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) are unfortunately quite common. As with any condition, these unwanted effects can be severe enough to cause ADHD patients to discontinue their treatment. It is important for physicians to be aware of side effects from real world experience as well as information supplied by drug companies. A team from Quintiles Inc., the drug company consultants based in Falls Church, Va., looked at patient-reported side effects of ADHD drugs. The drugs covered were amphetamine and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine); atomoxetine (Strattera); dexmethylphenidate (Focalin); lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse); and methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin). Results showed that 48 percent of the 325 patients surveyed reported at least one side effect, most often loss of appetite, sleep problems, and mood swings. Differences between the drugs in terms of side effects were thought to be minor. About a fifth (21 percent) of the side effects were considered “very bothersome” or “extremely bothersome,” but only 20 percent of patients mentioned the side effects to their physicians. The rate of side effects appeared similar for drugs that stimulate the central nervous system and nonstimulant drugs. However, mood disturbances were more common on stimulants, whereas nausea and gastrointestinal problems were more common on nonstimulants." }, { "docid": "D1079995#0", "title": "http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289007-overview\nStimulants", "text": "\"Drugs & Diseases > Psychiatry Stimulants Updated: Dec 15, 2015Author: Adrian Preda, MD; Chief Editor: Eduardo Dunayevich, MD more... Share Email Print Feedback Background Stimulants are substances that induce a number of characteristic symptoms. CNS effects include alertness with increased vigilance, a sense of well-being, and euphoria. Many users experience insomnia and anorexia, and some may develop psychotic symptoms. Stimulants have peripheral cardiovascular activity, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. [ 1] They encompass a broad category of substances, including those prescribed for medical conditions; those manufactured for illicit substance abuse; and those found in over-the-counter (OTC) decongestants, herbal extracts, caffeinated beverages, and cigarettes. A number of stimulants are classified by the US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) as controlled substances. The initial section of this article reviews the different stimulants classified by the DEA. Several of these stimulants have not been significantly prescribed, abused, or investigated in the United States; consequently, limited data are available. Stimulants that have been studied and classified by the DEA, several OTC drugs, and herbal medications with active stimulant ingredients are discussed. The mechanism of action of these stimulants, when known, is mentioned." }, { "docid": "D1044716#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/pro/methylphenidate-cd-capsules.html\nMethylphenidate CD Capsules", "text": "Methylphenidate CD Capsules Generic Name: methylphenidate hydrochloride Dosage Form: capsule, extended release Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Tips Interactions Pregnancy Warnings More Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Drug Images Support Group Q & ACompare Alternatives Pricing & Coupons On This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Studies Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Boxed Warning Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Drug Abuse and Dependence Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling References On This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Studies Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Boxed Warning Precautions Patient Counseling Information Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Drug Abuse and Dependence Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling References Methylphenidate CD Capsules Description Methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules (CD) are a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. The extended-release capsules provide 30% of the dose by an immediate-release (IR) component and 70% of the dose by an extended-release (ER) component in a single bead type. Methylphenidate capsules (CD) are available in six strengths containing 10 mg (3 mg IR; 7 mg ER), 20 mg (6 mg IR; 14 mg ER), 30 mg (9 mg IR; 21 mg ER), 40 mg (12 mg IR; 28 mg ER), 50 mg (15 mg IR; 35 mg ER), or 60 mg (18 mg IR; 42 mg ER) of methylphenidate hydrochloride, USP for oral administration. Chemically, methylphenidate hydrochloride, USP is methyl α-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate hydrochloride. Its structural formula is: C 14 H 19 NO 2 •HCl M. W. 269.77Methylphenidate hydrochloride, USP is a white to off-white powder. Its solutions are acid to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and in methanol, soluble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in chloroform and in acetone. Methylphenidate capsules (CD) also contain the following inactive ingredients: cetyl alcohol, corn starch, D&C Yellow #10 aluminum lake, dibutyl sebacate, ethylcellulose, FD&C Blue #1 aluminum lake, FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake, FD&C Red #40 aluminum lake, gelatin, hypromellose, iron oxide black, propylene glycol, shellac glaze, sodium lauryl sulfate, sucrose, and titanium dioxide. Additionally, the 10 mg capsules contain D&C Yellow #10 and FD&C Green #3; the 20 mg capsules contain FD&C Blue #1; the 30 mg capsules contain iron oxide red and iron oxide yellow; the 40 mg capsules contain iron oxide red, and iron oxide yellow; the 50 mg capsules contain FD&C Blue #1. Slideshow Modafinil: Smart Drug For Decision Fatigue Or Workaholic Crutch Methylphenidate CD Capsules - Clinical Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Methylphenidate HCl is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant." }, { "docid": "D2360880#0", "title": "https://www.themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma-knowledge-center/glossary/\nGlossary", "text": "Glossary Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) The number of white blood cells in the blood that are neutrophils. A low ANC indicates neutropenia and a possible increased risk of infection. Accelerated Approval Designation assigned to a drug by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) intended to make promising products for life-threatening diseases available on the market on the basis of preliminary evidence prior to formal demonstration of patient benefit. In this case, clinical studies are designed to measure and the FDA evaluation is performed on the basis of a surrogate marker that is considered likely to predict patient benefit. The marketing approval that is granted may be considered provisional, and a company may be required to complete additional clinical studies that formally demonstrate patient benefit. Active Immunotherapy Type of immunotherapy that stimulates the body to mount an immune response; an example is a vaccine. Adhesion molecules Complimentary molecules present on cell surfaces that allow cells to interact with each other, acting in the same way as a lock and key. Adjuvant (1) When referring to vaccines, an adjuvant is a substance administered as part of, or along with, a vaccine that increases its effectiveness by strengthening the immune response against the vaccine. ( 2) Adjuvant therapy also refers to a treatment that is given in addition to a standard treatment regimen to increase its effectiveness. Adoptive Immunotherapy Type of passive immunotherapy (treatment that is prepared outside the body) that involves the transfer of immune cells to a patient." }, { "docid": "D3042815#0", "title": "http://www.soberrecovery.com/forums/substance-abuse/100944-treating-stimulant-abuse-recovery.html\ntreating stimulant abuse/recovery", "text": "\"08-18-2006, 04:32 PM # 1 ( permalink )Christian Member Join Date: Jan 2006Location: san diego, ca Posts: 201treating stimulant abuse/recovery Modafinil + Neurontin right now there is a 'prometa' treatment for math/cocaine. the forumula is secret, but it apparently works on the GABA system. it is known that the formula uses 3 already approved FDA medications. i am trying to figure out what they are, and I think I have 1 so far. Neurontin . I think this is really important in treatment of stimulant abuse, do your own research, but I would bet that this is the main active ingrediant in the Prometa treatment (which boast an almost 20k price tag currently). Neurontin works on the GABA system to help nerves and CNS regenerate. regarding frontal lobe, coke/meth and other drugs decrease the amount of dopaime activity there, modafinil is shown to activate and use certain pathways to counter this negative effect. this is responsible for higher cognitive abilitis and reasoning that former drug users often lack. part of the bad part of drugs is they can cause certain negative feedback loops in the brain, which is kinda like a short circuit." }, { "docid": "D2546667#0", "title": "http://www.bestdrugrehabilitation.com/blog/addiction/common-street-names-for-popular-drugs/\nWould You Know These Popular Street Names for Drugs?", "text": "Would You Know These Popular Street Names for Drugs? April 28, 2014 By Best Drug Rehabiitation 2 Comments The streets of the United States are flooded with various drugs and drug combinations. With so many substances being sold illicitly on the street, users and dealers alike develop codes in the form of street names for drugs to refer to various substances, typically based off of their name or the effects of the drug. Marijuana Marijuana is a commonly used DEA schedule I cannabinoid. The drug can either be smoked or swallowed and is known by street names including weed, smoke, dope, reefer, green, skunk, Mary Jane, blunt, bud, grass, pot, ganja, herb, trees, and sensimilla. Heroin Heroin is a DEA Schedule I opiate drug derived from morphine. Heroin can be smoked, injected or snorted, and is considered a depressant. Common street names include, smack, skag, dope, junk, sugar, H, brown, china white and white horse. Cocaine Cocaine is a DEA Schedule II stimulant drug derived from the coca plant. Cocaine users inject, snort or smoke the drug." }, { "docid": "D657452#0", "title": "http://www.safeteens.org/drugs-alcohol/types-of-drugs/\nTypes of Drugs", "text": "Types of Drugs Alcohol \| Tobacco \| Marijuana \| Ecstasy \| Inhalants \| Cough Medicine \| Methamphetamine \| Amphetamine \| Prescription Drugs \| Rohypnol Alcohol Alcohol is a depressant that is sold as beer, wine or liquor. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, one in two teenagers consumed alcohol in the past year. Although many teenagers consider it fun, it is very dangerous. The effects of alcohol on your body depend on your size, weight, sex, age and the amount of food you have consumed. read more…Tobacco Tobacco comes in the forms of cigarettes, cigars or smokeless tobacco. Many teenagers also use water pipes – or hookahs – to smoke tobacco. This is just as dangerous as smoking cigarettes. Nicotine is the stimulating chemical in tobacco that makes it addictive. However, there are also more than 4,000 other chemicals in tobacco that are also poisonous. Some people think smokeless tobacco is healthier – but it is not." }, { "docid": "D3545204#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-latisse.html\nGeneric Latisse Availability", "text": "Generic Latisse Availability Latisse is a brand name of bimatoprost topical, approved by the FDA in the following formulation (s): LATISSE (bimatoprost - solution/drops;topical)Manufacturer: ALLERGAN Approval date: December 24, 2008 Strength (s): 0.03% [ RLD] [ AT]Has a generic version of Latisse been approved? A generic version of Latisse has been approved by the FDA. However, this does not mean that the product will necessarily be commercially available - possibly because of drug patents and/or drug exclusivity. The following products are equivalent to Latisse and have been approved by the FDA:bimatoprost solution/drops;topical Manufacturer: APOTEX INC Approval date: December 1, 2014 Strength (s): 0.03% [ AT]Manufacturer: SANDOZ INC Approval date: April 19, 2016 Strength (s): 0.03% [ AT]Note: Fraudulent online pharmacies may attempt to sell an illegal generic version of Latisse. These medications may be counterfeit and potentially unsafe. If you purchase medications online, be sure you are buying from a reputable and valid online pharmacy. Ask your health care provider for advice if you are unsure about the online purchase of any medication. See also: Generic Drug FAQs. Related Patents Patents are granted by the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office at any time during a drug's development and may include a wide range of claims. Method of enhancing hair growth Patent 8,038,988 Issued: October 18, 2011 Inventor (s): Woodward; David F. & Van Denburgh; Amanda M. Assignee (s): Allergan, Inc. Methods and compositions for stimulating the growth of hair are disclosed wherein said compositions include a cyclopentane heptanoic acid, 2-cycloalkyl or arylalkyl compound represented by the formula I wherein the dashed bonds represent a single or double bond which can be in the cis or trans configuration, A, B, Z, X, R1 and R2 are as defined in the specification." }, { "docid": "D1542795#0", "title": "http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/05/26/hidden-benefits-of-nicotine-on-the-brain/\nHidden Benefits Of Nicotine on The Brain", "text": "Hidden Benefits Of Nicotine on The Brain Share Pin Reddit Stumble Email487When most people think of nicotine, they think of smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products. Since tobacco products are linked to various types of cancer (e.g. lung cancer from smoking), many people assume that nicotine is inherently evil. While nicotine is considered one of the most addictive drugs, there isn’t significant evidence supporting the idea that it causes cancer. While cancer is commonly associated with nicotine due to the fact that nicotine is in cigarettes, this is mostly due to tobacco as well as the upwards of 7,000 chemicals added to these products. When used in the form of a standalone patch, a person is capable of attaining a psychological “buzz” or cognitive enhancement from nicotine, without the dangerous toxins associated with smoking cigarettes. For this reason, many people resort to smoking cigarettes or even just using nicotine patches as a way to remain calm and focused during cognitively demanding tasks. Nicotine is considered a nootropic and can be used as a “smart drug” to maximize cognitive capacity, plus some evidence suggests that it may act as a neuroprotective agent . Examples of tasks that people have found benefit from using nicotine include: solving complex mathematical equations, taking exams, and technical writing. What is nicotine? + How it works." }, { "docid": "D3288859#0", "title": "https://www.drugs.com/pro/doxapram.html\nDoxapram", "text": "Doxapram Generic Name: Doxapram hydrochloride Dosage Form: injection Overview Side Effects Professional Interactions Pregnancy More User Reviews Support Group Q & AOn This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Precautions Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling On This Page Description Clinical Pharmacology Indications and Usage Contraindications Warnings Precautions Drug Interactions Adverse Reactions Overdosage Dosage and Administration How Supplied/Storage and Handling NOT FOR USE IN NEONATESCONTAINS BENZYL ALCOHOLRx ONLYDoxapram Description Doxapram Hydrochloride Injection USP, is a clear, colorless, sterile, non-pyrogenic, aqueous solution with p H 3.5 to 5, for intravenous administration. Each m L contains Doxapram hydrochloride 20 mg, benzyl alcohol (as preservative) 0.9%, and water for injection, q.s. Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant. Doxapram hydrochloride is a white to off-white, crystalline powder, sparingly soluble in water, alcohol and chloroform. It has the following chemical structure and name: Molecular Formula: C 24 H 30 N 2 O 2 •HCl•H 2 O M. W. = 432.98 (±)-1-ethyl-4- (2-morpholinoethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone monohydrochloride monohydrate. Slideshow Type 1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Treatments, and Breakthroughs Doxapram - Clinical Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Doxapram hydrochloride produces respiratory stimulation mediated through the peripheral carotid chemoreceptors. As the dosage level is increased, the central respiratory centers in the medulla are stimulated with progressive stimulation of other parts of the brain and spinal cord. The onset of respiratory stimulation following the recommended single intravenous injection of Doxapram hydrochloride usually occurs in 20 to 40 seconds with peak effect at 1 to 2 minutes. The duration of effect may vary from 5 to 12 minutes. The respiratory stimulant action is manifested by an increase in tidal volume associated with a slight increase in respiratory rate." }, { "docid": "D2874641#0", "title": "https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/homeopathy\nHomeopathy", "text": "Summary Homeopathy is an alternative medicine based on the theory of treating ‘like with like’. Homeopathy claims to stimulate healing responses to diseases by administering substances that mimic the symptoms of those diseases in healthy people. The effectiveness of homeopathic preparations is disputed within medical science. You should never stop taking conventional drugs without the knowledge and approval of your doctors. On this page: Lack of evidence of effectiveness of homeopathy Homeopathic medicines are not vaccines Laws and regulation of homeopathic medicines Choose a qualified and registered practitioner Homeopathy treatment Conventional medicine and homeopathy Where to get help Things to remember Homeopathy (or homoeopathy) is a 200-year-old form of alternative medicine that claims to stimulate a healing response and strengthen the body’s ability to heal itself. Those who practice it claim that it is a holistic system of medicine based on the theory of treating ‘like with like’. It claims to stimulate the body’s own healing response to disease, using specially prepared, highly diluted preparations. Homeopaths say they aim to treat the whole person, taking into account personality, lifestyle and hereditary factors, as well as the history of the disease. Since all people are unique, homeopathic medicines are prescribed to treat individuals. The effectiveness of homeopathy is yet to be proven by medical science." }, { "docid": "D122086#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Is_nicotine_a_depressant_hallucinogen_or_stimulant\nIs nicotine a depressant hallucinogen or stimulant?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Health Medication and Drugs Is nicotine a depressant hallucinogen or stimulant? Flag Is nicotine a depressant hallucinogen or stimulant? Answer by Kama Shankara Confidence votes 1.0KDepending on the Dosage, Nicotine is can be either a Depressant and Stimulant. With a low dosage it is a stimulant, where as with higher dosages it becomes a depressant.7 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Charlie N. 122,923 Contributions I have spent many years renovating buildings and leading a commercial handyman crew. Is glue a depressant hallucinogen or stimulant? I think stimulant ANS 2 - It's a depressant. Reverend Kautz 263 Contributions Is marijuana a stimulant depressant or hallucinogen? Marijuana is a hallucinogenic (helps one hallucinate) and is adepressant that hampers the short term memory as does againg. Depending on the strain, marijuana is psychotropic d …Wizzyrd007 173 Contributions Is cocaine a depressant hallucinogen or stimulant?" }, { "docid": "D3130467#0", "title": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305713000257\nStimulant medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improve memory of emotional stimuli in ADHD-diagnosed college students", "text": "Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Volume 105, April 2013, Pages 58-62Stimulant medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improve memory of emotional stimuli in ADHD-diagnosed college students J. Maul C. Advokat Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.021 Get rights and content Abstract Objective Stimulant medications do not improve the academic achievement of ADHD diagnosed undergraduates. One reason may be that stimulant-induced sympathetic arousal might impair memory. Participants and methods To test this hypothesis, we conducted a study between September 2011 and March 2012, to compare medicated (n = 12) and non-medicated (n = 11) ADHD diagnosed undergraduates, with non-ADHD students (n = 12). All participants were presented with an audiovisual narrative that included an emotional segment, and answered questions about the story one week later. Results All groups remembered the emotional segment significantly better than the neutral segments. Non-medicated ADHD students recalled less of both segments than the medicated ADHD or non-ADHD groups, which did not differ from each other. Conclusion Stimulants improved memory in ADHD students, and did not impair the relative retention of emotional, as opposed to neutral information. Stimulant-induced arousal cannot explain the academic deficit of ADHD undergraduates. Highlights► Stimulant medications do not improve academic outcomes of ADHD students. ► Sympathetic arousal from drugs and stress might impair memory of ADHD students." }, { "docid": "D394673#0", "title": "http://www.middlebury.edu/student-life/health-wellness-education-and-safety/Parton-Center/sportsmed/ncaar/ncaade\nNCAA Drug Exception", "text": "\"NCAA Drug Exception The NCAA has instituted more detailed guidelines for eligibility under medical exceptions for banned substances, including medications for male-pattern baldness, stimulants used to treat ADHD/ ADD, peptide hormones (h GH), and anabolic steroids (testosterone). The student-athlete must now have complete documentation, including a letter dictated by the prescribing physician, on-file at the student-athlete’s school. This documentation needs to include all pertinent physical and psychological tests related to the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Peptide hormones (h GH) and anabolic steroids prescribed for medical conditions require application for a medical exemption by the NCAA in advance of participation. What does this mean for Middlebury College athletes?1) The new rule goes into effect in August 2009, however Middlebury College is starting this process for August 2008 in order to review our procedures and compliance in advance of the actual start date.2) Student-athletes need to provide the Health Center with all documentation related to use of banned substances. Middlebury College Athletics, Sports Medicine and Health Services will not track or verify any information kept for this purpose. The sole responsibility for meeting this NCAA ruling rests with the student athlete and his or her physician.3) It will be the responsibility of the student to have the home prescribing physician provide a letter with the following requisite information:a. Diagnosis being treatedb. How the diagnosis was reached (NCAA medical experts will be looking at how the diagnosis was verified if a drug test is positive)c. Dosage informationd." }, { "docid": "D3475871#0", "title": "https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/19-4-cardiac-physiology/\n128 19.4 Cardiac Physiology", "text": "Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart128 19.4 Cardiac Physiology Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Relate heart rate to cardiac output Describe the effect of exercise on heart rate Identify cardiovascular centers and cardiac reflexes that regulate heart function Describe factors affecting heart rate Distinguish between positive and negative factors that affect heart contractility Summarize factors affecting stroke volume and cardiac output Describe the cardiac response to variations in blood flow and pressure The autorhythmicity inherent in cardiac cells keeps the heart beating at a regular pace; however, the heart is regulated by and responds to outside influences as well. Neural and endocrine controls are vital to the regulation of cardiac function. In addition, the heart is sensitive to several environmental factors, including electrolytes. Resting Cardiac Output Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. To calculate this value, multiply stroke volume (SV), the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle, by heart rate (HR), in contractions per minute (or beats per minute, bpm). It can be represented mathematically by the following equation: CO = HR × SVSV is normally measured using an echocardiogram to record EDV and ESV, and calculating the difference: SV = EDV – ESV. SV can also be measured using a specialized catheter, but this is an invasive procedure and far more dangerous to the patient. A mean SV for a resting 70-kg (150-lb) individual would be approximately 70 m L. There are several important variables, including size of the heart, physical and mental condition of the individual, sex, contractility, duration of contraction, preload or EDV, and afterload or resistance. Normal range for SV would be 55–100 m L. An average resting HR would be approximately 75 bpm but could range from 60–100 in some individuals." }, { "docid": "D2202891#0", "title": "http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/800_899/0820.html\nCarotid Sinus Stimulation for Hypertension", "text": "\"Number: 0820Policy Aetna considers implantable carotid sinus stimulators (e.g., the Barostim neo ™ System, and the Rheos Baroreflex Hypertension Therapy System) experimental and investigational for the treatment of hypertension and for all other indications (e.g., heart failure) because its effectiveness has not been established. Aetna considers magnetic stimulation of carotid sinus experimental and investigational for the treatment of hypertension because its effectiveness has not been established. Background Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite the availability of potent anti-hypertensive medications, many patients remain hypertensive. Thus, non-pharmacological therapies have been attracting more interest. Electrical stimulation (ES) of the carotid sinus has been shown to lowers blood pressure (BP) by activating the baroreflex and thereby reducing sympathetic tone. The arterial baroreflex regulates mean arterial pressure by responding automatically to changes in cardiac output and vessel tone via baroreceptors, which monitor arterial pressure by gauging the degree of stretch in vessel walls. Baroreceptors are located in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries, with a concentration of receptors located within the carotid sinus. Activation of baroreceptors produces immediate responses in cardiovascular sympathetic and cardiac parasympathetic nerves to adjust heart rate (HR), stroke volume, vasoconstriction, as well as fluid excretion. These actions raise or lower BP as needed." }, { "docid": "D657096#0", "title": "http://stimulants.com/legal-stimulants/\nLegal Stimulants", "text": "Legal Stimulants Stimulants are drugs that act upon the central nervous system to produce stimulant effects such as increased awareness or alertness, improved concentration and boosted energy. Legal stimulants differ from region to region based on the individual laws and policies of local government. Generally speaking, in the United States, legal stimulants include a range of drugs such as nicotine, caffeine and certain prescription amphetamines. Nicotine Nicotine is a legal stimulant that can produce a wide range of effects and serious symptoms if it is abused regularly or repeatedly. Unfortunately, many people mistakenly believe that Nicotine is safe for use because it is legal. Cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco and electronic cigarettes all have various levels of the legal stimulant Nicotine in them. According to the US National Library of Medicine, this stimulant can produce fatal effects if it is heavily consumed but generally, nicotine does not produce immediately deadly side effects. Unfortunately, Nicotine can lead to physical dependence and there are risks of serious health consequences if a user takes nicotine regularly. Smoking can lead to lung disease, cancer, heart disease and other serious side effects. Although legal stimulants such as Nicotine can be openly purchased at stores and gas stations throughout the United States, users should beware that the legality of a drug does not necessarily signify that the drug is safe." }, { "docid": "D2520515#0", "title": "http://www.druginformation.com/RxDrugs/D/Dexmethylphenidate%20HCl%20ER%20Capsule.html\n.", "text": "Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride Extended Release Capsules DEA Controlled Substance Schedule C-IITABLE OF CONTENTS1. DESCRIPTION 8. ADVERSE REACTIONS2. INDICATIONS AND USAGE 9. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE3. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 10. OVERDOSAGE4. CONTRAINDICATIONS 11. DRUG INTERACTIONS5. MECHANISM OF ACTION 12." }, { "docid": "D1324611#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methcathinone\nMethcathinone", "text": "\"Methcathinone From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2013)Methcathinone Clinical data Routes of administration Vaporized, insufflated, injected, orally ATC codenone Legal status Legal status CA: Schedule IIIDE: Anlage I (Authorized scientific use only)UK: Class BUS: Schedule IPharmacokinetic data Excretion Urine Identifiers IUPAC name [show]CAS Number5650-44-2 ( R form) 49656-78-2 (R form · HCl) 112117-24-5 (S form) 66514-93-0 (S form · HCl)Pub Chem CID1576Chem Spider1519ECHA Info Card 100.024.630Chemical and physical data Formula C 10 H 13 N OMolar mass 163.22 g/mol3D model ( JSmol)Interactive image Chirality Racemic mixture SMILES [show]In Ch I [show] (what is this?) ( verify)Methcathinone [ pronunciation?] ( α- methyl amino - propiophenone or ephedrone) (sometimes called \"\" cat \"\" or \"\" jeff \"\" or \"\" catnip \"\" or \"\" intash \"\" ) is a monoamine alkaloid and psychoactive stimulant, a substituted cathinone. It is used as a recreational drug due to its potent stimulant and euphoric effects and is considered to be addictive, with both physical and psychological withdrawal occurring if its use is discontinued after prolonged or high-dosage administration. [ 1] It is usually snorted, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally. Methcathinone is listed as a Schedule I controlled substance by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the United States ' Controlled Substances Act, and as such it is not considered to be safe or effective in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or cure of any disease, and has no approved medical use. Possession and distribution of methcathinone for the purpose of human consumption is illegal under any/all circumstances in the United States and is either illegal or highly regulated in most jurisdictions world-wide." } ]
9024	____________ is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges	[ { "docid": "D1484764#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=UORWXB55\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: ____________ is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges. Suspension Restriction Cancellation Revocation A: Suspension is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges. Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)____________ is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges. Suspension Restriction Cancellation Revocation" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1386816#0", "title": "https://legaldictionary.net/revocation/\nRevocation", "text": "Revocation The term “revocation” refers to the recall, cancellation, or annulment of something that has been granted, such as a privilege, an offer, or a contract. There are many forms of revocation, and the term applies to issues in civil as well as criminal law. For example, an offer may be revoked, privileges in military service may be revoked, and the right to hold a driver’s license may be revoked. Although there may be many situations in which individuals would desire to revoke something previously granted, whether or not it is allowed by law depends very much on the circumstances. To explore this concept, consider the following revocation definition. Definition of Revocation Noun Nullification, withdrawal, or annulment The act of revoking something Origin1375-1425 Late Middle English revocacion Revocation in Contract Law In contract law, the term revocation may refer to the termination or withdrawal of an offer. The party making an offer may legally revoke it before it has been accepted by the other party. This sometimes occurs when the party receiving the offer requests time to think about it, or makes a counteroffer with different terms. Once an offer has been accepted, however, it cannot be withdrawn, as it then becomes a legally binding agreement. Additionally, revocation is a type of legal remedy for a buyer in receipt of goods that do not conform to those specified in the contract." }, { "docid": "D2260721#0", "title": "http://www.mvd.newmexico.gov/driver-procedures-manual.aspx?1f7fcb5548ee4e17a47ff4e27e571a01blogPostId=cbdc8fc847f64166a7711d7efd973eb3\nDriver Procedures Manual", "text": "\"Driver Procedures Manual Chapter 1: Definitions01/13/20143:20 PMRevised December 11, 2017ADAthe Americans with Disabilities Act; provides civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities; guarantees equal opportunity to individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services and telecommunications Alien registration receipt card (I-151) and permanent resident card (I-551) the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) document which represents an alien’s right to live and work in the United States, also known as a \"\"Green Card\"\"; the old form I-151 has been replaced by form I-551, which includes the holder's picture, fingerprint and signature and is intended to positively identify the holder as a legal permanent resident Arrival-Departure Record (Form I-94) a U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) form that shows the date an individual arrived in the U. S. and the date when the individual's authorized period of stay expires Canceled (CDL) the commercial driver’s license has been revoked and the driver is not eligible to apply for a commercial driver’s license until the period of time for which the driver was disqualified has elapsed Cancelation when a driver’s license is annulled and terminated because of some error or defect or because the licensee is no longer entitled to the license; application for a new license may be made at any time after cancellation CDL commercial driver’s license; a license which authorizes the holder to operate a commercial motor vehicle CDLIS commercial driver’s license information system; the information system created pursuant to the federal Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 that contains information pertaining to operators of commercial motor vehicles Class A license (CDL) authorizes the licensee to operate any combination of vehicles with a gross combined vehicle weight rating of 26,001 or more pounds provided the gross vehicle weight rating of the vehicle being towed is in excess of 10,000 pounds, and all lesser classes (B, C and D) of vehicles except motorcycles Class B license (CDL) authorizes the licensee to operate any single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,001 or more pounds, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle not in excess of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, and all lesser classes (C and D) of vehicles except motorcycles Class C license (CDL) authorizes the licensee to operate any single vehicle less than 26,001 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle not in excess of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, and all lesser classes (D) of vehicles except motorcycles; applies only to vehicles placarded for hazardous materials or designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver Class D license (non-commercial) authorizes the licensee to operate any vehicle included in class C, any single vehicle less than 26,001 pounds gross vehicle weight, and such vehicles towing vehicles provided that:the towing vehicle is of equal or greater weight than the vehicle being towed; orif the towing vehicle is of lesser weight than the towed vehicle, the weight in the towed vehicle does not exceed the manufacturer’s rated capacity and: (a) the towing vehicle has either a class 4 or higher equalizing hitch or a fifth wheel; (b) the vehicle being towed is a trailer; or (c) the vehicle combination properly displays slow-moving insignia and moves at speeds of 25 mph or less Class E license (CDL-exempt) issued only to individuals who are exempt from the requirements of the New Mexico Commercial Driver’s License Act; authorizes licensee to operate any vehicle or combination of vehicles described in 18.19.5.112 NMAC (including recreational vehicles, certain farm and ranch vehicles, firefighting vehicles, and military vehicles owned or operated by the department of defense and operated by non-civilian operators.) and any class D vehicle Class M license (motorcycle) authorizes the licensee to operate a motorcycle; issued to drivers who drive only a motorcycle vehicle; must have an endorsement of “Z”, “Y” or “W” to be valid Combination any connected assemblage of a motor vehicle and one or more semitrailers, trailers or semitrailers converted to trailers by means of a converter gear Commercial driver’s license (CDL) a license (class A, B, or C) which authorizes the holder to operate a commercial motor vehicle Commercial motor vehicle (§66-1-4.3 (J))? a self-propelled or towed vehicle, other than special mobile equipment, used on public highways in commerce to transport passengers or property when the vehicle:is operated interstate and has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross combination weight rating, or gross vehicle weight or gross combination weight, of 4,536 kilograms, or 10,001 pounds or more; or is operated only in intrastate commerce and has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross combination weight rating, or gross vehicle weight or gross combination weight, of 26,001 or more pounds;is designed or used to transport more than eight passengers, including the driver, and is used to transport passengers for compensation;is designed or used to transport more than 15 passengers, including the driver, and is not used to transport passengers for compensation; oris used to transport hazardous materials of the type or quantity requiring placarding under rules prescribed by applicable federal or state law [Note: This is the basic Motor Vehicle Code definition at §66-1-4.3 (J). There are different definitions of \"\"commercial motor vehicle\"\" specific to CDL at §66-5-54C and 18.19.5.7 NMAC, and for DWI at §? 66-8-102T (2). ] Commercial motor vehicle (CDL) (§ 66-5-54 (C)) a motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles used in commerce to transport passengers or property if the motor vehicle:has a gross combination weight rating of more than 26,000 pounds inclusive of a towed unit with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds;has a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 26,000 pounds;is designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver; oris of any size and is used in the transportation of hazardous materials, which requires the motor vehicle to be placarded under applicable law. Denied having an instructor’s permit, driver’s license or provisional license denied for driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs Disqualification (CDL) a prohibition against driving a commercial motor vehicle Disqualified (CDL) a driver who has had the qualification to drive a commercial motor vehicle removed and whose New Mexico commercial driver’s license is canceled DOT medical card or physical examiners certificate (CDL) the medical examiner’s certificate required by Sec. 391 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations Driver every person who drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle, including a motorcycle, upon a highway, who is exercising control over or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle or who operates or is in actual physical control of an off-highway motor vehicle Driver’s license (§ 66-1-4.4 (L)) a license or a class of license issued by a state or other jurisdiction pertaining to the authorizing of persons to operate motor vehicles and that meets federal requirements to be accepted by federal agencies for official federal purposes Driver License Compact (DLC) together with the Nonresident Violator Compact (NRVC), an agreement between the states to promote highway safety by sharing and transmitting driver and conviction information; both currently being revised and combined into a new Driver License Agreement (DLA)Driving authorization card (DAC) a card issued or recognized under the laws of New Mexico pertaining to the authorizing of persons to operate motor vehicles and not intended to be accepted by federal agencies for official federal purposes DWI driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs EDL Enhanced Driver's License; the EDL includes a digital image that is stored as part of the driving record, a digital signature that is also captured and stored, and a magnetic stripe that encodes the printed information on the license Emancipated minor any person sixteen years of age or older who has entered into a valid marriage; is on active duty with any of the U. S. armed forces; or has received a declaration of emancipation from the children’s court of the district in which he resides Financial Responsibility the ability to respond in damages for liability resulting from traffic accidents arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle in amounts not less than specified in the Mandatory Financial Responsibility Act or having in effect a motor vehicle insurance policy; includes a motor vehicle insurance policy, a surety bond or evidence of a sufficient cash deposit with the state treasurer Graduated Driver licensing (GDL) the licensing program described in §§ 66-5-5 and 66-5-8, beginning with an instruction permit as early as age 15, a provisional license at 15 years and six months of age, and full licensure at age 16 and six months Gross combination weight rating (GCWR) the value specified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a combination vehicle; or, if no value is specified by the manufacturer, the sum of the gross vehicle weight rating of the power unit and the total weight of the towed unit or units and any load thereon Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) the value specified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a single vehicle Hazardous material a substance or material in a quantity and form that may pose an unreasonable risk to health, safety or property when transported in commerce Hazardous material or “hazmat” (H or X) endorsement (CDL) an endorsement on a commercial driver’s license that authorizes the licensee to drive a vehicle transporting hazardous material; requires background check" }, { "docid": "D2733024#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/3903391/drivers-ed-flash-cards/\nDrivers Ed", "text": "12 terms chemismith Drivers Ed Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Revocation The termination of a driver's license or driving privilege for an indefinite period of time. A revocation may be restored when all requirements for the revocation has been satisfied. Cancellation The withdrawal of a driver's license or driving privilege until the driver is able to re-qualify. Suspension The temporary withdrawal of a driver's license or driving privilege for a definite period of time. Yield law Yield to merger from left if merging from right Traffic signs ... ... warn, guide, inform, regulatered stop or prohibitiongreen indicated movements, permitted direction, guidanceblue motorist guidanceyellow general warningblack/white regulationorange construction and maintenancebrown public recreation and scenic guidance Flickr Creative Commons Images Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com. Click to see the original works with their full license.red green blue yellow black/whiteorange brown Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc." }, { "docid": "D1968116#0", "title": "http://dor.mo.gov/drivers/commercial/cmv.php\nCommercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) Operators and the Law", "text": "\"Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) Operators and the Law Home » Driver License » commercial » cmv Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) Operators and the Law (pamphlet version) (08/2009)A driver with a Class A, B, or C Commercial Driver License (CDL) is automatically licensed to operate both commercial and private (noncommercial) motor vehicles using one driver license. However, if the driver commits an offense that requires the suspension or revocation of his/her driver license, the driver will lose all driving privileges, including commercial driving privileges. A CDL holder, whose license is suspended or revoked cannot drive any CMV during the period of suspension or revocation. The CDL holder can only apply for limited driving privileges to operate private (noncommercial) vehicles. What are some of the offenses that require the suspension or revocation of any driver license? Accumulation of points for traffic offenses occurring while operating any vehicle, such as speeding, careless driving, driving while intoxicated. Driving any motor vehicle with a .08% or more Blood Alcohol Content (BAC), or if under 21 years old driving with a .02% or more BAC (administrative suspension/revocation). Driving without insurance (administrative suspension). Refusal to submit to chemical testing when requested to do so by law enforcement (one year administrative revocation). Court-ordered suspension or revocation of license for a drug or alcohol related offense (Abuse and Lose administrative action against license)." }, { "docid": "D48057#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.com/il/illinois/suspended-license\nFREE DUI Attorney Consultation", "text": "Suspended Illinois Drivers License FREE DUI Attorney Consultation Find a Top Rated Lawyer In Your Area1. Personal Information 2. Claim Details1. Personal Information Continue1. Get Started With Drivers License Reinstatement Assistance Online In order to get an Illinois drivers license reinstated, you need to complete a number of important steps when applying. In order to simplify the process, you will need to gather the necessary documents, calculate your required fee payment before being able to reinstate your Illinois drivers license. Online assistance can help you complete all of these steps quickly and easily by providing you with all of the information you need to know about replacing your license. Start simplifying your application process today.2. By Mail Rather than get ahead with online assistance and services, some Illinois residents prefer to handle their DMV transactions via mail. Drivers can complete a few different procedures by mail, but payment methods are restricted, and the transactions have inconvenient and lengthy turnaround times for results.3." }, { "docid": "D2435938#0", "title": "http://dotphysicaldoctor.com/ok/\nOklahoma CDL and DOT Medical Card Requirements", "text": "Oklahoma CDL and DOT Medical Card Requirements Find Driver Friendly™ locations to get your medical card. Click to find DOT physical locations in OKLAHOMA Click to find DOT physical locations in OTHER STATESOklahoma CDL Requirements The Oklahoma Department of Public Safety (DPS) will be adding your medical certification status and the information on your medical examiner’s certificate to your Commercial driver’s license system (CDLIS) record. Interstate Non-Excepted You must meet the Federal DOT medical certificate requirements. Starting January 30, 2012 and no later than January 30, 2014, all Oklahoma CDL holders must provide information to the Oklahoma Department of Public Safety regarding the type of commercial motor vehicle operation they drive or expect to drive. If you are operating Interstate Non-Excepted, you will also be required to submit a current medical examiner’s certificate to obtain a “certified” medical status as part of your driving record. If you do not provide DPS with your self-certification and your medical examiner’s certificate and any required variance document by January 30, 2014 – DPS will notify you that you are no longer medically certified to operate a CMV in Non-Excepted Interstate commerce. DPS will then remove all your CDL privileges from your license. Submit Your Self Certification Affidavit and Medical Certificate to Oklahoma Department of Public Safety Submit the following two documents: Oklahoma Commercial Driver Licensee Medical Self-Certification Affidavit – download the form here from Oklahoma Dept of Public Safety. Copy of your valid DOT medical card. Enlarge the copy to ensure that all information is legible." }, { "docid": "D1499572#0", "title": "https://www.azbn.gov/licensure-certification/application-instructions/rn-lpn-aprn-renewal\nRN / LPN / APRN Renewal", "text": "\"Home Licensure & Certification Application Instructions RN / LPN / APRN Renewal RN / LPN / APRN Renewal Application Instructions for RN / LPN Licensure Renewal To check the status of your application go to License Verification and perform a license verification search by name or license number. Please allow up to 30 days for paper applications to show up in the license verification system before contacting the Board. We are encouraging all nurses who are due to renew, to renew online through My Services. As you are aware, the State's budget is very limited and the Arizona State Board of Nursing is attempting to do what is necessary to avoid raising the licensure renewal fee. One way you can assist is to renew online. When you renew online, your license is renewed instantly and you are able to print your own license. NOTE: Paper applications take an average of 30 days from the time the application is received until the license is issued.» Continue to Online Renewal Important Nurses previously licensed in Arizona must reapply by renewal, not by endorsement. ARIZONA IS A COMPACT STATE. If your Primary State of Residency is in another Compact State do not apply for licensure in Arizona unless you are declaring Arizona as your Primary State of Residency." }, { "docid": "D1390926#0", "title": "http://www.txdmv.gov/motorists/disabled-parking-placards-plates\nMotorists Dealers Motor CarriersContact Us1-888-DMV-GOTX1-888 (368-4689)Email UsMore Contact Options Â»", "text": "\"Disabled Parking, Placards and Plates A blue placard is for a person who has a permanent disability. This placard is renewable every 4 years. A red placard is for a person who has a temporary disability. This placard expires in 6 months or less. A license plate with the International Symbol of Access (ISA) is for a person who has a permanent disability. Those with a disabled parking placard or a license plate displaying the ISA may: Park in any spot designated for persons with disabilities. Be exempt from local and state government parking meters. State law does not allow you to exceed the meter limit, but cities may pass ordinances to extend your meter time. Eligibility How to Apply or Renew Out-of-State/ Out-of-Country Visitors Lost, Stolen & Seized Placards Disabled Veterans Placard and plate eligibility is based on a medical condition that meets the legal definition of a disability. \"\" Disability\"\" means a condition in which a person has: Visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with correcting lenses Visual acuity of more than 20/200 but with a limited field of vision in which the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle of 20 degrees or less Mobility problems that substantially impair a person's ability to move around; these problems can be caused by: Paralysis Lung disease Cardiac deficiency Wheelchair confinement Arthritis Foot disorder Other medical condition causing a person to use a brace, cane, crutch or other assistive device." }, { "docid": "D667801#0", "title": "https://driversprep.com/what-does-it-mean-to-have-a-drivers-license-revoked/\nWhat Does it Mean to have a Driverâs License Revoked?", "text": "What Does it Mean to have a Driver’s License Revoked? September 7, 2016 Mark License 0Did You Get Your Driver’s License Revoked? Here is what it means. A revocation is a withdrawal or complete termination of your driving privilege. The revocation is indefinite. There is no guarantee that you will get your license back. If your driver’s license would have been suspended, it is usually a temporary action for a specific period of time. When your suspension period is over, your license may be reinstated as long as you meet the conditions for a reinstatement. This is not the case with a revocation. How Can You Get a Revoked Driver’s License Back?" }, { "docid": "D3470223#0", "title": "http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0316/Sections/0316.1932.html\n.", "text": "(1) (a)1.a. Any person who accepts the privilege extended by the laws of this state of operating a motor vehicle within this state is, by so operating such vehicle, deemed to have given his or her consent to submit to an approved chemical test or physical test including, but not limited to, an infrared light test of his or her breath for the purpose of determining the alcoholic content of his or her blood or breath if the person is lawfully arrested for any offense allegedly committed while the person was driving or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcoholic beverages. The chemical or physical breath test must be incidental to a lawful arrest and administered at the request of a law enforcement officer who has reasonable cause to believe such person was driving or was in actual physical control of the motor vehicle within this state while under the influence of alcoholic beverages. The administration of a breath test does not preclude the administration of another type of test. The person shall be told that his or her failure to submit to any lawful test of his or her breath will result in the suspension of the person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle for a period of 1 year for a first refusal, or for a period of 18 months if the driving privilege of such person has been previously suspended as a result of a refusal to submit to such a test or tests, and shall also be told that if he or she refuses to submit to a lawful test of his or her breath and his or her driving privilege has been previously suspended for a prior refusal to submit to a lawful test of his or her breath, urine, or blood, he or she commits a misdemeanor in addition to any other penalties. The refusal to submit to a chemical or physical breath test upon the request of a law enforcement officer as provided in this section is admissible into evidence in any criminal proceeding.b. Any person who accepts the privilege extended by the laws of this state of operating a motor vehicle within this state is, by so operating such vehicle, deemed to have given his or her consent to submit to a urine test for the purpose of detecting the presence of chemical substances as set forth in s. 877.111 or controlled substances if the person is lawfully arrested for any offense allegedly committed while the person was driving or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the influence of chemical substances or controlled substances. The urine test must be incidental to a lawful arrest and administered at a detention facility or any other facility, mobile or otherwise, which is equipped to administer such tests at the request of a law enforcement officer who has reasonable cause to believe such person was driving or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle within this state while under the influence of chemical substances or controlled substances. The urine test shall be administered at a detention facility or any other facility, mobile or otherwise, which is equipped to administer such test in a reasonable manner that will ensure the accuracy of the specimen and maintain the privacy of the individual involved. The administration of a urine test does not preclude the administration of another type of test." }, { "docid": "D272162#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.com/ca/california/suspended-license\nFREE DUI Attorney Consultation", "text": "Suspended California Drivers License FREE DUI Attorney Consultation Find a Top Rated Lawyer In Your Area1. Personal Information 2. Claim Details1. Personal Information Continue1. Get Started With Drivers License Reinstatement Assistance Online In order to get a California drivers license reinstated, you need to complete a number of important steps when applying. In order to simplify the process, you will need to gather the necessary documents, calculate your required fee payment before being able to reinstate your California drivers license. Online assistance can help you complete all of these steps quickly and easily by providing you with all of the information you need to know about replacing your license. Start simplifying your application process today.2. By Mail Rather than get ahead with online assistance and services, some California residents prefer to handle their DMV transactions via mail. Drivers can complete a few different procedures by mail, but payment methods are restricted, and the transactions have inconvenient and lengthy turnaround times for results.3." }, { "docid": "D1283637#0", "title": "http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/special-plates-for-drunk-driving-offenders.aspx\nSpecial License Plates for Drunk Driving Offenders", "text": "\"Special License Plates for Drunk Driving Offenders Featured Items Summaries of Current Special License Plate Legislation Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2015Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2014Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2013Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2012Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2011Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2010Summaries Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2009NCSL Staff Contact D ouglas Shinkle Updated August 2016Summaries of Current Special License Plate Legislation Georgia Plates bearing a special series of numbers and letters may be issued in limited circumstances. ( Georgia Code §40-2-136)Iowa Repealed in 1995. If a member of the household has a valid license, they were permitted to apply for special license plates, which contained a \"\"Z\"\" in the series of numbers. ( Iowa Code §321J.4A)Minnesota If a person is convicted of an offense that makes mandatory the revocation of the person's driver's license, such as driving while impaired, the court may require the registration plates of any self-propelled motor vehicle owned by the person or registered in the person's name to be surrendered to the court. Special plates may then be issued if family member of the offender has a valid license. The plates would bear a special series of numbers. ( Minnesota Statutes §§168.041 & 168.042)2015 MN SB 1073 - Would add participants in the ignition interlock program and certain limited licenses to the list of authorized recipients of special plates from the commissioner. Ohio Any motor vehicle owner who has had the license plates of a motor vehicle impounded because of an OVI violation may apply to the registrar of motor vehicles for restricted license plates that are different from regular state plates, in red and yellow colors. Use of the plates became mandatory in 2004. ( Ohio statutes §§4507.02 (F) (2) and 4503.231)Oregon Pilot program ended 12/31/94." }, { "docid": "D806216#0", "title": "http://www.bradley.edu/offices/business/parking/regulations/\nParking Regulations", "text": "\"Parking Regulations Summary/Overview Any motor vehicle parked on University property in regulated spaces must display a valid Bradley University parking permit or pass. The type of permit indicates the areas where the vehicle may be parked. Any vehicle which has accumulated five (5) or more unpaid parking citations or which inhibits traffic flow, hampers fire protection, is parked illegally in a reserved or handicapped space, blocks handicapped access, displays a lost/stolen or forged/altered parking permit is subject to immediate towing and impoundment. Parking permits are required from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. The Visitors lot is a reserved area. All faculty, staff and students are prohibited from parking within this area unless otherwise notified. These regulations are subject to change without notice when necessary to facilitate the parking or safety program of the University. When changes are necessary and have been approved by the University, an announcement will be made, if possible, in appropriate University publications, prior to the effective date of the change. Driver Responsibility Finding Authorized Space. The responsibility of finding an authorized parking space rests with the driver." }, { "docid": "D3101690#0", "title": "http://www.dmv.org/tx-texas/traffic-ticket-fines-and-penalties.php\nTicket Fines and Penalties in Texas", "text": "Home Texas Violations & Safety Traffic Tickets Ticket Fines and Penalties Share Tweet Pin It Email Print Ticket Fines and Penalties in Texas You Could Save on Your Traffic Ticket Texas Traffic Ticket Savings Calculator Enter your traffic ticket information:97% Success Rates We Win Or It's Free Matched to Best Attorney I got a ticket for in Texas. My fine is $ and each month I pay $for car insurance. Fighting this ticket could save you $Fight Your Ticket Texas Traffic Ticket Fines and Costs Traffic ticket fines vary by county in Texas. For example, running a red light in Bexar County won't cost the same as running one in Travis County. Additionally, counties might charge various fees that differ throughout the state. To ensure you pay the proper amount, check the total fines listed on your traffic citation. Any additional questions you might have regarding the full amount owed should be directed to the specific county court named on the traffic ticket. If you have misplaced your citation, check out our page on tracking down lost traffic tickets . Surcharges Texas charges additional administrative fees, or surcharges, to drivers with convictions reported to their driving record. This is part of the state's Driver Responsibility Program (DRP)." }, { "docid": "D2609459#0", "title": "http://dmv.utah.gov/plates/disabled\nDisabled Plates and Placards", "text": "Disabled Plates and Placards Click image to enlarge Qualifications for disabled parking Obtaining plates or placards Cost of plates or placards Placards’ length of validity Extra placards for additional vehicles How to display a placard Where you may park Honoring plates and placards from other states Replacing a lost placard Abuses of disabled parking privileges Personalized Plates Issuance of permanent placards to an institution Qualifications for Disabled Parking Individuals with disabilities can qualify for disabled person’s license plates, which are mounted on their cars in place of regular license plates, or disabled person’s placards, that are hung from the rear view mirror of their cars. These plates or placards allow the disabled person to park in specially marked parking areas that are convenient to the entrances of public buildings. The plates may be personalized. State law defines a “disabled” person as one who:cannot walk 200 feet without stopping to rest;cannot walk without the use of, or assistance from, a brace, cane, crutch, another person, prosthetic device, wheelchair or other devices;is restricted by lung disease to a specific standard;uses portable oxygen;has a cardiac condition to a specific standard; oris severely limited in his or her ability to walk, due to an arthritic, neurological, or orthopedic condition. Although many people, such as new mothers, people with minor injuries and others, can obviously benefit from the use of disabled parking privileges, each case must meet one of the six criteria listed above in order to qualify. Certification of continued qualification and use must be provided every two years when requested by the DMV. Plate must be surrendered upon death or inability to use. Obtaining Plates or Placards You may apply for a disabled person’s plate or placard at your local Motor Vehicle office, or by mail: Division of Motor Vehicles Mail and Correspondence PO Box 30412 Salt Lake City, UT 84130There is an additional $4 postage fee for plates obtained through the mail. Approval will require a Form TC-842, Disabled Person And Physician Disability Certification. The form’s “Physician’s Disability Certification” section must be completed by a licensed physician." }, { "docid": "D3114114#0", "title": "http://www.ocduilaw.com/FAQs.aspx\nFrequently Asked Questions", "text": "1. Will a DUI arrest cause me to lose my California drivers license?2. What does a free consultation entail?3. Does the DMV know I was arrested for a DUI?4. Is it true that the DMV must be contacted within ten (10) days of my DUI arrest?5. What if I didn’t contact the DMV within 10 days of my DUI arrest?6. What If I did contact the DMV within the 10 days after my DUI arrest?7. After my DUI, the officer took my California driver's license. What do I do for identification?8. After the DUI arrest, when will my California Driver's License be returned to me?9." }, { "docid": "D762264#0", "title": "http://www.anellixavier.com/dui-foundation/what-are-suspended-and-revoked-drivers-licenses\nWhat are Suspended and Revoked Driverâs Licenses?", "text": "What are Suspended and Revoked Driver’s Licenses? United States citizens associate driving with freedom and view driving as a privilege. According to them, the right of driving cannot be taken from them like the right of keeping weapons. Who can suspend a driving license? If a driver violates any driving laws, then his/her license can be suspended: On court orders From the Ministry of Transportation At the side of the road What are the reasons of license suspension? A driver’s license can be suspended for different reasons. Here are some of the common reasons that will get your driver’s license taken away: Refusal to perform a sobriety test when pulled over or refusal to give blood, breath or urine sample for chemical testing. Driver negligence being the reason of an accident that causes injury or death of another person. If test results show that you are driving under the influence of drugs whether legal, illegal, or prescription. If you are convicted of DUI." }, { "docid": "D1818834#0", "title": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whats-difference-audrey-cosgrove\nWhat's the Difference?", "text": "What's the Difference? Published on March 15, 2016Audrey Cosgrove Follow Sign in to follow this author Associate General Counsel at Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation The difference between suspension and revocation A person’s driver’s license can be suspended or revoked in Illinois. Although the result is the same, the consequences are entirely different. A suspension involves the temporary loss of driving privileges, either for a specified period of time or until the impediment is cleared up. A person will have his driver’s license suspended for a period of time for multiple minor traffic violations in a specified period or for refusing or failing a breathalyzer exam. A person will have his drivers license suspended until further notice for such things as unpaid parking tickets or fines, failing to appear on a traffic ticket, failing to provide proof of insurance or failing to pay a judgment. The road to reinstatement is quite simple in both cases, however. In the first case, after the period of time has expired. The license can be re-instated by simply paying the reinstatement fee. In the second case, the license can be re-instated at any time simply by clearing up the matter causing the suspension and, again, paying the reinstatement fee." }, { "docid": "D1677905#0", "title": "https://www.idrivesafely.com/traffic-school/colorado/fines-and-penalties/\nColorado Traffic Ticket Fines and Penalties", "text": "Colorado Traffic Ticket Fines and Penalties If you’re caught violating driving laws in Colorado, chances are you will be fined and penalized. Depending on many things (the severity of the crime, the location, and the officer’s mood that day), the punishment can vary widely. One thing’s for sure, though – between your insurance going up and the cost of the actual tickets, you could wind up driving yourself right into the poorhouse!Colorado Point System Every moving violation in Colorado also comes with a point value assigned to it. If you are convicted of too many infractions in a certain amount of time, you could wind up facing additional penalties, and possibly even getting your license suspended. There are three different age brackets that Colorado uses for determining license suspension: If you are under 18 years, and you accrue 6 points in a 12-month period OR if you get 7 or more points for the duration of your license, it will be suspended. If you are between the ages of 18 and 21, and you get 9 points in 12 months, or 12 points in 24 months, or if you have 14 points for the duration of your license, it will be suspended. And adult drivers who get 12 points in 12 months, or 18 points in 24 months will also have their license suspended. Colorado Point Values Speeding (5 - 9 MPH over the limit): 1 point Failure to yield right-of-way: 3 points Improper passing: 4 points Failure to show proof of insurance: 4 points Speeding (10 - 19 MPH over the limit): 4 points Careless driving: 4 points Speeding (20 - 39 MPH over the limit): 6 points Reckless driving: 8 points Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol: 12 points Speed contests: 12 points Evading an officer: 12 points Speeding (40+ MPH over the limit): 12 points Leaving an accident scene: 12 points Types of Suspension There are four kinds of driver license suspension in Colorado. They are as follows: License Suspension: This is the most lenient of the suspensions. It’s only a temporary withdrawal of a person’s driving privileges." }, { "docid": "D950257#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.com/fl/florida/drivers-license-renewal\n1. Renew Your Drivers License Online", "text": "1. Renew Your Drivers License Online In order to simplify the process of renewing your Florida drivers license, you are now able to renew it completely online. Renewing your drivers license online is the most convenient option and will save you hours at the DMV. Simply fill out the digital application to submit your renewal request. Note: this is the same information you would need to apply in person, the only difference is, it is done from the comfort of your home. Renew your drivers license online today!2. By Mail Rather than get ahead with online assistance and services, some Florida residents prefer to handle their DMV transactions via mail. Drivers can complete a few different procedures by mail, but payment methods are restricted, and the transactions have inconvenient and lengthy turnaround times for results.3. Via a DMV Office Certain transactions must be completed in person at a Florida DMV office. However, before visiting a local branch, be sure to verify that the location offers the service you require." } ]
9025	____________ is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges.	[ { "docid": "D1484764#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=UORWXB55\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: ____________ is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges. Suspension Restriction Cancellation Revocation A: Suspension is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges. Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)____________ is the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges. Suspension Restriction Cancellation Revocation" } ]	[ { "docid": "D2901006#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.com/pa/pennsylvania/drivers-license-renewal\n1. Get Started With Drivers License Renewal Assistance Online", "text": "\"1. Get Started With Drivers License Renewal Assistance Online In order to renew your Pennsylvania drivers license, you need to complete a number of important steps when applying. In order to simplify the process, you will need to gather the necessary documents and calculate your required fee payment before being able to renew your Pennsylvania drivers license. Online assistance can help you complete all of these steps quickly and easily by providing you with all of the information you need to know about renew your license. Start simplifying your application process today.2. By Mail Rather than get ahead with online assistance and services, some Pennsylvania residents prefer to handle their DMV transactions via mail. Drivers can complete a few different procedures by mail, but payment methods are restricted, and the transactions have inconvenient and lengthy turnaround times for results.3. Via a DMV Office Certain transactions must be completed in person at a Pennsylvania DMV office. However, before visiting a local branch, be sure to verify that the location offers the service you require. Not all DMV procedures can be completed at every location." }, { "docid": "D3470223#0", "title": "http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0316/Sections/0316.1932.html\n.", "text": "(1) (a)1.a. Any person who accepts the privilege extended by the laws of this state of operating a motor vehicle within this state is, by so operating such vehicle, deemed to have given his or her consent to submit to an approved chemical test or physical test including, but not limited to, an infrared light test of his or her breath for the purpose of determining the alcoholic content of his or her blood or breath if the person is lawfully arrested for any offense allegedly committed while the person was driving or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcoholic beverages. The chemical or physical breath test must be incidental to a lawful arrest and administered at the request of a law enforcement officer who has reasonable cause to believe such person was driving or was in actual physical control of the motor vehicle within this state while under the influence of alcoholic beverages. The administration of a breath test does not preclude the administration of another type of test. The person shall be told that his or her failure to submit to any lawful test of his or her breath will result in the suspension of the person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle for a period of 1 year for a first refusal, or for a period of 18 months if the driving privilege of such person has been previously suspended as a result of a refusal to submit to such a test or tests, and shall also be told that if he or she refuses to submit to a lawful test of his or her breath and his or her driving privilege has been previously suspended for a prior refusal to submit to a lawful test of his or her breath, urine, or blood, he or she commits a misdemeanor in addition to any other penalties. The refusal to submit to a chemical or physical breath test upon the request of a law enforcement officer as provided in this section is admissible into evidence in any criminal proceeding.b. Any person who accepts the privilege extended by the laws of this state of operating a motor vehicle within this state is, by so operating such vehicle, deemed to have given his or her consent to submit to a urine test for the purpose of detecting the presence of chemical substances as set forth in s. 877.111 or controlled substances if the person is lawfully arrested for any offense allegedly committed while the person was driving or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the influence of chemical substances or controlled substances. The urine test must be incidental to a lawful arrest and administered at a detention facility or any other facility, mobile or otherwise, which is equipped to administer such tests at the request of a law enforcement officer who has reasonable cause to believe such person was driving or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle within this state while under the influence of chemical substances or controlled substances. The urine test shall be administered at a detention facility or any other facility, mobile or otherwise, which is equipped to administer such test in a reasonable manner that will ensure the accuracy of the specimen and maintain the privacy of the individual involved. The administration of a urine test does not preclude the administration of another type of test." }, { "docid": "D2565340#0", "title": "https://bubbahead.com/georgia-implied-consent-law-what-does-it-mean/\nGeorgia Implied Consent Law: What Does Implied Consent Mean?", "text": "By: William C. Head, Criminal Defense Attorney Atlanta GA and ABA Board-Certified DUI Attorney The Georgia implied consent law notice in GA is part of a state statute, OCGA 40-5-67.1. All states in the USA have some sort of similar law that controls driver’s’ licenses, in situations where a suspected drunk driver is arrested for DUI-DWI, and is then informed of his or her legal duty to submit to the officer’s requested breath alcohol test, blood test or urine test (or, in GA, possibly all three). This “warning” is the GA implied consent law notice. Law enforcement officers are authorized and trained in the Police Academy to read this implied consent “warning” to the arrested drunken driver. Significantly, notice notifies the arrested motorist that a refusal to participate in the post-arrest testing in GA will suspend his or her driver’s license for a full year. This harsh loss of driving privileges, under the Georgia implied consent law, is among the toughest and most inflexible implied consent laws in America. Can a Judge in GA Issue a H ardship License for a DUI Work Permit? The short answer is NO. Judges have no legal authority to circumvent the Georgia implied consent law, which is controlled by State DUI laws. Your criminal lawyer has to beat a DUI, or negotiate a means of keeping you driving, through the administrative license suspension law in Georgia." }, { "docid": "D1040102#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.org/tx-texas/traffic-ticket-fines-and-penalties.php\nTicket Fines and Penalties in Texas", "text": "Home Texas Violations & Safety Traffic Tickets Ticket Fines and Penalties Share Tweet Pin It Email Print Ticket Fines and Penalties in Texas You Could Save on Your Traffic Ticket Texas Traffic Ticket Savings Calculator Enter your traffic ticket information:97% Success Rates We Win Or It's Free Matched to Best Attorney I got a ticket for in Texas. My fine is $ and each month I pay $for car insurance. Fighting this ticket could save you $Fight Your Ticket Texas Traffic Ticket Fines and Costs Traffic ticket fines vary by county in Texas. For example, running a red light in Bexar County won't cost the same as running one in Travis County. Additionally, counties might charge various fees that differ throughout the state. To ensure you pay the proper amount, check the total fines listed on your traffic citation. Any additional questions you might have regarding the full amount owed should be directed to the specific county court named on the traffic ticket. If you have misplaced your citation, check out our page on tracking down lost traffic tickets . Surcharges Texas charges additional administrative fees, or surcharges, to drivers with convictions reported to their driving record. This is part of the state's Driver Responsibility Program (DRP)." }, { "docid": "D228987#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/driversafety/dsalcohol\nArrest for Driving Under the Influence DUI General Information", "text": "DMV-Hidden DMV-Hidden Arrest for Driving Under the Influence DUI General Information En español I've just been arrested for DUI. What happens now? At the time of my arrest, the officer confiscated my driver license. How do I get it back? The officer issued me an Order of Suspension and Temporary License. What am I supposed to do with this document? The Notice of Suspension that the officer gave me at the time of my arrest states I have ten days to request an administrative hearing. What is the purpose of this hearing and what can it do for me? How long will my driving privilege be suspended if I took the chemical test? Do I need a hearing to get a restricted driver license to go to and from work?" }, { "docid": "D1996318#0", "title": "http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/drivers/faq.html\n.", "text": "Home > Departments > Drivers > FAQFAQ Driver Services Is it possible for me to obtain a copy of my own or another person's driving record? Yes. An abstract of a driving record can be purchased in person at a Driver Services Facility or by writing the Secretary of State, 2701 S. Dirksen Parkway, Springfield, IL 62723. Facility Finder. If you are the parent or legal guardian of a minor person (under age 18) and are requesting the driving record of that minor person, the requestor must submit a notarized written permission of the person listed on the request form to obtain the driving record and pay the $12 fee. If you are an immediate family member (parent/legal guardian, brother, sister, spouse, grandparent, child or grandchild) of the adult person (age 18 or older) and are requesting the driving record of that adult person, the requestor must submit a notarized written permission of the person listed on the request form to obtain the driving record and pay the $12 fee. The cost for a certified abstract of a driving record is $12.00. If you are purchasing another person's driving record, you must provide the driver's full name, sex and date of birth or driver's license number. Before any information will be released, notification will be sent to the person whose record has been requested, giving the date and name of the person making the request. Disclosing an address or other personal information about a licensee is prohibited." }, { "docid": "D1570196#0", "title": "https://www.denver-colorado-criminal-lawyer.com/colorado-criminal-offenses-breakdown/colorado-state-felonies/colorado-state-felonies-colorado-felony-vehicular-homicide-18-3-106-and-vehiclular-assault-18-3-205\n.", "text": "This web page contains the elements of the Colorado Crimes of Colorado Felony Vehicular Homicide (18-3-106) and Vehiclular Assault (18-3-205)These are only the basic elements of these crimes – to fully understand a crime with which you are charged you will need a much greater understanding of Colorado Criminal Law. This web site is designed to empower criminal defendants by helping them understand every phase of the criminal justice process. It also addresses the different types of defenses and strategies that exist in the Colorado Criminal Justice System. If you are charged with a crime and seek to understand the new world you have entered – you need to understand that criminal laws and procedures can be so complex that even judges can get them wrong. Colorado State Felony Vehicular Homicide and Assault Laws Vehicular Homicide (18-3-106)1. ( a) If a person operates or drives a motor vehicle in a reckless manner, and such conduct is the proximate cause of the death of another, such person commits vehicular homicide. ( b) (I) If a person operates or drives a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or one or more drugs, or a combination of both alcohol and one or more drugs, and such conduct is the proximate cause of the death of another, such person commits vehicular homicide. This is a strict liability crime. ( II) For the purposes of this subsection (1), one or more drugs shall mean all substances defined as a drug in section 12-22-303 (13), C. R. S., and all controlled substances defined in section 12-22-303 (7), C. R. S., and glue-sniffing, aerosol inhalation, or the inhalation of any other toxic vapor or vapors as defined in section 18-18-412. ( III) The fact that any person charged with a violation of this subsection (1) is or has been entitled to use one or more drugs under the laws of this state shall not constitute a defense against any charge of violating this subsection (1). (" }, { "docid": "D1499572#0", "title": "https://www.azbn.gov/licensure-certification/application-instructions/rn-lpn-aprn-renewal\nRN / LPN / APRN Renewal", "text": "\"Home Licensure & Certification Application Instructions RN / LPN / APRN Renewal RN / LPN / APRN Renewal Application Instructions for RN / LPN Licensure Renewal To check the status of your application go to License Verification and perform a license verification search by name or license number. Please allow up to 30 days for paper applications to show up in the license verification system before contacting the Board. We are encouraging all nurses who are due to renew, to renew online through My Services. As you are aware, the State's budget is very limited and the Arizona State Board of Nursing is attempting to do what is necessary to avoid raising the licensure renewal fee. One way you can assist is to renew online. When you renew online, your license is renewed instantly and you are able to print your own license. NOTE: Paper applications take an average of 30 days from the time the application is received until the license is issued.» Continue to Online Renewal Important Nurses previously licensed in Arizona must reapply by renewal, not by endorsement. ARIZONA IS A COMPACT STATE. If your Primary State of Residency is in another Compact State do not apply for licensure in Arizona unless you are declaring Arizona as your Primary State of Residency." }, { "docid": "D1484766#0", "title": "http://www.dui1.com/dui_lawyers_driving12.htm\n.", "text": "Revocation vs. Suspension Revocation and suspension are the siblings of DUI convictions; although they are related and often spoken of together, they are distinctly different. Accordingly, driving on a revoked license constitutes a separate offense from driving on a suspended license. Revocation of a license is defined as a formal action to terminate a license, which cannot thereafter be renewed or restored, but only replaced upon application for a new license. Suspension, on the other hand, is less severe and results only in the temporary withdrawal of a person's license or driving privileges. A careful comparison of the statutes defining license revocation and suspension indicates that all revocations are mandatory, while some suspensions are permissive. The DMV is required to revoke a license upon receipt of final conviction for the offenses of manslaughter or vehicular homicide resulting from operation of a motor vehicle, and driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Suspensions may be viewed as more of a slap on the wrist than an actual termination of driving privileges.to fill out a simple form to connect to DUI Lawyers in your area. DUI Lawyers CLICK HERESelect DUI Attorneys by State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming" }, { "docid": "D1298672#0", "title": "http://dui.findlaw.com/dui-charges/dui-offense-basics.html\nDUI Offense Basics", "text": "\"DUI Offense Basics In every state, it is a crime for a driver to operate a vehicle while impaired by the effects of alcohol or drugs. The specific offense may be called driving under the influence (DUI), driving while intoxicated (DWI), operating under the influence (OUI), and even operating a motor vehicle intoxicated (OMVI). Whatever the specific title, DUI laws make it unlawful for a person to operate a car, truck, motorcycle, or commercial vehicle if: The driver's ability to safely operate the vehicle is impaired by the effects of alcohol, illegal drugs, prescribed medications such as painkillers, or even over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines; or The driver is intoxicated at a level above established DUI standards, such as blood-alcohol concentration (BAC). Field Sobriety and Chemical Tests When a law enforcement officer makes a vehicle stop and suspects that the driver may be intoxicated, the officer will conduct a \"\" field sobriety \"\" test on the driver, and may ask for his or her consent to some form of chemical test for intoxication. Field sobriety tests usually involve a police officer asking a driver to perform a number of tasks that assess any impairment of the person's physical or cognitive ability. Examples of field sobriety tests include having the driver walk a straight line, heel to toe; having he or she recite the alphabet backwards; and the officer's use of the \"\"horizontal gaze nystagmus\"\" (eye and penlight) test. Chemical tests can be conducted during the vehicle stop, using a Breathalyzer that measures a driver's blood-alcohol concentration (BAC), or at a hospital, where urine and blood tests can be performed. Many states allow a driver suspected of DUI to choose which type of chemical test is administered. Refusing a Chemical Test: \"\"Implied Consent\"\" Laws All states have \"\" implied consent \"\" laws that require vehicle drivers to submit to some form of chemical test, such as breath, blood, or urine testing, if suspected of DUI. The logic behind such laws is that, by assuming the privilege of driving a vehicle on state roads and highways, drivers have effectively given their consent to DUI testing when a police officer reasonably believes the driver is under the influence of alcohol or drugs." }, { "docid": "D1270912#0", "title": "http://www.drivingtest.ca/how-to-get-a-drivers-license-in-british-columbia/\nPractice the ICBC Knowledge Test and Get your British Columbia Driverâs licence on the First Attempt", "text": "Practice the ICBC Knowledge Test and Get your British Columbia Driver’s licence on the First Attempt Getting a driver’s licence in BC is always an exciting moment for new drivers. Today the application process for a British Columbia driver’s licence is quite simple. There are a number of official driver licensing offices in B. C. where you can take the ICBC knowledge test. Many Canadians will discover that they are fully eligible for their B. C. driver’s licence as long as they meet a few basic guidelines. Teens and inexperienced drivers will be gradually introduced onto the roads through a tiered licensing system. This helps them gain the knowledge and driving experience needed to be competent, confident drivers. There are even online sites that offer examples of questions that will be included in the ICBC knowledge test. Driving schools, training courses and qualified driving instructors are also available to help beginner students learn the rules of the road. In order to receive a regular B. C. driver’s licence an individual must prove that they have had a minimum of 2 years’ experience behind the wheel of a vehicle. This driving experience must be performed in the capacity of a “non-learner” driver." }, { "docid": "D2815915#0", "title": "https://www.dui.com/illinois/\nIllinois DUI Attorneys", "text": "Illinois DUI Attorneys DUI Lawyers Illinois (800) 852-8005Request a FREE DUI Attorney Consultation WARNING The State of Illinois will seek to suspend your driver's license following an arrest for a DUI in Illinois. For immediate help, contact a Illinois DUI Lawyer. Get help from an Illinois DUI Lawyer Find an Illinois DUI Attorney in your area below or by calling (800) 852-8005Adams Alexander Bond Boone Brown Bureau Calhoun Carroll Cass Champaign Christian Clark Clay Clinton Coles Cook (Chicago)Crawford Cumberland De Witt De Kalb Douglas Du Page Edgar Edwards Effingham Fayette Ford Franklin Fulton Gallatin Greene Grundy Hamilton Hancock Hardin Henderson Henry Iroquois Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jersey Jo Daviess Johnson Kane Kankakee Kendall Knox La Salle Lake Lawrence Lee Livingston Logan Macon Macoupin Madison Marion Marshall Mason Massac Mc Donough Mc Henry Mc Lean Menard Mercer Monroe Montgomery Morgan Moultrie Ogle Peoria Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Randolph Richland Rock Island Saline Sangamon Schuyler Scott Shelby St. Clair Stark Stephenson Tazewell Union Vermilion Wabash Warren Washington Wayne White Whiteside Will Williamson Winnebago Woodford The Civella Law Firm Illinois DUI Lawyer Carl Civella Madison County, IL: Granite City Office phone: (618) 219-8656St. Clair County, IL: Belleville Office phone: (618) 219-8656Le Fante Law Offices, P. C. Illinois DUI Lawyers James Le Fante Michael Doubet Peoria County, IL: Peoria Office phone: (309) 323-8666Tazewell County, IL: Pekin Office phone: (309) 323-8666Illinois DUI Attorneys If you have been charged with a DUI in Illinois (Driving Under the Influence), there are two things that you need to consider: Take your drunk driving charge very seriously. A conviction for a DUI in Illinois will have long lasting consequences. A criminal record can affect your employment, your future and your personal freedom. Hire an experienced Illinois DUI Lawyer or DUI Attorney who is experienced in Illinois DUI law. Understanding the Illinois DUI laws and courtroom proceedings can be a challenge. Hiring a qualified Illinois DUI attorney or lawyer from DUI.com who’s practice concentrates on drunk driving defense can make a difference in the outcome of your drunk driving charge. Again, for a Illinois DUI attorneys or lawyers, call 1-800-852-8005 or simply click the county above to find the right Illinois DUI attorney that really knows drunk driving defense and the Illinois DUI law." }, { "docid": "D135976#0", "title": "http://www.flhsmv.gov/ddl/frfaqgen.html\n.", "text": "\"General Questions Questions Concerning an Insurance Notification Letter Questions Asked by Military Personnel Questions From People Involved in a Crash Questions From College Students Information Concerning Self Insurance Who can I call for clarification? I am registering a vehicle for the first time in Florida. Is automobile insurance mandatory? Yes. If you own a vehicle with at least four wheels and are registering it, you must have Florida insurance. What type of insurance is required to purchase and maintain a Florida license plate and registration? Florida's minimum coverage is $10,000 personal injury protection (PIP) and $10,000 property damage liability (PDL) as long as you have a valid Florida license plate. What is \"\"Personal Injury Protection\"\" (PIP) insurance? Also called Florida No Fault Insurance, Personal Injury Protection (PIP) Insurance covers you - regardless of fault (i.e. whether or not you cause the crash) - up to the limits of your policy. Your PIP will also cover your child, members of your household, certain passengers who lack PIP Insurance as long as they do not own a vehicle." }, { "docid": "D3446369#0", "title": "http://www.dps.texas.gov/DriverLicense/suspensionNotification.htm\n.", "text": "Notification of Enforcement Action DPS is required to withdraw a person's driver license or driving privilege for specific violations and convictions of state law. If your driver license or driving privilege is suspended, canceled, denied or disqualified, a letter notifying you of this change will be mailed to your address on record with DPS. If your address is no longer current, you may not receive this notification that your driver license or driving privilege has been withdrawn. Failure to receive your notification does not change your driver license or driving privilege status. Change Your Address Online If you need to update your address so you can receive any future notifications sent by DPS, view information on changing your address . Submitting a change of address card to the United States Postal Service will not change your address on file with DPS. Driver License Eligibility For information on reinstating your driver license or to pay fees, please visit the License Eligibility website. Suspensions and Withdrawals Click on the following links for more on driver license related withdrawal information. Crash Suspension Driving While License is Invalid (DWLI) Suspension Alcohol Related Offenses Drug Related Offenses Traffic Related Offenses Out-of-State Offenses Truancy SR-22 Insurance Certificate Requirements Ignition Interlock Requirements Reinstating Your Driver License Occupational Driver License Information" }, { "docid": "D535850#0", "title": "https://dmv.dc.gov/service/dmv-medical-requirements\nMedical Requirements", "text": "Medical Requirements Note if your driver license is not REAL ID compliant (i.e., has a black star in the upper, right hand corner), then you must also revalidate your documents, as indicated by the links below, in addition to the requirements listed on the remainder of this webpage. REAL ID Proof of Identity REAL ID Proof of Social Security Number REAL ID Proof of DC Residency (2 required)If you have a medical condition that may impair your ability to safely operate a motor vehicle, even temporarily, you must provide DC DMV a Medical/Eye Report form that has been completed by your physician. The report form can be used as either a Medical Report or an Eye Report, and is available at the link below: Medical/ Eye Report Form Submit Completed Medical/Eye Report Form Some of these conditions include: Alzheimer’s Disease Requires a Medical Report and the completion of the knowledge and road skills tests Seizure Disorder/Loss of Consciousness Requires a Medical Report DC regulations state you must be seizure-free for at least 12 months prior to obtaining a DC DMV driver license. If you are currently licensed and experience a seizure or loss of consciousness, you must report the incident to DC DMV within 30 calendar days. Unless your physician indicates the seizure was due to a change in medication, or strictly nocturnal, DC DMV will suspend your driving privilege for 12 months from the date of the last episode. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Requires both a Medical and an Eye Report Vision Impairment (i.e., glaucoma, cataracts, eye disease, and monocular vision)Requires an Eye Report If you are a habitual alcoholic or drug abuser, you may be required to provide evidence that you have attended a DC- or other state-certified program to recover from substance abuse. Such evidence is always required to reinstate a license revoked for an alcohol- or drug-related offense, unless you can prove at a reinstatement hearing that such a program was not necessary. DC DMV also requires you to submit a Medical Report when a law enforcement officer suspects you may have a medical condition that led to a traffic citation or accident. If DC DMV receives a detailed, written statement from a family member, law enforcement officer, or physician related to the unsafe driving of a District resident, we will require that resident to complete a Medical Report. Driving tests may also be required in any of these situations, depending on the circumstances." }, { "docid": "D48057#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.com/il/illinois/suspended-license\nFREE DUI Attorney Consultation", "text": "Suspended Illinois Drivers License FREE DUI Attorney Consultation Find a Top Rated Lawyer In Your Area1. Personal Information 2. Claim Details1. Personal Information Continue1. Get Started With Drivers License Reinstatement Assistance Online In order to get an Illinois drivers license reinstated, you need to complete a number of important steps when applying. In order to simplify the process, you will need to gather the necessary documents, calculate your required fee payment before being able to reinstate your Illinois drivers license. Online assistance can help you complete all of these steps quickly and easily by providing you with all of the information you need to know about replacing your license. Start simplifying your application process today.2. By Mail Rather than get ahead with online assistance and services, some Illinois residents prefer to handle their DMV transactions via mail. Drivers can complete a few different procedures by mail, but payment methods are restricted, and the transactions have inconvenient and lengthy turnaround times for results.3." }, { "docid": "D1283637#0", "title": "http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/special-plates-for-drunk-driving-offenders.aspx\nSpecial License Plates for Drunk Driving Offenders", "text": "\"Special License Plates for Drunk Driving Offenders Featured Items Summaries of Current Special License Plate Legislation Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2015Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2014Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2013Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2012Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2011Summaries of Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2010Summaries Special License Plate Legislation Introduced in 2009NCSL Staff Contact D ouglas Shinkle Updated August 2016Summaries of Current Special License Plate Legislation Georgia Plates bearing a special series of numbers and letters may be issued in limited circumstances. ( Georgia Code §40-2-136)Iowa Repealed in 1995. If a member of the household has a valid license, they were permitted to apply for special license plates, which contained a \"\"Z\"\" in the series of numbers. ( Iowa Code §321J.4A)Minnesota If a person is convicted of an offense that makes mandatory the revocation of the person's driver's license, such as driving while impaired, the court may require the registration plates of any self-propelled motor vehicle owned by the person or registered in the person's name to be surrendered to the court. Special plates may then be issued if family member of the offender has a valid license. The plates would bear a special series of numbers. ( Minnesota Statutes §§168.041 & 168.042)2015 MN SB 1073 - Would add participants in the ignition interlock program and certain limited licenses to the list of authorized recipients of special plates from the commissioner. Ohio Any motor vehicle owner who has had the license plates of a motor vehicle impounded because of an OVI violation may apply to the registrar of motor vehicles for restricted license plates that are different from regular state plates, in red and yellow colors. Use of the plates became mandatory in 2004. ( Ohio statutes §§4507.02 (F) (2) and 4503.231)Oregon Pilot program ended 12/31/94." }, { "docid": "D1219753#0", "title": "http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/crime-penalties/driving-suspended-license-colorado\nDriving on a Suspended License in Colorado", "text": "\"Driving on a Suspended License in Colorado Defend your rights. We've helped 95 clients find attorneys today. Please answer a few questions to help us match you with attorneys in your area. Select a Practice Area When was the alleged crime committed? \"\" In Nolo you can trust. \"\"— The New York Times Why You Can Trust Us We match 50,000 consumers with lawyers every month. Our service is 100% free of charge. Nolo is a part of the Martindale Nolo network, which has been matching clients with attorneys for 100+ years. Featured In Copyright © 2018 Nolo ® Self-help services may not be permitted in all states. The information provided on this site is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site." }, { "docid": "D3529688#0", "title": "http://www.alea.gov/Home/wfContent.aspx?ID=30&PLH1=plhDriverLicense-FAQ\nFrequently Asked Questions", "text": "\"Frequently Asked Questions Your License to Drive in Alabama Alabama's Driver License Requirements An Alabama Driver License is not required for these people Who cannot be licensed in Alabama? What are the differences in the types of licenses issued? What does the vision screening consist of? What does the written test consist of? What does the road test consist of? Do I ever have to be re-examined? How do I get a non-driver Identification cards? How do I renew my Alabama license? How do I renew my license - I am out of the country in the military or I am out of the state working/in college? What is the grace period to renew my license?" }, { "docid": "D570184#0", "title": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/?1dmy&urile=wcm:path:/dmv_content_en/dmv/pubs/brochures/fast_facts/ffdl35\nDriving Under the Influence (FFDL 35)", "text": "\"Driving Under the Influence (FFDL 35)Immediate Driver License Suspension or Revocation Drivers Age 21 and Older PDF Versions Admin Per Se Immediate Driver License Suspension Or Revocation Who is Affected? What Happens To My Driver License? What Does DMV Do? What Can I Do About the Suspension/Revocation? Hearing Issues How Long Will I Be Suspended or Revoked? Restricted License Eligibility Noncommercial Restricted License Questions? Admin Per Se Immediate Driver License Suspension or Revocation The administrative license suspension program, known as \"\"Admin Per Se\"\" (APS) was implemented in 1990 as a stronger deterrent to drunk driving. The following information is a general guide for drivers 21years of age and older who become subject to an APS driver license suspension or revocation. All APS cases are unique, and if this guide does not provide the specific information you are seeking, additional information is available on the DMV website at www.dmv.ca.gov. Who is Affected?" } ]
9033	_____________ is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. it was used primarily by the greeks to decorate and glue pieces together.	[ { "docid": "D3141051#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=ZF7IPO4X\n.", "text": "\"Question and answer Q: _____________ is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. It was used primarily by the Greeks to decorate and \"\"glue\"\" piecestogether. a. Slip c. Porcelain b. Amphora d. Terracotta A: SLIP is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. It was used primarily by the Greeks to decorate and \"\"glue\"\" pieces together. Log in for more information. Question Asked 2/18/2015 8:02:30 AMUpdated 3/26/2015 6:13:27 PM1 Answer/Comment Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)_____________ is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. It was used primarily by the Greeks to decorate and \"\"glue\"\" pieces together. a. Slip c. Porcelain b. Amphora d. Terracotta New answers Rating3emdjay23SLIP is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. It was used primarily by the Greeks to decorate and \"\"glue\"\" pieces together. Log in for more information." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1331023#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aegean-civilization\nAegean civilizations", "text": "Aegean civilizations, the Stone and Bronze Age civilizations that arose and flourished in the area of the Aegean Sea in the periods, respectively, about 7000–3000 bc and about 3000–1000 bc. Principal sites associated with Aegean civilizations. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The area consists of Crete, the Cyclades and some other islands, and the Greek mainland, including the Peloponnese, central Greece, and Thessaly. The first high civilization on European soil, with stately palaces, fine craftsmanship, and writing, developed on the island of Crete. Later, the peoples of the mainland adapted the Cretan civilization to form their own, much as the Romans adapted the civilization of later Greece. The Bronze Age civilization of Crete has been called Minoan, after the legendary King Minos of Knossos, which was the chief city of the island throughout early times. The Bronze Age of the Cyclades is known as Cycladic, that of the mainland as Helladic, from Hellas, the Greek name for Greece. Early, middle, and late stages have been defined in each of these, with further subdivisions according to recognizable changes in the style of pottery and other products that are associated with each separate culture. The civilization that arose on the mainland under Cretan influence in the 16th century bc is called Mycenaean after Mycenae, which appears to have been one of its most important centres. The term Mycenaean is also sometimes used for the civilizations of the Aegean area as a whole from about 1400 bc onward." }, { "docid": "D2017574#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_cloth\nTapa cloth", "text": "\"Tapa cloth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Tapa. Tapa cloth (or simply tapa) is a barkcloth made in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, primarily in Tonga, Samoa and Fiji, but as far afield as Niue, Cook Islands, Futuna, Solomon Islands, Java, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea and Hawaii (where it is called kapa ). In French Polynesia it has nearly disappeared, except for some villages in the Marquesas. Contents [ hide ]1 General2 Fabrication3 Painting4 Gallery5 See also6 References7 Sources8 External links General [ edit]This tapa cloth was made in Papua New Guinea. Tapa can be made from the inner bark of paper mulberry or breadfruit trees. Wedding Tapa, 19th century, from the collection of Los Angeles County Museum of Art The cloth is known by a number of local names although the term tapa is international and understood throughout the islands that use the cloth. The word tapa is from Tahiti and the Cook Islands, where Captain Cook was the first European to collect it and introduce it to the rest of the world. [ 1] [2] In Tonga, tapa is known as ngatu, and here it is of great social importance to the islanders, often being given as gifts. In Samoa, the same cloth is called siapo, and in Niue it is hiapo. In Hawai ʻ i, it is known as kapa." }, { "docid": "D866907#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/94996766/painting-flash-cards/\nPainting", "text": "\"33 terms jazmine_ibarra Painting Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Two Dimensional Art Drawing Painting Printmaking Imaging: Photography, Film, Video, and Digital Arts Painting a work in which the primary quality is liquid material applied to a surface - paint can be applied to many surfaces using many types of implements Painting History traditionally the liquid material was pigment, the surface painted was two dimensional, and the implement used was a brush however, recently artists have begun using unorthodox materials, new tools, and new surfaces to make paintings Pigment ground natural materials (from plants, clay, soil, minerals, etc) mixed with a vehicle (aka \"\"binding agent\"\") to form paint Vehicle the liquid binding agent that holds pigment and forms paint that will adhere to surfaces6 Historic Painting Mediums Encaustic Fresco Tempera Oil Acrylic Watercolor Tempura cracking, yellowing, or discoloration Painting began during the ________ Renaissance, which was called the \"\"Golden Age of Painting\"\"Prehistoric cave paintings Ancient Egyptian painted wall murals, relief sculptures, papyrus scrolls, and linen Greek vase painting the greeks also made wall paintings that didn't survive Roman roman wall paintings in Pompeii and Herculaneum that were preserved in the ash of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius Roman Era Egyptian encaustic mummy portraits Medieval medieval illustrated manuscripts Encaustic One of the earliest methods for applying pigment to a surface It uses a pigment in a wax vehicle that has been heated to a liquid state • Extremely durable • Colors remain vibrant • Surface will retain a hard luster • Used by the Egyptians and the Romans *But it hardens quickly so the molten wax must be kept at a constant temperature Encaustic The Fayum funeral or mummy portraits from the 1st to 3rd century AD are some of the most celebrated encaustic paintings in history. The wax preserves the vibrancy of the pigment. After centuries, these paintings need no restoration for us to see them in their vibrant, original state The medium's color vibrancy over time has led some contemporary painters back to the medium, despite the challenges of working with molten wax. Other historic paintings mediums, like fresco, do not age as well and need restoration after many years Fresco - the art of painting on plaster - Was popular in the Renaissance - Was revived by Mexican Muralists after WWI Buon Fresco - \"\"true fresco\"\" applied to damp, lime plaster with pigments mixed only with water Fresco Secco - \"\"dry fresco\"\" pigment mixed with glue applied to dry wall plaster (less permanent)Problems with Fresco • Must work fast • you can only paint what can be finished in one day. ( This can create visible seams) • Some colors don't work well with lime. ( such as blue)Advantages Quickness gave it a spontaneous, expressive quality well liked in the Renaissance Tempera historically uses ground pigments mixed with a vehicle of egg yolk or whole egg thinned with water • Popular for centuries, however the traditional composition is rarely used today • Used by the Greeks and Romans • It was the only painting medium of artists in the Middle Ages • Fell out of favor in the 1300s with the introduction of oil painting. Tempera Advantages • Extremely durable • Pure and brilliant colors • Color did not oxidize • Consistency and fluidity allow for precise detail work Tempera Disadvantages • Dries quickly • Hard to rework • Can't provide subtle gradation of tone In the Renaissance ... In the Renaissance, artists continued to paint on wood, but increasingly used canvas supports that freed painting from architecture and allowed it to be bought and sold like a commodity Oil Painting consists of ground pigments combined with a linseed oil vehicle and a turpentine medium or thinner Glazing the application of multiple layers of transparent films of paint to a surface Advantages of Oil Paint • Colors can be blended easily. • Slow drying lets you rework problem areas. •" }, { "docid": "D124052#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art_pot\nPottery", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Fine art pot)navigation search A potter at work in Bangalore, India Unfired \"\"green ware\"\" pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum Pottery workshop reconstruction in the Museum of Traditional Crafts and Applied Arts, Troyan, Bulgaria Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up pottery wares, [1] of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made by a potter is also called a pottery (plural \"\"potteries\"\"). The definition of pottery used by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is \"\"all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products.\"\" [ 2]Pottery is one of the oldest human inventions, originating before the Neolithic period, with ceramic objects like the Gravettian culture Venus of Dolní Věstonice figurine discovered in the Czech Republic date back to 29,000–25,000 BC, [3] and pottery vessels that were discovered in Jiangxi, China, which date back to 18,000 BC. Early Neolithic pottery have been found in places such as Jōmon Japan (10,500 BC), [4] the Russian Far East (14,000 BC), [5] Sub-Saharan Africa [ citation needed] and South America. [ citation needed]Pottery is made by forming a ceramic (often clay) body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln which removes all the water from the clay, which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing; however, prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Kneading helps to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished either by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging." }, { "docid": "D979610#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_pottery_terms\nGlossary of pottery terms", "text": "\"Glossary of pottery terms From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This is a list of pottery and ceramic terms. Definitions in Wiktionary are noted as \"\" (W)\"\". Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z References A [ edit]Absorbency. The ability of a material to soak up water. Alumina. A major component of the chemical composition of clays, clay bodies and most glazes. B [ edit]Ball clay. A secondary clay moved from the parent rock, ball clay is often mixed with other clays and minerals, organic matter are frequently present. Ball clays commonly exhibit high plasticity and high dry strength. ( W)Band." }, { "docid": "D1783276#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/23614993/art-1-vocabulary-flash-cards/\nArt 1 Vocabulary", "text": "\"164 terms KATO12345Art 1 Vocabulary NC Standard Course of Study Art 1Exam Vocabulary Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Abstract art A trend in painting and sculpture in the twentieth century. Abstract art seeks to break away from traditional representation of physical objects. It explores the relationships of forms and colors, whereas more traditional art represents the world in recognizable images Abstract Expressionism 1940-1955. A style of painting originating in the U. S. during the 1940's and 1950's. It is characterized by spontaneity, emotion, bold colors, and/or strong value contrast on very large canvases. These are usually non-objective like the work of Jackson Pollock. William De Kooning often included figures in his work but the act of applying the paint and the color were the primary subjects in his paintings. World War II (1939-1945) interrupted any new movements in art, but art came back with a vengeance in 1945." }, { "docid": "D1882939#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Traditional+art\npainting", "text": "\"painting (redirected from Traditional art) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus .painting,direct application of pigment to a surface to produce by tones of color or of light anddark some representation or decorative arrangement of natural or imagined forms. See also articles on individual painters, e.g., Rubens Rubens, Peter Paul,1577–1640, foremost Flemish painter of the 17th cent., b. Siegen, Westphalia, where his family had gone into exile because of his father's Calvinist beliefs...... Click the link for more information. ; countries, e.g., Dutch art Dutch art,the art of the region that is now the Netherlands. As a distinct national style, this art dates from about the turn of the 17th cent., when the country emerged as a politicalentity and developed a clearly independent culture...... Click the link for more information. ; periods, e.g. ,Renaissance art and architecture Renaissance art and architecture,works of art and structures produced in Europe during the Renaissance. Art of the Renaissance The Italian Renaissance..... Click the link for more information. ; techniques, e.g., encausticencaustic,painting medium in which the binder for the pigment is wax or wax and resin." }, { "docid": "D3083998#0", "title": "http://ceramics.lifetips.com/cat/23534/molds-casting/index.html\nExplore 431Tip Sites âââSearch 120,491 Tips", "text": "\"About Blog Bookstore Gurus Wanted Contact Podcasts Log On ENExplore 431Tip Sites ———Search 120,491 Tips Weekly Podcasts Listen to 300+ podcasts by best-selling authors, published Wednesday, 4pm EST!Ceramics Tips Home Ceramic Brushes Ceramic Glossary/Terms Ceramics for Children Clay Bodies Decoration Events Firing Glazes Handbuilt History Hobby Ceramics Links Molds/Casting OH&SPositive Quotes Purchasing Ceramics Starting a Ceramic Business Tools Wheel-thrown Ceramics Big Brain Quizzes Ceramics FAQs Ceramics Jobs Read these 167 Molds/Casting Tips tips to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. Each tip is approved by our Editors and created by expert writers so great we call them Gurus. Life Tips is the place to go when you need to know about Ceramics tips and hundreds of other topics. How do I slipcast ceramics? Opening the mold After the mold has been drained of all its excess slip, the mold has to sit and dry. The mold pulls the water out of the clay and dries the piece out. If you leave a piece in the mold too long, it will dry out too much and crack. If you don't leave it in long enough, it won't let go of the mold and will probably tear or it will collapse under its own weight. When I pour, I run a fan across the mold to help dry things out. Six to eight hours later, I go back and take the pieces out." }, { "docid": "D2350154#0", "title": "http://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/elem/selfport.htm\nSelf Portraits Art Lessons", "text": "\"Self Portraits Art Lessons Self Portrait Lesson Plans - Elementary 2nd - 6th Menu Value Self Portrait Vinyl Window Portraits Glue Relief Pillow Portraits Personal Identity Boxes All Boxed In Self Esteem Portraits Frida Kahlo Portraits Pop Art Portraits Peter Max Liberty Tech Portraits Name Ideas Ceramic Plate Portraits Bobble Head Self Portrait Dolls About Me Power Point Collage Portraits Collage Personality Hand Miscellaneous Portrait Lessons Contour Drawing Portraits High School Portraits Submitted by: Tammy Morin, Lake Anne Elementary Lesson: What do I Value? Values Self Portrait Painting From Tammy: One project that I have done for Power of Words theme is value self portraits. They created a painting using only black, white and values of gray. They mixed the colors themselves. I also took pictures of them, brought them into the computer and made them black and white so they would have an easier time seeing the values. When the painting was finished we talked about their personal values and what was important to them. They then created a list to use for the painting. We cut the paintings out and mounted them on black paper. They then painted their \"\"values\"\" around the portrait. From Judy: This lesson is good for elementary through middle school (and up)." }, { "docid": "D3267663#0", "title": "http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/HOHOKAM/CHAP2.HTM\nHohokam Indians of the Tucson Basin", "text": "\"Hohokam Indians of the Tucson Basin By Linda M. Gregonis & Karl J. Reinhard Chapter 2The Hohokam Lifeway Agriculture Hunting and Gathering Dress Craft Production House Building Village Organization Hohokam Trade Ritual and Ceremony Hohokam Influence on the Southwest To reconstruct the lifeway of the Hohokam, different kinds of information were used. Knowledge of architectural features and material remains came from excavations of villages in the Tucson Basin and elsewhere in the Hohokam area. Professor Emil Haury, longtime researcher in Hohokam archaeology, provided insights into the use of objects and features found at those sites. To reconstruct the Hohokam's daily achvities and social structure, ethnographic accounts of the Pima and Papago cultures were used. The Pimas and Papagos are believed to be descendants of the Hohokam and historically shared a similar lifestyle with their predecessors. Finally, the fragments of information were bound together by our imaginations to recreate the lifeway of the Tucson Basin Hohokam. Agriculture Hohokam villagers grew cotton and corn, as well as several types of beans and squash. In the Gila and Salt River valleys, the Indians built a complex system of canals, to lead water from the rivers to their fields above the floodplain. In contrast, the Tucson Basin people practiced floodwater farming; that is, they planted crops in the floodplains of the rivers which flooded their banks after major storms. The rivers at that time were shallow, meandering streams; they were not deeply entrenched as they are now." }, { "docid": "D3311211#0", "title": "http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Pencil.html\nPencil", "text": "\"Pencil Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Background One of the oldest and most widely used writing utensils, the pencil originated in pre-historic times when chalky rocks and charred sticks were used to draw on surfaces as varied as animal hides and cave walls. The Greeks and Romans used flat pieces of lead to draw faint lines on papyrus, but it was not until the late 1400s that the earliest direct ancestor of today's pencil was developed. About one hundred years later graphite, a common mineral occurring as soft, lustrous veins in rocks, was discovered near Borrowdale in northwestern England. The Borrowdale mine supplied Europe with graphite for several hundred years; however, because people could not then differentiate between graphite and lead, they referred to the former as \"\"black lead.\"\" Cut into rods or strips, graphite was heavily wrapped in twine to provide strength and a comfortable handle. The finished product, called a lead pencil, was quite popular. In the late sixteenth century, a method for gluing strips of wood around graphite was discovered in Germany, and the modern pencil began to take form. In 1779, scientists determined that the material they had previously thought was lead was actually a form of microcrystalline carbon that they named graphite (from the Greek \"\"graphein\"\" meaning \"\"to write\"\"). Graphite is one of the three natural forms of pure carbon—the others are coal and diamond. In the late eighteenth century the Borrowdale mine was depleted, and, as graphite was now less plentiful, other materials had to be mixed with it to create pencils." }, { "docid": "D2201697#0", "title": "http://www.woodcentral.com/russ/russ6.shtml\nGlue and Woodturning", "text": "\"Glue and Woodturning Everything I Know About Glue As woodturners, we make some demands on our glues and adhesives that are different from those of other woodworkers. For attaching a waste block, we want one that has good shear and tensile strength and resistance to vibration and shock. For a segmented bowl, we want a glue is strong, yet will expand and shrink at the same rate as the wood. For filling cracks and holes, we want a material that will cure quickly, not discolor with time, and has enough flexibility that it will not break loose. And, the list goes on. This discussion will share my experience with the many types of glue that are available to us, which ones we should be using, and where we should be using them. I will discuss what are the good things and the problems with these adhesives. It may seem that I am devoting an unreasonable amount of space to the CA glues. I feel that this is justified because CA's have become the single most used, most abused, and least understood product that we use in our woodturning shop. I will emphasize that all of this information has come from the \"\"What Works for Me\"\" school of research and development, and represents my experiences from using a lot of glue for a lot of years." }, { "docid": "D1802932#0", "title": "http://www.ebay.com/gds/How-to-Repair-Broken-Glassware-/10000000177634762/g.html\nHow to Repair Broken Glassware", "text": "\"Home Buying Guides Glass Glassware Other Glassware How to Repair Broken Glasswaree Bay Like March 3, 2016While there are certainly many different ways to use and enjoy glassware, there is always one drawback. No matter how much care is used in handling precious pieces like a porcelain vase or china teacup, there is always the danger of that piece breaking. Glass of any type is simply fragile by nature. The majority of households experience a piece of important glassware breaking at one time or another. Depending on the piece as well as the damage done, whatever is broken may simply be thrown away and replaced without incident. However, there is also the chance that some glassware may be completely irreplaceable, or may not be very damaged at all. In these cases, it is often possible to repair broken glassware with a bit of work. Glassware repair supplies as well as replacement pottery and glassware are widely available at specialty retailers, such as craft stores, hardware stores, and also online from e Bay. Determine Condition The first step to repairing any sort of glassware is to assess just how damaged it is. If a wine glass has been dropped and has shattered into a hundred pieces, it may be possible to repair, but the time and energy required to do so may not be worth the cost of purchasing a new glass." }, { "docid": "D1349494#0", "title": "http://www.homeschooling-ideas.com/how-to-make-clay.html\nHow to Make Clay - Homemade Clay Recipes", "text": "How to Make Clay - Homemade Clay Recipes Want to know how to make clay or play dough? Homemade clay recipes are perfect for modeling clay projects or other clay crafts. And making clay and play dough is easy and fun! There are lots of different recipes you can try. Do you want something quick and easy? Or would you prefer to bake your finished model for a more permanent effect? I have picked 5 recipes to suit your different requirements - and added some reader recommended recipes too. All of the recipes and tried and tested - but results vary a lot depending on the flour you use, how you weigh the measurements, and humidity. So be sure to read my instructions first. Why not get your kids to help you make up the recipes?" }, { "docid": "D152462#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_pottery\nPottery of ancient Greece", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Greek pottery)navigation search Amphorae designed for marine transport, taken from shipwrecks of the Bronze Age, on display in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology at Bodrum Castle, Turkey. The Hirschfeld Krater, mid-8th century BC, from the late Geometric period, depicting ekphora, the act of carrying a body to its grave. National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Ancient Greek pottery, due to its relative durability, comprises a large part of the archaeological record of ancient Greece, and since there is so much of it (over 100,000 painted vases are recorded in the Corpus vasorum antiquorum ), [1] it has exerted a disproportionately large influence on our understanding of Greek society. The shards of pots discarded or buried in the 1st millennium BC are still the best guide available to understand the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks. There were several vessels produced locally for everyday and kitchen use, yet finer pottery from regions such as Attica was imported by other civilizations throughout the Mediterranean, such as the Etruscans in Italy. [ 2] There were various specific regional varieties, such as the South Italian ancient Greek pottery. Throughout these places, various types and shapes of vases were used. Not all were purely utilitarian; large Geometric amphorae were used as grave markers, kraters in Apulia served as tomb offerings and Panathenaic Amphorae seem to have been looked on partly as objets d’art, as were later terracotta figurines. Some were highly decorative and meant for elite consumption and domestic beautification as much as serving a storage or other function, such as the krater with its usual use in diluting wine." }, { "docid": "D2207581#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pysanka\nPysanka", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A pysanka ( Ukrainian: писанка, plural: pysanky) is a Ukrainian Easter egg, decorated with traditional Ukrainian folk designs using a wax-resist method. The word pysanka comes from the verb pysaty, \"\"to write\"\" or \"\"to in scribe \"\", as the designs are not painted on, but written (inscribed) with beeswax. Many other eastern European ethnic groups decorate eggs using wax resist for Easter. These include the Belarusians (пісанка, pisanka ), Bulgarians (писано яйце, pisano yaytse ), Carpatho-Rusyns (кашанкы, kašankŷ, or писанкы, pysnankŷ ), Croats ( pisanica ), Czechs ( kraslice ), Hungarians ( hímestojás ), Lithuanians ( margutis ), Poles ( pisanka ), Romanians ( ouă vopsite, încondeiate or împistrite ), Serbs ( pisanica ), Slovaks ( kraslica ), Slovenes ( pirhi, pisanice, or remenke) and Sorbs ( jejka pisać ). A mix of modern, diasporan and traditional Ukrainian pysanky Contents [ hide ]1 Types of decorated Ukrainian eggs2 History3 Archaeology4 Legends5 Superstitions and folk beliefs6 Writing pysanky7 Sharing pysanky8 Symbolism in pysanky8.1 Geometric8.1.1 Eternity bands8.2 Berehynia8.3 Christian symbols8.4 Phytomorphic (plant) motifs8.4.1 Flowers8.4.2 Vazon/Tree of Life8.4.3 Fruit8.5 Scevomorphic motifs8.6 Zoomorphic (animal) motifs8.6.1 Birds8.6.2 Insects8.6.3 Fish8.6.4 Serpent8.7 Cosmomorphic motifs9 Color symbolism10 See also11 References12 External links Types of decorated Ukrainian eggs [ edit]Pysanka is often taken to mean any type of decorated egg, but it specifically refers to an egg created by the written-wax batik method and utilizing traditional folk motifs and designs. Several other types of decorated eggs are seen in Ukrainian tradition, and these vary throughout the regions of Ukraine. Krashanky –from krasyty (красити), \"\"to decorate\"\"– are boiled eggs dyed a single color (with vegetable dyes, traditionally onion skin), and are blessed and eaten at Easter. Pysanky –from pysaty (писати), \"\"to write\"\"– are raw eggs created with the wax-resist method ( batik ). The designs are \"\"written\"\" in hot wax with a pinhead or a special stylus called a pysachok (писачок) or a kistka (кістка) which has a small funnel attached to hold a small amount of liquid wax. The word that is used to describe the egg actually comes from the Ukrainian verb pysaty, which means \"\"to write\"\"." }, { "docid": "D2365341#0", "title": "http://www.iida.org/content.cfm/a-journey-into-the-world-of-mosaics-historical-and-contemporary-use\nA Journey Into the World of Mosaics: Historical and Contemporary Use", "text": "print this article A Journey Into the World of Mosaics: Historical and Contemporary Use By Lewis J. Goetz, FIIDA, FAIAClick here for a PDF version of this article. For thousands of years, mosaics have been part of interior spaces. Their start can be traced back to primitive man’s simple arrangements of pebbles into patterns, describing a direction or message. The techniques gradually developed through history — from decorative floor and wall surfaces in villas and cathedrals to the modern expression of mosaics as art. Mosaics can be described as the art of decorating a surface with designs made up of small, closely placed pieces of hard material, or tesserae. Tesserae glass material, known by the Italian name smalti, is opaque and brilliant in color and can be manufactured in hundreds of hues. An Ancient Artform Scholars have traced mosaics back as far as the fourth millennium B. C. to the Temple of Uruk in Mesopotamia. Other examples equally as ancient are found in Pre-Columbian cultures — objects were decorated with the shells, mother-of-pearl and semi-precious stones. Mosaics were also uncovered in Greece, dating back to the fourth century B. C. in the ancient capital city of Pella. But it was the conquest of Greece by the Romans in the second century B. C. that eventually raised the level of artistic refinement." }, { "docid": "D3157942#0", "title": "http://www.vintageimagecraft.com/craft_glossary.html\nCraft Glossary Your Guide to Crafting Tools and Terms", "text": "\"Home > Craft Glossary Craft Glossary Your Guide to Crafting Tools and Terms We hope this craft glossary will help you understand the tools and terms you'll find in our craft instructions. Blue links will take you to related articles on this site, or to online sources. If you have additions or corrections for this glossary, please contact us and we'll be grateful for your help. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAAcid-free paper: Paper with a neutral or basic p H level (7.0 to 9.0), is less prone to yellowing or deterioration, and will not harm photographs that are attached to it. During production, the paper is treated with a mild base (calcium carbonate or magnesium bicarbonate) that neutralizes the natural acids in the wood pulp. This extends the life of the paper, reduces the production expense, and makes it more easily recycled. Acid-free paper may be identified by the 'infinity' symbol. Acrylic paint : A fast-drying, water-soluble paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion. It can be diluted with water or other mediums, and becomes flexible and water-resistant when dry. Adhesive: A bonding agent (glue, to the rest of us) used to affix one item to another." }, { "docid": "D41069#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_ware\nPottery", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Art ware)navigation search A potter at work in Bangalore, India Unfired \"\"green ware\"\" pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum Pottery workshop reconstruction in the Museum of Traditional Crafts and Applied Arts, Troyan, Bulgaria Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up pottery wares, [1] of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made by a potter is also called a pottery (plural \"\"potteries\"\"). The definition of pottery used by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is \"\"all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products.\"\" [ 2]Pottery is one of the oldest human inventions, originating before the Neolithic period, with ceramic objects like the Gravettian culture Venus of Dolní Věstonice figurine discovered in the Czech Republic date back to 29,000–25,000 BC, [3] and pottery vessels that were discovered in Jiangxi, China, which date back to 18,000 BC. Early Neolithic pottery have been found in places such as Jōmon Japan (10,500 BC), [4] the Russian Far East (14,000 BC), [5] Sub-Saharan Africa [ citation needed] and South America. [ citation needed]Pottery is made by forming a ceramic (often clay) body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln which removes all the water from the clay, which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing; however, prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Kneading helps to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished either by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging." }, { "docid": "D430565#0", "title": "http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-sculpture\nSculpture", "text": "Sculpture Sculpture Tweetby Leonard R. Rogers Sculpture, an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects. The designs may be embodied in freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in environments ranging from tableaux to contexts that envelop the spectator. An enormous variety of media may be used, including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found” objects. Materials may be carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise shaped and combined. Sculpture is not a fixed term that applies to a permanently circumscribed category of objects or sets of activities. It is, rather, the name of an art that grows and changes and is continually extending the range of its activities and evolving new kinds of objects. The scope of the term was much wider in the second half of the 20th century than it had been only two or three decades before, and in the fluid state of the visual arts at the turn of the 21st century nobody can predict what its future extensions are likely to be. Certain features which in previous centuries were considered essential to the art of sculpture are not present in a great deal of modern sculpture and can no longer form part of its definition. One of the most important of these is representation. Before the 20th century, sculpture was considered a representational art, one that imitated forms in life, most often human figures but also inanimate objects, such as game, utensils, and books." } ]
9043	______________ include all of the costs of production that increase with the quantity produced	[ { "docid": "D180773#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_cost\nMarginal cost", "text": "\"A typical marginal cost curve with marginal revenue overlaid. Price is on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis. In economics, marginal cost is the change in the opportunity cost that arises when the quantity produced is incremented by one unit, that is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good. [ 1] Intuitively, marginal cost at each level of production includes the cost of any additional inputs required to produce the next unit. At each level of production and time period being considered, marginal costs include all costs that vary with the level of production, whereas other costs that do not vary with production are considered fixed. For example, the marginal cost of producing an automobile will generally include the costs of labor and parts needed for the additional automobile and not the fixed costs of the factory that have already been incurred. In practice, marginal analysis is segregated into short and long-run cases, so that, over the long run, all costs (including fixed costs) become marginal. If the cost function is differentiable, the marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function with respect to the quantity. [ 2]The marginal cost can be a function of quantity if the cost function is non-linear. If the cost function is not differentiable, the marginal cost can be expressed as follows.where denotes an incremental change of one unit." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2553403#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/93308945/Answers-to-the-Problems-and-Applications\nAnswers to the Problems and Applications", "text": "Answers to the Problems and Applications1. Brazil produces ethanol from sugar, and the land used to grow sugar can be used to grow food crops. Suppose that Brazil‘s production possibilities for ethanol and food crops are given in the table. a. Draw a graph of Brazil‘s PPF and explain how your graph illustrates scarcity. Ethanol (barrels per day) 70 64 54 40 22 0 and and and and and and Food crops (tons per day) 0 1 2 3 4 5Figure 2.1 shows Brazil‘s PPF. The production possibilities frontier itself indicates scarcity because it shows the limits to what can be produced. In particular, production combinations of ethanol and food crops that lie beyond the production possibilities frontier are not attainable.b. If Brazil produces 40 barrels of ethanol a day, how much food must it produce if it achieves production efficiency? If Brazil produces 40 barrels of ethanol per day, it achieves production efficiency if it also produces 3 tons of food per day.c. Why does Brazil face a tradeoff on its PPF?" }, { "docid": "D1042212#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/3233705/economics-exam-2-flash-cards/\nEconomics Exam 2", "text": "\"183 terms kfish1190Economics Exam 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Price Elasticity of Demand the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to changes it its prices; defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price Elastic demand a demand relationship in which a given percentage change in price will result in a larger percentage change in quantity demanded. ( Greater than 1)Unit elasticity of demand A demand relationship in which the quantity demanded changes exactly in proportion to the change in price. ( change in price of 1 percentage causes exactly a 1 percent change in the quantity demanded)Inelastic demand A demand relationship in which a given percentage change in price will result in a less than proportionate percentage change in the quantity demanded. ( less than 1)Perfectly inelastic demand A demand that exhibits zero responsiveness to price changes; no matter what the price is the quantity demanded remains the same. Perfectly elastic demand A demand that has the characteristic that even the slightest increase in price will lead to zero quantity demanded Cross Price Elasticity of Demand The percentage change in the demand for one good (holding its price constant) divided by the percentage change in the price of a related good Income elasticity of demand The percentage change in demand for any good, holding its price constant, divided by the percentage change in income; the responsiveness of demand to changes in income, holding the good's relative price constant. Price Elasticity of Supply The responsiveness of the quantity supplied of a commodity to a change in its price; the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price. Perfectly elastic supply A supply characterized by a reduction in quantity supplied to zero when there is the slightest decrease in price. ( Greater than a 1 percent increase in supply)Perfectly inelastic supply A supply for which quantity supplied remains constant, no matter what happens to price. (" }, { "docid": "D1066012#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/24083381/econ-test-3-tf-flash-cards/\nEcon Test 3 T/F", "text": "77 terms Illinois Gio Econ Test 3 T/FLearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort T/F Profit equals marginal revenue minus marginal cost. FALSET/F The difference between economic profit and accounting profit is that economic profit is calculated based on both implicit and explicit costs whereas accounting profit is calculated based on explicit costs only. TRUET/F Economic profit is greater than or equal to accounting profit. FALSET/F Although economists and accountants treat many costs differently, they both treat the cost of capital the same. FALSET/F Economists and accountants both include forgone income as a cost to a small business owner. FALSET/F Implicit costs are costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm. TRUET/F Diminishing marginal productivity implies decreasing total product. FALSET/F Diminishing marginal product exists when the production function becomes flatter as inputs increase." }, { "docid": "D3509374#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/23261475/output-and-costs-flash-cards/\nOutput and Costs", "text": "33 terms tiarah410Output and Costs Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Short Run is a time frame in which the quantity of one or more resources used in production is fixed. For most firms, the capital, called the firm's plant, is fixed in the short run. Other resources used by the firm (such as labor, raw materials, and energy) can be changed in the short run. Short-run decisions are easily reversed. Long Run is a time frame in which the quantities of all resources—including the plant size—can be varied. Long-run decisions are not easily reversed. A sunk cost is a cost incurred by the firm and cannot be changed. If a firm's plant has no resale value, the amount paid for it is a sunk cost." }, { "docid": "D157030#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_cost\nMarginal cost", "text": "\"A typical marginal cost curve with marginal revenue overlaid. Price is on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis. In economics, marginal cost is the change in the opportunity cost that arises when the quantity produced is incremented by one unit, that is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good. [ 1] Intuitively, marginal cost at each level of production includes the cost of any additional inputs required to produce the next unit. At each level of production and time period being considered, marginal costs include all costs that vary with the level of production, whereas other costs that do not vary with production are considered fixed. For example, the marginal cost of producing an automobile will generally include the costs of labor and parts needed for the additional automobile and not the fixed costs of the factory that have already been incurred. In practice, marginal analysis is segregated into short and long-run cases, so that, over the long run, all costs (including fixed costs) become marginal. If the cost function is differentiable, the marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function with respect to the quantity. [ 2]The marginal cost can be a function of quantity if the cost function is non-linear. If the cost function is not differentiable, the marginal cost can be expressed as follows.where denotes an incremental change of one unit." }, { "docid": "D3527133#0", "title": "http://economics.about.com/od/production/ss/The-Relationship-Between-Average-and-Marginal-Cost.htm\nWhat Is the Relationship Between Average and Marginal Cost?", "text": "Science, Tech, Math ›Social Sciences What Is the Relationship Between Average and Marginal Cost? Share Flipboard Email Printciteby Jodi Beggs Updated October 07, 201701of 06Introduction to Average and Marginal Cost There are a number of different ways to measure the costs of production, and some costs are related in interesting ways. Let's look at the way in which average cost and marginal cost are related. To start off, let's quickly define the two. Average cost, also called average total cost, is the total cost divided by quantity produced. Marginal cost is the incremental cost of the last unit produced.02of 06A Helpful Analogy for the Average and Marginal Cost Relationship The relationship between average cost and marginal cost can be easily explained via a simple analogy. Rather than think about costs, let's think about grades on a series of exams for a second. Let's assume that your current average grade in a course is a score of 85. If you were to get a score of 80 on your next exam, this score would pull your average down, and your new average score would be something less than 85. Put another way, your average score would be decreasing." }, { "docid": "D1212539#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_%26_Demand\nSupply and demand", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Supply & Demand)navigation search For other uses, see Supply and demand (disambiguation). Economics A supply and demand diagram, illustrating the effects of an increase in demand Index Outline Category History Types Classification History of economics Economic history (academic study)Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals)Glossary Glossary of economics Business and economics portalv t e Part of a series on Capitalism Concepts [show]Economic systems [show]Economic theories [show]Origins [show]Development [show]People [show]Related topics [show]Ideologies [show]Capitalism portal Economics portal Philosophy portal Politics portalv t e The price P of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price (supply S) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price (demand D). The diagram shows a positive shift in demand from D 1 to D 2, resulting in an increase in price (P) and quantity sold (Q) of the product. In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good, or other traded item such as labor or liquid financial assets, will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded (at the current price) will equal the quantity supplied (at the current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity transacted. Contents [ hide ]1 Graphical representations1.1 Demand schedule2 Microeconomics2.1 Equilibrium2.2 Partial equilibrium3 Other markets4 Empirical estimation5 Macroeconomic uses6 History7 Artificial intelligent buying platforms8 Criticisms9 See also10 References11 Further reading12 External links Graphical representations [ edit]Although it is normal to regard the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as functions of the price of the goods, the standard graphical representation, usually attributed to Alfred Marshall, has price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis. Since determinants of supply and demand other than the price of the goods in question are not explicitly represented in the supply-demand diagram, changes in the values of these variables are represented by moving the supply and demand curves (often described as \"\"shifts\"\" in the curves). By contrast, responses to changes in the price of the good are represented as movements along unchanged supply and demand curves. A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Under the assumption of perfect competition, supply is determined by marginal cost." }, { "docid": "D1457272#0", "title": "http://rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Garrett/chapterthree.htm\n.", "text": "\"BACK NEXT WEB BOOKAn Introduction to State and Local Public Finance Thomas A. Garrett and John C. Leatherman III. Principles of Tax Analysis State and local governments use a variety of taxes to raise revenues. State governments favor sales taxes, excise taxes and personal income taxes, whereas local governments predominately rely on property taxes. On the surface it appears that raising revenues is a fairly benign process - state and local government officials simply adopt a tax or change an existing rate and the required revenues are obtained. What is missed in this simple process are the impacts tax adoption and changes have on individuals, markets and other government revenues. Effective tax policy requires understanding the basic economics of taxation. This chapter explores the basic principles of tax analysis. The first section discusses the distributional effects of taxation, focusing primarily on evaluating the burden of taxation on selected groups of individuals. Efficiency concerns are presented next, with a look at the efficiency costs of taxation and the efficiency-equity trade-off. The final section introduces two models of taxation, the Ramsey Rule and the Laffer curve." }, { "docid": "D162724#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_product\nProduction (economics)", "text": "\"Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (the output). It is the act of creating output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. [ 1]Economic well-being is created in a production process, meaning all economic activities that aim directly or indirectly to satisfy human wants and needs. The degree to which the needs are satisfied is often accepted as a measure of economic well-being. In production there are two features which explain increasing economic well-being. They are improving quality-price-ratio of goods and services and increasing incomes from growing and more efficient market production. The most important forms of production are:market productionpublic productionhousehold production In order to understand the origin of the economic well-being, we must understand these three production processes. All of them produce commodities which have value and contribute to well-being of individuals. The satisfaction of needs originates from the use of the commodities which are produced. The need satisfaction increases when the quality-price-ratio of the commodities improves and more satisfaction is achieved at less cost." }, { "docid": "D645555#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/460890/100-economics-terms-flash-cards/\n100 Economics Terms", "text": "100 terms polkadottedturkey100 Economics Terms Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Scarcity the limited nature of society's resources Economics the study of how society manages its scarce resources Efficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Equity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item Market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Externality the impact of one person's actions on the well being of a bystander Inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy Phillips curve a curve that shows the short run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Business cycle fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Circular flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets and firms Production possibilities curve a graph that show the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets Macroeconomics the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth Positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is Normative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Interdependence a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities Specialization to focus on a particular area Absolute advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Comparative advantage the comparison among producers according to their opportunity cost Imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically Exports goods produced domestically and sold abroad Law of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises Normal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand Inferior good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand Substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good Complements two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good Law of supply the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises Equilibrium a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied Surplus a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded Shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Adam Smith Scottish political economist and moral philosopher. His inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was one of the earliest attempts to study the historical development of industry and commerce in Europe. That work helped to create the modern academic discipline of economics and provided one of the best known intellectual rationales for free trade and capitalism John Maynard Keynes an English economist, whose radical ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions, and booms. He is considered to be the founder of macroeconomics. Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants Price elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demand of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price Income elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds too a change in consumer's income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income Cross price elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one goods responds to a change in price of another good, computed as the parentage change in quantity demanded of one good divided by the percentage change in price of the second good Price elasticity of supply a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price Price ceiling a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Tax incidence the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Welfare economics the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well being Consumer surplus a buyer's willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays Producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller's cost Cost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good Deadweight loss the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax Laffer Curve a curved graph that illustrates the theory that, if tax rates rise beyond a certain level, they discourage economic growth, thereby reducing government revenues Supply side economics the branch of economics that concentrates on measures to increase output of goods and services in the long run. The basis is that marginal tax rates should be reduced to provide incentives to supply additional labor and capital, and thereby promote long term growth. Tariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically Import quota a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically Coase theorem the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own Pigovian tax a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality Private goods goods that are both excludable and rival Public goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival Free rider a person who receives the benefits of a good but avoids paying for it Budget surplus an excess of government receipts over government spending Budget deficit a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending Average tax rate total taxes paid divided by total income Marginal tax rate the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income Lump sum tax a tax that is the same amount for every person Proportional tax a tax for which higher income taxpayers and low income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income Regressive tax a tax for which higher income tax payers pay a smaller fraction of their tax than do lower income tax payers Progressive tax a tax for which higher income taxpayers pay a larger portion of their tax than do lower income tax payers Total revenue the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Total cost the value of the inputs a firm uses in production Profit total revenue minus total cost Explicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm Implicit costs input costs that no not require the outlay of money by the firm Economic profit total revenue minus total cost including explicit and implicit costs Accounting profit total revenue minus explicit cost Production function the relationship between quantities of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good Marginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Diminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Fixed costs costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced Variable cost costs that vary with the quantity of output produced Average total cost total cost divided by the quantity of output Average fixed cost fixed costs divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost variable costs divided by the quantity of output Marginal cost an increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Efficient scale the quantity of input that minimizes average total cost Economies of scale the property whereby long run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases Diseconomies of scale the property whereby long run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases Constant return to scale the property whereby long run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes Competitive market a market with buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Average revenue total revenue divided by the quantity sold Marginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold Sunk cost a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered Natural Monopoly a firm that arises because a single firm can supply a good of service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms Price discrimination the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers Oligopoly a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products Monopolistic completion a market structure in which many firms sell products that similar but not identical Collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Cart" }, { "docid": "D316557#0", "title": "https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/determinants-of-the-price-elasticity-of-supply-economics-essay.php\nDeterminants Of The Price Elasticity Of Supply Economics Essay", "text": "Determinants Of The Price Elasticity Of Supply Economics Essay Print Reference this Published: 23rd March, 2015Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. The price elasticity of supply is the measurement of the responsiveness of producers on the changes in the price. The determinants of price elasticity of supply include time period and the existence of spare capacity. The first determinant is time period. Producers usually cannot provide more supply of their product in a short period of time immediately. The longer the time period, the more product will be supplied. For example, an industry which produces 5000 bottles of milk per month. If the demand increases suddenly, government suggests to produce 10000 bottles of milk per month." }, { "docid": "D3376680#0", "title": "http://employees.oneonta.edu/beckei/Recent%20Exam%20Questions%20from%20Chap6-Solutions.html\nSUNY College at Oneonta", "text": "Mr. Beck SUNY College at Oneonta Recent Exam Questions from Chapter 6 -Solutions Homepage Review Questions for Economics 1111. As quantity increases, total cost (TC) always increases because the additional workers must be paid. The correct choice is e . Average cost (AC) = TC/Q. The fact that average cost (AC) decreases simply means that the increase in total cost (the numerator) is less than the increase in quantity (the denominator). Return to Question 12. Diminishing marginal returns refers to the situation in which additional workers add diminishing (but still positive) amounts of quantity to the firm's total product. The additional quantity produced reflects the additional worker's marginal physical product (MPP). Therefore, diminishing returns is equivalent to a decreasing MPP. However, since the additional worker is still adding a positive amount to the firm's total quantity, total physical product is still increasing. The correct answer is choice d. Return to Question 2 3." }, { "docid": "D1978170#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microeconomics/Perfect_Competition\nMicroeconomics/Perfect Competition", "text": "\"Microeconomics/Perfect Competition< Microeconomicsnavigation search Goals: To explain how firms decide how much to produce To explain how prices are determined In order to achieve these goals, let's start with some definitions. Contents1 Profit2 The Short Run (SR) v. The Long Run (LR)3 Production Function4 Principle of diminishing returns5 Firm Production Decision6 Profit Maximization Rule7 Perfect Competition8 Profit Maximization in Perfect Competition9 Cost and Price Minimization in Perfect Competition10 Case 1: Positive Profits11 Case 2: Negative Profits: Stay Open12 Case 3: Negative Profits: Stop Production13 Derivation of the Firm's Supply Curve Profit [ edit]Assume the goal of the firm is to maximize profit -- to make as much money as possible There are 2 types of profit Accounting profit = Revenue - Explicit costsexplicit costs are actual payments for inputswages you pay employees, cost of machines, other physical inputsfirms report accounting profits Economic profit = Revenue - Explicit costs - Implicit costsimplicit costs are the opportunity costs of non-purchased inputsextra money you could have earned doing something elsewhat the owner of a business could earning working for another companyreturn you could have earned investing money in the stock market, instead of buying machines for your startup Firm makes USD 100,000 in revenue. Firm spends USD 50,000 to produce the good. Owner used to make USD 40,000 at another job before opening this business. Accounting profit = USD 100,000 - 50,000 = 50,000Economic profit = USD 100,000 - 50,000 - 40,000 = 10,000Relationship between accounting profit and economic profit Accounting profit >= Economic profit Economists (almost) always think and speak in terms of economic profit. We also often refer to \"\"zero profit\"\". When we say, \"\"zero economic profit\"\" we mean that you are doing just as well with this business as with the next-best alternative. If you are earning zero economic profit, you should stay in business. The Short Run (SR) v. The Long Run (LR) [ edit]SR: Period of time during which you can not change all inputs to production. At least one input is fixed." }, { "docid": "D3338137#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/6114010/PSYCHOECONOMIC_APPROACH_TO_CREATIVITY\nPSYCHOECONOMIC APPROACH TO CREATIVITY", "text": "\"pdf PSYCHOECONOMIC APPROACH TO CREATIVITY17 Pages PSYCHOECONOMIC APPROACH TO CREATIVITYUploaded by Mark Runcoconnect to download Get pdf PSYCHOECONOMIC APPROACH TO CREATIVITYDownload Nruld¿ø in Pschol, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. l3l-147, 1992 0732-l t8)V92 t5.00 + 0.00 llinted in Great Britain @ 1992 Pergamon Press Ltd THE PSYCHOECONOMIC APPROACH TO CREATIVITYT DANIELL. RUBENSON Department of Economics, Southern Oregon State College, Ashland, OR 97520' U. S'4. and MARK A. RUNCO EC 105, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634, U. S. A. Abstract The psychoeconomic model of the creative process is introduced - in this article. This theoretical model utilizes the concept of human capital to the question of allocative effìciency, and suggests that society may b_e- misallocàting its resources. In this view, society as a whole would be better off shifting resources from other activities into the creative s Phere. INTRODUCTION Creativity is important to societal and economic well-being. However, the typical focus and unit of analysis in research on creativity is the individual." }, { "docid": "D1173904#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/24827480/economics-flash-cards/\nEconomics", "text": "\"61 terms dangitdebbie Economics Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Price Ceiling; binding vs non-binding price ceiling a legal maximum on the price of a good or service Binding: if price ceiling is below the equilibrium price. Non-binding: if price ceiling is above the equilibrium price Price floor; binding vs non-binding price floor a legal minimum on the price of a good Binding: if the price floor is above the equilibrium price. Non-binding: if the price floor is under the equilibrium price Economic effects of rent control and minimum wage (short-run, long run) ... Per unit tax on buyers/sellers and market outcome; graphical representation of tax on buyers and tax on sellers. ... Tax incidence; tax incidence and elasticity ... Welfare economics studies how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being >involves normative analysis >establishes a standard of economic efficiency Willingness to pay A buyer's willingness to pay for a good is the max amount the buyer will pay for that good Consumer surplus Amount a buyer is willing to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays (the leftover that is saved) . CS = WTP - PChange in price and consumer surplus 1) Fall in CS due to buyers leaving market 2) Fall in CS due to remaining buyers paying higher price Cost is the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good (ie. opportunity cost)Willingness to sell A seller's absolute willingness to sell at a minimum price. Producer Surplus The amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller's cost. PS = P - Cost Demand curve, willingness to pay, marginal benefit (value to marginal buyer) ... Supply curve, willingness to sell, marginal cost (value to marginal seller) ... Total surplus TS = CS + PS = total gains from trade in a market = value to buyers - cost to sellers Efficiency Allocation is efficient if it maximizes total surplus." }, { "docid": "D3208938#0", "title": "http://www2.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/eco212i/lectures/s%26d/s%26d.htm\n.", "text": "\"Demand and Supply: How Prices are determined in a Market Economy REVIEW: For review exercises click HEREIntroduction Structural Adjustment Policies In our introductory lecture on Structural Adjustment we discussed various policies that countries are adopting all around the word to promote economic growth (increasing output rather than increasing their ability) and achieve productive and allocative efficiency. It is hoped that as economies move away from command economies (Chapter 23) toward mzrket economies or capitalism (chapter 4). These policies are:1. Privatization 2. Promotion of Competition 3. Limited and Reoriented Role for Government 4. Price Reform: Removing Controls 5. Joining the World Economy 6. Macroeconomic Stability Even though the concepts of SUPPLY and DEMAND are microeconomic concepts, they are reviewed in this macroeconomics course because not all students have taken micro (ECO 211) and they are fundamental principles that all economic student should master. We will study supply and demand in this \"\"Macroeconomics of the Gloabal Econaomy\"\" course to better understand why there is a worldwide movement to remove price controls and let Supply and Demand determine prices." }, { "docid": "D2324414#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/12778472/econ-ch-2324-flash-cards/\nEcon Ch 23&24", "text": "37 terms lmeyers2Econ Ch 23&24Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Marginal physical product The physical output that is due to the addition of one more unit of a variable factor of production; the change in total product occurring when a variable input is increased and all other inputs are held constant; also called marginal product. Planning Curve The long-run average cost curve Long-run average cost curve The locus of points representing the minimum unit cost of producing any given rate of output, given current technology and resource prices. Perfectly competitive firm A firm that is such a small part of the total industry that it cannot affect the price of the product it sells. Average physical product Total product divided by the variable input. Fixed Costs Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced Marginal cost pricing A system of pricing in which the price charged is equal to the opportunity cost to society of producing one more unit of the good or service in question. The opportunity cost is the marginal cost to society. Marginal Revenue The change in total revenues resulting from a change in output (and sale) of one unit of the product in question Total costs The sum of total fixed costs and variable costs Industry supply curve the locus of points showing the minimum prices at which given quantities will be forthcoming; also called the market supply curve Decreasing cost industry An industry in which an increase in output leads to a reduction in long-run per-unit costs, such that the long-run industry supply curve slopes downward. Minimum efficient scale The lowest rate of output per unit time at which long-run average costs for a particular firm are minimum Market failure a situation in which an unrestrained market operation leads to either too few or too many resources going to a specific economic activity Long-run industry supply curve A market supply curve showing the relationship between prices and quantities after firms have been allowed the time to enter into or exit from an industry, depending on wether there have been positive or negative economic profits. Variable costs Costs that vary with the rate of production. They include wages paid to workers and purchases of material Signals Compact ways of conveying to economic decision makers information needed to make decisions." }, { "docid": "D599455#0", "title": "http://courses.byui.edu/ECON_150/ECON_150_Old_Site/Lesson_06.htm\n.", "text": "Section 01: Production Production Functions We are now going to focus on the what is behind the supply curve. Profits equal total revenue minus total costs. Total revenue is equal to price times quantity and we examined their relationship in the elasticity section. This section focuses on the second part of the equation, costs. In order to produce, we must employ resources, i.e., land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. What happens to output as more resources are employed? We can demonstrate the impact of adding more of a variable resource, say labor, to a fixed amount of capital and see what happens to output. For demonstration purposes in economics, we often make widgets, which is really any hypothetical manufactured device. Our widget will be made taking a quarter sheet of paper, folding it in half twice then stapling it and writing the letter W on it. If you have a big family, you can do this as a Family Home Evening activity; otherwise you can just read along to see the results." }, { "docid": "D187336#0", "title": "https://courses.byui.edu/ECON_150/ECON_150_Old_Site/Lesson_10.htm\n.", "text": "\"Section 01: Resource Market Factors of Production We now turn our attention to the demand and supply of resources also called inputs or factors. Resources are used in the production of goods and services. The demand for an input or resource is derived from the demand for the good or service that uses the resource. Consumers do not directly value steel, in and of itself, but since we demand cars, we indirectly demand steel. If the demand for cars increases, there would be an increase in the demand for the steel that is used to make cars. Understanding derived demand and the supply of inputs can help us understand how the markets for inputs function, and in turn, how these markets relate to the markets for final goods (i.e. the goods consumers actually purchase). Understanding these concepts enable us to determine how much a firm would be willing to pay for steel on the margin or if it is worth paying someone $20 per hour. These answers depend on the value or revenue generated by using an additional amount of the input in question (i.e. what is the value or revenue generated by an additional worker) compared to what it costs to employ that additional amount of input (i.e. the wage rate). Similar to the concept of marginal revenue and marginal cost, which measures the additional benefits and costs of producing another unit of output, we use the concept of marginal revenue product and marginal resource cost which measures the additional revenue and additional cost from using one more input. Marginal Revenue Product Marginal Revenue Product is the additional revenue generated from using one more unit of the input." }, { "docid": "D1666956#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/mgt5.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "\"Shared Flashcard Set Details Title MGT5Description Chapter 9-12 Final Exam Review Total Cards 638Subject Management Level Undergraduate 3Created 07/24/2011Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Management Flashcards Cards Term A budget can be a means of communicating a company's objectives to external parties. ( T/F)Definition False Term A benefit of budgeting is that it provides objectives for evaluating performance (T/F)Definition True Term A budget can be used as a basis for evaluating performance (T/F)Definition True Term A well-developed budget can operate and enforce itself. ( T/F)Definition False Term The budget itself and the administration of the budget are the responsibility of the accounting department. ( T/F)Definition False Term The flow of input data for budgeting should be from the highest levels of responsibility to the lowest. ( T/F)Definition False Term Effective budgeting requires clearly defined lines of authority and responsibility. ( T/F)Definition True Term Budgets can have a positive or negative effect on human behavior depending on the manner in which the budget is developed and administered. ( T/F)Definition True Term A budget can facilitate the coordination of activities among the segments of a large company. (" } ]
9048	______________ theory is called the third force in personality theory	[ { "docid": "D3004598#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/34094352/The-Grand-Theory-of-Personality\nTHE GRAND THEORY OF PERSONALITY Some 17 Theories of Personality 1- Freud 2- Jung 3- Adler 4- Karen Horney 5- Erickson 6- Maslow 7- Rogers", "text": "\"THE GRAND THEORY OF PERSONALITY Some 17 Theories of Personality 1- Freud 2- Jung 3- Adler 4- Karen Horney 5- Erickson 6- Maslow 7- Rogers8- Murray 9- Sheldon 10- Sullivan 11- Allport 12- Cattle 13- Dollard and Miller 14- Bandura 15- Skinner 16- Ellis 17- Kelly There are three forces in Psychology. 1- The first force is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic or intra-psychic- it reduces humans to levels of animals 2- The second force is Behaviorism - it reduces humans to stimulus-response level 3- The third force is Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology- it restores human beings to their actual level There are a number of theories of personality that come under each banner. 1- The first force is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic it includes: • Freud’s theory • Jung’s theory • Adler’s theory • Karen Horney’s theory • Erikson’s theory 2- The second force is Behaviorism. It includes: • Dollard and Miller’s theory • Skinner’s theory • Bandura’s theory • Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike work 3- The third force is Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology. It includes: • Adler’s theory • Kelly’s theory • Murray’s theory • Maslow’s theory • Roger’s theory • Allport’s theory • Cattle’s theory • Sullivan’s theory Freud’s Theory Freud’s theory includes the following: • Levels of Consciousness • Analysis of Mental Structures • Psychosexual Stages of Development. • Defense Mechanisms • Means of Tapping the Unconscious • Instinct is an Inherited Condition that gives our Behavior Direction Two kinds of Instincts: 1. Life instinct or Eros: bodily needs, survival, pleasure (libido) 2. Death instinct or Thanatos: aggression, self-destructiveness (Mortido) Basis of Character Types Major event is Oedipal Complex Anxiety = threat Reality: danger in external world Neurotic: fear of id out of control Moral: fear of conscience Ego defends against anxiety--often unconscious, more and less mature/primitive Jung’s Theory The Personal Un-conscious consists of repressed or forgotten or not very vivid or clear memories. It consists of clusters of emotionally loaded thoughts which Jung labeled as complexes. A complex is a cluster of ideas connected together by a common feelings or emotions." } ]	[ { "docid": "D498221#0", "title": "http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/werner-karl-heisenberg\nHEISENBERG, WERNER KARL", "text": "HEISENBERG, WERNER KARL ( b. Würzburg, Germany, 5 December 1901; d. Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, 1 February 1976)quantum theory, nuclear physics. Heisenberg was the younger son of August and Anna Wecklein Heisenberg. His father taught ancient languages at the Altes Gymnasium in Würzburg and Greek philology at the university. In 1910 he moved his family to Munich, where he had been appointed professor of Greek philology at the university. Heisenberg attended primary school in Würzburg and Munich. He began piano lessons early, and by the age of thirteen he was playing master compositions. He remained an excellent and avid player throughout his life. On 29 April 1937 Heisenberg married Eli-sabeth Schumacher, daughter of the noted Berlin professor of economics Hermann Schumacher. They had seven children. In 1911, Heisenberg entered the Maximilians Gymnasium, of which his maternal grandfather was rector." }, { "docid": "D1913703#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/101210418/personality-chapter-4-jung-flash-cards/\nPersonality Chapter 4: Jung", "text": "\"68 terms MAMc Kinnon Personality Chapter 4: Jung Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Overview of Analytical Psychology Jung was an early colleague of Freud, but broke with psychoanalysis to establish a separate theory of personality called analytical psychology. Analytical psychology holds that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone. Everyone is motivated not only by repressed experiences, but also certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors, called the collective unconscious. Some elements of the collective unconscious become highly developed (archetypes). The most inclusive archetype is the notion of self-realization, which is achieved only by attaining a balance between various opposing forces of personality. Jun's Childhood Born in 1875 in Switzerland. His paternal grandfather was prominent physician/one of the best known men of the city. Jung sometimes believed he was the great grand son of the German poet Goethe." }, { "docid": "D2137146#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_Third_Law\nNewton's laws of motion", "text": "\"Newton's laws of motion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Newton's Third Law)navigation search\"\"Laws of Motion\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Laws of motion. \"\" Newton's Law\"\" redirects here. For the 2017 Australian TV series, see Newton's Law (TV series). Newton's First and Second laws, in Latin, from the original 1687 Principia Mathematica Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics Second law of motion History Timeline Branches [show]Fundamentals [show]Formulations [show]Core topics [show]Rotation [show]Scientists [show]v t e Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries, [1] and can be summarised as follows: First law: In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force. [ 2] [3]Second law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the accelerationa of the object: F = m a. (It is assumed here that the mass m is constant – see below . ) Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body." }, { "docid": "D3316169#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/document/169948960/World-System-Theory-A-Short-Version\nAnnual Reviews www.annualreviews.", "text": "\"Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline Ann. Rev. Sociol. 1982. 8:81-106 Copyright © 1982 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved WORLD-SYSTEM THEORY Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1982.8:81-106. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of Minnesota - Wilson Library on 10/29/05. For personal use only. Daniel Chirot School of International Studies, University of Washington,Seattle, Washington 98195 Thomas D. Hall Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 WORLD-SYSTEM THEORYWorld-system theory is a highly political approachto the problemof economic development in the Third World. It was created by policy-oriented intellectuals in countries at a medium level of development to account for their societies’ demonstrableinability to catch up to the rich countries." }, { "docid": "D1755515#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-are-strings-made-of-in-string-theory\n\"What are strings \"\"made of\"\" in string theory?\"", "text": "\"Barak Shoshany, Graduate Student at Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Updated Jun 24, 2015 · Upvoted by Anjishnu Bandyopadhyay, Ph D Student in Experimental Particle Physics from University of Bonn and Stephen Selipsky, ex-particle theorist; Stanford Ph. D., research at CERN, BU, Yale · Author has 1k answers and 5.3m answer views When you ask \"\"what is something made of\"\", you imply that this something is a composite system made of more \"\"fundamental\"\" or \"\"elementary\"\" components. In most cases, this question would make sense. For example, a grain of sand is made of molecules. The molecules are made of atoms. The atoms are made of electrons, protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are made of quarks. However, our current understanding is that elementary particles such as electrons and quarks are fundamental; they are not \"\"made of\"\" anything. Instead, they \"\"make up\"\" everything else! Some physicists think that elementary particles such as electrons and quarks are made of even more fundamental things, called \"\"strings\"\"." }, { "docid": "D2994396#0", "title": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/\nDemocracy", "text": "Democracy First published Thu Jul 27, 2006Normative democratic theory deals with the moral foundations of democracy and democratic institutions. It is distinct from descriptive and explanatory democratic theory. It does not offer in the first instance a scientific study of those societies that are called democratic. It aims to provide an account of when and why democracy is morally desirable as well as moral principles for guiding the design of democratic institutions. Of course, normative democratic theory is inherently interdisciplinary and must call on the results of political science, sociology and economics in order to give this kind of concrete guidance. This brief outline of normative democratic theory focuses attention on four distinct issues in recent work. First, it outlines some different approaches to the question of why democracy is morally desirable at all. Second, it explores the question of what it is reasonable to expect from citizens in large democratic societies. This issue is central to the evaluation of normative democratic theories as we will see. A large body of opinion has it that most classical normative democratic theory is incompatible with what we can reasonably expect from citizens." }, { "docid": "D3239831#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_laws\nNewton's laws of motion", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Newtons laws)navigation search\"\"Laws of Motion\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Laws of motion. \"\" Newton's Law\"\" redirects here. For the 2017 Australian TV series, see Newton's Law (TV series). Newton's First and Second laws, in Latin, from the original 1687 Principia Mathematica Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics Second law of motion History Timeline Branches [show]Fundamentals [show]Formulations [show]Core topics [show]Rotation [show]Scientists [show]v t e Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries, [1] and can be summarised as follows: First law: In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force. [ 2] [3]Second law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the accelerationa of the object: F = m a. (It is assumed here that the mass m is constant – see below . ) Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body." }, { "docid": "D538043#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(physics)\nForce", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Force (physics))navigation search For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). Force Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object. They can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate. Common symbols F, FSI unit newton (N)In SI base units 1 kg · m / s 2Derivations from other quantities F = m a Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics Second law of motion History Timeline Branches [show]Fundamentals [hide]Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energykineticpotential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations [show]Core topics [show]Rotation [show]Scientists [show]v t e In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. [ 1] A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest ), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F. The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time. If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. Concepts related to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque, which produces changes in rotational speed of an object." }, { "docid": "D2846884#0", "title": "http://www.iep.utm.edu/frankfur/\nThe Frankfurt School and Critical Theory", "text": "The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory The Frankfurt School, known more appropriately as Critical Theory, is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world. It was originally located at the Institute for Social Research ( Institut für Sozialforschung ), an attached institute at the Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany. The Institute was founded in 1923 thanks to a donation by Felix Weil with the aim of developing Marxist studies in Germany. After 1933, the Nazis forced its closure, and the Institute was moved to the United States where it found hospitality at Columbia University in New York City. The academic influence of the critical method is far reaching. Some of the key issues and philosophical preoccupations of the School involve the critique of modernity and capitalist society, the definition of social emancipation, as well as the detection of the pathologies of society. Critical Theory provides a specific interpretation of Marxist philosophy with regards to some of its central economic and political notions like commodification, reification, fetishization and critique of mass culture. Some of the most prominent figures of the first generation of Critical Theorists were Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Theodor Adorno (1903-1969), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Walter Benjamin (1892-1940), Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970), Leo Lowenthal (1900-1993), and Eric Fromm (1900-1980). Since the 1970s, a second generation began with Jürgen Habermas, who, among other merits, contributed to the opening of a dialogue between so-called continental and the analytic traditions. With Habermas, the Frankfurt School turned global, influencing methodological approaches in other European academic contexts and disciplines." }, { "docid": "D1558824#0", "title": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory/\nCritical Theory", "text": "Critical Theory First published Tue Mar 8, 2005Critical Theory has a narrow and a broad meaning in philosophy and in the history of the social sciences. “ Critical Theory” in the narrow sense designates several generations of German philosophers and social theorists in the Western European Marxist tradition known as the Frankfurt School. According to these theorists, a “critical” theory may be distinguished from a “traditional” theory according to a specific practical purpose: a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human “emancipation from slavery”, acts as a “liberating … influence”, and works “to create a world which satisfies the needs and powers” of human beings (Horkheimer 1972, 246). Because such theories aim to explain and transform all the circumstances that enslave human beings, many “critical theories” in the broader sense have been developed. They have emerged in connection with the many social movements that identify varied dimensions of the domination of human beings in modern societies. In both the broad and the narrow senses, however, a critical theory provides the descriptive and normative bases for social inquiry aimed at decreasing domination and increasing freedom in all their forms. Critical Theory in the narrow sense has had many different aspects and quite distinct historical phases that cross several generations, from the effective start of the Institute for Social Research in the years 1929–1930, which saw the arrival of the Frankfurt School philosophers and an inaugural lecture by Horkheimer, to the present. Its distinctiveness as a philosophical approach that extends to ethics, political philosophy, and the philosophy of history is most apparent when considered in light of the history of the philosophy of the social sciences. Critical Theorists have long sought to distinguish their aims, methods, theories, and forms of explanation from standard understandings in both the natural and the social sciences. Instead, they have claimed that social inquiry ought to combine rather than separate the poles of philosophy and the social sciences: explanation and understanding, structure and agency, regularity and normativity." }, { "docid": "D775551#0", "title": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights/\nRights", "text": "Rights First published Mon Dec 19, 2005; substantive revision Wed Sep 9, 2015Rights are entitlements (not) to perform certain actions, or (not) to be in certain states; or entitlements that others (not) perform certain actions or (not) be in certain states. Rights dominate modern understandings of what actions are permissible and which institutions are just. Rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived. To accept a set of rights is to approve a distribution of freedom and authority, and so to endorse a certain view of what may, must, and must not be done. This entry begins by describing the nature of rights: their classification, their composition, and their function. It then reviews the history of the language of rights, and various relationships between rights and reasons. The major contemporary philosophical approaches to the justification of rights are compared, and the entry concludes by surveying criticisms of rights and “rights talk.” The focus throughout is on general theoretical issues instead of on the analysis or justification of specific rights or types of rights. Those looking for fuller introductions to rights may consider Jones (1994), Harel (2005), Campbell (2006), Ivison (2007) and Edmundson (2012).1. Categories of Rights2." }, { "docid": "D1892939#0", "title": "https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-105478984/first-second-and-third-force-psychology-serve-as\nFirst, Second, and Third Force Psychology Serve as the Only Scientific Means for Determining Parole Readiness and Prison Reform", "text": "\"Academic journal article Journal of Instructional Psychology First, Second, and Third Force Psychology Serve as the Only Scientific Means for Determining Parole Readiness and Prison Reform By Cassel, Rusell N. Read preview Article excerpt First, second, and third force psychologies were described in detail by Ernest Hilgard. First force was based on \"\"Conditioning Theory\"\" and is no longer used with human beings. Second force is based on Freud's psychoanalytic theory and is presently used in this connection throughout the world. Third force psychology is \"\"Person Centered\"\" and is based on Roger's and Maslow's theories. It was developed in the 1960s and is used throughout the world today. ********** As a student of Ernest Hilgard of Stanford University for a number of years, and then in 1976 I did a feature on his theory in Education, and later I did a second feature on a friend Publisher of Hilgard, and learned to know him as a friend . He insists that today there are clearly three distinct and independently organized theories of psychology, and that each one of those is directly related to the indepenedence demonstrated by individuals involved. First Force Psychology First Force Psychology was developed in large part by B. F. Skinner (1969), and it is typically imposed by persons external to individuals involved. It employs a hypothetico-deductive method using behaviorism and a stimulus-response theory that is essential on a continuing bases for effectiveness. It is no longer used for human beings except for persons in a \"\"Closed\"\" Neuro-Psychiatric Ward, or for prisoners in Solitary Confinement, because people never become fully cognitive in their general orientation through operant conditioning." }, { "docid": "D746658#0", "title": "http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/\nDemocracy", "text": "Democracy First published Thu Jul 27, 2006Normative democratic theory deals with the moral foundations of democracy and democratic institutions. It is distinct from descriptive and explanatory democratic theory. It does not offer in the first instance a scientific study of those societies that are called democratic. It aims to provide an account of when and why democracy is morally desirable as well as moral principles for guiding the design of democratic institutions. Of course, normative democratic theory is inherently interdisciplinary and must call on the results of political science, sociology and economics in order to give this kind of concrete guidance. This brief outline of normative democratic theory focuses attention on four distinct issues in recent work. First, it outlines some different approaches to the question of why democracy is morally desirable at all. Second, it explores the question of what it is reasonable to expect from citizens in large democratic societies. This issue is central to the evaluation of normative democratic theories as we will see. A large body of opinion has it that most classical normative democratic theory is incompatible with what we can reasonably expect from citizens." }, { "docid": "D2529410#0", "title": "http://christintheclassroom.org/vol_10/10cc_277-296.htm\nInstitute for Christian Teaching", "text": "\"Institute for Christian Teaching G. C. Education Department of Seventh-day Adventists CARL ROGERS' VIEW OF PERSONAL WHOLENESS: An Evaluation and Critique from a Christian Perspective By Henry H. Lamberton Faculty of Religion Loma Linda University Prepared for the International Faith and Learning Seminarheld at Union College Lincoln, Nebraska June, 1993132-93 Institute for Christian Teaching12501 Old Columbia Pike Silver Spring, MD 20904, USAThe Purpose and Approach of this Paper This paper will identify and compare two conceptions of meaning that have been especially influential in contemporary culture. These are Christianity and humanistic psychology. The later, which is sometimes referred to as psychology's \"\"third force\"\" (because it followed and repudiated psychoanalysis and behaviorism), rose to prominence after World War II, with Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers as its most influential leaders. It is almost trite to say that humanistic psychology has had a major impact on American culture. Jones and Butman, (1991) credit Rogers with having originated what, \"\"has probably been the most widely adapted approach to people-helping that has ever been developed. Applications for the business, educational, familial, group, individual, marital and parental contest abound in the literature\"\" (p. 272). By 1973, fifteen years before his death, Rogers observed that the entire body of his published books and articles had been translated into Japanese and significant potions of it into numerous other languages (Rogers, 1974). A national opinion survey of American counseling and clinical psychologists that was published in 1982 (Smith) ranked Rogers as psychotherapy's most influential figure, even though very few of those polled adhered strictly to his methods. But more lasting than Rogers' approach to therapy have been the beliefs he articulated about the nature and potential of the individual self. While this perspective has undergone numerous adaptations, including vulgarizations, most of its basic presuppositions about human nature and wholeness have not changed and can be identified (Vitz, 1977)." }, { "docid": "D2285824#0", "title": "http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/adler.html\n.", "text": "\"ALFRED ADLER1870 - 1937Dr. C. George Boeree I would like to introduce Alfred Adler by talking about someone Adler never knew: Theodore Roosevelt. Born to Martha and Theodore Senior in Manhattan on October 27, 1858, he was said to be a particularly beautiful baby who needed no help entering his new world. His parents were strong, intelligent, handsome, and quite well-to-do. It should have been an idyllic childhood But \"\"Teedie,\"\" as he was called, was not as healthy as he first appeared. He had severe asthma, and tended to catch colds easily, develop coughs and fevers, and suffer from nausea and diarrhea. He was small and thin. His voice was reedy, and remained so even in adulthood. He became malnourished and was often forced by his asthma to sleep sitting up in chairs. Several times, he came dangerously close to dying from lack of oxygen." }, { "docid": "D1474097#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/Is-the-third-child-of-Stephen-Hawking-his-own\nIs the third child of Stephen Hawking his own?", "text": "\"Stephen Hawking Scientists Children Is the third child of Stephen Hawking his own?ad by Wharton Executive Education Learn business analytics online with Wharton Executive Education. Enroll in this three-month Business Analytics program and turn data into a revenue-producing action. Apply Now at execed-emeritus.wharton.upenn7 Answers Tanay Agarwal Answered Mar 6, 2015The answer to your question is probably ,\"\"yes!\"\". But, as you said , there are a lot of things missing. I hope that the post below answers your questions! ! The victim should have the right to end his life, if he wants. But I think it would be a great mistake. However bad life may seem, there is always something you can do, and succeed at. While there's life, there is hope.-Stephen Hawking, 2006 QUESTIONING THE STORY: Has the real Stephen Hawking seen the movie? Yes." }, { "docid": "D1597447#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-change\nSocial change", "text": "Social change, in sociology, the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value systems. Throughout the historical development of their discipline, sociologists have borrowed models of social change from other academic fields. In the late 19th century, when evolution became the predominant model for understanding biological change, ideas of social change took on an evolutionary cast, and, though other models have refined modern notions of social change, evolution persists as an underlying principle. Other sociological models created analogies between social change and the West’s technological progress. In the mid-20th century, anthropologists borrowed from the linguistic theory of structuralism to elaborate an approach to social change called structural functionalism. This theory postulated the existence of certain basic institutions (including kinship relations and division of labour) that determine social behaviour. Because of their interrelated nature, a change in one institution will affect other institutions. Various theoretical schools emphasize different aspects of change. Marxist theory suggests that changes in modes of production can lead to changes in class systems, which can prompt other new forms of change or incite class conflict. A different view is conflict theory, which operates on a broad base that includes all institutions." }, { "docid": "D813835#0", "title": "http://www.afirstlook.com/theory_resources/by_type/outline\nChapter Outlines (9th Edition)", "text": "\"Share: Chapter Outlines (9th Edition)From the Instructors Manual Overview Launching Your Study (Chapter 1)What is a theory and what does it do? Ernest Bormann defined theory as “an umbrella term for all careful, systematic, and self-conscious discussion and analysis of communication phenomena. ”This definition is purposefully broad, but may not be helpful in providing a direction for study. Judee Burgoon suggested that a theory is nothing more than “a set of systemic hunches about the way things operate. ”Set of hunches. If a theory is a set of hunches, it means we aren’t yet sure we have the answer. Theories always involve an element of speculation or conjecture. A theory is not just one inspired thought or an isolated idea. A theory offers some sort of explanation. A theory offers some indication of scope." }, { "docid": "D1082552#0", "title": "http://www.economicsconcepts.com/how_are_wages_determined.htm\nHow are Wages Determined/Theories of Wages Determination:", "text": "\"How are Wages Determined/Theories of Wages Determination: There are various theories of wages which lave been put forward by different economists from time to time but none of them is free from criticism. The most important theories of wages determination are: (1) Subsistence Theory of Wages. ( 2) Wage Fund Theory. ( 3) Residual Claimant Theory. ( 4) Marginal Productivity Theory. ( 5) Modern Theory of Supply and Demand. Let us now explain these theories one by one. ( 1) Subsistence Theory of Wages/Iron or Brazen Law of Wages: The subsistence theory of wages owes its origin to Physiocratic School of France. The theory is also named as Iron or Brazen Law of Wages. According to this theory:\"\"The wage in the long run tends to be equal to the minimum level of subsistence." }, { "docid": "D3303950#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_vector\nForce", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Force vector)navigation search For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). Force Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object. They can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate. Common symbols F, FSI unit newton (N)In SI base units 1 kg · m / s 2Derivations from other quantities F = m a Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics Second law of motion History Timeline Branches [show]Fundamentals [hide]Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energykineticpotential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations [show]Core topics [show]Rotation [show]Scientists [show]v t e In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. [ 1] A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest ), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F. The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time. If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. Concepts related to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque, which produces changes in rotational speed of an object." } ]
9050	_______________ are found between papillae, in the throat, and on the roof of the mouth.	[ { "docid": "D376697#0", "title": "http://www.md-health.com/Bump-In-Mouth.html\nWhat Causes Bumps to Appear in Your Mouth? How to Cope", "text": "What Causes Bumps to Appear in Your Mouth? How to Cope Mouth bumps are usually harmless although they may be uncomfortable and even painful. Get to know possible causes and managements here. A small bump in mouth that looks like a pimple may be caused by a few possible conditions like foods irritation. In most cases they may resolve on their own, but you still need to see a doctor if the bumps persists for a long period or becomes worse over time. Symptoms of Bumps in Mouth Bumps on the Palate Whitish bumps on the palate of the mouth may be due to smoking. Mandibular torus or exostosis occurs on the palate of the mouth or at the lower jaw near the tongue with an extra bone protruding, which is often injured by eating hard or sharp foods. Mucoceles form when the salivary glands are either blocked or cut. Bumps on the Tongue Circumvallate papillae are bumps found at the backmost part of the tongue, which can only be seen when you stick out your tongue really far. Transient lingual papillitis appears on the upper surface of your tongue due to local trauma (like biting or scraping) or contact reactions to certain foods." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2249406#0", "title": "https://www.healthline.com/health/dental-and-oral-health/sore-tongue\nWhatâs Causing My Sore Tongue?", "text": "What’s Causing My Sore Tongue? Trauma Infection Mouth ulcers Food sensitivity or allergy Smoking Less common causes Vitamin deficiency and anemia Burning tongue syndrome Neuralgia Lichen planus Behcet’s disease Moeller’s glossitis Certain medications Pemphigus vulgaris Oral cancer See your doctor Is this cause for concern? If your tongue is sore, it can be pretty hard to ignore. It may bother you when you speak or eat, and you may worry that something is seriously wrong. The good news is that most causes of a sore tongue aren’t a reason for concern. Here are some of the most common causes, as well as when you should head to the doctor. Trauma1. Trauma Biting down hard on your tongue can be extremely painful. Eating something very hot can burn your tongue and even blister it. Grinding your teeth or clenching them may cause pain on the outer edges of your tongue." }, { "docid": "D2275383#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_duct\nParotid duct", "text": "\"Parotid duct From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Parotid duct Right parotid gland. Deep and anterior aspects. ( Parotid duct labeled at center left. ) Dissection, showing salivary glands of right side. ( Parotid duct visible at center. ) Details Identifiers Latin Ductus parotideus Me SH D018987TA A05.1.02.007FMA 10420Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The parotid duct or Stensen duct is a duct and the route that saliva takes from the major salivary gland, the parotid gland into the mouth. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Eponym2 Structure3 Clinical relevance4 Additional images5 See also6 References7 External links Eponym [ edit]It is named after Nicolas Steno (1638–1686), a Danish anatomist credited with its detailed description in 1660. Structure [ edit]The parotid duct is formed when several interlobular ducts —the largest ducts inside the parotid gland—join. It emerges from the gland and runs forward along the lateral side of the masseter muscle. In this course, the duct is surrounded by the buccal fat pad. [" }, { "docid": "D831448#0", "title": "http://www.womansday.com/health-fitness/wellness/a5789/7-things-you-didnt-know-about-your-taste-buds-119709/\n7 Things You Didn't Know About Your Taste Buds", "text": "\"By Amanda Greene Jul 18, 2011 253Thinkstock You probably already know that your taste buds have something to do with your food preferences, but you'll likely be surprised to learn how deeply those preferences are rooted in your body's survival instincts. We spoke to the experts to learn more about taste buds, and uncovered loads of surprising information, from how pregnancy can affect taste to why some people have more sensitive palates. Read on to learn seven surprising facts about taste buds.1. You can't see your taste buds. Those bumps you see on your tongue when you say \"\"ahh\"\"? They aren't taste buds. \"\" Those round projections are called fungiform papillae and each has an average of six taste buds buried inside its surface tissue,\"\" says Linda Bartoshuk, Ph D, director of human research at the University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste. Specialized taste receptors inside the taste buds allow us to distinguish sweet, salty, sour and bitter—and a possible fifth taste called umami, which has a savory element––by sending a message to the brain. And you don't just have taste buds on your tongue—they're everywhere, from the roof of your mouth to your throat and stomach.2. Not everyone has the same amount of taste buds." }, { "docid": "D551230#0", "title": "https://www.healthtap.com/topics/white-spots-at-back-of-mouth\nTop 30 Doctor insights on: White Spots At Back Of Mouth", "text": "\"Top 30 Doctor insights on: White Spots At Back Of Mouth Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Gary Sandler1 doctor agreed:1 Recently had a viral infection. Noticed white roof of mouth, furry white tongue, and yellow/red/white spots at back of mouth. Oral Thrush? : What you describe may be candidiasis or oral thrush, which is a fungal infection and easily treated by your dentist (or physician). However, you need to have it looked at to confirm the diagnosis and then have proper treatment. ... Read more Dr. Sandra Lora Cremers Mouth (Definition)Mouth (mouth) \"\" n. Pl. Mouths 1. A. The body opening through which an animal takes in food. B. The cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the oropharynx and containing in higher vertebrates the tongue, gums, and teeth. C. This cavity regarded as the source of sounds and speech." }, { "docid": "D5279#0", "title": "http://kidshealth.org/en/kids/tongue.html\n.", "text": "\"Kids Health / For Kids / Your Tongue What's in this article? Listenen español Tu lengua Want to find out just how much you use your tongue? Try eating an ice-cream cone or singing your favorite song without it. You need your tongue to chew, swallow, and sing. And don't forget talking and tasting!Tongue Twister Has anyone ever told you that the tongue is a muscle? Well, that's only partly true: The tongue is really made up of many groups of muscles. These muscles run in different directions to carry out all the tongue's jobs. The front part of the tongue is very flexible and can move around a lot, working with the teeth to create different types of words. This part also helps you eat by helping to move food around your mouth while you chew. Your tongue pushes the food to your back teeth so the teeth can grind it up." }, { "docid": "D584644#0", "title": "http://health.knowfacts.org/tongue/white-bumps-on-tongue-meaning-causes-of-hard-small-lumpy-dot-blister-cure/\nWhite Bumps on Tongue: Hard, Small, Big & Blister Like Lumps", "text": "White Bumps on Tongue: Hard, Small, Big & Blister Like Lumpswritten by healcure What are these white bumps on the tongue? Discover the meaning of various kinds and what causes them. The tongue naturally has small bumps on its surface whose color range spans several shades of white and pink. They also called papillae, house your taste buds. On tip The white bumps on the tongue we are concerned about will stand out from the ordinary papillae by how they feel, you know if they are painful, and how they appear, bigger than the normal taste bud bumps. These are not life-threatening, at least not usually that is, but they are also not normal. Find out what different kinds of white tongue bumps could mean and what could possibly be causing them below. Meaning and causes Contents [ show]Much like clothes, bumps on tongue come in several shades and sizes and patterns. Unlike clothes, though, you don’t get to choose, you get what you get and that is what you have to deal with. Part of dealing is people trying to put a name to what they are experiencing, which is how we end with so many descriptions of more or less the same condition." }, { "docid": "D628275#0", "title": "https://mddk.com/enlarged-papillae.html\nEnlarged Papillae", "text": "Enlarged Papillae What are Enlarged Papillae? Papillae are small growths that appear on the surface of your tongue naturally. Although all not all papillae contain taste buds the ones found on your tongue do. In fact, the papillae on your tongue are usually called your taste buds. There are many different types of papillae and there are times that they do seem to be enlarged. The four types of papillae that are associated most often with your taste buds and have nerve endings that send messages to your brain about what type of food you are eating. Enlarged Papillae Types These four types of papillae are: Fungiform papillae On the surface of your tongue they are scattered around but most are located on the sides and apex of your tongue. They have nothing to do with fungus but are all that because of their shape which is the shape of a mushroom. These papillae detect sour and sweet tastes. Foliate papillae These papillae are found on the sides of your tongue and have an elongated fold." }, { "docid": "D948174#0", "title": "https://medlicker.com/1124-swollen-taste-buds\nSwollen taste buds: the ultimate guide to causes, symptoms and treatment", "text": "Swollen taste buds: the ultimate guide to causes, symptoms and treatment Health A-Z June 7, 2016 8:25 PM 235291Are your taste buds on tip or back of the tongue swollen? This problem may be caused by inflammation, allergic reaction, herpes, yeast infection and even cancer. Here is a detailed evidence based overview of causes, symptoms and medical and home treatment options for inflamed taste buds. Contents What are taste buds and how do they work? What are the causes of swollen taste buds? Transient lingual papillitis Sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes or HPV, thrush or yeast infection Allergic reaction on the tongue Vitamin deficiency (vitamin C and B complex)Swollen taste buds after eating acidic, salty and spicy foods Hot beverages cause inflammation of taste buds Swollen taste buds after drinking and chewing tobacco, cinnamon gum Tongue piercing Cancer Tongue rubbing, cracked tongue, biting, injuries Dry mouth and throat Lupus Sore throat, with a cold and strep throat Adderall side effects Hormonal imbalance, stress, anxiety and depression Swollen taste buds from sugar or sweets Acid reflux Symptoms of swollen or inflamed taste buds Transient lingual papillitis STDS (Sexually transmitted diseases)Vitamin B and C deficiency Oral cancer Lupus Sjorgen’s syndrome GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease)How to treat swollen taste buds? Transient lingual papillitis Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)Vitamin B or C deficiency Oral cancer Lupus Home remedies for swollen taste buds Saltwater solution Drink cool beverages Use ice to relieve swelling Eat soothing foods Maintain oral hygiene Lozenges or sprays Use mouthwash Hydrogen peroxide and baking soda Rinse with tea tree oil Apply honey Pepper, Ginger and Garlic Precautions FAQs When should I contact a doctor? Things to remember What are taste buds and how do they work? Taste buds are small papillae like structures found on the upper surface of the tongue. They are too small to be seen separately and they are present on the surface of tongue in large numbers." }, { "docid": "D3135153#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tongue\ntongue", "text": "tongue Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to tongue: Geographic tongue, Tongue twisterstongue [ tung] a muscular organ on the floor of the mouth; it aids in chewing, swallowing, and speech, and is thelocation of organs of taste. The taste buds are located in the papillae, which are projections on theupper surface of the tongue. The condition of the tongue can sometimes be a guide to the generalcondition of the body. glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) can accompany anemia, scarlet fever,nutritional deficiencies, and most general infections. Sometimes it is part of an adverse reaction to medication. One form of glossitis causes a smooth tongue, with a red, glazed appearance. A coated or furry tongue may be present in a variety of illnesses, but does not necessarily indicateillness. A dry tongue sometimes indicates insufficiency of fluids in the body, or it may result fromfever. When the tongue is extremely dry and has a leathery appearance, the cause may be uremia." }, { "docid": "D2513572#0", "title": "http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V1/The-Digestive-System-Design-parts-of-the-digestive-system.html\nThe Digestive System - Design: parts of the digestive system", "text": "\"The Digestive System - Design: parts of the digestive system The digestive system may be broken into two parts: a long, winding, muscular tube accompanied by accessory digestive organs and glands. That open-ended tube, known as the alimentary canal or digestive tract, is composed of various organs. These organs are, in order, the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The rectum and anus form the end of the large intestine. The accessory digestive organs and glands that help in the digestive process include the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. The walls of the alimentary canal from the esophagus through the large intestine are made up of four tissue layers. The innermost layer is the mucosa, coated with mucus. This protects the alimentary canal from chemicals and enzymes (proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions) that break down food and from germs and parasites that might be in that food. Around the mucosa is the submucosa, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels. Wrapped around the submucosa are two layers of muscles that help move food along the canal." }, { "docid": "D3440046#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/2944307/quiz-3-flash-cards/\nquiz 3", "text": "\"76 terms mnc8quiz 3Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Mouth lesions -include ulcers, cysts, firm nodules, hemorrhagic lesions, papules, vesicles, bullae, and erythematous lesions. -may occur anywhere on the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, tongue, gingiva, or mucous membranes. -many are painful and readily detected while some, however, don't produce symptoms can result from trauma, infection, systemic disease, drug use, or radiation therapy. Recurrent Herpes Labialis (a form of herpes simplex) -a viral infection that appears in the formation of painful blisters on the lip. -Prodrome (itching, burning, tingling) lasts approximately 12 to 36 hours, followed by eruption of clustered vesicles along the vermilion border that subsequently rupture, ulcerate, and crust. -Reactivation triggers: ultraviolet light, trauma, fatigue, stress, menstruation Carcinoma -caused predominantly by using tobacco, alcohol, overexposure of sunlight. To a lesser extent, it could also come from lack of oral hygiene or poor fitting dentures. Angioedema (Quinke's Edema) -acute edema of the skin, mucosa and submucosal tissues. -Affects tissues around the mouth, mucosa of the mouth and/or throat, as well as the tongue, which swell up over the period of minutes to several hours. -The swelling can also occur elsewhere, typically in the hands." }, { "docid": "D533244#0", "title": "https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/bumps-on-back-of-tongue/\nBumps on Back of Tongue: Causes and Effective Treatments", "text": "Bumps on Back of Tongue: Causes and Effective Treatments By Jenny Hills, Medical Writer and Researcher Health The surface of your tongue has many tiny bumps called papillae that give the tongue a rough texture and help you taste food. These small bumps are found from the back of your tongue to the tip of your tongue. Usually, you only notice these tongue bumps if they become inflamed or swollen for some reason. For example, viral or bacterial infections, injury, or allergic reactions can cause red or white swollen bumps on the back of the tongue. Depending on the cause of the swollen papillae at the back of your tongue, they could interfere with your sense of taste, eating, and even speaking. In most cases, there are effective home remedies that can help to get rid of these annoying tongue bumps at the back of your mouth. For example, salt water rinses, apple cider vinegar, and witch hazel have antimicrobial properties that can get rid of infections that cause bumps on your tongue. Advertisement In this article, you will learn about the causes of bumps that appear on the surface of your tongue at the back of the throat. You will also find effective treatments you can make at home to get rid of the cause of the tongue bumps and when the condition is serious enough to see a doctor. What Causes Red Bumps on Back of Tongue Let’s look briefly at why you can get red bumps appearing on the back of your tongue." }, { "docid": "D584645#0", "title": "http://askmyhealth.com/white-bumps-on-tongue-painful-bump-back-of-tongue-tip-sides-under/\nRed or White Bumps on Back of Tongue, Tip & Sides-Causes & Remedies", "text": "Red or White Bumps on Back of Tongue, Tip & Sides-Causes & Remedies November 22, 2016 by Amanda kelly Bumps on the tongue make you uncomfortable and frustrating. Most bumps on the tongue aren’t serious. But some may be cancerous. Most commonly, you can notice red and white bumps on the tongue. Most bumps occur at the tip of the tongue and sides of the tongue. Rarely, you can notice large bumps on the back of the tongue. Some bumps may be painful and some may not. The below home remedies are enough to cure the bumps on the tongue. Doctor’s care should be taken if the bumps are not fade away after 2 weeks. Image Credits: Christopher Contents [ hide]What Causes Bumps on the Tongue?1." }, { "docid": "D1828435#0", "title": "https://www.healthtap.com/topics/why-is-my-tongue-yellow-in-the-morning\nTop 40 Doctor insights on: Why Is My Tongue Yellow In The Morning", "text": "\"Top 40 Doctor insights on: Why Is My Tongue Yellow In The Morning Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Anifat Balogun2 doctors agreed:1 Why is my tongue sometimes yellow in the morning? Yellow tongue: Possibly due to debris and bacteria in the mouth and on the tongue overnight. Be sure that your night time oral care includes brushing your tongue gently, but thoroughly. ... Read more Dr. Chad Levitt Mouth (Definition)Mouth (mouth) \"\" n. Pl. Mouths 1. A. The body opening through which an animal takes in food. B. The cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the oropharynx and containing in higher vertebrates the tongue, gums, and teeth. C. This cavity regarded as the source of sounds and speech. D. The opening to any cavity or canal ... Read more Dr. Julian Henley ENT - Head & Neck Surgeryyears in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Amber Patel1 doctor agreed:2 Why appears the yellow substance on tongue esspecially in the morning? See your dentist: You need to have this evaluated if it is different than what you normally see in the morning on your tongue." }, { "docid": "D2366671#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/4931172/ch-17-the-special-senses-flash-cards/\nCh 17: The Special Senses", "text": "\"210 terms Schik Ch 17: The Special Senses Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Difference between general and special senses General: Scattered throughout the body, and relatively simple in structure Special: Receptors for the special senses—smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium—are anatomically distinct from one another and are concentrated in specific locations in the head. They are usually embedded in the epithelial tissue within complex sensory organs such as the eyes and ears. Neural pathways for the special senses are also more complex than those for the general senses. Olfaction Sense of smell Smell and taste are what kind of senses Chemical What makes smell and taste chemical senses? The sensations arise from the interaction of molecules with smell or taste receptors Number of olfactory receptors The nose contains 10-100 million receptors for the sense of smell Location of olfactory receptors an area called the olfactory epitheliumolfactory epithelium - a total area of 5 cm2 -the olfactory epithelium occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal conchaolfactory epithelium consists of three kinds of cells olfactory receptors, supporting cells, and basal cells Olfactory receptors - anatomy - the first-order neurons of the olfactory pathway - Each olfactory receptor is a bipolar neuron with an exposed knob-shaped dendrite and an axon projecting through the cribriform plate and ending in the olfactory bulb Olfactory hairs The sites of olfactory transduction - they are cilia that project from the dendritetransduction the conversion of stimulus energy into a graded potential in a sensory receptor.odorants Chemicals that have an odor and can therefore stimulate the olfactory hairs How do olfactory receptors respond to the chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule? by producing a generator potential, thus initiating the olfactory response Supporting cells - columnar epithelial cells of the mucous membrane lining the nose. - They provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory receptors, and they help detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium. Basal cells - stem cells located between the bases of the supporting cells. -" }, { "docid": "D227862#0", "title": "http://www.healtreatcure.org/tongue/blisters-on-tongue-pictures-back-side-tip-water-fever-blood/\nBlisters on Tongue Pictures, Back, Side, Tip, Causes, Child, Fever, Water, Blood, How to Get Rid of It and Treatment", "text": "Blisters on Tongue Pictures, Back, Side, Tip, Causes, Child, Fever, Water, Blood, How to Get Rid of It and Treatment Do you have blisters on your tongue? What might be the cause? This article contain insights on the causes of water or blood blisters on tongue and the reason why you or your child may experience blisters on different part of the tongue i.e. back, side and tip. You will also learn important tips on how to get rid of the blisters on your tongue.blood blisters on tongue Contents [ hide]Blisters on Tongue Causes Blisters on Tongue Child, Toddler or in Children Blood Blisters on Tongue Water Blisters on Tongue Fever Blisters on Tongue Blisters on Back of Tongue How to Get Rid of Blisters on Tongue Pictures of Blisters on Tongue More sources and references: Blisters on Tongue Causes Blisters or small bumps that are filled with water or blood and they can erupt on the tongue or any other part of your body. Tongue blisters are painful sores or ulcers that can be yellow or white in color and surrounded by a reddened area. Pain and inflammations can make it difficult to speak, chew or swallow food or drinks. Tongue blisters or zits can result from a number of things that includes the following: Trauma or injury to the tongue Injuries like accidentally biting tongue with your teeth, grinding the teeth and scalding your tongue can cause red blood blisters to develop on your tongue. Some people have a bad habit of clenching and grinding the teeth, this can result to painful ulcers on the edges of the tongue. You may experience some pain, inflammation or a burning sensation until when it heals. Canker sores Mouth ulcers or cancer sores can develop anywhere in the oral cavities including the tongue, inner surface of the cheeks, roof or floor of the mouth or on the gums." }, { "docid": "D1451826#0", "title": "http://www.exoticpetvet.net/avian/anatomy.html\n.", "text": "\"Avian Anatomy As an avian veterinarian, I often use words like choana and cloaca, and when I do, I can easily visualize in my mind exactly what these body parts look like, and it's hard for me to realize that often, the owner doesn't understand what I'm saying. Let's take a learning tour through the bird, both externally and internally, so that bird owners will have a better idea of the anatomy. In some areas, birds are similar to other animals, and in others, they are absolutely unique. For example, the bird has several unique adaptations that enables it to fly, including feathers, air spaces in bones, a beak in place of teeth and lips and the bones of the hand fused to support flight. The head of the bird contains several structures that may confuse bird owners. The bill or beak is known anatomically as the rostrum. Now bear with me as I use some technical terms to explain common anatomical parts, but I think it's important that you see the scientific terms for the bird's anatomy, even if you won't commit them to memory on sight! The horny sheaths of the upper and lower beak can be called the maxillary rhamphotheca (or rhinotheca) and mandibular rhamphotheca (or gnathotheca ). If you tip the head back, you will see a fleshy area under the lower mandible, and this is called the interramal region or interramal space. The tongue and related structures are nestled in this region." }, { "docid": "D3388231#0", "title": "https://www.healthtap.com/topics/black-tongue-causes-in-humans\nTop 30 Doctor insights on: Black Tongue Causes In Humans", "text": "\"Top 30 Doctor insights on: Black Tongue Causes In Humans Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. David Padula1 doctor agreed:1 What causes a blue tongue in humans? Many causes: Bleeding, central cyanosis, congenital heart disease, contusion, copd, lung disease or even a blue lollipop are some causes. ... Read more Dr. Ihab Ibrahim Mouth (Definition)Mouth (mouth) \"\" n. Pl. Mouths 1. A. The body opening through which an animal takes in food. B. The cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the oropharynx and containing in higher vertebrates the tongue, gums, and teeth. C. This cavity regarded as the source of sounds and speech. D. The opening to any cavity or canal ... Read more Dr. Julian Henley ENT - Head & Neck Surgeryyears in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Lakhminder Sandhu1 doctor agreed:2 What causes a black tongue? Black tongue: Black tongue has been linked to poor oral hygiene, smoking or chewing tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, beverages like coffee, dry mouth, radiation and medications like penicillin, erythromycin, doxycycline etc, http://www. Dermnetnz." }, { "docid": "D563733#0", "title": "https://draxe.com/white-tongue/\n10 Natural Treatments for White Tongue", "text": "Conditions White Tongue 10 Natural Treatments for White Tongue10 Natural Treatments for White Tongue4771 77 3192Did you know that the tongue is one of the strongest muscles in the body? It’s actually the most sensitive place for our sense of touch, and it allows us to talk, taste food and swallow. Plus, according to the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, the tongue plays an important role in determining and treatment health conditions. For that reason, white tongue can be viewed as a warning sign of a possible health issue, like oral thrush or poor oral hygiene. There are simple, natural remedies that get rid of white tongue, get rid of bad breath and boost your oral health. What Is White Tongue? Primary Causes + Risk Factors A healthy tongue is pink and covered with papillae, small nodules that are on the surface of the tongue and have a rough texture. When your tongue appears white, that means food debris, bacteria and dead cells have been lodged between inflamed papillae. ( 1) White tongue is usually harmless and only temporary, but it can also be an indication of an infection or some serious conditions. White tongue may be caused by the following factors:dehydrationpoor oral hygieneillness or infectiondry mouthfeverreaction to certain medications, including antibiotics or steroidscandida yeast infection (oral thrush)smoking or tobacco usealcohol usespicy food, such as habanero and jalapeno pepperscongenital heart disease in adults The most common cause of white tongue is dehydration or dry mouth, which is a breeding ground for bacteria." }, { "docid": "D2763343#0", "title": "http://www.therabreath.com/guides/post-nasal-drip.html\nPost-Nasal Drip Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Guide", "text": "\"Post-Nasal Drip Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Guide What is Post-Nasal Drip? Mucus plays a vital role in maintaining good health. Glands in the nose and throat produce up to two quarts of mucus each day. Mucus is responsible for moistening and cleaning nasal tissue. It also acts as a humidifier, captures foreign matter, and combats infections. Normally, mucus is swallowed without being noticed, however, it becomes a problem when it evolves into post-nasal drip. This can occur for several reasons, explained below. The basic problem is excessive mucus gathers in the throat and nose and it then flows into a person's airway, collecting in the lungs. It may also drip into the stomach, causing intermittent nausea. Nasal Sinus Drip and Bad Breath Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available." } ]
9054	_______________ is a movement disorder caused by brain damage at birth.	[ { "docid": "D2805217#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/15335869/the-nervous-system-flash-cards/\nThe Nervous System", "text": "\"82 terms kdoneil The Nervous System Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Alzheimer's disease severe form of senile dementia. corticla destruction causes variable degrees of confusion, memory loss, and other cognitive defects. * Amnesia condition in which there is a loss or lack of memory. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) muscular weakness, atrophy, with spasticity caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord, medulla, and cortex. also called Lou Gehrig's disease. Analgesia condition in which there is a lack of the sensation of pain Amencephaly congenital condition in which there is a lack of development of the brain. * babies born with this usually die soon after birth Anesthesia literally means loss or lack of the sense of feeling; a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes, and decreased stress response. Anesthesiologict physician who specializes in the science of anesthesia." } ]	[ { "docid": "D648319#0", "title": "http://www.hurtbyadoctor.com/Birth-Injury-Labor-Delivery-Malpractice-Lawyers-Cerebral-Palsy-.htm\nCerebral Palsy: Three Main Types Spastic, Athetoid & Ataxic Cerebral Palsy", "text": "Cerebral Palsy: Three Main Types Spastic, Athetoid & Ataxic Cerebral Palsy Brain damage occurring before, during, or shortly after birth can cause a baby to suffer permanent disability and functional impairment, often characteristic of one or more of the several types of cerebral palsy. When medical malpractice during labor and delivery or shortly after birth is the cause, the permanent brain injury may have been avoided. Birth Injuries and Labor and Delivery Malpractice Cerebral Palsy The baby above was born in perfect health. Unfortunately, not all babies are so lucky. Three Main Types of Cerebral Palsy Classified by Type of Movement Disorder or Permanent Disability Cerebral Palsy has three main types that are classified by the type of permanent disability caused by the permanent brain damage suffered during labor, delivery, shortly after birth. The three types of Cerebral Palsy classified by the type of permanent disability caused by the permanent brain damage suffered during delivery, the permanent brain damage suffered at birth, or the permanent brain damage suffered shortly after birth are the following: Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Children with spastic cerebral palsy have increased reflexes, increased muscle tone, tight muscles, and joint contractures. For more information about spastic cerebral palsy, Click Here. Athetoid Cerebral Palsy. Children with athetoid cerebral palsy suffer an ever changing level of muscle tone." }, { "docid": "D1173527#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ataxia/home/ovc-20311863\nOverview", "text": "\"Overview Cerebellum and brainstem Ataxia describes a lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects. A sign of an underlying condition, ataxia can affect various movements, creating difficulties with speech, eye movement and swallowing. Persistent ataxia usually results from damage to the part of your brain that controls muscle coordination (cerebellum). Many conditions can cause ataxia, including alcohol abuse, certain medications, stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy, brain degeneration and multiple sclerosis. Inherited defective genes also can cause the condition. Treatment for ataxia depends on the cause. Adaptive devices, such as walkers or canes, might help you maintain your independence. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and regular aerobic exercise also might help. Symptoms Ataxia can develop over time or come on suddenly. A sign of a number of neurological disorders, ataxia can cause: Poor coordination Unsteady walk and a tendency to stumble Difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as eating, writing or buttoning a shirt Change in speech Involuntary back-and-forth eye movements (nystagmus)Difficulty swallowing When to see a doctor If you aren't aware of having a condition that causes ataxia, such as multiple sclerosis, see your doctor as soon as possible if you: Lose balance Lose muscle coordination in a hand, arm or leg Have difficulty walking Slur your speech Have difficulty swallowing Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic Causes Damage, degeneration or loss of nerve cells in the part of your brain that controls muscle coordination (cerebellum), results in ataxia." }, { "docid": "D1062119#0", "title": "http://www.abclawcenters.com/frequently-asked-questions/what-causes-spastic-cerebral-palsy/\nWhat does spastic cerebral palsy look like?", "text": "What does spastic cerebral palsy look like? Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder that causes problems with movement and balance due to a brain injury that occurs during or near the time of labor and delivery. Sometimes cerebral palsy is noticed soon after birth, but in other children, the disorder won’t be noticed until a few years later. Babies with cerebral palsy are often slow to roll over, sit, crawl, or walk, and may look weak and have poor head position. Cerebral palsy noticed a few years later in life is characterized by abnormal muscle tone, poor reflexes and motor coordination, permanently fixed/tight muscles (spasticity), spasms and other involuntary movements, unsteady walking, problems with balance, and scissor or toe walking. Spastic Cerebral Palsy: The Most Common Type of Cerebral Palsy Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type of cerebral palsy, occurring in approximately 70 – 90% of all cases. Normally, muscles coordinate in pairs; when one group of muscles contract (tighten), the other group relaxes. This allows free movement. In spastic cerebral palsy, complications in brain-to-nerve-to-muscle communication occur and the balanced degree of muscle tension is disrupted. Muscles affected by spastic cerebral palsy become active together, which effectively blocks coordinated movement." }, { "docid": "D44933#0", "title": "http://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/definition\nDefinition of Cerebral Palsy", "text": "Cerebral Palsy is considered a neurological disorder caused by a non-progressive brain injury or malformation that occurs while the child’s brain is under development. Cerebral Palsy primarily affects body movement and muscle coordination. Though Cerebral Palsy can be defined, having Cerebral Palsy does not define the person that has the condition. Definition of Cerebral Palsy While Cerebral Palsy (pronounced seh-ree-brel pawl-zee) is a blanket term commonly referred to as “CP” and described by loss or impairment of motor function, Cerebral Palsy is actually caused by brain damage. The brain damage is caused by brain injury or abnormal development of the brain that occurs while a child’s brain is still developing — before birth, during birth, or immediately after birth. Cerebral Palsy affects body movement, muscle control, muscle coordination, muscle tone, reflex, posture and balance. It can also impact fine motor skills, gross motor skills and oral motor functioning. What is Cerebral Palsy? Cerebral Palsy is the result of a brain injury or a brain malformation. Individuals with Cerebral Palsy were most likely born with the condition, although some acquire it later." }, { "docid": "D642147#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093\nOverview", "text": "Overview Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness. Anyone can develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages. Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people with epilepsy simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, while others repeatedly twitch their arms or legs. Having a single seizure doesn't mean you have epilepsy. At least two unprovoked seizures are generally required for an epilepsy diagnosis. Treatment with medications or sometimes surgery can control seizures for the majority of people with epilepsy. Some people require lifelong treatment to control seizures, but for others, the seizures eventually go away. Some children with epilepsy may outgrow the condition with age." }, { "docid": "D766410#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/basics/symptoms/CON-20030502\nOverview", "text": "\"Overview Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth. Signs and symptoms appear during infancy or preschool years. In general, cerebral palsy causes impaired movement associated with abnormal reflexes, floppiness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk, abnormal posture, involuntary movements, unsteady walking, or some combination of these. People with cerebral palsy may have problems swallowing and commonly have eye muscle imbalance, in which the eyes don't focus on the same object. People with cerebral palsy also may suffer reduced range of motion at various joints of their bodies due to muscle stiffness. Cerebral palsy's effect on functional abilities varies greatly. Some affected people can walk while others can't. Some people show normal or near-normal intellectual capacity, but others may have intellectual disabilities. Epilepsy, blindness or deafness also may be present. Symptoms Signs and symptoms can vary greatly." }, { "docid": "D645675#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/10378801/neuro-disorders-parkinsons-cp-ms-flash-cards/\nNeuro Disorders- Parkinsons, CP, MS", "text": "\"30 terms little_sam Neuro Disorders- Parkinsons, CP, MSLearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Parkinsons Disease Stats Degenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Occurs after age 40 Mean onset 58 - 62 years Males have a higher incidence Primary CNS disorder Leading cause of neurological disability in people 60 years or older 500,000 affected in the USHistory of Parkinsons Degenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease James Parkinson, 1755-1824 Produces abnormal movement Disorder of the basal ganglia Alteration in the dopamine-secreting \"\"nigrostriatal pathway\"\" Loss of dopamine-secreting neurons (they die)Possible Causes of Parkinsons Degenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Parkinson's 10 - 15% inherited Secondary Parkinson disease - Caused by other factors Toxins Drugs - recreational drugs (MPPP) A synthetic opioid drug MPPP when produced can have MTPT as an impurity (self induced parkinsons) MPTP causes degeneration of the substantia nigra region Secondary Parkinson disease - Caused by other factors Virus (influenza) after world war II (1920s) Influenza pandemic - increases in PD Contact with large numbers of people Free radicals PD patients appear to have enhance free radical levels Age may predispose substantia nigra region increase sensitivity to damage (older higher incidence of parkinsons) Toxins have been implicated Major disease feature of parkinsons Degenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Major disease feature Degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway Damage in neurons remaining in the substantia nigra appears as Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions Lewy body (round bodies found in vacuoles) Loss of dopamine receptors (D1) in the basal ganglia Severity of the disease depends on the number of neurons damaged in the substantia nigra Pathophys of Parkinsons Degenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Pathophysiology Loss of dopamine (NT) - inhibitory function Imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory NTs Excessive acetylcholine (excitatory NT) because of a loss of inhibition (dopamine) Resulting in Hypertonia (tremor and rigidity) Akinesia (temp loss of muscle movement) Bradykinesia (slow movement)Parkinson's Symptoms Degenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Pathophysiology Symptoms appear after 60 - 90% of dopamine secreting neurons are damage at the nigra region Symptoms (classic) - all are present Tremor Rigidity (muscle stiffness) Akinesia (poor movement) Postural abnormalities Parkinson's Tremor Tremor Asymmetric, regular and rhythmic tremor (one sided) Late phase of the disease tremor increases in frequency and amplitude Parkinson's- Postural abnormalities Postural abnormalities Due to loss of postural reflexes Postural fixation - unable to maintain upright position Equilibrium problems Disorders in righting (correcting posture)Parkinson's-neuroendocrine aspect Neuroendocrine Basal ganglia influences hypothalamus Activation of the hypothalamus - pituitary pathway Results in excessive androgen secretion Sebum secretion - oily skin Cognitive symptoms Endogenous depression (due to pathological factors)Parkinson's Treatment L - dopa (levodopa) - precursor to dopamine Dopamine is too large to cross the blood brain barrier Anticholinergic drugs inhibit acetylcholine (suppresses excitation) Substantial side effects from these drugs and are used during later stages of the disease Fetal cell implants (dopamine secreting neurons)- improve but do not last long Stem cells may also be useful- may make dopamine receptors and inject into brain Surgical Treatments-parkinsons Previous surgical methods destruction of pathways to reduce tremor Pallidotomy- globus pallidus- has bad side effects Thalamotomy-thalamus Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) No destruction of brain regions Deep Brain Stimulation Impulse generator Electrode surgically implanted Generator implanted under the skin Patient can actived/deactivated External magnet If tremor gets worse can activate it Current disrupts the excitation and inhibition imbalance Electrode delivers small current Blocks disruptive signals causing tremor Adjust current to optimize suppression of tremor Multiple Sclerosis- Stats Degenerative Diseases Multiple Scelerosis (MS) Onset 20 - 50 years (peaks age 30) Male/female ratio (1:2) Leading neurologic disability in younger adults Major abnormal physiology Demyelination of CNS neurons Optic Symptoms-MS Degenerative Diseases Multiple Scelerosis (MS) Symptoms - mixed (general) type Optic neuritis (optic nerve demyelination) Impaired central vision Blurring, fogginess, haziness Impaired color vision Regions of diminished vision Defective pupillary reaction NS Symptoms-MS Degenerative Diseases Multiple Scelerosis (MS) Symptoms - mixed (general) type Brain stem related symptoms Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Lateral gaze paralysis Spinal involvement Cerebellar involvement- involved in movement and memory of movement Pathophys-MS Degenerative Diseases Multiple Scelerosis (MS) Pathophysiology Suggested viral infection (immune challenge) or stress (pregnancy) occurs in patients that are genetically predisposed to MS Resulting in an abnormal immune response in the CNS T-lympocytes produce antibodies to a single myelin membrane protein Patients have elevated Ig G in CSF- have crossed the blood brain barrier for some reason and caused damage in the NSSequence of Events- MS Degenerative Diseases Multiple Scelerosis (MS) Pathophysiology (continued) Demyelination process and nerve fiber loss due to axonal break Sequence of events of MS Interaction between the systemic immune system and the CNS (autoantibodies) Demyelinating lesions (plaques occur)- antibodies attack patients own myelin Molecular Level Pathophys-MS Immune cells damage the myelin sheath Glutamate is released Glutamate binds to receptors on the oligodendrocytes \"\"Oligos\"\" - glial cells producing myelin in the CNS Glutamate accumulates within the glial cells Excessive excitation of the cells- leads to cell stress, damage, or death Communication along the neuron is gone Treatment Directed at acute management and reducing relapse frequency Steroid hormones - adrenocorticotropic steroids Suppress the immune responses \"\"Copaxone\"\" (glatiramer acetate) \"\"decoy\"\" protein analog of myelin Autoantibodies bind to decoy protein and protect myelin NEW TREATMENT- Betaseron Betaseron Betaseron = synthetic interferon 1b Reduces relapse and severity Less damage to neuronal tracks Side effects- flu-like symptoms Betaseron Mechanism Betaseron = Interferon (IFNs) = cytokines Activates immune system-inhibits viral infections and is ant-iinflammatory Inhibits blood brain barrier leakage-prevents leakage of antibodies into the brain Suppresses anti-myelin T-cells (suppresses cells that make autoantibodies that cause myelin destruction) Some antigens stimulate release of IFNs (interferons)Cerebral Palsy- stats 800,000 adults/children in the US 10,000 babies develop CP in the US Treatments/prevention have not improved these numbers (30 years)Symptoms- CP General Symptoms (children) Ataxia = lack of muscle coordination Spasticity = stiff/tight muscles Variations in muscle tone Hypertonia- stiff/rigid Hypotonia- relaxed or limp Difficulties in swallowing/speaking/drooling Tremor or random involuntary movement Difficulties in precise movements (eg. writing)RIsk Factors for CP Low birth weight and premature birth multiple births Infections during pregnancy Blood type incompatibility Toxic substances Maternal thyroid abnormalities or seizures Breech birth Complicated labor/delivery Low apgar score (assess fetal development) Jaundice- high fetal bilirubin levels Highly neurotoxic Seizure4 Types of Damage to brain- CP Four types of brain damage cause symptoms Periventricular leukomalacia- damage to white matter or neuronal tracts of the brain Cerebral dysgenesis- abnormal congenital development of brain Intracranial hemorrhage- intracranial bleeding Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy- lack of oxygenparaventricular leukomalacia Periventricular leukomalacia White matter - CNS signal transmission pathways disrupted During development damage can occur Maternal or fetal infection Injury during development- trauma or drugscerebral dysgenesis Cerebral dysgenesis Factors interfering in fetal development Mutation in genes regulating development Infections Fevers Traumas Intracranial hemorrhage Intracranial hemorrhage Factors leading to fetal stroke Blocked or damaged blood vessels Maternal hypertension Materanl pelvic inflammatory disease Hypoxic Ischemic encephalopathy Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy Factors reducing oxygen Interruption in breathing (parturition) Low maternal BP Rupture of uterus Detachment of placenta Umbilical cord problems Diagnosis of CP Diagnosis - imaging identify damage Cranial ultrasound Computed tomography (CT) scan Magnetic resonance imagin (MRI) \"" }, { "docid": "D318792#0", "title": "http://braininjurynetwork.org/thesurvivorsviewpoint/definitionofabiandtbi.html\nDefinitions of ABI and TBI", "text": "\"Advocacy by and for People with ABI (Acquired Brain Injury)SEA RCHDefinitions of ABI and TBIAcquired Brain Injury (ABI)The position of the Brain Injury Network is that acquired brain injury (ABI) includes traumatic brain injuries (TBI's), strokes, brain illness, and any other kind of brain injury acquired after birth. However, ABI does not include what are classified as degenerative brain conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease or Parkinson's Disease. As previously stated, there is conflict with regard to the definitions of TBI and ABI and this is causing confusion within our brain injury survivor community. That is why we are calling for consistent application of definition across all medical, legal and other venues. [ Note: As of January 2011 we have noted that some agencies are quietly updating their ABI and TBI definitions to bring them into line with what we (and others) have indicated. However, prominent entities really ought to make a public announcement when they update their own definitions, because many old timers learned the old definitions from these same agencies, and need to be alerted to the updated and/or corrected definitions.] Now, back to the text as of 12-22-08 which is still pertinent. To back up our contention that there is inconsistency, (as of 12-22-08) here are just a few of the definitions of ABI and TBI from various respected authorities: Medline Plus (A service of the U. S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health) says \"\"T. B. I. (is) Also called: Acquired brain injury, TBI\"\" (The link ishttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/traumaticbraininjury.html)The Brain Injury Association in the United Kingdom and entitled Headway says \"\"ABI covers all situations in which brain injury has occurred since birth, and includes TBI as well as tumour, stroke, haemorrhage, and encephalitis, to name a few.\"\" [\"\" Tumour\"\" and \"\"haemorrhage\"\" are the spellings used in the United Kingdom.) ( The link is http://www.headway.org.uk)The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in the United States of America updated its description of TBI on its fact sheet on 6-1-09. [" }, { "docid": "D222415#0", "title": "http://ucpsdfoundation.org/whatiscp.html\nWhat is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?", "text": "\"What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)? Cerebral palsy, also referred to as CP, is a term used to describe a group of chronic conditions affecting body movement and muscle coordination. It is caused by damage to one or more specific areas of the brain, usually occurring during fetal development; before, during, or shortly after birth; or during infancy. Thus, these disorders are not caused by problems in the muscles or nerves. Instead, faulty development or damage to motor areas in the brain disrupt the brain's ability to adequately control movement and posture. \"\" Cerebral\"\" refers to the brain and \"\"palsy\"\" to muscle weakness/poor control. Cerebral palsy itself is not progressive (i.e. brain damage does not get worse); however, secondary conditions, such as muscle spasticity, can develop which may get better over time, get worse, or remain the same. Cerebral palsy is not communicable. It is not a disease and should not be referred to as such. Although cerebral palsy is not \"\"curable\"\" in the accepted sense, training and therapy can help improve function." }, { "docid": "D65133#0", "title": "http://the-medical-dictionary.com/bradykinesia_article_7.htm\nBradykinesia", "text": "\"Movement disorders From Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 4/6/01 by Richard Robinson Definition Movement disorders are a group of diseases and syndromes affecting the ability to produce and control movement. Description Though it seems simple and effortless, normal movement in fact requires an astonishingly complex system of control. Disruption of any portion of this system can cause a person to produce movements that are too weak, too forceful, too uncoordinated, or too poorly controlled for the task at hand. Unwanted movements may occur at rest. Intentional movement may become impossible. Such conditions are called movement disorders. Abnormal movements themselves are symptoms of underlying disorders. In some cases, the abnormal movements are the only symptoms. Disorders causing abnormal movements include: Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism caused by drugs or poisons Parkinson-plus syndromes (progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration)Huntington's disease Wilson's disease Inherited ataxias (Friedreich's ataxia, Machado-Joseph disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias)Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders Essential tremor Restless leg syndrome Dystonia Stroke Cerebral palsy Encephalopathies Intoxication Poisoning by carbon monoxide, cyanide, methanol, or manganese. Causes & symptoms Causes Movement is produced and coordinated by several interacting brain centers, including the motor cortex, the cerebellum, and a group of structures in the inner portions of the brain called the basal ganglia." }, { "docid": "D1663926#0", "title": "http://www.alaskabraininjury.net/brain-injury-info/types-of-brain-injuries/\n.", "text": "Types of Brain Injuries The brain can receive several different types of injuries depending on the type of force and amount of force that impacts the head. The type of injury the brain receives may effect just one functional area of the brain, various areas, or all areas of the brain. Types of traumatic brain injuries and their characteristics are discussed below, followed by related definitions. Brain Injury A more descriptive term than “head injury”. Damage to the brain that results in impairments in physical, cognitive, speech/language and behavioral functioning. The damage may be caused by an external physical force, insufficient blood supply, toxic substance, malignancy, disease-producing organisms, congenital disorders, birth trauma or degenerative processes. Concussion A concussion is caused when the brain receives trauma from an impact or a sudden momentum or movement change. The blood vessels in the brain may stretch and cranial nerves may be damaged. A concussion can be caused by direct blows to the head, gunshot wounds, violent shaking of the head, or force from a whiplash type injury. Both closed and open head injuries can produce a concussion." }, { "docid": "D648320#0", "title": "http://www.healthline.com/health/cerebral-palsy\nCerebral Palsy", "text": "Cerebral Palsy Symptoms Causes Risk Factors Types Classification Diagnosis Treatments Prevention Long-Term Outlook What Is Cerebral Palsy? Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of disorders that affect muscle movement and coordination. In many cases, vision, hearing, and sensation are also affected. The word “cerebral” means having to do with the brain. The word “palsy” means weakness or problems with body movement. CP is the most common cause of motor disabilities in childhood, affecting approximately 2 to 3 out of every 1,000 children. Abnormal brain development or injury to the developing brain can cause CP. The damage affects the part of the brain that controls body movement, coordination, and posture. It may occur before birth, during birth, or shortly after birth. Most children are born with CP, but they may not show symptoms of a disorder until months or years later." }, { "docid": "D1180915#0", "title": "https://www.southerncross.co.nz/group/medical-library/cerebral-palsy-causes-symptoms-life-expectancy\nCerebral palsy - causes, symptoms, life expectancy", "text": "Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term used to describe a group of non-progressive disorders (ie: they don't get worse) caused by damage to particular areas of the brain that affect a person's ability to control movement and posture. Signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy typically appear during infancy. Cerebral refers to the brain and palsy refers to muscle weakness and uncontrolled body movements. Another type of palsy is Bell's palsy, which is paralysis that affects the face. The primary symptoms of cerebral palsy are muscle weakness and poor muscle tone but the nature and symptoms vary greatly between individuals, and from being mildly to severely disabling. In New Zealand, approximately 7000 people are affected by some degree of cerebral palsy. Causes Cerebral palsy occurs as the result of damage to specific areas of the brain, which may be apparent with sophisticated diagnostic tests such as MRI scans. The term cerebral palsy is used when this damage occurs early in life. The damage that causes cerebral palsy may occur during foetal development, during childbirth, shortly after birth, or in early infancy. Cerebral palsy occurs in 2 to 2.5 per l000 live births and affects males and females in equal numbers." }, { "docid": "D3378404#0", "title": "http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Syringomyelia/en-en/\ndefinitions - Syringomyeliareport a problem", "text": "\"Syringomyeliaupdate Syringomyelia Classification and external resources An idiopathic syrinx. See the thin light grey shape inside the spinal cord, placed at centre in the bottom half of the above image. ICD - 10 G 95.0, Q 06.4ICD - 9 336.0 742.53OMIM 272480 186700Diseases DB 12769Medline Plus 001398e Medicine neuro/359Me SH D013595Syringomyelia ( / s ɪ ˌ r ɪ ŋ ɡ ɵ m aɪ ˈ iː l i ə /) is a generic term referring to a disorder in which a cyst or cavity forms within the spinal cord. This cyst, called a syrinx, can expand and elongate over time, destroying the spinal cord. The damage may result in pain, paralysis, weakness, [ 1] and stiffness in the back, shoulders, and extremities. Syringomyelia may also cause a loss of the ability to feel extremes of hot or cold, especially in the hands. The disorder generally leads to a cape-like loss of pain and temperature sensation along the back and arms. Each patient experiences a different combination of symptoms. These symptoms typically vary depending on the extent and, often more critically, to the location of the syrinx within the spinal cord. Syringomyelia has a prevalence estimated at 8.4 cases per 100,000 people, [ 2] with symptoms usually beginning in young adulthood." }, { "docid": "D1497040#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spastic_quadriplegia\nSpastic quadriplegia", "text": "\"Spastic quadriplegia Synonyms Inherited congenital spastic tetraplegia This condition is inherited via an autosomal recessive manner Specialty Neurology Spastic quadriplegia, also known as spastic tetraplegia, is a subset of spastic cerebral palsy that affects all four limbs (both arms and legs). Compared to quadriplegia, spastic tetraplegia is defined by spasticity of the limbs as opposed to strict paralysis. It is distinguishable from other forms of cerebral palsy in that those afflicted with the condition display stiff, jerky movements stemming from hypertonia of the muscles. [ 1]Spastic quadriplegia, while affecting all four limbs more or less equally, can still present parts of the body as stiffer than others, such as one arm being tighter than another arm, and so forth. Spastic triplegia, meanwhile, involves three limbs (such as one arm and two legs, or one leg and two arms, etc. ); spastic diplegia affects two limbs (commonly just the legs), spastic hemiplegia affects one or another entire side of the body (left or right); and spastic monoplegia involves a single limb. Contents [ hide ]1 Symptoms2 Causes3 Testing and diagnosis3.1 Scientific classification4 Management5 Research6 Notes7 External links Symptoms [ edit]Spastic quadriplegia can be detected by the abnormal development of motor skills in children. Symptoms can present themselves as early as three months but are generally seen before the child reaches two years of age. Some warning signs include: a child of more than two months who has stiff legs that scissor and is unable to control his or her head, and a child of more than twelve months who has not developed the ability to crawl or stand. [ 2]Spastic quadriplegia also presents a range of symptoms that affect the musculature." }, { "docid": "D3287904#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/16074718/neuroscience-brain-and-behavior-flash-cards/\nNeuroscience Brain and Behavior", "text": "\"245 terms mir51Neuroscience Brain and Behavior Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Left Hemisphere Brain verbal processing Right Hemisphere Brain spatial cognition Stuttering is a tendency of otherwise normal people to have difficulty producing speech sounds Williams syndrome is characterized by impairments of spatial cognition and IQ, but excellent verbal skills\"\"Ke\"\" Family Language problems, problem learning verb tenses FOXP2 gene Brain activation during language has been altered Phonemes Basic speech sounds From birth, babies can distinguish phonemes from any language Morphemes smallest units of meaning, assembled into words with meaning—semantics Syntax Words are assembled into meaningful strings according to syntax, or rules Sensitive period (or critical period) Language development depends on experience during this time Nonhuman Primates electrical stimulation of subcortical regions, but not the cortex, can elicit calls Brain region that elicits calls are associated with emotional behaviors such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex Vocalizations -are more common with stimulation to the left hemisphere, indicating its role in primate communication -can learn other systems of communication such as American Sign Language (ASL) and arranging symbols on a board Other Species Display Vocalization -Sounds may distinguish species, signal readiness to mate, or alert others to danger -Mice with FOXP2 mutations have impaired ultrasonic vocalizations, usually used to communicate emotional information—similar to some human deficits -Birds range from simple sounds to complex songs in their vocalizations -In songbirds, complex vocalizations are critical for reproductive behaviors Parallels between birds and humans -A specialized neural system for control of vocal behavior -Juveniles must be exposed to sounds of adults during a distinct critical period -When FOXP2 expression is blocked, errors are produced resembling those in humans Differences between birds and humans -Birdsong is only produced in males -Birdsong crystallizes after the sensitive period ends and the same song is always produced Aphasia an impairment in language ability in varying degrees caused by brain injury, usually to the left hemisphere -Most patients also have: 1. Agraphia 2. Alexia 3. Apraxia Paraphasia substitution for a word by a sound, an incorrect word, or an unintended word Agraphia Impairment in writing Alexia Impairment in reading Apraxia a motor impairment characterized by difficulty in making a sequence of movements Left-Hemisphere Speech and Language Areas in Humans 1. Broca's Area 2. Primary Auditory Area 3. Wernicke's Area 4. Angular Gyrus 5." }, { "docid": "D2594307#0", "title": "http://www.dallasear.com/conditions-facial-nerve-paralysis.html\nFacial Nerve Disorders - Paralysis and Bell's Palsy", "text": "Facial Nerve Disorders - Paralysis and Bell's Palsy Face injuries and disorders can cause pain and affect how you look. In severe cases, they can affect sight, speech, breathing and your ability to swallow. Broken bones, especially the bones of your nose, cheekbone and jaw, are common facial injuries. Certain diseases also lead to facial disorders. For example, nerve diseases like trigeminal neuralgia or Bell's palsy sometimes cause facial pain, spasms and trouble with eye or facial movement. Birth defects can also affect the face. They can cause underdeveloped or unusually prominent facial features or a lack of facial expression. Cleft lip and palate are a common facial birth defect. Facial Paralysis Facial paralysis is the total loss of voluntary muscle movement of one side of the face. About 75% of all adult facial paralysis cases are due to Bell's palsy, a condition in which the facial nerve becomes inflamed." }, { "docid": "D3261029#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paralysis\nparalysis", "text": "\"paralysis Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to paralysis: Todd's paralysis Paralysis Definition Paralysis is defined as complete loss of strength in an affected limb or muscle group. Description The chain of nerve cells that runs from the brain through the spinal cord out to the muscle is called the motor pathway. Normal muscle function requires intact connections all along thismotor pathway. Damage at any point reduces the brain's ability to control the muscle'smovements. This reduced efficiency causes weakness, also called paresis. Complete loss of communication prevents any willed movement at all. This lack of control is called paralysis. Certain inherited abnormalities in muscle cause periodic paralysis, in which the weaknesscomes and goes. The line between weakness and paralysis is not absolute." }, { "docid": "D222417#0", "title": "http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_palsy/cerebral_palsy.htm\n", "text": "\"Download publication What is Cerebral Palsy? What are the early signs? What causes cerebral palsy? What are the risk factors? Can cerebral palsy be prevented? What are the different forms? What other conditions are associated with cerebral palsy? How is cerebral palsy diagnosed? How is cerebral palsy treated? Drug Treatments Surgery Assistive devices Complementary and Alternative Therapies Are there treatments for other conditions associated with cerebral palsy?" }, { "docid": "D2080248#0", "title": "https://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Special-Education/Students-with-Disabilities/Orthopedic-Impairment\nOrthopedic Impairment", "text": "Orthopedic Impairment Orthopedic Impairment Definition Orthopedic impairment is defined as a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly (e.g., clubfoot, absence of some member, etc. ), impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, etc. ), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures). The IDEA category of orthopedic impairments contains a wide variety of disorders. These can be divided into three main areas: neuromotor impairments, degenerative diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders. The specific characteristics of an individual who has an orthopedic impairment will depend on the specific disease and its severity, as well as additional individual factors. A neuromotor impairment is an abnormality of, or damage to, the brain, spinal cord, or nervous system that sends impulses to the muscles of the body. These impairments are acquired at or before birth, and often result in complex motor problems that can affect several body systems. These motor problems can include limited limb movement, loss of urinary control, and loss of proper alignment of the spine." } ]
9055	_______________ is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the electromagnetic	[ { "docid": "D2980121#0", "title": "https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/electromaghome.html\n.", "text": "Electromagnetic Radiation Visible light is a complex phenomenon that is classically explained with a simple model based on propagating rays and wavefronts, a concept first proposed in the late 1600s by Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens. Electromagnetic radiation, the larger family of wave-like phenomena to which visible light belongs (also known as radiant energy ), is the primary vehicle transporting energy through the vast reaches of the universe. The mechanisms by which visible light is emitted or absorbed by substances, and how it predictably reacts under varying conditions as it travels through space and the atmosphere, form the basis of the existence of color in our universe. The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation - Coined by Sir James Clerk Maxwell, the term electromagnetic radiation is derived from the characteristic electric and magnetic properties common to all forms of this wave-like energy, as manifested by the generation of both electrical and magnetic oscillating fields as the waves propagate through space. Visible light represents only a small portion of the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, which extends from high-frequency cosmic and gamma rays through X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared radiation, and microwaves, down to very low frequency long-wavelength radio waves. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) - James Clerk Maxwell was one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. He is best known for the formulation of the theory of electromagnetism and in making the connection between light and electromagnetic waves. He also made significant contributions in the areas of physics, mathematics, astronomy and engineering. He considered by many as the father of modern physics. William Herschel (1738-1822) - Friedrich William Herschel was an eighteenth century German astronomer who is credited with the discovery of the planet Uranus." } ]	[ { "docid": "D113990#0", "title": "http://www.livescience.com/38169-electromagnetism.html\nWhat Is Electromagnetic Radiation?", "text": "Live Science Tech Reference: What Is Electromagnetic Radiation? By Jim Lucas, Live Science Contributor \| March 12, 2015 10:11pm ETMOREThe visible light spectrum. Credit: NASAElectromagnetic (EM) radiation is a form of energy that is all around us and takes many forms, such as radio waves, microwaves, X-rays and gamma rays. Sunlight is also a form of EM energy, but visible light is only a small portion of the EM spectrum, which contains a broad range of electromagnetic wavelengths. Electromagnetic theory Electricity and magnetism were once thought to be separate forces. However, in 1873, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell developed a unified theory of electromagnetism. The study of electromagnetism deals with how electrically charged particles interact with each other and with magnetic fields. There are four main electromagnetic interactions: The force of attraction or repulsion between electric charges is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Magnetic poles come in pairs that attract and repel each other, much as electric charges do. An electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field whose direction depends on the direction of the current." }, { "docid": "D453247#0", "title": "https://mwmw.gsfc.nasa.gov/mmw_rainbow.html\nMultiwavelength Milky Way: Electromagnetic Spectrum", "text": "\"Multiwavelength Milky Way: Electromagnetic Spectrum Visible and invisible light Return to The Nature of Light I. The visible rainbow II. Long-wavelength light - infrared and radio waves III. Short-wavelength light - ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rayslight - a form of energy having wave-like and particle-like properties. I. We see by visible light. We characterize visible light by colors ranging from red to green to purple. The range of visible colors is often called a \"\"rainbow.\"\" People throughout the ages have been familiar with the rainbow. It was realized that a rainbow could be produced by sunlight (white light) passing through a prism. In 1672, Isaac Newton studied this and described how white light is actually a mixture of colored light. As mentioned on the preceding page, every form of light is associated with a wavelength and an energy." }, { "docid": "D242734#0", "title": "https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Spectrpy/UV-Vis/spectrum.htm\nVisible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy", "text": "\"Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy1. Background An obvious difference between certain compounds is their color. Thus, quinone is yellow; chlorophyll is green; the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of aldehydes and ketones range in color from bright yellow to deep red, depending on double bond conjugation; and aspirin is colorless. In this respect the human eye is functioning as a spectrometer analyzing the light reflected from the surface of a solid or passing through a liquid. Although we see sunlight (or white light) as uniform or homogeneous in color, it is actually composed of a broad range of radiation wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) portions of the spectrum. As shown on the right, the component colors of the visible portion can be separated by passing sunlight through a prism, which acts to bend the light in differing degrees according to wavelength. Electromagnetic radiation such as visible light is commonly treated as a wave phenomenon, characterized by a wavelength or frequency. Wavelength is defined on the left below, as the distance between adjacent peaks (or troughs), and may be designated in meters, centimeters or nanometers (10 -9 meters). Frequency is the number of wave cycles that travel past a fixed point per unit of time, and is usually given in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz). Visible wavelengths cover a range from approximately 400 to 800 nm." }, { "docid": "D635101#0", "title": "http://srikant.org/core/node7.html\nElectromagnetic radiation; light", "text": "\"Next: Electric and Magnetic Fields Up: Laws of Physics : Previous: Waves Contents Subsections Geometrical Optics : Fermat's Principle of Least Time Reflection Refraction Total Internal Reflection Electromagnetic Field Electromagnetic Waves Interference and Diffraction InterferenceDiffraction Doppler Effect for Light Electromagnetic radiation; light The only two fundamental forces of nature that human beings can directly experience through their five senses are gravity and light. The other sensations such as smell, heat, sound and so on detect macroscopic properties of matter, and not its fundamental forces or constituents. Electricity is deeply linked with light. It is the accelerated movement of electric charge that is responsible for the generation of light: an accelerating charge emits radiation. That part of radiation that is visible to us is called light. Famous physicists such as Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, H. Coulomb, and so on are nineteenth century figures who were crucial in reaching our current understanding of electricity and magnetism. There is an anecdote that when Faraday had announced his discovery, he was asked as to what was its commercial value, to which he replied \"\"Nothing\"\". Today, industries based on his discoveries are valued at over US$300 billion! Light is a phenomenon that has fascinated human minds for millennia, and a satisfactory explanation of its properties and underlying principles has been possible only in the last century. Besides being essential for vision (the eye ``sees'' objects by receiving light that has bounced off the object in question), light has almost limitless applications in daily life." }, { "docid": "D673155#0", "title": "http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/Chem103/spectroscopy/introduction.htm\nIntroduction", "text": "\"Visible Light Spectroscopy Preparation Goals and Objectives Introduction Safety Procedure Quantitative and Qualitative Examinations Part I: Quantitatively Examining the Emission Spectra for Hydrogen and Helium Calibrating the Spectroscope The Hydrogen Atomic Spectrum Part II: Qualitatively Examining the Emission Spectra for Various Metal Ions Flame Tests Index Introduction Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter. What is electromagnetic radiation? It is any form of radiant energy that is propagated as waves, and includes what we commonly call \"\"visible light\"\". Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by the wave properties of frequency (ν), wavelength ( λ), and velocity (c). All electromagnetic radiation travels in a vacuum at a constant velocity: c = 3.00 x 108 m/s, the speed of light. For light waves, the frequency and wavelength are inversely related, and their product is equal to velocity:ν λ= c Frequency is generally measured in Hertz-cycles per second (written 1/sec or sec-1). Wavelength can be measured in any unit for length, but nanometers (1 nm=1x10-9m) and meters are common. The energy (E) of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to its frequency: E = h νWhere h is Planck's Constant, equal to 6.626 x 10 -34 J-sec/photon. Thus, given any one of the three parameters, frequency, wavelength, or energy, the other two can be calculated. You might have noticed that Equation 1 talked about electromagnetic radiation as a wave, and that Equation 2 referred to individual particles-photons." }, { "docid": "D1728985#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_wave\nSurface wave", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Diving grebe creates surface waves In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media. A common example is gravity waves along the surface of liquids, such as ocean waves. Gravity waves can also occur within liquids, at the interface between two fluids with different densities. Elastic surface waves can travel along the surface of solids, such as Rayleigh or Love waves. Electromagnetic waves can also propagate as \"\"surface waves\"\" in that they can be guided along a refractive index gradient or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a guided wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Mechanical waves2 Electromagnetic waves2.1 Radio propagation2.2 Microwave field theory2.3 Surface plasmon polariton2.4 Sommerfeld–Zenneck surface wave3 See also4 References5 Further reading5.1 Patents5.2 Standards and doctrines5.3 Books5.4 Journals and papers5.5 Other media6 External links Mechanical waves [ edit]In seismology, several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either Love waves (L waves) or Rayleigh waves. A seismic wave is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion." }, { "docid": "D807217#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/x-ray\nx-ray", "text": "x-ray Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to x-ray: Gamma rays, X-ray diffraction, Chest X-rayx-ray ( eks'rā ), 1. The ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted from a highly evacuated tube, resulting fromthe excitation of the inner orbital electrons by the bombardment of the target anode with a stream of electrons from a heated cathode. Synonym (s): roentgen ray Compare: glass rays, indirect rays.2. Ionizing electromagnetic radiation produced by the excitation of the inner orbital electrons of an atom by other processes, such as nuclear delay and its sequelae.3. Synonym (s): radiograph Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012x-ray ( eks´ra) see under ray. Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.x-rayor X-ray (ĕks′rā′)n. or x ray or X ray1.a. A photon of electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, ranging from about 10 down to 0.01 nanometers, and very high energy, ranging from about 100 up to 100,000 electron volts.b." }, { "docid": "D2683679#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengths\nWavelength", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Wavelengths)navigation search For other uses, see Wavelength (disambiguation). Wavelength of a sine wave, λ, can be measured between any two points with the same phase, such as between crests (on top), or troughs (on bottom), or corresponding zero crossings as shown. In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. [ 1] [2] It is thus the inverse of the spatial frequency. Wavelength is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. [ 3] [4] Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). The term wavelength is also sometimes applied to modulated waves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids. [ 5]Assuming a sinusoidal wave moving at a fixed wave speed, wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency of the wave: waves with higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths. [ 6]Wavelength depends on the medium (for example, vacuum, air, or water) that a wave travels through. Examples of wave-like phenomena are sound waves, light, water waves and periodic electrical signals in a conductor." }, { "docid": "D14085#0", "title": "http://www.energeticsynthesis.com/index.php/library/science-of-ascension/2211-visible-light-spectrum\nVisible Light Spectrum", "text": "\"Visible Light Spectrum The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (can be detected by) the human eye . Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm. [ 1] In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430–790 THz. A light-adapted eye generally has its maximum sensitivity at around 555 nm (540 THz), in the green region of the optical spectrum (see: luminosity function ). The spectrum does not, however, contain all the colors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish. Unsaturated colors such as pink, or purple variations such as magenta, are absent, for example, because they can be made only by a mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors. Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow." }, { "docid": "D1247058#0", "title": "http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/electromagnetic_spectrum.htm\n.", "text": "THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMWhat are electromagnetic waves? An electromagnetic wave as the name suggests is both an electric and magnetic wave. An electromagnetic wave consists of an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other and to the direction of the motion of the wave. Because the electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to the direction of the wave, the electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave. Image: Nasa for kids Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave: these types include, in order of increasing frequency, radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Unlike other waves, electromagnetic waves to not carry energy by causing matter to vibrate. It is the electric and magnetic fields that vibrate. This is the reason why electromagnetic waves can travel in a vacuum where there is no matter. Is light a particle or wave? Light has both wave and particle properties." }, { "docid": "D608577#0", "title": "http://www.markelowitz.com/Hyperspectral.html\nWhat is Imaging Spectroscopy (Hyperspectral Imaging)?", "text": "\"What is Imaging Spectroscopy (Hyperspectral Imaging)? The main objective of imaging spectroscopy (also known as hyperspectral imaging in the industrial and military communities) is to measure the spectral signatures and/or chemical composition of all features within the sensor's field of view. Hyperspectral data contains both spatial and spectral information from materials within a given scene. Each pixel across a sequence of continuous, narrow spectral bands, contains both spatial and spectral properties. Pixels are sampled across many narrowband images at a particular spatial location within the \"\"spectral cube\"\", resulting in a one-dimensional spectrum. The spectrum is a plot of wavelength versus radiance or reflectance. The spectrum can be used to identify and characterize a particular feature within the scene, based on unique spectral signatures or \"\"fingerprints\"\". Spectral data can be obtained using either space-based or airborne platforms, and typically involves scanning many narrowband images simultaneously, while using some type of dispersion grating to produce the spectrum. Hyperspectral imaging in the emissive region of the electromagnetic spectrum typically involves the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum associated with primarily vibrational motion of molecules, and to some degree rotational and vibrational-rotational modes. These modes of molecular vibrations occur in the mid-infrared (3 to 5 microns) and the longwave-infrared (8-14 microns)." }, { "docid": "D313054#0", "title": "http://cmb.physics.wisc.edu/pub/tutorial/light.html\nElectromagnetic Radiation", "text": "\"Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is commonly known as light. Generally speaking, we say that light travels in waves, and all electromagnetic radiation travels at the same speed which is about 3.0 10 8 meters per second through a vacuum. We call this the \"\"speed of light\"\"; nothing can move faster than the speed of light. A wavelength is one cycle of a wave, and we measure it as the distance between any two consecutive peaks of a wave. The peak is the highest point of the wave, and the trough is the lowest point of the wave. Frequency So when we talk about light traveling in waves, we can also talk about frequency, or the number of wavelengths that pass a certain point in a given length of time. We usually measure this as the number of wavelength cycles that pass per second. The units for this measurement are Hertz (hz). So, if the wavelength of a light wave is shorter, that means that the frequency will be higher because one cycle can pass in a shorter amount of time. This means that more cycles can pass by the set point in 1 second." }, { "docid": "D842322#0", "title": "http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec04.html\n.", "text": "\"Electric Charge: Readings: Electricity Field Theory Electromagnetismelectricity = phenomenon involving electric chargescommon examples are static electricity and lightening The existence of electricity, the phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electric charges, has been known since the Greeks discovered that amber, rubbed with fur, attracted light objects such as feathers. Ben Franklin proved the electrical nature of lightning (the famous key experiment) and also established the conventional use of negative and positive types of charges. Coulomb quantifies amount of charge and discovers force law between chargeselectrical force is similar to gravity in that it is inverse proportional to the square of the distance between chargescharges are assigned positive or negative valueslike charges repel, opposites attract It was also known that certain materials blocked electric charge, called insulators, such as glass or cork. Other materials transfered electric charge with ease, called conductors, such as metal. By the 18th century, physicist Charles Coulomb defined the quantity of electricity later known as a coulomb, and determined the force law between electric charges, known as Coulomb's law. Coulomb's law is similar to the law of gravity in that the electrical force is inversely proportional to the distance of the charges squared, and proportional to the product of the charges. By the end of the 18th century, we had determined that electric charge could be stored in a conducting body if it is insulated from its surroundings. The first of these devices was the Leyden jar. consisted of a glass vial, partly filled with sheets of metal foil, the top of which was closed by a cork pierced with a wire or nail. To charge the jar, the exposed end of the wire is brought in contact with a friction device.modern atomic theory explains the origin of electric charge to the existence of small negative particles (electrons) and small positive particles (protons)an atom can gain electrons in its outer shells to gain negative charge orlose electrons increasing the strength of the proton charge (positive)while each atomic charge is small, the number of atoms in a typical macroscopic piece of matter is very largethus, electric power becomes the primary source of energy for civilization Modern atomic theory explains this as the ability of atoms to either lose or gain an outer electron and thus exhibit a net positive charge or gain a net negative charge (since the electron is negative)." }, { "docid": "D31742#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave\nWave", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about waves in the scientific sense. For waves on the surface of the ocean or lakes, see Wind wave. For other uses, see Wave (disambiguation). Different types of wave with varying rectifications In physics, a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space, with little or no associated mass transport. Waves consist, instead, of oscillations or vibrations of a physical medium or a field, around relatively fixed locations. There are two main types of waves: mechanical and electromagnetic. Mechanical waves propagate through a physical matter, whose substance is being deformed. Restoring forces then reverse the deformation. For example, sound waves propagate via air molecules colliding with their neighbors. When the molecules collide, they also bounce away from each other (a restoring force)." }, { "docid": "D1383283#0", "title": "https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Electromagnetic_Radiation\nElectromagnetic Radiation", "text": "Electromagnetic Radiation Last updated September 19, 2015 12:58:32 PM PDT Share Table of contents As you read the print off this computer screen now, you are reading pages of fluctuating energy and magnetic fields. Light, electricity, and magnetism are all different forms of electromagnetic radiation. Introduction Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that is produced by oscillating electric and magnetic disturbance, or by the movement of electrically charged particles traveling through a vacuum or matter. The electric and magnetic fields come at right angles to each other and combined wave moves perpendicular to both magnetic and electric oscillating fields thus the disturbance. Electron radiation is released as photons, which are bundles of light energy that travel at the speed of light as quantized harmonic waves. This energy is then grouped into categories based on its wavelength into the electromagnetic spectrum. These electric and magnetic waves travel perpendicular to each other and have certain characteristics, including amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. General Properties of all electromagnetic radiation: Electromagnetic radiation can travel through empty space. Most other types of waves must travel through some sort of substance. For example, sound waves need either a gas, solid, or liquid to pass through in order to be heard." }, { "docid": "D2991642#0", "title": "http://www.centralcoating.com/technical/emi-glossary-acronyms/\nEMI Glossary & Acronyms", "text": "EMI Glossary & Acronyms Antenna Electromagnetic waves are coupled through a transducer, from a transmitter to space and from space to a receiver. Antenna design parameters include: impedance, polarization, bandwidth, beamwidth, directivity, gain and radiation pattern. Aperture In a shielded enclosure an aperture is an opening that may become a source of leakage for electromagnetic energy. In designing for EMI an aperture should have a maximum dimension less than 1/20 wavelength of the highest frequency to avoid EMI emissions issues. The most common apertures in a shielded enclosure are: LEDs, joints, seams, switches and connectors. Attenuation Expressed in (d B) decibels, it is the amount of reduction or loss of energy expressed in voltage, current or power, in a device such as an attenuator, filter or shielded enclosure. Bonding The act of fixing two substrates together to create electrical conductivity between them The bond can occur from physical contact between conducting surfaces or by adding an electrical connection. Conducted Emission (CE) EMI (electromagnetic interference) that maybe generated in electronic devices and transferred through powerlines, I/O lines or control leads. It is coupled through conduction from one device to another. Conducted Susceptiblility (CS) A devices capability to function with undesirable conducted EMI, usually coming from I/O cables, signal leads or powerlines." }, { "docid": "D2092123#0", "title": "http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=25126\nSpectroscopy: Mastering the Techniques", "text": "Spectroscopy: Mastering the Techniques Photonics Handbook Spectrochemical analysis employing optical spectroscopic methods is used to monitor the water we drink, the food we eat, the status of human health and the quality of the environment. Such methods are also crucial to the development of safe and valuable industrial processes. Dr. John R. Gilchrist, Gilden Photonics Ltd. The scope of optical spectroscopic instrumentation is indeed very broad. Many analytical methods rely on the interaction of radiation with matter and are often described in the context of quantum and statistical mechanics. The instrumentation itself consists of optics, mechanics, electronics and signal processing. The resultant data are normally analyzed using statistics and information processing theory. We will examine some of the techniques of optical spectroscopy in the UV-VIS-IR region of the spectrum. Techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, microwave spectrometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy, which are used to identify structures and properties of pure compounds, are not discussed here. Optical spectroscopy is the science that is concerned with the interaction of optical electromagnetic radiation with matter. In many cases, this interaction involves specific transitions between energy levels (states) and is experimentally observed by the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation." }, { "docid": "D2262055#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_spectrum\nElectromagnetic spectrum", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Light spectrum)navigation search Class Freq- uency Wave- length Energy Ionizing radiationγ Gamma rays 300 EHz 1 pm 1.24 M e V30 EHz 10 pm 124 k e VHX Hard X-rays3 EHz 100 pm 12.4 ke VSX Soft X-rays300 PHz 1 nm 1.24 ke V30 PHz 10 nm 124 e VEUV Extreme ultraviolet3 PHz 100 nm 12.4 e VNUV Near ultraviolet Visible 300 THz 1 μm 1.24 e VNIR Near infrared 30 THz 10 μm 124 m e VMIR Mid infrared 3 THz 100 μm 12.4 me VFIR Far infrared 300 GHz 1 mm 1.24 me VMicro- waves and radio waves EHF Extremely high frequency 30 GHz 1 cm124 μ e VSHF Super high frequency 3 GHz 1 dm12.4 μe VUHF Ultra high frequency 300 MHz1 m1.24 μe VVHF Very high frequency 30 MHz 10 m 124 n e VHF High frequency 3 MHz 100 m 12.4 ne VMF Medium frequency 300 k Hz1 km1.24 ne VLF Low frequency 30 k Hz 10 km 124 p e VVLF Very low frequency 3 k Hz 100 km 12.4 pe VULF Ultra low frequency 300 Hz 1 Mm 1.24 pe VSLF Super low frequency 30 Hz 10 Mm 124 f e VELF Extremely low frequency 3 Hz 100 Mm 12.4 fe VSources: File: Light spectrum.svg [1] [2] [3]Legend [1] [2] [3]γ = Gamma rays MIR = Mid infrared HF = High freq. HX = Hard X-rays FIR = Far infrared MF = Medium freq. SX = Soft X-rays Radio waves LF = Low freq. EUV = Extreme ultraviolet EHF = Extremely high freq. VLF = Very low freq. NUV = Near ultraviolet SHF = Super high freq. VF/ULF = Voice freq. Visible light UHF = Ultra high freq. SLF = Super low freq. NIR = Near Infrared VHF = Very high freq." }, { "docid": "D1808681#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_radiation\nInfrared", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Infrared radiation)navigation search For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). A pseudo color image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) light. This infrared space telescope image has (false color) blue, green and red corresponding to 3.4 4.6, and 12 µm wavelengths, respectively. Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions [1] [2] [3] [4] ). It is sometimes called infrared light. IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers ( frequency 430 THz ), to 1 millimeter (300 GHz) [5] Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared. Like all EMR, IR carries radiant energy, and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon. Infrared was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer. [ 6] Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth's climate." }, { "docid": "D909879#0", "title": "https://en.mimi.hu/astronomy/blackbody.html\nBlackbody", "text": "\"Blackbody Blackbody Radiation A perfect absorber ($a_\\nu = 1$ at all frequencies $\\nu$) is called a black body. [ www.cv.nrao.edu/course/astr534/Black Body Rad.html]Blackbody Radiation All objects with a temperature above absolute zero (0 K, -273.15 o C) emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. A blackbody is a theoretical or model body which absorbs all radiation falling on it, reflecting or transmitting none. [ astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/B/Blackbody+Radiation]Blackbody: Blackbody is a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. The term arises because incident visible light will be absorbed rather than reflected, and therefore the surface will appear black. [ abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/blackbody.html]~ [ ⇑] sails tacking into the flux Y'know, if you login, you can write something here. You can also Create a New User if you don't already have an account. Password ... [www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=blackbody%20radiation]~ [ ⇑] Cluster Galactography Regions of Space Outer Volumes Galactography Places and Locales ... [www.orionsarm.com/eg-article/460e786400389]~ [ ⇑] radiation - the light emitted by a ~ [ ⇑], which is a perfect absorber and emitter of electromagnetic radiation. The light from stars is well approximated by ~ [ ⇑] radiation, dependent on the temperature of the star. [ www.asu.edu/clas/hst/www/jwst/HUDFjavatool/glossary.html]~ [ ⇑] curve The chara cteristic way in which the intensity of radiation emitted by a hot object depends on frequency." } ]
9066	_______________ refers to the side of the body an individual favor, such as being left-handed or right-handed.	[ { "docid": "D1771559#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterality\nLaterality", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the linguistics topic, see Lateral consonant. [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( June 2007)This article includes inline citations, but they are not properly formatted. ( March 2015)The term laterality refers to the preference most humans show for one side of their body over the other. Examples include left-handedness/right-handedness and left/right- footedness; it may also refer to the primary use of the left or right hemisphere in the brain. It may also apply to animals or plants. The majority of tests have been conducted on humans, specifically to determine the effects on language. Contents [ hide ]1 Human1.1 Different expressions1.2 Speech2 In other animals2.1 In mammals2.1.1 In marsupials2.2 In birds2.3 In fish2.4 In amphibians2.5 In invertebrates3 See also4 References5 External links Human [ edit]The majority of humans are right-handed." } ]	[ { "docid": "D167990#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapered_thread\nScrew thread", "text": "\"Screw thread From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Tapered thread)navigation search Internal and external threads illustrated using a common nut and bolt. The screw and nut pair can be used to convert torque into linear force. As the screw (or bolt) is rotated, the screw moves along its axis through the fixed nut, or the non-rotating nut moves along the lead-screw. Screw thread, used to convert torque into the linear force in the flood gate. The operator rotates the two vertical bevel gears that have threaded holes, thereby raising or lowering the two long vertical threaded shafts which are not free to rotate (via bevel gear ). A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or force. A screw thread is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a straight thread and the latter called a tapered thread. A screw thread is the essential feature of the screw as a simple machine and also as a fastener. The mechanical advantage of a screw thread depends on its lead, which is the linear distance the screw travels in one revolution. [ 1] In most applications, the lead of a screw thread is chosen so that friction is sufficient to prevent linear motion being converted to rotary, that is so the screw does not slip even when linear force is applied, as long as no external rotational force is present." }, { "docid": "D114793#0", "title": "http://kinemage.biochem.duke.edu/teaching/anatax/html/anatax.2a.html\nII. Basic Elements Of Protein Structure", "text": "\"Navigation Table of Contents Protein Anatomy Background Basic Elements Helicesβ Structure Tight Turns Bulges Disulfides Nonrepetitive Disordered Water Domains Protein Taxonomy Classification Discussion References Index II. Basic Elements Of Protein Structure A. Helices The α -helix is the classic element of protein structure. A single α -helix can order as many as 35 residues whereas the longest β strands include only about 15 residues, and one helix can have more influence on the stability and organization of a protein than any other individual structure element. α -helices have had an immense influence on our understanding of protein structure because their regularity makes them the only feature readily amenable to theoretical analysis. FIG. 11. Drawing of a typical α -helix, residues 40-51 of the carp muscle calcium binding protein. The helical hydrogen bonds are shown as dotted lines and the main chain bonds are solid. The arrow represents the right-handed helical path of the backbone. The direction of view is from the solvent, so that the side groups on the front side of the helix are predominantly hydrophilic and those in the back are predominantly hydrophobic." }, { "docid": "D710276#0", "title": "http://www.albany.edu/faculty/cafrye/apsy601/Ch.01Feb1,HistoryofBiopsych.html\n.", "text": "\"Physiological Psychology ORIGINS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGYDescribe the behavior of people with split brains, and explain what this phenomenon contributes to our understanding of self-awareness. Describe the goals of scientific research. Describe the biological roots of physiological psychology. Describe the role of natural selection in the evolution of behavioral traits. Discuss the value of research with animals and ethical issues concerning their care. Describe career opportunities in neuroscience. The last frontier in the world – and perhaps the greatest one – lies within us. The human nervous system makes possible all that we can do, all we can know, and all that we can experience. Its complexity is immense, and the task of studying it and understanding it dwarfs all previous explorations our species has undertaken. A mind, a soul, or a spirit." }, { "docid": "D1886998#0", "title": "http://www.parents.com/kids/development/physical/raising-a-left-handed-child/\nRaising a Left-Handed Child in a Right-Handed World", "text": "\"Don't let your left-handed child feel left out. Help her feel comfortable and special by developing her left-hand skills for writing and playing sports. By Cara J. Stevens Facebook Pinterest Twitter Email Alexandra Grablewski Statistics show that about 9 out of every 10 people worldwide are right-handed -- so a tenth of the population has been seemingly \"\"left out\"\" throughout history. Daniel J. Sonkin, Ph. D., a marriage and family therapist who is left-handed, recalls growing up lefty in a righty world. \"\" I never realized until I was older that the world is really made for right-handed people,\"\" Dr. Sonkin says. \"\" I used to think I was just a little clumsy walking through doors, on steps, or moving quickly around obstacles. I learned later that there were subtle -- and sometimes not so subtle -- differences in the construction of objects that was based on handiness. \"\" Ask parents when they first discovered their child's lefty preference, and most will tell you it was a gradual realization. \"\" I don't remember exactly when we began to [realize] Chris was a lefty, [probably] somewhere as a toddler, before he was really able to write, he showed a preference with his fine motor skills\"\" says Rebecca Allen-English, of Glen Ellyn, Illlinois, who has an 11-year-old son." }, { "docid": "D1454887#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posture_%28psychology%29\nPosture (psychology)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Posture. For posture in a physical context, see Human positions. Young Girl Holding a Letter, circa 1665In humans, posture can provide a significant amount of important information through nonverbal communication. Psychological studies have also demonstrated the effects of body posture on emotions. This research can be traced back to Charles Darwin 's studies of emotion and movement in humans and animals. [ 1] Currently, many studies have shown that certain patterns of body movements are indicative of specific emotions. [ 2] [3] Researchers studied sign language and found that even non-sign language users can determine emotions from only hand movements. [ 4] Another example is the fact that anger is characterized by forward whole body movement. [ 5] The theories that guide research in this field are the self-validation or perception theory and the embodied emotion theory. [ 5] [6] [7]Self-validation theory is when a participant's posture has a significant effect on his or her self-evaluation of their emotions." }, { "docid": "D2891630#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handedness\nHandedness", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Left-handedness)navigation search This article is about left- and right-handedness in humans. For other uses, see Handedness (disambiguation). \"\" Left-hander\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Left-Hander (disambiguation). \"\" Southpaw\"\" redirects here. For the boxing stance, see Southpaw stance. For other uses, see Southpaw (disambiguation). This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. ( March 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In human biology, handedness is a better, faster, or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand, known as the dominant hand; the less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand. [" }, { "docid": "D2696599#0", "title": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-some-people-t/\nWhat causes some people to be left-handed, and why are fewer people left-handed than right-handed?", "text": "The Sciences What causes some people to be left-handed, and why are fewer people left-handed than right-handed? Clare Porac, a professor of psychology at Pennsylvania State University who studies handedness, explains. Researchers who study human hand preference agree that the side of the preferred hand (right versus left) is produced by biological and, most likely, genetic causes. The two most widely published genetic theories of human hand preference argue that evolutionary natural selection produced a majority of individuals with speech and language control in the left hemisphere of the brain. Because the left hemisphere also controls the movements of the right hand--and notably the movements needed to produce written language--millennia of evolutionary development resulted in a population of humans that is biased genetically toward individuals with left hemisphere speech/language and right-hand preference. Approximately 85 percent of people are right-handed. These theories also try to explain the persistent and continuing presence of a left-handed minority (about 15 percent of humans). The genetic proposal to explain hand preference states that there are two alleles, or two manifestations of a gene at the same genetic location, that are associated with handedness. One of these alleles is a D gene (for dextral, meaning right) and the other allele is a C gene (for chance). The D gene is more frequent in the population and is more likely to occur as part of the genetic heritage of an individual." }, { "docid": "D1771563#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-handed\nHandedness", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Right-handed)navigation search This article is about left- and right-handedness in humans. For other uses, see Handedness (disambiguation). \"\" Left-hander\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Left-Hander (disambiguation). \"\" Southpaw\"\" redirects here. For the boxing stance, see Southpaw stance. For other uses, see Southpaw (disambiguation). This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. ( March 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In human biology, handedness is a better, faster, or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand, known as the dominant hand; the less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand. [" }, { "docid": "D3292260#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_(anatomy)\nAnatomical terms of location", "text": "\"Anatomical terms of location From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Lateral (anatomy))navigation search This article is part of a series on Anatomical terminology Bone Location Microanatomy Motion Muscle Neuroanatomyv t e Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans. All vertebrates (including humans) have the same basic body plan – they are strictly bilaterally symmetrical in early embryonic stages and largely bilaterally symmetrical in adulthood. [ 1] That is, they have mirror-image left and right halves if divided down the centre. [ 2] For these reasons, the basic directional terms can be considered to be those used in vertebrates. By extension, the same terms are used for many other ( invertebrate) organisms as well. While these terms are standardized within specific fields of biology, there are unavoidable, sometimes dramatic, differences between some disciplines. For example, differences in terminology remain a problem that, to some extent, still separates the terminology of human anatomy from that used in the study of various other zoological categories. Contents [ hide ]1 Introduction1.1 Standard anatomical position1.2 Combined terms1.3 Planes1.4 Axes2 Main terms2.1 Superior and inferior2.2 Anterior and posterior2.3 Medial and lateral2.4 Proximal and distal2.5 Central and peripheral2.6 Superficial and deep2.7 Dorsal and ventral2.8 Cranial and caudal3 Other terms and special cases3.1 Anatomical landmarks3.2 Mouth and teeth3.3 Hands and feet3.4 Rotational direction3.5 Other directional terms3.6 Prefixes, suffixes, and other modifiers4 Specific animals and other organisms4.1 Humans4.2 Asymmetrical and spherical organisms4.3 Elongated organisms4.4 Radially symmetrical organisms4.5 Spiders5 See also6 Citations7 Sources Introduction [ edit]Because of differences in the way humans and other animals are structured, different terms are used according to the neuraxis and whether an animal is a vertebrate or invertebrate. Standardized anatomical and zoological terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and Greek words, to enable all biological and medical scientists to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their component organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive. [ 3]The vertebrates and Craniata share a substantial heritage and common structure, so many of the same terms are used to describe location." }, { "docid": "D181382#0", "title": "http://www.rockclimbing.com/Articles/Introduction_to_Climbing/Climbing_Dictionary_528.html\nClimbing Dictionary popular", "text": "\"Rock Climbing : Articles : Introduction to Climbing : Climbing Dictionary Previous \| Next Climbing Dictionary popular Submitted by ddt on 2006-11-12 \| Last Modified on 2012-04-13 Rating: Login to rate this article. Votes: 23 \| Views: 184762Do you have suggestions for updates or additions to the dictionary? Post them here. Click below to jump to a specific letter of the alphabet. Use your browser's \"\"back\"\" button to return to the top. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZA vue - adj. French for \"\"onsight\"\", a clean ascent first try with no prior knowledge of the route (see onsight). A0 - n. (Pronounced “A-zero”) Rating given to using a bolt for aid. No possibility of falling because weight is supported by something that cannot fail. Abseil - v. UK English for rappel, from the German origin." }, { "docid": "D388247#0", "title": "http://www.erikseanmcgiven.com/writings/acting/blocking-and-movement/\nBlocking and Movement", "text": "Blocking and Movement Blocking is an area overlooked by actors. Many beginners believe this responsibility rest solely with the director. But it is the actor who knows his character best and a good director seeks out this input during early readings and rehearsals. Therefore, it’s essential to learn the basic elements of blocking, even when a director is assigned. For to make these collaborative efforts productive, there must be a common understanding of blocking terminology and its principles. Let’s begin by defining blocking. Blocking is the positioning and movement of the characters to tell the story in visual terms. This placement can suggest the attitudes of the characters toward one another so the story situation is conveyed to the audience with or without dialogue. It makes the audience understand, at times contrary to the dialogue, the inner meaning existing within and between characters. Blocking should make the dramatic or comedic purpose of the scene so clearly apparent to the viewer that even a deaf man could understand it." }, { "docid": "D1771560#0", "title": "http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41390382/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/heres-why-youre-right-handed-or-left-handed/\nHere's why you're right-handed or left-handed", "text": "\"When a southpaw shakes hands, his left eye and the right portion of his brain are working hard to process the other individual, suggests a new study. The research helps to explain why hand and limb preferences exist across numerous species. The predisposition, as it turns out, are tied to ocular dominance, or the tendency to prefer visual input from one eye over the other, according to the study, published in the latest Royal Society Biology Letters. Ocular dominance, in turn, is driven by cerebral lateralization, which refers to how information processing is divided and coordinated between the brain's left and right hemispheres. In recent U. S. history, the majority of presidents have been left-handed (Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, William Clinton and Barack Obama), but scientists haven't yet found a link between hand preference and an individual's abilities. \"\" At this stage we have no reason to think that left- or right-brained animals are superior or analyze information differently, except that it's the mirror image,\"\" co-author Culum Brown told Discovery News. Brown, director of Advanced Biology at Macquarie University, and colleague Maria Magat studied the phenomenon in Australian parrots. These birds, like humans, have a tendency to use either their right or left limb more than the other. The researchers recorded the eye and foot preferences of the parrots while the birds investigated small pieces of fruit and brightly colored wooden blocks. The majority of the birds showed a clear tendency to investigate the objects using either their left or right eye." }, { "docid": "D2543892#0", "title": "http://dinosaur.compilertools.net/yacc/\nYacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler", "text": "\"The Lex & Yacc Page Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler Stephen C. Johnson AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974ABSTRACTComputer program input generally has some structure; in fact, every computer program that does input can be thought of as defining an ``input language'' which it accepts. An input language may be as complex as a programming language, or as simple as a sequence of numbers. Unfortunately, usual input facilities are limited, difficult to use, and often are lax about checking their inputs for validity. Yacc provides a general tool for describing the input to a computer program. The Yacc user specifies the structures of his input, together with code to be invoked as each such structure is recognized. Yacc turns such a specification into a subroutine that handles the input process; frequently, it is convenient and appropriate to have most of the flow of control in the user's application handled by this subroutine. The input subroutine produced by Yacc calls a user-supplied routine to return the next basic input item. Thus, the user can specify his input in terms of individual input characters, or in terms of higher level constructs such as names and numbers. The user-supplied routine may also handle idiomatic features such as comment and continuation conventions, which typically defy easy grammatical specification. Yacc is written in portable C. The class of specifications accepted is a very general one: LALR (1) grammars with disambiguating rules." }, { "docid": "D907982#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms\nGlossary of climbing terms", "text": "\"Glossary of climbing terms From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This page describes terms and jargon related to climbing and mountaineering. [ 1] [2]Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZPart of a series on Climbing Background Golden age of alpinism History of rock climbing Types Aid Big wall Bouldering Buildering Competition Crack Deep water solo Face Free Free solo Ice Indoor Lead Mixed Mountain Rock Rope Roped solo Slab Solo Speed Sport Top rope Trad Tree Lists Climbers Equipment Knots Terminology First ascents First free ascents Terms Abseiling Belaying Grades Gear Belay device Dynamic rope Harness Protection Shoes Climbing companies Black Diamond CAMP Evolv Five Ten Grivel La Sportiva Metolius Climbing Mad Rock Sports The North Face Patagonia Petzl Rab Wild Country Walltopiav t e These terms can vary considerably between different english speaking countries, so phrases described here may be particularly specific to, for example, the USA and UK. A [ edit]Abalakov thread Abalakov thread A type of abseiling point used especially in winter and ice climbing. Also known as V-thread. Ablation zone The area of a glacier where yearly melting meets or exceeds the annual snow fall. Abseil The process by which a climber can descend a fixed rope. Also known as Rappel. ACR (Alpine Cock Ring)An anchor method similar to a cordelette but that is dynamically equalizing. It employs a cord and a rappel ring. Ice ax with adze Adze A thin blade mounted perpendicular to the handle on an ice axe that can be used for chopping footholds." }, { "docid": "D222415#0", "title": "http://ucpsdfoundation.org/whatiscp.html\nWhat is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?", "text": "\"What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)? Cerebral palsy, also referred to as CP, is a term used to describe a group of chronic conditions affecting body movement and muscle coordination. It is caused by damage to one or more specific areas of the brain, usually occurring during fetal development; before, during, or shortly after birth; or during infancy. Thus, these disorders are not caused by problems in the muscles or nerves. Instead, faulty development or damage to motor areas in the brain disrupt the brain's ability to adequately control movement and posture. \"\" Cerebral\"\" refers to the brain and \"\"palsy\"\" to muscle weakness/poor control. Cerebral palsy itself is not progressive (i.e. brain damage does not get worse); however, secondary conditions, such as muscle spasticity, can develop which may get better over time, get worse, or remain the same. Cerebral palsy is not communicable. It is not a disease and should not be referred to as such. Although cerebral palsy is not \"\"curable\"\" in the accepted sense, training and therapy can help improve function." }, { "docid": "D2891632#0", "title": "https://www.factretriever.com/left-handedness-facts\n61 Interesting Left Handed Facts", "text": "61 Interesting Left Handed Facts By Karin Lehnardt, Senior Writer Published September 23, 2016 Updated August 12, 201710 Adroit Facts about Left-Handedness Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 2:52Southpaws make up about 3% of the population in the most peaceful primitive societies, but 27% in the most warlike ones. Researchers believe that in violent societies, left-handers may benefit from their unexpected left hook. [ 5]Women are more likely to be right-handed than men by about 4 percentage points. [ 11]Between 10-12% of people on earth are “lefties.” [ 11]Some scholars note that left-handers may be one of the last unorganized minorities in society because they have no collective power and no real sense of common identity. Additionally, left-handers are often discriminated against by social, educational, and religious institutions. Social customs and even language set the left-hander apart as “different” and even “bad.” [ 2]At various times in history, left-handedness has been seen as many things: a nasty habit, a mark of the devil, a sign of neurosis, rebellion, criminality, and homosexuality. It has also been seen as a trait indicating creativity and musical abilities. [" }, { "docid": "D48715#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemispatial_neglect\nHemispatial neglect", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Hemispatial neglect Hemispatial neglect is most frequently associated with a lesion of the right parietal lobe (in yellow, at top). Specialty Neurology, neuropsychology Hemispatial neglect, also called hemiagnosia, hemineglect, unilateral neglect, spatial neglect, contralateral neglect, unilateral visual inattention, [1] hemi-inattention, [1]neglect syndrome or contralateral hemispatialagnosia, is a neuropsychological condition in which, after damage to one hemisphere of the brain is sustained, a deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of the field of vision is observed. It is defined by the inability of a person to process and perceive stimuli on one side of the body or environment, where that inability is not due to a lack of sensation. [ 1] Hemispatial neglect is very commonly contralateral to the damaged hemisphere, but instances of ipsilesional neglect (on the same side as the lesion) have been reported. [ 2]Contents [ hide ]1 Presentation1.1 Sequelae2 Causes3 Theories of mechanism3.1 Spatial attention3.2 Spatial representation4 Diagnosis4.1 Varieties4.1.1 Type4.1.2 Range4.1.3 Axis4.1.4 Orientation5 Treatment6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links Presentation [ edit]Hemispatial neglect results most commonly from strokes and brain unilateral injury to the right cerebral hemisphere, with rates in the critical stage of up to 80% causing visual neglect of the left-hand side of space. Neglect is often produced by massive strokes in the middle cerebral artery region and is variegated, so that most sufferers do not exhibit all of the syndrome's traits. [ 3] Right-sided spatial neglect is rare because there is redundant processing of the right space by both the left and right cerebral hemispheres, whereas in most left-dominant brains the left space is only processed by the right cerebral hemisphere. Although it most strikingly affects visual perception ('visual neglect'), neglect in other forms of perception can also be found, either alone or in combination with visual neglect. [ 4]For example, a stroke affecting the right parietal lobe of the brain can lead to neglect for the left side of the visual field, causing a patient with neglect to behave as if the left side of sensory space is nonexistent (although they can still turn left). In an extreme case, a patient with neglect might fail to eat the food on the left half of their plate, even though they complain of being hungry." }, { "docid": "D1354165#0", "title": "http://ajaygautam.tripod.com/games/bowling/bowling.htm\nMy Bowling Page", "text": "\"My Bowling Page Terminologyanchorman: The last player in a team’s lineup; usually the team's best bowler.angle: The direction of the delivery and the path the ball takes toward the pins.approach: The 15-foot long area on which a player walks during the delivery. Refers to the bowler's motion that ends with the start of the delivery.arm-swing: The arc of the bowling arm and hand from the swing to the backswing.arrows: Targeting arrows that appear on the lane 12 to 16 feet beyond the foul line. Also called darts.baby split: A split that can be converted into a spare, with the ball fitting between the pins. Examples include the 3-10 and the 2-7.backend: The last 5-6 feet of the lane, including the pin deck. The backend is often the portion of the lane where the ball hooks the most.back row: Refers to the seven, eight, nine and ten pins: the back four pins.backswing: The second half of the arm-swing, which takes place behind the body.backup: A ball that rolls away from the pocket. Also called a reverse hook. Baker System: Format that calls for different bowlers to bowl in different frames. Mainly used in five-person team competition when the No. 1 bowler throws in the first and sixth frames, and the No. 2 bowler throws in the second and seventh.balk: When a bowler does not complete the delivery on the approach, stopping in mid swing without releasing the ball.beak: The mid-point of the headpin.bed: The entire area where a lane is placed." }, { "docid": "D1346065#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal\nAnatomical terms of location", "text": "\"Anatomical terms of location From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Proximal)navigation search This article is part of a series on Anatomical terminology Bone Location Microanatomy Motion Muscle Neuroanatomyv t e Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans. All vertebrates (including humans) have the same basic body plan – they are strictly bilaterally symmetrical in early embryonic stages and largely bilaterally symmetrical in adulthood. [ 1] That is, they have mirror-image left and right halves if divided down the centre. [ 2] For these reasons, the basic directional terms can be considered to be those used in vertebrates. By extension, the same terms are used for many other ( invertebrate) organisms as well. While these terms are standardized within specific fields of biology, there are unavoidable, sometimes dramatic, differences between some disciplines. For example, differences in terminology remain a problem that, to some extent, still separates the terminology of human anatomy from that used in the study of various other zoological categories. Contents [ hide ]1 Introduction1.1 Standard anatomical position1.2 Combined terms1.3 Planes1.4 Axes2 Main terms2.1 Superior and inferior2.2 Anterior and posterior2.3 Medial and lateral2.4 Proximal and distal2.5 Central and peripheral2.6 Superficial and deep2.7 Dorsal and ventral2.8 Cranial and caudal3 Other terms and special cases3.1 Anatomical landmarks3.2 Mouth and teeth3.3 Hands and feet3.4 Rotational direction3.5 Other directional terms3.6 Prefixes, suffixes, and other modifiers4 Specific animals and other organisms4.1 Humans4.2 Asymmetrical and spherical organisms4.3 Elongated organisms4.4 Radially symmetrical organisms4.5 Spiders5 See also6 Citations7 Sources Introduction [ edit]Because of differences in the way humans and other animals are structured, different terms are used according to the neuraxis and whether an animal is a vertebrate or invertebrate. Standardized anatomical and zoological terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and Greek words, to enable all biological and medical scientists to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their component organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive. [ 3]The vertebrates and Craniata share a substantial heritage and common structure, so many of the same terms are used to describe location." }, { "docid": "D2781954#0", "title": "http://sites.google.com/site/medicallecturenotes/broca-s-area-wernicke-s-area\nBrain structures", "text": "BROCA’S AREA , WERNICKE’S AREA, AND OTHER LANGUAGE-PROCESSING AREAS IN THE BRAINThe process of identifying the parts of the brain that are involved in language began in 1861, when Paul Broca, a French neurosurgeon, examined the brain of a recently deceased patient who had had an unusual disorder. Though he had been able to understand spoken language and did not have any motor impairments of the mouth or tongue that might have affected his ability to speak, he could neither speak a complete sentence nor express his thoughts in writing. The only articulate sound he could make was the syllable “tan”, which had come to be used as his name. Paul Broca Tan’s brain When Broca autopsied Tan’s brain, he found a sizable lesion in the left inferior frontal cortex. Subsequently, Broca studied eight other patients, all of whom had similar language deficits along with lesions in their left frontal hemisphere. This led him to make his famous statement that “we speak with the left hemisphere” and to identify, for the first time, the existence of a “language centre” in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe of this hemisphere. Now known as Broca’s area, this was in fact the first area of the brain to be associated with a specific function—in this case, language. Ten years later, Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, discovered another part of the brain, this one involved in understanding language, in the posterior portion of the left temporal lobe. People who had a lesion at this location could speak, but their speech was often incoherent and made no sense. Carl Wernicke Brain with a lesion causing Wernicke’s aphasia Wernicke's observations have been confirmed many times since." } ]
9070	________________ is a flow control statement.	[ { "docid": "D1906054#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow\nControl flow", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with Flow control (data). In computer science, control flow (or flow of control) is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated. The emphasis on explicit control flow distinguishes an imperative programming language from a declarative programming language. Within an imperative programming language, a control flow statement is a statement the execution of which results in a choice being made as to which of two or more paths to follow. For non-strict functional languages, functions and language constructs exist to achieve the same result, but they are usually not termed control flow statements. A set of statements is in turn generally structured as a block, which in addition to grouping, also defines a lexical scope. Interrupts and signals are low-level mechanisms that can alter the flow of control in a way similar to a subroutine, but usually occur as a response to some external stimulus or event (that can occur asynchronously ), rather than execution of an in-line control flow statement. At the level of machine language or assembly language, control flow instructions usually work by altering the program counter. For some central processing units (CPUs), the only control flow instructions available are conditional or unconditional branch instructions, also termed jumps. Contents [ hide ]1 Categories2 Primitives2.1 Labels2.2 Goto2.3 Subroutines2.4 Sequence3 Minimal structured control flow4 Control structures in practice5 Choice5.1 If-then- (else) statements5.2 Case and switch statements6 Loops6.1 Count-controlled loops6.2 Condition-controlled loops6.3 Collection-controlled loops6.4 General iteration6.5 Infinite loops6.6 Continuation with next iteration6.7 Redo current iteration6.8 Restart loop6.9 Early exit from loops6.10 Loop variants and invariants6.11 Loop sublanguage6.12 Loop system cross-reference table7 Structured non-local control flow7.1 Conditions7.2 Exceptions7.3 Continuations7.4 Async7.5 Generators7.6 Coroutines7.7 Non-local control flow cross reference8 Proposed control structures8.1 Loop with test in the middle8.2 Multiple early exit/exit from nested loops9 Security10 See also11 References12 Further reading13 External links Categories [ edit]A flow chart showing control flow." } ]	[ { "docid": "D147254#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor%27s_report\nAuditor's report", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types [show]Key concepts [show]Selected accounts [show]Accounting standards [show]Financial statements [show]Bookkeeping [show]Auditing [show]People and organizations [show]Development [show]Business portalv t e The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( June 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The auditor's report is a disclaimer thereof, issued by either an internal auditor or an independent external auditor as a result of an internal or external audit, as an assurance service in order for the user to make decisions based on the results of the audit. An auditor's report is considered an essential tool when reporting financial information to users, particularly in business. Since many third-party users prefer, or even require financial information to be certified by an independent external auditor, many auditees rely on auditor reports to certify their information in order to attract investors, obtain loans, and improve public appearance. Some have even stated that financial information without an auditor's report is \"\"essentially worthless\"\" for investing purposes. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Auditor's report on financial statements1.1 Unqualified Opinion1.2 Qualified Opinion report1.3 Adverse Opinion report1.4 Disclaimer of Opinion report1.5 Auditor's report on internal controls of public companies1.6 Going concern1.7 Other explanatory information and paragraphs1.8 Auditor's reports on financial statements in different countries2 Opinion shopping3 Other engagements and reports3.1 Report to the audit committee or board4 See also5 References Auditor's report on financial statements [ edit]See also: Financial audit It is important to note that auditor reports on financial statements are neither evaluations nor any other similar determination used to evaluate entities in order to make a decision. The report is only an opinion on whether the information presented is correct and free from material misstatements, whereas all other determinations are left for the user to decide. There are four common types of auditor's reports, each one presenting a different situation encountered during the auditor's work. The four reports are as follows: Unqualified Opinion [ edit]An opinion is said to be unqualified when he or she does not have any significant reservation in respect of matters contained in the Financial Statements." }, { "docid": "D3158072#0", "title": "http://ecmweb.com/basics/electrical-ladder-drawing-basics\nElectrical Ladder Drawing Basics", "text": "Basics Electrical Ladder Drawing Basics Understanding the basic layout, symbols, and cross-reference system of ladder diagrams will help you become a better troubleshooter Roger Zieg, Lewellyn Technology \| Feb 01, 2006Electrical ladder drawings are still one of the common and reliable tools used to troubleshoot equipment when it fails. As with any good troubleshooting tool, one must be familiar with its basic features to make the most of the diagram in the field. In other words, possessing a basic understanding of how the drawing is laid out — as well as the meaning of numbers and symbols found on the schematic — will make you that much more seasoned as a maintenance professional. There are typically two distinct parts of a ladder drawing: the power component and the control component. The power portion consists of items such as the motor, motor starter contacts and overloads, disconnect (s), and protective devices (fuses and circuit breakers). The control part encompasses items that make the power components do their work. For this discussion, we'll focus on the control portion of the drawing. Let's take a look at the most common components. Symbols. The symbols that go into making a ladder drawing are the ABCs of print reading ( Fig." }, { "docid": "D3228434#0", "title": "https://learn.mentor.com/library/calibre-training-library/78acdba/outline\nCalibre Training Library", "text": "Library Home Learning Paths Mentor Learning Paths MLC Overview and Calibre Curriculum Using Calibre nm DRCUsing Calibre nm LVSUsing Calibre PERCCoding Calibre PERC Circuit Analysis Comprehensive Calibre PERC Coding Using Calibre DESIGNrev Calibre RET/OPC Basics Writing Calibre nm DRC Rules Writing Calibre nm LVS Rules Calibre Pattern Matching Calibre® x RC™Chapters Pricing Help Library-at-a-glance Start Free Trial Library-at-a-glance12 Learning Paths 68 Chapters MLC Overview and Calibre Curriculum Learn how to get around the Mentor Learning Center and get a curriculum map for each user role.1 Chapters1. MLC Overview and Calibre Curriculum 6 Topics Welcome to Mentor Graphics On-Demand Training Preview Available CAD Engineer Curriculum Map IC Layout Engineer Curriculum Map IC Verification Engineer Curriculum Map Foundry Engineer Curriculum Map Circuit Designer Curriculum Map Using Calibre nm DRCThis learning path provides everything you need to get started using Calibre nm DRC, including how to set up and run nm DRC jobs and how to analyze DRC results.5 Chapters1. Calibre Basic Concepts 13 Topics Calibre Environment Demo: Introduction to Calibre Lab: Calibre DRC Setup Basic Operations Knowledge Check 1: Calibre Basic Concepts Using the Calibre GUI Preview Available Demo: Using the Calibre Interactive GUILab: Execute a DRC Job Additional GUI Features Lab: Using Calibre DESIGNrev Knowledge Check 2: Calibre Basic Concepts Demo: Additional Calibre Interactive Features Assessment : Introduction to Calibre nm DRC2. Introduction to Calibre nm DRC 14 Topics Calibre nm DRC Basics Text-Based Job Execution GUI-Based Job Execution Demo #1 - Run nm DRC Using Calibre Interactive Lab: Set Up and Run a DRC Job Knowledge Check 1: Introduction to Calibre nm DRCWorking with DRC Output Preview Available GUI-Based Output Review Lab: Review nm DRC Job Output Calibre nm DRC RVE Basics Demo #2 - Documenting DRC Results Lab: Find and Fix DRC Violations Knowledge Check 2: Introduction to Calibre nm DRCAssessment : Introduction to Calibre nm DRC3. Calibre nm DRC Job Customization 16 Topics Text-Based Rule Selection GUI-Based Rule Selection Demo #3 - Rule Check Selection Lab: Select Rule Checks By Layer Knowledge Check 1: Calibre nm DRC Job Customization Text-Based Area Selection GUI-Based Area Selection Preview Available Lab: Run DRC On A Selected Layout Area Knowledge Check 2: Calibre nm DRC Job Customization Text-Based Job Performance Enhanxement GUI-Based Job Performance Enhancement Demo #4 - Setting GUI Performance Defaults RVE Customization Demo #5 - Connecting RVE to the Layout Viewer Lab: Working with Hierarchical Results Assessment : Calibre nm DRC Job Customization4. Calibre nm DRC Additional Topics 13 Topics Working with Waivers Demo #6 - Waiving Results Using RVELab: Working with Fixed and Waived Results Additional RVE Features Demo #7 - Opening Additional RDB Files in RVELab: Working with Properties Knowledge Check 1: Calibre nm DRC Additional Topics Comparing Layouts Preview Available Lab: Comparing Layouts Geometric Output Lab: Creating Geometric Output Knowledge Check 2: Calibre nm DRC Additional Topics Assessment : Calibre nm DRC Additional Topics5. Calibre Incremental DRC 10 Topics Incremental DRC Introduction Incremental DRC Complete Flow Lab: Run An Incremental DRC Complete Flow Knowledge Check 1: Calibre Incremental DRCIncremental DRC Previous Resulsts Flow Incremental DRC Design Delta Flow Preview Available Lab: Run A Design Delta Flow Knowledge Check 2: Calibre Incremental DRCIncremental DRC Summary Assessment : Calibre Incremental DRCUsing Calibre nm LVSThis learning path provides everything you need to get started using Calibre nm LVS, including how to set up and run nm LVS jobs and how to analyze LVS results.6 Chapters1. Calibre Basic Concepts 13 Topics Calibre Environment Demo: Introduction to Calibre Lab: Calibre DRC Setup Basic Operations Knowledge Check 1: Calibre Basic Concepts Using the Calibre GUI Preview Available Demo: Using the Calibre Interactive GUILab: Execute a DRC Job Additional GUI Features Lab: Using Calibre DESIGNrev Knowledge Check 2: Calibre Basic Concepts Demo: Additional Calibre Interactive Features Assessment : Introduction to Calibre nm DRC2. Introduction to Calibre nm LVS 17 Topics Calibre nm LVS Basics Text-Based Job Setup and Execution GUI-Based Job Setup and Execution Knowledge Check 1: Introduction to Calibre nm LVSText-Based Output Review GUI-Based Output Review Demo: Running a Calibre nm LVS Job Lab: GUI-Based Output Review Using Calibre LVS RVE (Part I) Preview Available Demo: Viewing Results with RVELab: Using RVE (Part I)Knowledge Check 2: Introduction to Calibre nm LVSUsing Calibre LVS RVE (Part II)Lab: Using RVE (Part II)Working with Cells and Hierarchy Lab: Working with Cells and Hierarchey Assessment : Introduction to Calibre nm LVS3. Working with Text and Connectivity 13 Topics Text and Connectivity Preview Available LVS Texting Fundamentals Lab: LVS Texting Fundamentals Knowledge Check 1: Working with Text and Connectivity Working with Text Comparison Demo: Working with a Texting Error Lab: Working with Text Comparison Knowledge Check 2: Working with Text and Connectivity Establishing Connectivity Lab: Establishing Connectivity Working with Virtual Connectivity Lab: Working with Virtual Connectivity Assessment: Working with Text and Connectivity4." }, { "docid": "D420111#0", "title": "http://ofm.wa.gov/policy/80.20.htm\nReturn to CHAPTER 80", "text": "Return to CHAPTER 8080.20 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles80.20.10July 1, 2001This state adopts Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are uniform minimum standards of and guidelines to financial accounting and reporting. GAAP establishes appropriate measurement and classification criteria for financial reporting. Adherence to GAAP provides a reasonable degree of comparability among the financial reports of state and local governmental units. In accordance with RCW 43.88.037 ), the Office of Financial Management adopts GAAP as applicable to state governments.80.20.20July 1, 2015What constitutes GAAP? The hierarchy of GAAP governs what constitutes GAAP for state governments, including government-owned colleges and universities and health care providers. It details the priority sequence of pronouncements that the state should look to for accounting and reporting guidance. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) established the following hierarchy of authoritative GAAP for state and local governments: GASB Statements (Category A). GASB Technical Bulletins; GASB Implementation Guides; and literature of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) cleared by the GASB (Category B). If the accounting treatment for a transaction or other event is not specified by a pronouncement in Category A, a governmental entity should consider whether the accounting treatment is specified by a source in Category B. If the accounting treatment for a transaction or other event is not specified in either Category A or B, a government generally should first consider accounting principles for similar transactions covered in the above categories and then may consider other nonauthoritative accounting literature that does not conflict or contradict authoritative GAAP. Nonauthoritative accounting literature include: GASB Concept Statements;Pronouncements and literature of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board, International Accounting Standards Board and AICPA literature not cleared by the GASB;Practices that are widely recognized and prevalent in state and local government;Literature of other professional associations or regulatory agencies; and Accounting textbooks, handbooks and articles.80.20.30July 1, 2001Governmental GAAP requires fund accounting Among the basic principles of governmental GAAP is fund accounting." }, { "docid": "D2275196#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/18688101/basic-accounting-theory-1-flash-cards/\nBasic Accounting Theory 1", "text": "\"140 terms Noelle ABeegle Basic Accounting Theory 1CPA review Accounting Basics Module 9Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort What is the basis for Financial Reporting in the USA? US GAAPUS GAAP is the basis for Financial reporting but does not... Constitute a cohesive body of accounting theory Concept Statements Issued to provide a theoretical framework for accounting standard development and basis for financial reporting ASC and where is it contained Accounting Standards Codification is the single source for US GAAP. Contained by FASB this codification did not change GAAP but restructured the existing accounting standards providing a single cohesive set of accting standards ASC Contains GAAP, Relevant literature issued by the SEC, FASB issues Accounting Standards Updates to Update the codification Theory Coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual and pragmatic principles forming a general frame of reference for a field of inquiry; thus accounting theory should be the basic principles of accounting rather than its practices (which GAAP describes or dictates)GAAP does not constitute a cohesive body of accounting theory FASB issued concept statements to-SFAC develop a theoretical framework; has issued 8 concept statements to develop a frame of reference-SFAC Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts SFAC-Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts purpose Purpose is to set forth objectives and fundamental concepts that will be the basis for development of financial accounting and reporting guidance (SFAC 8)... SFAC attempt to organize a framework that can serve as a reference point in formulating financial accounting standards SFAC Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts...these are produced by FASBFinancial Reporting-Objective \"\"The objective of general-purpose financial reporting is to provide. financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders, and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity\"\" (SFAC 8). Components of the Conceptual Framework. The components of the conceptual framework for financial accounting and reporting include objectives, qualitative characteristics, elements, recognition, measurement, financial statements,earnings, funds flow, and liquidity. The objectives underlie the other phases and are derived from the needs of those for whom financial information is intended. You need the Left to create the Right Objectives is the consideration of who will use the Financial information qualitative characteristics establish criteria for selecting and evaluating accounting alternatives which will meet the objectives. In other words, information must possess the qualitative characteristics if that information is to fulfill the objectives. Objectives of Financial Reporting." }, { "docid": "D2631557#0", "title": "http://cplus.about.com/od/glossar1/g/expressiondefn.htm\nWhat Is a Java Statement?", "text": "\"Science, Tech, Math ›Computer Science What Is a Java Statement? Examples of the Different Statements in Java Share Flipboard Email Print Klaus Vedfelt/Taxi/Getty Imagesby Paul Leahy Updated March 30, 2017Statements are similar to sentences in the English language. A sentence forms a complete idea which can include one or more clauses. Likewise, a statement in Java forms a complete command to be executed and can include one or more expressions. In simpler terms, a Java statement is just an instruction that explains what should happen. Types of Java Statements There are three main groups that encompass the different kinds of statements in Java: Expression statements change values of variables, call methods, and create objects. Declaration statements declare variables. Control flow statements determine the order that statements are executed. Typically, they're understood from top to bottom. However, with control flow statements, that order can be interrupted to implement branching or looping so that the Java program can run particular sections of code based on certain conditions." }, { "docid": "D1340254#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_ratio\nFinancial ratio", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Corporate finance Working capital Cash conversion cycle Return on capital Economic value added Just-in-time Economic order quantity Discounts and allowances Factoring Sections Managerial finance Financial accounting Management accounting Mergers and acquisitions Balance sheet analysis Business plan Corporate action Societal components Financial market Financial market participants Corporate finance Personal finance Peer-to-peer lending Public finance Banks and banking Financial regulation Clawbackv t e Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types Key concepts Selected accounts Accounting standards Financial statements Bookkeeping Auditing People and organizations Development Business portalv t e A financial ratio or accounting ratio is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies. [ 1] If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios. Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as P/E ratio; these latter are also called multiples. Given any ratio, one can take its reciprocal; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%. Contents1 Sources of data2 Purpose and types3 Accounting methods and principles4 Abbreviations and terminology4.1 Abbreviations5 Ratios5.1 Profitability ratios5.2 Liquidity ratios5.3 Activity ratios (Efficiency Ratios)5.4 Debt ratios (leveraging ratios)5.5 Market ratios5.6 Capital budgeting ratios6 See also7 References8 External links Sources of data [ edit]Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows or (sometimes) the statement of changes in equity." }, { "docid": "D1544433#0", "title": "https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/financial-statements.html\nFinancial Statements", "text": "\"Related Terms: Annual Report; Audits, External; Balance Sheets; Cash Flow Statements; Income Statements Financial statements are written records of a business's financial situation. They include standard reports like the balance sheet, income or profit and loss statements, and cash flow statement. They stand as one of the more essential components of business information, and as the principal method of communicating financial information about an entity to outside parties. In a technical sense, financial statements are a summation of the financial position of an entity at a given point in time. Generally, financial statements are designed to meet the needs of many diverse users, particularly present and potential owners and creditors. Financial statements result from simplifying, condensing, and aggregating masses of data obtained primarily from a company's (or an individual's) accounting system. FINANCIAL REPORTINGAccording to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, financial reporting includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating financial information about an enterprise to its external users. Financial statements provide information useful in investment and credit decisions and in assessing cash flow prospects. They provide information about an enterprise's resources, claims to those resources, and changes in the resources. Financial reporting is a broad concept encompassing financial statements, notes to financial statements and parenthetical disclosures, supplementary information (such as changing prices), and other means of financial reporting (such as management discussions and analysis, and letters to stockholders)." }, { "docid": "D458654#0", "title": "http://facweb.northseattle.edu/pbouker/instructor/ACCT252_Folder/Ch14investments_in_debt_and_equity.htm\n.", "text": "Investments in Debt and Equity Securities Chapter 14Among the reasons t hat companies invest in debt and equity securities of other companies are the following: As a safety cushion, to maintain a large enough liquid investment balance to tide the company over an emergency. To meet cyclical cash needs (for companies in highly seasonal businesses). To gain a return on idle investment To gain influence over the decisions of the company being invested in. To gain complete control over another company. When one company owns more than 50% of another company, the financial statements of the first company must combine the financial performance of the other company (its subsidiary) with its own performance as if the two companies were one single company. Debt securities have a maturity value representing the amount to be repaid, a fixed or variable interest rate, and a maturity date, when repayment of the debt is due. Equity securities represent ownership in a company and typically carry the right to collect dividends and to vote on corporate matters. FASB Statement No. 115, issued in 1993, requires financial statements to classify investment securities according to management’s intent in holding the securities. Each class requires different accounting treatment." }, { "docid": "D3206807#0", "title": "http://www.ofm.wa.gov/policy/80.20.htm\nReturn to CHAPTER 80", "text": "Return to CHAPTER 8080.20 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles80.20.10July 1, 2001This state adopts Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are uniform minimum standards of and guidelines to financial accounting and reporting. GAAP establishes appropriate measurement and classification criteria for financial reporting. Adherence to GAAP provides a reasonable degree of comparability among the financial reports of state and local governmental units. In accordance with RCW 43.88.037 ), the Office of Financial Management adopts GAAP as applicable to state governments.80.20.20July 1, 2015What constitutes GAAP? The hierarchy of GAAP governs what constitutes GAAP for state governments, including government-owned colleges and universities and health care providers. It details the priority sequence of pronouncements that the state should look to for accounting and reporting guidance. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) established the following hierarchy of authoritative GAAP for state and local governments: GASB Statements (Category A). GASB Technical Bulletins; GASB Implementation Guides; and literature of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) cleared by the GASB (Category B). If the accounting treatment for a transaction or other event is not specified by a pronouncement in Category A, a governmental entity should consider whether the accounting treatment is specified by a source in Category B. If the accounting treatment for a transaction or other event is not specified in either Category A or B, a government generally should first consider accounting principles for similar transactions covered in the above categories and then may consider other nonauthoritative accounting literature that does not conflict or contradict authoritative GAAP. Nonauthoritative accounting literature include: GASB Concept Statements;Pronouncements and literature of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board, International Accounting Standards Board and AICPA literature not cleared by the GASB;Practices that are widely recognized and prevalent in state and local government;Literature of other professional associations or regulatory agencies; and Accounting textbooks, handbooks and articles.80.20.30July 1, 2001Governmental GAAP requires fund accounting Among the basic principles of governmental GAAP is fund accounting." }, { "docid": "D3529362#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-26-anatomy/deck/14419360\nChapter 26 Anatomy", "text": "\"The urinary system does all of the following exceptregulating blood volume.contributing to stabilizing blood p H.eliminating organic waste products.regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.excreting excess albumin molecules.5. A glomerulus isa knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.the expanded end of a nephron.the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.the source of erythropoietin.attached to the collecting duct.1. How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development? Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone. Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone. Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone. Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys. The kidney produces calcitriol.5. Urine is eliminated through theurethra.ureter.urinary bladder.kidney.liver.1. The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure byadjusting the volume of water lost in urine.regulating Na Cl levels in the blood.releasing renin.releasing erythropoietin." }, { "docid": "D1182755#0", "title": "http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2008/oct/derivatives_and_hedging_accounting_vs_taxation.html\nDerivatives and Hedging: Accounting vs. Taxation", "text": "Derivatives and Hedging: Accounting vs. Taxation Ballast for stormy financial seas BY ROBERT BLOOM AND WILLIAM J. CENKERSeptember 30, 2008Related TOPICSTax Tax Accounting (Methods & Periods)Accounting and Financial Reporting EXECUTIVE SUMMARYHedge documentation is important in both financial reporting and income taxation. For financial accounting purposes, on the date of the hedge, an entity must identify the hedged item, the instrument used, the type of risk hedged, the means of assessing hedge effectiveness, and the risk management objective and strategy. Gains and losses of different types of derivatives for fair value hedges are reflected in the income statement, offsetting losses and gains on transactions being hedged. Gains and losses on cash flow hedges are “parked” in accumulated other comprehensive income until the transactions occur and then transferred to the income statement to offset the losses and gains on these transactions. Foreign currency transactions record the dollar equivalent of the sale at the time of sale. Any unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses are accrued in net income during the period in which the exchange rate changes. Mark-to-market rules do not apply to hedging transactions for tax purposes. An entity must treat an investment in regulated futures or foreign currency contracts that is not a hedging event as though it were sold on the last day of the year for tax purposes. Robert Bloom, Ph. D., is a professorof accountancy at John Carroll University in University Heights, Ohio." }, { "docid": "D3359698#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/hh/what-procedures-must-described-agreement-called-assurance-compliance-ohrp/25049204072800673\n\"What procedures must be described in an agreement called an \"\"assurance of compliance\"\" with OHRP?\"", "text": "\"You searched... What procedures must be described in an agreement called an \"\"assurance of compliance\"\" with OHRP? Get all 2 Answers - FREETop Result 2 answers available1 Accounts receivable Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 2 Inventory valuation Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 3 Inventory costs Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 4 Internally generated intangible assets – R&D Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 5 Goodwill and intangible assets – Amortization Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 6 Investments Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 7 Financial instruments – Impairment Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 8 Deductibility of expenses Taxation Core – Level B 9 Common business expenses DISALLOWED Taxation Core – Level B 10 Common business expenses ALLOWED Taxation Core – Level B 11 Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) Taxation Core – Level B 12 Reporting alternatives – Specific items Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 13 Retiring allowance rollover to RRSP Taxation Core – Level B 14 Shareholder loan Taxation Core – Level B 15 Revenue recognition – Consignment sales Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 16 Asset criteria Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 17 Inventory Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 18 PPE – Betterments Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 19 Non-monetary transactions Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level B 20 Non-monetary transactions Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level B 21 Review engagements Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 22 Opening balances Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 23 Employee vs. Contractor Taxation Core – Level B 24 Employer provided automobile – Standby charge Taxation Core – Level B 25 Employer provided automobile – Operating cost benefit Taxation Core – Level B 26 Employer provided automobile – Tax planning Taxation Core – Level B 27 Employment – Taxable benefits Taxation Core – Level B 28 Employment – Nontaxable benefits Taxation Core – Level B 29 Impairment of definite-life intangible assets Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 30 Impairment of assets Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 31 Investments – Equity method Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 32 Accounting for subsidiaries Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 33 PPE – Costs Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 34 Capital lease criteria – Lessee Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 35 Capital lease criteria – Lessor Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 36 Types of capital leases – Lessor Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 37 Compound Financial Instruments Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 38 Capital Budgeting – Buy vs. Lease Finance Core – Level B 39 Financing options – Debt vs. Equity Finance Core – Level B 40 Revenue recognition – Completed contract method Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 41 Revenue recognition – Percentage of completion method Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 42 Revenue recognition – Effect of uncertainties (returns) Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 43 Inventory measurement – Cost vs. net realizable value Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 44 Inventory measurement – Cost formulas (specific identification) Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 45 Inventory measurement – Allocation of overhead Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 46 Intangible assets Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 47 Lease inducements Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 48 Business income vs. property income Taxation Core – Level B 49 Incremental Cash Flows Finance Core – Level B 50 Control Deficiencies Audit & Assurance Core – Level A 51 Internally generated intangible assets Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 52 Intangible assets – Definition Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 53 Intangible assets – Amortization Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 54 Discontinued operations Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level B 55 Assets held for sale Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level B 56 Borrowing costs Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 57 Share-based compensation Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level C 58 Common audit risk factors Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 59 Materiality Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 60 Audit approach Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 61 Financial statement assertions Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 62 Use of an expert Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 63 Revenue recognition criteria Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 64 Revenue recognition – performance criteria Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 65 Revenue recognition – collectability criteria Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 66 Revenue recognition – multiple deliverables Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 67 Government assistance Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 68 Discontinued operation Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level B 69 Assets held for sale Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 70 Accounting changes – change in estimate Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 71 Net Present Value (NPV) vs. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Finance Core – Level B 72 Discounted vs. Undiscounted Cash Flows Finance Core – Level B 73 Payback Period Finance Core – Level B 74 Reporting alternatives – Compliance with agreement Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 75 Methods of collecting audit evidence Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 76 Related Party Transactions Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 77 Financial Ratio Analysis Finance Core – Level A 78 Lease Accounting – Land & Building Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 79 Subsequent Events Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 80 Contingencies Financial Reporting (ASPE) Core – Level A 81 Revenue Recognition Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 82 Accounting Policies, Changes, Errors Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 83 Property, Plant and Equipment Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 84 Agriculture Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level B 85 Revenue recognition – Identification of the transaction Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 86 Contingencies Financial Reporting (IFRS) Core – Level A 87 Tax Implications of Going Public Taxation Core – Level C 88 Employer paid automobile expenses - Taxable benefit Taxation Core – Level B 89 Owner-Manager Compensation Salary vs. Dividends Taxation Core – Level C 90 Reserves for Bad Debts Taxation Core – Level B 91 Business Investment Loss Taxation Core – Level B 92 Activity Based Costing Management Accounting Core – Level B 93 Moving Expenses Taxation Core – Level B 94 Principal Residence Exemption Taxation Core – Level B 95 Replacement property rules Taxation Core – Level B 96 Business use of home expenses Taxation Core – Level B 97 Using the work of internal auditors Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 98 Reporting alternatives – Specific items Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 99 General assurance standards Audit & Assurance Core – Level B; Elective – Level A 100 Going Concern Audit & Assurance Elective – Level A22 Accounts receivable (ASPE) Considered a financial instrument (financial asset) as it represents a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from another party As such, accounts receivable must be tested for impairment at the end of the reporting period if significant adverse changes during the period cast doubt on collectability If impaired, then should be written down to the amount expected to be collected, either directly, or through the use of an allowance account The amount of the reduction shall be recognized as an impairment loss in net income. Case: Bruin Car Parts Reference: ASPE 3856.05 (h), .16, .17 Inventory valuation (ASPE) Valued at lower of cost and net realizable value (NRV) NRV is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less estimated selling costs Case: Bruin Car Parts Reference: ASPE 3031.07, .10 Inventory costs (ASPE) The cost of inventories shall comprise all purchase, conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase Storage, administrative overhead, and selling costs are specifically excluded from the cost of inventories Case: Bruin Car Parts Reference: ASPE 3031.11, .12, .17 Internally generated intangible assets – R&D (ASPE) Research costs are always expensed when incurred Accounting policy choice to either capitalize or expense development costs Development costs can be capitalized if all of the following exist: o Technically feasible o Intention to complete it o Ability to use or sell it o Availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development o Ability to reliably measure the expenditures attributed o Probable future economic benefits will be generated Case: Bruin Car Parts, Tank Co Reference: ASPE 3064.37, .40, .41 Goodwill and intangible assets – Amortization (ASPE) Intangibles are to be amortized over their estimated useful lives unless they are considered to have an indefinite life Assets with indefinite lives are not to be amortized until the life is no longer considered indefinite (however it must still be tested for impairment) Amortization method and useful life should be reviewed annually The expected useful life must consider: o expected use of the asset, o expected useful life of related assets, o contractual, legal and regulatory provisions and other economic factors Case: Bruin Car Parts Reference: ASPE 3064.56, .57, .61 Investments (ASPE) Investments subject to significant influence can be accounted for using the equity or cost method Investments without significant i" }, { "docid": "D643248#0", "title": "http://www.testingstandards.co.uk/living_glossary.htm\n.", "text": "New Term or Change? If you want to suggest a new term or a change to a current term then please see here . A B C D E F G H I J K L MN O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAacceptance testing: Formal testing conducted to enable a user, customer, or other authorized entity to determine whether to accept a system or component. [ IEEE]actual outcome: The behaviour actually produced when the object is tested under specified conditions.ad hoc testing: Testing carried out using no recognised test case design technique.alpha testing: Simulated or actual operational testing at an in-house site not otherwise involved with the software developers.arc testing: See branch testing . BBackus-Naur form: A meta language used to formally describe the syntax of a language. See BS .basic block: A sequence of one or more consecutive, executable statements containing no branch es.basis test set: A set of test cases derived from the code logic which ensure that \\% branch coverage is achieved.bebugging: See error seeding. [ Abbott]behavior: The combination of input values and precondition s and the required response for a function of a system. The full specification of a function would normally comprise one or more behaviors.beta testing: Operational testing at a site not otherwise involved with the software developers.big-bang testing: Integration testing where no incremental testing takes place prior to all the system's component s being combined to form the system.black box testing: See functional test case design.bottom-up testing: An approach to integration testing where the lowest level component s are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level component s. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.boundary value: An input value or output value which is on the boundary between equivalence classes, or an incremental distance either side of the boundary.boundary value analysis: A test case design technique for a component in which test cases are designed which include representatives of boundary values .boundary value coverage: The percentage of boundary values of the component's equivalence classes which have been exercised by a test case suite .boundary value testing: See boundary value analysis .branch: A conditional transfer of control from any statement to any other statement in a component, or an unconditional transfer of control from any statement to any other statement in the component except the next statement , or when a component has more than one entry point, a transfer of control to an entry point of the component .branch condition: See decision condition .branch condition combination coverage: The percentage of combinations of all branch condition outcomes in every decision that have been exercised by a test case suite .branch condition combination testing: A test case design technique in which test cases are designed to execute combinations of branch condition outcomes.branch condition coverage: The percentage of branch condition outcomes in every decision that have been exercised by a test case suite.branch condition testing: A test case design technique in which test cases are designed to execute branch condition outcomes.branch coverage: The percentage of branches that have been exercised by a test case suitebranch outcome: See decision outcome.branch point: See decision.branch testing: A test case design technique for a component in which test cases are designed to execute branch outcomes.bug: See fault .bug seeding: See error seeding . CC-use: See computation data use.capture/playback tool: A test tool that records test input as it is sent to the software under test. The input cases stored can then be used to reproduce the test at a later time.capture/replay tool: See capture/playback tool." }, { "docid": "D2071149#0", "title": "http://www.gasb.org/st/summary/gstsm11.html\nSummary of Statement No. 11", "text": "GASB Home ›› STANDARDS & GUIDANCE ›› Pronouncements Summary of Statement No. 11Summaries / Status Summary of Statement No. 11 Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting—Governmental Fund Operating Statements (Issued 5/90)Summary This Statement is fundamental to the Board's overall reexamination of governmental accounting and financial reporting. It establishes measurement focus and basis of accounting standards for governmental and expendable trust fund operating statements. This Statement establishes basic principles that are needed to develop the guidance in other projects, especially certain expenditure recognition and measurement standards that will be implemented at the same time as this Statement; it also provides specific guidance for many governmental fund transactions, primarily revenues. This Statement provides guidance for balance sheet reporting of general long-term capital debt-liabilities resulting from capital asset acquisitions or debt financing of certain nonrecurring projects or activities that have long-term economic benefit. This Statement does not, however, provide guidance for balance sheet reporting of debt issued to finance operations or deficits (operating debt) or the long-term liabilities arising from the accrual of governmental fund expenditures. That guidance will be provided in a subsequent Statement on financial reporting, which also will be implemented at the same time as this Statement. * * * Measurement focus refers to what is expressed in reporting an entity's financial performance and position. A particular measurement focus is accomplished by considering which resources are measured and when the effects of transactions and events involving those resources are recognized." }, { "docid": "D66692#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accounting\nFinancial accounting", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types [hide]Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts [hide]Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts [hide]Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards [hide]Generally-accepted principles Generally-accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements [hide]Annual report Balance sheet Cash-flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping [hide]Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double-entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing [hide]Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations [hide]Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development [hide]History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes–Oxley Act Business portalv t e Financial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business. [ 1] This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes. Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. It includes the standards, conventions and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements. On the other hand, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a set of passionable accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements." }, { "docid": "D2070279#0", "title": "https://www.pluralsight.com/blog/it-ops/access-control-list-concepts\nSecuring Networks: Access Control List (ACL) Concepts", "text": "Securing Networks: Access Control List (ACL) Concepts By Tracey Wilson on May 16, 2012Learn something new. Take control of your career. Sign up This article is the start of a new series centered in IT Security, but focused on securing networks with access control lists, commonly referred to as ACLs. Access control lists, their function, and proper implementation are covered in Cisco exams, but the concepts and deployment strategies are also covered in certifications like Security + and CISSP. In this article, we will investigate and define the different types of access control lists and examine some deployment concepts, especially the “why” we use them and the “when”. Future articles will focus on their implementation on Cisco routers, specific designs for permitting and denying services, and venture into the world of firewalls. What are Access Control Lists? ACLs are a network filter utilized by routers and some switches to permit and restrict data flows into and out of network interfaces. When an ACL is configured on an interface, the network device analyzes data passing through the interface, compares it to the criteria described in the ACL, and either permits the data to flow or prohibits it. Why Do We Use Access Control Lists?" }, { "docid": "D146819#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/39387359/chapter-16-fire-streams-firefighter-i-flash-cards/\nChapter 16: Fire Streams - Firefighter I", "text": "53 terms redkey Chapter 16: Fire Streams - Firefighter ILearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Characteristics of water that make it valuable for fire extinguishment include: .a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other agents. .a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other agents. p.944The primary way water extinguishes fire is by: Absorbing heat. p.944The energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree is called: . Specific Heat. p.944Latent Heat of Vaporization is: the amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid into a vapor without temperature change. p.944As water is vaporized into steam, it expands approximately ____ its original volume. .1,700 times p.944Which statement about water streams is MOST accurate? ." }, { "docid": "D1850735#0", "title": "https://www.simple-talk.com/sql/ssis/importing-excel-data-into-sql-server-via-ssis-questions-you-were-too-shy-to-ask/\nImporting Excel Data into SQL Server Via SSIS: Questions You Were Too Shy to Ask", "text": "Importing Excel Data into SQL Server Via SSIS: Questions You Were Too Shy to Ask The job of retrieving data from Excel, and importing it into SQL Server hasn't the same appeal or glamour as, for example, performing heroics with ill-performing queries. This could be why one hesitates before asking questions about how to do it. Rob Sheldon calms your private doubts and fears by answering those embarrassing questions. The Questions“When should I use an Excel connection manager rather than an Excel Source component?”“I’ve tried changing the data types that the Excel Source component assigns to the incoming data but have had no luck. How do you control data types in the source component?”“My SSIS package retrieves data from an Excel worksheet and inserts the data into a SQL Server table. My data flow shows a warning message indicating that data could be truncated; however, the package runs with no problem and loads the data into the table. Do I need to do anything in response to the warning message?”“How do I limit my result set to specific columns when retrieving data from an Excel workbook?”“I sometimes receive a warning on my Excel Source component saying that the external columns are out of sync with the data source columns. Any idea what’s going on?”“One of the columns in the Excel worksheet I use as a data source contains NULL values for some rows. How do I send those rows to a text file, rather than loading them into the target database table?”“I built an SSIS package that retrieves data from an Excel workbook. However, when I try to debug the package I receive an error and a suggestion that I run the package in 32-bit mode." }, { "docid": "D623692#0", "title": "http://accounting-simplified.com/financial/statements/types.html\nWhat are Financial Statements?", "text": "What are Financial Statements? Home > Introduction to Financial Accounting > Types of Financial Statements Definition Financial Statements represent a formal record of the financial activities of an entity. These are written reports that quantify the financial strength, performance and liquidity of a company. Financial Statements reflect the financial effects of business transactions and events on the entity. Four Types of Financial Statements The four main types of financial statements are:1. Statement of Financial Position Statement of Financial Position, also known as the Balance Sheet, presents the financial position of an entity at a given date. It is comprised of the following three elements: Assets: Something a business owns or controls (e.g. cash, inventory, plant and machinery, etc)Liabilities: Something a business owes to someone (e.g. creditors, bank loans, etc)Equity: What the business owes to its owners. This represents the amount of capital that remains in the business after its assets are used to pay off its outstanding liabilities. Equity therefore represents the difference between the assets and liabilities. View detailed explanation and Example of Statement of Financial Position2." } ]
9075	_________________ is the major positive ion found inside of cells.	[ { "docid": "D2891140#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_major_positive_ion_inside_the_cell\nWhat is the major positive ion outside of cells?", "text": "Webercon 12 Contributions What is the major positive ion outside of cells? Na+ (sodium)What is a Major positive ion outside the cell? Sodium is the major positive ion outside the cell. Potassium is the major positive ion inside the cell. The concentration of potassium ions inside the cell is usually what? The concentration of potassium ions inside the cell is usually MORE THEN then the concentration of potassium. Ions inside and outside the cell? What ions are found on the outside and on the inside of an axon Electrical charge resulting from the difference between positive and negative ions outside and inside the brain cell membrane is called?the resting membrane potential The Electrical charge resulting from the difference between the positive and negative ions outside and inside the cell membrane is called? The resting membrane potential Sigie Man 2 Contributions What is the most abundant positive ion inside the cell?potasium What minerals is the major positively charged ion inside body cells?sodium Which is the principal positively charged ion inside body cells?potassium What is a positively charged ion inside the body's cells? Potassium What is the major positive ion in extracellular fluid?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D20529#0", "title": "http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html\nNervous System", "text": "The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts. The brain and spinal cord form the control center known as the central nervous system (CNS), where information is evaluated and decisions made. The sensory nerves and sense organs of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) monitor Continue Scrolling To Read More Below... Click To View Large Image Continued From Above... conditions inside and outside of the body and send this information to the CNS. Efferent nerves in the PNS carry signals from the control center to the muscles, glands, and organs to regulate their functions. Nervous System Anatomy Nervous Tissue The majority of the nervous system is tissue made up of two classes of cells: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons Neurons, also known as nerve cells, communicate within the body by transmitting electrochemical signals. Neurons look quite different from other cells in the body due to the many long cellular processes that extend from their central cell body. The cell body is the roughly round part of a neuron that contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and most of the cellular organelles. Small tree-like structures called dendrites extend from the cell body to pick up stimuli from the environment, other neurons, or sensory receptor cells." }, { "docid": "D1085620#0", "title": "http://www.leavingbio.net/THE%20NERVOUS%20SYSTEM_files/THE%20NERVOUS%20SYSTEM.htm\nThe Nervous System", "text": "The Nervous Systemby Bio Teacher \| LC Biology Class 1, Organism \|Contents [ hide]Types of Neurons The Structure of Neurons The Synapse Nerve Impulses Resting Neuron All Or Nothing Law Movement of the Impulse Neural Impulse Terms The Central Nervous System The Brain The Cerebrum The Cerebellum The Medulla Oblongata The Thalamus The Hypothalamus The Spinal Cord Reflex Action Related Courses The nervous system allows the animal to quickly detect, communicate and co-ordinate information about its external and internal environment so it can make efficient appropriate responses for survival and/or reproduction. The two major parts of our nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia make up the PNS. The cranial nerves connect to the brain. The cranial and spinal nerves contain the axons (fibres) of sensory and motor nerve cells. Nerve cells areas are also known as neurons. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. They carry information or impulses as electrical signals from one place to another in the body. Types of Neurons There are 3 types of neurons: Sensory Neurons- Sensory neurons carry electrical signals (impulses) from receptors or sense organs to the CNS." }, { "docid": "D2812096#0", "title": "http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Ion_channels\nIon channels", "text": "\"Ion channels Bertil Hille (2008), Scholarpedia, 3 (10):6051. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.6051 revision #91389 [ link to/cite this article]Post-publication activity Curator: Bertil Hille Dr. Bertil Hille, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WAFigure 1: Two ion channels in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. These channels are made from four subunits. The one on the right is cut away to allow a view of the pore inside. Ion channels are ion-permeable pores in the lipid membranes of all cells. They open and close in response to stimuli, gating the flow of specific small ions. The ions flow downhill thermodynamically. Contents [ hide ]1 Overview of function and structure1.1 Function1.2 Structure1.3 Ion channels as proteins2 The voltage-gated channel super family3 Ligand-gated ion channel families4 Bioelectricity results from currents in ion channels5 Early origin of the ion channel concept6 References7 See also Overview of function and structure Function Ion channels serve three principal physiological roles (Hille, 2001; Levitan and Kaczmarek, 2002). Ion channels set up the resting membrane potentials of all cells. Since the flow of ions moves charge and constitutes an electric current, channel opening and closing underlie all electrical signaling of electrically excitable cells such as nerve and muscle." }, { "docid": "D2093152#0", "title": "https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/26-4-acid-base-balance/\n184 26.4 Acid-Base Balance", "text": "Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance184 26.4 Acid-Base Balance Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Identify the most powerful buffer system in the body Explain the way in which the respiratory system affects blood p HProper physiological functioning depends on a very tight balance between the concentrations of acids and bases in the blood. Acid-balance balance is measured using the p H scale, as shown in Figure 1. A variety of buffering systems permits blood and other bodily fluids to maintain a narrow p H range, even in the face of perturbations. A buffer is a chemical system that prevents a radical change in fluid p H by dampening the change in hydrogen ion concentrations in the case of excess acid or base. Most commonly, the substance that absorbs the ions is either a weak acid, which takes up hydroxyl ions, or a weak base, which takes up hydrogen ions. Figure 1. The p H Scale. This chart shows where many common substances fall on the p H scale. Buffer Systems in the Body The buffer systems in the human body are extremely efficient, and different systems work at different rates." }, { "docid": "D85459#0", "title": "http://phs.psdr3.org/science/anatomy/notes/nervenotes.html\n.", "text": "I. Nerve Tissue A. Neurons--nerve cells1. cell bodya. cytoplasm--mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, and a network of meurofibrilsb. cell membranec. nucleus--has a nucleolus, but does not undergo mitosis2. nerve fibersa. dendrites--short and highly branched; receive the impulse and move it toward the cell bodyb. axon--conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body1. Schwann cells--sheaths found around the axon2. cell membrane (neurilemma)--can have a lipid-protein substance called myelin (white in color) or without myelin (unmyelinated appear gray)B. Neuroglial cells1." }, { "docid": "D257378#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential\nMembrane potential", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The term \"\"membrane potential\"\" may refer to one of three kinds of membrane potential: [1]transmembrane potential—covered in this page. This is the most well-known form of membrane potential; in many cases the term \"\"membrane potential\"\" refers to the transmembrane potential.dipole potentialsurface potential Differences in the concentrations of ions on opposite sides of a cellular membrane lead to a voltage called the membrane potential. Typical values of membrane potential are in the range –40 m V to –70 m V. Many ions have a concentration gradient across the membrane, including potassium (K + ), which is at a high concentration inside and a low concentration outside the membrane. Sodium (Na +) and chloride (Cl −) ions are at high concentrations in the extracellular region, and low concentrations in the intracellular regions. These concentration gradients provide the potential energy to drive the formation of the membrane potential. This voltage is established when the membrane has permeability to one or more ions. In the simplest case, illustrated here, if the membrane is selectively permeable to potassium, these positively charged ions can diffuse down the concentration gradient to the outside of the cell, leaving behind uncompensated negative charges. This separation of charges is what causes the membrane potential. Note that the system as a whole is electro-neutral. The uncompensated positive charges outside the cell, and the uncompensated negative charges inside the cell, physically line up on the membrane surface and attract each other across the lipid bilayer." }, { "docid": "D1035697#0", "title": "http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_2.html\nChapter 2 - Cellular constituents of the brain", "text": "\"On this page Introduction The neuron Resting membrane potential Action potential The synapse Glia Chapter 2 - Cellular constituents of the brain The brain consists of neurons and glia. While most of our discussion will consider functions of the neurons, there is growing recognition of the role of glial cells in maintaining critical functions of the brain. Therefore, we will need to say a few words about glia, as well. The neuron The primary building block of the nervous system is the neuron. Each neuron has a cell body, dendrites and one of more axons. The cell body, also called the soma or perikarion, contains the metabolic machinery and the genetic material for the neuron. Dentrites are the main site of synapse with other neurons, often at projections, called dendritic spines. The axon, beginning at the axon hillock, is the process that conveys the electrical signal from the neuron and it is often called the nerve fiber. Dendrites and axons usually have many branches and axo-dendritic synapses are the most common site of communication between neurons. Resting membrane potential The neuron maintains a resting membrane potential." }, { "docid": "D39509#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Print_Version\nHuman Physiology/Print Version", "text": "\"< Human Physiology The latest reviewed version was checked on 17 August 2017. There are template/file changes awaiting review.navigation search This is the print version of Human Physiology You won't see this message or any elements not part of the book's content when you print or preview this page. Homeostasis Overview The human organism consists of trillions of cells all working together for the maintenance of the entire organism. While cells may perform very different functions, all the cells are quite similar in their metabolic requirements. Maintaining a constant internal environment with all that the cells need to survive (oxygen, glucose, mineral ions, waste removal, and so forth) is necessary for the well-being of individual cells and the well-being of the entire body. The varied processes by which the body regulates its internal environment are collectively referred to as homeostasis. What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis in a general sense refers to stability or balance in a system. It is the body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment. Maintaining a stable internal environment requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change." }, { "docid": "D2392814#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Membrane_Transport\nStructural Biochemistry/Lipids/Membrane Transport", "text": "\"All cells need to acquire the molecules and ions that they need from their surrounding extracellular fluid. There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. Examples of substances that exchange through the membrane include glucose, Na 2+, and Ca 2+, ATP, m RNA, etc. The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2. To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. Continuous protein pathways are composed of carrier proteins, channels and pumps. The transport may be active transport by carrier proteins with an energy source, or it may be facilitated diffusion or passive transport via channels. A cell's activity depends on what biochemical reactions it may complete, and these reactions are dependent on the compounds extracted from the extracellular fluid. The array of transporters expressed in any given cell defines the cell's function and effectiveness. Contents [ hide ]1 Quantifying Free Energy Stored In Concentration Gradients2 Passive Transport2.1 Types of Passive Membrane Transport2.1.1 Ion Channels2.1.2 Porins2.1.3 Ionophores2.2 Facilitated diffusion2.2.1 Gated Ion Channels2.2.2 Carrier Proteins3 Active Transport3.1 Membrane Pumps3.2 Na + -K + pump3.3 Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Pumps3.4 Vesicles3.5 Exciting the Membrane3.6 References Quantifying Free Energy Stored In Concentration Gradients [ edit]The process or movement of any molecule or ion moving down or up a concentration gradient requires a change in free energy." }, { "docid": "D1508229#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/8667554/chapter-12-flash-cards/\nChapter 12", "text": "99 terms Steffaneyalan Chapter 12Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Water makes up ¾'s of the weight of lean tissue and ¼ of the weight of fat.adrenal glands glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney.aldosterone a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. Aldosterone also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.angiotensin I an inactive precursor that is converted by an enzyme to yield active angiotensin II.angiotensin II a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation, it is a powerful vasoconstrictor that narrows the diameters of blood vessels thus raising blood pressure. Angiotensis II also stimulates the release of aldosterone.anions negatively charged ions.antacids medications used to relieve indigestion by neutralizing acid in the stomach. Calcium-containing preparations (such as Tums) contain available calcium. Antacids with aluminum or magnesium hydroxides (such as Rolaids) can accelerate calcium losses.binders chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients (especially minerals) to form complexes the body cannot absorb. Examples includephytates (FYEtates) and oxalates (OCK-sa-lates).bone density a measure of bone strength. When minerals fill the bone matrix (making it dense), they give it strength.bone meal or powdered bone crushed or ground bone preparations intended to supply calcium to the diet. Calcium from bone is not well absorbed and is often contaminated with toxic minerals such as arsenic, mercury, lead, and cadmium.calcitonin a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high.calcium the most abundant mineral in the body; found primarily in the body's bones and teeth.calcium rigor hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations.calcium tetany intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations.calcium-binding protein a protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption.carbonic acid a compound with the formula H2CO3 that results from the combination of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O); of particular importance in maintaining the body's acid-base balance.cations positively charged ions.chloride the major anion in the extracellular fluids of the body." }, { "docid": "D831200#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/8984270/membrane-potential-flash-cards/\nMembrane Potential", "text": "49 terms stewarj9Membrane Potential Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What is membrane potential? Gradient of electrical potential energy across a cell membrane. What is the importance of homeostatsis and its relationship to membrane potential. Since the extracellular conectration of K is very important in determining the resting membrane potential and the rate at which K diffuses out of cells, changes in the concentration of this ion can have drastic consequences. How does one measure the memrbane potentail of a cell? By placing an intracelluar electrode inside the cell and an extracellular electod in the ECF. A voltmeter could then mearuse the potental difference across the cell membrane. outside the cell is considered Om V inside of a cell at rest is always neg relative to the outside so the cell memrbane potential is a neg number." }, { "docid": "D74797#0", "title": "http://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html\nMuscular System Anatomy", "text": "Click To View Large Image Continued From Above... Muscular System Anatomy Muscle Types There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral, cardiac, and skeletal. Visceral Muscle Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral muscle makes organs contract to move substances through the organ. Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it is known as involuntary muscle—it cannot be directly controlled by the conscious mind. The term “smooth muscle” is often used to describe visceral muscle because it has a very smooth, uniform appearance when viewed under a microscope. This smooth appearance starkly contrasts with the banded appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be controlled consciously, so it is an involuntary muscle. While hormones and signals from the brain adjust the rate of contraction, cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract. The natural pacemaker of the heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue that stimulates other cardiac muscle cells to contract." }, { "docid": "D2462296#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Lipids_And_The_Plasma_Membrane\nBiochemistry/Lipids And The Plasma Membrane", "text": "\"Contents [ hide ]1 Membranes And Lipids2 The Lipid Bilayer2.1 Fatty Acids2.2 Phosphoglycerides2.3 Sphingolipids2.4 Formation Of The Bilayer2.5 Lipid Motion2.5.1 Studying Motion2.5.2 Intramolecular Motion2.5.3 Diffusion3 Plasma Membrane Function3.1 Transportation Methods3.2 Cell Communication3.3 Cell Adhesion4 Summary Membranes And Lipids [ edit]All cells, from simple prokaryotic bacteria to complex multicellular organisms are surrounded by a membrane. The membrane acts as a selective barrier, letting some substances into the cell and preventing other substances from entering,and it also actively transports substances between the inside and outside of the cell, using cellular energy to do so. This is important in regulating the concentration of many substances which must be maintained within strict limits. The cell also contains membrane bound compartments, where the membrane acts as a barrier for the separation of different environments, like lysosomes which have a high p H that would be toxic to the rest of the cell. Furthermore, lipids are polar molecules that are generally soluble in organic solvents due to large number of nonpolar bonds in lipids. Their ability to form membranes are as a result of their hydrophobic properties, which is contributed by their fatty acids. Membranes are amphipatic. The Lipid Bilayer [ edit]The first person to link lipids with the cell membrane may have been Charles Ernest Overton, who was studying heredity in plants. Part of his studies involved studying which substances absorbed into plant cells most quickly. After characterizing a large number of substances, he came up with the idea that cell membranes were composed of something similar to the lipids found in vegetable oils, and that substances are absorbed into the cells by dissolving through the membrane." }, { "docid": "D2321778#0", "title": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21737/\nSection 2.4 Biochemical Energetics", "text": "Section 2.4 Biochemical Energetics The production of energy, its storage, and its use are as central to the economy of the cell as they are to the management of the world’s resources. Cells require energy to do all their work, including the synthesis of sugars from carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis , the contraction of muscles, and the replication of DNA. Energy may be defined as the ability to do work, a concept that is easy to grasp when it is applied to automobile engines and electric power plants. When we consider the energy associated with chemical bonds and chemical reactions within cells, however, the concept of work becomes less intuitive. Go to: Living Systems Use Various Forms of Energy, Which Are Interconvertible There are two principal forms of energy: kinetic and potential. Kinetic energy is the energy of movement — the motion of molecules, for example. The second form of energy, potential energy, or stored energy, is more important in the study of biological or chemical systems. Kinetic Energy Heat, or thermal energy, is a form of kinetic energy — the energy of the motion of molecules. For heat to do work, it must flow from a region of higher temperature — where the average speed of molecular motion is greater — to one of lower temperature. Differences in temperature often exist between the internal and external environments of cells; however, cells generally cannot harness these heat differentials to do work." }, { "docid": "D455636#0", "title": "https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/a/active-transport\nIntroduction", "text": "\"Introduction Passive transport is a great strategy for moving molecules into or out of a cell. It's cheap, it's easy, and all the cell has to do is sit there and let the molecules diffuse in. But...it also doesn't work in every situation. For instance, suppose the sugar glucose is more concentrated inside of a cell than outside. If the cell needs more sugar in to meet its metabolic needs, how can it get that sugar in? Here, the cell can't import glucose for free using diffusion, because the natural tendency of the glucose will be to diffuse out rather than flowing in. Instead, the cell must bring in more glucose molecules via active transport. In active transport, unlike passive transport, the cell expends energy (for example, in the form of ATP) to move a substance against its concentration gradient. Here, we’ll look in more detail at gradients of molecules that exist across cell membranes, how they can help or hinder transport, and how active transport mechanisms allow molecules to move against their gradients. Electrochemical gradients We have already discussed simple concentration gradients, in which a substance is found in different concentrations over a region of space or on opposite sides of a membrane." }, { "docid": "D1569872#0", "title": "http://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19591\nPrint Options", "text": "\"Chapter 9 A&P1. Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached. A. T B. FB2. Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. A.extensibility B.contractility C.excitability D.secretion D3. Which type of muscle CANNOT contract without being stimulated by the nervous system? A.skeletal B.smooth C.visceral D.cardiac A4. Which muscle characteristic describes the ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus? extensibility elasticity contractility excitabilityexcitability5. Which of the following is CORRECTLY paired?" }, { "docid": "D25488#0", "title": "http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookNERV.html\nTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM", "text": "\"THE NERVOUS SYSTEMTable of Contents The Neuron \| The Nerve Message \| Nervous Systems \| Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System \| Autonomic Nervous System \| Central Nervous System The Brain \| The Spinal Cord \| The Brain and Drugs \| Senses \| Links The Neuron \| Back to Top Nervous tissue is composed of two main cell types: neurons and glial cells. Neurons transmit nerve messages. Glial cells are in direct contact with neurons and often surround them. Nerve Cells and Astrocyte (SEM x2,250). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at www. Dennis Kunkel.com, used with permission. The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Humans have about 100 billion neurons in their brain alone! While variable in size and shape, all neurons have three parts. Dendrites receive information from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body." }, { "docid": "D3542307#0", "title": "https://www.coursehero.com/flashcards/85887/Physiology-test-4/\nPhysiology test 4 Flashcards", "text": "\"Terms Definitions Dopaminergicdopamine Proteosomesdegrade proteins Eosinophil Allergic responses internal parasites Nephronsurrounds capillaries. Collecting duct (drains eventually into the ureter) Nephron allows us to make a concentrated urine or a dilute urine blood in capillaries (glomerular capillaries) never enters the nephrons instead we form filtrate: watery \"\"extract\"\" from the blood.theoryprevious research or logic Glial Cells in CNSOligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal Cells Bethanecholincreases bladder contraction, parasympathomimetic agent binds to muscarinic receptors Thermoreceptors These receptors detect painarterial p H (homeostatic set point)7.38structural proteins Three major roles: connect membrane to cytoskeleton to retain shape of the cell create cell junctions that hold cells together attach cells to extracelluar matrix Step2Diffusion of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic neuron, binding to receptor. Commonalities of respiratory and digestive system? Microglia cells Immune system of CNSAffinitychemical attraction strengh of attraction of a binding site ofa ligand important at the active site.pancreasresponds to blood glucose levelssensory neurons typically run in ____root ganglia?dorsal Neurotransmitters are released from theaxon terminals Self-Actualization need Maslow defines self-actualization as becoming \"\"more and more what one idiosyncratically is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming\"\" (1970, p. 46). The pinnacle of Maslow's need hierarchy is the need for self-actualization. While Maslow was concerned with describing self-actualization, the work of Carl Rogers was focused on how people achieve self-actualization.ligandchemical messengers - molecules that bind to proteins reversibly Three types of hormonespeptide/protein hormones steroid hormones amino-acid derived hormones Aspirin decreases inflammation by inhibiting the actions of what enzyme? 120) _____ A) lipoxygenase B) protein kinase A C) cyclooxygenase D) phospholipase A2 E) dopa decarboxylase C) cyclooxygenaseany single episode of demyelination may cause deterioration of affected nerves - T or FTRUEEndocytosisincorporation of substances into a cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosiswhat is the cause of acidosis/alkalosis if CO2 levels are off?respiratorymultiple stimuli more than additive; total is greater than the sum of the parts - does not have to act on same target tissue.synergismneurosecretory neurons- release neurohormones- adrenal glands- also distributed by the bood to target cells- mix between nervous stimulation and endocrine hormone secreted The semicircular canals and otolith organs are part of the_____apparatus? Vestibular Ventricular end diastolic volume is -----.preload At rest, the ________ respiratory muscle recruited is the diaphragm.onlyintroverta person characterized by concern primarily with his or her own thoughts and feelingsthe impulse is carried from sacrolema to sacrolemic reticulum through what?t-tubules Polysynaptic reflex Reflex emplying one or more interneurons in its reflex arc (crossed extensor reflex w/ reciprocal innervations)Red Blood Cells are also known as Erythrocytes Substrate Can be a protein, fat, or carbohydrate. Enzymes turns substrate into product.antagonist One substance opposes the action of another Nervea group of axons, and associated supporting structures in the PNSsemantic memoryknowledge of language, including its rules, words and meanings Primary active transporters are unique in their ability to couple the movement of ions directly to ________. 51) ______ A) a channel B) another ion's electrochemical gradient C) ATP D) a carrier protein E) its electrochemical gradient C) ATPwhich part of ear contains receptor cell generating electronic charges in response to sounds?cochlea Extrinsic control - hormones (Histamine)– causes vasodilation Microvillia microscopic projection of a tissue, cell, or cell organelle ; especially : any of the fingerlike outward projections of some cell surfaceswhen the forces resisting stress are decreased, compliance is___increased Triple covalent bonds Three pairs of shared e- Examples: Nitrogen N + N ® N2 (N º N)Fast Pain A delta, sharp pricking well localizedwhat results from GI bleeding- hematemesis- melenacollagengive the tissue tensile strength, the ability to resist stretching Tubular Proteinuria Beta-2 microglobulin in urine (and albumin)." }, { "docid": "D1437870#0", "title": "http://www.builtlean.com/2012/11/28/electrolytes/\nWhat Are Electrolytesâ¦ And Why Are They So Important?", "text": "Healthy Eating Tips What Are Electrolytes… And Why Are They So Important? By Nate Morrow / July 1, 2017 / Medically Reviewed Ever stopped and wondered while chugging your favorite sports drink , “What the heck are electrolytes, anyway?” We all know they’re important for hydration, especially in athletics, but why? Aren’t they just salts? In terms of how our bodies function, electrolytes are anything but “just”…Your body is a complex and carefully-balanced superhighway of cells, tissues, and fluids that, almost every second, directs an incomprehensible array of electrical impulses. This is only possible because those cells, tissues, and fluids thrive in a homeostatic environment where they conduct electricity well enough to carry the signals to their intended destinations. 1The key to maintaining this conductive superhighway lies with our friend: the electrolyte. 2What Are Electrolytes? When dissolved in fluid, salts tend to break apart into their component ions, creating an electrically-conductive solution. For example, table salt (Na Cl) dissolved in water dissociates into its component positive ion of sodium (Na+) and negative ion of chloride (Cl-)." }, { "docid": "D584494#0", "title": "http://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Action_potential.html\nAction potential", "text": "\"Action potential An action potential is a \"\"spike\"\" of positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are an essential feature of animal life, rapidly carrying information within and between tissues. They also occur in some plants. Action potentials can be created by many types of cells, but are used most extensively by the nervous system for communication between neurons and for transmitting information from neurons to other body tissues such as muscles and glands . Action potentials are not the same in all cell types and can even vary in their properties at different locations in the same cell. For example, cardiac action potentials are significantly different from the action potentials in most neurons. This article is primarily concerned with the \"\"typical\"\" action potential of axons . Contents1 Overview2 Underlying mechanism2.1 Resting potential3 Phases3.1 Resting potential3.2 Stimulation3.3 Depolarization (\"\"Rising phase\"\")3.4 Peak3.5 Repolarization (\"\"Falling phase\"\")3.6 Hyperpolarization (\"\"Undershoot\"\")3.7 Refractory Period4 Threshold and initiation5 Circuit model6 Propagation6.1 Speed of propagation6.2 Saltatory conduction6.2.1 Detailed mechanism6.2.2 Resilience to injury6.2.3 Role in disease7 Refractory period8 Termination and consequences9 Evolutionary advantage10 Plant action potentials11 Alternative models12 See also13 References13.1 General sources13.2 Primary sources13.3 Specific citations Overview There is always a difference in electrostatic potential between the inside and outside of a cell, i.e. the cell is polarized. This membrane potential is the result of the distribution of ions across the cell membrane and the permeability of the membrane to these ions. The voltage of an inactive cell remains close to a resting potential with excess negative charge inside the cell." } ]
9078	__________________ refers to a test's consistency of scores.	[ { "docid": "D2892667#0", "title": "http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/feb09/vol66/num05/Unraveling-Reliability.aspx\nAll About Assessment / Unraveling Reliability", "text": "\"Buy this issue Share \|February 2009 \| Volume 66 \| Number 5How Teachers Learn Pages 77-78Issue Table of Contents All About Assessment / Unraveling Reliability W. James Popham If you were to ask an educator to identify the two most important attributes of an education test, the response most certainly would be \"\"validity and reliability.\"\" These two tightly wedded concepts have become icons in the field of education assessment. As far as validity is concerned, the term doesn't refer to the accuracy of a test (see \"\"A Misunderstood Grail\"\" in the September 2008 Educational Leadership ). Rather, it refers to the accuracy of score-based inferences about test takers. Once educators grasp the idea that these inferences are made by people who can, of course, make mistakes, they're apt to be more cautious about how to use test results. In the case of reliability, however, it's the test itself that is or isn't reliable. That's a whopping difference. You'd think, therefore, that most educators would have a better handle on the meaning of reliability. Unfortunately, that's not the case. Defining Reliability The term reliability connotes positive things." } ]	[ { "docid": "D271489#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/9190958/ap-psychology-chapter-9-flash-cards/\nAP Psychology Chapter 9", "text": "\"46 terms Hershmyberger AP Psychology Chapter 9Vocabulary, People, Main Ideas Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Psychological Test Standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior Intelligence Test Measure general mental ability Aptitude Test Assess specific types of mental abilities Achievement Test Gauge a person's mastery + knowledge of various subjects Personality Test Measure various aspects of personality including motives, interests, values, attitudes Standardization The uniform procedures used in the administration + scoring of a test Test Norms Provide info about where a score on a Psychological Test ranks in relation to other scores on that test -Allows you to convert raw score into Percentile Percentile Score Indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained Reliability Measurement consistency of a test (or other kinds of measurement techniques)Validity Ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure Content Validity The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain its supposed to cover Criterion-Related Validity Estimated by correlating subject's scores on a test w/ their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test Construct Validity Extent to which evidence shows that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct -Does the test measure what it is supposed to? Mental Age Indicates that one displayed the mental performance typical of a child of that chronological age Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Mental Age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100Factor Analysis Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables Normal Distributions Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population Deviation IQ Scores Locate subjects precisely w/in the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation) Subnormal general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills, originating before 18Heritability Ration Estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variables in genetic inheritance Emotional Intelligence (EI) Consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate in thought, understand and reason w/ emotion, and regulate emotion Creativity Involves the generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful -Ideas come from a deep well of experience and training in a specific area Convergent Thinking Tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer Divergent Thinking Tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions Reification When a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete tangible object Reaction Range Refers to these genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits) -Where we fall in the limits is determined by environmental factors Test-Retest Reliability Check scores on another administration of the test Split-Half Reliability Compare scores of 1st half of test with those of the 2nd half Inter-Rater Reliability -Used for subjective measures -Compare scores of different raters Face Validity Does the measurement LOOK like it is measuring what it is supposed to? Sir Francis Galton Coined \"\"Nature vs Nurture\"\" Studied family trees and found that success appeared consistently in some families over generations -Tests were failures Alfred Binet, Theadore Simon Published 1st useful test of general mental ability Expressed score in terms of mental age Binet-Simon Scale Lewis Terman Stanford-Binet (Revised Binet-Simon Scale) Incorporated new scoring scheme w/ IQDavid Weschler Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)g General Ability -All cognitive abilities share a common factor -created by Spearman Mild Intellectual Disability IQ Range: 55-70 Education Possible: 6th grade max by late teens Can be self supporting if environment is stable/supportive Moderate Intellectual Disability IQ Range: 40-55 Education Possible: 2nd-4th grade by late teens; special ed necessary Can be semi-independent in sheltered environments Need help with stress Severe Intellectual Disability IQ Range: 25-40 Education Possible: limited speech, toilet habits, and so forth w/ training Can contribute to self-support under total supervision Profound Intellectual Disability IQ Range: x<25 Education Possible: little/no speech, not toilet trained, unresponsive to training Requires total care Drudge Theory Theory that extraordinary achievement depends on training/hard work as apposed to innate talent Flynn Effect Performance that today would earn an average score of 100 on IQ test would have earned a score of 120 in 1930's Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence I. Contextual II. Experiential III. Componential Componential Aspect of Triarchic Theory of Intelligence I. Metacomponents II. Performance Components III. Knowledge-Acquisition Components Analytical, Creative, Practical What Sternberg believed to be the 3 Facets of Intelligence Tacit Knowledge What one needs to know to work efficiently in an environment -Not explicitly taught or often verbalized Logical-Mathmatical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist Gardner's 8 Multiple Intelligences Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc. \"" }, { "docid": "D254113#0", "title": "https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm\n.", "text": "EXPLORING RELIABILITY IN ACADEMIC ASSESSMENTWritten by Colin Phelan and Julie Wren, Graduate Assistants, UNI Office of Academic Assessment (2005-06)Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Types of Reliability Test-retest reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals. The scores from Time 1 and Time 2 can then be correlated in order to evaluate the test for stability over time. Example: A test designed to assess student learning in psychology could be given to a group of students twice, with the second administration perhaps coming a week after the first. The obtained correlation coefficient would indicate the stability of the scores. Parallel forms reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering different versions of an assessment tool (both versions must contain items that probe the same construct, skill, knowledge base, etc.) to the same group of individuals. The scores from the two versions can then be correlated in order to evaluate the consistency of results across alternate versions. Example: If you wanted to evaluate the reliability of a critical thinking assessment, you might create a large set of items that all pertain to critical thinking and then randomly split the questions up into two sets, which would represent the parallel forms. Inter-rater reliability is a measure of reliability used to assess the degree to which different judges or raters agree in their assessment decisions." }, { "docid": "D3122410#0", "title": "http://www.assessmentpsychology.com/currenttests.htm\nPsychological Tests in Current UseTests most often used by clinical psychologists", "text": "\"Psychological Tests in Current Use Tests most often used by clinical psychologists Assessment Psychology.com > Assessment > Psychological Tests > Current Tests > Test Usage ETS Test Collection Database Most Used Cognitive TestsWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Wide Range Achievement Test Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test Most Used Personality TestsRorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Cognitive Tests Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Fifth Edition2004 The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI), Fifth Edition, is a developmental sequence of geometric forms to be copied on paper with pencil. The purposes of the VMI are to help identify, through early screening, children who may need special assistance, to obtain needed services, to test the effectiveness of educational and other interventions, and to advance research. The short form has 21 items and is for children 2-7 years of age. The full form has 30-items and can be either group or individually administered in 10-15 minutes for ages 2-18. The 2004 edition has two supplemental tests, VMI Visual Perception and VMI Motor Coordination. Reliability and validity are discussed and norms are provided. Also included in this edition are norms for two-year old children; 600 developmental stepping stones norms for birth through age six and visual-motor teaching methods from birth through early elementary school. ( JW)Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Fourth Edition1997 The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) is a developmental sequence of geometric forms to be copied with paper and pencil. The purposes of the VMI are to help identify, through early screening, children who may need special assistance, to obtain needed services, to test the effectiveness of educational and other interventions, and to advance research. There is an 18-item version for ages 3 to 7, and a 27-item version for use with preschool children through adults." }, { "docid": "D3094817#0", "title": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088761770700042X\nNeuropsychological impairment after hemorrhagic stroke in basal ganglia", "text": "Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology Volume 22, Issue 4, May 2007, Pages 465-474Neuropsychological impairment after hemorrhagic stroke in basal ganglia Chwen-Yng Su a Hui-Mei Chen a Aij-Lie Kwan b Yueh-Hsieh Lin c Nai-Wen Guo d Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.025 Get rights and content Under an Elsevier user license open archive Abstract We aimed to determine the severity and pattern of cognitive dysfunction in patients with basal ganglia (BG) hemorrhage within the first 6 months after stroke and to identify its clinical correlates. The study samples consisted of 30 patients with BG hemorrhage and 37 healthy controls. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery including tests of attention, memory, language, visuospatial function, and executive function was administered to all participants. Relative to healthy controls, BG patients performed significantly worse across different cognitive domains after controlling for age, sex, and education. 96.7% of patients displayed defective performance on at least three neuropsychological tests. Discriminant function analysis showed that visuospatial function and memory were the best predictors of group membership (patient/control), with an overall classification rate of 95.5%. Only side of stroke and admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score correlated significantly with some of the cognitive domains. The widespread pattern of cognitive deficits seen in BG patients provides evidence for the substantial involvement of the BG in many neuronal pathways connecting cortical and subcortical brain areas responsible for various cognitive functions. Previous article Next article Keywords Basal ganglia Stroke Cognition The striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) is the main input structure of the BG. It participates in five parallel but largely convergent loops related to the major cortical areas of the brain ( Alexander, De Long, & Strick, 1986 )." }, { "docid": "D2569916#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/15615732/operational-definitions-flash-cards/\nOperational Definitions", "text": "28 terms Michelle Brister Operational Definitions Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Observational Measures Involve the direct observation of behavior. Can be used to measure anything a participant does that researchers can see. Physiological Measures Relationship between bodily processes and behavior, internal processes that are not directly observable. Self-Report Measures Involve the replies people give to questionnaires and interviews. Psychometrics Study of psychological measurement. Investigate the properties of the measures used in behavioral research and work toward improving psychological measurement. Goal is to assign numbers to participants' responses so that they can be summarized and analyzed. Nominal Scale The numbers that are assigned to participants' behaviors or characteristics are essentially labels." }, { "docid": "D2483013#0", "title": "https://www.verywell.com/what-is-the-minnesota-multiphasic-personality-inventory-2795582\nThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory", "text": "\"Theories Personality Psychology The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory A Look at the History and Use of the MMPIBy Kendra Cherry Updated February 13, 2018Share Pin Email Print The most widely used version of the MMPI (the MMPI-2) contains 567 true/false questions. Jonathan Downey / Getty Images The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) is the most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals. Originally developed in the late 1930's by a psychologist and psychiatrist, the test was later revised and updated to improve accuracy and validity. The MMPI-2 consists of 567 questions and takes approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete. You can learn in this overview of the MMPI-2: History The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the late 1930s by psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and psychiatrist J. C. Mc Kinley at the University of Minnesota. Today, it is the frequently used clinical testing instrument and is one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. While the MMPI is not a perfect test, but it remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Use The MMPI is most commonly used by mental health professionals to assess and diagnose mental illness. The MMPI-2 has been utilized in other fields outside of clinical psychology. The test is often used in legal cases, including criminal defense and custody disputes." }, { "docid": "D101672#0", "title": "http://www.uni-konstanz.de/ag-moral/mut/mjt-intro.htm\nScoring and Interpreting the Moral Competence Test (MCT)", "text": "\"Home \| MCT-home \| Author (c) Copyright by G. Lind Last revision: Sept 17, 2015Turn on java script to use this automated translations service. Note that automated translations may contain fatal errors. Powered by Translate Scoring and Interpreting the Moral Competence Test (MCT)An Introduction Klarheit in den Worten, Brauchbarkeit in den Sachen. ( Leibniz)Contents \| Copyright \| Review \| Sample MCT \| Changes Validation and Certification of New Versions References about the MCT or concerning its theoretical foundation Update Note (Sept 17, 2015)The MCT has been renamed. It was formerly called Moral Judgment Test (MJT). This script has been written about 30 years ago for colleagues who wanted to use the MCT in their research project but could not read the German articles on the MCT. In meantime several articles on the MCT have published in English, which give an up-to-date account of its construction, scoring, and interpretation, and also many articles have appeared on research using the MCT. For this please visit my annotated bibliography: References about the MCT or concerning its theoretical foundation The most up-to-date and authoritative statement on the Moral Competence Test is to be found in: Lind, G. (2008). The meaning and measurement of moral competence revisited - A dual-aspect model. In: D. Fasko & W. Willis, Eds.," }, { "docid": "D89192#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_testing\nPsychological testing", "text": "\"Psychological testing Medical diagnostics ICD-10-PCS GZ1ICD-9-CM 94.02Me SH D011581 [ edit on Wikidata]Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types [show]Applied psychology [show]Lists [show]Psychology portalv t e Psychological testing refers to the administration of psychological tests. A psychological test is \"\"an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior\"\". [ 1] The term sample of behavior refers to an individual's performance on tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand. The samples of behavior that make up a paper-and-pencil test, the most common type of test, are a series of items. Performance on these items produce a test score. A score on a well-constructed test is believed to reflect a psychological construct such as achievement in a school subject, cognitive ability, aptitude, emotional functioning, personality, etc. Differences in test scores are thought to reflect individual differences in the construct the test is supposed to measure. The technical term for the science behind psychological testing is psychometrics. Contents [ hide ]1 Psychological tests2 History3 Principles4 Interpreting scores5 Types5.1 IQ/achievement tests5.2 Public safety employment tests5.3 Attitude tests5.4 Neuropsychological tests5.5 Personality tests5.5.1 Objective tests (Rating scale or self-report measure)5.5.2 Projective tests (Free response measures)5.6 Sexological tests5.7 Direct observation tests5.8 Interest tests5.9 Aptitude tests5.10 Biographical Information Blank6 Test security7 References8 External links Psychological tests [ edit]A psychological test is an instrument designed to measure unobserved constructs, also known as latent variables. Psychological tests are typically, but not necessarily, a series of tasks or problems that the respondent has to solve." }, { "docid": "D3219874#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_aptitude\nMechanical aptitude", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types [show]Applied psychology [show]Lists [show]Psychology portalv t e According to Paul Muchinsky in his textbook Psychology Applied to Work, \"\"mechanical aptitude tests require a person to recognize which mechanical principle is suggested by a test item.\"\" The underlying concepts measured by these items include sounds and heat conduction, velocity, gravity, and force. A number of tests of mechanical comprehension and mechanical aptitude have been developed and are predictive of performance in manufacturing/production and technical type jobs, for instance. [ 1]Contents [ hide ]1 Background information1.1 Military information1.2 Mechanical aptitude and spatial relations1.3 Gender differences2 Uses3 Types of tests3.1 US Department of Defense Test of Mechanical Aptitude3.2 Wiesen Test of Mechanical Aptitude3.3 Bennett Test of Mechanical Comprehension3.4 Stenquist Test of Mechanical Aptitude4 See also5 References Background information [ edit]Military information [ edit]Aptitude tests have been used for military purposes since World War I to screen recruits for military service. The Army Alpha and Army Beta tests were developed in 1917-1918 so ability of personnel could be measured by commanders. The Army Alpha was a test that assessed verbal ability, numerical ability, ability to follow directions, and general knowledge of specific information. The Army Beta was its non-verbal counterpart used to evaluate the aptitude of illiterate, unschooled, or non-English speaking draftees or volunteers. During World War II, the Army Alpha and Beta tests were replaced by The Army General Classification Test (AGCT) and Navy General Classification Test (NGCT). The AGCT was described as a test of general learning ability, and was used by the Army and Marine Corps to assign recruits to military jobs. About 12 million recruits were tested using the AGCT during World War II." }, { "docid": "D3142107#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/61698484/Psychological-Testing\nPsychological Testing", "text": "\"Psychological Testing Scribd 2011 Table of Contents Psychological Testing................................................................................................................................1 Scribd 2011................................................................................................................................................1 Psychological tests................................................................................................................................8 Psychological assessment......................................................................................................................9 Interpreting scores...............................................................................................................................10 Types of psychological tests................................................................................................................10 IQ/achievement tests.......................................................................................................................10 Public safety employment tests......................................................................................................11 Attitude tests...................................................................................................................................11 Neuropsychological tests................................................................................................................11 Personality tests..............................................................................................................................11 Objective tests (Rating scale or self-report measure)................................................................12 Projective tests (Free response measures)..................................................................................12 Sexological tests.............................................................................................................................13 Direct observation tests...................................................................................................................13 Test security........................................................................................................................................14 External links.......................................................................................................................................14 Intelligence quotient.................................................................................................................................15 History.................................................................................................................................................16 Early history...................................................................................................................................16 The general intelligence factor (g) .................................................................................................17 The War Years ...............................................................................................................................18 Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory ...........................................................................................................19 Modern Theories.............................................................................................................................20 Mental age vs. modern method ..........................................................................................................22 Reliability and validity........................................................................................................................23 Flynn effect..........................................................................................................................................24 IQ and age...........................................................................................................................................25 Genetics and Environment..................................................................................................................26 Heritability......................................................................................................................................26 Shared family environment.............................................................................................................27 Non-shared family environment and environment outside the family...........................................27 Individual genes..............................................................................................................................27 Gene-environment interaction........................................................................................................28 Interventions........................................................................................................................................28 IQ and brain anatomy .........................................................................................................................29 Health and IQ......................................................................................................................................29 Social outcomes ..................................................................................................................................30 Other tests.......................................................................................................................................30 School performance........................................................................................................................31 Job performance..............................................................................................................................31 Income............................................................................................................................................32 IQ and crime...................................................................................................................................33 Other correlations with IQ..............................................................................................................34 Real-life accomplishments .............................................................................................................34 Group differences................................................................................................................................36 Sex..................................................................................................................................................36 Race................................................................................................................................................36 Public policy........................................................................................................................................37 Criticism and views.............................................................................................................................37 Relation between IQ and intelligence.............................................................................................37 Criticism of g..................................................................................................................................38 Test bias..........................................................................................................................................38 Outdated methodology....................................................................................................................39 \"\"Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns\"\"..........................................................................................39 High IQ societies.................................................................................................................................40 Popular culture usage..........................................................................................................................41 Reference charts..................................................................................................................................41 Further reading....................................................................................................................................41 External links.......................................................................................................................................44 Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales..........................................................................................................44 Development ......................................................................................................................................45 Present use ..........................................................................................................................................45 Further reading ...................................................................................................................................46 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale...........................................................................................................46 WAIS...................................................................................................................................................47 WAIS-R...............................................................................................................................................48 WAIS-III.............................................................................................................................................48 Verbal IQ (VIQ)............................................................................." }, { "docid": "D1185331#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language\nTest of English as a Foreign Language", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"TOEFL\"\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Teaching of English as a foreign language. Test of English as a Foreign Language Acronym TOEFLType Internet-based or paper-based standardized test. Developer / administrator Educational Testing Service Knowledge / skills tested Reading, listening, speaking and writing of the English language. Purpose To assess the English language proficiency of non-native English speakers. Year started 1964; 54 years ago Duration Internet-based test (i BT): 3 hours 10 minutes to 4 hours 20 minutes (excluding 10-minute break in-between). Paper-based test (PBT): 2 hours 20 minutes to 2 hours 30 minutes. [ 1]Score / grade range i BT: 0 to 30 (in 1 point increments) on each of the 4 sections. So total of 0 to 120. PBT: Listening: 31 to 68, Structure: 31 to 69, Reading: 31 to 67." }, { "docid": "D1850418#0", "title": "http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/glossary/\nGlossary of Key Terms", "text": "\"Writing@CSU Guide Glossary of Key Terms This glossary provides definitions of many of the terms used in the guides to conducting qualitative and quantitative research. The definitions were developed by members of the research methods seminar (E600) taught by Mike Palmquist in the 1990s and 2000s. Accuracy A term used in survey research to refer to the match between the target population and the sample. ANCOVA (Analysis of Co-Variance) Same method as ANOVA, but analyzes differences between dependent variables. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) A method of statistical analysis broadly applicable to a number of research designs, used to determine differences among the means of two or more groups on a variable. The independent variables are usually nominal, and the dependent variable is usual an interval. Apparency Clear, understandable representation of the data Bell curve A frequency distribution statistics. Normal distribution is shaped like a bell. Case Study The collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. Causal Model A model which represents a causal relationship between two variables." }, { "docid": "D13148#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_%28statistics%29\nReliability (statistics)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Reliability. Reliability in statistics and psychometrics is the overall consistency of a measure. [ 1] A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions. \"\" It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores. Scores that are highly reliable are accurate, reproducible, and consistent from one testing occasion to another. That is, if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers, essentially the same results would be obtained. Various kinds of reliability coefficients, with values ranging between 0.00 (much error) and 1.00 (no error), are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores.\"\" [ 2] For example, measurements of people's height and weight are often extremely reliable. [ 3] [4]Contents [ hide ]1 Types2 Difference from validity3 General model4 Classical test theory5 Item response theory6 Estimation7 See also8 References9 External links Types [ edit]There are several general classes of reliability estimates: Inter-rater reliability assesses the degree of agreement between two or more raters in their appraisals. Test-retest reliability assesses the degree to which test scores are consistent from one test administration to the next." }, { "docid": "D1723757#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/235762/ap-psychology-intelligence-flash-cards/\nAP Psychology Intelligence", "text": "22 terms jaquiwilson AP Psychology Intelligence AP Psychology terminology for intelligence. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Intelligence Tests tests designed to measure a person's general mental abilities and predict how well should do in school Intelligence general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning and/or adaptive abilities; tested by intelligence tests Triarchic Theory Of Intelligence developed by Robert Sternberg (1986); theory that intelligence involves a broad variety of skills that influence our effectiveness in many areas of life; suggests 3 basic kinds of intelligence: mental skills (analytical aspect), insight and creative adaptability (creative aspect), and environmental responsiveness (practical aspect)Componential Intelligence component of Sternberg's Triarchic theory; AKA analytical intelligence; refers to the mental processes emphasized by most theories of intelligence such as learning how to do things, acquiring new knowledge, problem solving, and carrying out tasks effectively; enables people to get along successfully in the world Experiential Intelligence component of Sternberg's Triarchic theory; AKA creative intelligence; refers to the ability to adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, combine information in novel ways, respond effectively in new situations, gain insight and adapt creatively. Contextual Intelligence component of Sternberg's Triarchic theory; AKA practical intelligence; refers to the ability to find solutions to realistic and personal problems, make the most of talents by seeking out situations that match skills, shaping situations to work the skills, and knowing when to change the situations to better fit their talents; not an ability taught in schools Binet Simon Scale first issued in 1905; consisted of 30 tests arranged in order of increasing difficulty; first test of intelligence, developed for testing children; created by Alfred Binet (director of the psychological laboratory at the Sorbonne, Paris, France) and Theodore Simon to identify children who might have difficulty in the French public school system; by 1908 enough children had been tested to predict how the average child would perform at each age level; allowed Binet to develop the concept of mental age IQ intelligence quotient; created by Lewis Terman based off of Binet's concept of mental age; numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test; average score is 100; MA/CA X 100 = IQStanford Binet Intelligence Scale adaptation to the Binet Simon Scale developed by Lewis Terman in 1916; called such because Terman worked at Stanford; contains 15 subtests that measures 4 kinds of mental abilities that are universally considered to be the components of intelligence: verbal reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and short term memory; test items vary according to person's age; test begins just below the expected mental age and the examiner determines the basal age (point where examinee answers 3 questions in a row correctly); best used for children, adolescents, and young adults WAIS III Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd Edition; developed in 1939 by David Wechsler (psychologist at Bellevue Hospital in NYC); created because a test was needed for adults; like the Stanford Binet but also includes components on handling life situations; 2 parts: verbal (information, simple arithmetic, & comprehension) and performance (find the missing part, copying patterns, arranging pictures); innovation is in scoring because it offers separate scores for verbal and performance as well as IQ; points are given for complexity of answer, reflective qualities of answer, speed and accuracy of answers WISC III Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 3rd Edition; developed by David Wechsler for children based in the same format as his test for adults; separate scores for verbal and performance as well as IQPerformance Tests intelligence tests that minimize the use of language; designed for persons who do not read or write, or speak English; Examples: Seguin Form Board-1866, tests peoples with mental retardation, essentially a puzzle; Porteus Maze-series of increasingly difficult printed mazes where subjects trace their way out of the maze without lifting their pencil; Bayley Scales of Infant Development-1993, contains 3 scales: 1) perception, memory, and beginning of verbal communication, 2) sitting, standing, walking, & manual dexterity, 3) emotional, social & personality development assessment, can detect early signs of sensory & neurological defects, emotional difficulties, & home environment troubles Culture Fair Tests intelligence tests designed to reduce cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another; also minimizes or eliminates the use of language; tries to downplay skills and values, such as the need for speed, that vary from culture to culture; Examples: Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test-subjects are asked to draw the best picture of a person that the can, drawings are scored for proportions, correct and complete representations of the parts of the body, detail in clothing, etc (not on artistic talent); Culture-Fair Intelligence Test-designed by RB Cattell, combines some questions that demand verbal comprehension and specific cultural knowledge with questions that are not tied to North American culture, by comparing the 2 scores on the 2 kinds of questions, cultural factors can be isolated from general intelligence; Progressive Matrices-consists of 60 designs with a section removed where the subject is asked to match the missing section, involves logical relationships and requires discrimination Reliability ability of a test to produce consistent and stable scores; can be determined by giving the same test over a period of time to see if the results are the same; criticism is the practice effect (remembering answers from one administration to the next)Split-Half Reliability method used to determine if a test is reliable while avoiding the practice effect; dividing the test into 2 parts and seeing if the scores of the 2 parts agree Correlation Coefficients statistical measures of the degree of association between two variables; method of expressing reliability Validity ability of a test to measure what it is designed to measure;Content Validity one measure of validity; refers to the test's having an adequate sample of questions measuring the skills or knowledge it is supposed to measure Criterion-Related Validity one measure of validity; refers to the validity of a test as measured by a comparison of the test score and independent measures of what the test is designed to measure Mental Retardation condition of significantly sub-average intelligence combined with deficiencies in adaptive behavior; implies an inability to perform at least some of the ordinary tasks of daily living skills; IQ of 0-70 in categories of mild, moderate, severe, and profound Giftedness refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership; in Georgia children must qualify in 3 of 4 categories (IQ, achievement, motivation, & creativity); first studies by Lewis Terman in 1920s Creativity ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects; one aspect of intelligence; Examples: Torrance Test of Creative Thinking-describe a scene; Christensen-Guilford Test-lists words containing a given letter, names things in a category; Remote Associates Test (RAT)-verbal response to 3 unrelated words; Wallach and Kogan Creative Battery-associate elements into new combinations Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc." }, { "docid": "D2252386#0", "title": "http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-educational-assessment\nEducational assessment", "text": "\"Assessment Educational assessment Tweet Educational assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. Assessment can focus on the individual learner, the learning community (class, workshop, or other organized group of learners), the institution, or the educational system as a whole. According to the Academic Exchange Quarterly: \"\"Studies of a theoretical or empirical nature (including case studies, portfolio studies, exploratory, or experimental work) addressing the assessment of learner aptitude and preparation, motivation and learning styles, learning outcomes in achievement and satisfaction in different educational contexts are all welcome, as are studies addressing issues of measurable standards and benchmarks\"\". It is important to notice that the final purposes and assessment practices in education depends on the theoretical framework of the practitioners and researchers, their assumptions and beliefs about the nature of human mind, the origin of knowledge and the process of learning. Alternate meanings According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary the word assessment comes from the root word assess which is defined as:to determine the rate or amount of (as a tax)to impose (as a tax) according to an established rate b: to subject to a tax, charge, or levyto make an official valuation of (property) for the purposes of taxationto determine the importance, size, or value of (assess a problem)to charge (a player or team) with a foul or penalty Assessment in education is best described as an action \"\"to determine the importance, size, or value of. \"\" Types The term assessment is generally used to refer to all activities teachers use to help students learn and to gauge student progress. Though the notion of assessment is generally more complicated than the following categories suggest, assessment is often divided for the sake of convenience using the following distinctions:formative and summativeobjective and subjectivereferencing (criterion-referenced, norm-referenced, and ipsative)informal and formal. Formative and summative Assessment is often divided into formative and summative categories for the purpose of considering different objectives for assessment practices. Summative assessment - Summative assessment is generally carried out at the end of a course or project. In an educational setting, summative assessments are typically used to assign students a course grade." }, { "docid": "D3285236#0", "title": "http://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/451/Glutting-guide.htm\n.", "text": "NOTE: Information in this report is fictitious. Any resemblance to real individuals is co-incidental. CONFIDENTIAL: THIS REPORT IS TO BE SHOWN ONLY TO PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL WORKING WITH THE STUDENTPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATIONNAME: William (Billy) Smith PARENTS: William and Susan Smith GENDER: Male ADDRESS: 411 Hanson Driver DATE OF BIRTH: 12/12/95 Omaha, NE 17111CHRONOLOGICAL AGE: 6-11 TELEPHONE: 807-555-1212RACE: Anglo PRIMARY TEACHER: Mrs. Hopkins EVALUATION DATES: 11/10/02, 11/12/02, SCHOOL: Happy Valley Elementary11/13/02 GRADE: 1Evaluation Techniques: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), Wechsler Individual Achievement Test- Second Edition (WIAT-II), Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS), Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA), Structured Developmental History Interview with Parent, Structured Teacher Interview, Review of School Records, Structured (Time Sampling) Classroom Observation, Unstructured Clinical Interview with Student SYNOPSIS OF FORMAL TEST SCORESNote to Educ451 students: To aid interpretation, please know that the WISC-III (IQs, factor indexes, and composites), WIAT-II (all scores), ABAS (all scores) are in the IQ metric, which means average=100 and SD=15. The ASCA is in T-scores, which means average=50 and SD=10 (the highest scores are the worst on this test.) The WISC-III subtest scores are average=10 and SD=3. WISC-III IQs and Subtest Standard Scores Full Scale IQ: 65 Verbal Scale IQ: 67 Performance Scale IQ: 68Information 5 Picture completion 4Similarities 3 Coding 6Arithmetic 5 Picture Arrangement 4Vocabulary 5 Block Design 5Comprehension 3 Object Assembly 4Digit Span 6 Symbol Search 6WISC-III Factor Indexes STANDARDINDEX SCOREVerbal Comprehension 68Perceptual Organization 67Freedom from Distractibility 75Processing Speed 80WIAT-II Composites and Subtest Standard Scores STANDARDCOMPOSITES SCOREReading Mathematics 59Written Language Oral Language 62Not calculated prior to age 8STANDARDSUBTESTS SCOREWord Reading 74Pseudoword Decoding 60Numerical Operations 63Math Reasoning Spelling 72Written Expression Listening Comprehension 69Listening Comprehension 67Oral Expression 67Not calculated prior to age 8ABAS Composite and Subtest Standard Scores STANDARDSCOREComposite 70STANDARDSUBTESTS SCORECommunication 60Community Use 70Functional Academics 66Home Living 80Health and Safety 70Leisure Self-Care 85Self-Direction 85Social 60Work **Not Administered Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA)STANDARDSCORECOMPOSITESOver-reactivity 60Under-reactivity 52SUBTESTS/SCALESAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity (ADHD) 60Solitary Aggressive-Impulsive (SA-I) 50Solitary Aggressive-Provocative (SA-P) 52Oppositional Defiance (OD) 53Diffidence (DIF) 50Avoidance (Avoid) 51Reason for Referral: William (Billy) was referred by his classroom teacher, Mrs. Hopkins. Billy tries hard in school, but he is struggling in all academic areas. History: Billy is approaching his seventh birthday (age = 6 years, 11 months). He lives with his both of his biological parents, William (age 35) and Susan (age 33) Smith. William is an accountant and Susan works as a purchasing agent." }, { "docid": "D3520509#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/194058/Assessments_of_Learning_Outcomes_Validity_and_Reliability_of_Classroom_Tests\nAssessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests", "text": "pdf Assessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests4 Pages Assessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests Uploaded by Maizam Alias Files1 of 2connect to download Get pdf Assessments of Learning Outcomes: Validity and Reliability of Classroom Tests Download World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education © 2005 UICEE Vol.4, No.2, 2005 Assessment of learning outcomes: validity and reliability of classroom tests Maizam Alias Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia ABSTRACT: Teachers in engineering routinely design and administer classroom tests to their students for decision-making purposes. To be of real value in decision-making, these tests must be valid and reliable. Test validity and reliability may be achieved by taking a systematic approach to test design. In this article, the author proposes and discusses measures that teachers could take in order to help them enhance the validity and reliability of their classroom tests, taking examples from the teaching and learning of structural design in civil engineering. A sample spreadsheet in Excel is provided that may be used by teachers to get a quick estimate of the reliability of their classroom tests. INTRODUCTION that is specifically designed by teachers to measure an identified learned capability (or set of learned capabilities) and Assessment entails the systematic gathering of evidence to administered by teachers to their students in classroom setting. judge a student’s demonstration of learning. Teachers can then judge whether a student has learned what they are expected to Classroom tests are routinely designed and administered by learn by securing valid and reliable information through teachers to assess students’ learned capabilities, and output various assessment methods. The assessment method chosen from classroom tests are often used to support decision- would depend on the learning domain that is of interest, which making, such as in giving grades to students or assigning could be the cognitive, affective or psychomotor domains [1]. students to remedial classes. In order to be of real value in Examples of learning in the three domains are given in Table 1." }, { "docid": "D382876#0", "title": "http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/qmss/measurement/validity_and_reliability.html\nValidity and Reliability", "text": "\"A. Measurement Validity and Reliability For every dimension of interest and specific question or set of questions, there are a vast number of ways to make questions. Although the guiding principle should be the specific purposes of the research, there are better and worse questions for any particular operationalization. How to evaluate the measures? Two of the primary criteria of evaluation in any measurement or observation are: Whether we are measuring what we intend to measure. Whether the same measurement process yields the same results. These two concepts are validity and reliability. Reliability is concerned with questions of stability and consistency - does the same measurement tool yield stable and consistent results when repeated over time. Think about measurement processes in other contexts - in construction or woodworking, a tape measure is a highly reliable measuring instrument. Say you have a piece of wood that is 2 1/2 feet long. You measure it once with the tape measure - you get a measurement of 2 1/2 feet." }, { "docid": "D1506140#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_Apperception_Test\nThematic apperception test", "text": "\"Thematic apperception test From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Thematic Apperception Test)navigation search Thematic apperception test Medical diagnostics Me SH D013803 [ edit on Wikidata]Thematic apperception test ( TAT) is a projective psychological test. Proponents of the technique assert that subjects' responses, in the narratives they make up about ambiguous pictures of people, reveal their underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world. [ 1] Historically, the test has been among the most widely researched, taught, and used of such techniques. [ 2]Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Procedure3 Psychometric characteristics3.1 Reliability3.2 Validity3.3 Alternate considerations4 Scoring systems5 Criticisms6 Contemporary applications7 Popular culture8 See also9 References10 External links History [ edit]The TAT was developed during the 1930s by the American psychologist Henry A. Murray and lay psychoanalyst Christiana D. Morgan at the Harvard Clinic at Harvard University. Anecdotally, the idea for the TAT emerged from a question asked by one of Murray's undergraduate students, Cecilia Roberts. [ 3] She reported that when her son was ill, he spent the day making up stories about images in magazines and she asked Murray if pictures could be employed in a clinical setting to explore the underlying dynamics of personality. Murray wanted to use a measure that would reveal information about the whole person but found the contemporary tests of his time lacking in this regard. Therefore, he created the TAT. The rationale behind the technique is that people tend to interpret ambiguous situations in accordance with their own past experiences and current motivations, which may be conscious or unconscious. Murray reasoned that by asking people to tell a story about a picture, their defenses to the examiner would be lowered as they would not realize the sensitive personal information they were divulging by creating the story. [" }, { "docid": "D524839#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics)\ng factor (psychometrics)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"General intelligence\"\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Intelligence or Artificial general intelligence. The g factor (also known as general intelligence, general mental ability or general intelligence factor) is a construct developed in psychometric investigations of cognitive abilities and human intelligence. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual's performance on one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to that person's performance on other kinds of cognitive tasks. The g factor typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the between-individual performance differences on a given cognitive test, and composite scores (\"\"IQ scores\"\") based on many tests are frequently regarded as estimates of individuals' standing on the g factor. [ 1] The terms IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability, or simply intelligence are often used interchangeably to refer to this common core shared by cognitive tests. [ 2] The g factor targets a particular measure of general intelligence. For a broader coverage related to IQ metrics, see Intelligence quotient. The existence of the g factor was originally proposed by the English psychologist Charles Spearman in the early years of the 20th century. He observed that children's performance ratings, across seemingly unrelated school subjects, were positively correlated, and reasoned that these correlations reflected the influence of an underlying general mental ability that entered into performance on all kinds of mental tests." } ]
9080	___________________ respiration is an alternating pattern of slow breathing, the absence of breathing, and rapid breathing.	[ { "docid": "D1037692#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_medical_term_meaning_pattern_of_alternating_periods_of_rapid_breathing_slow_breathing_and_the_absence_of_breathing\nWhat is the medical term meaning pattern of alternating periods of rapid breathing slow breathing and the absence of breathing?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Biology Human Anatomy and Physiology Respiratory System What is the medical term meaning pattern of alternating periods of rapid breathing slow breathing and the absence of breathing? Flag What is the medical term meaning pattern of alternating periods of rapid breathing slow breathing and the absence of breathing? Answer by Wonderful Wanda Confidence votes 21.1KCheyne-Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by breathing becoming shallower until it stops for a while and then breathing starts again and rapidly crescendos to a peak before decaying away again. The pattern repeats, with one cycle typically lasting about 1 minute. It is an oscillation of ventilation between apnea and hyperapnea with a crescendo-decrescendo pattern, and is associated with changing serum partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Cheyne-Stokes Respiration11 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Naberius 63 Contributions What is the medical term meaning abnormal periodic cessation of breathing?sleep apnea Mahesh Ramaswamy 352 Contributions What is the medical term meaning breathing out? Exhale The term for to breathe out is to exhale. \\nexhaling exhaling Exhaling: To Exhale Letting out a breath is also known as exhaling or expiration It is called Exhaling What is the medical term meaning breathing? Respiration In hailing air respiration Inhaling - Breathing in Exhaling - Breathing out Inspiration is breathing In and expiration is breathing out, respiration is completely …Out of Here 838,246 Contributions What is the medical term meaning rapid breathing?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1839#0", "title": "http://www.hygain.com.au/know-horses-vital-signs/\nKnow your horseâs vital signs", "text": "Know your horse’s vital signs By Tania Cubitt, Ph D, January 1, 2010 Categories: Articles, The Basics 1Download your Free “My Horse’s Vital Signs and Health Indicators” Fact Sheet here. Everybody who owns, rides or handles horses should know their horse’s vital signs. These simple checks will help tell if your horse is healthy or if you will have to call the vet. By being able to tell your veterinarian these simple but crucial parameters during an emergency (often when you have to give information over the phone), you will get more accurate and appropriate treatment for your horse. Your horse’s vital signs should be regularly monitored. It may be a good idea to write them in a diary and keep a note on the horse’s behaviour and general condition. This will give you an idea of what your horse’s normal vital signs are. Temperature The best way to take the horse’s temperature is rectally. Keep a plastic digital thermometer in your medical kit. They are safe, easy to use, inexpensive and available at most pharmacies and are operated by pressing a button to turn them on." }, { "docid": "D3214862#0", "title": "https://jonbarron.org/dietary-supplements/physiology-respiratory-system\nNatural Alternatives For Respiration \| Heart Health Program", "text": "\"The Physiology Of The Respiratory System In our last newsletter, we explored the anatomy of the respiratory system -- its structures and patterns. In this issue, we continue with Part 2 of the series by discussing the physiology, or functioning, of the respiratory system. This is crucial, since once we understand the parts of the system and how they work, we can explore those things that can go wrong with those functions...and what natural health alternatives exist to correct them. Four areas of respiration Any discussion of the function of the respiratory system has to begin by breaking that function down into its four component parts, or areas. I'm not talking about inhalation and exhalation (or expiration as doctors refer to it) here, but rather the four distinct areas in which the act of respiration takes place in the human body. These are Pulmonary ventilation External pulmonary respiration Internal tissue respiration Cellular respiration1. Pulmonary ventilation To a large degree, we covered this in our last newsletter as part of our discussion of the anatomy of respiration. But now, given a different context, let's reexamine this area of respiration. In pulmonary ventilation, outside air (aka room air) is taken into the body. This occurs through both the nose and mouth, which provides redundancy." }, { "docid": "D3333786#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/24044447/medical-terminology-module-7-flash-cards/\nMedical Terminology Module 7", "text": "87 terms faith_thornton Medical Terminology Module 7Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortnasal septum is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections. Mucous membrane is the specialized form of epithelial tissue that lines the nose and respiratory system. Mucus which is secreted by the mucous membranes, helps to moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the nose. Cilia the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris.epiglottis which is a lidlike structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea and the lungs.larynx also known as the voice box, is a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the tracheamediastinum also called the interpleural space, is located between the lungspleura is a multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nervesparietal pleura is the outer layer of pleura. It lines the thoracic cavity and forms the sac containing each lung.visceral pleura is the inner layer of pleura. It closely surrounds the lung tissue.pleural space is the airtight space between the folds of the pleural membranes. It contains a watery lubricating fluid that prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration.diaphragm is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. It is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible.phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contract Inhalation is the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward." }, { "docid": "D760264#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/132533776/pediatric-emergencies-flash-cards/\nPediatric Emergencies", "text": "\"58 terms eric_sheppard8Pediatric Emergencies Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Infancy First year of life Toddler 1 to 3 years of age Pre-school age children 3 to 6 years of age School-age children 6 to 12 years of age Adolescents 12 to 18 years of age Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) An event that causes unresponsiveness, cyanosis, and apnea in an infant, who then resumes breathing stimulation Blanching Turning white Bradypnea Slow respiratory rate; ominous sign in a child that indicates impeding respiratory arrest Minor pediatric burn Partial-thickness burns involving less than 10% of the body surface Moderate pediatric burn Partial-thickness burns involving 10% to 20% of the body surface Critical pediatric burn Any full thickness burn Any partial-thickness burn involving more than 20% of the body surface Any burn involving the hands, feet, face, airway, or genitalia Central pulse Pulses that are closest to the core (central) part of the body where vital organs are located; including the carotid, femoral, and apical pulses Child abuse A general term applying to all forms of child abuse and neglect Generalized tonic-clonic seizure A seizure that features rhythmic back-and-forth motion of an extremity and body stiffness Grunting An \"\"uh\"\" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the child's attempt to keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work or breathing Nares The external openings of the nostrils. Neglect Refusal or failure on the part of the caregiver to provide life necessities Neisseria meningitides A form of bacterial meningitis characterized by rapid onset of symptoms, often leading to shock and death Pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) A structured assessment tool that allows you to rapidly form a general impression of the infant or child without touching him or her; consists of assessing appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin Pediatrics A specialized medical practice devoted to the care of the young Pertussis An acute infectious disease characterized by a catarrhal stage, followed by a paroxysmal couch that ends in a whooping inspiration. Also called whooping cough Shaken baby syndrome A syndrome seen in abused infants and children; the patient has been subjected to violent, whiplash-type shaking injuries inflicted by the abusing individual that may cause coma, seizures, and increased intracranial pressure due to tearing of the cerebral veins with consequent bleeding into the brain Sniffing position Optimum neutral head position for the uninjured child who requires airway management Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Death of an infant or young child that remains unexplained after complete autopsy Tachypnea Increased respiratory rate Work of breathing An indicator of oxygenation and ventilation. Reflects the child's attempt to compensate for hypoxia6 to 12 months During this stage, infants begin to babble and at the end of this stage they say there first word. They also sit without support, progress to crawling, and begin to walk. This predisposes them to increased exposures to physical dangers, they also begin teething at this age and are prone to sticking things in their mouths. Assessment of infants Begin observing from a distance and have the caregivers hold them. Warm your hands and stethoscope." }, { "docid": "D2139099#0", "title": "https://www.sleepassociation.org/patients-general-public/central-sleep-apnea/\nCentral Sleep Apnea", "text": "Central Sleep Apnea What is Central Sleep Apnea? Central sleep apnea, or CSA, is characterized by symptoms of frequent starts and stops of breathing during sleep, which leads to regular nighttime awakening. Typically, the episodes last for 10-30 seconds (or longer) and can be intermittent in nature or happen in cycles throughout the night. Sleep apnea describes a form of sleep disorder characterized by disordered breathing. There are two primary types of sleep apnea: Central and Obstructive. CSA is associated with lower oxygen saturation levels, a condition called hypoxia or hypoxemia, which can lead to serious health complications like confusion, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. Causes and Description of Central Sleep Apnea There are several potential causes of CSA. These include heart problems, brain disorders, medications, other substances, and idiopathic causes. Carbon dioxide and oxygen levels should stay fairly constant when the body is at rest. Inhalation causes oxygen levels to increase and carbon dioxide levels to decrease, while exhalation does the opposite, causing carbon dioxide to increase and oxygen to decrease." }, { "docid": "D2222468#0", "title": "http://memorize.com/emt-b-airway/pandora\nEMT - B Airway", "text": "edit General Knowledge Question Answer Which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct? ( A) The oxygen content in the alveoli is highest during the exhalation phase. ( B) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries. ( C) The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the capillaries. ( D) Blood that returns to the lungs from the body has a low carbon dioxide content. ( B) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries. Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway? ( A) Larynx (B) Pharynx (C) Bronchus (D) Oropharynx (C) Bronchus The leaf-shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the...? ( A) Epiglottis (B) Vallecula (C) Cricoid ring (D) Thyroid cartilage (A) Epiglottis The ________ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx. ( A) Cricoid (B) Thyroid (C) Laryngeal (D) Pyriform (A) Cricoid Structures of the lower airway include all of the following EXCEPT the...? (" }, { "docid": "D579371#0", "title": "https://www.mindfulnessmd.com/2015/06/27/neuroscience-of-mindfulness-take-a-deep-breath/\nTake a Deep Breath: The Physiology of Slow Deep Breathing", "text": "Take a Deep Breath: The Physiology of Slow Deep Breathingby Matthew Mac Kinnon, MD · Published June 27, 2015 · Updated October 10, 2015LUNGS “ Lungs (animated) ” by Mikael Häggström – Image: Respiratory system complete numbered.svg (Public domain licence). Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. Take a slow, deep breath. “I am large, I contain multitudes.” ~ Walt Whitman The physiological mechanisms that make up a single breath could fill an entire book. And yet, for an event that recurs an average of 20,000 times a day, we generally pay very little attention to our breathing (Priban, 1963). In fact, it may be more accurate to say that your breath breathes you, rather than the other way around. We will spend the remainder of this article studying the intricacies of the slow, deep breath that you brought into awareness after reading my first five words. Before we make our breath conscious, we must begin at the beginning and study how our breath breathes us. Despite the neuroscientific debate over its evolutionary veracity, Dr. Mac Lean’s triune brain model will serve as a solid foundation on which to build our understanding of our breath." }, { "docid": "D3406605#0", "title": "http://www.livinglegends.org.au/horse-health/horse-management/know-your-horses-vital-signs/\nKnow Your Horseâs Vital Signs", "text": "Know Your Horse’s Vital Signs Everybody who owns, rides or handles horses should know their horse’s vital signs. These simple checks will help tell if your horse is healthy or if you will have to call the vet. By being able to tell your veterinarian these simple but crucial parameters during an emergency (often when you have to give information over the phone), you will get more accurate and appropriate treatment for your horse. Your horse’s vital signs should be regularly monitored. It may be a good idea to write them in a diary and keep a note on the horse’s behaviour and general condition. This will give you an idea of what your horse’s normal vital signs are. Temperature How to measure The best way to take the horse’s temperature is rectally. Keep a plastic digital thermometer in your medical kit. They are safe, easy to use, inexpensive and available at most pharmacies and are operated by pressing a button to turn them on. Simply lubricate with petroleum jelly (Vaseline) and insert the thermometer into the horse’s rectum." }, { "docid": "D1941100#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/chapter-7respiratorysystem4.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Chapter 7: Respiratory System Description Chapter 7 terms and definitons Total Cards 75Subject Biology Level Undergraduate 1Created 10/28/2014Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Biology Flashcards Cards Termalveoli Definitiontiny air sacs found at the end of respiratory bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. Termanoxia Definitionthe absence or nearly complete absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues. Termantitussive Definitionmedicine administered to relieve or prevent coughing (cough medicine). Termaphonia Definitionthe loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds. Termasbestosis Definitionthe form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs Termasphyxia Definitionloss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function. Can be caused by choking, suffocating, drowning, or inhaling carbon monoxide. Termasthma Definitiona chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing Termatelectasis Definitionalso called collapsed lung, is the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax." }, { "docid": "D3316149#0", "title": "https://www.thefreedictionary.com/pursed-lip+breathing\nbreathing", "text": "\"breathing (redirected from pursed-lip breathing) Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia .breath·ing (brē′ th ĭng)n.1.a. The act or process of respiration.b. A single breath.2. The time required to take one's breath.3.a. Either of two marks, the rough breathing ( ̔) and the smooth breathing ( ′ ), used in Greek to indicate presence or absence of aspiration.b. The presence or absence of aspiration indicated by either of these marks. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.breathing ( ˈbriːðɪŋ) n1. (" }, { "docid": "D389#0", "title": "http://www.rxlist.com/tylenol-codeine-drug/indications-dosage.htm\nTylenol-Codeine", "text": "Drug Description Take the Pain Quiz Back Pain Slideshow: Myths and Facts Chronic Pain Slideshow TYLENOL® with Codeine (acetaminophen with codeine phosphate) Tablets, USPDESCRIPTIONTYLENOL® with Codeine is supplied in tablet form for oral administration. Acetaminophen, 4'-hydroxyacetanilide, a slightly bitter, white, odorless, crystalline powder, is a non-opiate, non-salicylate analgesic and antipyretic. It has the following structural formula: C 8 H 9 NO 2 M. W. 151.16Codeine phosphate, 7,8-didehydro-4, 5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6α-ol phosphate (1:1) (salt) hemihydrate, a white crystalline powder, is a narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It has the following structural formula: C 18 H 21 NO 3 •H 3 PO 4 •1/2 H 2 O M. W. 406.37Each tablet contains: Acetaminophen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 mg No. 3 Codeine Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . 30 mg (Warning: May be habit forming)Acetaminophen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 mg No. 4 Codeine Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . 60 mg (Warning: May be habit forming)In addition, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: TYLENOL® with Codeine (acetaminophen and codeine) No." }, { "docid": "D1079632#0", "title": "http://www.mjdrdypu.org/article.asp?issn=0975-2870;year=2013;volume=6;issue=1;spage=14;epage=18;aulast=Sahasrabudhe\n.", "text": "\"Click here to view optimized website for mobile devices REVIEW ARTICLEYear: 2013 \| Volume : 6 \| Issue : 1 \| Page : 14-18Psychogenic dyspnea Tushar R Sahasrabudhe Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India Date of Web Publication 14-Mar-2013Correspondence Address: Tushar R Sahasrabudhe Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune India Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None [SCOPUS] [CROSSREF] [PUBMED]DOI: 10.4103/0975-2870.108627Abstract Dyspnea is a very common presenting complaint of a patient. Though commonly due to an organic disease, dyspnea can be a manifestation of underlying anxiety disorder. Three typical patterns of psychogenic dyspnea, viz. panic attack, psychogenic hyperventilation, and compulsive sighing, have been reviewed in this article. The article also comments on the diagnostic features and treatment of these patterns. The overlap with organic causes of dyspnea such as bronchial asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has also been discussed. For literature review, a Medline and Pubmed search was conducted using appropriate keywords. Articles were also identified from the authors' own knowledge of the literature as well as reference lists in articles retrieved. Keywords: Dyspnea, hyperventilation, panic, psychogenic, sighing How to cite this article: Sahasrabudhe TR. Psychogenic dyspnea." }, { "docid": "D1564533#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Cheyne-Stokes+respiration\nCheyne-Stokes respiration", "text": "\"Cheyne-Stokes respiration Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Cheyne-Stokes respiration: Biot's respiration, pathologic reflexes Cheyne-Stokes respiration [ chān stōks] breathing characterized by rhythmic waxing and waning of the depth of respiration; the patientbreathes deeply for a short time and then breathes very slightly or stops breathing altogether. Thepattern occurs over and over, every 45 seconds to 3 minutes. Periodic breathing of this type is caused by disease affecting the respiratory centers, usually heart failure or brain damage. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Cheyne-Stokes res·pi·ra·tion ( chān stōks ), Avoid the malapropism change-strokes and the misspellings Stoke and Stoke's. The pattern of breathing with gradual increase in depth and sometimes in rate to a maximum,followed by a decrease resulting in apnea; the cycles ordinarily are 30 seconds to 2 minutes in duration, with 5-30 seconds of apnea; seen with bilateral deep cerebral hemisphericlesions, with metabolic encephalopathy, and, characteristically, in coma from affection of thenervous centers of respiration. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012Cheyne-Stokes respiration (chān′stōks′, chā′nē-stōks′)n. An abnormal type of breathing seen especially in comatose patients, characterized by alternating periods of shallow and deep breathing." }, { "docid": "D2221846#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/11149067/respiratory-system-flash-cards/\nRespiratory system", "text": "93 terms angie12345Respiratory system Bachelor of nursing Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What happens in the Alve oli Gas exhchange occurs What are the characteristics of alve oli Single layer tissue fuses with single layer capilaries What are the characteristics of the Respiratory membrane It has zero point five millimetres of thick air blood barrier. Single layer of type one squamous epithelium cells. Scatterd type two cuboidal cells which secrete surfactant and anitmicrobial proteins Where do you find surfactant...... and what does it do Surfactant is found it the alve oli it is a lubricant on the inside of the wall which inflates and deflates the alve oli without colapsing the wall What is pulmonary ventilation Breathing. Movement of air into and out of lungswhat is external respiration oxyen and carbon dioxide exchange between the lungs and the bloodwhat is internal respiration Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissueswhat is hypoxemia decrease oxygen in the bloodwhat is hypoxia decrease oxygen in the tissue What is the main function of the respiratory system Provide the body with oxygen and remove it of carbon dioxide What is the transport of respiratory gasses Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and of carbox dioxide from the tissue cells to the lungs. This is accomplished by the cardiovascular system using blood as the transporting fluid. The respiratory system includes The nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, and the alve oli What is the Respiratory zone The actual site of gas exchange. It is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alve oli What is the conducting zone Respiratory pasage ways. The conducting zone cleaneses, humifys and warms incoming air to get rid of bacteria and dust before it reaches the lungs." }, { "docid": "D577806#0", "title": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272523114000446\nSleep in Patients with Restrictive Lung Disease", "text": "Clinics in Chest Medicine Volume 35, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages 505-512Sleep in Patients with Restrictive Lung Disease Christine H. J. Won MD, MS Meir Kryger MDShow morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2014.06.006 Get rights and content Previous article Next article Keywords Restrictive lung disease Interstitial lung disease Sleep Sleep-disordered breathing Hypoxemia Key points•Restrictive lung disease is associated with nocturnal pathophysiology, including sleep disturbances and breathing and oxygenation impairments during sleep.•Sleep is disrupted because of changes in sleep architecture and comorbid sleep disorders.•Sleep changes in restrictive lung diseases affect sleep quality and contribute to daytime fatigue in this population.•Little is known about the impact of treatment of sleep disorders and sleep disruption on sleep quality and daytime complaints in restrictive lung disease. Restrictive ventilatory defects occur from several pathologic mechanisms. Intrinsic lung disease such as pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung disease (ILD) may cause reduced lung volumes as well as diffusion impairment. Restrictive ventilatory defects may also occur due to musculoskeletal abnormalities in the thoracic cage or due to respiratory muscle weakness from neuromuscular disease. In addition, obesity may cause significant restrictive lung physiology and lead to obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Restrictive lung disease is associated with nocturnal pathophysiology, including sleep disturbances and breathing and oxygenation impairments during sleep. Interstitial lung disease Fatigue is a common complaint among patients with ILD. Sleep is disrupted due to respiratory pathophysiology such as nocturnal hypoxemia, changes in sleep architecture, and comorbid sleep disorders. These sleep changes in ILD affect sleep quality and contribute to daytime fatigue in this population. Respiratory Physiology During Sleep Sleep onset is normally characterized by reduced responsiveness to hypercapnia and hypoxemia, as well as reduced cortical and lung mechanic responsiveness." }, { "docid": "D2109614#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/108455251/chapter-16-respiratory-emergencies-flash-cards/\nChapter 16 Respiratory Emergencies", "text": "\"70 terms Alhaan Chapter 16 Respiratory Emergencies Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort A four-year-old female is having great difficulty breathing. She is responsive to verbal stimuli and has an open airway. Her respiratory rate is 40 breaths per minute, and she has an Sp O2 reading of 88% while receiving high-flow oxygen through a pediatric nonrebreather mask. Her pulse is rapid, and her skin cool to the touch. As a knowledgeable EMT, you would recognize what condition? a. Respiratory arrest b. Respiratory failure c. Cardiopulmonary arrest d. Respiratory distress B. Respiratory Failure As you enter the living room of a patient who called 911 for shortness of breath, you observe the patient sitting upright in a chair with a panicked look on her face, struggling to breathe. Her breathing rate appears to be fast and tidal volume poor. You can hear rhonchi from her lungs without the aid of a stethoscope." }, { "docid": "D1941099#0", "title": "http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=medical-terminology-chapter-7_3\nMedical Terminology - Chapter 7", "text": "Medical Terminology - Chapter 775 cards \| Created by blue_dolphin1222 \| 7 years ago Flashcards Memorize Quiz Match Gravity The Respirato Ry Syste View Flashcards Preview Flashcards Front Backbronch/o, bronchi/o bronchial tube, bronchuscyan/o bluelaryng/o larynx, throatox/i, ox/o, ox/y oxygenpharyng/o throat, pharynxphon/o sound, voicepleur/o pleura, side of the body-pnea breathingpneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu- lung, airpulm/o, pulmon/o lungsomn/o sleepspir/o to breathetachy- fast, rapidthorac/o, -thorax chest, pleural cavitytrache/o trachea, windpipeanoxia an- = without, ox = oxygen, -ia = abnormal condition the absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues; if continues for more than 4-6 min., irreversible brain damage can occuranthracosis (coal miner's pneumoconiosis or black lung disease) anthrac = coal dust, -osis = abnormal condition caused by coal dust in the lungsantitussive (cough medicine) anti- = against, tuss = cough, -ive = performs is administered to prevent or relieve coughingaphonia a- = without, phon = voice or sound, -ia = abnormal condition the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech soundsapnea a- = without, -pnea = breathing the absence of spontaneous respirationasbestosis asbest = asbestos, -osis = abnormal condition or disease is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestosasphyxia the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it need to functionasphyxiation (suffocation) any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia; can be caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering, choking, or inhaling gasesaspiration pneumonia can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungsasthma a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezingatelectasis atel = incomplete, -ectasis = stretching or enlargement the collapse of part or all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathingbradypnea brady- = slow, -pnea = breathing an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minutebronchodilator a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungsbronchorrhea bronch/o = bronchus; -rrhea = abnormal flow an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchibronchoscopy bronch/o = bronchus; -scopy = direct visual examination the visual examination of the bonchi using a bronchoscopebronchospasm bronch/o = bronchus; -spasm = involuntary contraction a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut Cheyne-Stokes respiration a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpneacroup an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking coughcystic fibrosis a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucusdiphtheria now largely prevented through immunization, is an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tractdysphonia dys- = bad; phon = voice or sound; -ia = abnormal condition any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during pubertydyspnea (shortness of breath - SOB) dys- = painful; -pnea = breathing is difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath is frequently one of the first symptoms of heart failureemphysema the progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by a decrease in the total # of alveoli, enlargement of remaining alveoli, & progressive destruction of the walls of remaining alveoliempyema a collection of pus within a body cavityendotracheal intubation endo- = within; trache = trachea; -al = pertaining to the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth in to the trachea to establish or maintain an open airwayepistaxis (nose-bleed) bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disordershemoptysis hem/o = blood; -ptysis = spitting coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhagehemothorax hem/o = blood; -thorax = chest a collection of blood in the pleural cavityhypercapnia hyper- = excessive; capn = carbon dioxide; -ia = abnormal condition the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodhyperpnea hyper - = excessive; -pnea = breathing commonly associated w/ exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest hyperpnea is opposite of hypopneahypopnea hypo- = decreased; -pnea = breathing shallow or slow respiration hypopnea is the opposite of hyperpneahypoxemia hyp- = deficient; ox = oxygen; -emia = blood a condition of having below-normal oxygen level in the blood; less severe than anoxia; compare with hypoxiahypoxia hyp- = deficient; ox = oxygen; -ia = abnormal condition the condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells; however, it is less severe than anoxia; compare w/ hypoxemialaryngectomy laryng = larynx; -ectomy = surgical removal the surgical removal of the larynxlaryngitis laryng = larynx; -itis = inflammation an inflammation of the larynx; also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this inflammationlaryngoplegia laryng/o = larynx; -plegia = paralysis paralysis of the larynxlaryngoscopy laryng/o = larynx; -scopy = direct visual examination the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx to examine the larynxmediastinum the cavity located between the lungs; contains connective tissue & organs, including heart & its veins/arteries, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, & lymph nodesnebulizer (atomizer) pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouth pieceotolaryngologist (ENT) ot/o = ear; laryng/o = larynx; -ologist = specialist a physician w/ specialized training in the diagnosis & treatment of diseases & disorders of the ears, nose, throat, & related structures of the head/neckpertussis (whooping cough) a contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory tract, characterize by recurrent bouts of paroxysmal cough, follow by breathlessness & noisy inspirationpharyngitis (sore throat) pharyng = pharynx; -itis = inflammation an inflammation of the pharynxpharyngoplasty pharyng/o = pharynx; -plasty = surgical repair the surgical repair of the pharynxpleurectomy pleur = pleura; -ectomy = surgical removal the surgical removal of part of the pleurapleurisy (pleuritis) pleur = pleura; -isy = noun ending an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath; can be caused by influenza or by damage to lung beneath the pleurapleurodynia pleur/o = pleura; -dynia = pain pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movementspneumoconiosis pneum/o = lung; coni = dust; -osis = abnormal condition or disease is fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged environmental or occupational contactpneumonectomy pneumon = lung; -ectomy = surgical removal the surgical removal of all or part of a lungpneumothorax pneum/o = lung or air; -thorax = chest the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapsepolysomnography (sleep apnea study) poly- = many; somn/o = sleep; -graphy = the process of recording measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apneapulmonologist pulmon = lung; -ologist = specialist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissuespulse oximeter ox/i = oxygen; -meter = to measure an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the bloodpyothorax py/o = pus; -thorax = chest the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membranesinusitis sinus = sinus; -itis = inflammation an inflammation of the sinusestachypnea tachy- = rapid; -pnea = breathing an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute tachypnea is the opposite of bradypneathoracentesis thor/a = chest; -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavitythoracostomy thorac = thorax or chest; -ostomy = surgical creation of an opening the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavitytracheostomy trache = trachea; -ostomy = surgically creating an opening the creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretionstracheotomy trache = trachea; -otomy = surgical incision is usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockagetuberculosis (TB) an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs; however, it can also affect other parts of the body" }, { "docid": "D3365784#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/5273346/cp-11-palliative-care-at-end-of-life-flash-cards/\nCP 11, Palliative Care at End of Life", "text": "37 terms Clittzen CP 11, Palliative Care at End of Life Medical Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems - Lewis. Objectives: Compare the terms hospice and palliative care. Identify ethical and legal issues regarding end of life care. Determine communication techniques to use with dying clients and their families. List the clinical signs of approaching death. Outline the nursing responsibilities of death. Describe the grieving process and nursing action to assist clients and their families. Recognize personal problems with gri…Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Palliative Care Health care aimed at symptom management rather than curative treatment for diseases that no longer respond to treatment. Hospice Care Provides compassionate supportive care to patients and their families who are in their last stages of the dying. Goals of Palliative Care: Provide relief from symptoms, including pain." }, { "docid": "D1801432#0", "title": "https://www.verywell.com/normal-breathing-rates-2634666\nWhat Is a Normal Respiratory Rate?", "text": "\"Cancer Lung Cancer What Is a Normal Respiratory Rate? Normal, Increased, and Decreased Respiratory Rates in Adults and Children By Lynne Eldridge, MD \| Reviewed by Grant Hughes, MDUpdated February 25, 2018Share Pin Email Print Article Table of Contents Overview Measuring Respiratory Rate What Does It Measure? Normal Respiratory Rates in Children Periodic Breathing in Children Normal Respiratory Rates in Adults Periodic Breathing in Adults Abnormal Respiratory Rates Increased Respiratory Rate Decreased Respiratory Rate Dyspnea: Sensation of Shortness of Breath Medical Terminology Back To Top BURGER/PHANIE/Getty Images If you are experiencing respiratory symptoms, you may be wondering, “What is a normal respiratory rate?” Let’s begin by talking about the normal range of respiratory rate for adults and children, how to accurately measure this rate, and what it means if the rate is abnormal. Overview The respiratory rate is defined as the number of breaths a person takes during a one-minute period of time while at rest. Recent studies suggest that an accurate recording of respiratory rate is very important in predicting serious medical events; studies also suggest that measurements of respiratory rate are not done as often as they should be, so it's been coined the “ignored vital sign. ”Measuring Respiratory Rate Respiratory rate is measured by counting the number of breaths a person takes in a one-minute period. Since many factors can affect the results, understanding how to take an accurate measurement is very important. The rate should be measured at rest, not after someone has been up and walking about. Being aware that your breaths are being counted can make the results inaccurate, as people often alter the way they breathe if they know it's being monitored." }, { "docid": "D299978#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosis\nAsbestosis", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Asbestosis A plaque caused by asbestos exposure on the diaphragmatic pleura. Specialty Pulmonology Symptoms Shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, chest pain [1]Complications Lung cancer, mesothelioma, plural fibrosis, pulmonary heart disease [1] [2]Causes Asbestos [3]Diagnostic method History of exposure, medical imaging [3]Prevention Eliminating exposure [3]Treatment Supportive care, stopping smoking, vaccination, oxygen therapy [4] [3]Frequency 157,000 (2015) [5]Deaths 3,600 (2015) [6]Asbestosis is long term inflammation and scarring of the lungs due to asbestos. [ 3] Symptoms may include shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and chest pain. [ 1] Complications may include lung cancer, mesothelioma, and pulmonary heart disease. [ 1] [2]Asbestosis is caused by breathing in asbestos fibers. [ 1] Generally it requires a relatively large exposure over a long period of time. [ 1] Such levels of exposure typically only occur in those who work with the material. [ 2] All types of asbestos fibers are associated with concerns. [ 7] It is generally recommended that currently existing asbestos be left undisturbed. [ 8] Diagnosis is based upon a history of exposure together with medical imaging. [" } ]
9086	____________________ is the color of the visible spectrum with the longest wavelength.	[ { "docid": "D1434604#0", "title": "http://www.asu.edu/courses/phs208/patternsbb/PiN/rdg/color/color.shtml\n.", "text": "\"Color and Light Here we ask how color is sensed by the viewer. To answer the question we need to specify how color is described and how color information is received by the eye. The starting point of an understanding of color is a description of light. Light: Photons and Waves Isaac Newton discovered in 1672 that light could be split into many colors by a prism, and used this experimental concept to analyze light. The colors produced by light passing through a prism are arranged in a precise array or spectrum from red through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and into violet. The students' memory trick is to recall the name \"\"Roy G. Biv\"\" where each letter represents a color. The order of colors is constant, and each color has a unique signature identifying its location in the spectrum. The signature of color is the wavelength of light. Fig. 1." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2521745#0", "title": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light\nLight", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Visible light\"\" redirects here. For all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the eye, see Visible spectrum. Rays of light shine through metal patterns into a railway station Light is a type of energy. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength which can be detected by the human eye. [ 1] It is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum and radiation given off by stars like the sun. Animals can also see light. The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics. Light is electromagnetic radiation that shows properties of both waves and particles. Light exists in tiny energy packets called photons. Each wave has a wavelength or frequency." }, { "docid": "D1247058#0", "title": "http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/electromagnetic_spectrum.htm\n.", "text": "THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMWhat are electromagnetic waves? An electromagnetic wave as the name suggests is both an electric and magnetic wave. An electromagnetic wave consists of an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other and to the direction of the motion of the wave. Because the electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to the direction of the wave, the electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave. Image: Nasa for kids Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave: these types include, in order of increasing frequency, radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Unlike other waves, electromagnetic waves to not carry energy by causing matter to vibrate. It is the electric and magnetic fields that vibrate. This is the reason why electromagnetic waves can travel in a vacuum where there is no matter. Is light a particle or wave? Light has both wave and particle properties." }, { "docid": "D2207949#0", "title": "http://www.fuseled.com/category-s/121.htm\nFREE SHIPPING", "text": "\"You are here: Home > Corporate > Support > FAQ > Which Artificial Lights Are Best For Growing Plants Indoors? This is a very common question and quite understandable with all the options available in the market. To answer effectively we must understand a couple things. First, what light wavelengths do plants need to thrive. Second, what light wavelengths do the different lights available in the market emit. Once we understand this, a comparison can determine which lighting technology is best. We will start off with a discussion about light itself. THE VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTRUM or 7 COLORS OF THE RAINBOW (ROY G. BIV)The perceptible range of colors or visible spectrum is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (q.v. EMS) that is visible to or can be detected by the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation (ER) in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or just simply light." }, { "docid": "D183021#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electromagnetic-waves-23/the-electromagnetic-spectrum-165/radio-waves-592-11171/\nThe Electromagnetic Spectrum", "text": "Radio Waves Radio waves are EM (Electromagnetic)waves that have wavelengths between 1 millimeter and 100 kilometers (or 300 GHz and 3 k Hz in frequency). Learning Objectives Compare properties of AM and FM radio waves Key Takeaways Key Points The lowest frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is designated as “radio,” generally considered to have wavelengths within 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers or frequencies within 300 GHz to 3 k Hz. There is a wide range of subcategories contained within radio including AM and FM radio. Radio waves can be generated by natural sources such as lightning or astronomical phenomena; or by artificial sources such as broadcast radio towers, cell phones, satellites and radar. AM radio waves are used to carry commercial radio signals in the frequency range from 540 to 1600 k Hz. The abbreviation AM stands for amplitude modulation—the method for placing information on these waves. AM waves have constant frequency, but a varying amplitude. FM radio waves are also used for commercial radio transmission in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz. FM stands for frequency modulation, which produces a wave of constant amplitude but varying frequency. Key Terms AM radio waves: Waves used to carry commercial radio signals between 540 and 1600 k Hz." }, { "docid": "D879669#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/118351296/light-hw-flash-cards/\nLight HW", "text": "24 terms panda2015Light HWLearn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Which lists the parts of the EM spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelength? radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma Which lists the parts of the EM spectrum in order from highest to lowest energy? gamma, X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio Which lists the parts of the EM spectrum in order from slowest to fastest speed? they all travel at the same speed True or false: Humans see in the visible because it spans the largest range in the EM spectrum False If I have to choose between getting hit by a microwave photon and a gamma ray photon, which should I pick? The microwave photon, since it has less energy and will do less damage Which kind of visible light has more energy? blue Animals are warm and glow in infrared but your eyes only see visible light. You want to design glasses so you can see animals at night. These glasses should convert infrared photons to optical photons Earth's average temperature is about 289 K (16 degrees Celsius or 61 degrees Fahrenheit)." }, { "docid": "D794760#0", "title": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/spectrum\nspectrum", "text": "\"spectrum [ spek -tr uh m]Spell Syllables Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comnoun, plural spectra [ spek -tr uh] ( Show IPA ),spectrums.1. Physics.an array of entities, as light waves or particles, ordered in accordance with the magnitudes of a common physical property, as wavelength or mass: often the band of colors produced when sunlight is passed through a prism, comprising red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.this band or series of colors together with extensions at the ends that are not visible to the eye, but that can be studied by means of photography, heat effects, etc., and that are produced by the dispersion of radiant energy other than ordinary light rays. Compare band spectrum, electromagnetic spectrum, mass spectrum.2. a broad range of varied but related ideas or objects, the individual features of which tend to overlap so as to form a continuous series or sequence: the spectrum of political beliefs. Origin of spectrum Expand1605-16151605-15; < Latin: appearance, form, equivalent to spec (ere) to look, regard + -trum instrumental noun suffix Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for spectrum Expand Contemporary Examples On the other end of the spectrum, there lies an artist like Lena Dunham, who engages in a flaunting of the flawed self. Daphne Merkin on Lena Dunham, Book Criticism, and Self-Examination Mindy Farabee December 26, 2014Overall, Paris Magnum reaches both too widely and too thinly in trying to convey a sense of spectrum. A History of Paris in 150 Photographs Sarah Moroz December 14, 2014Today, Sunday, the cast will perform a softened, “autism-friendly” version of the production for those on the spectrum. The Brit Who Stormed Broadway Tim Teeman December 7, 2014On the opposite end of the spectrum are two other standout works, which depict Mary as a loving, nurturing mother." }, { "docid": "D1424126#0", "title": "http://qa.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_colors_of_the_visible_light_spectrum_in_order_from_longest_wavelength_to_the_shortest_wavelength\nWhat are the colors of the visible light spectrum in order from longest wavelength to the shortest wavelength?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Physics Electricity and Magnetism Electromagnetic Radiation Visible Light Spectrum What are the colors of the visible light spectrum in order from longest wavelength to the shortest wavelength? Flag What are the colors of the visible light spectrum in order from longest wavelength to the shortest wavelength? Answer by Windchimes098 Confidence votes 132You could memorize the seven spectrum colors in order with a word called [roygbiv] or Roy G. Biv, as most learn it. The colors of the rainbow are in the order from longest wavelength to shortest, with red having the longest wavelength and violet having the shortest. r= red o=orange y=yellow g=green b=blue i=indigo v=violet A. K. A: ROY G BIV THE COLORS OF THE RAINBOW5 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No What color in the visible spectrum has the longest wavelength? Red Vballcutie 6 Contributions Which color in the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength? Violet What color of the visible spectrum has the longest wavelength? Red Which color in the visible spectrum has the longest wavelength? Red ... ;)MSaad 2,044 Contributions The colors of light in the visible range from longest wavelength to shortest is?" }, { "docid": "D1424128#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/List_electromagnetic_spectrum_from_shortest_to_longest_wavelength\nWhat are the types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength to the shortest wavelength?", "text": "Answered In Electromagnetic Radiation What are the types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength to the shortest wavelength? Radio waves, Micro-waves, Infrared, Visible, Ultra-violet, X rays, Gamma rays. Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering Answered In Electromagnetic Radiation Which electromagnetic waves are listed in the correct order from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength? Nothing on the list that accompanies the question is listed in the correct order. Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering Answered In Electromagnetic Radiation List electromagnetic spectrum from shortest to longest frequency?lowest frequency . . . radio waves . highest frequency. . . gamma rays Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering Answered In Electromagnetic Radiation Which of the waves on the electromagnetic spectrum have the shortest wavelength? The ones we call 'gamma rays' have. Answered In Uncategorized Which color on the electromagnetic spectrum has the shortest wavelength?yellow" }, { "docid": "D1766466#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_wavelength_of_the_longest_wavelength_light_that_can_be_seen_with_the_human_eye\nWhat is the wavelength of the longest wavelength light that can be seen with the human eye?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Physics What is the wavelength of the longest wavelength light that can be seen with the human eye? Flag What is the wavelength of the longest wavelength light that can be seen with the human eye? Answer by Blue Confidence votes 39.7KIn the visible light spectrum, the color red has the longest wavelength; about 700 nm2 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Dale Matteson 4,561 Contributions I am a retired teacher of music, math, elementary classroom and special education ( students with Aspergers). What is the longest wavelength of visible light? The order of visible light from the longest to the shortest is: Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Calculate the longest wavelength visible to the human eye?700nm What type of light has the longest wavelength? Red light has the longest wavelength. Oc931 10 Contributions What is the shortest wavelength light visible to the human eye? It is 400nm and looks violet to your eyes Rob305786 2,169 Contributions Why can wavelengths of light be seen by humans? Our eyes can detect them." }, { "docid": "D1725577#0", "title": "http://amazingspace.org/resources/explorations/light/star-light-science.html\nStar Light, Star Bright Teacher Page: Science Background", "text": "\"Science Background: The following information is provided to give the teacher some additional knowledge on the topic of light and color. You can also choose to use this information with the students to do research on topics that you see mentioned here or use the question headings as a form of review for class discussion. This science background is organized to provide information as it relates to each of the lesson's four modules. CATCH THE WAVES:1. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including light, radio waves and x-rays. It is a continuum of wavelengths, from zero to infinity. We name regions of the spectrum rather arbitrarily, but the names give us a general sense of the energy; for example, ultraviolet light has shorter wavelengths than radio light. The only region in the entire electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes are sensitive to is the visible region. Gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths, < 0.001 nm (about the size of an atomic nucleus)." }, { "docid": "D1576127#0", "title": "https://socratic.org/questions/what-color-of-light-has-the-longest-wavelength\nWhat color of light has the longest wavelength?", "text": "\"What color of light has the longest wavelength? Physics Light and Reflection Color and Polarization2 Answers63snarf and 2 others Share Apr 15, 2017Answer: See explanation. Explanation: Color implies visible light, so to answer your question: red light has the longest wavelength ( ≈ 620 − 740 nm). However, there also exists light with even longer wavelengths that are not visible to the human eye, from infrared light to radio waves (with wavelengths that are meters long! ) Was this helpful? Let the contributor know!Yes18Aditya Banerjee. Share Nov 1, 2016Answer: In the Visible spectrum of light, red color has the longest wavelength. Explanation: Red light has the least frequency among all other colors in the Visible spectrum of light. Since Wavelength ( λ) ∝1 ( F r e q u e n c y ( ν)), ∴ λ ∝1ν. Therefore, Red light has longest wavelength and hence traverses very large distances." }, { "docid": "D3262661#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_color_of_the_visible_light_spectrum_has_the_highest_energy\nWhich color of the visible light portion of the the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest frequency and the most energy?", "text": "Fwmh 132,543 Contributions Answered In Physics Which color of the visible light portion of the the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest frequency and the most energy? The visible spectrum : - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet. The blue end of the spectrum has a shorter wavelength, higher frequency and more energy than the red end …Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering Answered In Electromagnetic Radiation Which color of the visible light portion the the electromagnetic spectrum has the lowest frequency and the least energy? The last color you can see at the red end has the lowest frequency, longest wavelength, least energy per photon. The last color you can see at the violet end has the …Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering Answered In Visible Light Spectrum Which color in the visible spectrum has the lowest energy? Each photon of red light carries less energy than a photon of any other color in the visible spectrum. Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering Answered In Visible Light Spectrum What color has the highest frequency of light in the visible spectrum? The highest frequency/shortest wavelength of visible light is the last color you can see on the blue end of the spectrum. Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering Answered In Visible Light Spectrum Which color of light in the visible spectrum has the highest energy? Photons with higher energy correspond to electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency/shorter wavelength." }, { "docid": "D2625111#0", "title": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/electromagnetic-spectrum\nelectromagnetic spectrum", "text": "electromagnetic spectrum Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comnoun1. the entire spectrum, considered as a continuum, of all kinds of electric, magnetic, and visible radiation, from gamma rays having a wavelength of 0.001 angstrom to long waves having a wavelength of more than 1 million km. Origin of electromagnetic spectrum Expand1935-1940First recorded in 1935-40Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for electromagnetic spectrum Expand Historical Examples Landsat satellites carry sensors that record “light,” or portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as it reflects off the Earth. Deserts A. S. Walker British Dictionary definitions for electromagnetic spectrum Expandelectromagnetic spectrumnoun1. the complete range of electromagnetic radiation from the longest radio waves (wavelength 10 5 metres) to the shortest gamma radiation (wavelength 10 –13 metre)Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Sourceelectromagnetic spectrum in Science Expandelectromagnetic spectrum The entire range of electromagnetic radiation. At one end of the spectrum are gamma rays, which have the shortest wavelengths and high frequencies. At the other end are radio waves, which have the longest wavelengths and low frequencies. Visible light is near the center of the spectrum. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002." }, { "docid": "D15168#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Which_color_has_the_longest_wavelength\nWhich color has the longest wavelength?", "text": "\"Flag Which color has the longest wavelength? Expert answer by Al Cohen Confidence votes 161KSenior Fellow in Electrical Engineering As the wavelength of visible light increases, the color changes in the direction of the red end of the rainbow. Red is the color with the longest visible wavelength. Blue is the color with the shortest. Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Expert answer by Al Cohen Confidence votes 161KSenior Fellow in Electrical Engineering The longest wavelength to which your eye responds is the wavelength of the last color you can see on the RED end of the visible spectrum. Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Expert answer by Al Cohen Confidence votes 161KSenior Fellow in Electrical Engineering The longest electromagnetic wavelengths that can be detected by the human eye appear red. Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Answer by Quirkyquantummechanic Confidence votes 96.7KOf the colors in the visible spectrum, red has the lowest frequency and the longest wavelength." }, { "docid": "D2030625#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/26257671/science-chap-2-flash-cards/\nScience Chap 2", "text": "110 terms karishma_raghuram Science Chap 2Science Chap 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortwave A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place.frequency Frequency is the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of timeenergy Energy is defined as the ability to do workhertz Frequency is measured in units called hertz (Hz)medium the material through which a wave travels is called a mediumelectromagnetic radiation The energy that is transferred through space by electromagnetic waves is called electromagnetic radiationcrest The high point of a wave is called a cresttrough The low point is called a troughelectromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency. Electromagnetic spectrum is made up of: Radio waves Infrared waves Visible light Ultraviolet rays X-rays Gamma rays (RIVU-XG)..order matters longest wavelength to shortest least energy to most energyamplitude Amplitude is the maximum distance that the particles of the medium carrying the wave move away from their rest positions.wavelength The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave is its wavelengthtransparent A transparent material transmits most of the light that strikes itsecondary color . Two primary colors combine in equal amounts to create a secondary colortranslucent A translucent material scatters lightcomplementary colors Any two colors that combine to form white light are called complementary colors e.g. Yellow/Blue, Cyan/Red, Magenta/Greenopaque An opaque material reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes itpigment Colored substances that are used to color other materials. Pigments absorb some colors and reflect others.primary colors Three colors that can combine to make any other color are called primary colors a) Primary colors of light - RGB (Red, Green, Blue) e.g. Laptop monitor b) Primary colors of Pigments - CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) e.g. Printerreflection Reflection occurs when an object or wave bounces back off a surface through which it cannot passoptical axis Optical axis is an imaginary line that divides a mirror in halflaw of reflection a) The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection b) all waves obey this lawfocal point The point at which rays parallel to the optical axis meet or converge is called the focal point The location of the focal point depends on the shape of the mirror. The more curved the mirror is, the closer the focal point is to the mirror.real image A real image forms when rays actually meet.plane mirror A plane mirror is a flat sheet of glass that has a smooth, silver-colored coating on one sideconvex mirror A mirror with a surface that curves outward is a convex mirror.image An image is a copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted rays of lightrefraction Light travels in straight lines if the medium it travels through does not change. If light enters a new medium, it might slow down or speed up, because the speed of light is different for different mediums. If light enters the new medium perpendicular to the boundary, it will keep moving in the same direction. But if it hits the boundary at an angle, it will also bend." }, { "docid": "D2323287#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/electromagnetic-waves-23/the-electromagnetic-spectrum-165/microwaves-593-11170/\nThe Electromagnetic Spectrum", "text": "Radio Waves Radio waves are EM (Electromagnetic)waves that have wavelengths between 1 millimeter and 100 kilometers (or 300 GHz and 3 k Hz in frequency). Learning Objectives Compare properties of AM and FM radio waves Key Takeaways Key Points The lowest frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is designated as “radio,” generally considered to have wavelengths within 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers or frequencies within 300 GHz to 3 k Hz. There is a wide range of subcategories contained within radio including AM and FM radio. Radio waves can be generated by natural sources such as lightning or astronomical phenomena; or by artificial sources such as broadcast radio towers, cell phones, satellites and radar. AM radio waves are used to carry commercial radio signals in the frequency range from 540 to 1600 k Hz. The abbreviation AM stands for amplitude modulation—the method for placing information on these waves. AM waves have constant frequency, but a varying amplitude. FM radio waves are also used for commercial radio transmission in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz. FM stands for frequency modulation, which produces a wave of constant amplitude but varying frequency. Key Terms AM radio waves: Waves used to carry commercial radio signals between 540 and 1600 k Hz." }, { "docid": "D821356#0", "title": "http://www.wisegeek.org/how-does-infrared-work.htm\nHow does Infrared Work?", "text": "\"Infrared ( IR) light is a wavelength of energy that is invisible to the human eye. The most common source of this energy is heat; objects can have their relative temperatures measured by how much of this energy they give off. Lower wavelengths or \"\"near infrared\"\" — closest to the visible light color red — are not hot, and are often used to transmit data in electronics. A remote control, for example, may use a particular wavelength of near infrared to communicate with a receiver, sending pulses of light that transmit a signal to the device, telling it what to do. Description and Measurement A form of energy, IR is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum is comprised of radio waves; microwaves; infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light; x-rays; and gamma rays. Each form of energy is ordered by wavelength; infrared falls between microwaves and visible light waves because its waves are shorter than microwaves but longer than those of visible light. The prefix infra comes from the Latin word which means \"\"below;\"\" the term means \"\"below red,\"\" indicating its position in the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible light has a range of wavelengths that are manifested in the seven colors of the rainbow; red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest. Infrared, with wavelengths longer than the color red, is invisible to the human eye." }, { "docid": "D1720750#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_shortest_wavelength_light_visible_to_the_human_eye\nWhich color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?", "text": "\"Brandon Team-Woofers 75 Contributions Which color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?violet Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering The shortest wavelengths of visible light are? The shortest wavelength of light that's visible to you is that of the last color that you can see on the blue end of the rainbow. It's not exactly the same for all eyes. Jafar Metroid Hercules 1,819 Contributions What is the color of the shortest wavelength of visible light? Violet, a shade of purple. ( 400nm wavelength)Euc 1,219 Contributions The shortest wavelength of visible light is the color? The visible light with the shortest wavelength is purple (or violet). Sakishrist 56 Contributions What are the shortest wavelengths of visible light? They are the bluest ones, i.e. the last color you can see at the blue end of the rainbow or visible spectrum. The wavelenghth is about 390 but the exact end is different for …What is the visible light color of the shortest wavelengths?violet Al Cohen 126,337 Contributions Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering The color of the shortest wavelength of visible light?" }, { "docid": "D3345339#0", "title": "http://science.howstuffworks.com/radiation1.htm\nHow Radiation Works", "text": "The Electromagnetic Spectrum Prev NEXTUltraviolet rays from the sun are a form of radiation. DAJ/ Getty Images Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a stream of photons, traveling in waves. The photon is the base particle for all forms of EM radiation. But what's a photon? It's a bundle of energy -- of light -- always in motion. In fact, the amount of energy a photon carries makes it sometimes behave like a wave and sometimes like a particle. Scientists call this wave-particle duality. Low-energy photons (such as radio) behave like waves, while high-energy photons (such as X-rays) behave more like particles. You can read more about how photons work in How Florescent Lamps Work. EM radiation can travel through empty space." }, { "docid": "D1899843#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_shortest_wavelengths_of_visible_light\nWhich color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?", "text": "Brandon Team-Woofers 75 Contributions Which color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?violet Al Cohen Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering The shortest wavelengths of visible light are? The shortest wavelength of light that's visible to you is that of the last color that you can see on the blue end of the rainbow. It's not exactly the same for all eyes. Natlantia 66 Contributions What is the color of the shortest wavelengths of visible light? The shortest wavelength that your eye can see produces the last color you can see on the blue end of the 'rainbow'. Captain Blake 82 Contributions Is red the shortest wavelengths of visible light? No, red is the longest wavelength of visible light, with the lowest frequency and the least energy. Violet light has the shortest wavelenght, with the highest frequency and th …Jafar Metroid Hercules 1,819 Contributions What is the color of the shortest wavelength of visible light? Violet, a shade of purple. ( 400nm wavelength)Al Cohen Senior Fellow in Electrical Engineering What color of the visible light has the shortest wavelength?" } ]
9089	____________________ proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system	[ { "docid": "D3021113#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_proposed_the_heliocentric_model_of_your_solar_system\nWho proposed the heliocentric model of your solar system?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Astronomy Planetary Science The Solar System Who proposed the heliocentric model of your solar system? Flag Who proposed the heliocentric model of your solar system? Answer by ilovecatz1234 . Confidence votes 11.3KThe Heliocentric Theory was first thought of by Aristarchus of Samos. Heliocentrism is the proposal that the Sun is the center of the Solar System. This opposed the notion of Geocentricism, which suggested that the Earth was the center of the Solar System.8 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No661522 454 Contributions What is the heliocentric model of the solar system? The heliocentric model of the solar system is one that places the sun at the center of our solar system with all the planets revolving around it. This was proposed in oppositi …Hunny cat 491 Contributions Who first proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system? Aristarchus of Samos, a Greek mathematician and astronomer, about 2300 years ago." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2613297#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_the_heliocentric_model\nWhat is the center of the heliocentric model?", "text": "\"What is the center of the heliocentric model?what is at the center of the heliocentric model Olacoke 94 Contributions When did heliocentric model get invented? The heliocentric model was invented in 1512 by Copernicus Wardell Lindsay 4,673 Contributions I am writing books promoting the use of Quaternion mathematics because Quaternions are Natures Numbers. Why was the heliocentric theory invented?\\n The Heliocentric Theory was invented to provide a simpler, more comprehensive and more accurate \"\"explanation\"\" of the motion of the heavenly bodies. The Theory is an inventi …Grace Tyng 450 Contributions Who invented heliocentric? Kepler, Copernicus, and Galileo Galilei were major contributors. Copernicus Aaronthewhiz 50 Contributions Who invented the heliocentric universe?i forgot Ken Mitchell 37,468 Contributions Retired US Navy officer, astronomy buff, history nut. When was the heliocentric model introduced? The first description of the Earth as going around the \"\"central fire\"\" was by Aristarchus of Samos, about 2,400 years ago. Unfortunately, Aristotle's incorrect views were mor …Why does Galileo believe in the heliocentric model?because he thought an obect as big as mars hit earth while rocky material cobmined makeing the moon Hilmar Zonneveld 66,847 Contributions What type of model is a heliocentric? The heliocentric model puts the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center of the Universe; the Earth and other planets then rotate around the Sun." }, { "docid": "D1004878#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/heliocentric-system\nHeliocentric system", "text": "Alternative Titles: heliocentric theory, heliostatic system Heliocentric system, a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it. In the 5th century bc the Greek philosophers Philolaus and Hicetas speculated separately that the Earth was a sphere revolving daily around some mystical “central fire” that regulated the universe. Two centuries later, Aristarchus of Samos extended this idea by proposing that the Earth and other planets moved around a definite central object, which he believed to be the Sun. The heliocentric, or Sun-centred, model of the solar system never gained wide support because its proponents could not explain why the relative positions of the stars seemed to remain the same despite the Earth’s changing viewpoints as it moved around the Sun. In the 2nd century ad, Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria suggested that this discrepancy could be resolved if it were assumed that the Earth was fixed in position, with the Sun and other bodies revolving around it. As a result, Ptolemy’s geocentric (Earth-centred) system dominated scientific thought for some 1,400 years. In 1444 Nicholas of Cusa again argued for the rotation of the Earth and of other heavenly bodies, but it was not until the publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri VI (“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”) in 1543 that the heliocentric system began to be reestablished. Galileo Galilei’s support of this model resulted in his famous trial before the Inquisition in 1633. See also geocentric system; Ptolemaic system; Tychonic system. Learn More in these related articles:mathematics: Applied geometry…simplest model, a scheme of circular orbits centred on the Sun, was introduced by Aristarchus of Samos (3rd century bce ), but this was rejected by others, since a moving Earth was judged to be impossible on physical grounds." }, { "docid": "D615470#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/The_astronomer_who_agreed_with_the_heliocentric_theory\nThe astronomer who agreed with the heliocentric theory?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories History, Politics & Society Society and Civilization Famous People Scientists Copernicus The astronomer who agreed with the heliocentric theory? Flag The astronomer who agreed with the heliocentric theory? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. There was more than one astronomer who agreed with the heliocentric theory and was imprisoned for his investigations. The astronomers were Copernicus, John Dalton, Lamarck, and Galileo. Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Charge11595 76 Contributions Which astronomer is associated with heliocentric system? Nicolaus Copernicus was one. Which famous astronomer observed Venus and Jupiter and supported Copernicus' theory of a heliocentric solar system? Galileo Galilee Polish astronomer who developed heliocentric theory?" }, { "docid": "D2613946#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/65430167/chapter-12-the-solar-system-review-flash-cards/\nChapter 12: The Solar System Review", "text": "88 terms ndzidic Chapter 12: The Solar System Review Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What are the inner planets? Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Which planet is closest to the Sun? Mercury Why is mercury hot during the day and cold at night? When mercury is closest to the sun, it is hot (day) and when it is not by the Sun (night) it has no atmosphere to insult heat so it is very cold Which two planets do not have moons? Mercury and Venus What are the outer planets? Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune What is a nebula made of? gas, ice, and dustwhich planet has the least mass? Saturnhow many moons does Mars have?" }, { "docid": "D1469339#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_developed_a_theory_of_an_earth_centered_universe\nWho published the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe?", "text": "\"Who published the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe? Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) published his heliocentric or Sun-centered theory shortly before his death. Galileo's championing of this theory 70 years later resulted in his …M200220232 5,912 Contributions The earth is the center of the universe theory? The name is of the general theory where celestial objects revolve around the Earth is known as the Ptolemaic system. Cheergirl795 5 Contributions Theory that the earth is the center of the universe?the geocentric theory! it was opposed by the theory that the sun was the center of the universe, called the heliocentric theory. hope i helped! (: Darkel777 426 Contributions What is an earth centered theory of the universe called? The Geocentric or Ptolemaic theory. The theory says the earth is the center of the universe?geocentic What theory states that Earth is the center of the universe?" }, { "docid": "D647492#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/48323305/ch-1-flash-cards/\nCH 1", "text": "25 terms chezkamag CH 1Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort In Ptolemy's geocentric model, retrograde motion occurs when the planet is closest to us, on the inside portion of the epicycle According to Copernicus, retrograde motion for Venus must occur around inferior conjunction, when it passes between us and the Sun. Which of these observations of Galileo refuted Ptolemy's epicycles? the complete cycle of Venus' phases The force of gravity varies with both product of the two masses and inverse square of the distance separating the two bodies. A planet whose distance from the Sun is 3 A. U. would have an orbital period of how many Earth-years? square root 27How much stronger is the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth, at 1 AU, than it is on Saturn at 10 AU? 100x According to Newton's second law, if you double the force acting on a body, the acceleration will double. true According to Newton's first law, an object traveling in a circle does not have a force acting on it. False Kepler relied heavily on the telescopic observations of Galileo in developing his laws of planetary motion." }, { "docid": "D1004875#0", "title": "https://topics.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Copernican%20heliocentrism&item_type=topic\n.", "text": "\"Copernican heliocentrism Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model departed from the Ptolemaic system that had prevailed for centuries, placing Earth at the center of the Universe, and is often regarded as the launching point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution. [ 1]Copernicus was aware that the ancient Greek Aristarchus had already proposed a heliocentric theory, and cited him as a proponent of it in a reference that was deleted before publication, but there is no evidence that Copernicus had knowledge of, or access to, the specific details of Aristarchus' theory. [ 2] Although he had circulated an outline of his own heliocentric theory to colleagues sometime before 1514, he did not decide to publish it until he was urged to do so late in his life by his pupil Rheticus. Copernicus's challenge was to present a practical alternative to the Ptolemaic model by more elegantly and accurately determining the length of a solar year while preserving the metaphysical implications of a mathematically ordered cosmos. Thus his heliocentric model retained several of the Ptolemaic elements causing the inaccuracies, such as the planets' circular orbits, epicycles, and uniform speeds, [1] while at the same time re-introducing such innovations as: Heliocentrism before Copernicus Antiquity Philolaus (4th century BCE) was one of the first to hypothesize movement of the Earth, probably inspired by Pythagoras ' theories about a spherical, moving globe. Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE had developed some theories of Heraclides Ponticus (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the first serious model of a heliocentric solar system. Though his original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner (Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli) describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote: You (King Gelon) are aware the 'universe' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth, while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth." }, { "docid": "D1569620#0", "title": "http://ganymede.nmsu.edu/holtz/a110/a110notes/node2.html\nP ART 2 - M OTIONS IN THE S KY - A STRONOMY BY E YE", "text": "\"Next: PART 3 - OVERVIEW Up: AY110 class notes Previous: PART 1 - INTRODUCTION: P ART 2 - M OTIONS IN THE S KY - A STRONOMY BY E YEWhat we see in the sky What astronomical objects do we see in the sky? Where are they in the general context of the overview of the Universe? With the naked eye, the main astronomical objects we can see are the Sun, the Moon, the stars, and some of the planets All of the stars we see are in the Milky Way galaxy, most of them relatively close to the Sun. The stars we see in the sky come in a range of brightnesses, partly because stars come in different intrinsic brightnesses, and partly because some are closer than others. When we look at an astronomical object ``by eye'', we can't tell just by looking how far away it is (because not all objects have the same intrinsic brightness). All we can see is what direction it is in. As a result, when looking ``by eye'', the positions of stars on the sky are described by their direction only; you can imagine that the sky is a big sphere with astronomical objects located at different positions on it. This is called the celestial sphere The positions of the stars can be described with a sort of astronomical longitude and latitude, called right ascension and declination . Constellations are patterns of stars seen in the sky. However, although the stars in any constellation are all in the same general direction in the sky, the different stars in a constellation may be at very different distances from Earth, hence constellations may not be real associations of stars in space, just stars in the same general direction as seen from Earth." }, { "docid": "D1654743#0", "title": "http://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html\nNicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts & Discoveries", "text": "\"Space.com Science & Astronomy Reference: Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts & Discoveries By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor \| March 19, 2018 10:12pm ETMOREThe Copernican Planisphere, illustrated in 1661 by Andreas Cellarius. Credit: Public domain In the early 1500s, when virtually everyone believed Earth was the center of the universe, Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the planets instead revolved around the sun. Although his model wasn't completely correct, it formed a strong foundation for future scientists to build on and improve mankind's understanding of the motion of heavenly bodies. [ Related: Famous Astronomers: List of Great Scientists in Astronomy]Indeed, other astronomers built on Copernicus' work and proved that our planet is just one world orbiting one star in a vast cosmos loaded with both, and that we're far from the center of anything. Here is a brief biography of Copernicus: Celestial education Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Warmia, Poland, Mikolaj Kopernik (Copernicus is the Latinized form of his name) traveled to Italy at the age of 18 to attend college, where he was supposed to study the laws and regulations of the Catholic Church and return home to become a canon. However, he spent most of his time studying mathematics and astronomy. Due to his uncle's influence, Copernicus did become a canon in Warmia, but he asked to return to Italy to study medicine and to complete his law doctorate. ( Of course, he may also have been thinking that the skies above Italy were clearer than above Warmia, according to Famous Scientists. Nicolaus Copernicus Credit: Public Domain While attending the University of Bologna, he lived and worked with astronomy professor Domenico Maria de Novara, doing research and helping him make observations of the heavens. Copernicus never took orders as a priest, but instead continued to work as a secretary and physician for his uncle in Warmia." }, { "docid": "D1485227#0", "title": "http://www.astronomytrek.com/who-discovered-the-earth-moves-around-the-sun/\nWho Discovered The Earth Moves Around The Sun?", "text": "Who Discovered The Earth Moves Around The Sun? November 29, 2012 Peter Christoforou Astronomy History, FAQs, Star FAQs 31Copernicus (1473-1543) was not the first person to claim that the Earth rotates around the Sun. In Western civilization, ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos is generally credited with being the first person to propose a Sun-centred astronomical hypothesis of the universe ( heliocentric ). At that time, however, Aristarchus’s heliocentrism gained few supporters and 18 centuries would then pass before Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus produced a fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system. ANCIENT TIMESYajnavalkya (9th Century BCE)Before the Golden Age of Greece, speculation that the Sun and not the Earth lay at “the centre of the spheres” dates back at least to the time of the Indian philosopher Yajnavalkya (9th Century BCE), who was part of a Vedic Tradition which used mathematics and geometry in some religious rituals. As Yajnavalkya wrote in a sacred Hindu text (Shatapatha Brahmana: 8.7.3.10):“The sun strings these worlds – the earth, the planets, the atmosphere – to himself on a thread. ”This is one of the first recorded references to heliocentrism, but supporters of the idea were in the minority and India continued to believe in a geocentric model until the telescope was invented in the 17th century. Aristarchus (310BC–230 BCE)In the days of Aristarchus our solar system was considered to be the whole of the known universe, with the Earth placed at its centre, and the rest of the planets and fixed stars revolving around the Earth daily. According to Aristarchus’ revolutionary new theory, however, it was the Sun, not the Earth, which inhabited its centre, while the Earth, and the rest of the planets orbited around the Sun in a circular motion,Unfortunately, Aristarchus’ one work which did survive from ancient times makes no mention of his heliocentric model, and so his ideas on the subject have had to be pieced together from references by such important figures as the Greek biographer Plutarch, the Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, and Greek mathematician Archimedes, who wrote in his book “The Sand Reckoner”:“His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, and that the Earth revolves about the Sun in the circumference of a circle, the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit. ”Nevertheless, the concept of a heliocentric model of the solar system encountered fierce resistance from religions which saw God’s chief creation man placed at the centre of the universe, while even some of his contemporaries, such as the philosopher Cleanthes, took exception to Aristarchus for diminishing the importance of the Sun by setting it amongst the “fixed stars”, and also propounding the ideas of Anaxagoras (497–428 BC), who two centuries earlier had asserted that the Sun is a star, and not a god." }, { "docid": "D2028823#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/65887766/science-6th-grade-solar-system-flash-cards/\nSCIENCE 6th grade Solar system", "text": "\"80 terms Jane Lorraine SCIENCE 6th grade Solar system Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort How long does it take for the earth to rotate on its axis 24 hours How long is the earths revolution 365 1/4 days What is the order of the sun, moon and earth for LUNAR ECLIPSE sun, earth, moon What is the order of he sun , moon and earth for the SOLAR ECLIPSE? Sun moon earth What happens during an eclipse one object in space cast a shadow onto another What word descries when the area of sunlight is at maximum in one hemisphere and minimum in the other hemisphere Solstice What word describes the sunlight shining equally on the Northern and Southern Hemispheres? Equinox Why does the moon orbit the Earth? Because of the moons gravitational pull What is SPRING tide? How may times a month does it occur? Tides that have the largest daily tidal range are springtides. Spring tides happen 2 times a month. What is NEAP tide? How may times a month does it occur? Tides that have the smallest daily tidal range are neap tides." }, { "docid": "D1602013#0", "title": "http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=123\n.", "text": "\"Nicolaus Copernicus Poland Inducted in 1995Laid the foundation for modern astronomy. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who put forth the theory that the Sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun. This is called the heliocentric, or Sun-centered, system. Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland. Nicolaus Copernicus is the Latin version of his name, which he chose later in life as was the custom among scientists of the day. His original name may have been Mikolaj Kopernik. After his father died when Copernicus was only ten, his uncle, Bishop Lukasz Watzenrode, took him under his care, and ensured Copernicus received a good education prior to entering the priesthood. From 1491 to 1495, Copernicus attended the Cracow Academy, where he first learned astronomy. For more than a thousand years, astronomy had been based on the Ptolemaic, or Geocentric Model of the Universe, which stated that the Earth was the center of all creation, with the Sun, planets, and stars all orbiting it. Copernicus studied law and medicine at the Universities of Bologna and Padua, then returned to Poland after witnessing a lunar eclipse in Rome in 1500." }, { "docid": "D1521407#0", "title": "http://spider.seds.org/spider/ScholarX/hist_mod.html\nHistory of Modern Astronomy", "text": "\".. Under Construction .. please be patient .. History of Modern Astronomy The Heliocentric System Early Telescopes and Telescopic Discoveries Celestial Mechanics The Discovery of the Stellar Universe Catalogs of celestial objects Astrophysics Milky Way, Nebulae, and Stellar Systems Stellar Evolution Observations in the Invisible Light and Space Astronomy Space Exploration References Links In old times the stars and astronomy were mainly considered for two reasons: Religious and philosophical contexts, and time determination. Instruments and observing methods were restricted to positional measurements of celestial bodies, and this did not change through the middle ages. The view of the universe that days was the geocentric system established by Greek astronomer Ptolemy around 120 AD: A sphere with fixed stars on it rotates daily around the spherically shaped Earth, with Sun, Moon, and planets being guided around Earth by a complicated machinery of epicycles; many had even forgotten about the Earth's spherical shape. The events that brought astronomy to the state of modern science were (a) the introduction of the heliocentric system, and (b) the invention of the telescope around 1600. The Heliocentric System While already considered by ancient Greek Aristarchus around 300 B. C., the heliocentric system was finally established in 1543 by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) from Poland when his book, De Revolutionibus (\"\"On Revolutions\"\") appeared. This model considered the Sun and no more the Earth to be the center of planetary motions, and the apparent annual motion of the Sun as an illusional effect caused by this motion, while the diurnal rotation of the stellar sky is explained by a rotation of the Earth around its axis. The observed apparent motion of the planets can be understood as their motion around the Sun, viewed from a moving Earth. However, as Copernicus kept the circular orbits, he also considered an epicycle system to describe planetary motion acurately. After Copernicus, Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) proposed a hybrid model of Moon and Sun orbiting the Earth and the other planets moving around the Sun, still needing epicycles for acurate description of their orbits. Strangely, he kept the idea that the sky and all planets encircle a static Earth daily, and got in conflict with Nikolaus Baer who thought Earth was rotating." }, { "docid": "D1602010#0", "title": "http://www.djsadhu.com/the-helical-model-vortex-solar-system-animation/\nThe Helical Model â vortex solar system animation", "text": "The Helical Model – vortex solar system animation Get the soundtrack here for free: http://www.djsadhu.com/audio-video/vortex-solar-system-instrumental/Forget the old heliocentric model – our solar system is a vortex!The old Newtonion/Copernican Heliocentric model of our solar system is an unproven theory. A bright fellow named Dr. Pallathadka Keshava Bhat came up with quite a different way to think of our Solar System. There are a couple of reasons why I think this model could just be right. First of all, the heliocentrical model has always been presented (especially by NASA) as a “frisbee” model. [ image taken from here]Think about this for a minute. In this diagram it seems the Solar System travel to the left. When the Earth is also traveling to the left (for half a year) it must go faster than the Sun. Then in the second half of the year, it travels in a “relative opposite direction” so it must go slower than the Sun. Then, after completing one orbit, it must increase speed to overtake the Sun in half a year. And this would go for all the planets." }, { "docid": "D1616047#0", "title": "https://www.universetoday.com/36487/difference-between-geocentric-and-heliocentric/\nWhat Is The Difference Between the Geocentric and Heliocentric Models of the Solar System?", "text": "The Solar System. Image Credit: NASAAstronomy, Guide to Space What Is The Difference Between the Geocentric and Heliocentric Models of the Solar System? Article written: 23 Jan , 2015 Updated: 23 Dec , 2015 by Elizabeth Howell What does our Solar System really look like? If we were to somehow fly ourselves above the plane where the Sun and the planets are, what would we see in the center of the Solar System? The answer took a while for astronomers to figure out, leading to a debate between what is known as the geocentric (Earth-centered) model and the heliocentric (Sun-centered model). The ancients understood that there were certain bright points that would appear to move among the background stars. While who exactly discovered the “naked-eye” planets (the planets you can see without a telescope) is lost in antiquity, we do know that cultures all over the world spotted them. The ancient Greeks, for example, considered the planets to include Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — as well as the Moon and the Sun. The Earth was in the center of it all (geocentric), with these planets revolving around it. So important did this become in culture that the days of the week were named after the gods, represented by these seven moving points of light." }, { "docid": "D1800861#0", "title": "http://illuminations.nctm.org/Lesson.aspx?id=3980\nMars Orbit", "text": "\"Mars Orbit Grade: 9-12Periods: 1Standards: Author: Samuel E. Zordak Location: unknown Astronomers now know that the planets in our solar system travel around the Sun in roughly circular orbits. However, people used to believe that the Sun and other planets orbited the Earth. If that were the case—if the Earth were the center of our solar system—what would the orbit of the other planets look like relative to Earth? That is the question that students will explore in this lesson. Students will generate parametric equations to describe the position of planets relative to the Sun; then, they will combine the equations to describe the position of Mars relative to Earth. Instructional Plan Objectives + Standards Materials Assessments + Extensions Questions + Reflection Related Resources Print All Editor’s Note: In many places throughout this lesson, the orbits of the planets about the Sun is said to be circular. This is done only for purposes of discussion and ease in reading. In actuality, the orbits of the Earth and Mars about the Sun are elliptical paths, and the Sun is positioned at one focus of those ellipses. Though the assumption of circular orbits is not entirely correct, computations and classroom discussions will be less cumbersome as a result; moreover, the paths are close enough to circular that it is not unreasonable to make these assumptions. ( At the end of this lesson, there is a discussion about the actual paths of both planets and how the situation changes as a result. )" }, { "docid": "D1002769#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/FAQ/6682\nGalileo", "text": "\"Wiki Answers ® Categories History, Politics & Society Society and Civilization Famous People Scientists Galileo Unanswered \| Answered Galileo Parent Category: Scientists This category is for questions about Galileo Galilei, who was a substantial contributor to various fields of science and philosophy; continuing to be the \"\"father\"\" of many academic subjects today.1 2 3 >Who drank a glass of blood before they went to bed? Dracula Did Galileo have kids?yes he did he had 1000000 kids because he never wore condoms You suck man actually he had three kids with his girlfriend for 12 years but i do not know their names. Sorry.-Peepapeep Why was Galileo charged with hersey? Galileo was charged with hersey because the Catholic church decided that the idea of the planets going around the Sun was preposterous, they declared that scientists must treat heliocentric thinking as a hypothesis only and not fact. As it turned out Galileo went against the grain and published many... Who openly supported the Copernicus theory? Galileo What were Galileo's three moon discoveries?4 actually, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto What is code 32 on a 93 Plymouth Voyager with a 30? == Answer == http://www.allpar.com/fix/80s-codes.html According to my book Code 32 denotes a fualt with the EGR solenoid circuit. Why Galileo make telecopes?he made it in 1609What Aristotelian idea did Galileo discredit in his fabled experiment at the Leaning Tower of Pisa? Answer . There were two." }, { "docid": "D1469338#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_developed_a_sun-centered_model_of_the_universe\nWho developed ideas that contradicted Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe?", "text": "\"Gp.418466728610 1 Contribution Who developed ideas that contradicted Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe? Nicholas Copernicus did Edit Where was the Sun in Ptolemy's model of the universe? he thought it went around in a line and back to the earth... Edit Who developed the sun centered model of the solar system? Copernicus Edit What is a Sun centered model of the Universe? heliocentric Edit Who first developed the sun centered model of the solar system? Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)Edit Cosmospup 96,851 Contributions Which ancient astronomer developed a theory that the sun was the center of the universe? Nicolaus Copernicus developed the theory that the Sun was at the centre of the Solar System. However, an astronomer in ancient Greece is credited with the first known \"\"helioce …Lilcecemackin 10 Contributions What ancient astronomer developed a model of the universe? Aristarchus of Samos, a Greek mathematician and astronomer, was the first person (that we know of) to propose the idea that the Earth circles the Sun Edit Ireneangeli26 179 Contributions What is was the model of the earth as the center of the universe? The Geocentric model is." }, { "docid": "D609632#0", "title": "http://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/FacStaff/bergerd/NSC_111/science3.html\n.", "text": "\"III. Models of the solar system In ancient times, it was pretty obvious that the Moon went around the Earth. This was obvious partly because it was and is true. The ancients also noticed the Sun moving around the Earth -- a perfectly reasonable explanation of its apparent motion, and the simplest one available. When other moving heavenly bodies were discovered, it seemed obvious that they, too, went around the Earth; this is the geocentric model of the universe. Aristotle deduced the correct shape of the Earth by about 350 BC (though the Earth was held to be round by earlier scholars), and the size of the Earth was correctly estimated by Eratosthenes of Cyrene in about 235 BC. Don't let anyone tell you that Columbus' opponents (15 th century AD) thought the world was flat! Indeed, Columbus was wrong and his critics were right: Columbus seriously underestimated the size of the Earth, and therefore the distance from Spain to East Asia. If the Americas hadn't been there, Columbus would have been just another discredited crackpot. His supplies would never have brought him all the way to the Spice Islands; they barely got him to Bermuda." }, { "docid": "D3323257#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/20358743/chapter-22-review-flash-cards/\nChapter 22 Review", "text": "\"82 terms cevickery Chapter 22 Reviewover chapter 22- the terms are copied off Mr. Merwin's set Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortastronomical unit (AU) a unit of measure equal to the average distance between the earth and the sunastronomy The study of objects in space and the light and other emissions from them.ellipse an elongated circle or oval shape which is also the path of the planets' orbits Geocentric planetary system description of our planetary system that places the earth in the center Heliocentric planetary system description of our planetary system that places the sun in the centerretrograde motion Apparent \"\"backward\"\" movement of some planets in their orbit; or planet rotation from east to westaphelion place in the orbit of a planet where it is farthest from the sun Apogee point where the moon is farthest from the earthlunar eclipse blocking of sunlight reaching the moon caused by the Earth passing directly between the moon and the sun.moon phases the changes in the moon's appearance as it orbits the earthperigee point where the moon is closest to the earthperihelion place in the orbit of a planet where it is closest to the sunprecession the slow wobbling motion of the earth's axisrevolution the movement of an object around another objectrotation the spinning motion of an objectsolar eclipse blocking of sunlight reaching the Earth caused by the moon passing directly between the Earth and the sun.crater the bowl shaped area on the surface of terrestrial planets or moons caused by the impact of meteorites.mare (maria) dark flat regions on the moon's surface (moon's \"\"seas\"\")ray long bright streaks of material on the moon associated with craters; splash marksregolith a layer of loose rock and mineral fragmentsrille a long trench or channel found on the maria of the moon True True or False: Eratosthenes is considered to be the first person to calculate the size of Earththe planets and moons orbit the sun Describe the heliocentric model of the universe False True or False: The geocentric theory is flawed and was immediately rejected. False True or False: Ptolemy's geocentric model was unable to account for the observed retrograde motion of the planets. Copernicus Who developed a model of the solar system with the sun at the center? Sir Isaac Newton Who formulated and tested the law of universal gravitation? Kepler Who discovered three laws of planetary motion? Brahe Who made much more precise observations than previous astronomers made? Galileo Who described the behavior of moving objects?ellipse What word describes the shape of the planet's orbit? True True or False: During December and January, the planet is moving the fastest.universal gravitation and the tendency of a planet to remain in straight-line motion What are the 2 factors proposed by Sir Isaac Newton that combine to keep the planets in their orbits?rotation and revolution What are the 2 main motions of Earth?rotation, revolution, and precession What are the motions of Earth?" } ]
9092	_____________________ is the process by which bacteria reproduce.	[ { "docid": "D1934011#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/How_do_bacteria_reproduce\nHow do bacteria reproduce?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Biology Microbiology How do bacteria reproduce? Flag How do bacteria reproduce? Answer by Valentin Popov Confidence votes 37.1KI am an integrative healthcare professional, massage therapist, and health sciences educator. Bacteria reproduce by a process known as binary fission, while eukaryote such as animal cells, reproduce by mitosis. In binary fission one bacterium slowly separates into two bacteria which then also divide and the life cycle continues as this process repeats over and over. bacteria DNA starts to separate into two different parts then it separates completely and there are two different cells. Bacteria reproduces through a process known as binary fission.49 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No How bacteria reproduce? Bacteria reproduce using two basic methods: Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction. Bacteria can reproduce both sexually and asexually." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1786584#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/reproduction-important-59195fbf053d68f\nWhy Is Reproduction Important?", "text": "Pets & Animals Animal Reproduction Q: Why Is Reproduction Important? A: Quick Answer Forms of life cannot survive if they do not reproduce. Different species have different means of reproducing, and different means of reproduction have different advantages and disadvantages. Asexual reproduction is the most common type. Continue Reading Keep Learning How Do Planaria Reproduce? How Do Annelids Reproduce? How Do Killer Whales Reproduce? Credit: Ralph Daily CC-BY-2.0Full Answer All forms of life eventually die, and species depend on reproduction to survive. Asexual reproduction, where an individual reproduces by itself, is the most common type. Bacteria and other single-cell life forms simply split into two." }, { "docid": "D1376980#0", "title": "https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/binary-fission-and-other-forms-reproduction-bacteria\nBinary Fission", "text": "\"Binary Fission Most bacteria rely on binary fission for propagation. Conceptually this is a simple process; a cell just needs to grow to twice its starting size and then split in two. But, to remain viable and competitive, a bacterium must divide at the right time, in the right place, and must provide each offspring with a complete copy of its essential genetic material. Bacterial cell division is studied in many research laboratories throughout the world. These investigations are uncovering the genetic mechanisms that regulate and drive bacterial cell division. Understanding the mechanics of this process is of great interest because it may allow for the design of new chemicals or novel antibiotics that specifically target and interfere with cell division in bacteria. Before binary fission occurs, the cell must copy its genetic material (DNA) and segregate these copies to opposite ends of the cell. Then the many types of proteins that comprise the cell division machinery assemble at the future division site. A key component of this machinery is the protein Fts Z. Protein monomers of Fts Z assemble into a ring-like structure at the center of a cell. Other components of the division apparatus then assemble at the Fts Z ring." }, { "docid": "D3307143#0", "title": "http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2+2083&aid=2956\n.", "text": "\"What is a germ? The term 'germ' actually refers to any microorganism, especially those microorganisms that cause disease. Included in this category are certain viruses, bacteria, and fungi. What is the difference between these three types of microbes? Which ones cause which diseases, and should they be treated differently? Because viruses, bacteria, and fungi cause many well-known diseases, it is common to confuse them, but they are as different as a mouse and an elephant. A look at the size, structure, reproduction, hosts, and diseases caused by each will shed some light on the important differences between these germs. What is a virus? Viruses are very tiny, simple organisms. In fact, they are so tiny that they can only be seen with a special, very powerful microscope called an \"\"electron microscope,\"\" and they are so simple that they are technically not even considered \"\"alive.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D2566134#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/51273715/chapter-22-archaea-and-bacteria-flash-cards/\nChapter 22 Archaea and Bacteria", "text": "61 terms sonja1Chapter 22 Archaea and Bacteria Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Three domains of life Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Domain Archea -Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms -Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus -reproduce asexually -many are autotrophic by chemosynthesis;some are heterotrophic by absorption -unique r RNA base sequence -distinctive plasma membrane (which are formed with ether bonds) and cell wall chemistry (most possess a wall composed of protein)Domain Bacteria -Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms -Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus -reproduce asexually -heterotrophic by absorption -autotrophic by chemosynthesis -move by flagella -most favor moderate conditions Domain Eukarya -Eukaryotic, unicellular to multicellular organisms -membrane-bounded nucleus -sexual reproduction -phenotypes and nutrition are diverse -each kingdom has specializations -flagella, if present, have a 9+2 organ.ization Compare and contrast the domains -prokaryotic cells lack many of the features that occur in eukaryotic cells. Examples include nuclei having an envelope with complex pores, mitochondria, and other membrane-bound organelles -The domains Archaea and Bacteria are both monophyletic groups, meaning they have a single common ancestor. they also contain Earth's smallest known cells and are the most abundant organisms in the world. -Prokaryotic species are often single-celled, though cellular aggregations are common, and examples of multicellularity occur Evolution of Domains -Bacteria and Archaea evolved from a common ancestor -Eukaryotic nucleus and cytoplasm likely arose in an ancient archaeal organism -Mitochondria and plastids originated from proteobacteria and cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis Protists -are classified into the domain Eukarya and occur as single eukaryotic cells or more complex bodies; multicellularity is common and some protists, such as seaweeds, are quite large -protists were Earth's first eukaryotes Microbiome All of the microorganisms in a particular environment microbiomes inhabit the bodies of plants, animals, and other organisms that function as hosts Human microbiome -On human skin and in our digestive and reproductive systems -these microbes provide beneficial services using genetic traits that humans do not possess, and the diverse types of metabolism present in the microbiome have coevolved with human metabolism. Horizontal gene transfer -A process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. -Recipient organisms benefit from horizontal gene transfer by acquiring new metabolic capabilities. Extremophile -An organism that occurs primarily in extreme habitats. - diverse archaea occupy habitats with very high salt content, acidity, methane levels, or temperatures that would kill most bacteria and eukaryotes Arechaea phyla 5: Korarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Euryarchaeota Bacterial phyla -10 prominent bacterial phyla -Among these, the Cyanobacteria and the Proteobacteria are particularly diverse and relevant to eukaryotic cell evolution, global ecology, and human affairs Cyanobacteria - the only bacteria known to generate oxygen as a product of photosynthesis -Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a and blue-green or red accessory pigments -Occur as unicells, colonies, unbranched filaments,& branched filaments -Many of the filamentous species produce specialized cells: dormant akinetes and heterocytes in which nitrogen fixation occurs. -In waters having excess nutrients, cyanobacteria produce blooms and may release toxins harmful to the health of humans and wild and domesticated animals Proteobacteria A very large group of Gram-negative bacteria, collectively having high metabolic diversity. Includes many species important in medicine, agriculture, and industry Nitrogen fixation A specialized metabolic process in which certain prokaryotes use the enzyme nitrogenase to convert inert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) ; also, the industrial process by which humans produce NH3 fertilizer from N2 Cyanobacteria and some other prokaryotic species are able to convert the abundant atmospheric nitrogen gas into a reduced form that algae and plants can use to produce amino acids and protein." }, { "docid": "D691447#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/18162929/chapter-7-section-2-bacteria-flash-cards/\nChapter 7- Section 2- bacteria", "text": "25 terms pieman123456Chapter 7- Section 2- bacteria Bacteria Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort How do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes? Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells is not contained in a nucleus What do bacteria need to survive? bacteria must have a source of food and a way of breaking down the food to release its energy Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce? moist and warm, when bacteria have plenty of food, the right temperature, and other sutiable conditions, they thrive and reproduce What positive roles do bacteria play in people's lives? -autotrophic bacteria give off oxygen (O2) -flavor foods such as vinegar, yogurt, cheese, etc. ( pasteurization) -decomposers (bacteria)- recycle nutrients in food web -enviromental clean-up- bacteria eat oil from oil spills 0health and medicine- bacteria break down food in your intestines/make medicinesbacteria single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes The genetic material in their celss is not contained in a nucleusflagellum a long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move the role of flagellum is that it helps the cell to movebinary fission a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cellsasexual reproduction a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parentsexual reproduction a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parentsconjugation The process in which a unicellular organism transfers some of its genetic material to another unicellular organism.endospore A small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell Under what conditions are endospores formed? unfavorable environmental conditions (such as food source disappearing, water drying up, temperature can fall or rise quickly)pasteurization a process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the fooddecomposer an organism that breaks down chemicals from wastes and dead organisms, and returns important materials to the soil and water Where does the energy that bacteria need come from? Energy comes from breaking down food in the process of respiration. Most bacteria are surrounded by a rigid protective structure called the rigid cell wall What role do bacteria decomposers play in the environment?" }, { "docid": "D2968045#0", "title": "http://www.theguardians.com/Microbiology/gm_mbf01.htm\n.", "text": "\"Bacteria Bacteria are single-celled organisms which may be present singly or in multiples. Their body cell has no distinct nucleus and for this reason they are prokaryotes - literally \"\"before the nucleus\"\". They are found in almost every Earth habitat including water, in soil, and on or in other organisms. They can also be found in extreme environments.abovet) Beggiatoa is a filamentous bacterium. It makes white mats on top top of sulfide-rich sediments. © 1997, Microbial Diversity (abovet) E. Coli. A common bacterium that can causeillness. © 1999 The Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis Bacteria come in many shapes - round, rod, comma, spiral and even square! When in multiple linked colonies they can also take up a variety of shapes. Typically these can be clusters, chains, cubic packets, squares and grape-like \"\"bunched\"\" clusters." }, { "docid": "D935918#0", "title": "http://www.dummies.com/education/science/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/\nHow Cells Work: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes", "text": "Education Science How Cells Work: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes How Cells Work: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Knowing how cells work is critical in the genetics field. All living things consist of one or both of two cell types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The basic biologies of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar but not identical, so understanding the differences and similarities between them is important. The process of passing genetic material from one generation to the next depends completely on how cells grow and divide. To reproduce, a simple organism such as bacteria or yeast simply copies its DNA (through a process called replication) and splits in two. But organisms that reproduce sexually go through a complicated dance that includes mixing and matching strands of DNA (a process called recombination) and then reducing the amount of DNA in special sex cells to arrive at completely new genetic combinations for their offspring. There are two basic kinds of organisms — ones with a nucleus and those without a nucleus (a compartment filled with DNA surrounded by a membrane called a nuclear envelope ): Prokaryotes: Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and therefore have DNA floating loosely in the liquid center of the cell. Prokaryotes divide, and thus reproduce, by simple mitosis. Eukaryotes: Organisms that have a well-defined nucleus to house and protect the DNA. Eukaryotes divide by meiosis for sexual reproduction." }, { "docid": "D2293650#0", "title": "http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-4_u-92_t-211_c-709/reproduction-of-microorganisms/nsw/reproduction-of-microorganisms/small-world-microbiology-/microorganisms-what-are-they-\nReproduction of microorganisms", "text": "Reproduction of microorganisms Unit Home Topic Home Chapter Home 3 Pictures 1 Animations 0 Videos Chapter Summary 0 Activities 1 Exams Introduction Previous chapters looked at different types of microorganisms. Those chapters looked at their habitats and cellular structure. This chapter will look at the ways they reproduce. Types of reproduction All living things reproduce. Reproduction is the process of generating offspring. There are two main types of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Some organisms reproduce by only one method of reproduction and others can reproduce using either method. Microorganisms can reproduce sexually and asexually. The type of reproduction where cells from only one parent are used, is called asexual reproduction. Only genetically identical organisms are produced by this type of reproduction." }, { "docid": "D1446936#0", "title": "http://www.theskepticsguide.org/ask-the-skeptic-reheating-meat\nAsk the Skeptic - Reheating Meat", "text": "Health & Life Sciences Ask the Skeptic - Reheating Meat Steven Novella September 18, 2014 11 Comments This is a new recurring weekly segment for the SGU Science News Page. Each week I’ll answer a listener/reader’s burning science, paranormal, or critical thinking question. This week – how unsafe is partially reheating meat? Hello folks,Love the show, have been listening for about 6 months. Please could you explain the following to me. On my lunch break, a colleague accosted me about whether my chicken was fully reheated and we proceeded to debate whether it actually mattered. The problem is this;Most people (including the UK Food Standards Agency) say that meat should be fully reheated until it is piping hot so that it is safe to eat. My issue with this is that the bacteria have ideal conditions for reproduction whilst the chicken is cooling down after the initial cooking. Surely they don’t have enough time in the 2 minutes in the microwave to rapidly reproduce and make you ill? Therefore how is half-reheating chicken any worse than eating cold, cooked chicken?" }, { "docid": "D2920984#0", "title": "http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=15+1829&aid=2956\n.", "text": "\"What is a germ? The term 'germ' actually refers to any microorganism, especially those microorganisms that cause disease. Included in this category are certain viruses, bacteria, and fungi. What is the difference between these three types of microbes? Which ones cause which diseases, and should they be treated differently? Because viruses, bacteria, and fungi cause many well-known diseases, it is common to confuse them, but they are as different as a mouse and an elephant. A look at the size, structure, reproduction, hosts, and diseases caused by each will shed some light on the important differences between these germs. What is a virus? Viruses are very tiny, simple organisms. In fact, they are so tiny that they can only be seen with a special, very powerful microscope called an \"\"electron microscope,\"\" and they are so simple that they are technically not even considered \"\"alive.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D3557156#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/science/unicelluar-organisms-reproduce-184bd660adf4c0ba\nHow Do Unicelluar Organisms Reproduce?", "text": "Science Biology Q: How Do Unicelluar Organisms Reproduce? A: Quick Answer Unicellular organisms reproduce asexually in a process called replication. Unlike with multicellular organisms, reproduction and cell replication for unicelluar organisms is the same process. Continue Reading Keep Learning By What Process Do Bacteria Reproduce? What Is the Function of Proteins in Living Organisms? How Do Protists Reproduce? Full Answer Most unicellular organisms reproduce by replicating their parts and then dividing in two. This process creates more than two new cells; it creates two new organisms. Theoretically, this form of asexual reproduction results in two identical cells. In the case of organisms such as bacteria, however, the DNA has a fairly high mutation rate." }, { "docid": "D1084644#0", "title": "https://ejdio.weebly.com/bacteria.html\nBACTERIA", "text": "\"BACTERIABACTERIA CAN BE EXTREMELY HELPFUL AND EXTREMELY HARMFULHELPFULSome bacteria feed on dead matter - breaking them down. This is extremely important, as if dead matter didn't get broken down, the nutrients locked up in them will never be able to be used again! Bacteria that break down dead bodies and sewage release carbon dioxide and nutrients - two things plants need to grow!Due to the way bacteria undergo respiration (will learn this later) - they are very helpful in making food that we eat. For example, cheese, and yoghurt. They have also been used in the chemical industry. Some bacteria live inside other living organisms, and together they have a mutually beneficial relationship. For example, bacteria that live inside the root of leguminous plants are able to break down nutrients containing nitrogen into a form that can be used by that plant. This way the bacteria get somewhere to live and food to eat, and the plant gets nitrogen which it needs to grow! We have bacteria living inside our stomachs which help us break particular foods down. The gas they make by doing all this work is what makes us fart!HARMFULBacteria lives everywhere, and if left on particular foods they will start to eat it too!" }, { "docid": "D2504960#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/How_sponges_reproduce\nHow sponges reproduce?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Entertainment & Arts TV Programming and Commercials TV Shows and Series Children's TV Shows Nickelodeon Nicktoons Sponge Bob Square Pants How sponges reproduce? Flag How sponges reproduce? Answer by Bob Yuton Confidence votes 14.8KSponges reproduce by budding, where basically they start growing a new sponge on them, and once it grows big enough it falls off. This is also an asexual form of reproduction.1 person found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Yourhelpfrommehipie 3 Contributions How does a sponge reproduce? Sponges can reproduce sexually and asexually. If a spongereproduces asexually it does not need a, er, partner . It either buds (a small bud is formed on a sponge before it d …How do sponges reproduce sexually?water carries sperm from one sponge to eggs in another sponge How do sponges and cnidarians commonly reproduce? Sponges and cnidarians commonly reproduce asexually bybudding How do sponge reproduce? Most sponges reproduce asexually through budding." }, { "docid": "D1598829#0", "title": "http://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/15935\nPrint Options", "text": "Bio 2 - Lecture Exam 21. What is the most oldest AND most numerous group of organisms on the planet?prokaryotes (.5 to 4 million species) (3.5-4 billion years old)2. What two Domains are made up of prokaryotes? Bacteria and Archaea3. What are the the first four characteristics of bacteria?1. No nucleus 2. No membrane bound organelles 3. A single looped chromosome at nucleoid region 4. Small loops of DNA called plasmids4. What is the term for plasmids being transferred from one organism to another?lateral gene transfer5." }, { "docid": "D1041802#0", "title": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna\n5. Cell Division, Reproduction, and DNA", "text": "\"5. Cell Division, Reproduction, and DNAWhat has to happen for a cell to divide? Plenty. The above image shows the mitotic spindle in a sand dollar embryo. The mitotic spindle separates DNA in cells that are dividing. But that is just one step in the process. Why do you think cells need to divide? Do all cells divide the same way? How do cells help us reproduce? What would happen to living things if their cells failed to divide?" }, { "docid": "D2340233#0", "title": "https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/bacteria-archaea/prokaryote-structure/a/prokaryote-reproduction-and-biotechnology\nKey points:", "text": "\"Key points: Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce asexually through binary fission. Most prokaryotes reproduce rapidly. Due to their fast growth and simple genetics, E. coli bacteria are widely used in molecular biology. In the laboratory, a gene can be transferred into E. coli bacteria on a small, circular DNA molecule called a plasmid. The plasmid is taken up by the bacteria in a process called transformation. The transformed E. coli bacteria can be used to make many copies of the plasmid. In some cases, they will also express the gene on the plasmid and make protein. Introduction Let's say you have one bacterium. How can you get more identical bacteria? How quickly can you get them?" }, { "docid": "D1674396#0", "title": "http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-harmful-bacteria.htm\nWhat are Harmful Bacteria?", "text": "Bacteria are a domain of prokaryotes, the earliest type of life on earth. These microorganisms can be traced back billions of years, and there are an unknown, but massive, amount of them on the planet today. The unifying quality of all bacteria is that they are single-celled, and the vast majority are so small they can only be viewed under a microscope, although there are a rare few that can just barely be seen with the naked eye. Most bacteria are harmless, but harmful bacteria, also known as pathogenic bacteria, can cause incredible damage to a person's body, including death. The majority of bacteria are known as nonpathogenic bacteria, and they comprise more than two-thirds of all those found on Earth. Nonpathogenic bacteria are found on and in everything, from skin, to water, to human stomachs. They actually are necessary to the healthy functioning of any life form, assisting with vital functions like digestion. These bacteria are constantly moving through the human body's systems, and cause no harm, except in very rare circumstances. The term pathogenic means disease carrying, and pathogenic or harmful bacteria are often referred to simply as germs. They are generally classified based on their shape, with three main groupings: coccus, bacillus, and spirillium." }, { "docid": "D2734353#0", "title": "https://biologywise.com/how-do-bacteria-reproduce\nHow do Bacteria Reproduce", "text": "How do Bacteria Reproduce Bacteria can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Go through this Buzzle article for a brief overview about the same. Studies show that bacteria are microorganisms that have been found on the Earth for millions of years. The term bacteria is used to denote a group of unicellular organisms (singular - bacterium) that lack cell nucleus and certain organelles. There are various types of bacteria that differ in shapes and characteristics. These microbes can be found in the shape of rods, spirals, spheres, etc., and their length is measured in micrometers. Bacteria are present in almost all parts of the Earth, and they can thrive in a variety of habitats. You may be surprised to know that some types of bacteria can thrive in hot springs, and even in radioactive waste. The survival of bacteria on the Earth, through the centuries, is said to be due to its prolific reproduction." }, { "docid": "D554288#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/138915551/activity-512-infectious-disease-agents-flash-cards/\nActivity 5.1.2: Infectious Disease Agents", "text": "\"12 terms Astrid Bellerose Activity 5.1.2: Infectious Disease Agents Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort The Various Infectious Agents There are six major types of infectious agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminthes, and prions. Type of Infectious Agent: Bacteria Disease Examples: Tuberculosis (TB), Strep Throat, and Syphilis. Modes of Transmission: 1. Direct/Indirect Contact Direct Contact - occurs through activities such as touching, hugging and kissing. Syphilis is sexually transmitted, for instance. Indirect Contact - occurs through touching surfaces or objects that have germs on them, such as door handles, respiratory equipment, toys, and computers. 2. By Droplet Transmission Occurs when small droplets exit the mouth or nose of a person when he/she coughs or sneezes." }, { "docid": "D1349803#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Introduction/What_is_living\nCell Biology/Introduction/What is living", "text": "\"The question, \"\"What is life?\"\" has been one of many long discussions and the answer may depend upon your initial definitions. Life is cells. Cell theory consists of three basic points. All living things are made of cells. The cell is the smallest living thing that can perform all the functions of life. All cells must come from preexisting cells. Some definitions of life are: The quality that distinguishes a vital and functional being from a non-living or dead body or purely chemical matter. The state of a material complex or individual characterized by the capacity to perform certain functional activities including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The sequence of physical and mental experiences that make up the existence of an individual." } ]
9093	_____________________ pollution comes from multiple locations that are not easy to define.	[ { "docid": "D64482#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution\nNonpoint source pollution", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Muddy river Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is a term used to describe pollution resulting from many diffuse sources, in direct contrast to point source pollution which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage, or hydrological modification (rainfall or snowmelt) where tracing the pollution back to a single source is difficult. [ 1]Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location. NPS may derive from many different sources with no specific solution may change to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Non point source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from the everyday activities of many different people, such as lawn fertilization, applying pesticides, road construction or building construction. [ 2]It is the leading cause of water pollution in the United States today, with polluted runoff from agriculture and hydromodification the primary sources. [ 3]: 15 [4]Other significant sources of runoff include habitat modification and silviculture (forestry). [" } ]	[ { "docid": "D209062#0", "title": "http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisserver/9.3/java/geodatabases/feature_class_basics.htm\nFeature class basics", "text": "\"Feature class basics Release 9.3Feature classes are homogeneous collections of common features, each having the same spatial representation, such as points, lines, or polygons, and a common set of attribute columns, for example, a line feature class for representing road centerlines. The four most commonly used feature classes in the geodatabase are points, lines, polygons, and annotation (the geodatabase name for map text). In the illustration below, these are used to represent four datasets for the same area: (1) manhole cover locations as points, (2) sewer lines, (3) parcel polygons, and (4) street name annotation. In this diagram, you might also have noted the potential requirement to model some advanced feature properties. For example, the sewer lines and manhole locations make up a storm sewer network, a system with which you can model runoff and flows. Also, note how adjacent parcels share common boundaries. Most parcel users want to maintain the integrity of shared feature boundaries in their datasets using a topology. As mentioned earlier, often users have the need to model such spatial relationships and behaviors in their geographic datasets. In these cases, users will extend these basic feature classes by adding a number of advanced geodatabase elements, such as topologies, network datasets, terrains, and address locators. You can learn more about adding such advanced behaviors to your geodatabases in Extending feature classes." }, { "docid": "D1134606#0", "title": "http://www.nonoise.org/library/impulse/impulse.htm\nEnvironmental Impulse Noise Study", "text": "\"Environmental Impulse Noise Study Final Report: May 1991Survey Conducted: July 1990Prepared by: Rebecca A. Niedzielski Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Top Table of Contents Return to NPC Library Return to NPC Home Page MPCA Impulse Noise Study: FINAL REPORT, MAY 1991Summary The State of Minnesota has had an active noise control program since 1976. The current one hour standard has statistical L 10 and L 50 limits for three receiving land use types. An impulse noise event, loud enough to disrupt normal activities and usually lasting less than one second, is not effectively controlled due to the 6 minute duration needed to violate the current L 10 level. During the 1989 session of the Minnesota Legislature, a bill was proposed that would have required the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) to amend the current Noise Pollution Control Rule, parts 7010.0010 through 7010.0080, to adopt an impulse noise standard. Although the bill did not pass, the MPCA conducted an extensive survey of current state regulations and reviewed impulsive noise literature during the summer of 1990. Thirteen states other than Minnesota have noise regulations of some kind. Six of these are non-active offices providing only assistance to local communities in drafting noise ordinances or offering minimal technical support. Seven states have noise programs similar to Minnesota's and have some manner of .addressing impulse noise: Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, and Oregon. Further follow-up with noise personnel in these states found sporadic application of established impulse regulations which were most effective with stationary sources. Determining what impulse noise sources can or should be regulated is a critical issue." }, { "docid": "D768441#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower\nLawn mower", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A typical modern gasoline/petrol powered rotary \"\"push mower\"\", which has self-powered cutting blades, but still requires human power to move across the ground. \"\" Walk-behind\"\" mowers can be self-propelled, only requiring a human to walk behind and guide the mower. Mowers of the type displayed usually vary in width from 20 to 24 inches. A residential riding or \"\"ride-on\"\" mower. A battery-powered robotic lawn mower. A non-motorized multiple blade reel push mower. A lawn mower ( mower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving blades to cut a grass surface to an even height. The height of the cut grass may be fixed by the design of the mower, but generally is adjustable by the operator, typically by a single master lever, or by a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels. The blades may be powered by muscle, with wheels mechanically connected to the cutting blades so that when the mower is pushed forward, the blades spin, or the machine may have a battery -powered or plug-in electric motor. The most common power source for lawn mowers is a small (typically one cylinder) internal combustion engine." }, { "docid": "D2518788#0", "title": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16683518/why-does-python-have-a-format-function-as-well-as-a-format-method\nWhy does Python have a format function as well as a format method", "text": "\"Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. Email Sign Upor sign in with Google Facebook Why does Python have a format function as well as a format method Ask Questionup vote31down votefavorite10The format function in builtins seems to be like a subset of the str.format method used specifically for the case of a formatting a single object.eg. >>> format ( 13, 'x')'d'is apparently preferred over>>> ' {0:x}'. format ( 13)'d'and IMO it does look nicer, but why not just use str.format in every case to make things simpler? Both of these were introduced in 2.6 so there must be a good reason for having both at once, what is it? Edit: I was asking about str.format and format, not why we don't have a (13).formatpython string format python-2.6 builtinshare improve this questionedited Oct 20 '16 at 13:26smci11.9k 6 59 93asked May 22 '13 at 4:33jamylak72.7k 14 163 18419Er, this is the first time I've ever heard someone say that format () is preferred over .format () - even the documentation for format string specifications uses .format () throughout. Where are you getting this \"\" format () is preferred\"\" from? – Amber May 22 '13 at 4:37@Amber just from answers here on SO which always seem to use it in that case – jamylak May 22 '13 at 4:44Have an example? – Amber May 22 '13 at 4:441that seems to be a rather flimsy example to infer what the \"\"preferred\"\" style is - especially given the second answer to that question and the discussion in the comments. As another counterexample, see stackoverflow.com/questions/1225637/python-string-formatting/… – Amber May 22 '13 at 4:475That example is your own answer ... just sayin' : D – wim May 22 '13 at 6:01show 3 more comments2 Answers active oldest votesup vote4down voteaccepted I think format and str.format do different things." }, { "docid": "D23589#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_management\nConstruction management", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs attention from an expert in Business. ( July 2013)This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Requires editing to meet quality standards (May 2013)This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. ( June 2017)Construction Project Management ( CM) is a professional service that uses specialized, project management techniques to oversee the planning, design, and construction of a project, from its beginning to its end. The purpose of CM is to control a project's time, cost and quality. [ 1] CM is compatible with all project delivery systems, [2] including design-bid-build, design-build, CM At-Risk and Public Private Partnerships. Professional construction managers may be reserved for lengthy, large-scale, high budget undertakings ( commercial real estate, transportation infrastructure, industrial facilities, and military infrastructure ), called capital projects. Contents [ hide ]1 The role of a contractor2 Function3 Seven types of construction4 Obtaining the project4.1 Bids4.2 Selection methods4.3 Payment contracts5 Project stages5.1 Design5.2 Pre-construction5.3 Procurement5.4 Construction5.5 Owner occupancy6 Issues resulting from construction6.1 Dust and mud6.2 Environmental protections7 Construction activity documentation8 Resolving disputes9 Study and practice10 Software11 Required knowledge12 Business model12.1 Design, bid, build contracts12.2 Design-build contracts12.3 Planning and scheduling12.4 Architecture–engineer12.5 Agency CM12.6 CM at-risk12.6.1 Advantages12.6.2 Drawbacks12.6.3 Bottom Line12.7 Accelerated construction techniques13 See also14 References15 Further reading The role of a contractor [ edit]Contractors are assigned to a construction project during the design or once the design has been completed by a licensed architect." }, { "docid": "D906505#0", "title": "http://www.cee.mtu.edu/~reh/courses/ce251/251_notes_dir/node4.html\nMass Transport Processes", "text": "Next: About this document Up: CE251 Part I Previous: Mass and Energy Mass Transport Processes Processes which move pollutants and other compounds through the air, surface water, or subsurface environment or through engineered systems (for example, treatment reactors) are of particular interest to environmental engineers and scientists. Pollutant transport acts to move pollutants from the location at which they are generated, resulting in impacts which can be distant from the pollution source. On the other hand some pollutants, such as sewage sludge, can be degraded in the environment if they are sufficiently dilute. For these pollutants, slow transport---slow dilution---can result in excessively high pollutant concentrations, with resulting increased adverse impacts. In this section, we discuss the processes which distribute pollutants in the environment. The goals of this discussion are twofold: to provide an understanding of the processes which cause pollutant transport, and to present and apply the mathematical formulas used to calculate pollutant fluxes. Advection and Diffusion Transport processes in the environment may be divided into two categories: advection and diffusion. Advection refers to transport with the mean fluid flow. For example, if the wind is blowing toward the east, advection will carry any pollutants present in the atmosphere toward the east. Similarly, if a bag of dye is emptied into the center of a river, advection will carry the resulting spot of dye downstream." }, { "docid": "D2808833#0", "title": "http://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/57467/A-Blower-Door-Can-t-Tell-You-How-Much-Mechanical-Ventilation-You-Need\nA Blower Door Can't Tell You How Much Mechanical Ventilation You Need", "text": "\"A Blower Door Can't Tell You How Much Mechanical Ventilation You Need Posted by Allison Bailes on February 1, 201344 Comments Read/write comments Tags:air leakage ventilation With the help of people who know a lot more than I do, I'm slowly getting this stuff figured out. I wrote about my problems with using ACHnat a while back, and when I posted that article at Green Building Advisor (GBA) recently, Stuart Staniford wrote one of those comments that left me thinking, Dang, I should have known that. Staniford, another physicist I've known since 2005 through my peak oil obsession, pointed out that there really is something we need ACHnat for when he wrote, \"\"there's no other way to turn the infiltration rate into btus, right?\"\" D'oh! Of course, and we need to turn infiltration rate into BTUs for energy modeling, something I'm in the middle of teaching to two new crops of home energy raters over the next two weeks (here in Atlanta and then in Toronto). The issue came back into focus for me a couple of weeks ago when I wrote about the little ventilation dustup between John Krigger and Paul Raymer, two other folks who know more than I. When I posted that article at GBA this week, I added the following bit to it after going back and reading one of my favorite Joe Lstiburek articles. Blower doors and mechanical ventilation One problem in the great ventilation debate is that weatherization and home performance crews are trying to using blower doors to determine if they need to add mechanical ventilation. Joe Lstiburek wrote about this issue in his article http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-053-just-right-and-airtight. After opening with praise for using a blower door to help make homes more airtight and to measure leakage, he then wrote: But then they think that a blower door actually is a precise measuring tool for how air will leak across the building during service. Wrong." }, { "docid": "D3276804#0", "title": "http://www.greenfacts.org/en/ecosystems/millennium-assessment-2/4-factors-changes.htm\nEcosystem Change", "text": "\"Home » Ecosystem Change » Level 2 » Question 4Ecosystem Change Previous Question Level 2 Questions Next Question Level 1: Summary Level 2: Details Level 3: Source4. What are the most critical factors causing ecosystem changes?4.1 What is a \"\"driver\"\" and how does it affect ecosystems?4.2 What are the indirect drivers and how are they changing?4.3 What are the direct drivers of changes in ecosystem services?4.1 What is a \"\"driver\"\" and how does it affect ecosystems? Natural or human-induced factors that directly or indirectly cause a change in an ecosystem are referred to as drivers. A direct driver, such as habitat change, explicitly influences ecosystem processes. An indirect driver, such as human population change, operates more diffusely, by altering one or more direct drivers. Drivers affecting ecosystem services and human well-being range from local to global and from immediate to long-term, which makes both their assessment and management complex. Climate change may operate on a global or large regional scale; political change may operate at the scale of a nation or a municipal district. Socio-cultural change typically occurs slowly, on a time scale of decades, while economic changes tend to occur more rapidly. As a result of this spatial and temporal dependence of drivers, the forces that appear to be most significant at a particular location and time may not be the most significant over larger, or smaller, regions or time scales. More... Level 1: Summary Level 2: Details Level 3: Source4.2 What are the indirect drivers and how are they changing?4.2.1 Driving forces are almost always multiple and interactive, so that a one-to-one linkage between particular driving forces and particular changes in ecosystems rarely exists." }, { "docid": "D1698135#0", "title": "https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete\nEnvironmental impact of concrete", "text": "\"Environmental impact of concrete From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture and applications, is complex. Some effects are harmful; others welcome. Many depend on circumstances. A major component of concrete is cement, which has its own environmental and social impacts and contributes largely to those of concrete. The cement industry is one of the primary producers of carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas. [ 1] Concrete causes damage to the most fertile layer of the earth, the topsoil. Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like. Light-colored concrete can reduce the urban heat island effect, due to its higher albedo. [ 2] Concrete dust released by building demolition and natural disasters can be a major source of dangerous air pollution, the presence of some substances in concrete, including useful and unwanted additives, can cause health concerns due to toxicity and radioactivity. [" }, { "docid": "D2862012#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/How-much-does-a-hair-transplant-cost-in-Chennai\nHow much does a hair transplant cost in Chennai?", "text": "Hair Transplants Cosmetic Surgery Hair Loss and Baldness Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Hair Care Costs Hair How much does a hair transplant cost in Chennai?ad by Hims Hims hair loss treatment. Solving everyday problems, 1 man at a time. Healthy looks good on you. Only $5 for your first month. Shop Now at forhims.com Answer Wiki Hair Transplant Cost in Chennai:-Depending on the number of grafts and level of baldness hair transplant cost in pune vary. 1. In FUE it’s around Rs 35/graft to Rs 100/graf t, it may further vary depending on the experience and efficiency of the surgeon and the team. Hair transplant surgeries generally cost between Rs 40,000 to 1 lakh - 2 lakh. the price varies due to experience of the hair doctor and reputation of the Clinic.2. The location of the clinic also plays a very important role while determining the cost.3." }, { "docid": "D1745831#0", "title": "http://www.energy.gov.yk.ca/em_good_ventilation.html\nGood ventilation is important", "text": "Good ventilation is important Download Good Ventilation is Important 400 KBGood ventilation is important Whether you’re buying a new home or taking care of the one you’re in now, good ventilation is important because it helps protect your health and your home. It is as critical to your comfort and safety as a reliable heating system or a smoke alarm. Your health Your home Ventilation means fresh air Ventilation basics Looking at your home Fixing your home's ventilation Your health Good ventilation protects you, your family, and your guests from unpleasant odours, irritating pollutants, and potentially dangerous gases like carbon monoxide. A well-designed and properly-operated ventilation system also prevents the growth of mould and mildew, which can cause or aggravate allergic reactions and lung problems such as asthma. Because people generally spend about 90% of their time inside, indoor air pollution can actually be a bigger health risk than outdoor air pollution. Your home Good ventilation protects your home from damage by working to eliminate excess moisture from the air. Too much moisture rots window sills and attic eaves, peels paint, and invites insect infestation. Damp insulation in walls and ceilings means lost heat, higher fuel bills, and destructive mould growth. Carpeting, wallpaper, electronic equipment, and furniture can all be damaged by excess moisture. Ventilation means fresh air Ventilation supplies fresh air to your home and dilutes or removes stale air." }, { "docid": "D3035314#0", "title": "http://greatist.com/connect/houseplants-that-clean-air\n9 Air-Cleaning Houseplants That Are Almost Impossible to Kill", "text": "\"What might your office or apartment have in common with a NASA spaceship? Unfortunately the answer may be poor air quality. Indoor air pollutants have been ranked among the top five environmental risks to public health: Stagnant indoor environments allow pollutants to build up and stick around in greater amounts than we humans should be breathing in. Living and working in places rife with air contaminants and lacking decent ventilation can cause \"\" sick building syndrome ,\"\" which can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, and eye, ear, and nose irritation. Lucky for us, NASA scientists have been working to understand this problem and find solutions. Their space-age solution was an easy one that anyone can use: Use houseplants to clean the air. What’s the Deal? Given that people spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors, air quality matters. Furnishings, upholstery, synthetic building materials, and cleaning products in homes and offices can emit a variety of toxic compounds, like formaldehyde. Indoor air pollution can also be caused by pollen, bacteria, and molds, as outdoor air contaminants like car exhaust finds its way into buildings." }, { "docid": "D2125311#0", "title": "http://www.onsitepoweradvisor.com/2013/05/04/rice-neshap-faqs/\nRICE NESHAP FAQs", "text": "RICE NESHAP Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)What does RICE NESHAP mean? RICE NESHAP is an acronym for Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. In February 2010 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officially made the RICE NESHAP ruling for compression ignition engines. The official EPA ruling for spark ignition engines was announced in August 2010. These rules are intended to reduce emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from previously unregulated engines. What is the difference between NSPS and RICE NESHAP? NESHAP for Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE)40 CFR part 63 subpart ZZZZApplies to existing, new and reconstructed stationary CI and SI engines Focus is on air toxics (30 HAPs)NSPS (New Source Performance Standards) for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)Stationary Compression Ignition (CI) ICE40 CFR part 60 subpart IIIIStationary Spark Ignition (SI) ICE40 CFR part 60 subpart JJJJApplies to new, modified and reconstructed stationary CI and SI engines Focus is on criteria pollutants (CO, NOx and SOx)What are the requirements of the ruling? The affected stationary compression ignition diesel engines must comply with CO emission limits or must be fitted with emission controls, such as diesel oxidation catalysts, to reduce CO emissions by 70%. The rule also requires the use of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel for stationary non-emergency engines greater than 300 hp with a displacement of less than 30 liters per cylinder. The regulation will be fully implemented by May 2013." }, { "docid": "D903763#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_water_pollution\nUnited States regulation of point source water pollution", "text": "\"United States regulation of point source water pollution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Point source water pollution)navigation search Point source water pollution comes from discrete conveyances and alters the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. In the United States, it is largely regulated by the Clean Water Act (CWA). [ 1] Among other things, the Act requires dischargers to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to legally discharge pollutants into a water body. However, point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies, due to some limitations of the Act. Consequently, other regulatory approaches have emerged, such as water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts. Contents [ hide ]1 Introduction1.1 Definition1.2 Relevant science1.3 Nature of the problem/context1.3.1 Water pollution incidents and public response2 Regulatory framework2.1 History of regulation2.2 Clean Water Act2.2.1 Indirect point source water pollution2.2.1.1 National Pretreatment Program2.2.2 Direct point source water pollution2.2.2.1 NPDES Permit Program2.2.2.2 Stormwater management permits2.3 Others2.3.1 EPA water quality trading policy2.3.2 Other laws that may affect some NPDES permits3 Problems/issues/concerns3.1 Funding3.1.1 Cost issues for monitoring3.2 Enforcement3.2.1 Self-monitoring and self-reporting3.2.2 Tensions between state and federal government3.3 Ambiguity of the CWA3.3.1 Coeur Alaska v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council4 Other emerging regulatory approaches4.1 Water quality trading4.1.1 Definition4.1.2 Background4.1.3 Credits and trade ratios4.1.4 Benefits4.1.5 Factors influencing success4.1.6 Obstacles to implementation4.1.7 Contrast to emissions trading4.2 Dealing with transboundary pollution: a case study of the U. S./Mexico border region4.2.1 Overview4.2.2 Policy issues4.2.3 Policy responses5 See also6 References7 External links Introduction [ edit]Common point source discharges Definition [ edit]Water pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies by chemical, physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances. [ 2] Point sources of water pollution are described by the CWA as \"\"any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged.\"\" These include pipes or man-made ditches [3] from stationary locations such as sewage treatment plants, factories, industrial wastewater treatment facilities, septic systems, ships, and other sources that are clearly discharging pollutants into water sources. Relevant science [ edit]The input of pollutants into a water body may impact the water's ability to deliver ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services. While the impacts of water pollution vary considerably based on a variety of site-specific factors, they may be either direct or indirect. [" }, { "docid": "D405743#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_food\nLocal food", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For foods with protected geographical names, see Geographical indication. [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. ( February 2011)This article possibly contains original research. ( June 2015)The neutrality of this article is disputed. ( June 2017)The Marylebone farmers' market in London, United Kingdom. Anti-consumerism Theories and ideas [hide]Affluenza Alternative culture Autonomous building Billboard hacking Buddhist economics Buy Nothing Day Collaborative consumption Commodification Commodity fetishism Commune Compulsive buying disorder Conspicuous consumption Consumer capitalism Consumerism Criticism of advertising Culture jamming Degrowth Do it yourself DIY ethic Downshifting Ecovillage Ethical consumerism Freeganism Gift economy Green consumption Hyperconsumerism Local food Microgeneration Overconsumption Planned obsolescence Post-consumerism Simple living Slow Food Spectacle Steady-state economy Subvertising Sustainable consumer behaviour Sustainable consumption Notable works [show]Organizations and groups [show]People [show]Related social movements [show]See also [show]v t e\"\" Local food \"\", \"\"local food movement\"\" or \"\"locavores\"\" are a movement of people who prefer to eat foods which are grown or farmed relatively close to the places of sale and preparation. Local food movements aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region, in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to have an impact on the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place. [ 1] The term has also been extended to include not only the geographic location of supplier and consumer but can also be \"\"defined in terms of social and supply chain characteristics.\"\" [" }, { "docid": "D755845#0", "title": "http://www.greenfacts.org/en/nitrogen-dioxide-no2/level-3/02-health-effects.htm\nAir Pollution Nitrogen Dioxide", "text": "\"Home » Nitrogen Dioxide » Level 3 » Question 2Air Pollution Nitrogen Dioxide Previous Question Level 3 Questions Next Question Level 1: Summary Level 2: Details Level 3: Source2. How does Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) affect human health?2.1 Which effects can be expected of long-term exposure to levels of NO 2 observed currently in Europe?2.1.1 Chronic effects at current NO 2 levels2.1.2 Effects on mortality at current NO 2 levels2.2 Is NO 2 per se responsible for effects on health?2.3 Are health effects of NO 2 influenced by the presence of other air pollutants?2.4 Which characteristics of individuals may influence how Nitrogen Dioxide affects their health?2.5 Is there a threshold below which nobody’s health is affected by NO 2?2.1 Which effects can be expected of long-term exposure to levels of NO 2 observed currently in Europe?2.1.1 Chronic effects at current NO 2 levels2.1.2 Effects on mortality at current NO 2 levels2.1.1 Chronic effects at current NO 2 levels The source document for this Digest states: Answer : The epidemiological studies provide some evidence that long-term NO 2 exposure may decrease lung function and increase the risk of respiratory symptoms. Rationale : Although there are fewer epidemiological studies on long-term respiratory effects of NO 2 than those of particulate matter, new evidence has been provided in recent years. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicate an association between NO 2 and lung function. The Southern California Children’s Study showed that lung function levels among 9 to 16 year old children were lower in communities with higher NO 2 concentration (236). Lung function growth, evaluated in a longitudinal study, was also impaired among these children (22, 23). The NO 2 effect in the cohort study was robust when other pollutants (e.g. PM 10 and O 3) were included in the statistical model, but weakened when acid vapours (including NO 2 derived nitric acid) were simultaneously considered. The cross-sectional SAPALDIA Study in Switzerland (93, 392) gives support to the association of NO 2exposure and lung function decrements among adults. Two cross-sectional studies among children (79, 393) provide some evidence of an association between NO 2 and acute bronchitis, while the Southern California Children’s Study suggested that chronic respiratory symptoms (cough and phlegm) were more frequent among children with asthma in communities with higher NO 2 exposure (88). Two cross-sectional studies found an association between NO 2 and cough and phlegm symptoms in adults (94, 394)." }, { "docid": "D2203279#0", "title": "http://www.goodoldboat.com/reader_services/articles/fuelfilter.php\nFuel and water filters: Simple insurance policies", "text": "\"Fuel and water filters: Simple insurance policies By Bill Sandifer Article taken from Good Old Boat magazine: Volume 2, Number 2, March/April 1999. Picture a hot, windless Sunday afternoon as you power home on a glassy sea. Suddenly your engine slows and stops or overheats. Today of all days! You really did not need this, and it could have all been avoided. How? By installing and maintaining filters to clean the fuel and water systems you and your boat need to operate successfully in a water environment. Filters come in many types and sizes and are custom-designed to serve a specific purpose. Many sailors tend to ignore the mechanical side of their vessels and assume the attitude that, \"\"It's a sailboat; it should sail, right?\"\" Well yes, but the wind does not always blow in the desired direction or with the desired velocity." }, { "docid": "D2043968#0", "title": "http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-5th-circuit/1418412.html\nUNITED STATES v. LUCAS", "text": "Find Law Caselaw United States US 5th Cir. UNITED STATES v. LUCASUNITED STATES v. LUCASReset AAFont size: Print United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert J. LUCAS, Jr.; Big Hill Acres, Inc.; Consolidated Investments, Inc.; Robbie Lucas Wrigley; M. E. Thompson, Jr., Defendants-Appellants. No. 06-60289. Decided: February 01, 2008Before HIGGINBOTHAM, SMITH and OWEN, Circuit Judges. Katherine J. Barton (argued), Anna T. Katselas, U. S Dept. of Justice, Env. & Nat. Res." }, { "docid": "D286279#0", "title": "https://www.universetoday.com/19518/andromeda/\nThe Andromeda Constellation", "text": "A photo of the constellation Andromeda with all Bayer-designated stars marked and the IAU figure drawn in. Credit: Roberto Mura/Wikipedia Commons Astronomy, Constellation, Guide to Space The Andromeda Constellation Article written: 12 Feb , 2016 Updated: 26 Apr , 2016 by Tammy Plotner In the 2nd century CE, Greek-Egyptian astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus (aka. Ptolemy) compiled a list of the then-known 48 constellations. His treatise, known as the Almagest, would be used by medieval European and Islamic scholars for over a thousand years to come. Thanks to the development of modern telescopes and astronomy, this list was amended by the early 20th century to include the 88 constellation that are recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) today. Of these, Andromeda is one of the oldest and most widely recognized. Located north of the celestial equator, this constellation is part of the family of Perseus, Cassiopeia, and Cepheus. Like many constellation that have come down to us from classical antiquity, the Andromeda constellation has deep roots, which may go all the way back to ancient Babylonian astronomy. Name and Meaning: Derived from Greek mythology, Andromeda was the daughter of Cassiopeia and Cepheus – the king and queen of ancient Aethopia (modern day Ethopia). Unfortunately, her mother was so vain that she thought herself to be more beautiful than the daughters of Nereus, a god of the sea, which angered the sea god Poseidon." }, { "docid": "D2925130#0", "title": "http://www.woundsource.com/blog/4-common-bacteria-cause-infections-in-wound-management\n4 Common Bacteria that Cause Infections in Wound Management", "text": "\"Submitted by Lydia Meyers on February 13th, 2015Keywords: Assessment, Bacteria, Infected Wounds, Infection Management, Infection Prevention, Lydia Meyers Blog Category: Wound Typesby Lydia A. Meyers RN, MSN, CWCNWound infections are discussed in the media and are a major reason for admission into the hospital. With the importance in health care today to decrease costs, I was encouraged to do research into where infections come from and the causes for hospitalization and death among wound patients. In the current data I found there is information showing how the government has increased surveillance related to reportable admission to hospital in relation to infections in wounds by home health and hospice organizations. Despite these efforts, infections are still a major cost burden on the health care system. According to one report, in 2005, Medicare spent $2.4 billion on wound infections, including surgical wounds and traumatic wounds. In this article, I will address the difference between a colonized wound and a contaminated wound, as well as the causes and effects of the most problematic bacteria for the health care industry: CRE, C. diff, MDRO, VRSE and MRSA. Differences Between a Colonized Wound and Contaminated Wound An infection can be defined in many ways, and according to Sharon Baranoski's \"\"Wound Care Essentials\"\", the appearance of bioburden in a wound, does not indicate infection in that wound bed. Bioburden is normal flora found on the surface of the skin and is responsible helping to keep bacteria in check. When the normal flora is taken away or decreased in number, then many different bacteria increase in pollution; and this becomes an infection. Contamination in the wound is defined as the presence of bacteria, without the multiplication of that bacteria." } ]
9095	_______________________ muscle cells are cylindrical and multinucleated.	[ { "docid": "D2236182#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Why_are_skeletal_muscle_cells_multinucleated\nWhy are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Biology Human Anatomy and Physiology Muscular System Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated? Flag Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated? Answer by Colbyann Confidence votes 23They are myonucleated because during embryonic development, each skeletal muscle fiber arises from the fusion of myoblasts, which is how they form multinucleated muscle cells.16 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No John Ellis Hartford 21,488 Contributions WHAT type of cell does the skeletal muscle have? Striated muscle cells. Sugarcookie0114 81 Contributions What is the definition of a Skeletal muscle cell? Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and s …What muscle cells are always multinucleated?skeletal muscles Keishamay19 125 Contributions How do skeletal muscle fibers become multinucleated? Myoblasts fuse into one large cellular structure which is the muscle fiber. Because each fiber forms from numerous myoblasts, it has many nuclei making it \"\"multinucleated\"\"." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1856691#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/multinucleated\nmultinucleate", "text": "multinucleate (redirected from multinucleated) Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical .mul·ti·nu·cle·ate (mŭl′tē-no͞o′klē-ət, -nyo͞o′-, -tī-) also mul·ti·nu·cle·at·ed (-ā′tĭd)adj. Having two or more nuclei: the multinucleate cells of skeletal muscle. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Adj. 1. multinucleate - having two or more nucleiuninucleate - having one nucleus Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Want to thank TFD for its existence?" }, { "docid": "D840269#0", "title": "http://www.mananatomy.com/basic-anatomy/muscles-types\nMuscles and their types", "text": "Muscles and their types Muscle: The term “muscle” is derived from Latin word “Musculus” diminutive of “mus” meaning mouse. They were named so because their belly resembles body of the mouse and their tendons resemble mouse’s tail. Muscles are contractile tissues that bring about movements of different body parts. They can be regarded as motors of human body because they provide all the force necessary to perform different types of movements. Whether it is the locomotion of body as a whole or just motion of its parts, its all because of muscles. Types of muscles: Muscles are of three types; skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Characteristic features of each of them are described below. Types Of Muscles Link to Image Source: Earth Physiology Skeletal Muscles: They are also known as striped, striated, somatic and voluntary muscles They are the most abundant type and are found attached to the skeleton. For this reason they are called skeletal muscles. They are innervated by somatic nervous system and are therefore under voluntary control." }, { "docid": "D1872804#0", "title": "https://www.training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/muscle.html\nMuscle Tissue", "text": "Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. The cells are long and slender so they are sometimes called muscle fibers, and these are usually arranged in bundles or layers that are surrounded by connective tissue. Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in muscle tissue. Muscle tissue can be categorized into skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control. Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations. They are called involuntary muscles. Cardiac muscle has branching fibers, one nucleus per cell, striations, and intercalated disks. Its contraction is not under voluntary control.«" }, { "docid": "D395039#0", "title": "http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%203/chapter_9__skeletal_muscle_tiss%20with%20figures.htm\n.", "text": "Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle cells develop when hundreds of individual embryonic cells called myoblasts fuse. The resulting cells' cell membrane is called the sarcolemma and the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm. Some of the unique characteristics of skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are: Skeletal muscles are very large. Their diameter is about 100 microns (about 13 times the diameter of a red blood cell) and they can be as long as 30 to 40 cm (10 to 16 in.). Skeletal muscles are multinucleate. The nuclei of the myoblasts that fuse to form the cell remain within the cell. Some myoblasts do not fuse but remain associated with the fiber as satellite cells that can divide and differentiate to repair damaged cells. There are internal tubular extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm called transverse tubules or T tubules. Myofibrils and Myofilaments Within each skeletal muscle cell or fiber there are cylindrical structures called myofibrils. The myofibrils are about 1/100 the diameter of the cell but extend the full length of the cell and attach to the cell membrane at either end." }, { "docid": "D1941997#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/29646165/muscles-flash-cards/\nMuscles", "text": "40 terms laem1302Muscles Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort During contraction, muscles shorten __________ , and lengthen __________ . A) forcefully, forcefully B) forcefully, passively C) passively, forcefully D) passively, passively B) forcefully, passively During contraction, muscles shorten forcefully and lengthen passively. Muscle cells that are cylindrical and branched, each with a single, centrally located nucleus, and that contract spontaneously are A) cardiac muscle. B) skeletal muscle. C) smooth muscle. D) unknown: not enough characteristics to determine the type of muscle A) cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical and branched, each with a single, centrally located nucleus, and they contract spontaneously. Skeletal muscle cells are not branched, they are multinucleated and under voluntary control.__________" }, { "docid": "D372659#0", "title": "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/granuloma\ngranuloma", "text": "\"granuloma Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to granuloma: pyogenic granuloma, umbilical granulomagranuloma [ gran″u-lo´mah] (pl. granulomas, granulo´mata) an imprecise term applied to (1) any small nodular, delimited aggregation of mononuclearinflammatory cells, or (2) a similar collection of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells,usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes, often with multinucleated giant cells. Somegranulomas contain eosinophils and plasma cells, and fibrosis is commonly seen around the lesion. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectiousand noninfectious agents.apical granuloma modified granulation tissue containing elements of chronic inflammationlocated adjacent to the root apex of a tooth with infected necrotic pulp.actinic granuloma an annular lesion seen on skin chronically exposed to the sun, with a raisedborder and a center that appears normal but is actually elastotic.benign granuloma of thyroid chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, converting it into a bulky tumor that later becomes extremely hard.coccidioidal granuloma the secondary stage of coccidioidomycosis.dental granuloma one usually surrounded by a fibrous sac continuous with the periodontalligament and attached to the root apex of a tooth.eosinophilic granuloma1. Langerhans cell histiocytosis.2. a disorder similar to eosinophilic gastroenteritis, characterized by localized nodular or pedunculated lesions of the submucosa and muscle walls, especially of the pyloric area of the stomach, caused by infiltration of eosinophils, but without peripheral eosinophilia andallergic symptoms.granuloma fissura´tum a firm, whitish, fissured, fibrotic granuloma of the gum and buccalmucosa, occurring on an edentulous alveolar ridge and between the ridge and the cheek.foreign-body granuloma a localized histiocytic reaction to a foreign body in the tissue.giant cell reparative granuloma, central a lesion of the jaws composed of a spindle cellstroma punctuated by multinucleate giant cells, considered by most to be a central lesion of thebone of the jaws, presenting an inflammatory reaction to injury or hemorrhage. Some, however,consider it to be a giant cell tumor occurring in both benign and malignant forms, and othersconsider it to be a form of osteogenic sarcoma, varying in degree of malignancy.granuloma inguina´le a granulomatous disease that is associated with uncleanliness and is caused by the microorganism Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (sometimes called a Donovan body ). Called also granuloma venereum. Although granuloma inguinale is oftenconsidered to be a venereal disease, research does not support the hypothesis that it is transmitted by sexual contact." }, { "docid": "D1406269#0", "title": "http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Zygomycota/Zygomycota.htm\n.", "text": "\"Zygomycota Division: Zygomycota The Zygomycota is thought to be the most primitive of the terrestrial fungi. This division has coenocytic mycelium, and asexual spores (= sporangiospores ) that are produced in sporangia borne on stalks (= sporangiophores ). These characteristics are shared with the divisions of flagellated fungi that were just studied. For this reason the Zygomycota were once thought to be closely related to the aquatic fungi. However, cell wall composition is chitin-chitosan and flagellated spores and gametes are absent in this division as well as in the remaining taxa of terrestrial fungi. Sexual reproduction occurs with the fusion of undifferentiated isogametangia or anisogametangia to produce a zygote. The zygote later develops into a thick-walled zygospore, the diagnostic feature of this division. Two classes are recognized in this division; the Trichomycetes and Zygomycetes. Only the Zygomycetes will be studied. Class: Zygomycetes Characteristics of the class is the same as those of the division." }, { "docid": "D1895520#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sarcoid+granuloma\ngranuloma", "text": "\"granuloma (redirected from sarcoid granuloma) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. Related to sarcoid granuloma: sarcoidosisgranuloma [ gran″u-lo´mah] (pl. granulomas, granulo´mata) an imprecise term applied to (1) any small nodular, delimited aggregation of mononuclearinflammatory cells, or (2) a similar collection of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells,usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes, often with multinucleated giant cells. Somegranulomas contain eosinophils and plasma cells, and fibrosis is commonly seen around the lesion. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectiousand noninfectious agents.apical granuloma modified granulation tissue containing elements of chronic inflammationlocated adjacent to the root apex of a tooth with infected necrotic pulp.actinic granuloma an annular lesion seen on skin chronically exposed to the sun, with a raisedborder and a center that appears normal but is actually elastotic.benign granuloma of thyroid chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, converting it into a bulky tumor that later becomes extremely hard.coccidioidal granuloma the secondary stage of coccidioidomycosis.dental granuloma one usually surrounded by a fibrous sac continuous with the periodontalligament and attached to the root apex of a tooth.eosinophilic granuloma1. Langerhans cell histiocytosis.2. a disorder similar to eosinophilic gastroenteritis, characterized by localized nodular or pedunculated lesions of the submucosa and muscle walls, especially of the pyloric area of the stomach, caused by infiltration of eosinophils, but without peripheral eosinophilia andallergic symptoms.granuloma fissura´tum a firm, whitish, fissured, fibrotic granuloma of the gum and buccalmucosa, occurring on an edentulous alveolar ridge and between the ridge and the cheek.foreign-body granuloma a localized histiocytic reaction to a foreign body in the tissue.giant cell reparative granuloma, central a lesion of the jaws composed of a spindle cellstroma punctuated by multinucleate giant cells, considered by most to be a central lesion of thebone of the jaws, presenting an inflammatory reaction to injury or hemorrhage. Some, however,consider it to be a giant cell tumor occurring in both benign and malignant forms, and othersconsider it to be a form of osteogenic sarcoma, varying in degree of malignancy.granuloma inguina´le a granulomatous disease that is associated with uncleanliness and is caused by the microorganism Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (sometimes called a Donovan body ). Called also granuloma venereum. Although granuloma inguinale is oftenconsidered to be a venereal disease, research does not support the hypothesis that it is transmitted by sexual contact." }, { "docid": "D1324094#0", "title": "http://histology-world.com/testbank/bone2a.htm\nHistology Testbank: Bone 2a", "text": "Instructions: For each histology question, pick the one best answer. This histology test bank is also useful for the histology questions on the USMLE (USMLE step 1).1. What is dense bone? a. Immature bone b. Cancellous bone c. Compact bone d. Woven bone e. Spongy bone Answer: c Compact bone is also called dense bone. Compact bone has the Haversian system. Immature bone is woven bone. It is nonlamellar bone or bundle bone. Spongy bone is also referred to as cancellous bone. The mineralized tissue is seen as spicules. Marrow spaces are also present.2." }, { "docid": "D3312602#0", "title": "https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/3-3-the-nucleus-and-dna-replication/\n18 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication", "text": "Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization18 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the structure and features of the nuclear membrane List the contents of the nucleus Explain the organization of the DNA molecule within the nucleus Describe the process of DNA replication The nucleus is the largest and most prominent of a cell’s organelles ( Figure 1 ). The nucleus is generally considered the control center of the cell because it stores all of the genetic instructions for manufacturing proteins. Interestingly, some cells in the body, such as muscle cells, contain more than one nucleus ( Figure 2 ), which is known as multinucleated. Other cells, such as mammalian red blood cells (RBCs), do not contain nuclei at all. RBCs eject their nuclei as they mature, making space for the large numbers of hemoglobin molecules that carry oxygen throughout the body ( Figure 3 ). Without nuclei, the life span of RBCs is short, and so the body must produce new ones constantly. Figure 1. The Nucleus. The nucleus is the control center of the cell." }, { "docid": "D2103545#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6758529/nervous-tissue-and-muscle-tissue-flash-cards/\nNervous Tissue and muscle Tissue", "text": "\"22 terms ygadbois0001Nervous Tissue and muscle Tissuedefination, description, function, and location Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort2 major cell populations of nervous tissue Neuroglia and neurons Neuroglia are spicial supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the more delicate neurons. Neurons are highly specialized to receive stimuli (irritability) and to conduct waves of excitation, or impulses, to all parts of the body (conductivety). Neurons are most often associated with nervous sytem functioning Structure of neutrons different form that of all other body cells. They all have a nucleus-containing cell body, and their cytoplasm is drawn out into long extensions (cell processes) --- sometimes as long as 1 m (about 3 feet), which allows a single neuron to conduct an impulse over relatively long distances3 types of muscle tissue cardiac, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscle Muscle tissue is highly specialize to contract and produces most types of body movement. elongated, providing a long axis for contraction Skeletal muscle The \"\"meat,\"\" or flesh, of the body, is attached to the skeleton, under voluntary control. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, has striations, under involuntary control Smooth muscle or visceral muscle, is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs (digestive and urinary tract organs, uterus, blood vessels), no striations, and the uninucleate smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped. Nervous tissue Neurons are banching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-contraining cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells (not illustrated. ) Nervous tissue function Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity Nervous tissue location Brain, spinal cords, and nerves Skeletal muscle tissue Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations Skeletal muscle function Voluntary movement, locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Skeletal muscle location In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin Cardiac muscle tissue Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)Cardiac muscle function As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control Cardiac muscle location The walls of the heart Smooth muscle tissue Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets Smooth muscle tissue function Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Smooth muscle tissue location Mostly in the walls of hollow organs Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc. \"" }, { "docid": "D1986614#0", "title": "http://discovery.lifemapsc.com/in-vivo-development/skeletal-muscle\nSkeletal Muscle - Development and Stem Cells", "text": "All Organs/ Tissues > Tissue Card Skeletal Muscle - Development and Stem Cells Embryonic Index: Sk MEmbryonic Development of the Skeletal Muscle: During the course of embryonic development, mesenchymal progenitor cells originating from the somites, undergo a multistep differentiation process to form muscle fibers and muscle mass. Each somitic area (occipital, cervical , thoracic , lumbar and sacral) contributes to the formation of muscles. Muscle satellite cells are formed during embryonic development as well, and persist in a quiescent state in the adult muscles, ensuring restoration of muscle cells following any type of muscle injury. The head mesoderm constitutes an additional source of progenitor cells, which contribute to the formation of head muscles, or craniofacial muscles. These progenitor cells are primarily contributed from the unsegmented cranial paraxial and splanchnic mesoderm, which bear a somewhat different genetic program, when compared to their counterparts in the somites. The prechordal mesoderm cells, which reside in the most anterior part of the forming head, represent another population of progenitor cells. These cells eventually give rise to the extraoccular muscles (EOM, eye muscles). The formation of vertebrate head muscles allow for vision, mastication and food uptake, facial expression and breathing in humans. Anatomical Structure and Function of the Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal muscle, also called striated muscle, is a dense, fibrous contractile tissue which exists throughout the entire body, and functions to allow body movement by applying force to bones and joints, via contraction. In humans, there are approximately 640 muscles and almost all are symmetrically distributed between the left and right sides of the body." }, { "docid": "D828537#0", "title": "http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/plasmodesmata.html\n.", "text": "Plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma) are small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells. Similar to the gap junctions found in animal cells, the plasmodesmata, which penetrate both the primary and secondary cell walls (see Figure 1), allow certain molecules to pass directly from one cell to another and are important in cellular communication. The plasmodesmata is structured in an entirely different configuration than the animal cell gap junction because of the thick cell wall. Due to the presence of plasmodesmata, plant cells can be considered to form a synctium, or multinucleate mass with cytoplasmic continuity. Accordingly, the tiny channels have caused a significant amount of debate among scientists regarding cell theory, some suggesting that the cells of higher plants are not really cells at all since they are not physically separated or structurally independent from one another. Somewhat cylindrical in shape, plasmodesmata are lined with the plasma membrane so all connected cells are united through essentially one continuous cell membrane. A majority of plasmodesmata also contain a narrow tube-like structure called the desmotubule, which is derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the connected cells. The desmotubule does not completely fill the plasmodesma and, consequently, a ring of shared cytoplasm is located between it and the inner surface of the membrane-lined channel. Plasmodesmata typically form during cell division when parts of the endoplasmic reticulum of the parent cell get trapped in the new cell wall that is produced to create daughter cells. Thousands of plasmodesmata may be formed that connect the daughter cells to one another." }, { "docid": "D903654#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_scientific_name_for_a_skeletal_muscle_cell\nWhy are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated?", "text": "Colbyann 2 Contributions Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated? Answer They are myonucleated because during embryonic development, each skeletal muscle fiber arises from the fusion of myoblasts, which is how they form multinucleated …What is the scientific name of the muscle cell? The scientific name for a muscle cell is a myocyte. Myocytes are also sometimes called muscle fibers. They are long, tube shaped, cells that develop from myoblasts. John Ellis Hartford 21,452 Contributions WHAT type of cell does the skeletal muscle have? Striated muscle cells. Sugarcookie0114 81 Contributions What is the definition of a Skeletal muscle cell? Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and s …Skeletal muscle cell shape?" }, { "docid": "D2201087#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/5272640/bone-flash-cards/\nbone", "text": "68 terms ericadallasbone Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortbone what functions in: -Weight bearing -Support and protection -Mineralized tissue: reservoir of calcium and phosphate ions -Bone marrow: site of blood cell formation -Muscle attachment for movementbone what is classified by its architecture as spongy or compact and by its fine structure as primary (woven)or secondary (lamellar), all begins as primary but nearly all is replaced by secondaryosteoprogenitor cells what cells differentiate into osteoblastsosteoblasts what cells form bone matrixosteocytes what cells are from osteoblasts; in lacuna surrounded by matrixosteoclasts what cells do bone resorptioninorganic matrix what of bone is (>50% dry weight). includes hydroxylapatite crystals, calcium phosphateorganic matrix what of bone is matrix proteins, includingcollagen I what is 80-90% of organic component, large bundlesosteoclacin what of the organic matrix binds hydroxylapatite (regd for bone mineralization)osteopontin what of the organic matrix binds hydroxylapatite (to mediate the formation of sealing zone)sialoprotein what of the organic matrix binds integrins of osteoblasts & osteocytes (to mediate binding of osteoblasts to the ECM thro integrins)aggrcan what of the organic matrixis a composite of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acidembryonic life when is bone formed during20 bone rapidly grows through childhood until ~ how many yrs (formation>resorption) Next ~20 years, resorption=formation Later: period of net bone loss—at menopause in women and later in men.dense or compact bone what is characterized by mature bone cells or osteocytes housed in lacunae and arranged in patterns around blood vessels.matrix there is a great amount of WHAT associated with the osteocytes separating one osteocyte from others.spongy or cancellous The organization of WHAT has less matrix and more cellular material than compact bonespongy what type of bone consists of a network of bony spicules or trabeculae delimiting (to fix or define the limits )spaces occupied by the bone marrowspongy (cancellous) bone WHAT consists of finger-like extensions called bony spicules which are lined by bone forming cells, the osteoblasts. Within the core of each spicule are found osteocytes which are simply osteoblasts which have become trapped by the matrix that they have secreted.osteoblasts what are the bone forming cells and are typically rounded or cuboidal in shape, are basophilic as a result of their abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum.lamellae The mature bone cells or osteocytes in dense bone are arranged in layers called WHAThaversian canal The osteocytes are located in a concentric pattern around a WHAT which contains small blood vessels, lymphatic channels and nerve fibers.haversian canals WHAT are lined by endosteum and osteoprogenitor cells, aaka bone lining cells . Injury to bone activates these cells to become osteoblasts or bone forming cells.canaliculi The osteocytes are layered around the Haversian canals and extend cytoplasmic projections into minute canals traversing the calcified matrix these tunnels in bone are called WHATcommunicating junctions the cytoplasmic extensions from one osteocyte communicate with those of other osteocytes by means of whatosteoblasts what cells synthesize and secrete the proteins, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and other substances that constitute the bone matrix. Because of this activity contain an abundance of r ER and a prominent Golgi complexosteoid what is matrix that has been secreted but not yet calcifiedosteocytes Eventually the calcified matrix, stained black in this image, will completely enclose the osteoblasts which then become WHATosteoclasts As bone develops, it is constantly remolded and reshaped by the activity of WHAT that are relatively large, acidophilic, multinucleated cells and are derived from blood monocytes.resorption bay (howship's lacuna) osteoclasts reside along the periphery of a spicule of bone in a shallow depression called a WHATbone remodeling Once formed, bone formation is intimately connected to bone resorption. Bone resorption is required for WHAT that is necessary for bone growth, tooth eruption, fracture healing, maintain blood calciumbone resorption Osteoporosis and malignant hypercalcemia are associated with whatosteoporosis in what does resorption exceeds formationosteopetrosis what had decreased resorption (abnormal or nonexisting osteoclast function)osteoclasts what are multinucleated cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineageosteoclastogenesis what requires direct contact for stimulation by osteoblast: -Binding of PTH or vitamin D to osteoblast stimulates osteoclast differentiation. -RANKL and M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) that bind to receptors on the surface of monocyte/macrophage cells and induce commitment to form osteoclasts. OPG (osteoprotegerin) what is made by osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclastogeensiscarbonic anhydrase what generates protons to form CO2 and H2O. H+ is released into howship's lacuna by an H+ ATPase pump to create an acidic environment for solubilizing mineralized bonecathepsin K what is released into howship's lacuna to degrade the exposed organic matrix (collagen and noncollagenous proteins) following solubilization of minerals by acidificationtranscytosis degraded products from the resorption lacuna are what from the ruffled border to the functional secretory domain, then secreted into the extracellular domainpluripotent mesenchymal cells osteoblasts derive from WHAT that gives rise to muscle cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and chondroblasts Cbfa1/Runx2 two osteoblast specific genes control the differentiation of teh osteoblast progeny, they encode a transcription factor that induces the differentiation of osteoblasts and controls the expression of osteocalcin, a specific secretory protein expressed only in terminally diff osteocytes, w/o these genes there is cartilage w/o osteoblast diff, causes cleidocranial dysplasia Cbfa1 what gene is required for endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification PTH what hormone secreted when blood Ca2+ levels low; promotes resorption (via osteoblast)vitamin D and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol what stimulates osteoclast differentiation (via osteoblast) and bone resorptioncalcitonin what is secreted when blood Ca 2+ levels high; binds osteoclast and depresses osteoclast activityosteoclasts Bone degradation done by whatosteoblasts Bone formation done by whatendochondral ossification Replacement of skeletal cartilage templates by bone." }, { "docid": "D134424#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue\nStriated muscle tissue", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)‹ The template below ( Incomplete) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›This article is incomplete. ( May 2017)This article possibly contains original research. ( May 2017)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( May 2017)Striated muscle tissue Micrograph showing skeletal striated muscle ( fibularis longus ). HPS stain. Details System Musculoskeletal system Identifiers Latin textus muscularis striatus Me SH D054792TH H2.00.05.2.00001FMA 67905Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]Striated muscle tissue is a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres, in contrast with smooth muscle tissue which does not." }, { "docid": "D1654050#0", "title": "http://webpages.charter.net/cfmoxey/lectures/ap_histology.html\nTissues", "text": "Tissue Histology Tissues� Groups of cells similar in structure and function� The four types of tissues� Epithelial� Connective� Muscle� Nerve Epithelial Tissue� Cellularity � composed almost entirely of cells� Special contacts � form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes� Polarity � apical and basal surfaces� Supported by connective tissue � reticular and basal laminae� Avascular but innervated � contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers� Regenerative � rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division Classification of Epithelia� Simple or stratified� Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar Epithelia: Simple Squamous� Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm� Functions �� Diffusion and filtration� Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems� Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal� Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei� Function in secretion and absorption� Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface Epithelia: Simple Columnar� Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia� Goblet cells are often found in this layer� Function in absorption and secretion� Nonciliated forms line digestive tract and gallbladder� Ciliated forms line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar� Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface� Nuclei are seen at different layers� Function in secretion and propulsion of mucus� Present in the epididymis (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)Epithelia: Stratified Squamous� Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells� Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion� Forms the external part of the skin�s epidermis (keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)Epithelia: Stratified Columnar� Several cell layers with cuboidal basal cells and columnar superficial cells� Functions in protection and secretion� Present in large ducts of some glands (sweat glands), and in portions of the male urethra Epithelia: Transitional� Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome-shaped� Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder� Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra Glandular Epithelia� A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid� Classified by:� Site of product release � endocrine or exocrine� Relative number of cells forming the gland � unicellular or multicellular Endocrine Glands� Ductless glands that produce hormones� Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids Exocrine Glands� More numerous than endocrine glands� Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities� Examples include mucous, sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands� The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell� Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and secretory unit Multicellular Exocrine Glands� Classified according to:� Simple or compound duct type� Structure of their secretory units Modes of Secretion� Merocrine � products are secreted by exocytosis (e.g., pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands)� Holocrine � products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells (e.g., sebaceous glands)Connective Tissue (CT)� Found throughout the body; most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues Functions of Connective Tissue� Binding and support� Protection� Insulation� Transportation Characteristics of Connective Tissue� Connective tissues have:� Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin� Varying degrees of vascularity� Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers Structural Elements of Connective Tissue� Ground substance � unstructured material that fills the space between cells� Fibers � collagen, elastic, or reticular� Cells � fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells Ground Substance� Interstitial (tissue) fluid� Adhesion proteins � fibronectin and laminin� Proteoglycans � glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)� Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells Fibers� Collagen � tough; provides high tensile strength� Elastic � long, thin fibers that allow for stretch� Reticular � branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks Connective Tissue: Fundamental Cell Type s� Fibroblasts � connective tissue proper� Chondroblasts � cartilage� Osteoblasts � bone� Hematopoietic stem cells � blood� White blood cells (WBCs), plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells Connective Tissue: Embryonic� Mesenchyme � embryonic CT� Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells� Gives rise to all other connective tissues� Found in the embryo Connective Tissue Proper: Loose (areolar)� Gel-like matrix with all three CT fibers� Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some WBCs� Wraps and cushions organs� Widely distributed throughout the body Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose (fat)� Matrix similar to areolar CT with closely packed adipocytes� Reserve food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects� Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts Connective Tissue Proper: Reticular� Loose ground substance with reticular fibers� Reticular cells lie in a fiber network� Forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types� Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular� Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers� Major cell type is fibroblasts� Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone� Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular� Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers� Major cell type is fibroblasts� Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength� Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules Supportive Connective Tissue: Cartilage� Hyaline cartilage� Amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible network of collagen fibers� Chondrocytes lie in lacunae� Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression� Forms the costal cartilage� Found in: embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx� Elastic cartilage� Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers� Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility� Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis� Fibrocartilage� Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers� Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock� Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint Supportive Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)� Osseous tissue� Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone� Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized� Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action� Stores calcium, minerals, and fat� Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis Connective Tissue: Blood� Blood� Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)� Contained within blood vessels� Functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes Epithelial Membranes� Cutaneous � skin� Mucous � lines body cavities open to the exterior ( e.g ., digestive and respiratory tracts)� Serous � moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity Nervous Tissue� Branched neurons with long cellular processes and support cells� Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors� Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves� Most include glial components (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia)Muscle Tissue: Skeletal� Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations� Initiates and controls voluntary movement� Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin Muscle Tissue: Cardiac� Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interdigitating at intercalated discs� Propels blood into the circulation� Found in the walls of the heart Muscle Tissue: Smooth� Sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations� Propels substances along internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis)� Found in the walls of hollow organs Tissue Trauma� Causes inflammation, characterized by:� Dilation of blood vessels� Increase in vessel permeability� Redness, heat, swelling, and pain Tissue Repair� Organization and restored blood supply� The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue� Regeneration and fibrosis� Surface epithelium regenerates and the scab detaches� Fibrous tissue matures and begins to resemble the adjacent tissue� Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue Developmental Aspects� Primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm� Three layers of cells formed early in embryonic development� Specialize to form the four primary tissues� Nerve tissue arises from ectoderm� Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, and mesothelium arise from mesoderm� Most mucosae arise from endoderm� Epithelial tissues arise from all three germ layers" }, { "docid": "D752998#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_muscle\nStriated muscle tissue", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Striated muscle)navigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)‹ The template below ( Incomplete) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›This article is incomplete. ( May 2017)This article possibly contains original research. ( May 2017)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( May 2017)Striated muscle tissue Micrograph showing skeletal striated muscle ( fibularis longus ). HPS stain. Details System Musculoskeletal system Identifiers Latin textus muscularis striatus Me SH D054792TH H2.00.05.2.00001FMA 67905Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]Striated muscle tissue is a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres, in contrast with smooth muscle tissue which does not." }, { "docid": "D2845311#0", "title": "http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46319.html\nEmbryonic Development", "text": "\"Embryonic Development Throughout this chapter, we will express embryonic and fetal ages in terms of weeks from fertilization, commonly called conception. The period of time required for full development of a fetus in utero is referred to as gestation (gestare = “to carry” or “to bear”). It can be subdivided into distinct gestational periods. The first 2 weeks of prenatal development are referred to as the pre-embryonic stage. A developing human is referred to as an embryo during weeks 3–8, and a fetus from the ninth week of gestation until birth. In this section, we’ll cover the pre-embryonic and embryonic stages of development, which are characterized by cell division, migration, and differentiation. By the end of the embryonic period, all of the organ systems are structured in rudimentary form, although the organs themselves are either nonfunctional or only semi-functional. Pre-implantation Embryonic Development Following fertilization, the zygote and its associated membranes, together referred to as the conceptus, continue to be projected toward the uterus by peristalsis and beating cilia. During its journey to the uterus, the zygote undergoes five or six rapid mitotic cell divisions. Although each cleavage results in more cells, it does not increase the total volume of the conceptus ( [link] )." }, { "docid": "D195053#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/granuloma\ngranuloma", "text": "\"granuloma Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to granuloma: pyogenic granuloma, umbilical granulomagranuloma [ gran″u-lo´mah] (pl. granulomas, granulo´mata) an imprecise term applied to (1) any small nodular, delimited aggregation of mononuclearinflammatory cells, or (2) a similar collection of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells,usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes, often with multinucleated giant cells. Somegranulomas contain eosinophils and plasma cells, and fibrosis is commonly seen around the lesion. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectiousand noninfectious agents.apical granuloma modified granulation tissue containing elements of chronic inflammationlocated adjacent to the root apex of a tooth with infected necrotic pulp.actinic granuloma an annular lesion seen on skin chronically exposed to the sun, with a raisedborder and a center that appears normal but is actually elastotic.benign granuloma of thyroid chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, converting it into a bulky tumor that later becomes extremely hard.coccidioidal granuloma the secondary stage of coccidioidomycosis.dental granuloma one usually surrounded by a fibrous sac continuous with the periodontalligament and attached to the root apex of a tooth.eosinophilic granuloma1. Langerhans cell histiocytosis.2. a disorder similar to eosinophilic gastroenteritis, characterized by localized nodular or pedunculated lesions of the submucosa and muscle walls, especially of the pyloric area of the stomach, caused by infiltration of eosinophils, but without peripheral eosinophilia andallergic symptoms.granuloma fissura´tum a firm, whitish, fissured, fibrotic granuloma of the gum and buccalmucosa, occurring on an edentulous alveolar ridge and between the ridge and the cheek.foreign-body granuloma a localized histiocytic reaction to a foreign body in the tissue.giant cell reparative granuloma, central a lesion of the jaws composed of a spindle cellstroma punctuated by multinucleate giant cells, considered by most to be a central lesion of thebone of the jaws, presenting an inflammatory reaction to injury or hemorrhage. Some, however,consider it to be a giant cell tumor occurring in both benign and malignant forms, and othersconsider it to be a form of osteogenic sarcoma, varying in degree of malignancy.granuloma inguina´le a granulomatous disease that is associated with uncleanliness and is caused by the microorganism Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (sometimes called a Donovan body ). Called also granuloma venereum. Although granuloma inguinale is oftenconsidered to be a venereal disease, research does not support the hypothesis that it is transmitted by sexual contact." } ]
9097	_______________________________ is the last of kohlberg's stages of moral development (also known as part of the postconventional level).	[ { "docid": "D2621352#0", "title": "http://study.com/academy/lesson/postconventional-morality-definition-lesson-quiz.html\nPostconventional Morality: Definition & Example", "text": "Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds Add to Timeline Autoplay 77K views Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days!Create An Account Recommended Lessons and Courses for You Related Lessons Related Courses Conventional Morality: Definition & Stages Preconventional Morality: Definition & Concept Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Ethical Development: Stages & Training Lesson Transcript Instructor: Dr. Douglas Hawks Douglas has two master's degrees (MPA & MBA) and is currently working on his Ph D in Higher Education Administration. One model of moral development suggests that, as each of us develop our individual morality, we go through three stages. In this lesson, you'll learn about the final stage - postconventional morality. Moral Development and Lawrence Kohlberg Everyone goes through a process of learning what is right and what is wrong. We call the basic understanding of right and wrong morality. An individual's morality is based upon three factors: The environment in which he or she was raised The values and beliefs of social referent groups, such as family and friends Personal experiences In the 20th century, an American psychologist named Lawrence Kohlberg developed a model that explained how individuals develop morality. This model is known as Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development. Kohlberg's model is composed of three stages, each of which includes two phases. The three stages are preconventional morality, conventional morality and postconventional morality. Postconventional Morality Postconventional morality is the highest stage of morality in Kohlberg's model, in which individuals have developed their own personal set of ethics and morals that they use to drive their behavior." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2111418#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/129586970/chapter-9-flash-cards/\nChapter 9", "text": "\"128 terms cjinneth Chapter 9Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Developmental psychologists Studying how humans change and grow from conception through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and deathdevelopment is studied across three types: physical cognitive psychosocial Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness Cognitive development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity Psychosocial development involves involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. Normative approach Asks \"\"what is normal development?\"\" and studies milestones in the three developmental stagesdevelopmental milestones; they are affected by Age-related averages used as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events culture Continuous development views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills, gradual Discontinuous believe that development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages, sudden Example of discontinuous development object permanence Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is universal, what does this mean? The timing of basic motor functions may vary across cultures. However, the functions themselves are present in all societies Sigmund Freud & development believed that personality develops during early childhood & childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults. Freud's theory of development children's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Erik Erikson took Freud's theory and modified it as psychosocial theory Psychosocial development theory emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature · personality development takes place all through the lifespan · how we interact with others affects our sense of self · at each stage there is a conflict you must solve, if you don't you are a failure and feel inadequate Psychosocial development theory : (birth to 12 months 1. Trust is the basis of our development during infancy (birth to 12 months) à baby seeing the world as safe and predictable or anxious, fearful, and mistrusting." }, { "docid": "D683037#0", "title": "https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter5-socialization/\nChapter 5. Socialization", "text": "Main Body Chapter 5. Socialization Figure 5.1. Socialization is how we learn the norms and beliefs of our society. From our earliest family and play experiences, we are made aware of societal values and expectations. ( Photo courtesy of Seattle Municipal Archives/flickr)Learning Objectives5.1. Theories of Self Development Understand the difference between psychological and sociological theories of self development Explain the process of moral development5.2. Why Socialization Matters Understand the importance of socialization both for individuals and society Explain the nature versus nurture debate5.3. Agents of Socialization Learn the roles of families and peer groups in socialization Understand how we are socialized through formal institutions like schools, workplaces, and the government5.4. Socialization across the Life Course Explain how socialization occurs and recurs throughout life Understand how people are socialized into new roles at age-related transition points Describe when and how resocialization occurs Introduction to Socialization In the summer of 2005, police detective Mark Holste followed an investigator from the Department of Children and Families to a home in Plant City, Florida. They were there to look into a statement from the neighbour concerning a shabby house on Old Sydney Road." }, { "docid": "D1592604#0", "title": "http://www.cram.com/flashcards/theories-238766\nTheories", "text": "\"Related Flashcards Theoriestheory Flashcards » Theories Theoriesby mccoya12 , Feb. 2004Click to Rate \"\"Hated It\"\" Click to Rate \"\"Didn't Like It\"\" Click to Rate \"\"Liked It\"\" Click to Rate \"\"Really Liked It\"\" Click to Rate \"\"Loved It\"\"Favorite Add to folder [? ] Flag Flashcards Memorize Test Games Tweet Study your flashcards anywhere!Download the official Cram app for free >How to study your flashcards. Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards. right arrow key left arrow key Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back. down key up key H key: Show hint (3rd side). h key A key: Read text to speech. a key Click or Press Spacebar to Begin »Card Range To Studythrough Share Print Export Clone128 Cards in this Set Front Back 3rd side (hint)This is a theory of criminality which attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to at least three causes: a. A conscience so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt. a. A conscience so weak that it cannot control the individuals impulses. b. The need for immediate gratification The Psychoanalytic theory Begins with the letter PThis psychologist suggested that a persons psychological well-being is dependent on the healthy interaction of: a. The id, which consists of powerful urges and drives for gratification and satisfaction. b. The ego, which is the executive personality, acting as the moderator between the id and the superego." }, { "docid": "D288430#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy\nAutonomy", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Autonomy (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Autotomy. This lead needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In development or moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy [1] is the capacity to make an informed, un-coerced decision. Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be defined from human resource perspective and it means a level of discretion granted to an employee in his or her work. [ 2] In such cases, autonomy is known to bring some sense of job satisfaction among the employees. Autonomy is a term that is also widely used and in the field of medicine." }, { "docid": "D3049375#0", "title": "http://www.academia.edu/5022849/Good_Will_Hunting_ATheoretical_Analysisand_Applicationof_Personaility_Theories\nGood Will Hunting ATheoretical Analysisand Applicationof Personaility Theories", "text": "docx Good Will Hunting ATheoretical Analysisand Applicationof Personaility Theories14 Pages Good Will Hunting ATheoretical Analysisand Applicationof Personaility Theories Uploaded by Jackie Berkeconnect to download Get docx Good Will Hunting ATheoretical Analysisand Applicationof Personaility Theories Download Running head: GOOD WILL HUNTING: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND 1 Good Will Hunting: A Theoretical Analysis and Application of Personality Theories Jacquelyn Berke Capella University Theories of Personality COUN5214 Dr. Cyndra Pilkington GOOD WILL HUNTING: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND 2 Abstract The study of personality theories assist professionals on identifying behavior related issues to assist individuals on overcoming negative behaviors. In this paper, the author will examine the character of Will Hunting from the movie Good Will Hunting (Bender et al., 1997) using Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory and Erick Erickson’s Psychosocial Life Stage Development Theory. Many different personality theories can be used to explain Hunting’s behavior. The author exploited the scientific reasoning of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecology Theory of Development to assist her on determining a diagnosis of Will Hunting using Kohlberg’s and Erickson’s development theories. GOOD WILL HUNTING: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND 3 Good Will Hunting: A Theoretical Analysis and Application of Personality Theories Introduction Mental health professionals attempt to determine the source of negative attributes and aspects of an individual by studying personality theories in connection to their clients counseling needs. Personality theories assist professionals on identifying behavior related issues in an effort to understand individuals suffering from difficulties in conjunction to negative behaviors. A professional’s obligation is to assess, diagnose, and treat an individual once a theoretical perspective has been determined. In the movie Good Will Hunting (Bender et al., 1997), we view the violence Will Hunting experienced as a child and then demonstrates as an adult; along with flashes of a sweet disposition towards his friends and mental genius." }, { "docid": "D2767446#0", "title": "https://moleboi.wordpress.com/2013/03/02/is-rawls-theory-of-social-justice-feasible/\nIs Rawlsâ Theory of Social Justice Feasible?", "text": "Is Rawls’ Theory of Social Justice Feasible? Mar 2Posted by moleboi Justice is one of the most contested principles in political theory; however the theory of justice proposed by the American political philosopher John Rawls has come to be one of the most influential theories of the present day. By first explaining the ideas behind the theory, such as the initial position and the difference principle, then putting Rawlsian justice under scrutiny we shall come to discover an understanding of Rawlsian justice as well as realise that despite being a desirable theory for the modern political era it is undesirable and unfeasible for a post-modern political era. Rawls begins his theory by first pointing out what role justice has to play within the political sphere, his posits justice with the role as “a set of principles…required for choosing among the various social arrangements which determine this division of…distributive shares. These principles are the principles of social justice…they define the appropriate distribution of the benefits and burdens of social cooperation” [1] . Or in short Rawls sees (social) justice as the underlying system for deciding how best society should be arranged so that resources can be distributed in a fair manner. Miller adds another dimension to this by claiming “justice is more than simply a virtue…it is fundamental to the institutions of a mass of individuals into a political community” [2]. By combining the two we can say that the role of justice is to turn individuals into a community by establishing a system whereby resources and burdens are shared out fairly amongst all members of the community. Before Rawls then goes on to explain his theory of justice he firsts argues that for such a system to be completely fair to all involved it must be devised from what he calls the ‘initial position’ as “the principles of justice for the basic structure of society…are the principles that free and rational persons…would accept in an initial position” [3]. The initial position is something which cannot be actualised in reality a point Rawls acknowledges as he refers to it as “a purely hypothetical situation” [4], in which we each must imagine ourselves as being in a blank state so that “no one knows his place in society, his class…or social status, nor…his fortune in the distribution of natural assets” [5] to ensure “the principles are chosen behind a veil of ignorance.” [ 6] Once we have placed ourselves behind this veil of ignorance and are imagining ourselves as featureless, talentless shadows moving within a system yet to be implemented we can then begin devising the set of principles and laws which will keep the system fully functioning without being unduly unfair to any particular individuals or group within the whole community, the principles Rawls argues we would all decide upon boil down to two main concepts. The first of these of these two principles is often referred to as ‘the principle of basic freedoms’ in this principle, which Rawls posits as being the most important and therefore should not yield to the other principle under any circumstance, “the basic liberties…are political…these liberties are to be equal by the first principle” [7]. These basic freedoms, as already mentioned, are political freedoms such as freedom of speech, freedom to vote in a system where each vote is counted as one and no more than one, amongst others." }, { "docid": "D3496685#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/3282781/developmental-psychology-flash-cards/\nDevelopmental Psychology", "text": "\"100 terms wellevk Developmental Psychology Vocabulary terms from unit on Developmental Psychology. Includes items from Myers for AP 2e as well as from accompanying class presentations. Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortzygote stage in prenatal development from conception to 2 weeksembryo stage in prenatal development from 2 to 9 weeks, wherein organs and primary sex characteristics begin to developfetus stage in prenatal development from 9 weeks to birthteratogens harmful environmental agents that disrupt proper development (e.g. alcohol)habituation decreasing responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus; used to assess infant cognitionrooting reflex infant reflex wherein the baby will, when touched on the cheek, turn its head toward the direction of the touch and search for a nipplesucking reflex when an object is placed in the baby's mouth, he will begin to suck on itgrasping reflex when touched on the palm of the hand, a baby will wrap his fingers tightly around the stimulus Moro reflex infant startle response; when alarmed, the baby will fling his limbs outward, then retract them and hold them close to his body Babinski reflex when stroked on the bottom of the foot, a baby will spread its toes Jean Piaget most famous for his 4-stage model of cognitive developmentschema concept or framework that organizes and aids in interpretation of informationmaturation physical (or biological) process of growth; believed to occur in mostly universal sequence, though timing varies from individual to individualassimilation interpreting new information with the context of existing schemasaccommodation adjusting or changing one's schema's to account for new informationconservation principle that certain properties of matter (e.g. mass, volume, number) remain the same despite changes in appearance; exhibited during the concrete operational phaseobject permanence awareness that things continue to exist even though they are not perceived; develops at 6-8 months of agesensorimotor in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their impressions and motor activitiespreoperational in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6/7) during which a child learns to communicate using symbols (language) but does not demonstrate mental operations of concrete logic.egocentrism the inability of preoperational children to take the perspective of anotheranimism belief, often demonstrated by preoperational children, that inanimate objects have thoughts and feelingsmagical thinking cognitive feature of preoperational children; unconstrained by adult understandings of reality, they may believe, for example, that it is possible to turn into a racecartheory of mind people's ideas about their own and others' mental states (about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict)categorization inability the inability of preoperational children to group items according to rules or criteriaconcrete operational in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6/7 to 11/12) during which children gain the mental operations that allow them to think logically about real or \"\"concrete\"\" eventsformal operational in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development which begins about age 12 and is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstact conceptssocial development theory Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development which emphasized the importance of other people (more knowledge others) in our mental growth Lev Vygotsky most famous for social development theory (of child cognitive development)More Knowledge Other (MKO) In Vygotsky's theory, another person who possesses expertise and can help you learn somethingzone of proximal development In Vygotsky's theory, the context in which learning takes place; the gap between when a child can accomplish with assistance and when he can do something independentlystranger anxiety fear of people other than those with whom the infant is familiar; appears around 8 months and peaks at 13 monthsattachment an emotional tie with another person; shown in infants by their seeking closeness with caregivers and displaying distress upon separationcritical period time frame during which exposure to a particular stimulus must take place in order for proper development to occurimprinting rigid, inflexible attachments demonstrated by some animal species (e.g. ducks, sheep)Konrad Lorenz Nobel Prize-winning researcher famous for his imprinting studies, and for advocating the study of animals in their natural environments Harry Harlow presented infant monkeys with a choice between two artificial mothers; the monkeys preferred the warm, cloth mothers to cold ones with food Mary Ainsworth researcher who described attachment styles in infants as measured by the \"\"strange situation\"\" testsecure attachment demonstrated when infants seem to view their caregiver as a \"\"secure base\"\" for exploration, seeking closeness to him/her and being upset at separation.strange situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment style in infants; involves separation and reunion with a parentanxious attachment demonstrated by babies who seem constantly afraid of potential separation from the caregiver; they cling to caregivers in strange settings and display intense distress upon separationavoidant attachment demonstrated by babies who seem to avoid contact and closeness with caregiversbasic trust in Erikson's model, this attitude develops as a result of secure attachment; babies come to view the world as safe & predictable and believe that others will reliably meet their needs Diana Baumrind researcher who developed a model of parenting styles that included authoritarian, authoritative, and permissiveauthoritarian parenting style (in Baumrind's model)characterized by high levels of demandingness and low warmth; they impose rules and expect obedienceauthoritative parenting style (in Baumrind's model) characterized by high demandingness and high warmth; these parents explain reasons for rules and are open to negotiation (with older children)permissive parenting style (in Baumrind's model) characterized by low demandingness and high warmth; they submit to their children's desires, make few rules, and use little punishmentmenarche onset of menstruation; key marker of onset of puberty for females Lawrence Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to assess moral thinking in children; most well-known for his description of levels of morality (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)preconventional stage of moral development in which children seek to avoid punishment or gain reward when determining right from wrongconventional stage of moral development wherein individuals seek to gain social approval or maintain the social order (follow rules and laws)postconventional stage of moral development wherein individuals use abstract reasoning to determine right from wrong, often by citing agreed-upon rights (e.g. \"\"the right to live\"\") or personal ethical principles Jonathon Haidt countered Kohlberg's theory with \"\"Social Intuitionist\"\" theory; believed we make moral choices based on emotional reactions (\"\"moral feeling\"\") not cold logictrust v. mistrust 1st stage in Erikson's model; infants must learn to view the world as a predictable, safe place or face a future of guarded skepicismautonomy v. shame & doubt 2nd stage in Erikson's model; toddlers must be able to exercise some independence or will be ashamed and uncertain of their abilitiesinitiative v. guilt 3rd stage in Erikson's model; preschoolers must learn to start and direct creative tasks, or they may feel guilty about asserting themselvesindustry v. inferiority 4th stage in Erikson's model; children must master the skills valued by their society or feel inferioridentity v. role confusion 5th stage in Erikson's model; adolescents must develop a sense of identity or suffer lack of directionintimacy v. isolation 6th stage in Erikson's model; young adults must form close, satisfying relationships or suffer lonelinessgenerativity v. stagnation 7th stage in Erikson's model; in middle age, adults must discover a sense of contributing to the world or they may feel a lack of purposeintegrity v. despair 8th stage in Erikson's model; when reflecting at the end of life, an older adult must feel a sense of satisfaction or experience despair (feelings of having wasted one's life)Erik Erikson famous for his 8-stage model of psychosocial development; neo-Freudian G. Stanley Hall founder of the APA; known for his work in developmental psych, particularly for defining adolescence as a period of \"\"storm and stress\"\"emerging adulthood developmental stage proposed by Jeffrey Arnett; period between adolescence and assumption of typical adult roles (18-29, perhaps? ) Alzheimer's disease progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning; linked to deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholinecross-sectional study study in which people of different ages are compared with one anothercrystallized intelligence one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with agefluid intelligence one's ability to reason speedily and abstactly; tends to decrease during late adulthoodsocial clock culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirementprospective memory The ability to remember to perform actions in the future; declines with ageretrospective memory involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information; not as vulnerable to age-related declinesautism spectrum disorder A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavio" }, { "docid": "D2986950#0", "title": "https://springgrovemnheritagecenter.org/neoteny-and-human-evolution/\nHuman Spirituality and Neoteny", "text": "September 30, 2013 by Johnathan Storlie Human Spirituality and Neoteny Skulls of 1. Gorilla 2. Australopithecine 3. Homo erectus 4. Neanderthal (La-Chapelle-aux-Saints) 5. Steinheim Skull 6. Modern human Some of the latest genetic research on neoteny suggests that humans–and the very powerful institutions that govern them–have preferentially selected for the survival of more childlike humans over thousands of years. This is exhibited in the form of a loss of–or a delay in–the expression of important maturity genes found in primates and earlier hominids. This causes–what some have referred to as–“more evolved” humans to have the less threatening appearance of primate infants–just as domestic dogs tend to resemble wolf pups. Not only do domestic dogs resemble wolf pups in appearance, they also resemble them in behavior." }, { "docid": "D475642#0", "title": "http://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carol-gilligan.html\nCarol Gilligan", "text": "Good Therapy.org > Psych Pedia > Famous Psychologists > Carol Gilligan Carol Gilligan1 0 0 0 0Carol Gilligan is a contemporary psychologist who has conducted extensive research into women's approach to moral problems. Professional Life Carol Gilligan was born in New York City on November 28, 1936. She studied literature at Swarthmore College as an undergrad, and she graduated from Radcliffe in 1960 with a master's in psychology. She continued to Harvard, where she received her Ph D in psychology in 1964. Three years later, Gilligan took a teaching position at Harvard where she worked alongside Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. While Gilligan worked as a research assistant under Kohlberg, known for his theory of moral development, she began focusing on the moral dilemmas and development of young girls. In 1997, Gilligan became the Chair of Gender Studies at Harvard, and she codirected the Harvard Project on Women’s Psychology, Boy’s Development, and the Culture of Manhood. Gilligan has lectured at Princeton University and Michigan State University, she was Pitt Professor at the University of Cambridge in 1992 and 1993, and she has taught at New York University since 2002. Gilligan’s work has been recognized for women’s advancement by activists, such as Jane Fonda, who donated $2.5 million to create an endowed faculty chair in Gilligan’s name at Harvard. Gilligan has been recognized by many institutions and organizations for her efforts in the area of women’s advancement and moral psychology." }, { "docid": "D1734346#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/12959817/sociology-for-clep_sparknotes-flash-cards/\nSociology for CLEP_Sparknotes", "text": "\"296 terms walterh430Sociology for CLEP_Sparknotes Flashcards based on information provided by sparknotes. http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/introduction-to-sociology/Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Define Sociology the systematic and scientific study of human social life. Who is considered the \"\"father of sociology?\"\" What prompted his study of society? What procedure did he follow to understand society? What philosophical theory did he originate? Auguste Comte (1798-1857). His studies were prompted by the French and Industrials Revolutions. His procedure was the Scientific Method Positivism:the application of the scientific method to the analysis of society. In the United States, where was sociology first taught as an academic discipline?" }, { "docid": "D2143682#0", "title": "http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Em-Exp/Ethics.html\nETHICS", "text": "\"ETHICSFollow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Photo by: kentoh Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines \"\"ethics\"\" as the \"\"discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation,\"\" \"\"a set of moral principles or value\"\" or \"\"a theory or system of moral values.\"\" Ethics assists individuals in deciding when an act is moral or immoral, right or wrong. Ethics can be grounded in natural law, religious tenets, parental and family influence, educational experiences, life experiences, and cultural and societal expectations. Ethics in business, or business ethics as it is often called, is the application of the discipline, principles, and theories of ethics to the organizational context. Business ethics have been defined as \"\"principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business.\"\" Business ethics is also a descriptive term for the field of academic study in which many scholars conduct research and in which undergraduate and graduate students are exposed to ethics theory and practice, usually through the case method of analysis. Ethical behavior in business is critical. When business firms are charged with infractions, and when employees of those firms come under legal investigation, there is a concern raised about moral behavior in business. Hence, the level of mutual trust, which is the foundation of our free-market economy, is threatened. Although ethics in business has been an issue for academics, practitioners, and governmental regulators for decades, some believe that unethical, immoral, and/or illegal behavior is widespread in the business world." }, { "docid": "D1814024#0", "title": "http://www.koofers.com/flashcards/psyc-chapter-10-1/review\nChapter 10 - Flashcards", "text": "\"Universities » University of Tennessee - Martin.. » PSYC - Psychology » 313 - Developmental Psych » Flash Cards Chapter 10 - Flashcards Flashcard Deck Information Class: PSYC 313 - Developmental Psych Subject: Psychology University: The University of Tennessee-Martin Term: Fall 20091 of 27Next card »Keyboard Shortcuts for using Flashcards: Space to Flip Up for Correct Down for Incorrect Left for Previous Card Right for Next Card Cards marked as \"\"Correct\"\" will not be shown again until you hit Shuffle or Start Over. Click Card to flipperspective takingself-esteem0 INCORRECT 0 CORRECT 0 SKIPPEDShuffle Remaining Cards Show Definitions First Take Quiz (NEW)Hide Keyboard shortcuts Next card Previous card Mark correct Mark incorrect Flip card Start Over Shuffle List View: Terms & Definitions Hide All 27 Print Front Backperspective taking The ability to assume other people's perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings.self-esteem The global evaluative dimension of the self. Also referred to as self-worth or self-image.self-concept Domain-specific evaluations of the self.self-efficacy The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.preconventional reasoning The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.heteronomous morality Kohlberg's first stage of preconventional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment.individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange Kohlberg's second stage of preconventional reasoning. At this stage, individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same.conventional reasoning The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society.mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity Kohlberg's third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements.social systems morality The fourth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.postconventional reasoning The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.social contract or utility and individual rights The fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law.universal ethical principles The sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development." }, { "docid": "D34137#0", "title": "https://www.flashcardmachine.com/developmental-psychology15.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Developmental Psychology Description Final Exam Part 1Total Cards 79Subject Psychology Level Undergraduate 4Created 04/29/2008Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Psychology Flashcards Cards Term How does the self concept develop during early childhood, and how do children develop self esteem? Definition The self concept undergoes major change in early childhood. According to neo-Piagetians, self-definition shifts from single representations to representational mappings. Young children do not see the difference between the real self and the ideal self. Culture affects the self-definition. Self esteem in early childhood tends to be global and unrealistic, reflecting adult approval. Term Self-concept Definition Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits." }, { "docid": "D2640642#0", "title": "http://lifestyle.howstuffworks.com/family/parenting/tweens-teens/moral-development-stage-adolescence.htm\nWhat is the moral development stage of adolescence?", "text": "\"Up Next Throughout the course of puberty, teens' moral development advances just as surely as their bodies are changing. From the start of early adolescence (around 11-13 years old), teens begin to think abstractly. This new ability leads them to begin to question rules and standards, whether from school, religious authorities or parents, which they had previously easily accepted. By middle adolescence (around 14-18 years old), teens have begun to develop their own moral code. Their behavior early on during middle adolescence may not be consistent with some of their moral conclusions. This isn't hypocrisy; they really just haven't made the connection yet. It's the reason they may genuinely believe smoking is bad, but they'll try it anyway. They will usually be more likely to match their behavior to their beliefs by the end of this period. As they move to late adolescence (around 18-21 years old), they will begin to develop their moral ideas about the world, thinking about such concepts as justice, peace and patriotism. This progression was formally codified by Lawrence Kohlberg, a 20 th -century developmental theorist who identified six stages of moral development." }, { "docid": "D569911#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/95520123/nurs-355-chapter-17-flash-cards/\nNURS 355 Chapter 17", "text": "\"34 terms irishsulli7NURS 355 Chapter 17Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort How does the onset of the pubertal growth spurt compare in girls and boys? In girls, it occurs about 1 year before it appears in boys. The average age of onset is 9 1/2 years for girls and 10 1/2 years for boys. Although pubertal growth spurts may occur in girls 3 years before it appears in boys on an individual basis, the average difference is 1 year. Usually girls begin their pubertal growth spurt earlier than boys. In girls, what is the initial indication of puberty? Breast development In most girls, the initial indication of puberty is the appearance of breast buds, an event known as thelarche. The usual sequence of secondary sexual characteristic development in girls is breast changes, a rapid increase in height and weight, growth of pubic hair, appearance of axillary hair, menstruation (menarche), and abrupt deceleration of linear growth." }, { "docid": "D664593#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/96992364/development-chapter-9-flash-cards/\nDevelopment Chapter 9", "text": "\"53 terms hadeeahmadi Development Chapter 9Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Cognitive development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Psychosocial development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.normative approach This approach asks, \"\"What is normal development? \"\" developmental milestones we can use these age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events (e.g., crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty). Continuous development views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills. There is gradual changediscontinuous believe that development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages.psychosexual development (Freud) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that personality develops during early childhood. For Freud, childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults. Freud viewed development as discontinuous; he believed that each of us must pass through a serious of stages during childhood, and that if we lack proper nurturance and parenting during a stage, we may become stuck, or fixated, in that stage." }, { "docid": "D416231#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development\nPiaget's theory of cognitive development", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Theory of cognitive development)navigation search Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It was first created by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980). The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it. [ 1] Piaget's theory is mainly known as a developmental stage theory. To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, then adjust their ideas accordingly. [ 2] Moreover, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism, and language is contingent on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development. [ 3] Piaget's earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centered classrooms and \"\" open education \"\" are direct applications of Piaget's views. [ 4] Despite its huge success, Piaget's theory has some limitations that Piaget recognized himself: for example, the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development ( décalage ). [" }, { "docid": "D2456528#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/46631522/forensic-psy-flash-cards/\nforensic psy", "text": "\"62 terms csmith616forensic psy Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Describe the 5 major assumptions our criminal justice system makes about juries and jurors. ... What is the formula for \"\"field theory.\"\" B=F (P,E) Behavior is a function of the person and their environment Qualities of the external environment and pressures from the situation affect an individual's behavior Highly publicized case - may result in harsher sentence What does this field theory suggest about participants in the legal system? psychologists remind us that the behavior of participants in the legal system is a result not only of their personal, internal qualities, but also the setting in which they operate Which model appears to dominate our system ... How is that model reflected in different aspects of our system - in other words what elements (such as \"\"trial by a jury of our peers\"\") in our system seem designed to support the model you have chosen? ... legality ...morality ...justice ... Why are you defining each the way you are? ( 3) Discuss how these three can be in conflict. ( 4) Discuss each of the following as they relate to this comparison: ● Intention ● Do No Harm ● Voluntary action ... Decribe, in order, the 8 levels of intent according to psychology. ( 2) Give an example of an action that would fall at each category." }, { "docid": "D530355#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/3307579/hd-unit-13-flash-cards\nHD Unit 13", "text": "28 terms dhschmidt HD Unit 13Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Achieving stage The point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and social contributions. Acquisitive stage Encompasses all of childhood and adolescence, and the main developmental task is to acquire information. Atherosclerosis The most common form of CVD; a disease characterized by plaques along the inner walls of the arteries. Basal Metabolic Rate The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest. Biological aging, or senescence Genetically influenced, age-related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species. Body Mass Index A ration that allows you to asses your body size in relation to your height and weight. Cancer Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Creativity The ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate-something that others have not thought of that is useful in some way." }, { "docid": "D2101734#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development\nCognitive development", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology. Qualitative differences between how a child processes their waking experience and how an adult processes their waking experience are acknowledged. Cognitive development is defined in adult terms as the emergence of ability to consciously cognize and consciously understand and articulate their understanding. From an adult point of view, cognitive development can also be called intellectual development [1]A large portion of research has gone into understanding how a child peceives their world. Jean Piaget was a major force establishing this field, forming his \"\" theory of cognitive development \"\". Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period. [ 2]Many of Piaget's theoretical claims have since fallen out of favor. Still, his description of the most prominent changes in cognition with age, is generally still accepted today (e.g., how early perception moves from being dependent on concrete, external actions. Later, abstract understanding of observable aspects of reality can be captured; leading to, uncovery of underlying abstract rules and principles, usually starting in adolescence)Perhaps equally importantly, Piaget identified and described many cognitive changes that must be explained, such as object permanence in infancy and the understanding of logical relations and cause-effect reasoning in school age children. The many phenomena he described still attract the interest of many current researchers." } ]
9100	_______________________a investigations of the sarcolemma penetrating deep into the interior of the muscle cells	[ { "docid": "D3035079#0", "title": "http://www.bio-medicine.org/Biology-Dictionary/sarcolemma/\n.", "text": "The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell . It consists of a true cell membrane, called the plasma membrane, and an outer coat made up of a thin layer of polysaccharide material that contains numerous thin collagen fibrils. At each end of the muscle fiber,... Full article >>> Aspects of the topic sarcolemma are discussed in the following places at Britannica. Assorted References structure of striated muscle ( in meat processing: Skeletal muscle structure; The plasma membrane of a muscle cell, called the sarcolemma, separates the sarcoplasm (muscle cell cytoplasm) from the extracellular surroundings. Within the sarcoplasm of each... Full article >>> A T-tubule is a deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell. Full article >>> ... a role in remodelling of sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrils. Remodelling of extracellular matrix and sarcolemma as well as changes in signal ... Full article >>> ... the Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity of cardiac sarcolemma in reconstituted vesicles. ... in reconstituted vesicles from bovine cardiac sarcolemma. J Biol Chem. ..." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1569872#0", "title": "http://www.easynotecards.com/print_list/19591\nPrint Options", "text": "\"Chapter 9 A&P1. Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached. A. T B. FB2. Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. A.extensibility B.contractility C.excitability D.secretion D3. Which type of muscle CANNOT contract without being stimulated by the nervous system? A.skeletal B.smooth C.visceral D.cardiac A4. Which muscle characteristic describes the ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus? extensibility elasticity contractility excitabilityexcitability5. Which of the following is CORRECTLY paired?" }, { "docid": "D1322519#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubule\nT-tubule", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search T-tubule Skeletal muscle, with T-tubule labelled in zoomed in image. T-tubule structure and relationship to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle Details Part of Cell membrane of Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle cells. Identifiers Latin tubulus transversus TH H2.00.05.2.01018, H2.00.05.2.02013Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]Transverse tubules ( T-tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration. Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release throughout the cell. [ 1] T-tubule structure may be affected by disease, potentially contributing to heart failure and arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing. Contents [ hide ]1 Structure1.1 Regulators2 Function2.1 Excitation-contraction coupling2.2 Calcium control2.3 Detubulation3 History4 Clinical significance5 See also6 References7 External links Structure [ edit]T-tubules are tubules formed from the same phospholipid bilayer as the surface membrane or sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells. [ 1] They connect directly with the sarcolemma at one end before travelling deep within the cell, forming a network of tubules with sections running both perpendicular (transverse) to and parallel (axially) to the sarcolemma. [ 1] Due to this complex orientation, some refer to T-tubules as the transverse-axial tubular system. [" }, { "docid": "D315386#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/37190697/practice-exam-2-flash-cards/\nPractice Exam 2", "text": "40 terms 12stengard Practice Exam 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort A sacromere is the distance between two Z line The _____ contains only the actin filaments I band Attachment site for myosin M line The first zone of the Epiphyseal plate zone of resting cartilage The second zone of the Epiphyseal plate zone of proliferation The third zone of the Epiphyseal plate zone of hypertrophy The fourth zone of the Epiphyseal plate zone of calcification Muscle exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle a. shortens its length b. recoils to its original resting length c. stretches beyond its normal length d. responds to stimulation by the nervous system e. excites itself d. The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is a. elastic cartilage b. fibrocartilage c. hyaline cartilage d. interstitial cartilage e. osteocartilage c. A small passageway connection neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a a. central canal b. lamella c. canaliculus d.lacuna e. osteocanal c. The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of a. osteoblast and osteoclast activity b. osteoclast and osteocyte activity c. chondroblast and osteoclast activity d. chondrocyte and osteocyte activity e. fibroblast and chondroblast activity a. Which type of muscle tissue is auto rhythmic? a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. cardiac muscle d. both skeletal and cardiac muscle e. both cardiac and smooth muscle e. Arrange the following events in endochondral ossification in proper sequence: 1. Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes dies 2. Chondrocytes hypertrophy 3. Cartilage model is formed 4. Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center 5. Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts a. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 b. 3, 2, 5, 4, 1 c. 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 d. 3, 5, 2, 4, 1 e. 1, 3, 4, 5, 2 a. The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is a. hypertrophy, proliferation, calcification, ossification, and remodeling." }, { "docid": "D3246154#0", "title": "https://www.flashcardmachine.com/ch11-muscular-tissue.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Ch. 11 Muscular Tissue Description Types and Characteristics of Muscle, Flaccid Paralysis Total Cards 44Subject Anatomy Level Undergraduate 1Created 11/16/2009Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Anatomy Flashcards Cards Term Universal Characteristics of Muscle- Responsiveness Definition Capable of response to chemical signals, stretch or other signals and responding with electrical changes across the plasma membrane Term Universal Characteristics of Muscle- Conductivity Definition Sharinglocal electrical charge triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber Term Universal Characteristic of Muscle- Contractility Definition Force Shortens when stimulated Term Universal Characteristics of Muscle- Extensibility Definition Relaxation Capable of being stretched Term Universal Characteristics of Muscle- Elasticity Definitionreoil/resumereturns to its original resting length after being stretched Term Skeletal Muscle- Muscle Fiber Definitionvoluntary, striated muscle attached to bonesmuslce fibers (myofibers) as long as 30 cmalternating light and dark transverse bands/striationsstriations reflect overlapping arrangement of internal contractile proteins (myofilaments) actin and myosin Term Skeletal Muscle- Connective Tissue Definition Parallel Elastic Components Series Elastic Components Found between muscle fiber and bone or other attachment Not excitable or elastic, but are somewhat extensible and elasticstretches slightly under tension and recoils when released Not contractile or physically able to change length Term CT of Muscle Tissue- Parallel Elastic Components Definitionsurrounds contractile partsconnected to each other in linear series Endomysium-> Perimysium->epimysium Term CT of Muscle Tissue- Series Elastic Components Definition Joined at end Tendon, periosteum, bone matrixhelp return muscles to their resting lengthsadds significantly to power output and efficiency of muscles Term Skeletal Muscle Fibers Definition Multinucleated-- multiple nuclei against inside of Plasma Membrane Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Term Skeletal Muscle Fibers- Sarcolemma Definitionlemma = huskplasma membranehas tunnel-like infoldings or transverse (T) tubules that penetrate the cellcarry out electric current to cell interior Term Skeletal Muscle Fibers- Sarcoplasm Definition Cytoplasmfilled with long protein bundles called myofibrilsmyofibrils = bundles of parallel protein microfilaments called myofilamentsmyofilaments = actin and myosinglycogen stored for energymyoglobin = unit inside muscle cell that is receptive to oxygen Term Skeletal Muscle Fibers- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Definition Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Interconnected network Ca++ resovoir (collecting and distributing Ca++)Term Sarcomere Definition1 functional contractile unit of muscle fibersarco = musclemere = segment Contractile Proteins: Actin and Myosin1 myosin surrounded by 6 actin Term Sarcomere- Actin Definition Thin Filaments Contractile Protein2 intertwined strands of fibrous (F) actineach subunit is a globular (G) Actin with an active site (most F actin, few G)Groove holds Tropomyosin molecules, each blocking the active sites of Actin One small, calcium-binding troponin molecule stuck to each tropomyosin Term Sarcomere-Myosin Definition Thick Filaments Contractile Proteinmade of 200-500 myosin molecules2 entwined polypeptides (Golfclubs)Arranged in a bundle of with heads (cross bridges) directed outward in a spiral array around the bundled tailsstrategically placed heads to aid in muscle interaction, heads must be lined up in ordermiddle = bare zone (no heads, only tails) where there is no interaction Term Tropomyosin Definition Regulatory Proteinblocks active sites of Actin so that it cannot bind with myosin Term Troponin Definition Small, Calcium binding molecule that is stuck to each Tropomyosin molecule Highly sensitive to calciumcontains a Tropin complex Term Elastic Filaments Definition Huge springy protein called titinruns through core of each thick filamentconnects thick filament to Z disc structure Term Titin Definition Elastic Filament Functions: keep thick and thin filaments aligned with each otherresist overstretchinghelp the cell recoil to its resting length (elasticity)Term Regulatory Proteins Definition Troponin + Tropomyosin = on/off switchact like a switch that starts and stops shortening of muscle cellCa++ is keythe release of calcium into sarcoplasm and its binding to troponin activates contraction Troponin moves the Tropomyosin off the actin active sites Term Contractile Proteins Definition Myosin and Actinbond if they crossbridgecrossbridging = bindingmyosin head binds with actin binding site Term Striations Definitiondark band regions alternating with lighter band regions Term A- Band Definitionthick filament regionmyosin filamentcenter of filament Term H- Band Definitionarea contains no think filamentno actin, only myosin Term I- Band Definitionthin filament regionbisected by Z disc protein called connectinone at each end of sarcomereno myosin, only actin Term Connectin Definitionmakes up the actual Z lineanchors elastic and thin filaments Z line = Z disc Term Single Sarcomere Definitionfrom one Z disc (Z line) to the nexthundreds of myosin and actin make up one sarcomere Term Contracted Sarcomere Definition Muscle cells shorten because their individual sarcomeres shorten Z discs are pulled closer together Thick and Thin filaments don't change length during shortening They overlap (sliding filament theory)-crossbridging Z discs approximate one another Term Contracted Sarcomere- H Zone Definitiononly myosin S H RINKZ gets shorter Term Contracted Sarcomere- I band Definitiononly actin SHR I NKZ gets shorter Term Contracted Sarcomere- Z line Definitionends SHRINK Z gets shorter Term Contracted Sarcomere- A band Definitionanywhere there is myosin S A ME do not change shape Term Nerve-Muscle Relationships Definition Skeletal muscle must be stimulated by a nerve or it will not contract Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are in brainstem or spinal cord Axons of somatic motor neurons are called somatic motor fiberseach branches into 200 terminal branches that supply 1 muscle fiber eacheach motor neuron and all the muscle dibers it innervates are called a MOTOR UNITTerm Motor Unit Definitiona motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervatesdispersed throughout muscleworks in shifts- 1 motor unit stimulates 1 type of muscle fiber; when fatigued, other parts that have been resting can kick insmall motor unitlarge motor unit Termsmall motor unit Definitioncontain as few as 20 muscle fibers per nerve fibermeans less fibers per nervein fingers and fine detailed movements Termlarge motor unit Definitionmore muscle fibers per nerveable to accomplish larger tasksgastrochemius muscle has 1,000 fibers per nerve fiber Term Neuromuscular Junction (Synapse)Definitionregion where a nerve fiber makes a functional connection with its muscle (NMJ)Neurotransmitter (achetlycholine/ACh) released from the nerve fiber causes stimulation of the muscle cellneuro = nervetransmitter = meaning to propogate/transmit Term Components of a synapse- synaptic knob Definitionswollen end of nerve fiber (contains ACh)has synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter Term Components of a synapse- Motor End Plate Definitionspecialized region of muscle cell surfacehas ACh receptors on membrane which bind ACh released from nerve; receptors are just waiting to receive ACh AChase is an enzyme that breaks down ACh and causes relaxation Term Components of a synapse- synaptic cleft Definitiontiny gap between nerve and muscle cells Term Components of Synapse- Sarcolemma Definitionplasma membrane/husk that covers muscle fiberattaches at all points to increase surface area Term Spastic & Flaccid Paralysis Definition Pesticides contain inhibitors that bind to AChase and prevent it from degrading ACh--> spastic paralysis and possible suffocation Tetanus or lockjaw is spastic paralysis caused by toxin of Clostridium bacteria- blocks glycine release in spinal cord and causes over stimulation/constant contraction of muscles Flaccid Paralysis with limp muscles unable to contract b/c currare takes up space where ACh should be ACh--> respiratory arrest" }, { "docid": "D773144#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/10921891/muscle-tissue-ch10-flash-cards/\nMuscle Tissue ch10", "text": "\"41 terms sheldonian PLUSMuscle Tissue ch10Human Anatomy Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort3 Types of Muscle Tissue skeletal, cardiac and smoothdescribe skeletal muscle striated, VOLUNTARY control, MANY nuclei per cell, longest fibers (extend the length of the whole muscle)describe cardiac muscle striated, involuntary control, one nucleus per celldescribe smooth muscle NOT striated, involuntary control, one nucleus per cell3 functions of muscle tissue 1) movement a. of whole body or body parts (skeletal) b. of substances w/in body (cardiac - pumps blood, smooth - substances move through hollow organs) 2) heat production (mostly skeletal) 3) maintain posture and stabilize joints (skeletal)4 special functional characteristics of muscle tissue 1) excitability - respond to stimuli like neurotransmitters (from neurons) or hormones w/ electrical signals) 2) contractility - ability to develop tension (muscle fiber may shorten) 3) extensibility - can stretch 4) elasticity - assumes original length after stretching4 types of associated connective tissue (CT) in \"\"skeletal\"\" muscle 1) superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer or hypodermis) 2) deep fascia (coarse, tough CT) 3) less coarse CT layers (tough, but not as tough as deep fascia) 4) all the CT layers are continuous with one another and with the tendons that attach the muscle to the periosteum of bone Skeletal Muscle CT -superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer or hypodermis) a. areolar & adipose 1) stores water and fat 2) decreases heat loss 3) protects underlying tissues Skeletal Muscle CT- deep fascia (coarse, tough CT) a. dense irregular 1) holds together functional groups of muscle 2) allows free movement of muscles 3) packs spaces between muscles, nerves and blood vessels pass through Skeletal Muscle CT - less coarse CT layers a. support and protect muscle cells, reinforce whole muscle, provide elasticity 1) epimysium - dense irregular CT, wraps around whole muscle 2) perimysium - dense irregular CT, wraps bundles of fibers called fascicles 3) endomysium - similar to areolar CT, lots of reticular fibers, wraps each fiber Skeletal Muscle CT - all the CT layers are continuous with one another and with tendons that attach the muscle to the periosteum of bone a. tendons are dense regular CT b. a flattened tendon called an aponeurosis (may attach to bone, skin or another muscle)7 internal structures and basic functions of skeletal muscle cells 1) very large (10-100 micrometers in diameter, may be many cm long) 2) plasma membrane called sarcolemma 3) cytoplasm called sarcoplasm 4) myofibrils 5) sarcoplasmic reticulum 6) T tubules 7) Sliding Filament Theorycytoplasm called sarcoplasm contains 1) lots of glycogen (stored from glucose) and myoglobin (a protein that binds O2) 2) contains the usual organelles plus some modified onesmyofibrils consists of 1) specialized organelles that run the length of the cell (100s-1000s/cell) 2) made up of contractile units called sarcomeres a) sarcomeres are made up of myofilaments b) the arrangment of myofilaments causes striations 3) myofilaments a) thick filaments - made of the protein myosin, often called cross-bridges because they can bind w/ the thin filaments b) thin filaments - made of the proteins actin (where myosin binds), tropomyosin and troponinsarcoplasmic reticulum specialized smooth ER that stores calcium and releases it when signaled by a nerve impulse (an electrical signal from a neuron)T tubules 1) the sarolemma penetrates into deeper parts of the cell, forming hollow tubes surrounding all the myofibrils 2) conducts electrical signals throughout the cell so all myofibrils contract at once Sliding Filament Theory 1) when a nerve impulse signals the muscle cell, calcium is released from the SR 2) this allows myosin to bind to actin and pull the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomeres 3) ATP required In general, skeletal muscle consists of 1) associated connective tissue (CT) 2) skeletal muscle cells 3) blood supply 4) nerve supply 5) muscle tone 6) fiber types Skeletal muscle blood supply 1) lots of blood needed to supply oxygen and carry away wastes from these very active cells 2) vessels penetrate CT layers, lots of capillaries in endomysium Skeletal muscle nerve supply 1) each muscle served by at least one motor nerve containing 100s of motor neurons 2) neuromuscular junction Neuromuscular junction 1) area where a neuron meets a muscle fiber 2) separated by a gap called synaptic cleft 3) when an electrical signal (action potential) travels to the end of a neuron, the neuron releases a chemical message called a neurotransmitter (specifically, acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, also known as ACh) 4) the ACh binds to the muscle cell, and initiates an electrical signal (action potential) there 5) this ultimately results in the muscle fiber contracting In the nerve supply of skeletal muscle; if each muscle is served by at least one motor nerve containing 100s of motor neurons - explain a motor neuron 1) a motor unit is one motor neuron plus all the muscle skeletal fibers it innervates 2) a motor unit may have only a few muscle fibers or 1000+ 3) fewer muscle fibers per motor unit where fine, delicate control needed (eyes, fingers) 4) more muscle fibers per motor unit where more power needed (limbs) 5) activating more motor units at one time means a more powerful contraction Skeletal Muscle Tone 1) small groups of motor units are periodically activated involuntarily 2) this keeps the muscle ready to contractmotor unit is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types 1) red slow twitch (a.k.a. slow oxidative) 2) white fast twitch (a.k.a. fast glycolytic) 3) intermediate fast twitch (a.k.a. fast oxidative) 4) each muscle has a mix of the three types, but has a greater proportion of the type used most often 5) exercise can change fiber typesskeletal muscle fiber - red slow twitch (a.k.a. slow oxidative) 1) small 2) contract slowly (use ATP at a slow rate), have lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, good capillary supply (for using O2 to make ATP) 3) resist fatigue, good for low intensity endurance activity 4) postural muscles in back and lower limbs have lotsskeletal muscle fiber - white fast twitch (a.k.a. fast glycolytic) 1) large 2) contract quickly, w/ lots of power (use ATP at a fast rate) 3) fewer oxygen use components (generate most ATP anaerobically - without O2) 4) fatigue quickly, good for high intensity activity 5) lots in arms for liftingskeletal muscle fiber - intermediate fast twitch (a.k.a. fast oxidative) 1) medium sized 2) contract quickly, w/ lots of power (like white fast twitch) 3) have component for making ATP w/ oxygen (like red slow twitch) 4) fatigue resistant, good for intermediate activites 5)muscles used for walking have lotsskeletal muscle fiber - exercise can change fiber types 1) endurance activities (e.g., running long distances): white fast twitch-->intermediate fast twitch 2) intense activities (e.g., weight lifting): intermediate fast twitch-->white fast twitch 3) changes occur in size of fiber, blood supply, number of mitochondria, etc. 4) generally cannot convert between slow and fast fibers (depends on nerve supply)Cardiac muscle consists of 1) 100 micrometers long, 15 micrometer diameter 2) basically the same set-up of myofilaments, etc. 3) cells connected by intercalated discs 4) main electrical stimulation from specialized cells that spontaneously activate (autorhythmicity) 5) use oxygen to make ATPCardiac muscle cells connected by intercalated discs include 1) desmosomes and gap junctions 2) cells contract as a unit Smooth muscle consists of 1) 30-200 micrometers long, 2-10 micrometer diameter at middle 2) arranged in sheets 3) has thick and thin filaments, but not in the same pattern as other muscle types 4) two basic types: multiunit and single unit (visceral)Two basic types of smooth muscle 1) multiunit a) groups of cells function independently b) innervated by autonomic (involuntary) nervous system 2) found in large blood vessels, large airways, eye (for adjusting lens and iris), arrector pili 3) single unit (visceral)A basic type of smooth muscle; single unit (visceral) consists of 1) cells electrically linked by gap junctions and contract as a unit 2) clusters of cells are self-excitable a) pass electrical signal to other cells b) also influenced by ANS 3) smooth muscle in the body in this type (hollow organs) 4) uses oxygen to make ATP 5) can be influenced by local metabolic changes or hormones Fascicle is (a portion of the muscle) a discrete bundle of muscle cells, segregated from the rest of the muscle by a CT sheath. It's surrounded by a perimysium." }, { "docid": "D304146#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/4845101/muscle-fiber-anatomy-flash-cards/\nMuscle Fiber Anatomy", "text": "63 terms tarajordan Muscle Fiber Anatomy Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Peristalsis involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system Sphincter a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening Muscle Fiber a single muscle tissue cell Somatic Skeletal muscle tissue Visceral Smooth muscle tissue Refractory Period the time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response Absolute Refractory Period the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin Relative Refractory Period a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual Endomysium Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber Fascicle A bundle of muscle fibers Perimysium Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle Epimysium Connective tissue layer surrounding an individual muscle Fascia a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc Synergic Muscles muscles that contract at a certain time to cause a certain movement Antagonistic Muscles muscle pairs arranged to work against eachother to move a joint, Biceps and Triceps. Muscle Origin point of muscle attachment to bone that remains stationary Muscle Insertion point of muscle attachment to bone that moves Tendon strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone Sarcolemma cell membrane of a muscle cell Sacroplasm cytoplasm of a muscle fiber Glycogen Storage form of glucose Myoglobin An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. Sacroplasmic Reticulum network of tubules and sacs in muscle cells which encircles each myofibril., storage of calcium concentration Terminal Cisterna enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules. These discrete regions within the muscle cell store calcium (increasing the capacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium) and release it when an action potential courses down the transverse tubules, eliciting muscle contraction. Transverse Tubules tunnel like extension of sarcolemma that convey electrical signals (when to tell SR to release calcium) from cell surface to interior; located between two termical cisternae Myofibrils contractile elements of skeletal muscle Myosin protein that makes up the thick filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells Actin protein that mainly makes up the thin filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells G-Actin a globular subunit with an active site for binding myosin head Tropomyosin one of two regulatory proteins that is part of the thin filament; covers the myosin-binding sites on actin Troponin Complex the regulatory proteins that control the position of tropomyosin on the thin filament Dystrophin structural protien; links thin filaments to integral protiens of the sarcolemma Sarcomere the basic contractile unit of striated muscle; the segment of a myofibril between two adjacent z-lines Depolarization the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive, change of myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction Repolarization recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state Motor Neuron a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord Synapse the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle Synaptic Knob rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals Neuromuscular Junction point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell Synaptic Cleft space between two connecting neurons where neurotransmitters are released Acetylcholine ACh a neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction and affects learning and memory Motor End Plate the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle Sliding Filament Theory theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction while the myosin filaments are still All or None Principle refers to the fact that the action potential in the axon occurs either full blown or not at all Motor Unit a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates Myogram The record or tracing produced by a myograph that measures and records the force of muscle contractions Latent period a brief delay between the stimulus and muscular contraction Contraction Phase cross bridge actively forms and muscle shortens Relaxation Phase calcium levels fall, active sties are covered, tension falls to resting levels Threshold the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulsesubthreshold Impulse on muscle cell that does not cause a contraction Multiple Motor Unit Summation The strength of a muscle contration is determinded not only by the frequency of stimulation, but also by the number and size of motor units recruited, The number of motor units that are recruited is determined by the number of motor neurons that are stimulated by the central nervous system Wave Summation if a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs Tetanus a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses Incomplete Tetanus twitches reach maximum tension, muscle isn't allowed to completely relax Muscle Fatigue inability of of a muscle to contract when stimulated caused by lack of oxygen, energy, and increased lactic acid Treppe repeated stimulation immediately after relaxation Isometric Contraction A muscle contraction in which no movement occurs because of an equal force in the opposite direction; the length of the muscle remains constant under tension Isotonic Contraction contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given joint angle and load, and the muscle shortens Muscle Tone the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible Muscular Dystrophy an inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers Myasthenia Gravis a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles Polio an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord" }, { "docid": "D1179574#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/3169861/bio-210-unit-3-lecture-ch-9-muscle-and-muscle-tissue-flash-cards/\nBIO 210 (UNIT #3 Lecture) CH 9 Muscle and Muscle Tissue", "text": "\"170 terms palentan BIO 210 (UNIT #3 Lecture) CH 9 Muscle and Muscle Tissue Mrs Babb's BIO 210 CCTC Fall 2010Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Types of Muscle Tissue skeletal, cardiac, smooth; each served by one nerve, an artery, and one or more veins Muscle Fibers skeletal and smooth muscles; are elongated; diameter ranges from 10 to 100 um (10 times that of an avergage body cell); multiple nuclei Myo or Mys root words meaning \"\"muscle\"\"Sarco flesh Skeletal Muscle Tissue smallest to largest: myofilaments (actin and myosin) bundled to make myofibrils -> bundles of myofibrils wrapped in sarcolemma and wrapped in endomysium make up muscle fibers -> bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium make up fascicles -> bundles of fascicles wrapped in epimysium make up skeletal muscles (organs). Cardiac Muscle Tissue occurs only in the heart, where it constitutes the bulk of the heart walls; striated; not voluntary Smooth Muscle Tissue found in the walls of hollow visceral organs, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages; forces fluids and other substances through internal body channels; elongated \"\"fibers\"\"; not striated; not voluntary Excitabilty (responsiveness, irritability); the ability of muscle tissue to recieve and respond to a stimulus, that is any change in the environment either inside or outside the body Contractility ability of muscle tissue to shorten forcibly when adequetly stimulated Extensibilty the ability of muscle tissue to be stretched or extended Elasticity ability of muscle cell to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched Muscle Functions Produce Movement, Maintain Posture and Body Position, Stabalize Joints, Generate Heat Skeletal Muscle each is a discrete organ, made up of several kinds of tissues; skeletal muscle fibers predominate, but blood vessels, nerve fibers, and substantial amounts of connective tissue are also present Connective Tissue Sheaths hold together and wrap around individual muscle fibers; support each cell and reinforce the muscle as a whole Epimysium (outside muscle) an overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle Perimysium fibrous connective tissue; surrounds each fasicle (grouped muscle fibers that resemble bundles of sticks)Endomysium (within muscle) a whispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber Insertion movable bone, moves towards the immovable or less movable bone Origin less movable bone; typically lies proximal to the insertion Direct/ Fleshy Attachments the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of a bone or perichondrium of a cartilage Indirect Attachments the muscles connective tissue wrapping extend beyond the muscle either as a ropelike tendon or a a sheet like aponeurosis; much more common Sarcolemma muscles fibers plasma membrane Glycosomes granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during periods of muscle cell activity Myoglobin a red pigment that stores oxygen; similar to hemoglobin (transports oxygen in blood)Myofibrils rodlike and run parallel to length of muscle fibers; 1-2 um in daimeter; densely packed in muscle fiber that mitochondria and other organelles appear to be squeezed between them Striations a repeating series of dark and light bands; evident along the length of each myofibril A Bands dark and perfectly aligned lines in muscle fiber I Bands light and perfectly aligned lines in muscle fiber H Zone lighter region in each dark A Bands midsection; each is bisected vertically by dark line called M Line M Line bisect each H Zone; formed by molecules of the protein muomesin Z Disc dark midline interruption in light I Bands; coin shaped sheet composed largley of the protien alpha-actinin, anchors the thin filaments Sacromere the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber - the functional unit of skeletal muscle; average 2um long; the region of a myofibril between 2 successive Z discs Myofilaments smaller structure within sacromeres; the muscle equivalents of the actin or myosin containing microfilaments Thick Filaments contain myosin, and extend the entire length of the A band; composed primarily of protien myosin; each myosin molecule consists of two heavy and 4 light polypeptide chains, and has rodlike tail attchaed by flexible hinge to two gobular heads; each contains about 300 myosin molecules Thin Filaments contain actin, and extend across the I band and partway into the A band Cross Bridges are formed when tail of myosin molecule, which consists of 2 intertwined helical polypeptide heavy chains, contract and link the thick and thin filaments together; the gobular heads, are business end of myosin;Actin has kidney shaped polypeptide subunits, called globular actin, or G actin, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction Tropomyosin polypeptide strands; a rod-shaped protien, spiral about the actin core and help stiffen and stabalize it; arrranged end to end along the actin filaments and in relaxed muscle fibe Troponin another major protien in thinn filaments; globular three polypeptide complex; one of its polypeptides is an inhinitory subunit that binds to actin; the third binds calcium ions Elastic Filament composed of the giant protien titin; extends from the Z disc to the thick filament, and then runs within the thick filament (forming its core) to attach to M line; holds thick filaments in place, and maintains organization of A band, and helps muscle cell to spring back into shape after being streched Dystrophin structural protien; links thin filaments to integral protiens of the sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic Reticulum major role is ti regulate intercellular levels of ionic calcium; an elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum; interconnecting tubules surround each myofibril; most tubules run longitudially along the myofibril communicating at H Zone; mitochondrai and glycogen granules are closely associated with SR and both involved in producing energy used during contraction Terminal Cisternae other tubules that form larger, perpendicular cross channels at the A band - I band junction and they always occur in pairs T Tubules elongated tube; formed by the cell interior in sarcolemma of cell muscle that protrudes deep into cell interior; increase muscle fibers surface area Triads formed by t tubules that run between the paired teminal cisternae of SR; organelles come into closest contact here; encircle each sarcomere Triad Relationships T tubules conduct impulses deep into muscle fiber ; Integral proteins protrude into the intermembrane space from T tubule and SR cisternae membranes; T tubule proteins: voltage sensors; SR foot proteins: gated channels that regulate Ca2+ release from the SR cisternae Contraction refers to activiation of myosin's cross bridges, which are force generating sites; Shortening occurs when tension generated by cross bridges on the thin filaments exceeds forces opposing shortening Sliding Filament Model of Contraction states that during contraction the thin actin and myosin filaments slide past the thick ones so that actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree; During contraction, myosin heads bind to actin, detach, and bind again, to propel the thin filaments toward the M line; As H zones shorten and disappear, sarcomeres shorten, muscle cells shorten, and the whole muscle shortens Requirements for Skeletal Muscle Contraction 1. Activation: stimulation by nerve ending so that change in membrane potential occurs 2. generate and propegate an electrical current, called an action potential, along its sarcolemma 3. a short lived rise in intercellular calcium ion levels that is the final trigger for contraction must occur Somatic Motor Neurons nerve cells that activate skeletal muscle fibers; reside in the brain of spinal cord Axons long threadlike extensions of motor neurons, which travel bundled within nerves , to muscle cells they serve; ends are called axon terminals Neuromuscular Junction formed by curling branches of axons; each muscle fiber has only one; Site where motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle fiber; Chemical synapse consisting of points of contact between axon terminals of motor neuron and motor end plate od skeletal muscle fiber Synaptic Cleft space between axon terminal and muscle fiber, which is filled with a gel like extracellular substance rich in glycoprotiens and collagen fibers Synaptic Vesicles small membranous sacs containing the neurotransmitter acetylocholine (ACh); inside the axon terminal Junctional Folds trough like part of muscle fibers sarcolemma; provide a large surface area for millions of ACh receptors located here Acetylcholinesterase enzyme located in synaptic cleft; acetic acid and choline which break down ACh Sarcolemma like plasma membrane polarized; their is a potential voltage difference across the membrane and the inside is negative relative to the outer membrane face Action Potential electrical charge which occurs along the entire surface of the sarcolemma; 3 steps involved for this to occur Generation of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma (1) (local depolarization and generation of an end plate potential); Binding of ACh molecules to ACh receptors at neuromuscular junction opens (ligand) gated ion channels that allow Na+ and K+ to pass; More Na+ diffuses in then K+ diffuses out and interior of sarcolemma becomes less negative (depolarization [local electrical event called, end plate potential)Polarized -70 (resting plasma potential)Depolarized 30 (for action potential to occur)Generation of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma (2) (generation and propagation of the action potential); [neuron send AP through axon] end plate potential ignites AP that spreads in all directions from neuromuscular junction across sarcolemma; this depolarization (end plate potenti" }, { "docid": "D2645#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane\nCell membrane", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Illustration of a Eukaryotic cell membrane Comparison of Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space). [ 1] [2] It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles. In this way, it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules. [ 3] In addition, cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx, and the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled. [ 4] [5] [6]Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Composition2.1 Lipids2.2 Phospholipids forming lipid vesicles2.3 Carbohydrates2.4 Proteins3 Function4 Prokaryotes5 Structures5.1 Fluid mosaic model5.2 Lipid bilayer5.3 Membrane polarity5.4 Membrane structures5.5 Cytoskeleton5.6 Intracellular membranes5.7 Variations6 Permeability7 See also8 Notes and references9 External links History Main article: History of cell membrane theory While Robert Hooke ’s discovery of cells in 1665 led to the proposal of the Cell Theory, Hooke misled the cell membrane theory that all cells contained a hard cell wall since only plant cells could be observed at the time. [ 7] Microscopists focused on the cell wall for well over 150 years until advances in microscopy were made. In the early 19th century, cells were recognized as being separate entities, unconnected, and bound by individual cell walls after it was found that plant cells could be separated." }, { "docid": "D2994906#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/76623094/ap-chapter-11-muscle-fibers-flash-cards/\nA&P chapter 11- Muscle Fibers", "text": "\"144 terms btraina1A&P chapter 11- Muscle Fibers Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Movement is a fundamental characteristic of all living organisms ... What are the 3 types of muscular tissue? smooth, cardiac and skeletal UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A MUSCLE (5) -responsiveness -conductivity -contractility -extensibility -elasticityresponsiveness (universal characteristics of a muscle) (excitability) -To chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membraneconductivity (universal characteristics of a muscle) -Local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fibercontractility (universal characteristics of a muscle) (pulls) -Shortens when stimulatedextensibility (universal characteristics of a muscle) -Capable of being stretched between contractionselasticity (universal characteristics of a muscle) -Returns to its original resting length after being stretched SKELETAL MUSCLE voluntary, striated muscle attached to one or more bones. Striations—alternating light and dark transverse bands -Results from an overlapping of internal contractile proteins Voluntary—usually subject to conscious control Muscle cell, muscle fiber (myofiber)—as long as 30 cmtendons (skeletal muscle) are attachments between muscle and bone matrix. -Endomysium: connective tissue around muscle cells -Perimysium: connective tissue around muscle fascicles -Epimysium: connective tissue surrounding entire muscle (runs into fascia which then runs into tendon) -Continuous with collagen fibers of tendons -In turn, with connective tissue of bone matrixcollagen (skeletal muscle) is somewhat extensible and elastic. -Stretches slightly under tension and recoils when released --Resists excessive stretching and protects muscle from injury --Returns muscle to its resting length --Contributes to power output and muscle efficiency THE MUSCLE FIBER composed of many different subunits such as the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibrils, multiple nuclei, mitochondria, SR, terminal cisternae, t tubules, triadsarcolemma (muscle fiber) plasma membrane of a muscle fibersarcoplasm (muscle fiber) cytoplasm of a muscle fiber*myofibrils (muscle fiber) filaments of muscle fibers (circles inside the muscle fiber) long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm -Glycogen: stored in abundance to provide energy with heightened exercise -Myoglobin: red pigment; stores oxygen needed for muscle activitymultiple nuclei (muscle fiber) flattened nuclei pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma. -Myoblasts: stem cells that fuse to form each muscle fiber -Satellite cells: unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium --May multiply and produce new muscle fibers to some degreemitochondria (muscle fiber) packed into spaces between myofibrils. -makes energy (ATP) from sugarsarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (muscle fiber) smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril: calcium reservoir -Calcium activates the muscle contraction processwhy is calcium critical? ( muscle fiber) for the skeletal muscle to workterminal cisternae (muscle fiber) dilated end-sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other." }, { "docid": "D597766#0", "title": "http://www.cardio-research.com/cardiomyocytes\nThe Cardio Research Web Project", "text": "\"Cardiomyocytes - a general description, the intercalated discs, the sarcomere, T-tubules and cardiac mitochondria. Cardiac muscle consists of interlacing bundles of cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle cells). Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated with narrow dark and light bands, due to the parallel arrangement of actin and myosin filaments that extend from end to end of each cardiomyocyte. However, in comparison with skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes are narrower and much shorter, being about 25µm mm wide and 100µm long. Cardiomyocytes are often branched, and contain one nucleus but many mitochondria, which provide the energy required for contraction. A prominent and unique feature of cardiac muscle is the presence of irregularly-spaced dark bands between cardiomyocytes. These bands are known as intercalated discs, and they are located to areas where the membranes of adjacent cardiomyocytes come very close together. Intercalated discs are, from a mechanical standpoint, the structural entities that enable contractile force to be transmitted from one cardiomyocyte to another. This allows for the heart to work as a single functional organ. By contrast,skeletal muscle consists of multinucleated muscle fibers and exhibit no intercalated discs." }, { "docid": "D2575443#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/33049582/chapter-9-the-muscular-system-flash-cards/\nChapter 9: The Muscular System", "text": "31 terms charlotteshackelford Chapter 9: The Muscular System Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later1. The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is called the a. epimysium. b. perimysium. c. endomysium. d. sarcomysium. a2. Myofibrils are composed primarily of a. actin and myosin. b. ATP and ADP." }, { "docid": "D945100#0", "title": "https://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=physiology-test-2\nPhysiology Test 2", "text": "Physiology Test 240 cards \| Created by heather.hickok \| 9 years ago Flashcards Memorize Quiz Match Gravity Muscle Tissue View Flashcards Preview Flashcards Front Back What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Which types of muscle tissue are striated? Skeletal Cardiac Which types of muscle tissue are autorhythmic? Cardiac Smooth Which types of muscle tissue are voluntary? Skeletal Which types of muscle tissue attaches to bone, skin, or fascia? Skeletal Which type of muscle attaches to hair follicles in skin? Smooth Which muscle tissue is involved in regulating organ volumes? Smooth Which types of muscle tissue moves substances within the body? Smooth Cardiac Which type of muscle tissue is involved in producing heat? Skeletal What is loose connective tissue and fat that underlies the skin?" }, { "docid": "D1545570#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/2514118/muscle-tissue-flash-cards/\nMuscle Tissue", "text": "\"83 terms Toree Muscle Tissue Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Functions of muscle • movement • stabilization • posture • generating heat Properties of Muscle Contractile Excitable Extensible Elastic Three types of muscle cardiac Smooth Skeletal Fascia primary collagen fibers - fibrous CT surrounds and separates muscles in the body. Tendon Fascial extension; Cord like at end of muscle attaching it to the body by intermeshing of collagen fibers with those of periosteum Aponeurosis Sheet like \"\"layer \"\" of fascia attaching muscle to bone Sharpey's Fibers periosteum collagen fibers that insert into the underlying bone. Collagen fibers of tendon blend with periosteum which then blend with Sharpey's forming a contractile unit Skeletal muscle parallel striated muscle cells / muscle fibers surrounded by CT fibers. Striated appearance due to the arrangements of various myofilaments found within the contractile units of muscles Contractile units of muscle Sarcomere-smallest functional unit of skeletal muscles cell From zline to zline Skeletal muscle contract ______ in response to acetylcholine Ach (neurotransmission)Skeletal muscle cell components long, mutlinucleated, cylindrival cells with peripheral nuclei' -sarcoplasm -sarcolemma -satellite cells Sarcoplasm cytoplasm of muscle cells Sarcolemma Plasma membrane and basal lamina of muscle cells Satellite cells considered stem cells; give rise to new myoblasts that fuse to form skeletal muscleskeletal muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubule system penetrate the muscle cell and wrap around each myofibrilcalcium supplier/reservoir Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum The ER of muscle cells components -enlarged terminal cisternae -sarcotubules T-tubules invaginations of muscle fiber cell membrane (sarcolemma) from surface Found in terminal cisternae of adjacent sarcomeres Triad terminal cisternae transverse t-tubule-terminal cisternae Myofibrils aggregations of myofilaments that occupy bulk of cytoplasm. composed of thousands of sarcomeres Myofilaments actin and myosin Three structural units of skeletal muscle SR T-Tubules myofibrilsskeletal muscle composed of... bundles/fasiculi of muscle cells surrounded by perimysium Muscle fasciculi composed of muscle cells/fibers surrounded by individual endomysium Muscle fiber /cell composed of.. myofibrils contained with sarcolemma of each cellmyofibrils composed of... actin and myosin or myofilaments Myofibril This is how skeletal muscle striations come to be Banding pattern Sarcomere z line to zline I band (light) actin myofilaments only A band (dark) actin and myosin Z-lines (Terminal sides)a Muscle cells contract... by thinner actin (myofilamets) sliding over thicker myosin (myofilaments ) pulling together the Z lines behind them (shortening sarcomere Relaxed length A band relaxed Contracted length z lines come closer A band smaller Septa pass in from deep fascia of limb -compartmentalize the muscles into groups for uni function/innervation Deep fascia CT Septum Further CT investitutes within a muscle Epimysium Black line Dense CT surrounding ENTIRE muscle Perimysium Blue line Surroundds bundles of fascicles (fibers) -Path for BV into muscles Endomysium Green line Delicate - Loose CT Covers each MUSCLE CELL/ MUSCLE FIBERMuscle Muscle cell-Myofibril Sarcomere What controls a muscle contraction? Green- Synaptic cleft Lght Blue line- Synaptic Knob Dark blue line- Motor end plate Neuromuscular Junction where each muscle cells make contact with nerve ending Synaptic knob Depression sits on the muscle fiber that is on the motor end plate Motor Unit Also known as Neuromotor Unit Muscles cells that are in contact with a nerve ending Coparing delicate and non-delicate muscles Ration of nerve fibers to muscle cells dictate delicate and non-delicate The smaller ratio the more intricate control for structure movement Eye muscle 1 neuron; 3 muscle cells Back muscles 1 neuron:100's muscle cells Cardiac Muscle Only found in myocardium (muscle wall of heart -Involuntary- striated -Innervated by ANS Also known as cardiocytes -smaller in size- single centered nucleus- No satellite cells (do not divide) -intercalated discs Intercalated Disc Where a cardiocyte branches and rejoins with other via union of IDisc Structural elements of IDisc Desmosomes- here myofibrils anchor forming bridge between celsl - so all pull together when sarcomeres contract -Gap junctions allow ions and molecules to move between the cardiocytes; communication Smooth muscle -non-striated -involuntary muscle innervated by ANS -Short, spindle shaped -Single centered nucleus -No organization (no striations) -responds to Ach & norepin -one contracts other may relax -slower contraction that skeletal muscle (holds its contraction longer too)Two arrangements of Smooth muscle Multiunit Visceral Multiunit Smooth Muscle -poor organization -function as individual fibers not as one -found in walls of BV and iris of eye -Contract sin response to nerve impulse and hormones Visceral Smooth muscle -single unit -sheets of spindle shaped held by Gap junctions -found in intestine, stomach, bladder (hollow organs) uterus -arranged in 2 thick layers -Outer longitudinally -inner circular -fibers stimulate one another to contract (via GJ)Smooth Muscle has Rhythmaticity Pattern of repeated contractions; Result of self exciting fibers spreading to adjacent cells Peristalsis Slow contractile waves of GI tract that results from fiber stimulating each other. Locations of smooth muscle -BV walls -Walls of Hollow Organs (stomach, uterus -Organized in layers in the walls of respiratory, GI, circulatory and reproductive tracts Smooth muscle Cell Features -small - may have GJ -No T-Tubules -Poor SR -Spindle shaped, tapered ends -Single central nucleus -May divide -Actin - Myosin random arrangement NO STRIATIONSWhat are Sharpeys' Fibers the collagen fiber extensions on the ends of tendons which insert into the bone itself What are three types of muscle found in the body Cardiac Skeletal Smooth What types (s) muscle are NON STRAITED Smooth muscle ONLYWhat is the sarcoplasm? the cytoplasm of muscle cells What is the sarcolemma?" }, { "docid": "D1357211#0", "title": "https://www.flashcardmachine.com/scccap-test3tykch91112.html\nShared Flashcard Set", "text": "\"Shared Flashcard Set Details Title SCCCAP-Test 3-TYK-ch 9, 11, 12Description SCCCAP-Test 3-TYK-ch 9, 11, 12Total Cards 233Subject Anatomy Level Undergraduate 2Created 11/11/2012Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Anatomy Flashcards Cards Term Muscle cells are referred to as:muscle fibersmuscle spindlesmuscle myosinmuscle actin Definitionmuscle fibers Term Which of the following is not a prefix used to refer to muscle: Mys Myo Sarco Lemma Definition Lemma Term Of the following muscle types, which is the only one subject to conscious control? Smooth Skeletal Cardiac All of these muscle types are subject to conscious control Definition Skeletal Term Which two types of muscle appear striated when examined under a microscope? Smooth and skeletal Smooth and cardiac Cardiac and skeletal Skeletal muscle is the only striated muscle type Definition Cardiac and skeletal Term Which of the following muscular functions serves a metablolic function? Movement Posture maintenance Joint stabilization Heat generation Definition Heat generation Term In order to receive a signal to contract, each skeletal muscle must be served by a (n):arterynerveveinligament Definitionnerve Term Which of the following components accounts for the bulk of muscle fiber volume (up to 80%)? Glycosomes Mitochondria Myofibrils Sacroplasm Definition Myofibrils Term The functional unit of a muscle fiber is the :sarcomeremyofibrilfasciclemyofilament Definitionsarcomere Term The thin filaments are not comprised of which of the following components?actintitintroponintropomyosin Definitiontitin Term Which is the major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?store sodium ionsexpel sodium ions from the cellexpel calcium ions from the cellstore calcium ions Definitionstore calcium ions Term What is the significance of the musle fiber triad relationship?the terminal cisternae subdivide the sarcolemmathe T tubules bring calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulumthe sarcoplasmic reticulum transfers calcium to the T tubules The T tubules conduct electrical impulses that stimulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Definition The T tubules conduct electrical impulses that stimulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Term During a muscle contraction, the sliding filament theory would be apparent in a sacromere because:the I bands get longerthe A bands get shorterthe H zone becomes less obvious and the Z discs move closer togetherthe Z discs get pulled closer to the I bands and the H zone becomes more obvious Definitionthe H zone becomes less obvious and the Z discs move closer together Term At the neuromuscular junction, the muscle contraction initiation event is:a release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulumconduction of an electrical impulse down the T tubulesbinding of acetylcholine to membrane receptors on the sarcolemmasliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other Definitionbinding of acetylcholine to membrane receptors on the sarcolemma Term What would be the response of a muscle fiber treated with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor? There would be a continued muscle fiber contraction in the absence of additional nervous system stimulation The muscle fiber would be nonresponsive to acetylcholine Acetylcholine would be retained in the axon ending The muscle fiber would contract then relax for a prolonged period of time Definition There would be a continued muscle fiber contraction in the absence of additional nervous system stimulation Term In a muscle fiber, the key intracellular event that stimulates muscle contraction is known as:polarizationdepolarizationrepolarizationpotential Definitiondepolarization Term During depolarization, the sarcolemma is most permeable to:sodium ionspotassium ionscalcium ionschloride ions Definitionsodium ions Term What is calcium's function during muscle contraction? Calcium binds to troponin, charging its shape and removing the blocking action of tropomyosin Calcium binds to troponin to prevent myosin from attaching to actin Calcium depolarized the muscle fiber Calcium flows down the T tubules to stimulate the influx of sodium from the sacroplasmic reticulum Definition Calcium binds to troponin, charging its shape and removing the blocking action of tropomyosin Term Small precise movements are controlled by ____ motor unitssmalllargemanyfew Definitionsmall Term As a general rule of thumb, the greater the potential difference in charge between two points, the ______ the voltage.higherlowerless difference inmore even Definitionhigher Term In a living neuron, which component provides resistance to current flow?the membranethe axonthe cytoplasmthe ions Definitionthe membrane Term Sodium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of a neuron ____ when its voltage-gated potassium channels open.increasesdecreasesremains unchangedincreases tenfold Definitionremains unchanged Term Sodium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of a neuron ______ when its voltage-gated sodium channels open.increasesdecreasesremain unchangeddecreases tenfold Definitionincreases Term The chief contributor to the negative charge of a resting neuron's intracellular fluid is:a high extracellular concentration of sodium ionsa high intracellular concentration of anionic proteinsa high intracellular concentration of potassium ionsa high extracellular concentration of chloride ions Definitiona high intracellular concentration of anionic proteins Term The voltage displayed across a resting neuron membrane is termed the _______action potentialexcitatory potentialresting membrane potentialdepolarized potential Definitionresting membrane potential Term Maintenance of the resting membrane potential is possible due to: ATP expenditure of the neuronthe actions of the sodium-potassium pumppotassium ions spontaneously crossing to the interior of the neuronboth a and b Definitionboth a and b Term Depolarization of the neuron refers to:a reduction in membrane potentialan increase in membrane potentialan increased negativity of the neuron interiorboth b and c Definitiona reduction in membrane potential Term Neurons generally repolarize once the membrane potential reaches approximately +30 m V because:voltage-gated sodium channel gates closevoltage-gated potassium channel gates openchemically gated sodium channels openvoltage-gated calcium channel gates open Definitionvoltage-gated potassium channel gates open Term In an organism, action potentials are propagated unidirectionally toward the axon ending because:membranes become nonresponsive due to inactive sodium channels after action potential generationaction potentials are always propageted in an anterograde fashion regardless of conditionsthe axon hillock sets the direction of action potential propagationof both a and b Definitionmembranes become nonresponsive due to inactive sodium channels after action potential generation Term You would expect a nuron that depolarizes to -75 m V would:return to resting membrane potential without generating an action potentialfire a much more intense action potential with a peak of +100 m Vfire a much less intense action potential with a peak of +15 m Vhyperpolarize Definitionreturn to resting membrane potential without generating an action potential Term The point at which the all-or-none principle of action potential generation is reached is termed the _______peakdepolarization pointthresholdpoint of no return Definitionthreshold Term Stronger stimuli are interpreted when the CNS receives ______ action potentialshigher magnitudemore frequentlower magnitudemore infrequent Definitionmore frequent Term During the relative refractory period:no action potentials can be generatedthe threshold is substantially elevatedexceptionally strong stimuli could trigger action potentialsboth b and c apply Definitionboth b and c apply Term The location at which a neuron interacts with its target cell (either another neuron or a muscle cell, etc.)" }, { "docid": "D206183#0", "title": "http://www.ivyroses.com/Define/Sarcolemma\nSarcolemma", "text": "\"Sarcolemma This Section is about The Anatomical Structures of Muscles. To read about other related terms use the links on the left-hand side of this page. Click here for more textbooks. Sarcolemma is the name of the cell membrane that encloses each muscle cell, specifically muscle cells (\"\"muscle cell\"\" = \"\"muscle fibre\"\" = \"\"muscle fiber\"\"). Structure of Sarcolemma Each sarcolemma has a similar biochemical composition to that of a plasmalemma, which is another word for a (general) cell membrane. The structure of muscle cells specifically is such that tunnel-like extensions from the sarcolemma pass across muscle cells (=\"\"muscle fibres\"\" etc.) from side to side, so they are said to be transverse. These extensions of the sarcolemma are called transverse tubules, which is often abbreviated to simply \"\" T tubules \"\". Functions of Sarcolemma Sarcolemma perform an important role in the muscle contraction process - see also types of muscle contractions. When the Muscle Action Potential (which is a form of electrical \"\"instruction\"\") travels along the sarcolemma of muscle fibres, then into the transverse tubules, calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) are released into the sarcoplasm." }, { "docid": "D77263#0", "title": "http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46476.html\nSkeletal Muscle", "text": "\"Skeletal Muscle The best-known feature of skeletal muscle is its ability to contract and cause movement. Skeletal muscles act not only to produce movement but also to stop movement, such as resisting gravity to maintain posture. Small, constant adjustments of the skeletal muscles are needed to hold a body upright or balanced in any position. Muscles also prevent excess movement of the bones and joints, maintaining skeletal stability and preventing skeletal structure damage or deformation. Joints can become misaligned or dislocated entirely by pulling on the associated bones; muscles work to keep joints stable. Skeletal muscles are located throughout the body at the openings of internal tracts to control the movement of various substances. These muscles allow functions, such as swallowing, urination, and defecation, to be under voluntary control. Skeletal muscles also protect internal organs (particularly abdominal and pelvic organs) by acting as an external barrier or shield to external trauma and by supporting the weight of the organs. Skeletal muscles contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the body by generating heat. Muscle contraction requires energy, and when ATP is broken down, heat is produced." }, { "docid": "D2589568#0", "title": "http://general.utpb.edu/fac/eldridge_j/KINE3350/chapter_19_Review.htm\n.", "text": "CHAPTER 19 - SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUESYNOPSISThis chapter focuses on the anatomy of the skeletal muscle system including the macrostructure of muscle and the microstructure of muscle fibers. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction is presented in detail, including extensive pictorial presentation of excitation contraction coupling and the cross-bridging cycle. The final section of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of human muscle fiber types, including the contractile and metabolic properties, assessment of fiber type, and fiber type distribution in athletes. Overview of Muscle Tissue Functions of Skeletal Muscle Locomotion Body posture Venous return Thermogenesis Characteristics Irritability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity Macroscopic Structure Organization and Connective Tissue Architectural Organization Muscle Fibers SR and T tubules Myofibrils and myofilaments Sarcomeres Molecular Structure of Myofilaments Thick Filaments Myosin Thin Filaments Actin Troponin Tropomyosin Contraction of a Muscle Fiber Sliding-Filament Theory Force of contraction is generated by the process that slides the actin filament over the myosin filament The length of the thick and thin filaments do not change The length of the sarcomere decreases as actin is pulled over myosin Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phases of ECCThe Cross-bridging cycle Changes in the Sarcomere during Contraction D. All-or-None Principle - Motor neuron is stimulated, all the muscle fibers in that motor unit contract to their fullest extent or they do not contract at all Muscle Fiber Types Properties of Motor Units Characteristics of Muscle Fibers Assessment of Muscle Fiber Type Distribution of Fiber Types Fiber Type in Athletes SKELETAL MUSCLE SYSTEM - Review Questions List, in order of largest to smallest, the major components of the whole muscle. Figure 19.2; Pgs. 501-502. Whole muscle, fasciculi, fibers, myofibrils, myofilaments. The muscle is composed of bundles of fasciculi (wrapped by perimysium). In turn, the fasciculi is composed of many individual muscle fiber (wrapped by endomysium). The muscle fiber is composed of myofibrils that are made up of myofilaments." }, { "docid": "D1597282#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-9-muscles/deck/12685003\nChapter 9 Muscles", "text": "\"Which of the following is CORRECTLY paired? A. cardiac muscle: nonstriated B. smooth muscle: striated C. skeletal muscle: voluntary control D. cardiac muscle: voluntary control C. skeletal muscle: voluntary control What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell? A. troponin B. calcium ion pump C. arrival of an action potential D. ATPC. arrival of an action potential The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed? A. actin B. tropomyosin C. troponin C. troponin The head of the myosin molecule binds to what molecule to form the cross bridge? A) Tropomyosin B) Actin C) Troponin B) Actin What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin? A. binding of ATPB. binding of calcium C. hydrolysis of ATPD. binding of troponin A. binding of ATPWhat energizes the power stroke? A. binding of ATPB." }, { "docid": "D1972104#0", "title": "http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/simple_multiple_choice.html\n.", "text": "1 Individual skeletal muscle cells are known as A) myotomes B) myofilaments C) muscle fibers D) myofibrils2 All of the following are functions of skeletal muscle tissue except A) cooling of the body B) body movement C) maintenance of posture D) storage and movement of materials3 The three types of muscle tissue are A) voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac B) skeletal, cardiac, and smooth C) striated, skeletal, and voluntary D) striated, unstriated, and rough4 The layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle is the A) sarcolemma B) perimysium C) endomysium D) epimysium5 What is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber called? A) endomysium B) sarcomere C) sarcolemma D) myofibril6 Each of the following is an attribute of skeletal muscle fibers except A) lack striations B) long and large in diameter C) possess transverse tubules D) multinucleated7 A thick, fibrous connective tissue cord that attaches a muscle to a bone is called A) a ligament B) a tendon C) a raphe D) an aponeurosis8 What are the principal proteins of muscle contraction? A) actin and myoglobin B) actin and myosin C) myoglobin and collagen D) myosin and myoglobin9 Which structures extend into the sarcoplasm as a network of deep invaginations of the sarcolemma? A) transverse tubules B) sarcoplasmic reticula C) terminal cisternae D) cross-bridges10 The functional contractile units of a skeletal muscle fiber are the A) myofilaments B) transverse tubules C) sarcomeres D) sarcolemmae11 A nerve impulse triggers the release of what chemical at a neuromuscular junction? A) adenosine triphosphate (ATP)B) acetylcholinesterase (ACh E)C) acetylcholine (ACh)D) none of the above12 Which term describes the expanded tip of an axon at a neuromuscular junction? A) synaptic vesicle B) motor end plate C) synaptic cleft D) synaptic knob13 Which part of a sarcomere contains entire thick filaments and lateral end regions with overlapping thin filaments? A) M line B) A band C) I band D) H zone14 When a muscle fiber contracts, what slides toward the center of each sarcomere? A) the thin filaments of actin B) the thick filaments of myosin C) both a and b D) neither a nor b15 A reduction in muscle size, tone, and power is called A) atrophy B) a spasm C) hypertrophy D) hyperplasia16 A muscle impulse travels deep into the muscle fiber along A) the sarcolemma B) T-tubule membranes C) the endomysium D) myofibrils17 A single motor neuron, the muscle fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions in between constitute a A) sarcomere B) motor end plate C) motor unit D) synaptic terminal18 When stimulated by a muscle impulse, what do the terminal cisternae release into the sarcoplasm? A) sodium ions, Na +B) calcium ions, Ca 2 +C) adenosine triphosphate, ATPD) acetylcholine, ACh19 The arrangement of tendons and fascicles in a ____________ muscle resembles the structure of a feather. A) pennate B) parallel C) circular D) convergent20 Types of skeletal muscle fibers include A) fast B) intermediate C) slow D) all of the above21 Muscle fibers are arranged concentrically in A) pennate muscles B) circular muscles C) convergent muscles D) parallel muscles22 Types of pennate muscles include which of the following?" }, { "docid": "D2493243#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/15712826/skeletal-muscle-definition-flash-cards/\nSkeletal Muscle Definition", "text": "\"35 terms ATaher Skeletal Muscle Definition Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Tissues of the body characterized by widely spaced cells with large amounts of intracellular matrix. The functions of these tissues vary considerably; generally, they serve to support, bind, insulate, transport and provide storage. Connective Tissue Stripes; in the case of skeletal muscle cells, the stripes are created by a repeating series of dark and light bands. Striations A term applied to skeletal muscle to indicate that these muscles are generally under conscious control by the higher brain centers. Voluntary Control A term applied to smooth and cardiac muscle to indicate that these muscles are not under direct conscious control but are generally under the influence of the autonomic nervous system. Involuntary Control Elongated Cell; Multiple Peripheral Nuclei; Visible Striations; Voluntary Control. Skeletal Muscle Branching Cell; Single Central Nucleus; Visible Striations; Involuntary Control; Intercalated Disks. Cardiac Muscle Spindle-Shaped Cell; Single Central Nucleus; Lack Visible Striations; Involuntary Control." } ]
9115	`where does the name finnie originate from	[ { "docid": "D2454654#0", "title": "http://www.babynamespedia.com/meaning/Finnie\nFinnie - Meaning of Finnie", "text": "\"What does Finnie mean? Pronounce Finnie [ 2 syll. fin - nie, fi -nn- ie ] The baby boy name Finnie is pronounced as F IH Niy †. Finnie is derived from Celtic origins. Finnie is a variant of the name Finn (English and Irish). Finnie is also a variant of the name Finnegan (English and Irish). See also the related category celtic. Finnie is not popular as a baby boy name. It is not listed within the top 1000. In 2016, within the family of boy names directly related to Finnie, Finn was the most regularly used. Baby names that sound like Finnie include Finny, Phinny, Fabein, Fabian (Dutch, English, German, and Polish), Fabien (French), Faebien, Faheam, Faheem (Arabic), Faheim, Fahiem, Fahim (Arabic), Fahmi, Fahym, Favyan, Faybien, Fehim (Arabic, Slavic, and Turkish), Fehmi (Arabic and Turkish), Fennie, Fenny, and Finan (English).† English pronunciation for Finnie: F as in \"\"fee (F. IY)\"\" ; IH as in \"\"it (IH." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1616950#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dick_Tracy_characters\nList of Dick Tracy characters", "text": "\"List of Dick Tracy characters From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The comic strip Dick Tracy has introduced numerous characters. Contents [ hide ]1 Allies1.1 Tracy family1.2 Professional comrades1.3 Personal acquaintances2 Enemies3 Archie tie-ins4 References Allies [ edit]Tracy family [ edit]Dick Tracy - The titular hero of the strip. Born in 1909 (eight years after creator Chester Gould ). In 1931, before even joining the Police, he had captured his first villain Pinkie the Stabber. While leading a posse against the Arsons and Cutie Diamond, Tracy is seen in a police uniform and not his regular plainclothes. He served as a lieutenant (senior grade) in US Navy Intelligence during World War II. Tess Trueheart - The detective's love interest and later wife. When she was first introduced, she was kidnapped by Big Boy Caprice's men after they robbed and shot her father Emil Truehart. She served as a WAC in World War II, and later opened her own photography agency. She is the mother of Bonnie Braids Tracy, Joseph Flintheart Tracy, and adoptive mother of Junior Tracy." }, { "docid": "D3532643#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Why_did_Zorna_flunk_the_grammar_test\nWhy did you flunk your test?", "text": "\"ilovecatz1234 . 26,613 Contributions Why did you flunk your test? I have never flunked a test, but here are some reasons as to why some people may have. Lack of Studying Lack of Sleep Challenging Testing Loud or Uncomfortable Atmospher …If someone comes and blows pot in your face when you are sleeping can you flunk a drug test?not unless you inhale it, the only way u fail a drug test is if you inhale the drug Ganzyar 4 Contributions Why did Zorna flunk his grammar test?she had no comma sense (no common sense)What the lazy student said when he flunked the spelling test? Words fail me After Gene flunks his trigonometry test what conclusions does Gene come to reguarding and Finny? He concludes that Finny was jealous of his academic ability and therefore, tried to sabotage him by bringing him out all night before a big test. This is the beginning of his …Can you flunk a drug test from second hand smoke?yes. case closed. Elle Mc Clain 5,431 Contributions What is a grammar school test like? Each grammar school test will be a little different depending on the subject, the teacher, and the school." }, { "docid": "D3474267#0", "title": "http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/flowers/hgic1150.html\nDividing Perennials", "text": "\"Dividing Perennials Dividing perennials - Photo Credit: msue.anr.msu.edu Prepared by Karen Russ, HGIC Information Specialist & Bob Polomski, Extension Consumer Horticulturist, Clemson University. ( New 06/99. ) HGIC 1150Printer Friendly Version (PDF)The three main reasons for dividing perennials are to control the size of the plants, to help rejuvenate them, and to increase their number. Dividing and replanting keeps rapidly spreading perennials under control. Dividing will rejuvenate old plants, keeping them vigorous and blooming freely. Dividing perennials is an easy and inexpensive way to gain additional plants for your garden or to share. When to Divide In general, it is best to divide spring and summer blooming perennials in the fall, and fall bloomers in spring. By dividing the plant when it is not flowering, all the plant’s energy can go to root and leaf growth. Fall division should take place between early September in the uppermost Piedmont and mid-to late October on the coast. Allow at least four to six weeks before the ground freezes for the plants to become established." }, { "docid": "D2180474#0", "title": "http://www.coolatta.org/barrons/a_separate_peace\na separate peace", "text": "\"BARRON'S BOOK NOTES JOHN KNOWLES'S A SEPARATE PEACE ^^^^^^^^^^JOHN KNOWLES: THE AUTHOR AND HIS TIMES John Knowles was only 33 years old when A Separate Peace was published, in 1959, in England (see The Critics section at the end of this book for a good idea of how popular the book was there) and then, in 1960, in the United States. The book was an immediate and stunning success, receiving the William Faulkner Foundation Award and the Rosenthal Award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. But John Knowles had begun writing seriously a decade before the success of A Separate Peace enabled him to abandon full-time employment. He was assistant editor for the Yale Alumni Magazine where he'd attended college, he worked as a reporter and drama critic for the Hartford Courant, and then he wrote his first novel, Descent into Proselito, while living in Italy and France. That novel was never published; his friend and teacher, the playwright Thornton Wilder, felt it was not good enough. Knowles was born in Fairmont, West Virginia, on September 16, 1926, the third of four children. At age fifteen, during World War II, he went away to boarding school, the Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. The pressures of this environment at such a dire and impressionable time laid the foundation for A Separate Peace--and, even before that novel, for a short story called \"\"Phineas,\"\" which takes us through the events of the first half of the novel. Like so many writers before and since, John Knowles found his way to New York City, renting an apartment in the Hell's Kitchen area of the West Side, where he applied himself rigorously to his craft in the mid-1950s. Determined to make a name for himself, he busily turned out drama reviews, short stories, and freelance articles." }, { "docid": "D1544890#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Kingdom_(theme_park)\nDisney's Animal Kingdom", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Animal Kingdom (theme park))navigation search Disney's Animal Kingdom The Tree of Life is the icon of Disney's Animal Kingdom. Location Walt Disney World Resort, Bay Lake, Florida, United States Coordinates 28°21′29″N 81°35′24″WCoordinates: 28°21′29″N 81°35′24″WTheme Natural environment and animal conservation Owner The Walt Disney Company Operated by Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products Opened April 22, 1998; 19 years ago [1]Operating season Year-round Website Official website Walt Disney World Theme parks Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney's Hollywood Studios Disney's Animal Kingdom Other attractions Disney's Typhoon Lagoon Disney's Blizzard Beach Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Resort hotels Walt Disney World Resortsv t e Disney's Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering 580 acres (230 ha). [ 2] [3] [4] [5] The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself. [ 6]Disney's Animal Kingdom is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which indicates they have met or exceeded the standards in education, conservation, and research. [ 7]The park's icon is the Tree of Life, a 145-foot-tall (44 m), 50-foot-wide (15 m) artificial baob tree. In 2015, it had 10.9 million visitors, ranking it the fourth-most visited amusement park in the United States, behind the other three Walt Disney World parks, and seventh-most visited in the world. [ 8]Contents [ hide ]1 Dedication2 History3 Areas3.1 Oasis3.2 Discovery Island3.3 Pandora – The World of Avatar3.4 Africa3.5 Rafiki's Planet Watch3.6 Asia3.7 Dino Land U. S. A.4 Former and unbuilt areas4.1 Camp Minnie-Mickey4.2 Beastly Kingdom5 Restaurants and shops6 Operations7 Conservation efforts8 Controversy8.1 Incidents9 Attendance10 See also11 References12 External links Dedication [ edit]Welcome to a kingdom of animals... real, ancient and imagined: a kingdom ruled by lions, dinosaurs and dragons; a kingdom of balance, harmony and survival; a kingdom we enter to share in the wonder, gaze at the beauty, thrill at the drama, and learn.— Michael D. Eisner, April 22, 1998 [9] [10] [11] [12]History [ edit]Construction for Disney's Animal Kingdom began in 1990, a year after the opening of the Disney MGM Studios." }, { "docid": "D1452498#0", "title": "http://www.does-the-product-work.com/rabbit-tv/\nDoes Rabbit TV Really Work?", "text": "\"Products Search Newsletter About Contact Search Categories Beauty Cleaning Crafts & Hobbies Exercise & Workout Garden Health Household & Personal Kitchen & Cooking Money & Business Pet Supplies Tools & Outdoor Consumer Articles• 4 Tricks of \"\"As Seen On TV\"\" Products• The Danger of \"\"Free\"\" Offers Sign Up for Newsletter Name: Email:average user rating75%3 votes25%1 vote Does Rabbit TV Really Work? Along with surfing the internet, watching the television is a popular pastime for just about everyone. However, getting separate monthly subscriptions for both cable TV and an Internet connection is quite costly in most places. Plus the fact that it is imperative to purchase both a television set and a personal computer will surely bore a hole in one’s pockets. Rabbit TV promises to solve this concern and even lessen monthly subscription bills. This product is a USB stick that is said to turn any computer into a TV entertainment system using an internet connection for access. The Rabbit TV USB stick claims to have access in over 2000 free TV channels and networks that include sports, family, and entertainment. Rabbit TV is said to be a very popular choice for those who want to access foreign language television stations from countries around the globe. Rabbit TV Reviews Yes - Awesome product The Rabbit TV really does work, despite some of the bad Internet reviews. After playing around with it for almost 5 months, I would have to say I enjoy their clean, easy-to-use website that is constantly updating with new content." }, { "docid": "D2294164#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_drab\nOlive (color)", "text": "\"Olive (color)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Olive drab)navigation search Look up olive in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Olive Color coordinates Hex triplet #808000s RGB B ( r , g , b) (128, 128, 0)CMYK H ( c, m, y, k) (0, 0, 100, 50)HSV ( h, s, v) (60°, 100%, 50 [1]%)Source X11 color names B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)Green olives Olive is a dark yellowish-green color, [2] like that of unripe or green olives. As a color word in the English language, it appears in late Middle English. Shaded toward gray, it becomes olive drab. Contents [ hide ]1 Variations1.1 Olivine1.2 Olive drab1.3 Olive green1.4 Dark olive green1.5 Black olive2 Olive in human culture3 See also4 References Variations [ edit]Olivine [ edit]Green sand is actually crystalineolivine which has been eroded from lava rocks Olivine Color coordinates Hex triplet #9AB973s RGB B ( r , g , b) (154, 185, 115)CMYK H ( c, m, y, k) (17, 0, 38, 27)HSV ( h, s, v) (87°, 38%, 73%)Source [1] /Maerz & Paul [3]B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)Olivine is the typical color of the mineral olivine. The first recorded use of Olivine as a color name in English was in 1912. [ 4]Olive drab [ edit]Olive Drab Color coordinates Hex triplet #6B8E23s RGB B ( r , g , b) (107, 142, 35)CMYK H ( c, m, y, k) (25, 0, 75, 44)HSV ( h, s, v) (80°, 75%, 56%)Source X11 color names B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)Olive drab camouflage Color coordinates Hex triplet #544F3Ds RGB B ( r , g , b) (84, 79, 61)CMYK H ( c, m, y, k) (60, 60, 100, 50)HSV ( h, s, v) (47°, 27.4%, 32.9%)Source Federal Standard 595 33070B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)Olive Drab #7Color coordinates Hex triplet #3C341Fs RGB B ( r , g , b) (60, 52, 31)CMYK H ( c, m, y, k) (0, 13, 48, 76)HSV ( h, s, v) (43.4°, 48.3%, 23.5%)Source Hex Color Pedia B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)Olive drab is variously described as a \"\"dull olive-green colour\"\" ( Oxford English Dictionary ); [5] \"\"a shade of greenish-brown\"\" ( Webster's New World Dictionary ); [6] \"\"a dark gray-green\"\" ( Mac Millan English dictionary ); \"\"a grayish olive to dark olive brown or olive gray (American Heritage Dictionary); [7] or \"\"A dull but fairly strong gray-green color\"\" ( Collins English Dictionary ). It was widely used as a camouflage color for uniforms and equipment in the armed forces, particularly by the U. S. Army during the Second World War. The first recorded use of olive drab as a color name in English was in 1892. [ 8]Drab is an older color name, from the middle of the 16th century." }, { "docid": "D345173#0", "title": "http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/separate/characters.html\nA Separate Peace", "text": "Character List<< Prev Section Next Section >>Gene Forrester - The narrator and protagonist of the novel. When A Separate Peace begins, Gene is in his early thirties, visiting the Devon School for the first time in years. He is thoughtful and intelligent, with a competitive nature and a tendency to brood. He develops a love-hate relationship with his best friend, Finny, whom he alternately adores and envies. He often seems to want to lose hold of his own identity and live as a part of Finny, a tendency suggesting that he is strongly uncomfortable with his own personality. Yet the reader must infer this aspect of Gene, like much of his character, from the actions that he recounts rather than from any explicit statements regarding his mindset: Gene often proves a reticent and unreliable narrator when it comes to his own emotions. Read an in-depth analysis of Gene Forrester. Finny - Gene’s classmate and best friend. Finny is honest, handsome, self-confident, disarming, extremely likable, and the best athlete in the school; in short, he seems perfect in almost every way. He has a talent for engaging others with his spontaneity and sheer joy of living, and, while he frequently gets into trouble, he has the ability to talk his way out of almost any predicament." }, { "docid": "D2944506#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazuzu_(The_Exorcist)\nPazuzu ( The Exorcist)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Pazuzu (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Pazuzu The Exorcist character Linda Blair as Regan Mac Neil possessed by Pazuzu First appearance The Exorcist (novel)Last appearance The Exorcist (TV series)Created by William Peter Blatty Portrayed by Eileen Dietz ( Film) Robert Emmet Lunney ( TV series)Voiced by Mercedes Mc Cambridge, Linda Blair and Ron Faber ( I) Karen Knapp ( II) Colleen Dewhurst ( III) Rupert Degas ( IV) Mary Beth Hurt ( V) David Hewlett ( TV)Information Species Demon Gender Male Assyrian demon Pazuzu, first millennium BCEPazuzu is the main antagonist in The Exorcist horror novels and film series, created by William Peter Blatty. Blatty derived the character from Assyrian and Babylonian mythology, where Pazuzu was considered the king of the demons of the wind, and the son of the god Hanbi. In The Exorcist, Pazuzu appears as a demon who possesses Regan Mac Neil. Pazuzu is often depicted as a combination of animal and human parts with his right hand pointing upwards and his left hand downwards. He has the body of a man, the head of a lion or dog, eagle -like taloned feet, two pairs of wings, a scorpion 's tail, and a serpentine penis. Contents [ hide ]1 Appearances1.1 Novels1.2 Films1.3 Television2 Concept and creation3 Portrayal3.1 Make-up effects4 In popular culture5 References6 External links Appearances [ edit]Novels [ edit]Pazuzu first appeared in William Peter Blatty's The Exorcist in 1971. [" }, { "docid": "D1217660#0", "title": "http://www.babynamewizard.com/baby-name/boy/phineas\nFind the perfect name with our expert baby name toolsâFree!", "text": "\"Phineas Pronunciation: FI-nee-əs (key)Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Origin of the name Phineas: Derived from the Hebrew Pinchas, meaning \"\"the mouth of a snake, mouth of brass.\"\" It may also be derived from the Egyptian penechase (Negro, dark-complexioned). From A World of Baby Names by Teresa Norman. Related Names: Fin, Phinnaeus, Pinchas Favorite This Name Looking for the perfect name? Try the Name Match Maker to find the perfect baby name for you!Name Voyager US Popularity of Phineas Over Time Sister & Brother Names Know a Phineas? What are his siblings named? Enter Sibling Name M FAtticus Benjamin Candace Chloe Elijah Eric Esther Ferb Gene Jack Madeleine Matilda Mckenna Oliver Owen Penelope Perry Phoebe Pierce Quinn Sam Sammy Samuel Sirius Theodore Name Lists Featuring Phineas Contribute your knowledge to the name Phineas Report inappropriate content Comments and insights on the name Phineas: \| Edit Share what you know!Personal experiences with the name Phineas: \| Edit We named our son Phineas. People ask us all the time if it's a family name or where we came up with it. Occasionally someone will mention it's the name of one of Julia Robert's twins. I love my son's name and I love that it's uncommon." }, { "docid": "D912233#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom\nDisney's Animal Kingdom", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Disney's Animal Kingdom The Tree of Life is the icon of Disney's Animal Kingdom. Location Walt Disney World Resort, Bay Lake, Florida, United States Coordinates 28°21′29″N 81°35′24″WCoordinates: 28°21′29″N 81°35′24″WTheme Natural environment and animal conservation Owner The Walt Disney Company Operated by Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products Opened April 22, 1998; 19 years ago [1]Operating season Year-round Website Official website Walt Disney World Theme parks Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney's Hollywood Studios Disney's Animal Kingdom Other attractions Disney's Typhoon Lagoon Disney's Blizzard Beach Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Resort hotels Walt Disney World Resortsv t e Disney's Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering 580 acres (230 ha). [ 2] [3] [4] [5] The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself. [ 6]Disney's Animal Kingdom is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which indicates they have met or exceeded the standards in education, conservation, and research. [ 7]The park's icon is the Tree of Life, a 145-foot-tall (44 m), 50-foot-wide (15 m) artificial baob tree. In 2015, it had 10.9 million visitors, ranking it the fourth-most visited amusement park in the United States, behind the other three Walt Disney World parks, and seventh-most visited in the world. [ 8]Contents [ hide ]1 Dedication2 History3 Areas3.1 Oasis3.2 Discovery Island3.3 Pandora – The World of Avatar3.4 Africa3.5 Rafiki's Planet Watch3.6 Asia3.7 Dino Land U. S. A.4 Former and unbuilt areas4.1 Camp Minnie-Mickey4.2 Beastly Kingdom5 Restaurants and shops6 Operations7 Conservation efforts8 Controversy8.1 Incidents9 Attendance10 See also11 References12 External links Dedication [ edit]Welcome to a kingdom of animals... real, ancient and imagined: a kingdom ruled by lions, dinosaurs and dragons; a kingdom of balance, harmony and survival; a kingdom we enter to share in the wonder, gaze at the beauty, thrill at the drama, and learn.— Michael D. Eisner, April 22, 1998 [9] [10] [11] [12]History [ edit]Construction for Disney's Animal Kingdom began in 1990, a year after the opening of the Disney MGM Studios." }, { "docid": "D2642303#0", "title": "https://www.amazon.com/Youre-So-Fine-Featuring-Pickett/dp/B008Y0UXNM\nYou're So Fine - 1956 - 1961 - Featuring Eddie Floyd, Sir Mack Rice, Joe Stubbs & Wilson Pickett", "text": "\"Song Title Popularity1 Baby That's It Not Available2 This Day Not Available3 Can This Be Christmas ? Not Available4 Sent Up Not Available5 I Wonder Not Available6 Something Hit Me Not Available7 Love At First Sight Not Available8 This Heart Of Mine Not Available9 Romanita Not Available10 (When) You're In Love Not Available11 No Time For Fun Not Available12 Please Don't Leave Me Dear Not Available13 Juke Hop Not Available14 Anytime, Anyplace, Anywhere Not Available15 Girl Of My Dreams Not Available16 Let It Be Me Not Available17 I'll Never Find Another Girl Like You Not Available18 Whose Little Girl Are You ? Not Available19 Just For You Love Not Available20 You're So Fine Not Available21 Goddess Of Angels Not Available22 You're Mine Not Available23 That's What I Aim To Do Not Available24 You Must Know I Love You Not Available25 Feels Good Not Available26 Billy The Kid Not Available27 You're On My Mind Not Available28 Anna Not Available29 (I Don't Want No) Part Time Love Not Available30 What To Do Not Available By placing your order, you agree to our Terms of Use . Customers Also Bought These Albums Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1Terra [Explicit]The Falcons1Stream or buy for $3.96Sorry (I Ran All the Way Home)The Impalas4Stream or buy for $9.49Lavender Blue Sammy Turner Stream or buy for $7.9920th Century Masters: The Mill... Brook Benton125Stream or buy for $5.9914 Greatest Hits Billy Ward & The Dominoes2Stream or buy for $7.99Clyde Clyde Mc Phatter16Stream or buy for $7.99Love Letter R. Kelly307Stream or buy for $9.99The Orioles 1947-1955The Orioles3Stream or buy for $16.49Soul On Fire: The Best Of La Ve... La Vern Baker2Stream or buy for $11.49Cabana Terrace Live The Clovers Stream or buy for $9.49To Thee Solomon Burke Stream or buy for $6.99EP Collection The Falcons Stream or buy for $8.99Best Of Rock: Ruby Various Artists Stream or buy for $8.99Could This Be Magic The Dubs1Stream or buy for $9.49The US Singles Collection 1954... The Coasters3Stream or buy for $7.9820th Century Masters: The Mill... The Platters261Stream or buy for $7.9920th Century Masters: The Mill... Lloyd Price48Stream or buy for $11.49The Singles Collection '53-'60The Drifters2Stream or buy for $7.98Aladdin '52-'59: Let The Good T... Shirley & Lee8Stream or buy for $8.99Atlantic 60th: Rainy Day Refrain Various artists Stream or buy for $8.99Crying In The Chapel The Orioles Stream or buy for $9.49The Birth Of Soul Ray Charles37Stream or buy for $28.49Come Go With Me The Del-Vikings1Stream or buy for $1.98My True Story The Jive Five Stream or buy for $9.49The Best Of Jimmy 'Handyman' J... Jimmy 'Handyman' Jones Stream or buy for $9.49Handy Man Jimmy Jones6Stream or buy for $9.49The Best Of Jimmy \"\"Handy Man\"\" Jones Stream or buy for $9.49Old King Gold Volume 6Various artists Stream or buy for $7.99The Jackie Wilson Mini Album Jackie Wilson Stream or buy for $6.23R & B Megahits Of The 1950's -... Various artists Stream or buy for $5.99Product details Original Release Date: September 17, 2012Release Date: August 10, 2012Label: Jasmine Records Copyright: (C) 2012 Jasmine Records Total Length: 1:09:20Genres: R&BASIN: B008Y0UXNMAverage Customer Review: 3.0 out of 5 stars 6 customer reviews Customer Reviews3.0 out of 5 stars 63.0 out of 5 stars5 star 33%4 star4 star (0%)0%3 star 33%2 star 17%1 star 17%Share your thoughts with other customers Write a customer review See all 6 customer reviews Top customer reviews Amazon Customer5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars June 28, 2016Format: Audio CD Verified Purchaselove this cd thanks larry Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Peggy Anderson1.0 out of 5 stars One Star November 16, 2016Format: Audio CD Verified Purchase It gave me a migraine...don't buy it.....not worth it.... Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuseranger rick5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars January 6, 2015Format: Audio CD Verified Purchasegreat to hear your so fine again..... Comment One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Richard B. Higgins3.0 out of 5 stars ONE SONG ONLYAugust 18, 2013Format: Audio CD Verified Purchase JUST PURCHASED FOR \"\"YOUR'E SO FINE\"\" ONLY. GOT WHAT I WANTED -- NOTHING ELSE, BUT CAN'T COMPLAIN AS I AM NOT A HUGE DOO WOP FAN. Comment 3 people found this helpful." }, { "docid": "D1793506#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sturt\nCharles Sturt", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Charles Sturt (disambiguation). Charles Sturt Born 28 April 1795 Bengal, British India Died 16 June 1869 (aged 74) Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England Occupation Explorer of Australia, Colonial Administrator, Grazier, Naturalist Captain Charles Napier Sturt (28 April 1795 – 16 June 1869) was a British explorer of Australia, and part of the European exploration of Australia. He led several expeditions into the interior of the continent, starting from both Sydney and later from Adelaide. His expeditions traced several of the westward-flowing rivers, establishing that they all merged into the Murray River. He was searching to determine if there was an \"\" inland sea \"\". Contents [ hide ]1 Early life2 Australia and Sturt's first two expeditions3 A break from exploring4 Return to Australia and disappearance and death of Henry Bryan5 Exploring from Adelaide, Sturt's third and final expedition6 Later life7 Legacy8 See also9 Notes10 References11 Further reading12 External links Early life [ edit]Charles Sturt was born in Bengal, [1] British India, the eldest son (of thirteen children) of Thomas Lenox Napier Sturt, a judge under the British East India Company. [ 2] At the age of five, Charles was sent to relations in England to be educated, [2] and after attending a preparatory school he was sent to Harrow in 1810. [ 3]In 1812, Charles went to read with a Mr. Preston near Cambridge, [3] but his father was not wealthy and had difficulty finding the money to send him to Cambridge University, [2] or to establish him in a profession. [ 3] An aunt made an appeal to the Prince Regent and, on 9 September 1813, Sturt was gazetted as an ensign with the 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot in the British Army. [ 2]Sturt saw action with the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsular War and against the Americans in Canada, [2] returning to Europe a few days after the Battle of Waterloo. [" }, { "docid": "D2120107#0", "title": "http://www.rabbitmatters.com/rabbit-breeds.html\n.", "text": "\"A Proper Guide on Different Rabbit Breeds and Types There are many different rabbit breeds and types. Research shows well over 50 different breeds with varieties of each particular breed. They come in different sizes, colours and shapes. Different rabbit breeds, and varying sizes, can have different requirements. We have devoted separate pages below, for each popular breed of rabbit, plus the not so well known breeds that you might be interested in. Click on the links below to find the necessary information. In addition, if you want to ask a question or start up a discussion on yours, or another rabbit breed, then please visit our Rabbit Forum If you are looking to buy a rabbit then you need to decide whether you want a dwarf , small, medium, large or very large (giant) rabbit. There are the mini variety, a small breed, selectively bred such as the mini lop, the mini rex or mini lionhead etc. Depending on the breed, there can sometimes be confusion between a dwarf and a mini. Dwarf does not necessarily mean the smallest breed when fully grown." }, { "docid": "D2564051#0", "title": "http://www.babynamewizard.com/baby-name/girl/fiona\nFind the perfect name with our expert baby name toolsâFree!", "text": "\"Fiona Pronunciation: fee-OH-nə (key)Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Origin of the name Fiona: Derived from the Gaelic fionn (fair, white, clear). From A World of Baby Names by Teresa Norman. Favorite This Name Looking for the perfect name? Try the Name Match Maker to find the perfect baby name for you!Name Voyager US Popularity of Fiona Over Time Sister & Brother Names Know a Fiona? What are her siblings named? Enter Sibling Name M FAva Avery Benjamin Carter Charlotte Claire Connor Ella Emily Emma Ethan Evan Grace Jack Jackson James Liam Logan Lucas Madison Mason Noah Oliver Olivia Owen Name Lists Featuring Fiona German Girls Names: Most Popular Names for Girls in Germany 2014Swiss Girls Names: Most Popular Names for Girls in Switzerland (German)Swiss Girls Names: Most Popular Names for Girls in Switzerland (German), 2010German Girls Names: Most Popular Names for Girls in Germany Irish Girls Names: Most Popular Names for Girls in the Republic of Ireland Swiss Girls Names: Most Popular Names for Girls in Switzerland Contribute your knowledge to the name Fiona Report inappropriate content Comments and insights on the name Fiona: \| Edit Very common Scottish and Irish name, but not common at all in America. I have never met anyone with my name, which is something I really like. I have been complimented since I was little on what a pretty name I have. The Shrek series have made it slightly annoying, but that seems to be fading now. I wouldn't change my name for anything." }, { "docid": "D1562789#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/cassava-manioc-domestication-170321\nCassava - The History of Manioc Domestication", "text": "Science, Tech, Math ›Social Sciences Cassava - The History of Manioc Domestication The Domestication of Cassava Share Flipboard Email Print Manioc (Manihot esculenta). Tatiana Gerusby K. Kris Hirst Updated March 08, 2017Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ), also known as manioc, tapioca, yuca, and mandioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, originally domesticated perhaps as long ago as 8,000-10,000 years ago, in southern Brazil along the southwestern border of the Amazon basin. Cassava is today a primary calorie source in tropical regions around the world, and the sixth most important crop plant worldwide. The progenitor of cassava ( M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia) exists today and is adapted to forest and savanna ecotones. Archaeological evidence of cassava in the little-investigated Amazon basin has not been identified-the area was determined the point of origin based on genetic studies of cultivated cassava and various possible progenitors. The first archaeological evidence of manioc is from starches and pollen grains after it was spread outside the Amazon. Cassava starches have been identified in north central Colombia by ~7500 years ago, and in Panama at Aguadulce Shelter, ~6900 years ago. Pollen grains from cultivated cassava have been found in archaeological sites in Belize and Mexico's gulf coast by ~5800-4500 bp, and in Puerto Rico about 3300-2900 years bp. There are numerous cassava and manioc species in the world today, and researchers still struggle with their differentiation, but recent research supports the notion that they are all descended from a single domestication event in the Amazon basin." }, { "docid": "D3338308#0", "title": "http://www.chronicle.com/article/Rachel-Dolezal-Case-Leaves-a/230947/\nRachel Dolezal Case Leaves a Campus Bewildered and Some Scholars Disgusted", "text": "\"Faculty Rachel Dolezal Case Leaves a Campus Bewildered and Some Scholars Disgusted Colin Mulvany, AP Images Rachel Dolezal: What effect will her case have on the credibility of black and Africana studies? By Stacey Patton June 17, 2015As of last Friday, Rachel A. Dolezal was no longer an employee of Eastern Washington University. But the former adjunct instructor of Africana education, who has become the focus of a fierce debate about race and identity, may have a higher profile on campus than ever before. Ms. Dolezal, a 37-year-old civil-rights advocate, stepped down on Monday as president of the Spokane, Wash., chapter of the NAACP, less than a week after her parents asserted that she was white. For years, she has identified as black. Despite the disclosure from her parents — and the release of childhood photographs and a reverse-discrimination lawsuit she had filed against Howard University, her alma mater — Ms. Dolezal said on Monday that she continues to do so. Her case has captivated a national audience and stoked conversations among professors in her field, especially at Eastern Washington. Faculty members there who know her are shocked and bewildered, said Scott Finnie, director of the university’s Africana-education program. Mr. Finnie, who is African-American, said that news of Ms. Dolezal’s deception had come as such a surprise because of how she presented her personal story. Ms. Dolezal has said she was born in a teepee, encountered physical abuse from her parents, and set up a hair-braiding service to raise the self-esteem of black girls. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D2374007#0", "title": "https://www.names.org/n/troll/about\nTroll", "text": "\"Names.orgpopular trending lists Your Searches: <100 Troll Embed Troll Classmate Finder Free Horoscope Add Origin and Meaning Gender: Unknown First Name <100in the U. S. since 1880Last Name 405in the U. S. in 2010First Last On This Page Add what Troll means to you Related Names Pronunciation Meanings and Origins Notable Persons Named Troll Notable Persons With the Last Name Troll Regional Popularity Ethnicity Distribution Fun Facts What Trolls Have Visited This Page? Name Poster Related Names3k Tyrel (More Popular)4k Dariel (More Popular)5k Darell (More Popular)5k Terrill (More Popular)6k Derrell (More Popular)30k Darrel (More Popular)37k Terrell (More Popular)<100 Aykallie<100 Trolle<100 Ttroll<100 Gaulke<100 Lasta<100 Unown<100 Solluxander<100 Rumaila<100 Lasata<100 Shush<100 Trooll<100 Vanovet67k Daryl (More Popular)160k Darrell (More Popular)42k Darla (More Popular)92k Darryl (More Popular)15k Tyrell (More Popular)How to Pronounce Troll Troll Pronunciations Play Automated Male (English)Play Automated Female (English)How difficult is it to pronounce Troll? Back to Top Meaning and Origin What does the name Troll mean? Find out below. Origin and Meaning of Troll Submit the origin and/or meaning of Troll to us below Origin of Troll Troll Means Cited Source Submit Webster's Unabridged Dictionary noun Troll A supernatural being, often represented as of diminutive size, but sometimes as a giant, and fabled to inhabit caves, hills, and like places; a witch. Etymology: Icel. troll. Cf. Droll Trullverb Troll Senses To move circularly or volubly; to roll; to turn. \"\" To dress and troll the tongue, and roll the eye.\"\" [" }, { "docid": "D2679301#0", "title": "http://www.finegardening.com/grape-hyacinths\nGrape Hyacinths", "text": "Not far from my home, there’s a meadow that becomes misted blue with grape hyacinth ( Muscari spp. and cvs.) every April. One of my neighbors photographed, enlarged, and framed the bucolic panorama to hang over his fireplace, a tribute to one of the reliable though ephemeral splendors of spring. When he died a few years ago, his wife arranged for him to be buried in the cemetery that overlooks the exquisite scene he’d so treasured. I learned that the original title-holders of that property tried to oust the beautiful but poisonous bulbs from their cow pasture, even to the point of stripping the field of turf, apparently without much success. So the present display, embroidering several acres, has been colonizing unchallenged for only about 25 years. Nowadays horses graze there, respectfully coexisting, implying perhaps that horses have an aesthetic sense as well as an appreciation for the sublime. Muscari, a genus name derived from the Greek word for musk, alludes to the delicious fragrance of many of the brood, which originated mostly in Italy, Greece, North Africa, Turkey, Armenia, and the Caucasus. The flowers of this genus typically cluster like grapes on the stalk, hence the common name grape hyacinth." }, { "docid": "D2888284#0", "title": "http://homeguides.sfgate.com/list-herbaceous-perennials-63096.html\nList of Herbaceous Perennials", "text": "\"Related Articles Hardy Herbaceous Plants Perennial Woody Plants List of Mounding Perennials The Best Perennial Flowers for Partial Shade Herbaceous perennials are garden plants that die back to the soil line when winter temperatures arrive. The plants enter a dormant period and strengthen the root system while waiting for the coming of spring. There are herbaceous perennials for full shade, partial shade, and full sunlight. The plants are available in a variety of textures and colors to add interest and fragrance to your garden. Shade-Loving Perennials Bleeding heart ( Lamprocapnos spectabilis) is a shade loving herbaceous perennial that grows in U. S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 9. The plant flowers in the spring with an arching cascade of heart-shaped blooms. This low-maintenance plant grows to be about 2 to 3 feet high. Pacific coast iris (Iris douglasiana) is an herbaceous perennial that grows in hardiness zones 4 through 10. The rhizomes send up stalks that produce flower buds that bloom in shades of lavender, pink, blue and white. These drought-tolerant plants flower nicely in the shade garden." } ]
9119	a ________ is a small, lightweight, power-conserving, computing device that is capable of wireless access	[ { "docid": "D753968#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/36970251/mis-chapter-extension-7-flash-cards/\nMIS Chapter Extension 7", "text": "16 terms lenora_marten MIS Chapter Extension 7Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Policy An organizational policy that states employees' permissions and responsibilities when using personal mobile devices for organizational business. p. 463Charms In Windows 8 applications, icons that slide in from the right of the display. p. 460Chrome A term that refers to visual overhead such as menus, status bars, and scroll bars in a computer display. p. 458Context-Sensitive Chrome Chrome that pops up in the display only when needed and appropriate. p. 459Direct Interaction Using content to drive application behavior Just-in-Time Data Data delivered to the user at the precise time it is needed. p. 453Mobile Device A small, lightweight, power-conserving, computing device that is capable of wireless access. p. 450Mobile Device Management (MDM) Software Products that install and update mobile- device software, backup and restore mobile devices, wipe software and data from devices in the event the device is lost or the employee leaves the company. Such products also report usage and provide other mobile device management data." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1602237#0", "title": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140406163759-71158614-how-hackers-attack-networks-techniques-and-tactics\nHow Hackers Attack Networks: Techniques and Tactics", "text": "How Hackers Attack Networks: Techniques and Tactics Published on April 6, 2014Adeel Javaid Follow Sign in to follow this author Finance Specialist and Certified M&A Professional A typical hacker attack is not a simple, one-step procedure. It is rare that a hacker can get online or dial up on a remote computer and use only one method to gain full access. It is more likely that the attacker will need several techniques used in combination to bypass the many layers of protection standing between them and root administrative access. Therefore, as a security consultant or network administrator, you should be well versed in these occult techniques in order to thwart them. The following techniques are not specific to wireless networks. Each of these attacks can take multiple forms, and many can be targeted against both wired and wireless networks. When viewed holistically, your wireless network is just another potential hole for a hacker. Therefore, we will review hacking techniques from a generic perspective. Diverse Hacker Attack Methods: The stereotyped image conjured up by most people when they hear the term “hacker” is that of a pallid, atrophied recluse cloistered in a dank bedroom, whose spotted complexion is revealed only by the unearthly glare of a Linux box used for port scanning with Perl. This mirage might be set off by other imagined features, such as dusty stacks of Dungeons and Dragons lore from the 1980s, empty Jolt Cola cans, and Japanese techno music streaming from the Net." }, { "docid": "D1586364#0", "title": "http://www.ebay.com/gds/Can-I-Surf-the-Web-on-My-TV-/10000000177628976/g.html\nCan I Surf the Web on My TV?", "text": "\"Home Buying Guides Consumer Electronics TV, Video & Home Audio Internet & Media Streamers Can I Surf the Web on My TV?e Bay Like March 3, 2016The digital revolution has led to the ultra-integration of the web into lives of most Americans. As a result, digital picture frames constantly change with an array of hundreds of high resolution photographs. LG makes a refrigerator that offers a built-in LCD computer screen, making it possible to surf the web while flipping waffles, and not surprisingly there are multiple ways to enjoy the net via the living room television. Years ago, when the Internet was still new and fresh, consumers could surf the world wide web from the comfort of their couch using Web TV, later obtained by the Microsoft Corporation to become MSN TV. Over a decade later, this is just one of multiple methods that consumers use to surf the web on their television. Finding devices to access the Internet, both new and used, is easy thanks to sites like e Bay. Now consumers have an ever-widening array of options with which to experience the growing virtual frontier known as the World Wide Web. Hooking a Computer up to Television One of the easiest ways to access the Internet on your TV screen is by hooking a computer up to it. Many newer laptops like the Dell Inspiron 5520 can be connected to digital television sets using only firewire. Consumers also have the option of using USB or HDMI to connect a small computer tower to an HDMI television instead of a traditional monitor." }, { "docid": "D1959897#0", "title": "http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-wifi.htm\nWhat is WiFi&Reg;?", "text": "\"Wi Fi®, also spelled Wi-Fi®, is a wireless networking technology used across the globe. It refers to any system that uses the 802.11 standard, which was developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE) and released in 1997. This standard was largely promoted by the Wi-Fi Alliance®, a trade group that pioneered commercialization of the technology. A person or business can use a wireless router or similar device to create a \"\"hotspot\"\" or area in which appropriate devices can connect wirelessly to a network or gain Internet access. Basic Setup In a Wi Fi® network, computers with appropriate network cards can connect wirelessly to a proper router. This router is usually connected to the Internet by means of a modem, often one featuring a high-speed connection. Any user within 200 feet or so (about 61 meters) of the access point can then connect to the Internet, though for good transfer rates, distances of 100 feet (around 30.5 meters) or less are often suggested. Retailers also sell signal boosters that extend the range of a wireless network. Ad Types of Networks Wi Fi® networks can either be \"\"open\"\", so that anyone can use them, or \"\"closed\"\", in which case a password is needed. An area blanketed in wireless access through a device is often called a \"\"wireless hotspot.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D848788#0", "title": "http://compnetworking.about.com/od/hardwarenetworkgear/a/networkadapter.htm\nIntroduction to Computer Network Adapters", "text": "\"How To ›Internet & Network Introduction to Computer Network Adapters Share Pin Email Print D-Linkby Bradley Mitchell Updated January 23, 2018A network adapter allows an electronic device to interface with a local computer network. Types of Network Adapters A network adapter is a unit of computer hardware. Several types of hardware adapters exist: Many new computers contain integrated (built in) wireless network adapter chips A USB network adapter plugs into a standard USB port to enable computer network connections (typically Wi-Fi or Ethernet)A wireless game adapter (sometimes called a \"\"media adapter\"\") connects to an Xbox or Playstation game console or other home entertainment product, providing a bridge to Wi-Fi wireless capability. On older PCs,a PCI adapter (often called a NIC) was a type of add-in card installed inside a desktop personal computer. A variant PCI adapter called \"\" PC Card \"\" (also known as PCMCIA cards) inserted into the side of a notebook computer to provide similar capability. Adapters are a required component to include when building a network . Every common adapter supports either Wi-Fi (wireless) or Ethernet (wired) standards. Special-purpose adapters that support very specialized network protocols also exist, but these are not found in homes or most business networks. Determine Whether a Network Adapter Is Present Newer computers often include a network adapter when sold. Determine whether a computer already possesses a network adapter as follows: In desktop computers." }, { "docid": "D2789006#0", "title": "http://www.staples.com/Network-Adapters/cat_CL167422\nNetwork Adapters", "text": "\"Narrow By: Items in Your Store -Set store to pick up today Brand +Rating +Network Adapter Type +Network Platform +Gaming +Networking Accessory Type +Card Type +Host Interface +Connectivity Type +Cable Color +Cable Length (ft) +Wireless Technology +Computer Memory Type +Server Accessory Type +Adapter & Splitter Type +Price +Connect to your home or office network using a reliable and simple network adapter designed for your laptop or desktop computer. Network adapters connect you to the Internet, creating an efficient, stable connection. ASUS and HP provide a variety of network adapters for any computer set up. Simple, Effective Setup Get connected to the network with ease using a network adapter that slips into a USB port or card slot on your laptop or computer. Network adapters require little technical, skill making them cost effective for your home or office. Simply plug in the network adapter and follow the installation instructions to connect quickly to your office intranet or the Internet. In-Office or Remote Connections Log onto your network with a wireless network adapter that offers increased bandwidth, optimal network performance, and a secure connection to keep intruders from accessing your data. Wireless network adapters function as a virtual access point that supports WPA, WPA2, and WEP encryption protocols to secure your data while you're working in a remote location. Wireless adapters offer your office flexibility to use company information in the conference room without the unsightly attendance of computer wires. Hardwired network adapters are perfect for devices that do not travel." }, { "docid": "D431412#0", "title": "http://www.unm.edu/~tbeach/terms/types.html\nTypes of Computers", "text": "Types of Computers Links to topics on this page: Computers come in a variety of types designed for different purposes, with different capabilities and costs. Microcomputers A microcomputer is a computer that has a microprocessor chip (or multiple microprocessors) as its CPU. They are more commonly called personal computers because they are designed to be used by one person at a time. Personal computers are typically used at home, at school, or at a business. Popular uses for microcomputers include word processing, surfing the Web, sending and receiving e-mail, spreadsheet calculations, database management, editing photographs, creating graphics, and playing music or games. Personal computers come in two major varieties, desktop computers and notebook computers: Tablets and Smartphones PDAs and Palmtops Workstations/Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Micros Everywhere!Desktop computers are larger and not meant to be portable. They usually sit in one place on a desk or table and are plugged into a wall outlet for power. The case of the computer holds the motherboard, drives , power supply, and expansion cards. This case may lay flat on the desk, or it may be a tower that stands vertically (on the desk or under it). The computer usually has a separate monitor (either a CRT or LCD) although some designs have a display built into the case." }, { "docid": "D1040400#0", "title": "http://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/mac/what-is-point-of-apple-airport-3512759/\nWhat is the point of Apple AirPort?", "text": "\"What is the point of Apple Air Port? Why does Apple make a router that isn’t a modem? In this feature, we look at what Air Port Express and Extreme base stations are and why Air Port is a useful feature for the home. By Lucy Hattersley \| 22 Apr 14What is the point of Apple Air Port? Is it worth getting an Apple Air Port Extreme or Time Capsule? What is the point of Apple's Air Port Base Station devices? Apple makes a range of Air Port devices, known as Base Stations, which are essentially Wi-Fi routers. There's the Air Port Express, Extreme and Time Capsule. But why does Apple make Air Port Base Stations? What is the point of buying an Apple Air Port Base Station when you already have a router in your home?" }, { "docid": "D260930#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking\nMesh networking", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Illustration of a partial mesh network. A fully mesh network is where each node is connected to every other node in the network. A mesh network is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes (i.e. bridges, switches and other infrastructure devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data from/to clients. This lack of dependency on one node allows for every node to participate in the relay of information. Mesh networks dynamically self-organize and self-configure, which can reduce installation overhead. The ability to self-configure enables dynamic distribution of workloads, particularly in the event that a few nodes should fail. This in turn contributes to fault-tolerance and reduced maintenance costs. Mesh topology may be contrasted with conventional star / tree local network topologies in which the bridges/switches are directly linked to only a small subset of other bridges/switches, and the links between these infrastructure neighbours are hierarchical. While star-and-tree topologies are very well established, highly standardized and vendor-neutral, vendors of mesh network devices have not yet all agreed on common standards, and interoperability between devices from different vendors is not yet assured. Contents [ hide ]1 Basic principles2 Wired mesh2.1 Development history2.2 Examples3 See also4 References5 External links Basic principles [ edit]Mesh networks can relay messages using either a flooding technique or a routing technique." }, { "docid": "D3031612#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_tooth\nBluetooth", "text": "\"Bluetooth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Blue tooth)navigation search This article is about a wireless technology standard. For the medieval king of Denmark, see Harald Bluetooth. Bluetooth Developed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group Industry Personal area networks Compatible hardware Personal computers Smartphones Gaming consoles Wireless Audio Devices Physical range Typically less than 10 m (33 ft), up to 100 m (330 ft) Bluetooth 5.0: 40–400 m (100–1,000 ft) [1] [2]Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz [3]) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, [4] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. [ 5] The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. [ 6] A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. [ 7] A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices. Contents [ hide ]1 Origin2 Name and logo2.1 Name2.2 Logo3 Implementation3.1 Communication and connection4 Uses4.1 Bluetooth profile4.2 List of applications4.3 Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)4.4 Devices5 Computer requirements5.1 Operating system implementation6 Specifications and features6.1 Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B6.2 Bluetooth 1.16.3 Bluetooth 1.26.4 Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR6.5 Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR6.6 Bluetooth 3.0 + HS6.7 Bluetooth 4.0 + LE6.8 Bluetooth 4.16.9 Bluetooth 4.26.10 Bluetooth 57 Technical information7.1 Bluetooth protocol stack7.2 Baseband error correction7.3 Setting up connections7.4 Pairing and bonding8 Security8.1 Overview8.2 Bluejacking8.3 History of security concerns9 Health concerns10 Bluetooth award programs11 See also12 References13 External links Origin [ edit]The development of the \"\"short-link\"\" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden, and by Johan Ullman." }, { "docid": "D1776770#0", "title": "https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/ubiquitous-computing/30811\nWhat is Ubiquitous Computing", "text": "What is Ubiquitous Computing1. Hidden integration of technology in human environments where users can access to information and functionality at anytime and anywhere. Learn more in: An Architecture Proposal for Residential Care Home Environments2. Hidden integration of technology in human environments where users can access to information and functionality at anytime and anywhere. Learn more in: An Architecture Proposal for Residential Care Home Environments3. Is computing concept which can occur using any device and where computing can appear everywhere and anywhere. Learn more in: Mobile Learning Services on Cloud4. Computational power in devices throughout our lives as opposed to only in our computers or handheld smartphones. Learn more in: Airy Light: Ambient Environmental Data5. It is a concept where computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere and users can access to the information exploiting any kind of device, in any location and in any format." }, { "docid": "D434639#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop\nLaptop", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A Lenovo laptop A laptop, often called a notebook computer or just notebook, is a small, portable personal computer with a \"\" clamshell \"\" form factor, having, typically, a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the \"\"clamshell\"\" and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid. The \"\"clamshell\"\" is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. [ 1] Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks, the former being bigger and heavier than the latter, as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. [ 2] Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, in playing games, Internet surfing, for personal multimedia and general home computer use. A standard laptop combines the components, inputs, outputs, and capabilities of a desktop computer, including the display screen, small speakers, a keyboard, hard disk drive, optical disc drive pointing devices (such as a touchpad or trackpad), a processor, and memory into a single unit. Most modern laptops feature integrated webcams and built-in microphones, while many also have touchscreens. Laptops can be powered either from an internal battery or by an external power supply from an AC adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the processor speed and memory capacity, significantly vary between different types, makes, models and price points. Design elements, form factor and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on intended use." }, { "docid": "D2276542#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_repeater\nWireless repeater", "text": "\"This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A wireless repeater (also called wireless range extender) takes an existing signal from a wireless router or wireless access point and rebroadcasts it to create a second network. When two or more hosts have to be connected with one another over the IEEE 802.11 protocol and the distance is too long for a direct connection to be established, a wireless repeater is used to bridge the gap. It can be a specialized stand alone computer networking device. Also, some Wireless network interface controllers (WNIC)s optionally support operating in such a mode. Those outside of the primary network will be able to connect through the new \"\"repeated\"\" network. However, as far as the original router or access point is concerned, only the repeater MAC is connected, making it necessary to enable safety features on the wireless repeater. Wireless repeaters are commonly used to improve signal range and strength within homes and small offices." }, { "docid": "D2674603#0", "title": "https://popular.reviews/best-modem-router-combo/\nBest Modem Router Combo", "text": "Published by Melanie Pages at Latest Update April 9, 2018A modem router combo is a device that offers the best of both worlds, providing both a modem and a router in one single unit. With the help of this device, you will be able to connect multiple Wi-FI enabled devices such as personal computers, tablets, and smartphones to the Internet. Considering that a big part of our lives revolves around using the internet to check on e-mails, friends, the news, or to get entertained when we have some free time on our hands, it’s important for us modern people to spend our money on devices that enhance the internet connection. This is the reason why we have created the comparison table that you can see below, allowing you to find out what are the best combos on the market and what makes them so great. Also, in order to help some of you to better understand these devices, we have done the proper research and explained everything there is to know about them in this article. Content Navigation Top 5 Modem Router Combo Comparison1. NETGEAR Nighthawk C7000 2. ARRIS SURFboard SBG7580AC 3. TP-Link TC-W7960 4. Motorola MG7550 5." }, { "docid": "D1896523#0", "title": "http://purelifi.com/what_is_li-fi/li-fi-features/\nTechnology", "text": "\"Technology Imagine a world where every light could connect you to the internet. Lights that illuminate our offices, homes, cars and our streets also connecting us to data and powering our growing demand for connectivity. Share on What is Li-Fi? How it works? Applications Benefits TED Talks FAQ White paper Li Fi is high speed bi-directional networked and mobile communication of data using light. Li Fi comprises of multiple light bulbs that form a wireless network, offering a substantially similar user experience to Wi-Fi except using the light spectrum. Connectivity is evolving. The spectrum now has to accommodate more mobile users. Connected devices are forecasted increase to 20 Billion Io T devices by the year 2020. It is time to future proof our networks to enable the connectivity demands of tomorrow." }, { "docid": "D3193022#0", "title": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tomato_Firmware/Menu_Reference\nTomato Firmware/Menu Reference", "text": "\"< Tomato Firmware The latest reviewed version was checked on 25 January 2018. There is 1 pending change awaiting review.navigation search To do: Reformat: condense reliance on TOC entries use def'n lists and consider using tables for better readability. Should consider more use of tables as well. -- Wrlee ( talk) 07:41, 31 July 2009 (UTC)Contents Introduction, Features, Licensing and Support Supported Devices Installation and Configuration Menu Reference Distributions Wikipedia has related information at Tomato (firmware)Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tomato (firmware)Top Level Menu Items Status Bandwidth Tools Basic Advanced Port Forwarding Qo S — Quality of Service Access Restriction USB and NASAdministration About Reboot... Shutdown... Logout Contents [ hide ]1 Status1.1 Overview1.2 Device List1.3 Logs2 Bandwidth3 Tools3.1 Ping3.2 Trace3.3 Wireless Site Survey3.4 WOL (Wake on LAN)4 Basic4.1 Network4.1.1 WAN / Internet4.1.2 LAN4.1.3 DHCP Server4.1.4 Wireless4.2 Identification4.3 Time4.4 DDNS4.4.1 Dynamic DNS4.4.2 Dynamic DNS 14.4.3 Dynamic DNS 24.5 Static DHCP4.6 Wireless Filter5 Advanced5.1 Conntrack / Netfilter5.1.1 Usage notes5.2 DHCP / DNS5.2.1 DHCP / DNS Server (LAN)5.2.2 DHCP Client (WAN)5.3 Firewall5.4 MAC Address5.5 Miscellaneous5.6 Routing5.7 Wireless5.8 VLAN6 Port Forwarding6.1 Basic6.2 DMZ6.3 Triggered6.4 UPn P / NAT-PMP7 Qo S — Quality of Service7.1 Basic Settings7.2 Classification7.2.1 Qo S Rule Example: Setting Web Browsing to HIGH7.3 View Graphs7.4 View Details8 Access Restriction9 USB and NAS10 Administration10.1 Admin Access10.1.1 Web Admin10.1.2 SSH Daemon10.1.3 Telnet Daemon10.1.4 Admin Restriction (for Remote Web/SSH)10.1.5 Password10.2 Bandwidth Monitoring10.2.1 Backup10.2.2 Restore10.3 Buttons / LED10.3.1 SES/AOSS Button10.3.2 Startup LED10.4 CIFS Client10.5 Configuration10.6 Debugging (Miscellaneous)10.7 JFFS210.8 Logging10.9 Scheduler10.9.1 Reboot, Reconnect dialogs10.9.2 Custom 1, Custom 2, Custom 3 dialogs10.10 Scripts10.10.1 Upgrade11 About12 Reboot...13 Shutdown...14 Logout15 References The following is a listing of all of the available menu options in the Tomato GUI, and their functions. As settings on a page are edited the Save button at bottom of page must be clicked before navigating to another page otherwise the newly entered settings are not saved. Try out the Tomato Interface simulation - ( Based on firmware 1.07)Status [ edit]Provides information on the current condition of the router. Overview [ edit]The Overview screen shows information on the current state of the router. It is organized into four sections: System Gives current overall system status. Name Router name Model Router make and model Time System Time and Date Uptime Total time the router has been up since the last reboot CPU Load (1 / 5 / 15 mins)CPU load average for 1, 5 and 15 minute intervals Total / Free Memory Total device memory in MB, free memory (unused + cache) in KB, Percentage of free memory WANThe WAN screen gives information on the Wide Area Network (Internet) connection. MAC Address WAN (Internet) adapter MAC address Connection Type DHCP or Static IP Address WAN (Internet) IP Address Subnet Mask WAN (Internet) IP Netmask Gateway Internet gateway address DNSlists WAN (Internet) DNS servers MTUTCP maximum transmission unit, or maximum packet size in bytes for WAN interface." }, { "docid": "D753966#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_network\nHome network", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Computer network types by spatial scope Nanoscale Near-field (NFC)Body (BAN)Personal (PAN)Near-me (NAN)Local (LAN)Home (HAN)Storage (SAN)Wireless (WLAN)Campus (CAN)Backbone Metropolitan (MAN)Wide (WAN)Cloud (IAN)Internet Interplanetary Internetv t e A home network or home area network ( HAN) is a type of computer network that facilitates communication among devices within the close vicinity of a home. Devices capable of participating in this network, for example, smart devices such as network printers and handheld mobile computers, often gain enhanced emergent capabilities through their ability to interact. These additional capabilities can be used to increase the quality of life inside the home in a variety of ways, such as automation of repetitious tasks, increased personal productivity, enhanced home security, and easier access to entertainment. Contents [ hide ]1 Origins2 Infrastructure devices2.1 Triple play3 Physical connectivity and protocols3.1 Wireless3.1.1 Wireless LAN3.1.2 Wireless PAN3.1.3 Low-rate wireless PAN3.2 Twisted pair cables3.3 Fiber optics3.4 Telephone wires3.5 Coaxial cables3.6 Power lines4 Endpoint devices and services4.1 General purpose4.2 Entertainment4.3 Lighting4.4 Home security and access control4.5 Environmental monitoring and conditioning4.6 Cloud services5 Network management5.1 Embedded devices5.2 Apple ecosystem devices5.3 Microsoft ecosystem devices6 Common issues and concerns6.1 Wireless signal loss6.2 \"\"Leaky\"\" Wi-Fi6.3 Electrical grid noise6.4 Network security7 See also8 References9 External links Origins [ edit]Establishing this kind of network is often necessary when there is need to distribute residential Internet access to all internet capable devices in the home. Due to the effect of IPv4 address exhaustion, most Internet service providers provide only a single WAN -facing IP address for each residential subscription. Therefore, most homes require a device capable of network address translation that can route packets between a single public address visible to the outside world and the multiple private addresses within the home network. Infrastructure devices [ edit]An example of a simple home network A home network usually relies on one or more of the following equipment to establish physical layer, data link layer, and network layer connectivity both internally amongst devices and externally with outside networks: A modem exposes an Ethernet interface to a service provider's native telecommunications infrastructure." }, { "docid": "D3333993#0", "title": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee658108.aspx\nContents", "text": "\"Chapter 24: Designing Mobile Applications For more details of the topics covered in this guide, see Contents of the Guide. Contents Overview General Design Considerations Specific Design Issues Technology Considerations Deployment Considerations Relevant Design Patterns Additional Resources Overview This chapter will help you to understand when and how mobile applications are an appropriate solution, and the key design considerations for mobile applications. This includes learning about the components found in a mobile application; specific issues for mobile applications such as deployment, power usage, and synchronization; and the key patterns and technology considerations. A mobile application will normally be structured as a multilayered application consisting of presentation, business, and data layers. When developing a mobile application, you may choose to develop a thin Web-based client or a rich client. If you are building a rich client, the business and data services layers are likely to be located on the device itself. If you are building a thin client, all of the layers will be located on the server. Figure 1 illustrates common rich client mobile application architecture with components grouped by areas of concern. Figure 1The typical structure of a mobile application A mobile application generally contains user interface components in the presentation layer, and perhaps may include presentation logic components. The business layer, if it exists, will usually contain business logic components, any business workflow and business entity components that are required by the application, and, optionally, a façade." }, { "docid": "D272199#0", "title": "http://smallbusiness.chron.com/wireless-printers-work-mobile-hotspots-64868.html\nDo Wireless Printers Work With Mobile Hotspots?", "text": "\"Related Articles1How to Bring an Offline Printer Online2Wireless Printers That Will Work with Windows 73What Printers Work With i Pad Printing?4How to Install a Wireless Printer With an IP Address Wireless printers can connect to Wi-Fi hotspots and access points, but mobile hotspots may have limitations and restrictions that could interfere with some uses, such as the number of devices that can connect. Types of Mobile Hotspots Mobile hotspots are generally small, battery-operated devices that connect to a cell phone provider's network. In many cases, the cell phone provider resells a larger network's data capacity with that network's geographic coverage. Many smartphones can offer Wi-Fi hotspot capability, often for an additional monthly charge. Unlike home and office access points, mobile hotspots offer a limited number of connections, usually four or five. Most have limitations or charges based on Internet data flow, but not local data between connections including wireless printers. Wireless Printers Many office printers, multifunction devices and photo printers are available with Wi-Fi connection capability to be used with home or office networks. Some mobile printers with Wi-Fi capability are designed for rechargeable battery use, making them ideal for use with a mobile hotspot and a laptop. But most battery-powered wireless printers use Bluetooth wireless technology for connectivity. Bluetooth is different from Wi-Fi and is not compatible with mobile hotspots." }, { "docid": "D1292796#0", "title": "https://123hp.co/fax-hp-envy-5530/\n123 HP Envy 5530 Printer Setup Support", "text": "123.hp.com setup » HP Envy Printers » HP Envy 5530 Setup123 HP Envy 5530 Printer Setup Support The HP Envy 5530 is a multifunctional printer that has the capability to Print, Copy, and Scan and this 123.hp.com/envy5530 printer is specially designed for home users. The printer’s paper tray has a capacity of up to 100 sheets which is rather small but that might be sufficient for most of the home users and its output tray capacity is up to 30 sheets. Complete your print job faster with the automatic duplex printing feature.123.hp.com/Envy5530 Features With this high performance HP Envy 5530 printer, you can Print, Scan, and Copy the desired document. Connect the HP Envy 5530 printer and the computer over a Wireless network connection. Use the automatic duplex printing feature to print your document on both sides of the page. Mobile printing capability: HP e Print (Android users) and Air Print (Mac users). The HP Envy 5530 printer works with both Windows and Mac operating system. You need not spend your time to trim your photographs instead use the borderless printing feature. Make use of the Scan to email feature to send your scanned document via email (printer’s email address). First Time HP Envy 5530 Printer Setup Setting up the 123.hp.com/envy5530 printer is the most important process." }, { "docid": "D1612657#0", "title": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/glossary-telecommunications-terms\nGlossary of Telecommunications Terms", "text": "\"ACCESS CHARGE A fee charged subscribers or other telephone companies by a local exchange carrier for the use of its local exchange networks. ANALOG SIGNAL A signaling method that uses continuous changes in the amplitude or frequency of a radio transmission to convey information. BANDWIDTH The capacity of a telecom line to carry signals. The necessary bandwidth is the amount of spectrum required to transmit the signal without distortion or loss of information. FCC rules require suppression of the signal outside the band to prevent interference. BROADBAND Broadband is a descriptive term for evolving digital technologies that provide consumers a signal switched facility offering integrated access to voice, high-speed data service, video-demand services, and interactive delivery services. CALLING PARTY PAYS A billing method in which a wireless phone caller pays only for making calls and not for receiving them. The standard American billing system requires wireless phone customers to pay for all calls made and received on a wireless phone. CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY This term, often used for all wireless phones regardless of the technology they use, derives from cellular base stations that receive and transmit calls. Both cellular and PCS phones use cellular technology." } ]
9125	a aa battery has how many volts	[ { "docid": "D19635#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_battery\nAA battery", "text": "\"This article is about the type of electric cell. For the military weapon, see anti-aircraft warfare. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)AA cells The AA battery —also called a double A or Mignon (French for \"\"dainty\"\") battery—is a standard size single cell cylindrical dry battery. The IEC 60086 system calls it size R6, and ANSI C18 calls it size 15. [ 1] Historically, it is known as SP7 (Standard Power 7) or HP7 (High Power 7) in official documentation the United Kingdom, though it is colloquially known as a \"\"double A battery\"\". AA batteries are common in portable electronic devices. An AA battery is composed of a single electrochemical cell that may be either a primary battery (disposable) or a rechargeable battery." } ]	[ { "docid": "D859703#0", "title": "http://convert-to.com/491/recharging-rechargeable-nimh-nicd-batteries.html\nBattery size, charging time length, charger current output type.", "text": "Advertisements Ni MH & Ni Cd rechargeable batteries charging time – m Ah – m A / hours : Step 1: Enter a m Ah capacity of your Rechargeable Battery* Enter a m Ahr capacity value as shown on one battery only (to charge 1 to 4 batteries at once.) * Precision in results is how many numbers after decimal point (0 – 9)Enter a m Ah number of your battery : (ei: 2400) m Ah – Precision : Step 2: Select a rechargeable battery size/type to calculate from Ni MH size AAA battery Ni MH size AA battery Ni MH size C battery Ni MH size D battery Ni MH size 9 Volt battery (30-100m A charge)Ni Cd size AAA battery Ni Cd size AA battery Ni Cd size C battery Ni Cd size D battery Ni Cd size 9 Volt battery (30-100m A charge)specific size Ni MH rechargeable batteriesspecific size Ni Cd rechargeable batteries Step 3: Select battery charger m A current output rate for time lengthwith 1 m A charger (base calculation)with 5 m A chargerwith 10 m A chargerwith 15 m A chargerwith 30 m A chargerwith 50 m A chargerwith 70 m A chargerwith 90 m A chargerwith 100 m A chargerwith 150 m A chargerwith 180 m A chargerwith 200 m A chargerwith 210 m A chargerwith 250 m A chargerwith 300 m A chargerwith 350 m A chargerwith 400 m A chargerwith 450 m A chargerwith 500 m A chargerwith 550 m A chargerwith 600 m A chargerwith 650 m A chargerwith 700 m A chargerwith 750 m A chargerwith rapid 1C = m A chargermax. m A output for trickle charging method Advertisements Battery size, charging time length, charger current output type. How long time does it take to recharge a rechargeable battery? Formula for calculating batteries charging time : hr = m Ah / m A “ hours ” equal “ battery size in milliampere-hour ” divided by “ charger output power in milliamperes ” (Need more information? The charge formula is explained in details with examples further below. ) Charging rechargeable batteries. Type into the calculator your rechargeable battery’s capacity number, normally can be red on the battery body e.g. 1700 m Ah ( milli-ampere-hours ). Then select the battery type/size in the left column ( Ni MH – Ni Cd – AAA – AA – C – D – 9V ( 9 volt )) and in the right side select a current output ( electric power output ) of your charger in m A ( milli-amperes ). Type in a capacity number of one battery only." }, { "docid": "D2814441#0", "title": "https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/battery6.htm\nHow Batteries Work", "text": "Battery Arrangement and Power Prev NEXTBattery arrangement determines voltage and current. Check out serial battery arrangements, parallel arrangements and what maximum current is about. How Stuff Works.com In many devices that use batteries -- such as portable radios and flashlights -- you don't use just one cell at a time. You normally group them together in a serial arrangement to increase the voltage or in a parallel arrangement to increase current. The diagram shows these two arrangements. The upper diagram shows a parallel arrangement. The four batteries in parallel will together produce the voltage of one cell, but the current they supply will be four times that of a single cell. Current is the rate at which electric charge passes through a circuit, and is measured in amperes. Batteries are rated in amp-hours, or, in the case of smaller household batteries, milliamp-hours (m AH). A typical household cell rated at 500 milliamp-hours should be able to supply 500 milliamps of current to the load for one hour." }, { "docid": "D51299#0", "title": "http://www.crazybutable.com/articles/crazy-able-guide-leds\nThe Crazy But Able Guide to LEDs", "text": "( I made this handout for a conference session I taught last year about LEDs. The course was made for artists who probably don't have an electronics background. If you are interested in LEDs but you aren't sure where to start, or even what an LED is, then keep on reading! ) What is an LED? It’s a little blinky light! You probably see dozens, if not hundreds of LEDs every day. They are on phones, dishwashers, microwaves, and computers. Why do we use LEDs? Efficiency! In low power applications (such as battery powered gadgets, and most consumer electronics) LEDs provide more light and less heat compared to little tiny incandescent bulbs." }, { "docid": "D892337#0", "title": "http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Powered-radio-for-$5/\nDIY Solar Powered Radio for $5", "text": "\"DIY Solar Powered Radio for $5Workshop Solar by gotwind Follow128,13526851Posted Jul. 21, 2007This is another good use for the solar panel used on the huge amounts of garden LED lights around, coupled to a portable radio that runs off 2 or 3 AA cells. Most of us have an old radio lying around, so I based the $5 price on the cost of purchasing/ acquiring a solar powered garden L. E. D light. I suspect there are plenty of scrap ones lying around, not working because of slightly corroded battery terminals in damp environments - the solar panel will probably be perfect.... With this Instructable I have left my radio on now for 4 weeks, (12 hours a day) while I work and it has never let me down, even at a reasonable high volume level. You could either leave the solar radio out on a sunny wind sill as I do or leave it in the sun outdoors - every so often to recharge the battery's. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 1: Step 1What you will require: 1. A portable radio, AM/FM or DAB, (2AA or 3AA battery type). 2. One 4 or 4.5v 80 m A solar panel, prised off from a Solar Light. 3. ideally a BAT43 Schottky diode or Silicone IN4001 (more voltage loss) 4." }, { "docid": "D2700055#0", "title": "http://www.instructables.com/id/LEDs-for-Beginners/\nLEDs for Beginners", "text": "\"LEDs for Beginnersby noahw in leds Download 9 Steps Share Favorite I Made it!Collection This instructable shows how to wire up one or more LEDs in a in a basic and clear way. Never done any work before with LEDs and don't know how to use them? Its ok, neither have I. *If you have wired up LEDs before, this explanation might seem overly simplistic. Consider yourself warned. * Step 1: Get Some LEDs So I wasn't completely honest - I have used LEDs once or twice before for simple applications, but I never really knew what I was doing, and since so many projects on instructables use LEDs, I thought I might as well teach myself and post about it too. I know that there are many projects already posted that contain information about how to wire LEDs for simple projects - LED Throwies, LED Beginner Project: Part 2 and 9v LED flashlight - teh best evarrr!, but I think that there could still be some use for a detailed step by step explanation about the basics of LEDs for anyone who could use it. The first step was to buy some supplies and figure out what I would need to experiment with. For this project I ended up going to Radioshack because its close and a lot of people have access to it - but be warned their prices are really high for this kind of stuff and there are all kinds of low cost places to buy LEDs online. To light up an LED you need at the very minimum the LED itself and a power supply." }, { "docid": "D1396754#0", "title": "https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/battery-power/\nBattery Power", "text": "AAA, AA, C, D batteries all are rated at 1.5 volts but besides the difference in physical size theamount of electric current they produce is also different. In this project the four battery types will be connected to a small hobby motor designed to operate with a 1.5 volt D size battery and a specific current. From the observations madea data table will be produced and the results will be displayed in the form of a graph. If the batteries all have the same voltage, why not just use AAA cells for all battery operated devices? Let's find out. Download Project Add to Collection Grade Fifth Grade Subject Science Physical Science Problem What are the operating differences of AAA, AA, C, D batteries all with a 1.5 volt rating? Why will an electrical device that requires a 1.5 volt D size battery not operate as well with a 1.5 volt AA size battery? Materials AAA Heavy-duty carbon-zinc batteries AA Heavy-duty carbon-zinc batteries C Heavy-duty carbon-zinc batteries D Heavy-duty carbon-zinc batteries Masking or electrical tape1.5 volt hobby motor Tri-fold cardboard display board Watch or clock Procedure Connect the hobby motor’s red (+) wire to the positive terminal on the D battery and the black wire to the negative terminal using strips of tape to hold the wire in place. Observe and make a note of the initial rotational speed of the motor’s axle using words like “fast,”“rapid,” “slow” “sluggish,” etc. Allow the m otor to operate continuously until the battery runs down." }, { "docid": "D311191#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/How_many_volts_does_an_AA_energizer_battery_have\nHow long do AA energizer batteries last?", "text": "How long do AA energizer batteries last? It actually depends on what you're using it for. For example, a camera will drain more energy than a remote control. Approximatley 6 months to a year depending on usage. If yo …How long does a AA energizer battery last?there is no correct answer How many volts in an AA battery?1.5 volts if you have an alkaline battery. 1.2 volts for most rechargeables (Li, Ni MH, Ni Cd)How long does a energizer AA battery last? Depends on what you use it on. How long will Energizer AA batteries last in a flashlight?3 hours well it depends on how much you use it but it usally last about 20 - 22 hours :) hope that helped (: There is no definite answer. The batteries could have been use …How many volts or amps are needed to charge a rechargeable AA battery in 10 minutes?4,000 volts. Depending on the brand name, and how many times it has been recharged, or if it is lithiam nitrait." }, { "docid": "D19636#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/Some-battery-powered-gadgets-require-2-AA-batteries-some-4-AA-batteries-and-some-require-AAA-batteries-instead-How-do-they-determine-what-type-of-battery-is-required-and-how-much-voltage-is-required\nSome battery powered gadgets require 2 AA batteries, some 4 AA batteries, and some require AAA batteries instead. How do they determine what type of battery is required and how much voltage is required?", "text": "\"Matt Fraser, Electronics engineer for 17 years Answered Sep 16, 2014 There are a lot of choices to be made when selecting batteries for a device: 1) What voltage does the battery need to be? 2) How long should the battery last before it goes flat? 3) How big or heavy should the battery be? 4) What kind of cell chemistry should be used? Should it be rechargeable? Side note: Although we tend to use the term AA battery, an AA battery should be called an AA cell. Many of these cells connected together is called a battery. The same goes for most other cells that we call batteries - AAA, C, CR2032 etc... Some exceptions include the PP3 (9 Volt) battery which is internally made of 6 x 1.5V cells, and a car (Lead acid) battery which is made of 6 x 2.0V cells, so these truly are batteries. I'll stick with the term battery to reduce confusion. AA batteries come in different voltages depending on their chemistry." }, { "docid": "D1023906#0", "title": "http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/archive/is_lithium_ion_the_ideal_battery\n.", "text": "\"Is Lithium-ion the Ideal Battery? For many years, nickel-cadmium had been the only suitable battery for portable equipment from wireless communications to mobile computing. Nickel-metal-hydride and lithium-ion emerged In the early 1990s, fighting nose-to-nose to gain customer's acceptance. Today, lithium-ion is the fastest growing and most promising battery chemistry. The lithium-ion battery Pioneer work with the lithium battery began in 1912 under G. N. Lewis but it was not until the early 1970s when the first non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the greatest electrochemical potential and provides the largest energy density for weight. Attempts to develop rechargeable lithium batteries failed due to safety problems. Because of the inherent instability of lithium metal, especially during charging, research shifted to a non-metallic lithium battery using lithium ions. Although slightly lower in energy density than lithium metal, lithium-ion is safe, provided certain precautions are met when charging and discharging. In 1991, the Sony Corporation commercialized the first lithium-ion battery." }, { "docid": "D1553388#0", "title": "https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw=battery+charger+made+in+usa\n528 results for battery charger made in usa", "text": "\"Items in search results5 x Energizer 371 SR920SW Silver Oxide Watch Battery Made in USA FREE SHIPPING!Brand New275 product ratings$3.88Buy It Now Free Shipping2080 Sold23 new & refurbished from $2.5940 Energizer Max AA E91 Alkaline Batteries Made in USABrand New23 product ratings$19.89Buy It Now Free Shipping383 Sold2 new & refurbished from $19.892500MAH BATTERY & PEAK CHARGER 4 WHITES V3i VX3 XLT METAL DETECTOR MADE IN USAREPLACES WHITES 802-5281 & 802-5211 BATTERY PACKSBrand New$49.95Buy It Now Free Shipping18 Watching FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 1636 Volt Golf Cart Battery Charger For EZ-GO Powerwise MADE IN THE USABrand New2 product ratings$280.00Buy It Now Free Shipping21 Sold FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 16NEW 3000m Ah WLTOYS REPLACEMENT BATTERY & PEAK CHARGER FOR 12428 / MADE IN USAMADE WITH HIGH DISCHARGE RATE LG CELLS 2X THE CAPACITYBrand New$34.95Buy It Now Free Shipping FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 163400m A BATTERY & CHARGER FOR THE MINELAB SOVEREIGN XS & 2A PRO / MADE IN USABrand New$49.00Buy It Now+$4.95 shipping100 Sold100 Energizer Max AA E91 Alkaline Batteries Made in USA Exp. 2027Brand New53 product ratings$39.91Buy It Now Free Shipping2169 Sold PANASONIC 3400m A BATTERY & CHARGER FOR THE MINELAB XT 17000 / MADE IN USABrand New$49.00Buy It Now+$4.95 shipping1 x Energizer 371 SR920SW Silver Oxide Watch Battery Made in USA FREE SHIPPING!Brand New$1.89Buy It Now Free Shipping133 Sold New listing De Walt 20V Drill/1/4\"\" Impact Driver Set 2 Batteries Charger Made in USAPre-Owned$32.0024 bids$150.00Buy It Now+$20.00 shipping2d 10h left (Friday, 9AM)6V 1600ma Rx BATTERY FOR REDCAT VOLCANO S30 + CHARGER / MADE IN USA / 1605H-BECBrand New$29.95Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping10 x Energizer 371 SR920SW Silver Oxide Watch Battery Made in USA FREE SHIPPING!Brand New5 product ratings$6.95Buy It Now Free Shipping38 Sold7 new & refurbished from $5.25BATTERY DIS-CHARGER CUT OFF SWITCH FITS LOSI HPI TAMIYA / MADE IN USABrand New$12.95Buy It Now+$3.00 shipping Made in USA 50x Energizer 3V CR123A Batteries for EL123 DL123 Exp. 2028Brand New$73.33or Best Offer Free Shipping213 Sold FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 16SPONSORED60 pack Energizer AA Max Alkaline E91 Batteries Made in USA EXP 2027$24.99Buy It Now Free Shipping SPONSOREDTrojan Reliant L16-AGM 6V 370Ah Deep Cycle Sealed AGM Battery Made in USA$529.17Was: $569.00Buy It Now Freight7% off (2) 7.2V 1600 BATTERY PACKS 4 REDCAT 1/18 VOLCANO + PEAK CHARGER / MADE IN USALASTS 2X LONGER THAN THE STOCK 800 BATTERYBrand New$49.95Buy It Now+$6.95 shipping BATMAN 12 Volt Battery Charger Maintainer Automatic Float Trickle MADE IN USA!LIFETIME WARRANTY! Made in USA by Intellitronix!Brand New$99.00Buy It Now+$12.90 shipping12 C Energizer Max Batteries 1.5v with Powerseal Exp: 2027 Made In USA E93Brand New$13.96Was: $17.45Buy It Now Free Shipping20% off FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Sat, Apr. 1450 AA Energizer Max Batteries 1.5v with Powerseal Exp: 2026 Made In USA E91Brand New$23.96Was: $29.95Buy It Now Free Shipping24 Sold20% off FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Sat, Apr. 146 - Duracell 3v Lithium 123 CR123 CR123A CR17345 Battery - 2026 - Made in USA ! ! Brand New$16.95 Trending at $27.95Buy It Now Free Shipping FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 167.2V 5000m A BATTERY + CHARGER FITS REDCAT VOLCANO EPX / 4MM PLUG / MADE IN USABrand New$58.95Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping New listing DURACELL Quantum AAA Alkaline Batteries With POWERCHECK MADE IN USA - Pack Of 16Brand New22 product ratings$10.99or Best Offer Free Shipping SPONSORED40 Energizer Max AA E91 Alkaline Batteries Made in USA$19.89Buy It Now Free Shipping383 Sold SPONSOREDNew Inboard M1 Electric Skateboard Made In USA In-Wheel Motors, Battery, Charger$999.00 Trending at $1,100.00Buy It Now Free Shipping2 Watching60 pack Energizer AA Max Alkaline E91 Batteries Made in USA EXP 2027Brand New$24.99Buy It Now Free Shipping4 Energizer Max E92 AAA Alkaline Batteries Made in USA Exp. 2027Brand New1 product rating$3.65Buy It Now Free Shipping143 Sold24 Volt Battery Charger Scrubber, Pallet Jack SB-50RED IN STOCK MADE IN THE USABrand New$270.00Buy It Now Free Shipping6 Watching FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 16100 Energizer Max AA E91 Alkaline Batteries Made in USA Exp. 2027Brand New$39.99Buy It Now Free Shipping198 Sold12 D Energizer Max Batteries 1.5v with Powerseal Exp: 2026 Made In USA E95Brand New$15.96Was: $19.95Buy It Now Free Shipping21 Sold20% off FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Sat, Apr. 14Schumacher SE-1012D 6/12 Volt Battery Charger 10 Amp. Deep Cycle - Made In USAPre-Owned$29.99Buy It Now+$44.85 shipping Rayovac ALC-12 Ultra PRO Alkaline C Batteries- 12 Pack EXP 2027 - Made in USABrand New$12.99Buy It Now Free Shipping876 Sold1600 BATTERY & PEAK CHARGER FOR MINELAB EXCALIBUR MODEL 1000 / MADE IN USABrand New$44.00Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping70 Sold COMBO 24x AA + 24x AAA Energizer Max Alkaline E91/E92 Batteries Made in USA E... Brand New1 product rating$24.99Buy It Now Free Shipping8 new & refurbished from $24.99Surefire CR123A Lithium Batteries 3 Volts 123A MADE IN USA 72 Pieces Brand New$109.50Buy It Now Free Shipping30 Watching Porter Cable 18-Volt Ni Cd Cordless Battery High Output 500 Recharges Made in USABrand New$44.87Buy It Now Free Shipping FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 1636 Volt 40 AMP Battery Charger Fork Lift SB-350 Gray IN STOCK MADE IN THE USABrand New$575.00Buy It Now Free Shipping FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 16DEWALT DC9096 XRP 18-Volt 2.4 Amp Hour Ni Cd Pod Style Battery Made In USA, New Brand New$144.40Buy It Now Free Shipping SPONSOREDNEW 72x Surefire CR123A Lithium Batteries 3 Volts EXP. 09/2027 MADE IN USA$110.00Buy It Now Free Shipping229 Sold SPONSORED (Pack of 12) Rayovac ALC-12 Ultra PRO Alkaline C Batteries EXP 2025 - Made in USA$12.99Buy It Now Free Shipping195 Sold Genuine OEM Skil Charging Stand 72059 With 72067 Power Supply Made In USAPre-Owned$15.74Was: $16.57Buy It Now Free Shipping5% off36 Volt Golf Car Cart Battery Charger SB-50 Connector IN STOCK MADE IN THE USABrand New$265.00Buy It Now Free Shipping FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 16SANYO 2700m A BATTERY & CHARGER FOR DISNEY ULTIMATE WALL-E ROBOT / MADE IN USABrand New$38.95Buy It Now+$4.95 shipping80 Sold1600 BATTERY & CHARGER 4 MINELAB EXCALIBUR 1000 METAL DETECTOR / MADE IN USABrand New$44.00Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping74 Sold36 Volt Golf Car Cart Battery Charger Crowfoot INSTOCK MADE IN THE USABrand New$275.00Buy It Now Free Shipping13 Watching FAST 'N FREEEstimated Delivery Mon, Apr. 16BATTERY DIS-CHARGER FOR TEAM LOSI RC10 HPI / XT60 CONNECTOR / MADE IN USABrand New$17.95Buy It Now+$4.00 shipping PANASONIC 3400 BATTERY & CHARGER FOR THE MINELAB SOVEREIGN XS PRO / MADE IN USABrand New$55.00Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping1500 BATTERY & CHARGER 4 MINELAB EXCALIBUR 800 1000 METAL DETECTOR /MADE IN USABrand New$49.00Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping6V 1600ma BATTERY FOR HPI SAVAGE + PEAK CHARGER / MADE IN USABrand New$29.95Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping61 Sold GENUINE OEM ATARI 850 INTERFACE MODULE POWER SUPPLY MADE IN USAPre-Owned$30.00Buy It Now Free Shipping6V 1600ma BATTERY FOR TRAXXAS T-MAXX + PEAK CHARGER / MADE IN USABrand New$29.95Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping77 Sold6V 1600ma BATTERY FOR LOSI 8IGHT + PEAK CHARGER / MADE IN USABrand New$29.95Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping PANASONIC 3400m A BATTERY & CHARGER FOR WHITES GOLDMASTER 2 & 3 / MADE IN USABrand New$49.00Buy It Now+$4.95 shipping6V 1600ma FLAT BATTERY FOR TRAXXAS NITRO REVO 5309 + PEAK CHARGER / MADE IN USABrand New$24.95Buy It Now+$3.50 shipping LEWCO MARINE BATTERY CHARGER SILICON DIODE MODEL MADE IN USA W/CPre-Owned$79.21Was: $89.00Buy It Now Free Shipping11% off1600 BATTERY & CHARGER FOR MINELAB EXCALIBUR ALKALINE PODS / MADE IN USABrand New$44.00Buy It Now+$5.95 shipping SPONSOREDMade in USA 50x Energizer 3V CR123A Batteries for EL123 DL123 Exp. 2028$73.33or Best Offer Free Shipping213 Sold SPONSORED100 Energizer Max AA E91 Alkaline Batteries Made in USA Exp." }, { "docid": "D1925988#0", "title": "https://blog.meritline.com/2014/04/25/different-types-of-batteries-and-their-sizes/\nDifferent Types Of Batteries And Their Sizes", "text": "Different Types Of Batteries And Their Sizes April 25, 2014 Aria Common battery types used in household and light industry have different shapes, sizes and characteristics and consist of single or multiple cells in a package. Long before agreement was reached for international standards to designate battery sizes, many different national standards and manufacturer specific standards were used for disposable dry cell batteries. Currently, technical standards for the types and sizes of batteries are published by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), with full specification of the chemistry, size, terminal arrangements and other special characteristics of each battery listed. Different Size of Batteries Besides the difference in size, (AAA, AA, C and D batteries are all rated 1.5 volts), the amount of electricity produced by each battery is different. An electric circuit or device contains two important components: Voltage and Current. Certain electric devices need more current but not a lot of voltage to operate efficiently. This is where the size of a battery comes in. For example, a D size battery delivers more current than an AA, AAA or C size battery. So when a device needs more current, even though an AA battery and an AAA battery both deliver 1.5 volts, an AA battery is preferable because it will deliver more current than an AAA battery. What is in a battery?" }, { "docid": "D2696037#0", "title": "http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/WilliamCruz.shtml\nElectric Current from a 1.5 Volt Battery", "text": "\"Electric Current from a 1.5 Volt Battery An educational, fair use website. Bibliographic Entry Result (w/surrounding text) Standardized Result Cutnell, John D. & Johnson, Kenneth W. Physics. New York: Wiley, 1995. \"\" A new 'D' Battery has an emf of 1.5 V … a current of 28 A is produced\"\" 28.0 AEnergy Density. Alkaline Manganese Dioxide. Duracell. [ see chart] 1–15 APrincipal Dry Battery Systems and Typical Characteristics. Energizer. [ see chart] 5 m A–45 AA battery is a device that generates electrical energy. Batteries are a convenient portable source of energy and they differ from other energy-conversion devices in that batteries contain no moving parts." }, { "docid": "D2691406#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electrical)\nBattery (electricity)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Battery (electrical))navigation search For other uses, see Battery. Battery Various cells and batteries (top-left to bottom-right): two AA, one D, one handheld ham radio battery, two 9-volt (PP3), two AAA, one C, one camcorder battery, one cordless phone battery Type Power source Working principle Electrochemical reactions, Electromotive force First production 1800s Electronic symbol The symbol for a battery in a circuit diagram. It originated as a schematic drawing of the earliest type of battery, a voltaic pile. An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. [ 1] When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. [ 2] The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. [ 3] Historically the term \"\"battery\"\" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved additionally to include devices composed of a single cell. [ 4]Primary (single-use or \"\"disposable\"\") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge." }, { "docid": "D3418627#0", "title": "http://qa.answers.com/Q/How_much_voltage_in_a_double_a_battery\nHow does the voltage of a double battery compare to the voltage of a single battery?", "text": "Tumult123 1 Contribution How does the voltage of a double battery compare to the voltage of a single battery? Answer . The voltage depends on how the two batteries are connected to one another. If they are connected in a series circuit (positive end to negative end) the voltage wi …Derek Roach 1 Contribution How much does a double A battery weigh?0.81 ounces (23g) AA batteries can be made using several different chemical makeups. While 23g is a good approximation for an alkaline AA it's not a good guess for Ni MH or Li …How much voltage does a AAA battery have? AA and AAA are both rated at 1.5VHow do you double the voltage on two 12 volt batterys?just by connecting them in series. ( i.e) +of one battery to - of other battery and the remaining two terminals delivers an output of 24 volts Johnny3h 3,272 Contributions How much voltage is in a watch battery? Most batteries used in watches are one and one half volts 1.5v]Cyderize 1 Contribution How much voltage does a battery produce? Depends on the battery but they are current sources as opposed to voltage sources Standard AA, AAA, C and D batteries all give 1.5 volts each, but rechargeable Ni MH batterie …How much voltage does a AA battery have? An AA battery has 1.5 voltage." }, { "docid": "D370736#0", "title": "http://www.ebay.com/gds/Ni-Cd-vs-Ni-MH-Batteries-/10000000177628842/g.html\nNi-Cd vs. Ni-MH Batteries", "text": "\"Home Buying Guides Consumer Electronics Multipurpose Batteries & Power Ni-Cd vs. Ni-MH Batteriese Bay 26 Likes Like September 20, 2016There are more rechargeable battery options today than ever before. Rechargeable batteries are useful in any device that requires a regular battery replacement, such as electronic devices, outdoor lights, and power tools. They can also be useful in smaller devices, such as a clock or flashlight. Many people prefer to use rechargeable batteries because they are reusable, as opposed to one-time only batteries that must be disposed of after a single use. Years ago, the selection was limited to lead-acid batteries, known as car-type batteries, and nickel-cadmium batteries, also called Ni-Cd, Ni-Cad, or Ni Cad. Now we have nickel-metal hydride batteries, or Ni-MH or NIMH, and lithium-ion batteries, or Li-ion, to choose from as well. Another type, lithium-ion polymer batteries, or Li-Pol or Li Po, is actually a type of lithium-ion battery. In a lithium battery, lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and then back again when charging. Rechargeable batteries carry as much power as disposable batteries. As technology develops, rechargeable batteries become light in weight and more reliable." }, { "docid": "D755660#0", "title": "https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=574\nQ & A: Powering a light bulb with a battery", "text": "Most recent answer: 05/14/2015Q: How can I power a lightbulb with a battery? - marci a D. A. Dorsey Ed. Center, Miami, FLA: Just connect the positive terminal of the battery with one electrical contact of your light bulb and the negative terminal with the other electrical contact of the bulb. Many bulbs have one electrical contact with screw threads on it, with the other contact as a round dot on the end of the base. Other bulbs will have metal prongs sticking out. It's notoriously hard to get good electrical contact on batteries and bulbs by soldering wires on. The spring contacts in flashlights work much better (but even they are troublesome from time to time). It's important to select a bulb which matches what your battery can put out. If the battery has too low a voltage, the current flowing through the bulb will be small and the bulb's filament won't get hot enough to visibly glow. If the battery has too high a voltage, so much current will flow that the filament will get too hot and vaporize." }, { "docid": "D3121119#0", "title": "http://www.ebay.com/gds/Digital-Multimeter-Battery-and-Alternator-Surprises-/10000000177732135/g.html\nDigital Multimeter Battery and Alternator Surprises!", "text": "\"Home Buying Guides Test Meters & Detectors Electric Circuit & Multimeters Multimeters Digital Multimeter Battery and Alternator Surprises!automotivemechanictools Views 7 Likes Like Share October 18, 2013Digital Multimeter Battery and Alternator Surprises!A digital multimeter has several electrical measurement capabilities. The three measurement types are DC/AC voltage, resistance and amperage. Electrical components are tested from the device through the lead wires. Here are three ways to use a multimeter to improve vehicle performance. I like the Cen-Tech Digital Multimeter. Battery Test A properly functioning battery allows the entire electrical system to perform at optimal levels. It’s wise to begin electrical diagnosis with a battery test before inspection of other components. First, give a visual inspection of the battery, terminals and cables for corrosion and damaged wires. Disconnect the battery cables from the terminals before using a multimeter. Testing a battery with a multimeter requires a voltage test." }, { "docid": "D2137109#0", "title": "http://www.techadvice.com/tech/C/CMOS-Batteries.htm\n.", "text": "\"If you are looking for CMOS batteries go to the \"\"CMOS Batteries\"\" page. CMOS batteries come in several flavors. A non-rechargeable Lithium type, a non-rechargeable standard AA size battery pack ( 4 AA batteries) and varied rechargeable types such as Ni Cads. Additionally, the battery can be an internal rechargeable Ni Cad type that is soldered on the motherboard or a calculator/watch style (looks like a quarter) that can be replaced by the user simply by popping it out (although sometimes its very hard to do physically because many other components are in the way). There is also a difference in the actual location of the battery, some computers having the battery built-in the motherboard while others have the battery free-standing and connected to the motherboard with a 4-pin 2 wire cable. Only pins 1 and 4 are used. The motherboards many times have a jumper close to where the battery connects to the motherboard. This jumper is used to select the battery connection type, as internal or external. You could have a battery on the motherboard and erroneously set the jumper to the external setting causing the computer to NOT think it has a battery at all. The battery voltages vary from 3volts to over 6 volts depending on the computer." }, { "docid": "D239435#0", "title": "https://www.batterystuff.com/kb/articles/battery-articles/proper-care-and-feeding-of-a-nimh-battery.html\nProper Care and Feeding: NiMH Battery FAQs", "text": "Knowledge Base : Tutorials : Battery Articles : Proper Care and Feeding: Ni MH Battery FAQs Proper Care and Feeding: Ni MH Battery FAQs Share Tweet Share Share Pin Copy Link Q: What does Ni MH stand for? A: The material is Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni MH) which has many advantages over other battery construction materials. Q: What is meant by battery memory? A: Older generation and batteries with other chemical make-up were subject to a memory effect. This is when a battery must be fully drained before recharge or their capacity is reduced. The New Generation of NIMH batteries do not develop a memory effect and can be recharged at anytime during usage cycle. When uncertain about battery charge level or condition, recharge it. Q: What is the m Ah rating mean? A: This is a rating of energy storage capacity m Ah = “milli-ampere hours”. So if you are comparing batteries to a AA with a 2000 m Ah rating, it will have twice the capacity of a 1000 m Ah rating." }, { "docid": "D1251069#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_lighting\nBicycle lighting", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. ( November 2009)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( November 2009)Red light on the back of a bicycle Early bicycle lighting: candle lamps, oil lamps and carbide lamps Early bicycle lamps and two early bottle dynamos (1935)Bicycle lighting is illumination attached to bicycles whose purpose above all is, along with reflectors, to improve the visibility of the bicycle and its rider to other road users under circumstances of poor ambient illumination. A secondary purpose is to illuminate reflective materials such as cat's eyes and traffic signs. A third purpose may be to illuminate the roadway so that the rider can see the way ahead. Serving the latter purposes require much more luminous flux and thus more power. Many jurisdictions require one or more bicycle lights to be fitted to bicycles ridden at night — generally a white light in the front and a red light at the back. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Lighting system2.1 Electrical system2.1.1 Voltages2.2 Light sources2.3 Legal requirements2.4 Safety3 Front lighting3.1 LED lamps3.2 Low-cost battery lights3.3 Flashlights3.4 Halogen lights3.5 HID lights4 Rear lighting4.1 Filament lamps4.2 LEDs4.3 Xenon strobes5 Power supplies5.1 Batteries5.2 Dynamo systems5.2.1 Types5.2.2 Output and optics5.2.3 Advantages of dynamo lighting5.2.4 Disadvantages5.3 Magnetic lights6 Supplementary lighting and visibility.6.1 Headlamps6.2 Reflective and high-visibility materials6.2.1 On the bike6.2.2 Clothing6.3 Wheel-mounted lights7 Measures of light output7.1 Electric power consumption in watts7.2 Luminous intensity in a given direction in candelas7.3 Total luminous flux in lumens7.4 Illuminance at a given distance in lux8 References9 External links History [ edit]A carbide lamp The earliest bicycle lamps were oil-powered and started to be manufactured in 1876 for the Ordinary (High-Bicycle) and solid-tired tricycles." } ]
9127	a antonym for politely	[ { "docid": "D2344239#0", "title": "http://opposite-of.com/polite/\nOpposite of polite", "text": "Opposite of polite Opposite of polite word list. Here are a variety of words whose meaning is nearly the opposite of polite.awkwardbluffbluntboorishbruskclownishcoarsediscourteousill-behavedill-bredill-manneredimpertinentimpoliteimpudentinsolentinsultingrawruderusticunciviluncouthunmannerlyunpolisheduntaughtuntutored Hope the above listing of antonyms for polite is useful. This page may interest people looking for the opposite of polite and polite opposite. Popular phrases for this post include, Opposite of polite, polite opposite, what is the opposite of polite, the opposite of polite, polite opposite word, opposite word of polite, opposite polite." } ]	[ { "docid": "D116365#0", "title": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/astute\nastute", "text": "Thesaurusastuteadjective Synonyms and Antonyms of astutehaving or showing a practical cleverness or judgmenta police detective known to be an astute judge of character Synonyms of astutecanny, clear-eyed, clear-sighted, hard-boiled, hardheaded, knowing, savvy,sharp, sharp-witted, shrewd, smart Words Related to astuteartful, cagey ( also cagy), crafty, cunning, devious, foxy, guileful, slick, sly, subtle,tricky, wilydiscerning, insightful, perceptive, percipient, perspicacious, sagacious, sage,sapient, wiseagile, alert, brainy, bright, brilliant, clever, intelligent, keen, nimble, quick, quick-witted, sharp-eyed, sharp-sightedapt, ingenious, resourcefulcalculating, scheming Near Antonyms of astuteartless, guileless, ingenuous, innocent, naive ( or naïve)exploitable, gullible ( also gullable)dense, dull, obtusebirdbrained, brain-dead, brainless, dim-witted, dopey ( also dopy), dumb, empty-headed, feebleminded, half-witted, knuckleheaded, lamebrain ( or lamebrained),lunkheaded, simple, slow, slow-witted, softheaded, stupid, thickheaded, thick-witted, unintelligent, weak-mindedfoolish, idiotic ( also idiotical), imbecile ( or imbecilic), moronic, silly, thoughtless,witlessignorant, uninformed Antonyms of astuteunknowing Synonym Discussion of astuteshrewd, sagacious, perspicacious, astute mean acute in perception and sound in judgment. shrewd stresses practical, hardheaded cleverness and judgment.⟨ a shrewd judge of character ⟩sagacious suggests wisdom, penetration, and farsightedness.⟨ sagacious investors got in on the ground floor ⟩perspicacious implies unusual power to see through and understand what is puzzling or hidden.⟨ a perspicacious counselor saw through the child's facade ⟩astute suggests shrewdness, perspicacity, and diplomatic skill.⟨ an astute player of party politics ⟩Learn More about astute See words that rhyme with astute Dictionary: Definition of astute Spanish Central: Translation of astute Nglish: Translation of astute for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of astute for Arabic speakers Seen and Heard What made you want to look up astute? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show" }, { "docid": "D566440#0", "title": "http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/unhealthy%20lifestyle\nunhealthy lifestyle meaning, unhealthy lifestyle definition \| English Cobuild dictionary", "text": "Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation/definitionunhealthy ( unhealthier comparative) ( unhealthiest superlative)1 adj Something that is unhealthy is likely to cause illness or poor health., ( Antonym: healthy)Avoid unhealthy foods such as hamburger and chips..., He worked in the notoriously unhealthy environment of a coal mine.2 adj If you are unhealthy, you are not very fit or well., ( Antonym: healthy) I'm quite unhealthy really., ... a poorly dressed, unhealthy looking fellow with a poor complexion.3 adj An unhealthy economy or company is financially weak and unsuccessful. ( BUSINESS) (=weak) (Antonym: strong) The redundancy of skilled and experienced workers is a terrible waste and a clear sign of an unhealthy economy.4 adj If you describe someone's behaviour or interests as unhealthy, you do not consider them to be normal and think they may involve mental problems., ( Antonym: healthy) Frank has developed what I would term an unhealthy relationship with these people..., Mac Gregor believes it is unhealthy to lead a life with no interests beyond politics. Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also:unreality, unearthly, unearth, unholy Collaborative Dictionary English Cobuildliving together apart adj. term used for describing the lifestyle of married or un ... [Psych.] acronym:..." }, { "docid": "D756394#0", "title": "http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/political%20upheaval\npolitical upheaval meaning, political upheaval definition \| English Cobuild dictionary", "text": "Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation/definitionpolitical1 adj Political means relating to the way power is achieved and used in a country or society.usu ADJ n All other political parties there have been completely banned..., The Canadian government is facing another political crisis., ... a democratic political system...→ party political ♦ politically adv ADV adj/adv, ADV with v, ADV with cl They do not believe the killings were politically motivated..., Politically and economically this is an extremely difficult question.2 adj Someone who is political is interested or involved in politics and holds strong beliefs about it. This play is very political.party political Party political matters relate to political parties. ( BRIT) adj ADJ n The debate is being conducted almost exclusively on party political lines.party political broadcast ( party political broadcasts plural) A party political broadcast is a short broadcast on radio or television made by a political party, especially before an election. It explains their views and often criticizes other political parties. ( BRIT) n-countpolitical asylum Political asylum is the right to live in a foreign country and is given by the government of that country to people who have to leave their own country for political reasons. n-uncount...a university teacher who is seeking political asylum in Britain...political correctness Political correctness is the attitude or policy of being extremely careful not to offend or upset any group of people in society who have a disadvantage, or who have been treated differently because of their sex, race, or disability. n-uncount (Antonym: political incorrectness)political economy Political economy is the study of the way in which a government influences or organizes a nation's wealth. n-uncountpolitical incorrectness Political incorrectness is the attitude or policy shown by someone who does not care if they offend or upset any group of people in society who have a disadvantage, or who have been treated differently because of their sex, race, or disability. n-uncount (Antonym: political correctness)political prisoner ( political prisoners plural) A political prisoner is someone who has been imprisoned for criticizing or disagreeing with their own government." }, { "docid": "D2390071#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/please\nplease", "text": "\"please Also found in: Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Wikipedia .please (plēz)v. pleased, pleas·ing, pleas·esv. tr.1. To give enjoyment, pleasure, or satisfaction to; make glad or contented.2. To be the will or desire of: May it please the court to admit this firearm as evidence.v. intr.1. To give satisfaction or pleasure; be agreeable: waiters who try hard to please.2. To have the will or desire; wish: Do as you please. Sit down, if you please.adv.1. If it is your desire or pleasure; if you please." }, { "docid": "D3030178#0", "title": "http://www.english-for-students.com/Prudent.html\n.", "text": "Synonyms & Antonyms : Prudent Prudent ( Adjective ) We are blessed with a prudent house keeper. Synonyms: Canny Careful Cautions Circumspect Discerning Discreet Judicious Politic Sagacious Sage Shrewd Vigilant Wary Contextual Examples: Be careful about what you say to him. You should be cautions about spending money when you are away from your home. We must be extremely discreet. My father suspects something. When the fight began, he thought it is politic to leave. Amitabh is a shrewd businessman. He never trusts anybody. Antonyms: Careless Heedless Imprudent Inconsiderate Indiscreet Irrational Rash Thoughtless Unwise Extravagant Wasteful Contextual Examples: Deepak is very careless in his studies. It is not good to be heedless when your teacher teaches you." }, { "docid": "D2430387#0", "title": "http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/in%20closing\nin closing meaning, in closing definition \| English Cobuild dictionary", "text": "Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation/definitionclosing The closing part of an activity or period of time is the final part of it. adj ADJ n He entered RAF service in the closing stages of the war...→ closeclosing price ( closing prices plural) On the stock exchange, the closing price of a share is its price at the end of a day's business. ( BUSINESS) n-count The price is slightly above yesterday's closing price.closing time ( closing times plural) Closing time is the time when something such as a shop, library, or pub closes and people have to leave. n-var We were in the pub until closing time. Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionaryclose [ 1] ( closes 3rd person present) ( closing present participle) ( closed past tense & past participle) (SHUTTING OR COMPLETING)Please look at category 12 to see if the expression you are looking for is shown under another headword.1 verb When you close something such as a door or lid or when it closes, it moves so that a hole, gap, or opening is covered. ( =shut) (Antonym: open) If you are cold, close the window... V n Zacharias heard the door close... VKeep the curtains closed. V-ed2 verb When you close something such as an open book or umbrella, you move the different parts of it together. Slowly he closed the book. V n3 verb If you close something such as a computer file or window, you give the computer an instruction to remove it from the screen. ( COMPUTING)To close your document, press CTRL+W on your keyboard." }, { "docid": "D1934744#0", "title": "https://thirumalganesh.wordpress.com/2010/05/08/english-antonyms-list-using-dis-il-im-in-ir-and-un-prefix/\nEnglish â Antonyms List using âDisâ, âilâ, âimâ, âinâ, âirâ and âunâ prefix", "text": "English – Antonyms List using ‘Dis’, ‘il’, ‘im’, ‘in’, ‘ir’ and ‘un’ prefix Standard When you add ‘dis-‘, ‘un-‘, ‘in-‘, im-‘, ‘ir-‘ and ‘il’ prefixes with words, the words become opposite meaning. List of words are showing opposite meanings are called Antonyms. Disadvantage Advantage Discontinue Continue Disorder Order Disqualified Qualified Dissatisfied Satisfied Illegal Legal Illegible Legible Imbalance Balance Immature Mature Immeasurable Measurable Immobile Mobile Immoral Moral Immovable Movable Impatient Patient Impolite Polite Improbable Probable Inaccurate Accurate Incomplete Complete Inconvenient Convenient Incredible Credible Ineffective Effective Inefficient Efficient Informal Formal Invisible Visible Irrational Rational Irrecoverable Recoverable Irregular Regular Irrelevant Relevant Irreparable Reparable Irreplaceable Replaceable Unattended Attended Unauthorized Authorized Unavailable Available Unavoidable Avoidable Unconscious Conscious Unforeseen Foreseen Unforgivable Forgivable Unnecessary Necessary Advertisements Rate this:249 Votes Like this: Like Loading... Related Date May 8, 2010Comments 44 Comments" }, { "docid": "D3051972#0", "title": "http://www.english-for-students.com/Modern.html\nEnglish for Students", "text": "Synonyms & Antonyms : Modern Modern ( Adjective )His house is with all the modern facilities. Synonyms: New Present Contemporary Current Recent Timely Present day Contextual Examples: The new policy lays down more incentives for the private sector. There were 500 people present at the meeting. USA keeps in mind contemporary political thought round the world while formulating its basic political philosophy. Antonyms: Bygone Past Ancient Old fashioned Contextual Examples: Let bygone be bygone. We should restore our old friendship. India’s nationalism and patriotism developed very strongly in thepast century. India’s ancient history was very glorious. It keeps inspiring Indian traditions and culture. This dress has now become old-fashioned." }, { "docid": "D754129#0", "title": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/nobles\nNearby words for nobles", "text": "adjective, nobler, noblest.1. distinguished by rank or title.2. pertaining to persons so distinguished.3. of, belonging to, or constituting a hereditary class that has special social or political status in a country or state; of or pertaining to the aristocracy. Synonyms: highborn, aristocratic; patrician, blue-blooded. Antonyms: baseborn, lowborn; common, plebian; lower-class, working-class, middle-class, bourgeois.4. of an exalted moral or mental character or excellence: a noble thought. Synonyms: lofty, elevated, high-minded, principled; magnanimous; honorable, estimable, worthy, meritorious. Antonyms: ignoble, base; vulgar, common.5. admirable in dignity of conception, manner of expression, execution, or composition: a noble poem." }, { "docid": "D1291374#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/soft+money\nsoft money", "text": "soft money Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Wikipedia .soft moneyn. Money donated to political parties to support general political activities rather than a particularcandidate, and thus not subject to regulations or limits that govern campaign contributions. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.soft moneyn (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) politics (in the US) money that can be spent by a political party on grass-roots organization, recruitment, advertising, etc; it must be deposited in a party's non-federal (state-level) bank accounts, and must not be used in connection withpresidential or congressional elections. Compare hard money Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014soft′ mon′eyn.money contributed to a political candidate or party that is not subject to federal regulations. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.soft money Funds provided by a government or institution for a one-off project. Soft money is availableonly once and cannot be relied on as a source of future income. Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information Limited Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1." }, { "docid": "D492281#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_another_word_for_often\nWhat is another name often used for spectrum?", "text": "Wowzaaa 8 Contributions Answered In Science What is another name often used for spectrum?another name for a spectrum is a rainbow. Spectrum is just the more scientific way to answer a question about colours of the rainbow, so yeah rainbow is correct. Fluffkat 19,952 Contributions Answered In Synonyms and Antonyms What another word for often?much, frequent Answered In Synonyms and Antonyms What is the word for to harass and annoy another person often because of differing religious or political beliefs?persecute Timothy Science Duders 13 Contributions Answered In Science Why do scientists often test the conclusions of another scientist? Haha but please... the most efficient method on the market is scientific consensus. That gets you the exact answers you want. We don't actually test anything anymore. Answered In Synonyms and Antonyms In her sociological studies Sima often refers to theoretical frameworks. What is another word for framework? Road Map" }, { "docid": "D2165492#0", "title": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/connection\nconnection", "text": "Thesaurusconnectionnoun Synonyms and Antonyms of connection1 the fact or state of having something in commonthe endless debate about the connection between class size and test scores Synonyms of connectionaffinity, association, bearing, kinship, liaison, linkage, relation,relationship Words Related to connectioncorrelation, interrelationmateriality, pertinence, relevancebond, link, tieaffiliation, alliance, unionidenticalness, samenessalikeness, community, likeness, resemblance, similarityaccordance, agreement, conformity, congruity, correspondence Near Antonyms of connectionvariability, varianceincompatibility, incongruence, incongruity, incongruousness2 a place where two or more things are united There's a problem at the connection where the outside wire is hooked up to the inside wiring. Synonyms of connectioncoupling, join, joining, joint, junction, juncture Words Related to connectionlink, nexus, tieinterconnection, intersectionabutment, articulation, attachmentseam, sutureconcourse, confluence, meetingunion Near Antonyms of connectioncleft, crack, crevice, fissure, gap, rift, separation3 an acquaintance who has influence especially in the business or political world I have a connection in Hollywood who might be able to get you a part in a movie. Synonyms of connectioncontact Words Related to connectionin, insiderbig shot, bigwig, somebody, VIParbiter, arbitrator, conciliator, go-between, intercessor,intermediary, interposer, mediator, middleman, peacemaker4 the act or an instance of joining two or more things into one That bridge is the only connection between the island and the mainland. Synonyms of connectioncombination, combining, connecting, consolidation, coupling,junction, linking, merger, merging, unification, union Words Related to connectionagglomeration, amalgamation, blend, coalescence, commingling,compounding, fusion, intermingling, intermixture, mingling, mix,mixture, synthesisreunification, reunion Near Antonyms of connectiondetachment, divorcement, separation, severance Antonyms of connectionbreakup, disconnection, dissolution, disunion, division, parting,partition, schism, scission, split5 the fact or state of being pertinent That last comment of yours has no connection with what we've been talking about for the last hour. Synonyms of connectionapplicability, bearing, materiality, pertinence, relevance, relevancy Words Related to connectionappropriateness, aptness, felicitousness, fitness, fittingness,rightness, seemliness, suitability, suitablenessimportance, significanceusefulness Near Antonyms of connectioninappropriateness, inaptness, infelicity, unfitness, unsuitabilityinsignificancemeaninglessness, pointlessness, uselessness Antonyms of connectionextraneousness, inapplicability, irrelevance, irrelevancy6 the state of having shared interests or efforts (as in social or business matters)In a truly secular society there is no connection between church and state. Synonyms of connectionaffiliation, alliance, association, collaboration, confederation,cooperation, hookup, liaison, linkup, partnership, relation,relationship, tie-up, union Words Related to connectionbusiness, dealings, interactionexchange, interconnection, interrelation, mutualism, reciprocity,symbiosisincorporation, integration, merger, unificationaffinity, attachment, closeness, intimacy, rapport, sympathykinship, oneness, solidarity, togetherness, unitycompanionship, company, fellowshipbed, cahoots, league Near Antonyms of connectionbreakup, dissolution, disuniondivision, parting, separation, severance, splitalienation, divorce, estrangement Antonyms of connectiondisaffiliation, dissociation7 an assignment at which one regularly works for pay He enjoyed self-employment and never wanted a connection with a big company. Synonyms of connectionappointment, berth, billet, capacity, function, job, place, position,post, situation Words Related to connectionbusiness, employ, employment, occupation, professionworkoffice, spotcalling, pursuit, trade, vocationline, racketengagement, giglivelihood, livingcareer, lifework, practice ( also practise)duty, mission, posting, service, task Near Antonyms of connectionavocationjoblessness, unemployment Learn More about connection See words that rhyme with connection Dictionary: Definition of connection Spanish Central: Translation of connection Nglish: Translation of connection for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of connection for Arabic speakers Seen and Heard What made you want to look up connection? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show" }, { "docid": "D1778439#0", "title": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/genial\nSynonyms and Antonyms of genial", "text": "Synonyms and Antonyms of genial1 having an easygoing and pleasing manner especially in social situationsa genial host who makes a point of speaking personally to each and every guest Synonyms of genialaffable, agreeable, amiable, good-natured, good-tempered, gracious,mellow, nice, pleasant, sweet, well-disposed Words Related to genialamicable, cordial, friendly, neighborlybenign, gentle, kindcheerful, cheery, sunnycompanionable, conversable, sociablecivil, considerate, courteous, polite, thoughtfulaccommodating, amenable, obligingattractive, delightful, enjoyable, likable ( or likeable)Near Antonyms of genialboorish, discourteous, ill-mannered, impolite, inconsiderate, rude,surly, uncivil, unkind, unmannerly, unsociablebearish, cantankerous, choleric, churlish, crabby, cranky, dyspeptic,fussy, grouchy, grumpy, ill-humored, irascible, irritable, peevish,petulant, quick-tempered, snappish, testy, touchyargumentative, contentious, contrary, ornery, querulousunappealing, unattractivesour, vinegary Antonyms of genialdisagreeable, ill-natured, ill-tempered, unamiable, ungenial,ungracious, unpleasant2 having or showing kindly feeling and sincere interestgenial new neighbors who helped us unpack boxes and brought us dinner our first night in the new place Synonyms of genialamicable, chummy, collegial, companionable, cordial, friendly, hearty,neighborly, palsy, palsy-walsy [ slang], warm, warmhearted Words Related to genialaffable, agreeable, approachable, good-natured, good-tempered,gracious, nice, sweetclubby, convivial, folksy, gregarious, hospitable, sociable, socialjolly, jovial, merryextroverted ( also extraverted), outgoingbrotherly, fraternal, sisterlyclose, familiar, intimateadoring, affectionate, devoted, fond, lovesome, loving, tender,tenderhearted Near Antonyms of genialalienated, estrangedchilly, cold, cold-blooded, cool, frigid, frosty, glacial, icy, wintry ( alsowintery)unsociable, unsocialaggressive, argumentative, bellicose, belligerent, combative,contentious, disputatious, pugnacious, quarrelsome, scrappy,truculentinhospitable, inimical Antonyms of genialantagonistic, hostile, unfriendly3 showing a natural kindness and courtesy especially in social situationshis genial offer to give me his seat on the bus Synonyms of genialaffable, cordial, gracious, hospitable, sociable Words Related to genialagreeable, amiable, benign, benignant, congenial, convivial, friendly,kind, kindly, neighborlyaccommodating, obligingconsiderate, courteous, polite, thoughtfulcosmopolitan, sophisticated, urbaneapproachable, attentive, outgoing Near Antonyms of genialboorish, churlishabrupt, blunt, brusque ( also brusk), curt, gruff, sharp, snippyantisocial, disagreeable, discourteous, ill-mannered, impolite, rude,sullen, surly, uncivil, unfriendly, unkind, unmannerlycrabbed, crabby, cross, crusty, grumpy Antonyms of genialinhospitable, ungenial, ungracious, unsociable4 marked by temperatures that are neither too high nor too low They wanted to move to a more genial clime for health reasons. Synonyms of genialbalmy, clement, equable, gentle, mild, moderate, soft, temperate Words Related to genialclear, cloudless, fair, rainless, sunny, sunshinycalm, halcyon, peaceful, placid, tranquildelightful, fine, pleasant Near Antonyms of genialblustering, blustery, breezy, gusty, rough, squally, stormy, windymisty, rainy, showerybleak, cloudy, dismal, foggy, gloomy, gray ( also grey), hazy, overcast,sunlessbitter, dirty, foul, nasty, raw Antonyms of genialharsh, inclement, intemperate, severe" }, { "docid": "D1387967#0", "title": "https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/reserved\nreserved", "text": "\"reserved If you're reserved, you're the opposite of a loudmouth or a cut-up: you're polite, you have a lot of self-control, and you don't show your feelings. Reserved can also mean \"\"set aside.\"\" If your seats at a concert are reserved, that means they're saved for you. If there aren't any reserved seats — if it's all general admission — you should get there early to get a good seat. Thesaurus Primary Meanings of reserved1. adj set aside for the use of a particular person or party2. adj marked by self-restraint and reticence Full Definitions of reserved1adj set aside for the use of a particular person or party Synonyms: booked, engaged, set-asidereserved in advancebookablesubject to being reserved or booked Antonyms: unreservednot reservedshow more antonyms...2adj marked by self-restraint and reticence“\"\"was habitually reserved in speech, withholding her opinion\"\"-Victoria Sackville-West”Synonyms: backward (used of temperament or behavior) marked by a retiring natureundemonstrativenot given to open expression of emotioninhibitedheld back or restrained or preventedaloof, distant, upstageremote in mannerdiffidentshowing modest reserveindrawn, withdrawntending to reserve or introspectionrestrainedunder restraint Antonyms: unreservednot cautious or reticentshow more antonyms... Word Family Usage Examples \"" }, { "docid": "D1024137#0", "title": "http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/small%20beans\nsmall beans meaning, small beans definition \| English Cobuild dictionary", "text": "small ( smaller comparative) ( smallest superlative)1 adj A small person, thing, or amount of something is not large in physical size., ( Antonym: large)She is small for her age..., The window was far too small for him to get through..., Stick them on using a small amount of glue. ♦ smallness n-uncount (Antonym: largeness) Amy had not mentioned the smallness and bareness of Luis's home.2 adj A small group or quantity consists of only a few people or things., ( Antonym: large) A small group of students meets regularly to learn Japanese..., Guns continued to be produced in small numbers.3 adj A small child is a very young child. ( =young, little)I have a wife and two small children..., What were you like when you were small?4 adj You use small to describe something that is not significant or great in degree. ( =minor) (Antonym: major) It's quite easy to make quite small changes to the way that you work..., No detail was too small to escape her attention...5 adj Small businesses or companies employ a small number of people and do business with a small number of clients....shops, restaurants and other small businesses...6 adj If someone makes you look or feel small, they make you look or feel stupid or ashamed.v-link ADJThis may just be another of her schemes to make me look small...7 n-sing The small of your back is the bottom part of your back that curves in slightly.the N of n Place your hands on the small of your back and breathe in.8→ smalls→ the small hours→ hour→ small wonder→ wondersmall ad ( small ads plural) Thesmall ads in a newspaper are short advertisements in which you can advertise something such as an object for sale or a room to let. n-count usu the N in pl Prospective buyers should study the small ads in the daily newspaper.small arms Small arms are guns that are light and easy to carry. n-plural The two sides exchanged small arms fire for about three hours.small beer If you say that something is small beer, you mean that it is unimportant in comparison with something else. ( BRIT) n-uncount (=peanuts)Such roles are small beer compared with the fame she once enjoyed.small change Small change is coins of low value. n-uncount She was counting out 30p, mostly in small change, into my hand.small fry ( small fry plural) Small fry is used to refer to someone or something that is considered to be unimportant." }, { "docid": "D2913082#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_does_scrutinized_mean\nWhat is a scrutineer?", "text": "\"What is a scrutineer? A scrutineer is a person appointed by a political party to observe the casting and counting of ballots Edit What is the antonym of scrutinize? The opposite would be to either not examine or to examine in a cursory manner. Possible words are to ignore, or to glimpse (glance at). A good antonym of scrutinize is \"\"gl …Scrutinizing in a sentence? it is been a scrutinizing day. Edit Don Dfoofnik 4,377,271 Contributions There are three kinds of answers: ones that are mostly right, ones that are mostly wrong, and those that once were right but now are wrong. How do you spell scrutined? In the US, the verb form is scrutinize, so the spelling would be scrutinized (examined in detail). The UK spelling would be scrutinised." }, { "docid": "D2201506#0", "title": "http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/rough%20road\nrough road meaning, rough road definition \| English Cobuild dictionary", "text": "rough ( rougher comparative) ( roughest superlative) ( roughs 3rd person present) ( roughing present participle) ( roughed past tense & past participle)1 adj If a surface is rough, it is uneven and not smooth., ( Antonym: smooth) His hands were rough and calloused, from years of karate practice... ♦ roughness n-uncount She rested her cheek against the roughness of his jacket.2 adj You say that people or their actions are rough when they use too much force and not enough care or gentleness., ( Antonym: gentle) Rugby's a rough game at the best of times... ♦ roughly adv A hand roughly pushed him aside. ♦ roughness n-uncount He regretted his roughness.3 adj A rough area, city, school, or other place is unpleasant and dangerous because there is a lot of violence or crime there. It was quite a rough part of our town.4 adj If you say that someone has had a rough time, you mean that they have had some difficult or unpleasant experiences.usu ADJ n (=tough)All women have a rough time in our society...5 adj If you feel rough, you feel ill. ( BRIT)INFORMAL v-link ADJThe virus won't go away and the lad is still feeling a bit rough.6 adj A rough calculation or guess is approximately correct, but not exact.usu ADJ n (=approximate)We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required... ♦ roughly adv ADV with cl/group (=approximately)Gambling and tourism pay roughly half the entire state budget...7 adj If you give someone a rough idea, description, or drawing of something, you indicate only the most important features, without much detail. I've got a rough idea of what he looks like... ♦ roughly adv ADV with cl/group, ADV after v He knew roughly what was about to be said..., Roughly speaking, a scientific humanist is somebody who believes in science and in humanity but not in God.8 adj You can say that something is rough when it is not neat and well made....a rough wooden table. ♦ roughly adv ADV with v Roughly chop the tomatoes and add them to the casserole.9 adj If the sea or the weather at sea is rough, the weather is windy or stormy and there are very big waves., ( Antonym: calm) A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.10 adv When people sleep or live rough, they sleep out of doors, usually because they have no home. ( BRIT) ADV after v It makes me so sad when I see young people begging or sleeping rough on the streets.11 verb If you have to rough it, you have to live without the possessions and comforts that you normally have." }, { "docid": "D3490190#0", "title": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/remarriage\nmarriage", "text": "marriage [ mar -ij]Spell Syllables Examples Word Originnoun1. ( broadly) any of the diverse forms of interpersonal union established in various parts of the world to form a familial bond that is recognized legally, religiously, or socially, granting the participating partners mutual conjugal rights and responsibilities and including, for example, opposite-sex marriage, same-sex marriage, plural marriage, and arranged marriage: Anthropologists say that some type of marriage has been found in every known human society since ancient times. See Word Story at the current entry.2. Also called opposite-sex marriage. the form of this institution under which a man and a woman have established their decision to live as husband and wife by legal commitments, religious ceremonies, etc. See also traditional marriage (def 2).this institution expanded to include two partners of the same gender, as in same-sex marriage; gay marriage.3. the state, condition, or relationship of being married; wedlock: They have a happy marriage. Synonyms: matrimony. Antonyms: single life, bachelorhood, spinsterhood, singleness.4. the legal or religious ceremony that formalizes the decision of two people to live as a married couple, including the accompanying social festivities: to officiate at a marriage." }, { "docid": "D3116415#0", "title": "http://www.synonyms.net/antonyms/affluent\nAntonyms for affluentËÃ¦f lu Ént or, sometimes, ÉËflu-", "text": "\"Antonyms for affluentˈæf lu ənt or, sometimes, əˈflu-This page is about all possible antonyms and opposite words for the term affluent Princeton's Word Net (5.00 / 1 vote)Rate these antonyms:affluent (noun)an affluent person; a person who is financially well off\"\"the so-called emerging affluents\"\"Antonyms:poor Synonyms:tributary, confluent, feederfeeder, tributary, confluent, affluent (adj)a branch that flows into the main stream Antonyms:poor Synonyms:tributary, eater, confluent, feeder, bird feeder, affluent, self-feeder, birdfeederaffluent, flush, loaded, moneyed, wealthy (adj)having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value\"\"an affluent banker\"\"; \"\"a speculator flush with cash\"\"; \"\"not merely rich but loaded\"\"; \"\"moneyed aristocrats\"\"; \"\"wealthy corporations\"\"Antonyms:poor Synonyms:wet, squiffy, crocked, fuddled, tight, flush (p), wealthy, plastered, smashed, affluent, ladened, soused, cockeyed, loaded, monied, soaked, moneyed, stiff, besotted, laden, slopped, pie-eyed, blotto, pissed, blind drunk, sloshed, sozzled, flush, pixilated English Synonyms and Antonyms (4.50 / 2 votes)Rate these synonyms:affluent Enough is relative, denoting a supply equal to a given demand. A temperature of 70° Fahrenheit is enough for a living-room; of 212° enough to boil water; neither is enough to melt iron. Sufficient, from the Latin, is an equivalent of the Saxon enough, with no perceptible difference of meaning, but only of usage, enough being the more blunt, homely, and forcible word, while sufficient is in many cases the more elegant or polite. Sufficient usually precedes its noun; enough usually and preferably follows. That is ample which gives a safe, but not a large, margin beyond a given demand; that is abundant, affluent, bountiful, liberal, plentiful, which is largely in excess of manifest need. Plentiful is used of supplies, as of food, water, etc. ; as, \"\"a plentiful rain,\"\" Ps. lxviii, 9. We may also say a copious rain; but copious can be applied to thought, language, etc., where plentiful can not well be used." }, { "docid": "D606716#0", "title": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/capstone\ncapstone", "text": "Thesauruscapstonenoun Synonyms and Antonyms of capstonethe highest part or point Her election as the state's governor was a capstone of a long political career. Synonyms of capstoneacme, apex, apogee, climax, crescendo, crest, crown, culmination, head,height, high noon, high-water mark, meridian, ne plus ultra, noon,noontime, peak, pinnacle, summit, tip-top, top, zenith Words Related to capstonebloom, blossom, flood tide, flower, glory, heyday, primecap, ceiling, roofextreme, extremity, tip, vertexhigh, highlight, highspot Near Antonyms of capstoneabyss, base, footminimum Antonyms of capstonebottom, nadir, rock bottom Learn More about capstone See words that rhyme with capstone Dictionary: Definition of capstone Britannica English: Translation of capstone for Arabic speakers Seen and Heard What made you want to look up capstone? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show" } ]
9128	a architects salary average	[ { "docid": "D562741#0", "title": "http://www.salarylist.com/jobs/Architect-Salary.htm\n.", "text": "\"Home > Architect Salary Architect Salary40 36 47Architect average salary is $75,444, median salary is $71,600 with a salary range from $20,738 to $720,000. Architect salaries are collected from government agencies and companies. Each salary is associated with a real job position. Architect salary statistics is not exclusive and is for reference only. They are presented \"\"as is\"\" and updated regularly. Low20,738Average75,444Median71,600High720,000 Architect Jobs Total 1643 Salaries. Sorted by Date, page 1 Ranked By: Company Salaries City Year More info Tata Consultancy Services60,700-62,500Phoenix, AZ, 85001 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Phoenix, AZ Salaries Tata Consultancy Services61,610-61,610Chatsworth, CA, 91311 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Chatsworth, CA Salaries Tata Consultancy Services61,610-61,610Pasadena, CA, 91050 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Pasadena, CA Salaries Tata Consultancy Services85,738-85,738San Francisco, CA, 94101 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect San Francisco, CA Salaries Tata Consultancy Services61,610-61,610Woodland Hills, CA, 91364 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Woodland Hills, CA Salaries Tata Consultancy Services62,150-62,150Newark, DE, 19702 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Newark, DE Salaries Tata Consultancy Services62,150-62,150Wilmington, DE, 19801 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Wilmington, DE Salaries Tata Consultancy Services64,500-64,500Jacksonville, FL, 32099 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Jacksonville, FL Salaries Tata Consultancy Services65,416-65,416Indianapolis, IN, 46201 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Indianapolis, IN Salaries Tata Consultancy Services60,700-60,700Warsaw, IN, 46580 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Warsaw, IN Salaries Tata Consultancy Services64,522-85,738ROCKVILLE, MD, 20850 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect ROCKVILLE, MD Salaries Tata Consultancy Services62,171-62,500Auburn Hills, MI, 48321 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Auburn Hills, MI Salaries Tata Consultancy Services60,700-60,700Grand Rapids, MI, 49501 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Grand Rapids, MI Salaries Tata Consultancy Services74,381-74,381Berkeley Heights, NJ, 07922 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Berkeley Heights, NJ Salaries Tata Consultancy Services71,781-90,376Jersey City, NJ, 07097 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Jersey City, NJ Salaries Tata Consultancy Services74,381-74,381Newark, NJ, 07101 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Newark, NJ Salaries Tata Consultancy Services74,381-74,381Parsippany, NJ, 07054 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Parsippany, NJ Salaries Tata Consultancy Services62,500-73,944Pennington, NJ, 08534 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Pennington, NJ Salaries Tata Consultancy Services90,376-90,376New York, NY, 10001 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect New York, NY Salaries Tata Consultancy Services60,611-60,611Strongsville, OH, 44136 2017 Tata Consultancy Services Architect Salaries (2923) Architect Strongsville, OH Salaries1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next Related Architect Salary Postdoctoral Fellow Salary Computer Programmer/configurer 2 Salary Financial Analyst Salary Systems Engineer Salary Web Developer Salary Manager Of Process Improvement Salary Specialist Salary Research Associate Iii Salary Datastage Developer Salary Information Systems Manager Salary Basic Life Science Research Associate Salary System Validation Engineer Salary Research Chemist Salary Sr. Qa Analyst Salary Calculate how much you could earn It's FREE. Based on your input and our analysis. How we do it?" } ]	[ { "docid": "D3012603#0", "title": "https://www.sokanu.com/careers/architect/salary/Mississippi/\nArchitect Salary in Mississippi", "text": "How much does an Architect make in Mississippi? Table of Contents How much do Architects make in Mississippi? Architect earnings by seniority Architect Salary Architect salary comparison Historical salary for Architects in Mississippi Average Architect Hourly Wage in Mississippi Architects earn a median hourly wage of $29.76 . Hourly wages typically start from $20.18 and go up to $52.14 . Source: U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Average Architect Yearly Salary in Mississippi Architects earn a median salary of $61,900 per year. Salaries typically start from $41,980 and go up to $108,450 . Source: U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Learn more about the Architect job market for salaries of real jobs in your area. Alternatively, see what Architects earn in other states. The salary for a beginning architect depends in part on where he or she is located. California and New York typically pay higher wages, and a few states, including Mississippi, North Dakota and Maine, have the lowest wages." }, { "docid": "D3227308#0", "title": "http://woman.thenest.com/much-money-architect-make-year-3249.html\nHow Much Money Does an Architect Make Each Year?", "text": "Top paid architects can make over $119,000 annually. Architecture is a field in which you'll definitely use both hemispheres of your brain. Not that you don't already, but you'll need to draw from a unique blend of creative skills from the right side and technical skills from the left. With these attributes, you can design hospitals, office buildings and any myriad of structures imaginable and necessary. And if you can simultaneously work and oversee projects with engineers and construction managers, the financial rewards are there. The top 10 percent of architects made over $119,410 annually, according to May 2011 data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Average Salary and Benefits The average salary for architects was $79,300 per year, according to the BLS. Your salary would likely fall in the $56,180 to $93,350 range, which is what the middle 50 percent of the nation earns. Your income will largely be dictated by experience, the size of your employer and the cost of living in your area. Only the lowest 10 percent make less than $44,030 per year, so you definitely won't starve to death as an architect." }, { "docid": "D484524#0", "title": "http://learn.org/articles/Bachelor_of_Architecture_Degree_Your_Salary_and_Career_Questions_Answered.html\nBachelor of Architecture Degree: Career and Salary Facts", "text": "Bachelor of Architecture Degree: Career and Salary Facts Research what it takes to become an architect. Learn about education requirements, licensure, job duties, and salary to find out if this is the career for you. Schools offering Auto CAD Drafting & Design Technology degrees can also be found in these popular choices . What is an Architect? Earning a Bachelor of Architecture degree is a necessary step toward becoming an architect. Architects create and design houses, office buildings, and building complexes. They work with clients to understand the requirements, objectives, and budgets of building projects. Once they have created a design, often using specialized software, they work with building contractors who work on the actual construction of the building. They may help oversee building projects as well to make sure everything is being built according to the design. The table below outlines the general requirements for becoming an architect." }, { "docid": "D1526111#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/How_much_money_do_architectural_engineers_make_yearly\nHow much money do architectural engineers make yearly?", "text": "\"Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time.\"\" Pay for an Architect I am an intern architect in the Midwest. I have also worked on the west coast. I know what many of my peers in different locations make. Once you leave an accredited 5-7 year school, your title will be \"\"intern architect\"\" until you finish your IDP training (which takes at least 3 years) and finish your ARE exams (another year, at least). After that, you can be classified as architect. Out of school, most interns make about 32-42, depending on geog. location. If you can find north of 36k fresh out of school anywhere, you're doing pretty well compared to your peers. 2-3 years w/o license = 40-45k." }, { "docid": "D1594162#0", "title": "http://www1.salary.com/CA/Los-Angeles/Architect-I-salary.html\nArchitect I Salaries in Los Angeles, California", "text": "COMPANALYST DRIVES ENTERPRISE SUCCESSLearn how best-in-class companies use Comp Analyst to create new,personalized talent management experiences for their employees. Explore Comp Analyst Salary Salary + Bonus Benefitsview as table50% (Median)$58,97610%$50,87225%$54,73475%$63,62290%$67,853Related Content9 Things Not to Say For a Raise8 Jobs That Pay $50K11 Odd Jobs With High Salaries Looking for More Data? Architect I Salaries in CAUS National Average Salaries for Architect ICanadian National Average Salaries for Architect IPurchase Full Report Refine by: Change Search Criteria GET CUSTOMIZED SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR BUSINESSGrow your business with detailed skills and competenciesreports, job and employee pricing, and other powerfulcompensation tools. View Custom Solutions" }, { "docid": "D3089375#0", "title": "https://www.careerbliss.com/office-depot/salaries/\n2,604 Office Depot Employee Salaries", "text": "\"Office Depot (283 reviews) Share Salary Industry: General Merchandise Stores · HQ: Boca Raton, FL · https://www.officedepot.com Overview Jobs Salaries Reviews News2,604 Office Depot Employee Salaries Browse Office Depot Salaries by Job Title →Office Depot employees earn $40,000 annually on average, or $19 per hour, which is 42% lower than the national salary average of $61,000 per year. According to our data, the highest paying job at Office Depot is a VP of Finance at $217,000 annually while the lowest paying job at Office Depot is a DPS Associate at $18,000 annually. Advertisement Filter by Job Title Filter by Location Nationwide$30KCustomer Service Specialist Average Salary at Office Depot (129 salaries)Equal to national average Customer Service Specialist salary ( $30K)-$10K (28%) less than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)$50K $100K $150K$17K Customer Service Specialist in Leesburg, VA ·-$23K (80%) less than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)\"\"For a starter position I was getting paid on the higher end of average. \"\" $17K Customer Service Specialist in Pleasant Hill, CA ·-$23K (80%) less than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)\"\"Neither. This was just a temporary position. \"\" $25K Customer Service Specialist in Encinitas, CA ·-$15K (46%) less than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)See 126 More Office Depot Customer Service Specialist Salaries$31KAssistant Manager Average Salary at Office Depot (71 salaries)+$1K (3%) more than national average Assistant Manager salary ( $30K)-$9K (25%) less than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)$50K $100K $150K$52K Assistant Manager in Vista, CA ·+$12K (26%) more than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)\"\"The salary was relative to the amount of work and responsibility. Overtime was available as well as commission. \"\" $30K Assistant Manager in Asheville, NC ·-$10K (28%) less than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)$45K Assistant Manager in Atlanta, GA ·+$5K (11%) more than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)See 68 More Office Depot Assistant Manager Salaries$43KSales Consultant Average Salary at Office Depot (7 salaries)-$2K (4%) less than national average Sales Consultant salary ( $45K)+$3K (7%) more than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)$50K $100K $150K$23K Sales Consultant in Kent, WA ·-$17K (53%) less than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)\"\"Sometimes I feel like I work so hard but I am getting paid little in return. \"\" $41K Sales Consultant ·+$1K (2%) more than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)$45K Sales Consultant ·+$5K (11%) more than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)See 4 More Office Depot Sales Consultant Salaries$72KSenior Account Manager Average Salary at Office Depot (6 salaries)+$2K (2%) more than national average Senior Account Manager salary ( $70K)+$32K (57%) more than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)$50K $100K $150K$48K Senior Account Manager in Austin, TX ·+$8K (18%) more than average Office Depot salary ( $40K)\"\"I feel for the work that I am doing and the results that are demanded I am underpaid. There is not much I can do in control of my accounts since most are set or restricted in purchases. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D1215489#0", "title": "http://work.chron.com/wages-landscape-designer-1700.html\nWhat Are the Wages of a Landscape Designer?", "text": "Related Articles1How Much Money Do Landscapers Make?2Qualifications of a Landscape Designer3The Pay Scale for Landscape Designers4What Is the Job of a Landscape Contractor? The exterior features of homes and buildings can have a significant influence on the value of real estate, since buildings with attractive outdoor spaces tend to attract buyers. Landscape architects, or landscape designers, plan the layouts of outdoor areas like the yards, patios and other spaces around homes and buildings to make them more aesthetically appealing. The Bureau of Labor Statistics says that a bachelor's or master's degree in landscape architecture is usually required for entry-level landscape design positions. Average Wage Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) survey data show that landscape designers earned an average wage of $31.98 an hour, or $66,520 a year, in May 2011. The median wage in the occupation was $30.40 an hour and the median annual income was $63,240. The median splits the population in half, so half of designers made more than $30.40 an hour and half made less. Wage Range Wages of landscape architects vary from one worker to another. The top-earning workers in the field make about three times as much as those toward the bottom of the income spectrum. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the top 10 percent of landscape designers earned wages in excess of $47.87 an hour, while the bottom 10 percent earned less than $18.08 an hour." }, { "docid": "D1644469#0", "title": "http://www.salarylist.com/jobs/Software-Architect-Salary.htm\n.", "text": "\"Home > Software Architect Salary Software Architect Salary100 59 21Software Architect average salary is $96,769, median salary is $91,156 with a salary range from $40,290 to $250,000. Software Architect salaries are collected from government agencies and companies. Each salary is associated with a real job position. Software Architect salary statistics is not exclusive and is for reference only. They are presented \"\"as is\"\" and updated regularly. Low40,290Average96,769Median91,156High250,000 Software Architect Jobs Total 1242 Salaries. Sorted by Date, page 1 Ranked By: Company Salaries City Year More info Ust Global89,039-89,039ALISO VIEJO, CA, 92656 2017 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect ALISO VIEJO, CA Salaries Ust Global93,163-93,163Los Angeles, CA, 90001 2017 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect Los Angeles, CA Salaries Ust Global76,500-76,500Woodland Hills, CA, 91364 2017 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect Woodland Hills, CA Salaries Tech Mahindra (americas)74,668-74,668Schaumburg, IL, 60159 2017 Tech Mahindra (americas) Software Architect Salaries (171) Software Architect Schaumburg, IL Salaries CGI Group97,900-97,900Bloomfield, CT, 06002 2017 CGI Group Software Architect Salaries (19) Software Architect Bloomfield, CT Salaries CGI Group94,723-94,723Houston, TX, 77001 2017 CGI Group Software Architect Salaries (19) Software Architect Houston, TX Salaries CGI Group110,219-110,219Herndon, VA, 20170 2017 CGI Group Software Architect Salaries (19) Software Architect Herndon, VA Salaries Open Text150,000-150,000Round Rock, TX, 78664 2017 Open Text Software Architect Salaries (6) Software Architect Round Rock, TX Salaries Cerner Health Services137,900-137,900Malvern, PA, 19355 2017 Cerner Health Services Software Architect Salaries (4) Software Architect Malvern, PA Salaries Dealertrack131,256-131,256NEW HYDE PARK, NY, 11042 2017 Dealertrack Software Architect Salaries (2) Software Architect NEW HYDE PARK, NY Salaries Cinemaya Media118,650-118,650Dallas, TX, 75201 2017 Cinemaya Media Software Architect Salaries (1) Software Architect Dallas, TX Salaries Cnh Industrial America108,000-108,000RACINE, WI, 53404 2017 Cnh Industrial America Software Architect Salaries (1) Software Architect RACINE, WI Salaries Delphi79,248-79,248Kokomo, IN, 46901 2017 Delphi Software Architect Salaries (1) Software Architect Kokomo, IN Salaries Nant Health94,594-94,594Panama City, FL, 32401 2017 Nant Health Software Architect Salaries (1) Software Architect Panama City, FL Salaries Ust Global79,440-140,000Bentonville, AR, 72712 2016 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect Bentonville, AR Salaries Ust Global193,000-193,000Agoura Hills, CA, 91301 2016 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect Agoura Hills, CA Salaries Ust Global74,759-109,708ALISO VIEJO, CA, 92656 2016 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect ALISO VIEJO, CA Salaries Ust Global87,818-95,000Los Angeles, CA, 90001 2016 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect Los Angeles, CA Salaries Ust Global88,187-88,187Santa Clarita, CA, 91350 2016 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect Santa Clarita, CA Salaries Ust Global90,000-100,000Woodland Hills, CA, 91364 2016 Ust Global Software Architect Salaries (175) Software Architect Woodland Hills, CA Salaries1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next Related Software Architect Salary. NET PROGRAMMER Salary. NET SOFTWARE ENGINEER Salary. NET/SHAREPOINT DEVELOPER Salary3d Character Artist Salary Academic Author & Editor - Technology Salary Manufacturing Engineer Salary Software Architect Salary Research Assistant Professor Salary Member Of Technical Staff Salary Research Assistant Salary Research Analyst Salary Data Scientist Salary Manager Jc50 Salary Budget Analyst Salary Calculate how much you could earn It's FREE." }, { "docid": "D1537066#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/How-much-does-an-architect-earn-in-India\nHow much does an architect earn in India?", "text": "\"Alkananda Yeshwanth, under achieving built environment enthusiast Updated Nov 30, 2014Originally Answered: Does an architect in India earn around 1 lakh a month? I came across this question today, and these upbeat answers compelled me to add my unsolicited two 0.01 INR to the discussion. I graduated with a B. Arch in 2012 from Bangalore, and since then have worked for two years under two well known architects (a year each) in Delhi. Through a professional network that includes architects practicing in various Indian cities, I have enough data on freshers' salaries through word-of-mouth. I hope this gives me enough of a background to answer this question with credibility. If I was to give a black and white answer, my answer would be a strict No. If I could elaborate to include shades of grey, my answer can be qualified with the following reasons: Hiring freshers is a painfully arbitrary process because fresh graduates in the field are not expected to know much. While one might ascribe this to the inefficacy of our training in college, this compels employers to offer laughable salaries to eager graduates who are willing to lower their bottom line (or erase it altogether). Because of stiff competition among peers and the fact that most freshers are treated as dispensable commodities, fresh graduates are willing to accept much lower salaries and work insane hours (all-nighters and Sundays are unfortunately too common and, in many firms, the norm). They are made to know they are replaceable." }, { "docid": "D704383#0", "title": "https://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/careers-advice/how-much-could-you-earn-your-degree\nHow Much Could You Earn With Your Degree?", "text": "How Much Could You Earn With Your Degree?03:00PM May 16, 2017 Savei 367 shares Being a student often means having to get by without much money, completely reliant on the next instalment of a grant or loan to come in (or mum and dad to send you some cash). Things won’t always be this desperate though. One day, you’ll be earning money. If you’re lucky, you might even be earning lots of money. Start fantasizing about what you’ll spend your first month’s wages on by looking at this list of the average salaries for different jobs and careers. Figures are based on national data for the US and UK. Accounting& finance Average accounting & finance salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Brokers £45,000Actuaries £51,964Economists £35,297Statistician £31,693Finance and investment analysts and advisers £35,166Accounting technician £20,304Insurance underwriters £26,388Financial accounts managers £26,354Chartered accountants £34,637Finance officers £22,111Average accounting & finance salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Actuaries $100,610Accountants and auditors $68,150Personal financial advisors $90,530Financial analysts $91,620Financial examiners $79,280Budget analysts $73,840Insurance underwriters $67,680Loan officers $63,650Cost estimators $61,790Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents $52,060Architecture Average architecture salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Architects (not landscape or naval) £30,591Landscape architects £25,231Naval architects £38,957Architectural technologists £24,591Architectural designers £26,545Average architecture salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Architectural and engineering managers $134,730Architects $76,930Drafters $53,480Art & design Average art & design salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale unless otherwise stated)Graphic designers £21,599Artists (data from Glass Door) £28,637Archivists £25,377Musicians £24,000Average art & design salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Producers and directors $70,950Multimedia artists and animators $65,300All art and design occupations $44,410Archivists, curators and museum technicians $47,230Graphic designers $47,640Business & management Average business & management salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Chief executives and senior officials £91,617Marketing directors £68,073Financial managers £40,020Human resource managers £35,813Purchasing managers £34,430Business development managers £33,694Project management director £72,307Management consultants £46,599Business analysts £35,594Senior sales executives £24,573Sales administrators £18,100Average business & management salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Management analysts $81,330Logisticians $74,170Budget analysts $73,840Operations research analysts $79,200Market research analysts $62,560Human resources specialists $59,180Training and development specialists $59,020Computer science & information technology Average computer science & IT salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Information technology directors £76,061IT specialist £32,479IT project managers £42,549IT business analysts £35,543Telecommunications specialist £35,000Programmers £30,400Software development managers £52,099Telecommunications engineers £26,019Average computer science & IT salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Computer and information research scientists $111,840Software developers $102,280Information security analysts $92,600Computer systems analysts $87,220Computer network architects $101,210Computer programmers $79,840Web developers $66,130Computer support specialists $52,160Engineering Average engineering salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Aircraft engineers £33,660Design engineering manager £50,159Production managers in manufacturing £34,271Electrical engineers £30,824Mechanical engineers £29,726Electronics engineers £29,396Product development engineers £29,843Civil engineers £30,558Mining engineers £40,000Quality control engineers £27,084Engineering technicians £22,058Average engineering salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Computer hardware engineers $115,080Aerospace engineers $109,650Chemical engineers $98,340Electronics engineers (except computer) $99,210Mining and geological engineers $93,720Nuclear engineers $102,220Petroleum engineers $128,230Marine engineers and naval architects $93,350Biomedical engineers $85,620Materials engineers $93,310Mechanical engineers $84,190Civil engineers $83,540Environmental engineers $84,890Industrial engineers $84,310Agricultural engineers $73,640Drafters $53,480Law Average legal salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Attorney/lawyer £50,020Solicitors £35,482Barristers £53,000Law firm partner £68,828Average legal salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Lawyers $118,160Judges and hearing officers $109,940Arbitrators, mediators and conciliators $59,770Court reporters $51,320Paralegals and legal assistants $49,500Media & communications Average media & communications salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Public relations directors £69,967Advertising accounts managers £28,000Creative directors £48,988Journalists £23,152Public relations managers £33,608Author/writer £34,050Average media & communications salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Writers and editors $61,240Public relations specialists $58,020News analysts, reporters and correspondents $38,870Broadcast and sound engineering technicians $42,550Announcers $30,830Medicine & life sciences Average medical & life sciences salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)General Practice Doctors £50,664Midwifes £24,798Dentists £49,406Biochemists £27,500Veterinarians £30,737Pharmacists £34,528Paramedics £24,712Psychologists £30,435Average medical & life sciences salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Physicians and surgeons $208,000Dentists $159,770Veterinarians $88,770Medical scientists $80,530Biological technicians $42,520Psychologists $75,230Conservation scientists and foresters $60,610Natural sciences Average natural sciences salaries in the UK (data from Pay Scale)Research scientists £30,166Research chemists £27,443Environmental scientists £25,325Geoscientists (but not hydrologists or geographers) £35,000Average natural sciences salaries in the US (data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016)Biological Technicians $42,520Environmental scientists $68,910Chemists and materials scientists $75,420Geoscientists $89,780This article was originally published in March 2015. It was updated in May 2017. Want more content like this? Register for free site membership to get regular updates and your own personal content feed." }, { "docid": "D1278887#0", "title": "https://www.recruiter.com/salaries/marine-engineers-and-naval-architects-salary/\nRecruiter.com helps science and professional engineers find better paying jobs across all specialties and locations.", "text": "Also known as: Marine Architect, Marine Equipment Engineer, Marine Structural Designer, Naval Engineer, Ships Equipment Engineer Recruiter.com helps science and professional engineers find better paying jobs across all specialties and locations. START >Learn more Get new Marine Engineer or Naval Architect jobs by email Enter an email Enter a password SEE MORE SALARIES FOR SCIENCE AND PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERSIndividuals working as marine engineers and naval architects are involved in the design, development, and evaluation of water-borne vehicles. They may design ship machinery, including propulsion systems or ballasts, or equipment related to general mechanical function of ships and watercraft. Bachelor's degrees are generally required for this occupation, and knowledge of ship terminology and basic engineering is expected. A Marine Engineer or Naval Architect will normally get average salaries on a scale from 64000 - 96000 based on tenure and industry expertise. Marine Engineers and Naval Architects can receive a compensation of Eighty Five Thousand dollars yearly. Marine Engineers and Naval Architects make the most money in Maryland, where they can receive salary pay of approximating $107680. People in this job function have the most lucrative average salary level in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services, which has average wages of $110970. Are you an aspiring marine engineer or naval architect? Want a new opportunity where you can earn a higher salary?" }, { "docid": "D1356546#0", "title": "https://www.glassdoor.com/Salaries/junior-architect-salary-SRCH_KO0,16.htm\nJunior Architect Salaries", "text": "Junior Architect Salaries About This Data10,056 Salaries Updated Apr 3, 2018All Industries Accounting & Legal Aerospace & Defense Architecture & Civil Engineering Arts & Entertainment Automotive Banking & Financial Services Beauty & Fitness Biotech & Pharmaceuticals Business Services Computer Software & Hardware Construction Consulting Consumer Electronics Consumer Services Education & Schools Energy & Utilities Facilities Farming & Agriculture Government Health Care & Hospitals Information Technology Insurance Internet & Tech Manufacturing Marketing & Advertising Media & Publishing Nonprofit Private Security Real Estate Recruiting & Staffing Restaurants & Bars Retail Supermarkets Telecommunications Transportation & Logistics Travel & Tourism Wholesale All Company Sizes0 to 50 Employees51 to 200 Employees201 to 500 Employees501 to 1000 Employees1001 to 5000 Employees5001+ Employees All Years of Experience0-1 Years1-3 Years4-6 Years7-9 Years10-14 Years15+ Years Average Base Pay$61,435/ yr Not enough reports to show salary distribution$45K Low$61K Average$84K High Additional Cash Compensation Average $5,162Range $1,162 - $16,225How much does a Junior Architect make? The national average salary for a Junior Architect is $61,435 in United States. Filter by location to see ... More Salaries for Related Job Titles Architectural $59KIntern Architect $55KArchitectural Designer $59KArchitectural Designer/Intern Architect $50KArchitectural Designer $59K" }, { "docid": "D1851398#0", "title": "http://work.chron.com/highestpaying-construction-jobs-4000.html\nHighest-Paying Construction Jobs", "text": "Related Articles1How Much Money Do You Earn in Construction?2Jobs in Construction Management3Average Salaries for Construction Foremen4Top-Paying Union Salaries The construction industry employs millions of workers around the country in a wide variety of roles that require different amounts of education and experience. Rank-and-file construction workers, such as general laborers and carpenters, usually earn modest salaries, but the industry supports several higher-level positions that offer more compensation. Managers and supervisors of construction projects and the architects and engineers that plan them are among the highest-paid workers in the construction industry. Construction Managers Construction managers lead construction projects by directing lower-level managers, such as the direct supervisors of construction workers. The Bureau of Labor Statistics says that construction managers made $93,900 a year on average as of May 2011. The highest-paid 10 percent of managers earned over $149,070 a year, while the lowest-paid 10 percent made less than $50,650. Fifty percent of construction managers earned between $64,780 and $112,020 a year. Construction Supervisors Construction supervisors or foremen are lower-level managers who oversee construction workers and ensure that work is performed properly on a timely basis. Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows that the average annual income of construction supervisors was $62,910 as of May 2011. The top-paid 10 percent of workers made more than $94,180, and the bottom-paid 10 percent earned less than $36,850." }, { "docid": "D69312#0", "title": "http://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/civil-engineer/salary\nHow Much do Civil Engineers Make?", "text": "How Much do Civil Engineers Make? Civil engineers earned a median salary of $83,540 in 2016, according to the BLS. The highest-paid 10 percent in the profession made $132,880, while the lowest-paid earned $53,470. Salary Outlook What is the Outlook for Civil Engineers? The BLS projects 32,100 new jobs to open in the civil engineering field by 2026. The profession is expected to grow by 11 percent, compared with 8 percent growth in engineering jobs overall. Best Paying Cities for Civil Engineers The highest paid in the civil engineer profession work in the metropolitan areas of Midland, Texas, Anchorage, Alaska, and Fairbanks, Alaska. The Houston area also pays well, as does the city of Santa Maria, California. Midland, Texas $131,530Anchorage, Alaska $124,620Fairbanks, Alaska $117,330Houston $113,580Santa Maria, California $112,890Top 5 Best Paying Cities for Civil Engineers1 of 5Midland, Texas The average salary of a civil engineer working in Midland, Texas is $131,530. Anchorage, Alaska The average salary of a civil engineer working in Anchorage, Alaska is $124,620." }, { "docid": "D1354492#0", "title": "http://www.salarylist.com/jobs/Boston-MA/Architect-Salary.htm\n.", "text": "\"Home > Architect Boston, MA Salary Architect Boston, MA Salary55 48 100Architect Boston, MA average salary is $79,774, median salary is $72,155 with a salary range from $20,987 to $1,133,000. Architect Boston, MA salaries are collected from government agencies and companies. Each salary is associated with a real job position. Architect Boston, MA salary statistics is not exclusive and is for reference only. They are presented \"\"as is\"\" and updated regularly. Low20,987Average79,774Median72,155High1,133,000 Architect at Boston, MA Jobs Total 17 Salaries. Sorted by Salary, page 1 Ranked By: Jobtitle Company Salary City Year Architect Virtusa $135,000 Boston, MA, 02101 07/25/2016Architect Genscape $120,250 Boston, MA, 02101 10/15/2016Architect Harman Connected Services $112,632 Boston, MA, 02101 05/16/2016Architect Eze Castle Software Llc, An Eze Software Group Com $110,000 Boston, MA, 02101 09/15/2013Architect Ge Healthcare Iits Usa $101,000 Boston, MA, 02101 06/01/2010Architect Elkus Manfredi Architects $90,400 Boston, MA, 02101 09/26/2010Architect Tata Consultancy Services $86,500 Boston, MA, 02101 03/10/2016Architect Tata Consultancy Services $86,500 Boston, MA, 02101 03/21/2016Architect Infosys $82,284 Boston, MA, 02101 09/09/2012Architect Fishnet Security Inc. $73,000 Boston, MA, 02101 09/07/2010Architect Sun Labs Usa $70,720 Boston, MA, 02101 02/11/2011Architect Cherry Street Services $59,301 Boston, MA, 02101 02/25/2010Architect Roha U.s.a., $55,037 Boston, MA, 02101 07/06/2015Architect Cheng Yun & Associate, Pllc $55,037 Boston, MA, 02101 09/01/2015Architect Roha U.s.a., $55,000 Boston, MA, 02101 11/01/2011Architect Centermart International $52,291 Boston, MA, 02101 09/11/2013Architect Kck Industries $42,800 Boston, MA, 02101 09/01/20111Related Architect Boston, MA Salary Architect Salary Boston, MA Salary. NET SOFTWARE DEVELOPER Salary Access Production Technologist Salary Account Analyst Salary Account Associate Salary Account Supervisor Salary." }, { "docid": "D2050357#0", "title": "https://www.recruiter.com/salaries/marine-architects-salary/\nRecruiter.com helps science and professional engineers find better paying jobs across all specialties and locations.", "text": "Also known as: Marine Architect, Marine Equipment Engineer, Marine Structural Designer, Naval Engineer, Ships Equipment Engineer Recruiter.com helps science and professional engineers find better paying jobs across all specialties and locations. START >Learn more Get new Marine Architect jobs by email Enter an email Enter a password SEE MORE SALARIES FOR SCIENCE AND PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERSWorking in collaboration with marine engineers, marine architects design and oversee ship-building and watercraft development. They may also design floating structures, weaponry and signaling devices such as buoys. The technical nature of this job requires a minimum of a four year college degree, and knowledge of shipbuilding terminology and function is beneficial, if not compulsory. A Marine Architect can expect an average compensation somewhere between 64000 - 96000 depending on education and tenure levels. Marine Architects can get a wage of Eighty Five Thousand dollars yearly. Marine Architects receive the highest pay in Maryland, which has a compensation of just about $107680. People in this category of job can obtain the highest compensation in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services, where they can receive an average pay rate of $110970. Are you an aspiring marine architect? Want a new opportunity where you can earn a higher salary?" }, { "docid": "D798076#0", "title": "http://www.salarylist.com/jobs/Seattle-WA/Architect-Salary.htm\n.", "text": "\"Home > Architect Seattle, WA Salary Architect Seattle, WA Salary21 29 32Architect Seattle, WA average salary is $95,307, median salary is $92,000 with a salary range from $21,720 to $868,500. Architect Seattle, WA salaries are collected from government agencies and companies. Each salary is associated with a real job position. Architect Seattle, WA salary statistics is not exclusive and is for reference only. They are presented \"\"as is\"\" and updated regularly. Low21,720Average95,307Median92,000High868,500 Architect at Seattle, WA Jobs Total 78 Salaries. Sorted by Salary, page 1 Ranked By: Jobtitle Company Salary City Year Architect Tibco Software $113,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 08/01/2014Architect Nestle Dreyer's Ice Cream $108,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/25/2016Architect Infosys $105,706 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/27/2011Architect Infosys $105,706 Seattle, WA, 98060 12/01/2011Architect Realnetworks $100,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 01/31/2011Architect Realnetworks $100,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 11/30/2011Architect Infosys $88,944 Seattle, WA, 98060 03/06/2012Architect Infosys $87,828 Seattle, WA, 98060 04/18/2012Architect Infosys $87,816 Seattle, WA, 98060 06/16/2012Architect Infosys $87,804 Seattle, WA, 98060 02/28/2012Architect Infosys $87,792 Seattle, WA, 98060 04/02/2012Architect Infosys $87,780 Seattle, WA, 98060 10/30/2012Architect Infosys $87,547 Seattle, WA, 98060 02/14/2012Architect Infosys $87,547 Seattle, WA, 98060 09/21/2012Architect Tata Consultancy Services $86,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 07/01/2015Architect Tata Consultancy Services $84,500 Seattle, WA, 98060 06/29/2015Architect Tata Consultancy Services $84,500 Seattle, WA, 98060 07/01/2015Architect Tata Consultancy Services $84,500 Seattle, WA, 98060 07/01/2015Architect Tata Consultancy Services $84,500 Seattle, WA, 98060 06/18/2015Architect Tata Consultancy Services $84,500 Seattle, WA, 98060 06/19/20151 2 3 4 Next Related Architect Seattle, WA Salary Architect Salary Seattle, WA Salary. NET SOFTWARE DEVELOPER Salary Access Production Technologist Salary Account Analyst Salary Account Associate Salary Account Supervisor Salary Computer Scientist Salary Business Development Director Salary Senior Applications Engineer Salary Sap Fico Consultant Salary Senior Chemist Salary Advisory Senior Consultant Salary Senior Solutions Architect Salary Senior Product Engineer Salary Oracle Applications Developer Salary Calculate how much you could earn It's FREE. Based on your input and our analysis. How we do it?" }, { "docid": "D727895#0", "title": "http://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/architect/salary\nHow Much do Architects Make?", "text": "\"How Much do Architects Make? The BLS reports the median annual wage for architects was $76,930 in 2016. The best-paid 10 percent in the profession made approximately $129,810, while the lowest-paid 10 percent made about $46,600. Salary Outlook What is the Outlook for Architects? The architect field is growing in both salary and job volume. The salary for an architect has increased at a steady pace since 2012. The BLS projects the architect field will grow 4 percent by 2026, with 5,100 jobs added by that time. This is compared to an estimated 7-percent growth for those in surveyor and cartographer positions. Architects who specialize in or use sustainable design are expected to especially be in demand. Best Paying Cities for Architects The highest paid in the architect profession work in the metropolitan areas of West Palm Beach, Florida, Salinas, California, and Bridgeport, Connecticut." }, { "docid": "D1510457#0", "title": "https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/26/the-25-highest-paying-jobs-in-america.html\nThe 25 highest-paying jobs in America", "text": "\"Make It The 25 highest-paying jobs in America Marguerite Ward \| @forwardist 4:12 PM ET Tue, 26 July 2016CNBC.com Want to earn the big bucks? Here's where the money's at... 11:32 AM ET Tue, 26 July 2016 \| 00:42If you want to earn the big bucks, you may want to consider practicing medicine or law. According to a recent report by Glassdoor, doctors and lawyers are still the nation's top-earning professionals. To compile its list of the highest-paying jobs in America in 2016, the job search site analyzed anonymous salary reports from its users. For a job to make the list, there had to be at least 75 reports on that job submitted over the past year. C-level jobs were excluded from the report. Here are the 25 best-paying jobs, according to Glassdoor:1. Physician Median base salary: $180,000Not only is this the top-paying job in the U. S., employment for medical doctors is projected to grow 14 percent from 2014 to 2024, twice as fast as the average for all occupations, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.2. Lawyer Median base salary: $144,500While pay can vary depending on what type of law you practice, the median salary is high enough to make lawyer the second best-paying job in America. What's more, Glassdoor's job listing page shows more than 9,000 openings for this job.3." }, { "docid": "D725958#0", "title": "https://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Architectural_Job_Captain/Salary\nArchitectural Job Captain Salary", "text": "\"Architectural Job Captain Salary An Architectural Job Captain earns an average salary of $59,054 per year. For the first five to ten years in this position, salary increases somewhat, but any additional experience does not have a big effect on pay. People in this job generally don't have more than 20 years' experience.$46K $52K $59K $67K $75KMEDIAN: $59,07410% 25% 50% 75% 90%Add this chart to your site: 640px 300px+ city+ experience+ skilljob Show Hourly Rate Range $0 $78KSalary$45,994 - $75,480Bonus$494 - $5,737Profit Sharing$184 - $6,061Total Pay (? ) $45,664 - $78,126Country: United States Currency: USD Updated: 8 Apr 2018 Individuals Reporting: 759Is Architectural Job Captain your job title? Get a personalized salary report!Location: Years in Field/Career: United States (change)Your Market Worth Over Time How has your pay changed over time for your market? Find out by taking our salary quiz. Get a free salary report »Job Description for Architectural Job Captain A project lead or lead architect oversees a team of architects and draftsmen working on a architectural project. The architectural job captain oversees the work of architects and draftsmen, reporting progress and issues to the project lead as needed. They ensure that the team stays on schedule and executes schematics that conform to the requirements of the project leader or designer. The job captain works as an architect and may participate in the creation of drawings and drafts." } ]
9134	a benefit of using skinfolds to measure body fat is	[ { "docid": "D2480720#0", "title": "http://medanth.wikispaces.com/Skinfold+Thickness+Measurements\nSkinfold Thickness Measurements", "text": "\"Skinfold Thickness Measurements Table of Contents Skinfold Thickness Measurements Definition Relevant Characteristics\"\"Method Made Easy”Male Body Density and Percentage Body Fat Advantages Limitations Analysis Method in Context Online Resources References Definition Skinfold Thickness Measurement is an essential methods used for anthropometric assessment of body composition. This quick and noninvasive method requires a minimal number of tools to calculate the total body fat. [ 1]Relevant Characteristics A skinfold thickness measurement provides an estimated size of the subcutaneous fat deposit, which is basically the fat under the skin. By estimating the thickness of this area, researchers are able to obtain an estimation of the total body fat. The goal of this method is to provide an assessment of adiposity, which is a better method than the Body Mass Index (BMI). Researchers in different disciplines can use this method to analyze the malnutrition of a specific individual, group, or population. Since fat is considered one of the main sources of energy, a large and rapid loss of body fat is indicative of severe negative energy balance [1]. However, small changes in the body fat- for example less that 500 grams- cannot be assessed using anthropometry. This method can also provide an association between body fat, disease, and illness, which result from undernutrition. Skinfold thickness measurements can be used in clinical settings or in the field. There is no limited or required sample size involved in the method; however, if the research involves a population or a clinical study, the recommended sample size can be 10 times as many participants as variables to obtain statistical significance. [" } ]	[ { "docid": "D3352720#0", "title": "https://www.sharecare.com/health/evaluating-measuring-fitness-levels/how-body-fat-calculated\nHow is body fat calculated?", "text": "Jay Morgan, NASM Elite Trainer Fitness There are many different ways to calculate body fat. Three common tests that are administered by a professional trainer are: Bioelectrical Impedance: For this test, a low electric current is sent throughthe body. Muscle contains a lot of water, and water is a good conductor for electricity, so the current will sail through muscle until it gets to fat, which is not a good conductor. The machine takes this information to calculate your body fat percentage. Skinfold Measurements: This test is the only one that depends on a human. A professional will use a set of calipers to take measurements from certain sites on your body. Some tests require three sites, while others can require seven sites. Typical sites for measurements are usually thighs, stomach, and arms. The person administering the test will take a fold of skin and fat and measure with calipers. These measurements get plugged into a formula, which computes your body fat percentage." }, { "docid": "D361898#0", "title": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082845/\nMeasuring body composition", "text": "Arch Dis Child. 2006 Jul; 91 (7): 612–617.doi: 10.1136/adc.2005.085522PMCID: PMC2082845Measuring body composition J C K Wells and M S Fewtrell Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract Several aspects of body composition, in particular the amount and distribution of body fat and the amount and composition of lean mass, are now understood to be important health outcomes in infants and children. Their measurement is increasingly considered in clinical practice; however, paediatricians are often unsure as to which techniques are appropriate and suitable for application in specific contexts. This article summarises the pros and cons of measurement technologies currently available for paediatric application. Simple techniques are adequate for many purposes, and simple regional data may often be of greater value than “whole body” values obtained by more sophisticated approaches. Keywords: fat mass, lean mass, fat distribution Body composition and growth are key components of health in both individuals and populations. The ongoing epidemic of obesity in children and adults has highlighted the importance of body fat for short term and long term health. 1 However, other components of body composition also influence health outcomes, and its measurement is increasingly considered valuable in clinical practice. The gold standard for body composition analysis is cadaver analysis, so no in vivo technique may be considered to meet the highest criteria of accuracy." }, { "docid": "D2713528#0", "title": "https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/waisttohipUNM.html\n.", "text": "Waist-to-Hip Ratio, Waist Circumference and BMI: What to Use for Health Risk Indication and Why? Len Kravitz, Ph. D. Introduction The ever-increasing worldwide obesity epidemic poses increased risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension, abnormal cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea and certain cancers (Hainer, Toplak, and Mitrakou, 2008). However, the increased risks associated with obesity are of greater concern depending on the pattern of fat distribution in the body (e.g., in the torso and abdomen versus the hips, thighs and buttocks) (Srikanthan, Seeman, and Karlamangla, 2009). Torso and abdominal fat, referred to as visceral, central or intra-abdominal fat, is related to health abnormalities including insulin resistance and abnormal blood lipid levels, escalating the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, respectively (Ness-Abramof and Apovian, 2008). Presently, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio are employed for classifying obesity and the risks of abdominal fat accumulation. For exercise professionals, the important question is, in addition to the body composition technique (skinfolds, bioelectrical impedence, hydrostatic weighing) they use to track body fat and muscle change, which anthropometric assessment is most suitable to use with their clients for detecting cardiovascular and metabolic risk? Special Focus: Insulin Resistance A) With effectual glucose metabolism, insulin reacts with receptors on muscle, fat and the liver, like a 'key fitting into a lock', opening the passageway for glucose to enter and be used by the cell. B) Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but the muscle, fat, and liver cells do not react with it, and the glucose cannot enter the cell. The pancreas unsuccessfully tries to resolve the problem by producing more insulin." }, { "docid": "D2092956#0", "title": "https://www.unm.edu/%7Elkravitz/Article%20folder/underbodycomp.html\n.", "text": "\"Getting a Grip on Body Composition By Len Kravitz, Ph. D. and Vivian H. Heyward, Ph. D. Health practitioners universally agree that too much body fat is a serious health risk. Problems such as hypertension, elevated blood lipids (fats and cholesterol), diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, respiratory dysfunction, gall bladder disease, and some joint diseases are all related to obesity. Also, some research suggests that excessive accumulation of fat at specific body sites may be an important health risk factor (Wilmore, Buskirk, Di Girolamo, & Lohman, 1986). For instance, it appears that extra fat around the abdomen and waist is associated with higher risk of diabetes, heart disease, and hyperlipidemia. Individuals who accumulate a lot of fat around the waist (apple-shaped) are worse off than those who tend to accumulate fat in the thighs and buttocks (pear-shaped). The apple-shaped pattern of fat deposition is more commonly seen in men; whereas women tend to be pear-shaped. Now, more than ever before, people are preoccupied with how much they weigh. New clients walk into our classes on a daily basis hoping that exercise will be the panacea." }, { "docid": "D674378#0", "title": "http://www.mydreamshape.com/body-fat-abs/\nAt What Body Fat Percentage Do Abs Show ?", "text": "\"Home » Tips » At What Body Fat Percentage Do Abs Show ? Posted on Oct 26, 2013 \| 3 comments421 Flares Twitter Facebook Google+ Pin It Share Stumble Upon Reddit Buffer At What Body Fat % Will You See Your Abs? Measuring your body fat percentage is a useful tool to track your progress on your journey to get six-pack abs. Most people who've tried to achieve a 6-pack realized that abdominal exercises don’t burn fat off your stomach. Abs are made in the kitchen, not just in the gym. It doesn't really matter how much you work out because if you don’t eat right and achieve a calorie deficit, your abs will remain buried under a layer of fat. Once you realized that hits you need to reduce your body fat percentage to see your abs, one of the biggest questions that pops into your mind is, “how low do I have to get my body fat percentage to see my abs?” It’s a tough question and the answer may be different for men than women. Here's what I'd recommend: First, get familiar with some benchmarks for body fat levels. Here's a Body Fat Rating Scale that I created with my research from scientific publications and personal experience : How To Interpret The Chart You're not doomed to get fatter as you get older, so don't use that as an excuse But in the general population (excluding fitness models and bodybuilders), older people have more body fat in general." }, { "docid": "D1534485#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/110986287/body-comp-lab-flash-cards/\nBody Comp Lab", "text": "\"98 terms Ariel_Garnica PLUSBody Comp Lab Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort What is body composition and what does it do? Body composition = fat mass / fat free mass (muscles+bones+organs) -quanitifes the major structural components of body mass What is a healthy body composition? High proportion of fat free mass and an acceptably low level of fat mass Define overweight -A body weight exceeding some average for stature and/or age -Defined as BMI of 25-29.9Define overfat A condition where body fat exceeds an age-and/or gender- appropriate average by a predetermined amount Define Obese -An overfat condition that is accompanied by one or more of the following comorbidities that comprise the \"\"obese syndrome\"\" -An excess accumulation of body fat and defined as BMI ≥30What are the comorbidities that comprise the \"\"obese syndrome\"\"? -Glucose intolerance: umbrella term that results in higher than normal blood glucose levels -Insulin resistance: body no longer responds to insulin; causes type II diabetes -Dyslipidemia: disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. Elevation of lipids in the blood -Type II diabetes: body doesn't produce insulin -Hypertension: high blood pressure -Cancer -Increased risk for CHDAndroid shape is associated with what? \"\" Metabolic syndrome\"\" -Obesity -Insulin resistance -Hypertension -Dislipidemia What % of adults are classified as overweight/obese? 34.9% of american adults are classifies as obese 55% of adults age >20 are classified as overweight or obese Obesity and income -For women, as income decreased, obesity increased -Most obese adults are not low income Prevalence of obesity by ethnicity -Blacks had a 51% higher prevalence of obesity than whites -Hispanics had a 21% higher prevalence of obesity than whites As teens increased in age... -Healthy eating and exercise habits decreased -Rates of overweightedness increase -Tabacco use increased Do fat kids make for fat adults? Yes." }, { "docid": "D3369008#0", "title": "http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/117/5/1834\nActive Healthy Living: Prevention of Childhood Obesity Through Increased Physical Activity", "text": "Advertising Disclaimer »Pediatrics May 2006, VOLUME 117 / ISSUE 5Active Healthy Living: Prevention of Childhood Obesity Through Increased Physical Activity Article Info & Metrics Comments Download PDFAbstract The current epidemic of inactivity and the associated epidemic of obesity are being driven by multiple factors (societal, technologic, industrial, commercial, financial) and must be addressed likewise on several fronts. Foremost among these are the expansion of school physical education, dissuading children from pursuing sedentary activities, providing suitable role models for physical activity, and making activity-promoting changes in the environment. This statement outlines ways that pediatric health care providers and public health officials can encourage, monitor, and advocate for increased physical activity for children and teenagers.healthy living physical activity obesity overweight advocacychildren youth INTRODUCTIONIn 1997, the World Health Organization declared obesity a global epidemic with major health implications. 1 According to the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm ), the prevalence of overweight or obesity in children and youth in the United States is over 15%, a value that has tripled since the 1960s. 2 The health implications of this epidemic are profound. Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, poor self-esteem, and a lower health-related quality of life are among the comorbidities seen more commonly in affected children and youth than in their unaffected counterparts. 3 – 7 In addition, up to 80% of obese youth continue this trend into adulthood. 8, 9 Adult obesity is associated with higher rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, which are risk factors for coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in North America. 10Assessment of Overweight Ideally, methods of measuring body fat should be accurate, inexpensive, and easy to use; have small measurement error; and be well documented with published reference values. Direct measures of body composition, such as underwater weighing, magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography, and dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry, provide an estimate of total body fat mass." }, { "docid": "D674382#0", "title": "http://www.thehealthyboy.com/2010/08/what-is-ideal-body-fat-to-see-your-abs.html\nWhat Is The Ideal Body Fat To See Your Abs?", "text": "\"What Is The Ideal Body Fat To See Your Abs? See those ripped men and women on the front covers of all those glossy health and fitness magazines? Do you often sit there and stare at their abs wondering if you will ever be able to achieve a body so buff and ripped? I do. However it's the Bon Appetit and Country Baking magazines next it them, with their peanut butter brownie and oatmeal raisin cookie recipes that seem to get in my way. But if you are striving to emulate those gods that grace the covers of the magazines each month, how lean do you a actually need to get? What body fat percentage do your really need to show off your six pack abs? 20%? 10% or maybe even 5%? Truth be told most of us have no idea what our current body fat percentage is, or where it needs to be to get that ripped and chiseled look, so Tom Venuto, fitness professional and author of the internet's top selling fat loss and muscle building book Burn The Fat, has devised a scale for both men and women showing us what percentages we are at, and where we need to get to." }, { "docid": "D1279564#0", "title": "https://www.acsm.org/public-information/articles/2016/10/07/measuring-and-evaluating-body-composition\nMeasuring and Evaluating Body Composition", "text": "All news Measuring and Evaluating Body Compositionby User Not Found \| Oct 07, 2016Written by Tiffany Esmat, Ph. D. What does the number on the weight scale really mean? In regard to overall health, weight is not nearly as important as the composition of that weight. More important, rather than tracking weight, we should be aware of our body composition. Stepping on a weight scale simply tells us the combined weight of all our body’s tissues. That weight may fluctuate throughout the day depending on the time of day, hydration status or what we are wearing. In contrast, body composition reveals the relative proportions of fat and lean mass in the body. Fat mass consist of two types of fat: essential and nonessential fat. The second component of body composition, lean mass, refers to bones, tissues, organs and muscle. Essential fat is the minimal amount of fat necessary for normal physiological function." }, { "docid": "D2445965#0", "title": "http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/pf/pft1213testoptions.asp\nFitness Areas", "text": "FITNESSGRAM Fitness Areas, Test Options, and Equipment 1, 2Fitness Areas Aerobic Capacity Test Options and Equipment One-Mile Run • Flat, measured running course • Stopwatch • Scale • Ruler (stadiometer) or tape measure PACER 4 (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) • Flat, nonslippery surface 15 or 20 meters in length • CD or cassette player with adequate volume • CD or audiocassette with music/timing • Measuring tape • Marker cones Walk Test • Flat, measured course • Stopwatch • Scale • Heart rate monitor (optional)Body Composition Test Options and Equipment Skinfold Measurements 4 • Skinfold caliper Body Mass Index • Scale • Ruler (stadiometer) or tape measure Percent Body Fat • Bioelectric impedance analyzer or automated skinfold caliper • Scale • Ruler (stadiometer) or tape measure Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility Abdominal Strength and Endurance Test Options and Equipment Curl-Up 4 • Gym mat • 3-inch measuring strip for 5 to 9 year olds or 4.5-inch measuring strip for students older than 9 years of age • CD or cassette player with adequate volume • CD or audiocassette with cadence Trunk Extensor Strength and Flexibility Test Options and Equipment Trunk Lift 4 • Gym mat • Yard stick or 15-inch ruler Upper Body Strength and Endurance Test Options and Equipment Push-Up 4 • Gym mat • CD or cassette player with adequate volume • CD or audiocassette with cadence Modified Pull-Up • Gym mat • Modified pull-up stand with elastic band Flexed-Arm Hang • Horizontal bar • Chair or stool • Stopwatch Flexibility Test Options and Equipment Back-Saver Sit and Reach 4 • Sit-and-reach box Shoulder Stretch1 FITNESSGRAM is a registered trademark of The Cooper Institute. 2 All of the test options may require pencils and score sheets to record scores. 3 Height and weight (i.e., Body Mass Index) are needed to estimate a student’s Aerobic Capacity. 4 FITNESSGRAM recommends this test as the test option for the fitness area; however, the California Department of Education (CDE) does not have a position regarding which test option to administer to students. Alternate format: FITNESSGRAM Fitness Areas, Test Options, and Equipment (PDF)Questions: High School and Physical Fitness Assessment Office \| [email protected] \| 916-445-9449Last Reviewed: Thursday, March 15, 2018" }, { "docid": "D3321124#0", "title": "https://www.verywellfit.com/how-to-find-your-body-fat-percentage-3435130\nHow to Find Your Body Fat Percentage", "text": "Beginners How to Find Your Body Fat Percentage Use Different Measurements to Find Your Body Fat Percentage By Wendy Bumgardner Updated May 20, 2017Share Pin Email Print Body Fat Calipers. © Comstock / Stockbyte / Getty Are you getting leaner or are you losing muscle along with fat? Body fat percentage is a better measure of diet success than is weight. There are several ways to measure body fat yourself, plus methods that require special equipment. For the best accuracy, it is better to use a skinfold caliper or a body fat monitor scale that uses bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Learn more about how to use these measurements. Body Fat Measurement by BIABody fat scales are widely available that use bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure your body fat. With the bioelectrical impedance analysis method, a device sends a tiny electrical charge through your hands or feet. That makes it as easy as stepping onto a scale or holding a fat monitor device in your hands. The data is used to determine how much of your body mass is fat and how much is water." }, { "docid": "D661363#0", "title": "http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/normal-amount-body-fat-man-woman-should-have-7932.html\nWhat Is the Normal Amount of Body Fat a Man or Woman Should Have?", "text": "\"Related Articles6 Essential Nutrients and Their Functions What Happens When Women Drop Below 5% Body Fat? \"\" Recommended Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins & Sodium\"\"How to Maintain a Good Level of Body Fat There is no accredited body fat percentage for men or women; rather, there is an optimal health range depending on your level of fitness, age and weight goals. Fat is responsible for absorbing nutrients and insulating organs -- it also converts into energy in the event that food sources are limited, or as fuel during rigorous exercise. Having a high percentage of body fat means you are of low fitness with an increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer. However, having too little body fat carries similar health risk. Normal Body Fat for Men The World Health Organization takes into account age groups to determine a healthy body fat range. The healthy range for men between 20 and 40 ranges between 8 and 19 percent body fat, while the normal range for men over age 40 is between 11 and 25 percent. Obesity is considered to be a body fat percentage of more than 30 percent. Women Women generally have a higher body fat percentage than men because it is necessary for childbearing and estrogen production. Younger women between age 20 and 40 require between 21 and 33 percent body fat, while women age 40 and over require 23 to 36 percent body fat." }, { "docid": "D674379#0", "title": "https://www.fitwatch.com/blog/what-is-the-ideal-body-fat-to-see-your-abs\nWhat is the Ideal Body Fat to See Your Abs?", "text": "\"What is the Ideal Body Fat to See Your Abs? Published by Fit Watch Tom Venuto is a natural bodybuilder, certified strength and conditioning specialist (CSCS) and a certified personal trainer (CPT). I've learned so much from Tom through his e-book, Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle. No hype, no gimmicks -- Tom shoots straight from the hip, and tells you the truth about fat loss. Measuring your body fat percentage is a valuable tool to chart your progress on your quest to get six pack abs. Hopefully most people realize by now that abdominal exercises don't burn fat off your stomach. Abs are made in the kitchen, not just in the gym. No matter how much you work out, if you don't eat right and achieve a calorie deficit, your abs will remain covered in a layer of adipose. When the realization hits you that you must reduce your body fat percentage to see your abs, one of the biggest questions that pops into your mind is, \"\"how low do I have to get my body fat percentage to see my abs?\"\" It's a tough question and the answer may be different for men than women." }, { "docid": "D861267#0", "title": "https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-definition/how-to-measure-body-fatness/\nMeasuring Obesity", "text": "Measuring Obesity From Calipers to CAT Scans, Ten Ways to Tell Whether a Body Is Fat or Lean What’s the best way to determine whether a body is fat or fit? Body fat can be measured in several ways, with each body fat assessment method having pros and cons. The most basic method, and the most common, is the body mass index (BMI). Doctors can easily calculate BMI from the heights and weights they gather at each checkup; BMI tables and online calculators also make it easy for individuals to determine their own BMIs. The BMI and other so-called “field methods”-among them, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, skinfold thicknesses, and bioelectrical impedance-are useful in clinics and community settings, as well as in large research studies. More sophisticated methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging or dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, are so-called “reference measurements”-techniques that are typically only used in research studies to confirm the accuracy of (or as scientists say, to “validate”) body measurement techniques. Several methods can’t be used in children or pregnant women, due to safety concerns, or are less accurate in people who are very overweight. ( 1)Here is a brief overview of some of the most popular methods for measuring body fat-from basic body measurements to high-tech body scans-along with their strengths and limitations. ( Adapted from ( 1 ))Body Mass Index (BMI)Body mass index (BMI) is the ratio of weight to height, calculated as weight (kg)/height (m 2 ), or weight (lb)/height (in 2) multiplied by 703. Strengths Easy to measure Inexpensive Standardized cutoff points for overweight and obesity: Normal weight is a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9; overweight is a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9; obesity is a BMI of 30.0 or higher Strongly correlated with body fat levels, as measured by the most accurate methods Hundreds of studies show that a high BMI predicts higher risk of chronic disease and early death." }, { "docid": "D1899551#0", "title": "https://meganlenharth98.wordpress.com/2015/03/30/energy-intake-and-energy-expenditure-in-sports-performance/\nEnergy Intake and Energy Expenditure in Sports Performance", "text": "Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure in Sports Performance Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure in Sports Performance March 30, 2015 March 30, 2015 by meganlenharth98Describe energy intake and expenditure in sports performance- P3Explain energy intake and expenditure in sports performance- M4Describe energy balance and its importance in relation to sports performance- P4Explain the importance of energy balance in relation to sports performance- M2Energy is measured in calories. This is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 o C. The amount of energy in food varies on what the food contains because each of the energy sources which are protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol have different amount of calories. In them per a gram is: Protein contains 4 calories Fat contains 9 calories Carbohydrate contains 4 calories Alcohol contains 7 calories The calories supply the muscles with the energy to move and do different types of exercise (1). Fat and carbohydrates supply the body with glucose which muscles use as a fuel for movement. The amount of exercise we do depends on how many calories that are needed to be used. When the intensity of the exercise increases this is when carbohydrates and fats are used as a fuel for the working muscles. Energy Input is the amount of energy that is taken in through food and drink. Energy expenditure is the amount of energy that you use, this is also known as energy output. The amount of energy used it proportional to the intensity of the exercise, this needs to be replaced during exercise or have enough to eat before exercise so the muscles don’t fatigue. ( 2)This is because the energy input is the supply of energy for physical activities and the expenditure is the amount of energy used up when doing exercise." }, { "docid": "D2480725#0", "title": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/skinfold%20thickness\nTranslations for skinfold thickness", "text": "\"U. S. National Library of Medicine (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Skinfold Thickness The measurement of subcutaneous fat located directly beneath the skin by grasping a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat between the thumb and forefinger and pulling it away from the underlying muscle tissue. The thickness of the double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue is then read with a caliper. The five most frequently measured sites are the upper arm, below the scapula, above the hip bone, the abdomen, and the thigh. Its application is the determination of relative fatness, of changes in physical conditioning programs, and of the percentage of body fat in desirable body weight. ( From Mc Ardle, et al., Exercise Physiology, 2d ed, p496-8)Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of skinfold thickness in Chaldean Numerology is: 1Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of skinfold thickness in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9Images & Illustrations of skinfold thickness Translations for skinfold thickness From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary Hautfaltendicke Germanespesor del pliegue cutáneo Spanishskinfold தடிமன் Tamilความหนา skinfold Thai Get even more translations for skinfold thickness »Translation Find a translation for the skinfold thickness definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these skinfold thickness definitions with the community: Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Please enter your email address: Subscribe Citation Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: Style: MLA Chicago APA\"\"skinfold thickness.\"\" Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web." }, { "docid": "D3053621#0", "title": "http://weightology.net/weightologyweekly/index.php/free-content/free-content/volume-1-issue-5-the-pitfalls-of-body-fat-measurement-parts-5-and-6-skinfolds-and-dual-energy-x-ray-absorptiometry-dexa/the-pitfalls-of-body-fat-measurement-part-5-skinfolds/\nThe Pitfalls of Body Fat âMeasurementâ, Part 5: Skinfolds", "text": "\"The Pitfalls of Body Fat “Measurement”, Part 5: Skinfolds Home The Pitfalls of Body Fat “Measurement”, Part 5: Skinfolds PDF Button In this multipart series on body fat testing, you've learned that it can be highly inaccurate in individuals, whether for a one-time measurement, or when measuring change over time. So far you've learned about hydrostatic weighing, the Bod Pod, and BIA . Now let's talk about skinfolds. Skinfold Testing Skinfold testing involves taking a device known as a caliper, pinching the skin and fat underneath the skin (known as subcutaneous fat), pulling the skinfold away from the underlying muscle, and measuring the thickness of the skinfold with the caliper. This is done at numerous sites around the body (usually 3-7 separate sites). The skinfold thicknesses are all added together, and plugged into an equation along with your age. The equation spits out your body density, which is the relationship of your body volume (how much space your body takes up) to your body weight. Lean tissue takes up less space than fat tissue for a given weight, and is thus more dense. Therefore, the greater your body density, the more lean tissue and less fat tissue you have. This body density can then be converted into a body fat percentage using another equation, such as the Siri equation which I talked about in the article on underwater weighing." }, { "docid": "D2376288#0", "title": "http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/dxmarkers\nCardiovascular Disease Markers in Vegans", "text": "Cardiovascular Disease Markers in Vegansby Jack Norris, RD • Last updated December 2013Contents Introduction Blood Lipids Cholesterol in EPIC-Oxford Cholesterol in Western Vegans Cholesterol in USA Vegans Triglycerides Summary Blood Pressure Vegetarians and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Why Do Vegans Have Lower Blood Pressure? Body Mass Index2009 Report From Adventist Health Study-22003 Report From EPIC-Oxford BMI of Western Vegans in Studies up to 2003Body Mass Index Over Time as a Vegan Body Fat Homocysteine Conclusion References Introduction Numerous studies have measured cholesterol levels, blood pressure, obesity, and other markers of disease in vegans. Most of these studies included information on lacto-ovo vegetarians (lacto-ovo), fish-eaters (pesco), and non-vegetarians (non-veg). This article surveys those published since 1980. Not much was published on vegans before that time. Blood Lipids Lipids are fat-soluble substances, including cholesterol and fatty acids. Blood lipid measurements generally include total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Total cholesterol is a measure of all the various types of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol can be separated according to the lipoprotein that carries it in the blood. Cholesterol carried by low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is considered “bad” because it tends to be deposited on the artery walls, causing heart disease." }, { "docid": "D2480719#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/skinfold+thickness\nskinfold thickness", "text": "\"skinfold thickness Also found in: Acronyms .skinfold thickness Etymology: AS, scinn + fealden + thiccea measure of the amount of subcutaneous fat, obtained by inserting a fold of skin into the jaws of a caliper. The skinfolds are usually measured on the upper arm, thigh, or upper abdomen, and thecaliper measurements are later compared with precalibrated standard tables to assess an individual's body fat content indirectly. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.skinfold thickness An anthropometric measurement used to evaluate nutritional status by estimating the amount of subcutaneous fat. Calibrated calipers are used to measure the thickness of a fold of skin at definedbody sites that include upper arm or triceps, subscapular region, and upper abdomen. Medical Dictionary, © 2009 Farlex and Partnersskinfold thicknessmeasurement of subcutaneous skinfold thickness as a technique forthe determination of body fat. A fold of skin and subcutaneous fat is grasped between the thumb andforefinger and pulled away from the underlying muscle. The thickness of this double layer is then read,using a caliper. The five sites most frequently measured are the upper arm, below the scapula, abovethe hip bone, the abdomen and the thigh. The values are used in an equation that estimates body fat." }, { "docid": "D1321667#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Body+fat\nbody fat", "text": "body fat Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. Related to body fat: Body fat percentage The percentage of a person’s body that is not composed of water, muscle, bone, and vital organs Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved.bod·y fat ( bod'ē fat) The percentage of adipose tissue compared with muscle estimated by underwater weighing,calculating the ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters, and/or estimating bioelectricalimpedance of the body. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012body fat The portion of the human body that consists of fat. This is estimated in several ways: by hydrodensitometry, by calculating the ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared (Quetelet index), and more recently, by estimating bioelectrical impedance of the body. None of these methods provides a precise indicator of body composition, but bioelectrical impedance is thesimplest, least expensive, and most nearly accurate. See also: fat Medical Dictionary, © 2009 Farlex and Partnersbody fatnormal healthy values usually quoted for total body fat are 15% (12-19%) of bodymass for young men and 27% (25-30%) for women, both increasing by about 5% from late teens to sixties. essential fat in the tissues and organs (including bone marrow, nervous system andmuscle) averages 3% body mass for men and 12% for women (extra related to reproductivefunction); it is not a labile energy reserve, but a vital component for normal structure and function.storage fat represents the energy reserve that accumulates as adipose tissue beneath the skin and in visceral depots, averaging 12% body mass for men and 15% body mass for women. Methodsmost commonly used for estimating percentage fat are: measurement of skinfold thickness at prescribed sites, body density measurement, and bio electrical impedance analysis. See alsobody composition, body mass index, obesity." } ]
9153	a cell that contains liquid electrolytes is called	[ { "docid": "D2385679#0", "title": "http://www.oocities.org/j31645/8.html\nElectrochemical Cells Study SheetHome", "text": "Electrochemical Cells More active metals give up electrons to less active metals. If metals of different activities are placed in an electrolyte, electrons will be transferred from the more active metal to the less active metal. If a circuit of wires connects the two metals, the electrons will flow through these wires and can do work. This is how an electrochemical cell works. An electrochemical cell uses chemical changes to produce electricity. If several electrochemical cells are combined, they are called a battery of electrochemical cells, or just a battery. When an electrochemical cell uses a liquid as an electrolyte, it is called a wet cell. If the electrochemical cell uses a paste as an electrolyte, it is called a dry cell. A automobile battery is an example of a battery of wet cells. A flashlight battery is an example of a battery of dry cells." } ]	[ { "docid": "D736250#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries\nLithium-ion battery", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Lithium-ion batteries)navigation search This article is about rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. For disposable primary lithium batteries, see Lithium battery. \"\" Lithium-ion\"\" redirects here. For the metal element, see Lithium. Lithium-ion battery An example of a Li-ion battery (used in various Nokia mobile phones)Specific energy100–265 W·h / kg [1] [2] (0.36–0.875 MJ/kg)Energy density250–693 W·h / L [3] [4] (0.90–2.43 MJ/L)Specific power ~ 250-~340 W/kg [1]Charge/discharge efficiency 80–90% [5]Energy/consumer-price 2.5 W·h / US$ [6]Self-discharge rate 2% per month [7]Cycle durability400–1200 cycles [8]Nominal cell voltage NMC 3.6 / 3.85 V,Li Fe PO4 3.2 VA lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell. Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics. They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect [9] and low self-discharge. LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle and aerospace applications. [" }, { "docid": "D610569#0", "title": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-dry-cell-battery.htm\nWhat is a Dry Cell Battery?", "text": "\"The dry cell battery is one of the most commonly used types, including AA, 9-volt, and watch batteries. Dry cell batteries are different from wet cells because their electrolytes are contained in a low-moisture paste, while a wet cell has electrolytes contained in a liquid, hence the difference in names. A chemical reaction within the battery creates an electrical charge that flows from inside to an outer circuit that is connected to an electrical device. What It Is Made Of Dry cell batteries, regardless of their size, typically have the same basic components. At the center of each is a rod called a cathode, which is often made of carbon and surrounded by an electrolyte paste. Different chemicals can be used to create this paste, such as ammonium chloride and manganese dioxide, depending on the type of battery. The cathode and electrolyte paste are wrapped in paper or cardboard and sealed into a metal cylinder called an anode, which is typically made of zinc. Ad How It Works The anode in the dry cell battery has two terminals, one that is positive and one that is negative. When a load is connected to the battery's terminals, a chemical reaction occurs between the anode and the paste that produces roughly 1.5 volts of electricity. A pin or \"\"collector\"\" in the middle of the battery conducts this charge out of the battery to an external circuit." }, { "docid": "D33419#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29\nBattery (electricity)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Battery. Battery Various cells and batteries (top-left to bottom-right): two AA, one D, one handheld ham radio battery, two 9-volt (PP3), two AAA, one C, one camcorder battery, one cordless phone battery Type Power source Working principle Electrochemical reactions, Electromotive force First production 1800s Electronic symbol The symbol for a battery in a circuit diagram. It originated as a schematic drawing of the earliest type of battery, a voltaic pile. An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. [ 1] When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. [ 2] The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. [ 3] Historically the term \"\"battery\"\" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved additionally to include devices composed of a single cell. [ 4]Primary (single-use or \"\"disposable\"\") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge." }, { "docid": "D3491414#0", "title": "http://www.google.com/patents/US3360401\n.", "text": "\"Description (OCR text may contain errors)3,360,401 RGY 5 Sheets-Sheet l c 4MM. N2 www H nl\"\" a om w. E @A ,I v rf W4 mmqmbm qmtzw ,m o A w @P0 ,W ///V.l E m Y R. GRASSELLI ET AL. PROCESS FOR CONVERTING CHEMICAL ENE INTQELECTRIGAL ENERGY 5 `EXTEQNL C/ECU/T Dec. 26,1967Eiled'sept. 29, 19.65m QQw CBm d R. GRAss ELLl ET Al. 3,360,401 FOR CONVERTING CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Dec. 26, 1967 I PROCESS Filed sept. 229, 1965 C5 Sheets-Sheet 2 n f f f f/ 1 Q/f ,f 6G/assew/ m ,0 w, A d @e bm. fo? INVENTo Rs l ABY y 2%@ mf d@ ATTORNEYS.5 Sheets-Sheet 3 R. GRASSELLI ET Al- INTo ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROCES-S' FOR CONVERT'ING CHEMICAL ENERGY -I . Dec. 2.16,1967 Fi-l-edv Sept. 29, 1965 Co A TIN@ COATING TEE- E. JNVENTOR. v` Poeti/2T @PASSE-LU QCD/SEPT A. P/@HTM// MVM, f- ATTo E/vev/S. United States Patent O 3,360,401 PROCESS FOR CONVERTING CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Robert Grasselli, Cleveland, and Robert A. Rightmire,Twinsbul'g, Ohio, assignors to The Standard Oil Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Filed Sept. 29, 1965, Ser." }, { "docid": "D2149361#0", "title": "http://www.inflatableparadise.com/chlorinator-faq\n.", "text": "\"Intex ®Saltwater Pool System FAQ (frequently asked questions)1.) What is the INTEX Saltwater System (Chlorine Generator)?2.) Why has the name of the device been changed from Chlorine Generator to \"\"saltwater system\"\"? Is it the same product?3.) Why use the INTEX saltwater pool system?4.) How does the INTEX saltwater pool system generate chlorine?5.) What type of maintenance is needed for the Saltwater System?6.) Is the Saltwater System available for different sizes of pools?7.) Do you need to use any other chemicals in the pool besides salt? What happens if you put other chemicals in the pool?8.)" }, { "docid": "D178175#0", "title": "http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/electrolysis.html\nElectrolysis of Water", "text": "Water electrolysis Electrolysis of Water Electrolysis of water is its decomposition to give hydrogen and oxygen gases due to the passage of an electric current.2H 2 O + electrical energy O 2 + 2H 2Electric effects on water Magnetic effects on water Electromagnetic effects on water Water redox processes Introduction to electrolysis Electrolysis compartments What is less well understood? Driving cars using water'I propose to distinguish these bodies by calling those anions which go to the anode ....and those passing to the cathode, cations 'Michael Faraday 1834Introduction Creating an electric potential through water causes positive ions, including the inherent hydrogen ions H 3 O +, to move towards the negative electrode (cathode) and negative ions, including the inherent hydroxide ions OH -, to move towards the positive electrode (anode). With a sufficient potential difference, this may cause electrolysis with oxygen gas being produced at the anode and hydrogen gas produced at the cathode (see [ 1878] for current reviews). The electrolysis of water usually involves dilute, or moderately concentrated, salt solutions in order to reduce the power loss driving the current through the solution, but the presence of salt is not a requirement for electrolysis. Thus,Anode +ve 6H 2 O (l) O 2 (g) + 4H 3 O + (aq) + 4e - (to anode) b E ° = +1.229 V, p H 0 d E °' = +0.815 VCathode -ve 4e - (from cathode) + 4H 2 O (l) 2H 2 (g) + 4OH - (aq) E ° = -0.828 V, p H 14 E °' = -0.414 Vwhere (l), (g) and (aq) show the states of the material as being a liquid, a gas or an aqueous solution and with the electrical circuit passing the electrons back from the anode to the cathode. The reactions are heterogeneous, taking place at the boundary between the electrode and the electrolyte with the aqueous boundary layer subject to concentration and electrical potential gradients with the presence of the generated gaseous nanobubbles and microbubbles. Water electrolysis electrode potentials with p HGenerally, the water next to the electrodes c will change p H due to the ions produced or consumed. If the electrode compartments are separated by a suitable porous membrane then the concentration of H 3 O + in the anolyte and OH - in the catholyte (and hence the increase in the respective conductivities) are both expected to increase more than if there is free mixing between the electrodes, when most of these ions will neutralize each other. Small but expected differences in the solutions’ p Hs next to the anode (anolyte) and cathode (catholyte) cause only a slight change to the overall potential difference required (1.229 V ). Increasing the acid content next to the anode due to the H 3 O + produced will increase its electrode potential (for example: p H 4 E = +0.992 V) and increasing the alkaline content next to the cathode due to the OH - produced will make its electrode potential more negative (for example: p H 10 E = -0.592 V )." }, { "docid": "D739402#0", "title": "http://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-prevent-an-electrolyte-imbalance\nFluids in Your Body", "text": "Fluids in Your Body Athletes have been swigging electrolyte replenishers since 1965. That was the year a Florida Gators’ coach asked doctors why his players were wilting so quickly in the heat — their answer? The players were losing too many electrolytes. Their solution was to invent Gatorade. So, what are electrolytes and why are they important? Water and electricity are essential to your health. At birth your body contains about 75 to 80 percent water. By the time you’re an adult, the percentage of water in your body drops to approximately 60 percent if you’re a male and 55 percent if you’re a female. The volume of water in your body will continue to decrease as you age. Fluid in your body contains things such as cells, proteins, glucose, and electrolytes." }, { "docid": "D417825#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Intercellular+fluid\ninterstitial fluid", "text": "\"interstitial fluid (redirected from Intercellular fluid) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus. Related to Intercellular fluid: intracellular fluid, Intercellular matrixin·ter·sti·tial flu·idthe fluid in spaces between the tissue cells, constituting about 16% of the weight of the body;closely similar in composition to lymph. Synonym (s): tissue fluid Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012interstitial fluidan extracellular fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body. Formed by filtration through the bloodcapillaries, it is drained away as lymph. It closely resembles blood plasma in composition butcontains less protein. Compare intracellular fluid, lymph, plasma. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.in·ter·sti·tial flu·id ( in'tĕr-stish'ăl flū'id) The fluid in spaces between the tissue cells, constituting about 16% of the weight of the humanbody; closely similar in composition to lymph. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012interstitial fluid Extracellular fluid lying is small spaces around and between cells. Collins Dictionary of Medicine © Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005interstitial fluidorintercellular fluida liquid (also called LYMPH when insidelymphatic vessels) that bathes all the cells of the body, and acts as a connecting link between theblood and the cells." }, { "docid": "D2352958#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Term_is_used_to_indicate_charged_solutions_contained_in_wet_cell_batteries\nWhat common usses are used for wet cell batteries?", "text": "Mark Swarthout 794,173 Contributions Contract attorney. When not working I teach karate, collect stamps, write books, and play the ukulele. What common usses are used for wet cell batteries? Answer . The most common is the car battery. Wet cells are found in almost all vehicles with self starting capabilities. Marcob1996 11 Contributions How does a wet cell battery work? By using chemical interactions. Check out the link I added below for more information. Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit 164,479 Contributions This circuit is used in most electronic digital computers ever built & was invented in 1918 (patent GB148582)." }, { "docid": "D1439966#0", "title": "http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Di-Fa/Electrochemistry.html\nElectrochemistry", "text": "\"Electrochemistry Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Photo by: Bernardo Varela Electrochemistry deals with the links between chemical reactions and electricity. This includes the study of chemical changes caused by the passage of an electric current across a medium, as well as the production of electric energy by chemical reactions. Electrochemistry also embraces the study of electrolyte solutions and the chemical equilibria that occur in them. Many chemical reactions require the input of energy. Such reactions can be carried out at the surfaces of electrodes in cells connected to external power supplies. These reactions provide information about the nature and properties of the chemical species contained in the cells, and can also be used to synthesize new chemicals. The production of chlorine and aluminum and the electroplating and electrowinning of metals are examples of industrial electrochemical processes. Electrochemical cells that produce electric energy from chemical energy are the basis of primary and secondary (storage) batteries and fuel cells. Other electrical phenomena of interest in chemical systems include the behavior of ionic solutions and the conduction of current through these solutions, the separation of ions by an electric field ( electrophoresis ), the corrosion and passivation of metals, electrical effects in biological systems (bioelectrochemistry), and the effect of light on electrochemical cells (photoelectrochemistry). Electrochemical Cells An electrochemical cell generally consists of two half-cells, each containing an electrode in contact with an electrolyte." }, { "docid": "D842007#0", "title": "http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventions/ss/How-A-Battery-Works.htm\nHow a Battery Works", "text": "\"Humanities ›History & Culture How a Battery Works Share Flipboard Email Printby Mary Bellis Updated April 06, 201701of 04Definition of a Batteryose Luis Pelaez/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. Strictly speaking, a battery consists of two or more cells connected in series or parallel, but the term is generally used for a single cell. A cell consists of a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. The electrolyte may be aqueous (composed of water) or nonaqueous (not composed of water), in liquid, paste, or solid form. When the cell is connected to an external load, or device to be powered, the negative electrode supplies a current of electrons that flow through the load and are accepted by the positive electrode. When the external load is removed the reaction ceases. A primary battery is one that can convert its chemicals into electricity only once and then must be discarded. A secondary battery has electrodes that can be reconstituted by passing electricity back through it; also called a storage or rechargeable battery, it can be reused many times. Batteries come in several styles; the most familiar are single-use alkaline batteries .02of 04What is a Nickel Cadmium Battery? From top to bottom: \"\"Gumstick\"\", AA, and AAA Nickel-Cadmium rechargeable batteries." }, { "docid": "D272687#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRLA_battery\nVRLA battery", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A 12V VRLA battery, typically used in small uninterruptable power supplies A valve-regulated lead-acid battery ( VRLA battery) sometimes called sealed lead-acid ( SLA ), gel cell, or maintenance free battery [1]. Due to their construction, the Gel and Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) types of VRLA can be mounted in any orientation, and do not require constant maintenance. The term \"\"maintenance free\"\" is a misnomer as VRLA batteries still require cleaning and regular functional testing. They are widely used in large portable electrical devices, off-grid power systems and similar roles, where large amounts of storage are needed at a lower cost than other low-maintenance technologies like lithium-ion. There are three primary types of VRLA batteries, Sealed VR wet cell [ citation needed], AGM and Gel. Gel cells add silica dust to the electrolyte, forming a thick putty-like gel. These are sometimes referred to as \"\"silicone batteries\"\". AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) batteries feature fiberglass mesh between the battery plates which serves to contain the electrolyte. Both designs offer advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional batteries and sealed VR wet cells, as well as each other. Contents [ hide ]1 Basic principle2 Construction3 History4 AGM (Absorbent glass mat)5 Gel battery6 Applications7 Comparison with flooded lead–acid cells8 See also9 Further reading10 References Basic principle [ edit]Lead-acid cells consist of two plates of lead, which serve as electrodes, suspended in an electrolyte consisting of diluted sulfuric acid. VRLA cells have the same chemistry. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D1023902#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-lithium-ion-and-lithium-polymer\nWhat is the difference between lithium-ion and lithium polymer?", "text": "\"Rusdy Simano, battery licker Answered Nov 9, 2015 · Author has 471 answers and 682k answer views Originally Answered: What are the pros and cons of lithium-ion versus lithium-polymer battery? Ah, the ever confusing lithium battery technology and terminology: \"\" As far as the user is concerned, lithium polymer is essentially the same as lithium-ion. Both systems use identical cathode and anode material and contain a similar amount of electrolyte. \"\" [ 1] What you really need to know, is the different chemistry of the Lithium battery [2]: The table above is just the 'skin depth' of the Lithium type (Cobalt, Manganese, or Phospate based. The lead acid, Ni-MH and Ni-Cad are good for comparison). Even more details into the types (LFP vs LMO vs Li-Co vs etc): do have more reading on link [3]. Once you read the first 3 links, top it off with [4]. Armed by 4 links below, you'll be in much better position than the general public regarding lithium ion batteries (and so called experts in public forum, like myself :) ). With these links, you can answer FAQ the like of \"\"How do I charge Li-ion? \"\", \"\" Do I fully charged my lithium battery? \"\", \"\" Do I need to fully discharge my lithium battery?\"\") and so on." }, { "docid": "D2830601#0", "title": "https://www.howacarworks.com/electrical-systems/checking-the-batteries\nChecking the batteries", "text": "Keep the area around the battery fillter capsclean, to prevent dirt falling in when they areremoved. Cell cap Filler trough Power cable Terminal Terminal Batteries are heavy, so manyhave a ledge or finger-gripsmoulded into the casing tomake them easier to lift out ofthe car. Topping up a battery Most car batteries are sealed for life - apart from a small vent hole which allows gas to escape. They never need topping up. The fluid level in other batteries should be checked at least once a month and topped up if it drops below the correct level - just above the tops of the battery plates. Never top up with tap water, which contains minerals which may damage the battery. Use distilled or otherwise purified water, or a proprietary topping-up fluid. Avoid over-filling, which causes the electrolyte to leak out through the cell-cap vents as the battery is charged. Do not use a naked flame when checking the battery. The fluid inside - called the electrolyte - can give off explosive gas, especially soon after the battery has been charged." }, { "docid": "D1125305#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Ascitic+fluid\nascitic fluid", "text": "\"ascitic fluid Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia .ascitic fluid [əsit′ik]Etymology: Gk, askos, baga watery fluid containing albumin, glucose, and electrolytes that accumulates in the peritonealcavity in association with certain diseases, such as liver disease or congestive heart failure. Thefluid occurs as leakage from the veins and lymphatics into extravascular spaces. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.ascitic fluid Clear, pale, straw-colored fluid occurring in ascites. The fluid is normally sterile; its specific gravity is normally 1.005 to 1.015; the cellular content is less than 250 white blood cells per cubicmillimeter, and its protein content is low. Cancer, heart failure, liver failure, peritonitis, andtuberculosis may alter the amount or character of ascites. See also: fluid Medical Dictionary, © 2009 Farlex and Partnersfluid1. a liquid or gas; any liquid of the body.2. composed of molecules which freely change their relative positions without separation of the mass.allantoic fluidthe fluid contained within the allantois.amniotic fluidthe fluid within the amnion that bathes the developing fetus and protects it frommechanical injury.ascitic fluidsee ascites.fluid balancea state in which the volume of body water and its solutes (electrolytes andnonelectrolytes) are within normal limits and there is normal distribution of fluids within theintracellular and extracellular compartments. The total volume of body fluids should be about 60% of the body weight, and it should be distributed so that one-third is extracellularfluid and two-thirds intracellular fluid." }, { "docid": "D1443931#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_battery\nLithium-ion battery", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Lithium ion battery)navigation search This article is about rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. For disposable primary lithium batteries, see Lithium battery. \"\" Lithium-ion\"\" redirects here. For the metal element, see Lithium. Lithium-ion battery An example of a Li-ion battery (used in various Nokia mobile phones)Specific energy100–265 W·h / kg [1] [2] (0.36–0.875 MJ/kg)Energy density250–693 W·h / L [3] [4] (0.90–2.43 MJ/L)Specific power ~ 250-~340 W/kg [1]Charge/discharge efficiency 80–90% [5]Energy/consumer-price 2.5 W·h / US$ [6]Self-discharge rate 2% per month [7]Cycle durability400–1200 cycles [8]Nominal cell voltage NMC 3.6 / 3.85 V,Li Fe PO4 3.2 VA lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell. Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics. They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect [9] and low self-discharge. LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle and aerospace applications. [" }, { "docid": "D2249349#0", "title": "http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/battery.htm\n.", "text": "\"Fascinating facts about the invention of the Electric Battery by Alessandro Volta in 1800. ELECTRIC BATTERYAT A GLANCE: Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist, known for his pioneering work in electricity. Volta was born in Italy and educated in the public schools there. By 1800 he had developed the so-called voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery, which produced a steady stream of electricity. In recognition of his work in the field of electricity, the electrical unit known as the volt was named in his honor. THE STORYRELATED INFOBOOKSWEB SITESHOW IT WORKSDID YOU KNOW? Invention: electric battery in 1800Function: noun / electric bat·tery Definition: In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. A battery converts chemical energy into electric energy. It is a connected bunch (or “battery”) of electro-chemical devices. Inventor: Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Criteria: First to invent." }, { "docid": "D2252258#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fluid+dram\nfluid dram", "text": "\"fluid dram Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to fluid dram: potentiation, fluid ounce, comminutiondram (ʒ) (dr) [ dram] a unit of weight which, in the apothecaries' system, equals 60 grains, or ⅛ ounce; in the avoirdupois system it equals 27.34 grains, or ¹⁄₁₆ ounce.fluid dram (fl dr) a unit of capacity (liquid measure) of the apothecaries' system, being 60 minims, or the equivalent of 3.697 m L. In Great Britain, it is the imperial fluid dram and is equivalent to 3.55 m L. See also Table of Weights and Measures in the Appendix. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.fluid dram (fl. dr.)a unit of liquid measure equal to 3.696 m L, 60 minims, or ⅛ fluid ounce. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.dram, drachma unit of weight in the avoirdupois (27.344 grains, 1/16 ounce) or apothecaries' (60 grains, 1/8ounce) system; symbol.fluid drama unit of liquid measure of the apothecaries' system, containing 60 minims, and equivalent to 3.697 ml. See also Table 4.3. Abbreviated fl. dr.fluid1." }, { "docid": "D1045173#0", "title": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775311012390\nAn inorganic membrane as a separator for lithium-ion battery", "text": "Journal of Power Sources Volume 196, Issue 20, 15 October 2011, Pages 8651-8655An inorganic membrane as a separator for lithium-ion battery Hongfa Xiang Jingjuan Chen Zhong Li Haihui Wang Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.06.055 Get rights and content Abstract An Al 2 O 3 inorganic separator is prepared by a double sintering process. The Al 2 O 3 separator has a high porosity and good mechanical strength. After the liquid electrolyte is infiltrated, the separator exhibits quite high ionic conductivities, and even the conductivity reaches 0.78 m S cm −1 at −20 °C. Furthermore, the inorganic separator has an advantage over the polymer separator in the electrolyte retention. The Li Fe PO 4 /graphite cell using the Al 2 O 3 inorganic separator shows higher discharge capacity and rate capability, and better low-temperature performance than that using the commercial polymer separator, which indicates that the Al 2 O 3 separator is very promising to be applied in the lithium-ion batteries. Highlights• Pure Al 2 O 3 inorganic separator for lithium-ion batteries is prepared by a double sintering process. • The inorganic separator soaking the electrolyte solution exhibits quite high ionic conductivities, and specially the conductivity reaches 0.78 m S cm −1 at −20 °C. • The inorganic separator has the higher electrolyte retention at 50 °C than the commercial polymer separator. • The Li Fe PO 4 /graphite cell using the inorganic separator shows higher discharge capacity and rate capability, and better low-temperature performance than that using the commercial polymer separator. Previous article Next article Keywords Inorganic separator Aluminum oxide Lithium-ion battery1." }, { "docid": "D3183676#0", "title": "http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch105/lesson3colligative_properties.html\nLesson 3: Colligative Properties", "text": "Lesson 3: Colligative Properties Now let's go back to a question asked at the very beginning of this lesson, and that is - how are solutions different than pure liquids? One of the ways in which they are different, is that when you add a solute to a liquid both the freezing point and boiling point of the solution change. Water, of course, is the liquid we will be dealing with. The freezing point of pure water is 0°C. The normal boiling point of water is 100°C. But if you make a solution using water as the solvent, the freezing point of that solution will not be 0°C nor will the boiling point be 100°C. In addition the vapor pressure of the liquid changes. Also, something called the osmotic pressure of the liquid changes and that is related to the process of osmosis . In this section we will look at each of these in turn. The freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure are all related to one another, because the magnitude of the change depends on the concentration of solute particles." } ]
9155	a centimeter is what fraction of a meter	[ { "docid": "D2158956#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061211173120AA6J9jR\nWhat fraction of a meter is a centimeter?", "text": "\"Science & Mathematics Mathematics What fraction of a meter is a centimeter? Follow 10 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Here's a hint: there are 100 centimetres in a metre, since \"\"centi-\"\" means \"\"one-one-hundredth\"\".poorcocoboiboi · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment A centi meter is one hundredth of a meter (1/100) That's the beauty of the decimal system: it's very easy and logical: mili = 1/1000 centi = 1/100 deci = 1/10 By the way, a cubic centimeter (a cube with sides = 1 cm) is exactly one mililiter in volume (1/1000 of a liter). Manny P · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment1/100 ₢Luiz S · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment1/100sam · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment1/100hoda e · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment1/100Source (s):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metertortiss · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment1/100Will · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment100 cm = 1 m. so .01 of a meter is 1 cm.reader27 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment\"\"Centi\"\" is derived from Latin and means 1/100th of something. Therefore, 1 centimeter (cm) is 1/100th of 1 meter; 100cm = 1m. Prof Kevin · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment1/100 or .01yupchagee · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Official March Madness Gear Need a Small Business Loan? Considering an online college? Need Home Equity Loan Options? \"" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1637253#0", "title": "http://www.petfilm.com/tools.html\nTools for Polyester Film Buyers", "text": "Tools for Polyester Film Buyers To help you get the right amount of film for your business, Filmquest provides the following tools and tables. Of course, the experts at Filmquest are also happy to run the calculations for you. Contact us if you have any questions. Calculators Conversion Tables Roll Length Calculator Roll Weight Calculator Film Thickness Equivalents Unit Conversion Table Fractions-Decimals-Millimeters Table Definitions for terms used in the Polyester Film industry can be found in our Glossary. ( Opens in a new window)Roll Length Calculator1. Core Size: 3 inches 6 inches2. Roll Outside Diameter: inches3. Film Gauge: (from 25 to 1400)feet Need to look up a standard yield, length, or configuration? Check our specifications for Questar™ PET Film. ( Opens in a new window)Roll Weight Calculator1." }, { "docid": "D245014#0", "title": "http://www.ookingdom.com/metric/factors\nLength", "text": "Length If working with feet, inches and fractions or a combination of these, express the length in inches before converting. Use a calculator or consult our Fraction-to-Decimal Conversion Charts if necessary, to get decimal equivalents for fractions. Example: Convert 5 feet, 5 and three-quarter inches to meters. Convert feet to inches: 5 × 12 = 60 inches Express three-quarters as a decimal: .75 Add values together: 60 + 5 + .75 = 65.75 inches Now convert to meters: One inch equals .0254 meter, so multiply. 65.75 × .0254 = 1.67005 (round off to hundredths: 1.67 meters). One meter equals39.37 inches3.2808 feet1.0936 yards One centimeter equals.3937 inch One millimeter equals.03937 inch One kilometer equals3280.84 feet1093.61 yards.62137 mile.53996 nautical mile One nautical mile equals1.852 kilometers1852 meters6076.115 feet2025.372 yards1.15078 miles One inch equals.0254 meter2.54 centimeters25.4 millimeters One foot equals.3048 meter30.48 centimeters304.8 millimeters12 inches One yard equals.9144 meter91.44 centimeters914.4 millimeters36 inches3 feet One mile equals1.609344 kilometers1609.344 meters5280 feet1760 yards.868976 nautical mile Mass or Weight If working with pounds, ounces and fractions or a combination of these, express the value in ounces before converting. Example: Convert 7 pounds, 9 and a half ounces to kilograms. Convert pounds to ounces: 7 × 16 = 112 Express the half as a decimal: .5 Add values together: 112 + 9 + .5 = 121.5Now convert to kilograms: One ounce equals .02835 kilograms, so multiply. 121.5 × .02835 = 3.444525 (round off to hundredths: 3.44 kilograms). One metric ton equals1.10229 U. S. tons2204.59 pounds One kilogram equals2.2046 pounds35.273 ounces One gram equals.035273 ounce15.432 grains One U. S. ton equals907.2 kilograms.9072 metric tons2000 pounds One pound equals453.6 grams.4536 kilograms16 ounces7000 grains One ounce equals28.35 grams.02835 kilograms437.5 grains One grain equals64.8 milligrams Temperature To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.8, then add 32." }, { "docid": "D821624#0", "title": "http://www.wikihow.com/Convert-Inches-to-Millimeters\nHow to Convert Inches to Millimeters", "text": "\"Edit Article How to Convert Inches to Millimeters Four Parts: Basic Equation Shortcuts Related Tasks Examples Community Q&AThe U. S. uses the empirical measurement system which includes inches, but much of the rest of the world uses the metric system. Sometimes, you’ll need to convert a measurement from inches to millimeters for better understanding. Converting is simple when you know the proper equation!In a Hurry? Write down your original measurement in inches without any fractions. Multiply that measurement by 25.4 because there 25.4 millimeters in 1 inch. Write down your new measurement in millimeters. Did this summary help you? Yes No Part 1 Basic Equation1 Understand the relationship between inches and millimeters. One inch is internationally accepted as being equivalent to 25.4 millimeters. Written as an equation, this relationship is represented as: 1 in = 25.4 mm This official, standardized measurement has been set on international records since 1959." }, { "docid": "D3015232#0", "title": "http://t3.apptrix.com/syteline/Language/en-US/fields/i/iso_um_ums.htm\nISO Unit of Measure (Field)", "text": "\"ISO units of measure are listed on the ISO Unit of Measure Codes form. You cannot add or remove codes from this list. On the Unit of Measure Codes form, select the appropriate ISO U/M code from the drop-down list. ISO Units of Measure - Descriptions and Notes Use the following information to determine which ISO U/M best fits your need. Code Description16 115 Kilogram Drum A cylindrical container whose contents weigh 115 kilograms when full17 100 Pound Drum A cylindrical container whose contents weigh 100 pounds when full18 55 Gallon Drum A cylindrical container whose volume is equal to 55 gallons20 20 Foot Container A sea-land rectangular container box whose capacity is defined by its longest dimension and by which product shipments are measured and billed21 40 Foot Container A sea-land rectangular container box whose capacity is defined by its longest dimension and by which product shipments are measured and billed2W Bin Storage container used as a unit of measurement2Y Milliroentgen Unit of radiation35 Milliliters per Square Centimeter Second Represents porosity of a sheet of material36 Cubic Feet per Minute per Square Foot Represents porosity of a sheet of material37 Ounces per Square Foot Represents sheet weight38 Ounces per Square Foot per 0.01 Inch Represents sheet density3B Megajoule Unit of energy or heat40 Milliliter per Second Represents rate of absorbency41 Milliliter per Minute Represents rate of absorbency43 Super Bulk Bag A cloth, plastic, or paper-based bag having the dimensions of the pallet on which it is constructed and varying in height according to the weight and density of product contained; typically transports dry, loose materials in bulk form44 500 Kilogram Bulk Bag A flexible container for bulk goods whose contents weigh 500 kilograms when full45 300 Kilogram Bulk Bag A flexible container for bulk goods whose contents weigh 300 kilograms when full46 25 Kilogram Bulk Bag A flexible container for bulk goods whose contents weigh 25 kilograms when full47 50 Pound Bag A flexible container whose contents weigh 50 pounds when full48 Bulk Car Load A fully loaded rail car containing dry bulk loose materials4E 20-Pack Pack containing 20 units4F 100-Pack Pack containing 100 units4G Microliter 1/1,000,000 liter4H Micrometer 1/1,000,000 meter4M Milligrams Per Hour Unit of flow4N Megabecquerel Unit of radiation4S Pascal Unit of pressure4U Pounds Per Hour Rate of flow4V Cubic Meter Per Hour Rate of flow4W Ton Per Hour Rate of flow4X Kiloliter Per Hour Rate of flow50 Actual Kilograms58 Net Kilograms59 Parts Per Million5B Batch The quantity of material produced at one operation5I Standard Cubic Foot One cubic foot of gas measured at a fixed temperature and pressure; the value used for the temperature and pressure varies depending on the type of gas being measured60 Percent Weight61 Parts Per Billion AB Bulk Pack AF Centigram A unit of metric weight equal to 0.01 gram or 0.000035 ounce AQ Anti-hemophilic Factor (AHF) Units Intravenous administering of blood products that have been tested for potency against the U. S. medical unit of measure AR Suppository AU Ocular Insert System A drug delivery system which is placed in the lower conjunctival formix from which the drug diffuses through a membrane at a constant rate over a seven-day period AV Capsule A compact metallic or plastic container for liquids or solids AW Powder-Filled Vials Standard unit of intravenous blood product that has to be reconstituted with a liquid before being administered AZ British Thermal Units (BTUs) per Pound B0 British Thermal Units (BTUs) per Cubic Foot B7 Cycles BA Bale BC Bucket BD Bundle BG Bag BJ Band BK Book BN Bulk BO Bottle BU Bushel 32 dry quarts BW Base Weight BX Box BY British Thermal Unit (BTU)BZ Million BTU's C1 Composite Product Pounds (Total Weight)C3 Centiliter C4 Carload C6 Cell C8 Cubic Decimeter CA Case CB Carboy CC Cubic Centimeter CD Carat CE Centigrade, Celsius CF Cubic Feet CG Card CH Container CI Cubic Inches CJ Cone CK Connector CL Cylinder CM Centimeter CN Can CO Cubic Meters (Net)CP Crate CQ Cartridge CR Cubic Meter CS Cassette CT Carton CU Cup CV Cover CW Hundred Pounds (CWT)CX Coil CY Cubic Yard D3 Square Decimeter Metric unit of area D5 Kilogram Per Square Centimeter Unit of pressure D9 Dyne per Square Centimeter DA Days DB Dry Pounds DC Disk (Disc)DD Degree DE Deal DF Dram DG Decigram DI Dispenser DJ Decagram DK Kilometers DL Deciliter DM Decimeter DO Dollars, U. S. DP Dozen Pair DR Drum DT Dry Ton DZ Dozen E3 Inches, Fraction--Average E4 Inches, Fraction--Minimum E5 Inches, Fraction--Actual E7 Inches, Decimal--Average E8 Inches, Decimal--Actual E9 English, (Feet, Inches)EA Each EC Each per Month ED Inches, Decimal--Nominal EF Inches, Fraction-Nominal EG Double-time Hours EM Inches, Decimal-Minimum EP Eleven pack EV Envelope EX Feet, Inches and Fraction EY Feet, Inches and Decimal EZ Feet and Decimal F1 Thousand Cubic Feet Per Day The unit of measure of the rate of production of a gas F2 International Unit A unit accepted by an international agency; potency of a drug/vitamin based on a specific weight of that drug/vitamin F4 Minim An apothecary's fluid measure; 60 minims = 1 fluid gram (approx. 5 cc)F5 MOL Gram-molecular weight of a gas F9 Fibers per Cubic Centimeter of Air FA Fahrenheit FB Fields FC 1000 Cubic Feet FD Million Particles per Cubic Foot FF Hundred Cubic Meters A unit of metric volume equal to 131.0 cubic yards FG Transdermal Patch A drug delivery system which is placed on the skin and releases a drug at a constant rate through the skin FH Micromolar One millionth of a mole; a mole is a standard chemical unit FJ Sizing Factor FK Fibers FL Flake Ton FM Million Cubic Feet FO Fluid Ounce FP Pounds per Sq. Ft. FT Foot FZ Fluid Ounce (Imperial) A liquid unit of measure equal to 1/20 (.05) pint (Imperial), 28.416 cubic centimeters, or 28.416 milliliters G2 U. S. Gallons Per Minute Rate of flow G3 Imperial Gallons Per Minute Rate of flow G4 Gigabecquerel Unit of radiation equal to 27 millicuries GA Gallon GB Gallons/Day GC Grams per 100 Grams GD Gross Barrels GE Pounds per Gallon GF Grams per 100 Centimeters GG Great Gross (Dozen Gross)GH Half Gallon GI Imperial Gallons GJ Grams per Milliliter GK Grams per Kilogram GL Grams per Liter GM Grams per Sq. Meter GN Gross Gallons GO Milligrams per Square Meter GP Milligrams per Cubic Meter GQ Micrograms per Cubic Meter GR Gram GS Gross GT Gross Kilogram Represents kilograms of product and package or container GU Gauss per Oersteds GW Gallons Per Thousand Cubic Feet GX Grain A small unit of weight equal to 1/480 (.002083) troy ounce, or 0.0648 gram GY Gross Yard GZ Gage Systems H2 Half Liter Unit of capacity equal to 1/2 liter H4 Hectoliter Metric measure for 100 liters HB Hundred Boxes HC Hundred Count HD Half Dozen HE Hundredth of a Carat HF Hundred Feet HG Hectogram HH Hundred Cubic Feet HI Hundred Sheets HK Hundred Kilograms HL Hundred Feet - Linear HN Millimeters of Mercury HO Hundred Troy Ounces HP Millimeter H20 Unit of pressure HR Hours HS Hundred Square Feet HT Half Hour HU Hundred HV Hundred Weight (Short)HW Hundred Weight (Long)HY Hundred Yards IA Inch Pound Unit of torque IH Inhaler Metered-dose pressurized method of getting medication into the lungs or nasal passages IM Impressions IN Inch J2 Joule Per Kilogram Measure of specific energy JE Joule Per Kelvin Measure of heat capacity JG Joule per Gram Joule is unit of energy and gram is unit of mass JK Mega Joule per Kilogram \"\"Mega\"\" means \"\"millions\"\" and \"\"kilo\"\" means \"\"thousands\"\"JM Megajoule /Cubic Meter A megajoule is one million joules; conventional measurements for expressing the heating value available in a given volume of gas JO Joint JR Jar KG Kilogram KR Kiloroentgen Measure of radiation KS 1000 Pounds per Square Inch KW Kilograms per Millimeter KX Milliliters per Kilogram L2 Liters Per Minute Measure of the rate of flow LA Pounds Per Cubic Inch LB Pound LC Linear Centimeter LF Linear Foot LI Linear Inch LM Linear Meter LP Liquid Pounds LQ Liters Per Day Measure of liquid flow over a given time period LR Layer (s)LS Lump Sum LT Liter LX Linear Yards Per Pound LY Linear Yard M1 Milligrams per Liter M2 Millimeter-Actual M5 Microcurie M6 Millibar M7 Micro Inch M8 Mega Pascals M9 Million British Thermal Units per One Thousand Cubic Feet Represents conversion from a volume of gas to the heat value of the gas MB Millimeter-Nominal MC Microgram MD Air Dry Metric Ton ME Milligram MF Milligram per Sq. Ft." }, { "docid": "D1187631#0", "title": "https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictC.html\nHow Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Â© Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillTable of ContentsAbout the DictionaryUsing the DictionaryC", "text": "\"ca symbol for the speed of light. One of the fundamental principles of physics is that light always travels at the same speed in a vacuum, exactly 299 792 458 meters per second or about 670 617 300 miles per hour. Another fundamental principle is that no object can travel faster than light. At speeds that are large fractions of the speed of light, the theory of relativity predicts a variety of strange physical effects. In calculations involving relativity, speeds are customarily expressed as fractions of the speed of light, such as 0.95 c. C [1]the Roman numeral 100, sometimes used as a unit of quantity or as a prefix meaning 100, as in Cwt ( hundredweight) or CCF (100 cubic feet). C [2]a symbol for international standard paper sizes, followed by the size number, as in C4. The C series of sizes is used primarily for envelopes. A table of sizes is provided. C [3]a unit of relative current for batteries. For a particular battery, a current of 1C is a current in amperes numerically equal to the rated capacity of the battery in ampere hours." }, { "docid": "D665792#0", "title": "http://www.traditionaloven.com/tutorials/distance/convert-micro-meter-to-centimeter-cm.html\nlength conversion", "text": "Category: main menu • length menu • Micrometerslength conversion Amount: 1 micrometer (µm) of length Equals: 0.00010 centimeters (cm) in length Converting micrometer to centimeters value in the length units scale. TOGGLE : from centimeters into micrometers in the other way around.length from micrometer to centimeter Conversion Results: Enter a New micrometer Amount of length to Convert From* Whole numbers, decimals or fractions (ie: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8) * Precision is how many numbers after decimal point (1 - 9)Enter Amount : Decimal Precision : CONVERT : between other length measuring units - complete list. Conversion calculator for webmasters. Length, Distance, Height & Depth units Distance in the metric sense from any two A to Z points (interchangeable with Z and A), also applies to physical lengths, depths, heights or simply farness. Tool with multiple distance, depth and length measurement units. Convert length measuring units between micrometer (µm) and centimeters (cm) but in the other reverse direction from centimeters into micrometers.conversion result for length: From Symbol Equals Result To Symbol1 micrometer µm = 0.00010 centimeters cm Converter type: length units This online length from µm into cm converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals. First unit: micrometer (µm) is used for measuring length. Second: centimeter (cm) is unit of length.0.00010 cm is converted to 1 of what? The centimeters unit number 0.00010 cm converts to 1 µm, one micrometer. It is the EQUAL length value of 1 micrometer but in the centimeters length unit alternative." }, { "docid": "D2056657#0", "title": "http://nightclub54.com/1.1-centimeters-equals-41082-many-a126d-inches\n.", "text": "G 1. 1 5. PR has an endpoint at 25-5 and a midpoint of 18-1. What is the value of the x-coordinate of. The height of the backpack is 19. 5 inches, The figure below shows the length of side DC equal to 120 units and the length of side DB MA. 912 G. 5 3. 16. Look at the figure. What is the length of side AD A. 6 cm Learn about quality settings and how many images you can fit on your memory." }, { "docid": "D1581796#0", "title": "http://www.ehow.com/info_8562363_basic-mass-temperature-metric-system.html\nWhat Are the Basic Units of Length, Volume, Mass & Temperature in the Metric System?", "text": "\"Home »Physics What Are the Basic Units of Length, Volume, Mass & Temperature in the Metric System? By Chris Deziel; Updated January 30, 2018The metric system of measurement is so much easier to use than the British Imperial system -- which is somehow still in use in the United States in 2018 -- that every country in the world except three has adopted it. Even the United Kingdom has made the change. Instead of the 12 gradation units of the imperial system, the metric system is based on gradations of 10 and powers of 10. This makes it simple to express fractions of a unit in decimal form. To make expressing measurements even easier, metric units contain prefixes to denote the power. TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)The metric system measures mass in grams or kilograms, distance in meters or kilometers, and volume in liters. It measures temperature in Kelvin or Celsius degrees instead of the Fahrenheit degrees used in the imperial system. The Basic Unit for Mass The metric system measures mass in grams. When the term was first introduced, it was intended to refer to the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4 degrees Celsius, but today it is based on a reference weight kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris, France." }, { "docid": "D1394137#0", "title": "https://brownmath.com/bsci/convert.htm\nHow to Convert Units of Measurement", "text": "Brown Math.com → Business/Science → Converting Units Updated 2 May 2017 ( What’s New? ) How to Convert Units of Measurement Copyright © 2000–2017 by Stan Brown Summary: You can convert units easily and accurately with one simple rule: just multiply the old measurement by a carefully chosen form of the number 1 . This page explains how to choose, with lots of examples. Contents: Introduction The Big Secret Multiply by 1Is This Really Multiplying by 1? Be Reasonable!How to Pick a “1”Where to Find Conversion Factors Chaining Conversions Compound Units Example 1: miles per hour to kilometers per hour Example 2: miles per second to miles per hour Example 3: kilometers/hour to meters per second Example 4: square feet to square meters Recap of the Procedure But My Calculator Has a “Convert” Key!Some Troubles Temperatures Impossible Conversions Practice Problems What’s New Introduction If you’re in a car moving at 60 miles an hour, is that faster or slower than 60 feet per second? If you want to convert 60 miles to kilometers, the conversion factor is 1.61, but do you multiply or divide? Everybody finds these questions confusing, not just students. Yet if you use a little algebra, they are easy to answer. You can do any conversion, quickly and reliably. This article shows you how." }, { "docid": "D2604922#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-unit-for-wavelength\nWhat is the unit for wavelength?", "text": "Heather Jones, Ph D from Carnegie Mellon University (2016)Answered Apr 15, 2017There are already great answers here about what units you should use now if you want to talk about wavelength. However, not all old sources used nm or μm to talk about different wavelengths of light. In looking up the optical properties of materials under various wavelengths of light, I came across an old source which used the mμ, or millimicron which is apparently an obsolete way of writing nanometer (nm) [1]. Not to be confused with μm…I also saw the unit cm^ (-1), which confused me. It almost looks like a measure of length, but not quite. The unit cm^ (-1) is apparently the reciprocal centimeter, or the number of wave cycles in one cm. So it is not a measure of wavelength, it’s a measure of frequency. It apparently gives a more manageable number than using Hz for frequencies in the infrared range [2].the definition of millimicron Infrared Spectroscopy5.6k Views · View Upvoters Related Questions More Answers Below What is the SI unit for a wavelength of light? What is the wavelength formula and unit? What is the SI unit of a wavelength? How is refraction wavelength?" }, { "docid": "D329899#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/23295874/phys101-1-intro-to-physic-standard-unit-of-measure-flash-cards/\nPHYS101-1 Intro to Physic & Standard Unit of Measure", "text": "\"76 terms ruby20gray Dimension PHYS101-1 Intro to Physic & Standard Unit of Measure Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort The use of knowledge in an organized and classified manner. Science The study of the universe and its contents. Natural Science Speed, Rate of the change of position of an object over time Velocity Rate of change of velocity over time Acceleration Property of matter that resists its change in motion. The tendency of a resting body to remain at rest, and the tendency of a body moving at a constant speed in a straight line to continue its state of motion Inertia Push or pull of an object Newton (N) is the SI (System International) unit of force Force What is the difference between Velocity and Speed? Velocity has direction. Quantity of matter contained in a body. Mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. The greater the mass, the greater the external force needed for its motion Mass The branch of physical science that studies matter and energy, and their interrelationships Physics The study of non living matter Physical Sciences The study of living matter Biological Sciences Comprises the systematic collection of facts, the study of their interrelationship, and the drawing of valid conclusions from the resulting data The Scientific Method Who developed Laws of Motion?" }, { "docid": "D1693544#0", "title": "http://www.honolulu.hawaii.edu/instruct/natsci/science/brill/sci122/SciLab/L5/measure.html\nLaboratory", "text": "\"Science 122Laboratory Lab 5Measurements Contents Introduction Measuring Measuring Time Significant Figures Arithmetic Rounding Units Uncertainty Percent error Percent Difference Accuracy vs. Precision Introduction: Measure for Measure All experiments to be performed in this laboratory require one or more measurements . A measurement is defined as the ratio of the magnitude (how much) of any quantity to a standard value. The standard value is called a unit. A measurement of any kind requires both a magnitude and a unit. By their nature, measurements can never be done perfectly. Part of the error in making measurements may be due to the skill of the person making the measurement, but even the most skillful among us cannot make the perfect measurement. Basically this is because no matter how small we make the divisions on our ruler (using distance as an example) we can never be sure that the thing we are measuring lines up perfectly with one of the marks. To put it another way, no matter how fine the measurement, there are always more decimal places that we must estimate. Therefore the judgment of the person doing the measurement plays a significant role in the accuracy and precision of the measurement. Typically we measure simple quantities of only three types, mass, length, and time." }, { "docid": "D1502434#0", "title": "http://www.homeschoolmath.net/teaching/f/multiplying_area.php\nFraction Multiplication and Area", "text": "Fraction Multiplication and Area This fifth grade lesson explores the area of a rectangle with fractional side lengths. We tile the rectangle with unit rectangles, and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying the side lengths. We multiply fractional side lengths to find areas of rectangles. What is the area of this rectangle? Notice, its side lengths are fractional (1/2 inch and 2/3 inch). Let’s extend its sides and draw a square inch around it. Surely the area of our rectangle is less than a half square inch. But how much is the area exactly? To solve this problem, let’s draw a grid inside our square inch: Now it is easy to see that the area of the colored rectangle is exactly 2/6 or 1/3 of the square inch. ( Why?" }, { "docid": "D2498008#0", "title": "http://www.howcast.com/videos/395041-How-to-Read-a-Tape-Measure/\nHow to Read a Tape Measure", "text": "How to Read a Tape Measure Don't let all those little lines dissuade you from using a tape measure. Follow these guidelines to help you in reading all of those little ruler marks. How to Read a Tape Measure Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:33Up next in Home Repair & DIYHow to Operate a Snow Blower Safely How to Use a Multimeter How to Use an Air Compressor How to Unstick Rusted Nuts and Bolts How to Use a Framing Square How to Put Together the Perfect Home Tool Kit How to Build a White Picket Fence How to Learn the Basics of Bricklaying How to Hang a Hammock between Two Palm Trees Instructions You will need A tape measure Step 1 Recognize the marks on the top Recognize the marks on the top of the tape measure. The black numbers are inches and the red numbers are feet. Quick Tip: There are 12 inches in a foot. Step 2 Identify the shorter marks Identify the shorter marks between the inch marks, divided into fractions of an inch. Quick Tip: Most tape measures are divided into 16ths of an inch. Therefore, there are 15 lines between the inch marks, all representing 1/16 of an inch. Step 3 Look for special markings Look for special markings every 16 inches." }, { "docid": "D3245984#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090805090634AAVQZGV\nWhat number is the metric system based on?", "text": "Science & Mathematics Mathematics What number is the metric system based on? Follow 8 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: The metric system is all units of tens. But, it is based on measurement of the earth, originally. The meter was a fraction of the circumference of the earth. Today it is based on a wavelength of light, to be more precise. Time is a measurement of things occurring such as revolutions and rotations of the earth. temperature is based on the freezing point and the boiling point of water, something everyone on earth has, with 100 divisions between the two. mass ( 1 gram) is the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water., giving the density of water one. Density=mass/volume 1=1/1science teacher · 9 years ago0 0 Comment10Rev. ·" }, { "docid": "D1423961#0", "title": "http://www.chemteam.info/Electrons/LightEquations1.html\n.", "text": "\"Two Equations Governing Light's Behavior: Part One λν = c Wavelength-Frequency Problems #1 - 10 Go to Part Two of Light Equations Wavelength-Frequency Problems #11 - 20 Return to Electrons in Atoms menu There are two equations concerning light that are usually taught in high school. Typically, both are taught without any derivation as to why they are the way they are. That is what I will do in the following. Equation Number One: λν = c Brief historical note: I am not sure who wrote this equation (or its equivalent) first. The wave theory of light has its origins in the late 1600's and was developed mathematically starting in the early 1800's. It was James Clerk Maxwell, in the 1860's, who first predicted that light was an electromagnetic wave and computed (rather than measured) its speed. By the way, the proof that light's speed was finite was published in 1676 and the first reliable measurements of the speed of light, ones that were very close to the modern value, took place in the late 1850's. Each symbol in the equation is discussed below. Also, right before the examples, there is a mention of the two main types of problems teachers will ask using the equation. I encourage you to take a close look at that section.1) λ is the Greek letter lambda and it stands for the wavelength of light." }, { "docid": "D3050886#0", "title": "http://feliciasoriginals.com/conversions.htm\nUK Ring Sizes & Conversion Charts", "text": "\"There is no substitute for having your finger measured professionally, but it's not an exact Science. Our fingers change in size from morning to evening, month to month and even Winter to Summer. The following Chart is helpful to see how the sizes are compiled. Inside Inside Inside Inside Number Sizes Wheat Sheaf Diameter Diameter Circumference Circumference US/Canada British Japanese Swiss (inches) (mm) (inches) (mm) Standard Irish Equivalent Equivalent Australian Equivalent0.458 11.6 1.438 36.5 00.466 11.8 1.463 37.2 1/40.474 12.0 1.488 37.8 1/2 A0.482 12.2 1.513 38.4 3/4 A 1/20.490 12.4 1.539 39.1 1 B 10.498 12.6 1.564 39.7 1 1/4 B 1/20.506 12.9 1.589 40.4 1 1/2 C0.514 13.1 1.614 41.0 1 3/4 C 1/20.522 13.3 1.639 41.6 2 D 2 1.500.530 13.5 1.664 42.3 2 1/4 D 1/20.538 13.7 1.689 42.9 2 1/2 E 3 2.750.546 13.9 1.714 43.5 2 3/4 E 1/20.554 14.1 1.740 44.2 3 F 4 4.000.562 14.3 1.765 44.8 3 1/4 F 1/2 5 5.250.570 14.5 1.790 45.5 3 1/2 G0.578 14.7 1.815 46.1 3 3/4 G 1/2 6 6.500.586 14.9 1.840 46.7 4 H 70.594 15.1 1.865 47.4 4 1/4 H 1/2 7.750.602 15.3 1.890 48.0 4 1/2 I 80.610 15.5 1.915 48.7 4 3/4 J 9.000.618 15.7 1.941 49.3 5 J 1/2 90.626 15.9 1.966 49.9 5 1/4 K 10.000.634 16.1 1.991 50.6 5 1/2 K 1/2 100.642 16.3 2.016 51.2 5 3/4 L 11.750.650 16.5 2.041 51.8 6 L 1/2 11 12.750.658 16.7 2.066 52.5 6 1/4 M 120.666 16.9 2.091 53.1 6 1/2 M 1/2 13 14.000.674 17.1 2.116 53.8 6 3/4 N0.682 17.3 2.141 54.4 7 N 1/2 14 15.250.690 17.5 2.167 55.0 7 1/4 O0.698 17.7 2.192 55.7 7 1/2 O 1/2 15 16.500.706 17.9 2.217 56.3 7 3/4 P0.714 18.1 2.242 56.9 8 P 1/2 16 17.750.722 18.3 2.267 57.6 8 1/4 Q0.730 18.5 2.292 58.2 8 1/2 Q 1/2 170.738 18.7 2.317 58.9 8 3/4 R 190.746 18.9 2.342 59.5 9 R 1/2 180.754 19.2 2.368 60.1 9 1/4 S 20.250.762 19.4 2.393 60.8 9 1/2 S 1/2 190.770 19.6 2.418 61.4 9 3/4 T 21.50.778 19.8 2.443 62.1 10 T 1/2 200.786 20.0 2.468 62.7 10 1/4 U 210.794 20.2 2.493 63.3 10 1/2 U 1/2 22 22.750.802 20.4 2.518 64.0 10 3/4 V0.810 20.6 2.543 64.6 11 V 1/2 230.818 20.8 2.569 65.2 11 1/4 W 250.826 21.0 2.594 65.9 11 1/2 W 1/2 240.834 21.2 2.619 66.5 11 3/4 X0.842 21.4 2.644 67.2 12 X 1/2 25 27.500.850 21.6 2.669 67.8 12 1/4 Y0.858 21.8 2.694 68.4 12 1/2 Z 26 28.750.866 22.0 2.719 69.1 12 3/4 Z 1/20.874 22.2 2.744 69.7 13 270.882 22.4 2.769 70.3 13 1/4 Z10.890 22.6 2.795 71.0 13 1/20.898 22.8 2.820 71.6 13 3/4 Z20.906 23.0 2.845 72.3 14 Z30.914 23.2 2.870 72.9 14 1/40.922 23.4 2.895 73.5 14 1/2 Z40.930 23.6 2.920 74.2 14 3/40.938 23.8 2.945 74.8 150.946 24.0 2.970 75.4 15 1/40.954 24.2 2.996 76.1 15 1/20.962 24.4 3.021 76.7 15 3/40.970 24.6 3.046 77.4 16Use the PDF to excel converter if this chart doesn't print all on one page for you!Capacity Measure Conversions Metric to American 1 milliliter = 0.338 fluid ounces 1 liter = 1.057 liquid quarts or 0.9081 dry quarts 1 kiloliter = 264.18 gallons or 28.38 bushels American to Metric ( Liquid) 1 fluid ounce = 0.0296 liter 1 gill = 0.1183 liters 1 cup = 0.2366 liters 1 pint = 0.4732 liters 1 quart = 0.9464 liters 1 gallon = 3.7854 liters American to Metric ( Dry) 1 pint = 0.5506 liters 1 quart = 1.1012 liters 1 peck = 8.8098 liters 1 bushel = 35.2390 liters Converting from Grams Use this reference when using balances and scales to convert from grams to other units. To Convert To: Multiply by: Carats 5.0Pennyweight 0.6430149Troy Ounces 0.03215075Avoirdupois Ounces 0.03527396Grains 15.43236Inches to Millimeters To convert inches to millimeters: Starting with a fraction: divide the numerator by the denominator to get a decimal. Multiply the decimal by 25.4 to get the millimeters. Example: start with 5/8\"\": 5 ÷ 8 = .625 x 25.4 = 15.875mm To convert millimeters to inches: Multiply the millimeter size by .03937 to get the inch equivalent. Example: start with 16mm: 16 x .03937 = .62992\"\" (5/8\"\")inches decimals milimeters1/64 0.01563 0.396881/32 0.03125 0.793751/16 0.0625 1.58751/8 0.125 3.1751/4 0.250 6.351/2 0.50 12.71 1.00 25.4American Wire Gauge (AWG) Diameter (inches) Diameter (mm) Cross Sectional Area (mm 2)0000 0.46 11.68 107.16000 0.4096 10.40 84.9700 0.3648 9.27 67.400 0.3249 8.25 53.461 0.2893 7.35 42.392 0.2576 6.54 33.613 0.2294 5.83 26.654 0.2043 5.19 21.145 0.1819 4.62 16.766 0.162 4.11 13.297 0.1443 3.67 10.558 0.1285 3.26 8.369 0.1144 2.91 6.6310 0.1019 2.59 5.2611 0.0907 2.30 4.1712 0.0808 2.05 3.3113 0.072 1.83 2.6314 0.0641 1.63 2.0815 0.0571 1.45 1.6516 0.0508 1.29 1.3117 0.0453 1.15 1.0418 0.0403 1.02 0.8219 0.0359 0.91 0.6520 0.032 0.81 0.5221 0.0285 0.72 0.4122 0.0254 0.65 0.3323 0.0226 0.57 0.2624 0.0201 0.51 0.2025 0.0179 0.45 0.1626 0.0159 0.40 0.13Linear Measure Conversions Metric to English 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches 1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 meter = 3.2808 feet 1 kilometer = 0.621 miles English to Metric 1 mil = 0.0254 millimeters 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 foot = 0.3048 meters 1 yard = 0.9144 meters 1 rod = 5.029 meters 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometers Measurement Conversion Table To convert from to multiply by Avoirdupois ounces troy ounces .91146grams 28.3495dwt 18.2291Avoirdupois pounds grams 453.592dwt 291.666troy ounces 14.583Carats grains 3.0865dwt .12860grams .2Cubic centimeters cubic inches .061fluid ounces .0338Cubic inches cubic centimeters 16.387fluid ounces .554dwts (pennyweights) carats 7.776grams 1.5552troy ounces .05avoirdupois ounces .05486Feet meters .3048Fluid ounces cubic centimeters 29.5737cubic inches 1.80469Grains carats .324grams .0648dwt .04167carats 5.0dwt .64301troy ounces .03215Inches millimeters 25.40meters .0254Kilograms avoirdupois ounces 2.2046troy ounces 32.1507dwt 643.014pounds 2.20Meters feet 3.2808Millimeters inches .03937Pounds kilograms .4535Troy Ounces grams 31.1035avoirdupois ounces 14.583dwt 20avoirdupois pounds .06857Measurement Equivalents1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters (dm) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000 millimeters (mm)1 meter (m) = 0.1 decameter (dkm) = 0.01 hectometer (hm) = 0.001 kilometer (km)1 meter (m) = 39.37 in., U. S. Standard = 39.370113 in., British Standard1 millimeter (mm) = 1000 microns (µ) = 0.03937 in." }, { "docid": "D1453740#0", "title": "http://www.aaamath.com/mea69x10.htm\n.", "text": "Metric Length Learn Contents and Search Practice Next Lesson Play Previous Lesson Explore Feedback Converting Metric Units The metric system has prefix modifiers that are multiples of 10. A kilometer is 1000 meters A hectometer is 100 meters A decameter is 10 meters A meter is the basic unit of length A decimeter is 1/10 meter A centimeter is 1/100 meter A millimeter is 1/1000 meter As we move down the units, the next unit is one tenth as long. As we move upward, each unit is 10 times as long. One hundred millimeters, which is 1/10 meter (100/1000=1/10) are larger than one centimeter (1/100th meter). Return to Top Practice Convert the Metric Length Units You have correct and incorrect. This is percent correct. Return to Top Tell Others About This Site Play Game What is it? Best Score How many correct answers can you get in 60 seconds? Extra time is awarded for each correct answer. Play longer by getting more correct." }, { "docid": "D2718839#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_metric_unit_would_you_use_to_measure_the_circumference_of_a_dinner_plate\nWhat metric unit would you use to measure the circumference of a dinner plate?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Science Math and Arithmetic What metric unit would you use to measure the circumference of a dinner plate? Flag What metric unit would you use to measure the circumference of a dinner plate? Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. Centimeters. Meters would be too large, and decimeters aren't often used.. You could potentially use decimeters, but centimeters would work better.3 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Avasquz 1 Contribution If you were measuring mass what metric unit of measurement would you use?grams (or kilograms) or kilometer Lorddemise1 11 Contributions What metric unit would you use to measure? Different measurements:. Mass/Weight= grams (g). Volume= liters (L). Length= meters (m)Circumference of a dinner plate in metric unit?the circumference of a dinner plat means how to measure a dinner plate with a round object so you could use a bendy ruler." }, { "docid": "D632301#0", "title": "http://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-the-Case-Cube-of-a-Box\nHow to Calculate the Case Cube of a Box", "text": "\"Edit Article How to Calculate the Case Cube of a Box In the wholesale purchasing and shipping industry, a “case cube” is a measurement denoting how much space a case of any given item will take up in your warehouse. The case cube may be measured in cubic feet or cubic meters. If you know the dimensions of a case, you can easily find the case cube in order to plan out how to organize your warehouse!Quick Overview To find the case cube of a box in cubic feet, first measure its length, width, and height in inches. Next, multiply all 3 figures together, then divide the result by 1728 to get your case cube measurement in cubic feet. To learn how to find the case cube in cubic meters, keep reading!Did this summary help you? Yes No Steps1 Measure the length, width and height of a single unit in either inches or meters. Whichever unit of measurement you use, measure all dimensions in the same unit of measurement. You could also measure the unit in centimeters, but converting centimeters cubed to meters cubed (the final measurement) can be very cumbersome. Instead, divide the centimeter measurements by 100 to convert them to meters before you move on. The word \"\"unit\"\" refers to whatever quantity the item is being sold/packaged in." } ]
9172	a collection of organs whose primary function is movement	[ { "docid": "D2179286#0", "title": "http://savannahthecell.weebly.com/organ-systems.html\nSkeletal System", "text": "Skeletal System The Skeletal system is the organ system whose primary function is to support and protect the body and to allow the body to move. The average adult has 206 bones. Bones help support and protect parts of your body. Bones also help your body maintain homestasis by storing minerals and making blood cells. The major organs of the Skeletal system are the bones. Muscular System The Muscular system is the organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility. The muscular system is made up of the muscles that let you move. There are three kinds of muscle in your body. Smooth muscle moves food through the digestive system. Cardiac muscle pumps blood throughout the body." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1397315#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union\nTrade union", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Labor leader\"\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Labour Leader. \"\" Labour union\"\" redirects here. For the Polish political party, see Labour Union (Poland). For the British political party, see Labour Union (UK). For the Canadian political party, see Union Labour. For the album by King Syze, see The Labor Union. Part of a series on Organized labour Labour movement [show]Labour rights [show]Trade unions [hide]Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTUStrike action [show]Labour parties [show]Academic disciplines [show]v t e A trade union or trades union, also called a labour union ( Canada) or labor union ( US ), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers. [ 1] The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts ( collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is \"\"maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment \"\". [" }, { "docid": "D2087331#0", "title": "http://anatomyeshs.wikispaces.com/Ch.10+Somatic+%26+Special+Senses\nCh.10 Somatic and Special Senses", "text": "Ch.10 Somatic and Special Senses10.1 -Introduction Somatic Senses Somatic Senses are the the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that receive and interpret sensory information from organs in the joints, ligaments, muscles, and skin. This system processes information about the length, degree of stretch, tension, and contraction of muscles; pain; temperature; pressure; and joint position. Special Senses Special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin. Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for humans to experience and interact with the environment.-vision (the eye)-hearing and balance (ears)-sound (nose)-taste (the tongue)Sensory Receptors function to detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain Thalia Martin-Williams10.2 Receptors and Sensations Sensory Receptors are categorized into 5 types according to their sensitivities: Chemoreceptors: Stimulated by changes in the chemical concentration of substances Painreceptors: Stimulated by tissue damage Thermoreceptors: Stimulated by changes in temperature Mechanoreceptors: Stimulated by changes in pressure or movement Photoreceptors: Stimulated by light energy Sensations: A sensation is a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses The nerve impulses that travel away from the receptors into the central nervous system are similar, because of this the resulting sensation depends on what part of the brain recieves the impulse. The cerebral cortex causes the sensation to seem to come from the stimulated receptors. This is called Projection, because the brain projects the sensation to its apparent source. This allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation. Sensory Adaptation: Sensory Adaptation is the ability to ignore unimportant stimuli. This is important because the brain needs a way to prioritize the sensory input it recieves or it would be overwhelmed with unimportant information. Sensory Adapation may involve receptors becoming unresponsive (peripheral adaptation) or inhibition along the central nervous system pathways leading to the sensory regions of the cerebral cortex.10.3 Somatic Senses Somatic senses are associated with receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera (organs within the body)." }, { "docid": "D147801#0", "title": "http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap14/Chapter_14.html\n.", "text": "\"Animal development: Gastrulation Animal development: Neurulation and organogenesis Gastrulation\"\"It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation , which is truly the most important time in your life. \"\" Lewis Wolpert (1986)During gastrulation, cell movements result in a massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism. During gastrulation, many of the cells at or near the surface of the embryo move to a new, more interior location. The primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are formed and organized in their proper locations during gastrulation. Endoderm, the most internal germ layer, forms the lining of the gut and other internal organs. Ectoderm , the most exterior germ layer, forms skin, brain, the nervous system, and other external tissues. Mesoderm, the the middle germ layer, forms muscle, the skeletal system, and the circulatory system. This fate map diagram of a Xenopus blastula shows cells whose fate is to become ectoderm in blue and green, cells whose fate is to become mesoderm in red, and cells whose fate is to become endoderm in yellow . Notice that the cells that will become endoderm are NOT internal!from LIFE: The Science of Biology, Purves et al, 1998Although the details of gastrulation differ between various groups of animals, the cellular mechanisms involved in gastrulation are common to all animals. Gastrulation involves changes in cell motility, cell shape, and cell adhesion." }, { "docid": "D1790272#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain\nBrain", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from The Brain)navigation search This article is about the brains of all types of animals, including humans. For information specific to the human brain, see Human brain. For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation) and Brains (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Brane. Brain A chimpanzee brain Identifiers Me SH D001921Neuro Names 21TA A14.1.03.001FMA 50801Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15–33 billion neurons, [1] each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells. Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body." }, { "docid": "D2399114#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/sociology-1/theoretical-perspectives-in-sociology-24/the-conflict-perspective-156-974/\nTheoretical Perspectives in Sociology", "text": "Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Social theories draw the connections between seemingly disparate concepts in order to help us understand the world around us. Learning Objectives Analyze why theory is important for sociological research Key Takeaways Key Points Theories have two components: data, and and the explanation of relationships between concepts that are measured by the data. A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts, often cause and effect. Sociologists develop theories to explain social phenomena. Sociological theory is developed at multiple levels, ranging from grand theory to highly contextualized and specific micro-range theories. Key Termscause and effect: Cause and effect (also written as cause-effect or cause/effect) refers to the philosophical concept of causality, in which an action or event will produce a certain response to the action in the form of another event.anomie: Alienation or social instability caused by erosion of standards and values.sociological theory: A theory is a statement as to how and why particular facts are related. In sociology, sociological perspectives, theories, or paradigms are complex theoretical and methodological frameworks, used to analyze and explain objects of social study, and facilitate organizing sociological knowledge. Sociologists develop theories to explain social phenomena. A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts. In other words, a theory is an explanation for why a phenomenon occurs." }, { "docid": "D3245167#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch-14-spinal-cord-and-spinal-nerves/deck/12738209\nCh. 14 Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves", "text": "When you step on a jellyfish with your right foot, the ___ side of the brain sends the impulse to lift your right footleft The sciatic nerve is actually composed of two divisions wrapped in a common sheath. What are the two divisions? Gluteal and pudendal Femoral and tibial Tibial and common fibular Tibial and common fibular_____ of spinal nerves arises from the coccygeal region. One pair Two pair Three pair Four pair One pair The type (s) of sensory information transmitted along the anterolateral pathway include ____. Precise pressure Pain and temperature Discriminative touch Proprioceptive, limb position Crude touch and pressure Pain and temperature Crude touch and pressure In terms of their functional classification, secondary and tertiary neurons are ____, whereas primary neurons are ____ ____.interneurons/ sensory neurons Nervous system pathways conduct... Motor impulses Both sensory information and motor impulses Either sensory information or motor impulses Sensory information Either sensory information or motor impulses A third-order neuron Is the shortest neuron in either a sensory or a motor pathway Is the third neuron in a motor pathway Is an interneuron Is the third neuron in a somatosensoy pathway A collection of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system is a called a ____. Each funiculus contains both ____ and _____ tracts Myelinated/unmyelinated Ascending/descending Lateral/collateral Motor/sensory The nerves emerging from a sacral plexus innervate the ____ region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, and almost all of the ____. Abdominal/small intestine Pubic/anterior thigh Gluteal/leg and foot All upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tracts pass through the ____ of the medulla oblongata. Nerve plexuses are organized such that axons from each ____ extend o body structures through several different branches. Posterior ramus Anterior ramus Lateral ramus Collateral ramus What are characteristic of somatosensory pathways? They are all ascending pathways Each pathway transmits information to different regions of the brain The sensation of an itch and discriminative touch are transmitted in the same pathway." }, { "docid": "D1193142#0", "title": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms165911.aspx\nGlossary", "text": "\"Glossary Other Versions Applies To: SQL Server 2016Terms Term Definitionaction An end-user-initiated operation on a selected cube or portion of a cube. Active X Data Objects A data access interface that communicates with OLE DB-compliant data sources to connect to, retrieve, manipulate, and update data. Active X Data Objects (Multidimensional) A high-level, language-independent set of object-based data access interfaces optimized for multidimensional data applications.adapter host The root abstract class Adapter, which defines the handshake between the adapter and the Stream Insight server in the ENQUEUE interaction point. It provides all the required adapter services such as memory management, and exception handling. ADO A data access interface that communicates with OLE DB-compliant data sources to connect to, retrieve, manipulate, and update data. ADO MD A high-level, language-independent set of object-based data access interfaces optimized for multidimensional data applications. ADOMD. NET A . NET managed data provider that provides access to multidimensional data sources, such as Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services.aggregate function A function that performs a calculation on multiple values and returns a single value.aggregate query A query (SQL statement) that summarizes information from multiple rows by including an aggregate function such as Sum or Avg.aggregation A table or structure containing pre-calculated data for an online analytical processing (OLAP) cube. Aggregations support the rapid and efficient querying of a multidimensional database.aggregation prefix A string that is combined with a system-defined ID to create a unique name for a partition's aggregation table.aggregation wrapper A wrapper that encapsulates a COM object within another COM object.alias An alternative label for some object, such as a file or data collection.alias type A user-defined data type based on one of the SQL Server system data types that can specify a certain data type, length, and nullability.alignment A condition whereby an index is built on the same partition scheme as that of its corresponding table.allocation unit A set of pages that can be operated on as a whole." }, { "docid": "D2494945#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/32443150/biology-flash-cards/\nBiology", "text": "\"184 terms madipowers Biology Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sortthe correct sequence for levels of biological organization within an organism? Atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue Which is the correct sequence for levels of biological organization occurring beyond the individual? Population - community - ecosystem - biosphere To be considered a living organism, the organism must consist of: One or more cells Organisms that extract energy from nonliving environments are called Autotrophs Organisms that obtain energy by eating nutrients that make up other organisms are called: Heterotrophsnot a required characteristic of life? Movement The correct sequence of taxonomic categories beginning with domain in descending order is: Kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species The four kingdoms included in the domain Eukarya are Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia Which of the following is not a true statement about the scientific method? It does not apply to problems encountered in everyday life Which of the following is not true about a hypothesis? It can be proven to be true In an experimental procedure, what is manipulated by the investigator to determine whether it influences the phenomenon of interest is the: Independent variable Which of the following would not be a \"\"control\"\" in an experimental procedure? An experimental group A structure consisting of tissues organized to carry out a specific function defines a (an): Organ An ecosystem would include all of the following except:. A biosphere Homeostasis means: That conditions remain within a constant range All ecosystems: Need a continuous outside energy source Which class do humans belong to?" }, { "docid": "D1051434#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/75961651/group-dynamics-flash-cards/\nGroup Dynamics", "text": "\"188 terms tashatindle Group Dynamics Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort When did Group Dynamics gain its prominence and why? Early 1940's; Thanks to the depression, rise of dictatorship in Europe, and the second world war. What 2 questions does GD answer? The first was the drive to strengthen democracy by using the scientific method to strengthen groups. The second was the application of group dynamics and research to deriving methods of training leaders and group members in the social skills needed to promote effective functioning of democratic groups. Who was Norman Triplet? Indiana University psychological - 1898 Racing Board of the League of American Wheelmen Observed that cyclists' times were faster when they were racing against each their than when they simply raced against the clock. Research on Social facilitation-impairment, social interdependence and social loafing This lead to simple vs. complex tasks with an audience." }, { "docid": "D1810099#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/document/146929874/Dictionary-of-Military-and-Associated-Terms\nJoint Publication 1-02", "text": "Joint Publication 1-02Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms8 November 2010 (As Amended Through 15 April 2013) PREFACE1. Scope The Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms sets forth standard US military and associated terminology to encompass the joint activity of the Armed Forces of the United States. These military and associated terms, together with their definitions, constitute approved Department of Defense (DOD) terminology for general use by all DOD components.2. Purpose This publication supplements standard English-language dictionaries and standardizes military and associated terminology to improve communication and mutual understanding within DOD, with other federal agencies, and among the United States and its allies.3. Application This publication applies to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Services, the Joint Staff, combatant commands, DOD agencies, and all other DOD components. It is the primary terminology source when preparing correspondence, to include policy, strategy, doctrine, and planning documents. Criteria for inclusion of terminology in JP 1-02 is enumerated in Department of Defense Instruction (DODI) 5025.12, Standardization of Military and Associated Terminology, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 5705.01, Standardization of Military and Associated Terminology.4. Publication Format This edition of JP 1-02 has been published in two basic parts:a. Terms and definitions. These are annotated with the source publication.b." }, { "docid": "D2733688#0", "title": "http://www.alsa.org/research/our-approach/glossary.html\nGlossary of Terms Index Page", "text": "\"Home > Our Research > Our Approach > Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms Index Page A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| G \| H \| I \| J \| K \| L \| M \| N \| O \| P \| Q \| R \| S \| T \| U \| V \| W \| X \| Y \| Zacetylcholine A chemical in the brain that acts as a neurotransmitter.action tremor A tremor that increases when the hand is moving voluntarily.activities of daily living (ADLs)Personal care activities necessary for everyday living, such as eating, bathing, grooming, dressing, and using the toilet; a term often used by healthcare professionals to assess the need and/or type of care a person may require.advance directives Documents (such as a Living Will) completed and signed by a person who is legally competent to explain wishes for medical care should he or she become unable to make those decisions at a later time.agitation A non-specific symptom of one or more physical, or psychological processes in which screaming, shouting, complaining, moaning, cursing, pacing, fidgeting or wandering pose risk or discomfort, become disruptive or unsafe or interfere with the delivery of care.agonist A drug that increases neurotransmitter activity by directly stimulating the nerve cell receptors.akinesia No movement. ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)A chronic, progressive disease marked by gradual degeneration of the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. The disorder causes muscle weakness and atrophy; symptoms commonly appear in middle to late adulthood, with death in two to five years. The cause is unknown, and there is no known cure. Also called Lou Gehrig's Disease, or Motor Neuron Disease. Literally, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis means without muscle nourishment, side (of spinal cord) hardening. Alzheimer's Disease A form of degenerative brain disease resulting in progressive mental deterioration with disorientation, memory disturbance and confusion. Alzheimer's leads to progressive dementia, often accompanied by dysphasia and/or dyspraxia. The condition may also give rise ultimately to spastic weakness and paralysis of the limbs, epilepsy and other variable neurological signs.amino acid One of the 20 building blocks of protein.antibody A defense protein that binds to foreign molecules to allow elimination of the foreign molecule.antigen Substances that are capable of causing the production of antibodies. Antigens may or may not lead to an allergic reaction.antioxidant A chemical compound or substance that inhibits oxidation.arteriogram (angiogram)An X-ray scan of arteries going to and through the brain." }, { "docid": "D1374341#0", "title": "http://www.buzzle.com/articles/botany-terms-glossary-of-botanical-terms.html\nBotany Terms - Glossary of Botanical Terms", "text": "Botany Terms - Glossary of Botanical Terms Following is the glossary of botanical terms and definitions with a complete compilation of botany terms for your reference. Tagged Under: Glossaries Advertisement The study of plants and their related structures is what makes up the field of botany. Most plants are self-sufficient, autotrophic organisms. However, there are so many variations that are present even in plants, be it in their structure, size, color, or mode of nutrition. These numerous variations, in their phenotypic (outwardly visible) traits as well as their genotype, has made people study this group since centuries, thus, making botany one of the oldest sciences, rivaling astronomy today. Botany has formed the basis on which, the study of plants and consequently, living organisms was done. It was the plants present in his backyard that inspired Gregor Johann Mendel to propose the first laws of genetic inheritance, that are studied even to this day. The importance of this science cannot be stressed enough, as today, all living organisms owe their existence to plants, either directly or indirectly. If it weren't for these green beings, we wouldn't have had oxygen to breathe, nor fruits to eat! Plants are of various types, ranging from edible with medicinal properties, to downright poisonous." }, { "docid": "D433569#0", "title": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Manuel_Castells\nManuel Castells", "text": "\" [ hide]Your continued donations keep Wikiquote running!Manuel Castellsnavigation search The Internet is, above all else, a cultural creation. Manuel Castells (born 1942) is a sociologist especially associated with information society and communication research. Since 2008 he has been a member of the governing board of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. Contents [ hide ]1 Quotes1.1 Urban renewal and social conflict in Paris, 19721.2 The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach, 19771.3 City, Class and Power, 19781.4 The City and the Grassroots, 19831.5 Modernity — An Incomplete Project, 19831.6 The Rise of the Network Society, 19961.7 The Power of Identity (1997)1.8 End of Millennium, 19981.9 Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society (2000)1.10 The Internet Galaxy - Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society (2001)1.10.1 Chapter 1, Lessons from the History of the Internet1.10.2 Chapter 2, The Culture of the Internet1.10.3 Chapter 3, e-Business and the New Economy1.10.4 Chapter 4, Virtual Communities or Network Society?1.10.5 Chapter 5, Computer Networks and Civil Society1.10.6 Chapter 6, Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace1.10.7 Chapter 7, Multimedia and the Internet1.10.8 Chapter 8, The Geography of the Internet1.10.9 Chapter 9, The Digital Divide in a Global Perspective1.10.10 Conclusion, The Challenges of the Network Society1.11 Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society, 20071.12 Communication Power, 20092 External links Quotes [ edit]Urban renewal and social conflict in Paris, 1972 [ edit]Manuel Castel (1972) \"\" Urban renewal and social conflict in Paris \"\" In: Social Science Information Vol 11. p. 93-124Urban problems are increasingly becoming a political issue... from the moment collective facilities begin to play a strategic role in the structure and rhythms of everyday life. \"\" Urban problems\"\" are increasingly becoming a political issue as the socialization of the means of production is accompanied by the increasing socialization of the means of consumption or, if one prefers, from the moment collective facilities begin to play a strategic role in the structure and rhythms of everyday life.p. 93\"\"The city\"\" is not a framework but a social practice in constant flux the more it becomes an issue, the more it is a source of contradictions and the more its social manipulation is linked to the ensemble of social and political conflicts.p. 93By social movements we mean a certain type of organisation of social practices, the logic of whose development contradicts the institutionally dominant social logicp. 93We must conceive of opposition to decisions relating to urban planning as something more than \"\"consumer-reaction\"\" and, consequently, we must link it to the whole range of social contradictions and look into the conditions for the emergence and the determination of the objectives of social movements in the urban field. \"\"p." }, { "docid": "D3019488#0", "title": "https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/schema.htm\n5 Schema Objects", "text": "\"5 Schema Objects This chapter discusses the different types of database objects contained in a user's schema. This chapter contains the following topics: Introduction to Schema Objects Overview of Tables Overview of Views Overview of Materialized Views Overview of Dimensions Overview of the Sequence Generator Overview of Synonyms Overview of Indexes Overview of Index-Organized Tables Overview of Application Domain Indexes Overview of Clusters Overview of Hash Clusters Introduction to Schema Objects A schema is a collection of logical structures of data, or schema objects. A schema is owned by a database user and has the same name as that user. Each user owns a single schema. Schema objects can be created and manipulated with SQL and include the following types of objects: Clusters Database links Database triggers Dimensions External procedure libraries Indexes and index types Java classes, Java resources, and Java sources Materialized views and materialized view logs Object tables, object types, and object views Operators Sequences Stored functions, procedures, and packages Synonyms Tables and index-organized tables Views Other types of objects are also stored in the database and can be created and manipulated with SQL but are not contained in a schema: Contexts Directories Profiles Roles Tablespaces Users Schema objects are logical data storage structures. Schema objects do not have a one-to-one correspondence to physical files on disk that store their information. However, Oracle stores a schema object logically within a tablespace of the database. The data of each object is physically contained in one or more of the tablespace's datafiles. For some objects, such as tables, indexes, and clusters, you can specify how much disk space Oracle allocates for the object within the tablespace's datafiles. There is no relationship between schemas and tablespaces: a tablespace can contain objects from different schemas, and the objects for a schema can be contained in different tablespaces." }, { "docid": "D63434#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/62396811/body-systems-flash-cards/\nBody Systems", "text": "145 terms cadouglas68Body Systems Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Organs in the Circulatory System Heart - pumps blood throughout the body Blood-fluid that brings nutrients and removes waste Blood Vessels - the containers for blood, the tubes Red Blood Cells carry oxygen to cells (your blood is red when you bleed because it contains oxygen)White Blood Cells Attacks foreign things in blood -fights infections like soldiers Plasma fluid part of the blood - the wet part Parts of the Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Platelets helps to clot blood - make scabs Arteries blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart Capillaries blood vessel that carries blood between the arteries and veins Veins Blood vessel that carries blood into the heart System that works with the Circulatory System The Respiratory System * The Digestive System How does the circulatory system and respiratory system work together? * The lungs give oxygen to the bloodstream and the blood carries it to the cells The blood takes carbon dioxide FROM cells and brings it back to the lungs to be released How does the circulatory system work with the digestive system? the circulatory system delivers nutrients from the digestion process to the cells where it is needed Blood pressure force applied by blood to the artery walls Steps to blood flow of O2 rich blood (There are 5) LUNGS pick up O2 to deliver to the cells Left atrium Left Ventricle pulmonary vein body Functions of the Respiratory System (3) 1. Gets oxygen from air and gives to bloodstream (inhaling) 2. Releases carbon dioxide waste from cells (exhaling) 3. Allows us to speak Structures of the Respiratory System Nose and Mouth, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Bronchiole, Alveoli, Diaphragm Nose and Mouth warms, filters and moistens the air Pharynx (throat) tube that leads from nose to mouth and branches off to larynx (air) and esophagus (food)Trachea (wind pipe or tree trunk) tube carries air from larynx to lungs Lungs sponge-like organs responsible for gas exchange Bronchiole tiny tubes branching off from each bronchi Alveoli sacs at the end of bronchioles where oxygen enters the blood stream and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood stream (like a store)Diaphragm dome shaped muscle under lungs that expands and contracts to allow air in and out of the lungs. Bronchi or Bronchial Tube (Large branches) tube leading from trachea to each lung Larynx Voice Box - contains the vocal chordsosmosis movement of WATER from areas of higher to lower concentrationactive transport Movement of materials from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration where it is needed. This requires energy to occur, unlike diffusion Atriums upper chambers, receive blood from the lungs or body Ventricles lower chambers, pump blood out of the heartpericardium a protective covering surrounding the heart, a fluid filled sac Coronary Circulation blood flow to and from the tissues of the heart itself Pulmonary Circulation blood flow from heart to the lungs and back again Systemic Circulation oxygen-rich blood flows to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs; oxygen -poor blood returns to the heart. Arteries are blood vessels that direct blood away from the heart. They have thick elastic walls that contain smooth muscle tissue." }, { "docid": "D2263017#0", "title": "http://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/data/Multimedia/grandRounds/motorpathways/media/motorpathways_print.html\n.", "text": "\"Motor Pathways by Annie Burke-Doe, PT, MPT, Ph D Practicing physical therapist and associate professor at the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences in San Diego, California Slide 1: Motor Pathways Welcome to Neuroanatomy in Physical Therapy. I'm Dr. Annie Burke-Doe, a practicing physical therapist and an associate professor at the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences in San Diego, California. In this lecture, we will be looking at the organization of the motor system, specifically, the corticospinal tract and other motor pathways. At the end of this section, you should be able to: describe the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord including nuclei and laminae; discuss spinal cord blood supply; identify the site of origin, decussation, and levels of termination for the corticospinal tract and other motor pathways; describe the autonomic nervous system, division, fibers, neurotransmitters, and regulation; differentiate upper and lower motor neurons in the nervous system; and describe common gait disorders in neurology. Slide 2: Primary Sensory and Motor Areas Here, in slide 2, the primary sensory and motor areas are shown. Remember that these areas are located on either side of the central sulcus, which divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. The primary motor cortex in red is in the precentral gyrus while the primary sensory cortex is in the post-central gyrus. There are several important areas of motor association cortex that lie just anterior to the primary motor cortex including the supplemental motor area in green and the premotor cortex in orange. These regions are involved in higher order motor planning and project to the primary motor cortex. Similarly, somatosensory association cortex in the parietal lobe receives inputs from the primary somatosensory cortex and is also important in higher order sensory processing." }, { "docid": "D3517455#0", "title": "http://www.course-notes.org/biology/outlines/chapter_6_a_tour_of_the_cell\nChapter 06 - A Tour of the Cell", "text": "Home » AP Biology » Outlines Chapter 06 - A Tour of the Cell Printer Friendly Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Lecture Outline Overview: The Importance of Cells All organisms are made of cells. Many organisms are single-celled. Even in multicellular organisms, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live. All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells. Concept 6.1 To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry The discovery and early study of cells progressed with the invention of microscopes in 1590 and their improvement in the 17th century. In a light microscope (LM), visible light passes through the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses refract light such that the image is magnified into the eye or onto a video screen. Microscopes vary in magnification and resolving power. Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image to its real size." }, { "docid": "D2763146#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/social-groups-and-organization-6/types-of-social-groups-53/secondary-groups-337-10200/\nTypes of Social Groups", "text": "The Nature of Groups A social group is two or more humans who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Learning Objectives Contrast the social cohesion-based concept of a social group with the social identity concept Key Takeaways Key Points A social group exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is more than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals. Social cohesion can be formed through shared interests, values, representations, ethnic or social background, and kinship ties, among other factors. The social identity approach posits that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of social groups is the awareness that an individual belongs and is recognized as a member of a group. The social identity approach posits that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of social groups is the awareness that the individual belongs and is recognized as a member of a group. Key Termssocial group: A collection of humans or animals that share certain characteristics, interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity. The social identity approach: Posits that the necessary and sufficient condition for the formation of social groups is awareness of a common category membership. The social cohesion approach: More than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals, such as people waiting at a bus stop, or people waiting in a line. In the social sciences, a social group is two or more humans who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and have a collective sense of unity. This is a very broad definition, as it includes groups of all sizes, from dyads to whole societies." }, { "docid": "D2767245#0", "title": "https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/social-change-21/sources-of-social-change-139/the-four-social-revolutions-761-3396/\nSources of Social Change", "text": "Sources of Social Change Social movement theories seek to explain how social movements form and develop. Learning Objectives Analyze the similarities and differences in the various social movement theories – deprivation, mass-society, structural-strain, resource-mobilization, political process and culture Key Takeaways Key Points Famous social movement theories include deprivation theory, mass- society theory, structural-strain theory, resource -mobilization theory, political process theory and culture theory. Deprivation theory posits that social movements emerge among people who believe themselves to be deprived of certain goods or resources. Mass-society theory posits that social movements are comprised of people who feel marginalized from the rest of society. Structural-strain theory posits that social movements arise as a result of six factors: structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of a solution, precipating factors, lack of social control, and mobilization. Resource-mobilization theory places resources at the center of the emergence and success of social movements. In this case, resources include knowledge, money, media, labor, solidarity, legitimacy, and internal and external support from a powerful elite. Cultural theory underscores the importance of culture and addresses the free-rider problem. This theory also emphasizes the critical role of injustice in movement formation, stating that successful movements have to create injustice frames to mobilize people. Key Termscultural theory: Cultural theory underscores the importance of culture and addresses the free-rider problem." }, { "docid": "D3435661#0", "title": "http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_7002.htm\nCREATE TABLE", "text": "\"CREATE TABLEPurpose Us e the CREATE TABLE statement to create one of the following types of tables: A relational table, which is the basic structure to hold user data. An object table, which is a table that uses an object type for a column definition. An object table is explicitly defined to hold object instances of a particular type. You can also create an object type and then use it in a column when creating a relational table. Tables are created with no data unless a subquery is specified. You can add rows to a table with the INSERT statement. After creating a table, you can define additional columns, partitions, and integrity constraints with the ADD clause of the ALTER TABLE statement. You can change the definition of an existing column or partition with the MODIFY clause of the ALTER TABLE statement. See Also: Oracle Database Administrator's Guide and CREATE TYPE for more information about creating objects ALTER TABLE and DROP TABLE for information on modifying and dropping tables Additional Topics Prerequisites Syntax Semantics Examples Prerequisites To create a relational table in your own schema, you must have the CREATE TABLE system privilege. To create a table in another user's schema, you must have the CREATE ANY TABLE system privilege." } ]
9179	a common sodium deficiency is muscle cramps	[ { "docid": "D784671#0", "title": "https://www.liverdoctor.com/causes-painful-leg-cramps-night/\nWhat causes painful leg cramps at night?", "text": "What causes painful leg cramps at night? May 27, 2014 Interesting Articles, Liver Doctor's Articles 3 Comments 14,522 Views Facebook Leg cramps are a common problem, typically occurring in the calf, foot or thigh. They usually come on in an instant and cause intense, grabbing pain. Most of us have experienced a cramp like this at some point in our life. They are more common in summer if you have been sweating excessively and losing minerals in your sweat. However, some people are woken several times each night with searing pain that leaves them hobbling around the bedroom. Cramps like that aren’t just a nuisance; they are an indicator that something in your body is not in balance. The cramps can be so intense that the affected muscle feels sore the next day. Regularly experiencing cramps can greatly interfere with sleep quality, leaving you feeling fatigued and drained the next day. Several different things can cause muscle cramps." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1128579#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/page10.htm\nMuscle Cramps", "text": "\"Muscle cramps facts A muscle cramp is an involuntarily and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. Muscle cramps can occur in any muscle; cramps of the leg muscles and feet are particularly common. Almost everyone experiences a muscle cramp at some time in their life. There are a variety of types and causes of muscle cramps. Muscle cramps may occur during exercise, at rest, or at night, depending upon the exact cause. Dehydration is a common cause of muscle cramps. Numerous medicines can cause muscle cramps. Most muscle cramps can be stopped if the muscle can be stretched. Muscle cramps can often be prevented by measures such as adequate nutrition and hydration, attention to safety when exercising, and attention to ergonomic factors. Quick Guide Dehydration: Causes, Symptoms & Tips to Stay Hydrated Muscle Cramps: a Real Pain Cramps can be perceived as mild twitches or may be excruciatingly painful." }, { "docid": "D2657811#0", "title": "http://www.arltma.com/Newsletters/LegCrampsMuscleCrampsRestlessLegNews.htm\n.", "text": "Leg Cramps, Muscle Cramps and Restless Legs Cramping and restless legs, as well as related conditions such as muscle tightness and even spinal misalignment may occur due to several nutritional imbalances. This is a common condition and at times can become chronic and severe enough to cause significant impairment and disability. Calcium and Magnesium The most common imbalance seen with these conditions is either a calcium and/or magnesium deficiency. This may be due to simply a deficiency state or the condition we call biounavailable calcium and magnesium. An acute deficiency state is less common and could be due to a diet high in sugar and foods such as soda pop that contain phosphoric acid. This acid binds calcium and magnesium and reduces their absorption from the intestines. More common is a chronic low tissue level of calcium and magnesium. This is due in most cases to biounavailable calcium and magnesium which occurs in slow oxidizers. It is discussed in the section below. Slow Oxidation In this situation, adrenal and thyroid glandular activity are diminished due to continued or extreme stress from a poor diet, fatigue or other causes, resulting in nutritional depletion and/or damage to the glands." }, { "docid": "D3477634#0", "title": "http://www.tandurust.com/minerals/chlorine-natural-disinfectant.html\nFunctions Of Chlorine: Deficiency Symptoms And Uses In Daily Life", "text": "Published February 5, 2008 by TDRFunctions Of Chlorine: Deficiency Symptoms And Uses In Daily Life Chlorine exists in the form of a salt (chloride) in the human body. It is present mostly in the extra cellular fluid. Chlorine is a greenish-yellow poisonous, gaseous element with a suffocating odor. In the body it is mostly present as sodium chloride or common salt, which performs various essential functions. Combining with sodium, it forms the most important electrolyte in the body. It is needed to perform various cellular activities in the body. It carries electric charges from one cell to another. Electrolytes are needed for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle function. Most of the unutilized chloride is excreted in urine and smaller amount is passed through sweat and feces. Major Functions Of Chlorine In Our Body The osmotic pressure in the cells and tissues is well maintained when there is optimal chloride level in the blood." }, { "docid": "D2560134#0", "title": "http://www.sparkpeople.com/resource/reference_minerals.asp\n.", "text": "0What comes to mind when you hear the word minerals? Do you think of rocks, stones, and metal? How can these be of benefit to your body? Minerals are another group of nutrients (along with vitamins) needed by the body. They have two general body functions: to regulate body processes, and to give the body structure. Their regulating functions include a wide variety of systems, such as:heartbeatblood clottingmaintenance of the internal pressure of body fluidsnerve responsesthe transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Their building functions affect the skeleton and all soft tissues. Even though they make up only a small percentage of your body—about 4 percent of your body weight – minerals are essential to life. Minerals are very stable. They cannot be destroyed by light, water, heat or food handling processes." }, { "docid": "D1341668#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Muscle+Spasms+and+Cramps\nMuscle Spasms and Cramps", "text": "\"Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now. Muscle Spasms and Cramps Muscle Spasms and Cramps Definition Muscle spasms and cramps are spontaneous, often painful muscle contractions. Description Most people are familiar with the sudden pain of a muscle cramp. The rapid, uncontrolledcontraction, or spasm, happens unexpectedly, with either no stimulation or some trivially smallone. The muscle contraction and pain last for several minutes, and then slowly ease. Crampsmay affect any muscle, but are most common in the calves, feet, and hands. While painful, theyare harmless, and in most cases, not related to any underlying disorder. Nonetheless, crampsand spasms can be manifestations of many neurological or muscular diseases. The terms cramp and spasm can be somewhat vague, and they are sometimes used to includetypes of abnormal muscle activity other than sudden painful contraction." }, { "docid": "D741468#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/96195205/nutrition-test-2-flash-cards/\nNutrition Test 2", "text": "\"171 terms Gracieci54Nutrition Test 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Vitamins organic molecules needed in very small amounts for cellular metabolismprimary deficiency a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrientsecondary deficiency A vitamin deficiency caused by inadequate absorption or use, increased requirements, excretion, or destruction is calledvitamin categories water-soluble fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)Phytochemicals non-essential, non-nutritive compounds from plants that contribute to health and may play a role in fighting chronic diseases Synthetic vitamins (supplements) perform same vitamin function but lack other benefits found in foodsdietary supplements Require a food label but not regulated by FDAmineral nutrients Essential chemical elements absorbed from the soil in the form of inorganic ions.metabolism Chemical reactions in living organisms that are necessary to maintain lifewater the primary component of body fluids and also perform other functions in the body Some Scary Facts about Water More than 3.4 million people die each year from water, sanitation, and hygiene-related causes. Nearly all deaths, 99 percent, occur in the developing world. • Lack of access to clean water and sanitation kills children at a rate equivalent of a jumbo jet crashing every four hours. • 780 million people lack access to an improved water source; approximately one in nine people. • The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns. • An American taking a five-minute shower uses more water than the average person in a developing country slum uses for an entire day. • More people have a mobile phone than a toilet. Water Scarcity • 18 States are currently facing droughts, according to the U. S. Drought Monitor • Unless measures are taken, California will demand three times more groundwater than can be supplied over the next 100 years • The Western U. S. is facing its warmest decades in over 500 years • Lake Mead, the vast reservoir of the Colorado River, has a 50 percent chance of running dry by 2021Water Quality 35 percent of U. S. rivers and streams are too dangerous for fishing, or drinking • 60 percent of U. S. lakes are too dangerous for swimming or drinking because of massive toxic runoff from industrial farms, intensive livestock operations and the more than 1 billion pounds of industrial weed killer used through the country each year • Four and a half percent of beaches are closed or under advisory at a given time • 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are carried by the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico every year Homeostasis maintained by thirst mechanism and reaction to solute levels Thirst stimulates desire to drink controlled by hypothalamus As water level in body gets low, sodium and solute levels in blood increase Causes water to be drawn from salivary glands to provide more fluid for blood - Mouth then feels dry because less saliva producedexcretion controlled by kidneys, brain, pituitary and adrenal glands Fluid volume excess-edema • Increased fluid retention and edema associated with compromised regulatory mechanism • Causes: sodium retention, kwashiorkor, water intoxication Fluid volume deficit (FVD) Vascular, cellular, or intracellular dehydration Causes include diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, diuretics, sweating, polyuria Most at risk: elderly and infants Role of the Health Practitioner Educate clients on nutrition and adequate dietary intake • Identify deficiencies/excess in diet and relate them to underlying disease process • Make recommendations for diet supplementation and address the need for additional supplements • Assess patients for fluid and electrolyte balance Vitamin K function \"\"Cofactor\"\" (substance whose presence is essential for activity or function) in the creation of blood clotting factors, including prothrombin." }, { "docid": "D420945#0", "title": "https://www.healthtap.com/topics/can-iron-supplements-cause-leg-cramps\nTop 40 Doctor insights on: Can Iron Supplements Cause Leg Cramps", "text": "\"Top 40 Doctor insights on: Can Iron Supplements Cause Leg Cramps Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Jeffrey Kass1 I m suffering from muscle cramps without any known reason what would b the cause, I m taking iron supplements coz of anaemia? Maybe you have: A magnesium deficiency. Try taking magnesium supplements .. ... Read more Dr. Jeffrey Ogden365 Doctors shared insights Iron Supplements (Definition)Effective treatment for anemia is generally taking an iron supplement by mouth. Iron pills are large and difficult for some women to swallow. If so, you can usually break them in half and have one half with breakfast and the other with lunch. Drink a lot of water and eat foods that are high in fiber as iron can be constipating. You doctor may also prescribe ... Read more Dr. Bradley Butkovich Orthopedic Surgery20 years in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Brett Fink2 What supplements would you recommend for osteoporosis and leg cramps? Vitamin D, calcium: Osteoporosis and leg cramps are generally not related. While electrolytes such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium have been suggested to be deficient in people suffering from leg cramps, there has been little scientific evidence to show that supplementation is effective. Vitamin d and ... Read more Dr. Francine Mosley2 doctors agreed:3 Which vitamin supplements should one take if you get leg cramps?" }, { "docid": "D1619526#0", "title": "http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/81/Muscle-spasms-and-cramps.html\nMuscle spasms and cramps", "text": "Muscle spasms and cramps Muscle spasms and cramps are spontaneous, often painful muscle contractions. Most people are familiar with the sudden pain of a muscle cramp. The rapid, uncontrolled contraction, or spasm, happens unexpectedly, with either no stimulation or some trivially small one. The muscle contraction and pain last forseveral minutes, and then slowly ease. Cramps may affect any muscle, but aremost common in the calves, feet, and hands. While painful, they are harmless,and in most cases, not related to any underlying disorder. Nonetheless, cramps and spasms can be manifestations of many neurological or muscular diseases. The terms cramp and spasm can be somewhat vague, and they are sometimes usedto include types of abnormal muscle activity other than sudden painful contraction. These include stiffness at rest, slow muscle relaxation, and spontaneous contractions of a muscle at rest (fasciculation). Fasciculation is a typeof painless muscle spasm, marked by rapid, uncoordinated contraction of manysmall muscle fibers." }, { "docid": "D254350#0", "title": "https://draxe.com/muscle-spasms/\nRemedies for Muscle Spasms, Leg Cramps & the Charley Horse", "text": "Fitness Muscle Spasms Remedies for Muscle Spasms, Leg Cramps & the Charley Horse Remedies for Muscle Spasms, Leg Cramps & the Charley Horse610 12 780Muscle spasms can hit any time of day, causing sudden pain, throbbing and cramping that can seem unbearable. They are referred to as muscle cramps, leg cramps or a “charley horse. ”If you’re tired of experiencing throbbing muscle pains or spasms that bring you down, it’s time to make some changes to your diet, posture, fluid intake and exercise routine — and implement some natural muscle ache treatments. What Are Muscle Spasms? What exactly are muscle spasms? They’re involuntary contractions of one or more muscles. In other words, during a leg, neck or back spasm, your muscles cramp up and tighten without you even trying to move them, and they stay this way for a period of time because they’re unable to relax. ( 1)Muscle pains and spasms are most likely to occur in the feet, lower back and legs (especially the hamstrings, quadriceps and calve), but you get them anywhere: your abdomen, around your ribs, your hands, ankles, etc. You might notice that they come and go depending on what you’ve been eating, your sleeping patterns and, for women, if it’s “that time of the month. ”Some examples of muscle spasms you’ve probably experienced at some point include menstrual cramps, diarrhea and lower back pain ." }, { "docid": "D1430235#0", "title": "http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/restless-leg-syndrome/print.html\nRestless Leg Syndrome In-Depth Report", "text": "\"Restless Leg Syndrome In-Depth Report Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is an unsettling and poorly understood movement disorder affecting 3 - 15% of the general population. RLS can affect both children and adults. Although effective treatments are available, the condition often remains undiagnosed. Symptoms of RLS. The core symptom of RLS is an irresistible urge to move the legs (medically known as akathisia ). Some people describe this symptom as a sense of unease and weariness in the lower leg, which is aggravated by rest and relieved by movement. Specific characteristics of RLS include:\"\"Pulling, searing, drawing, tingling, bubbling, or crawling\"\" beneath the skin, usually in the calf area, causing an irresistible urge to move the legs. These sensations can occur mostly in the lower legs, but they can sometimes affect the thighs, feet, and even the upper body. RLS-type symptoms may also occur in the arms. This may be the first symptom of RLS in some people." }, { "docid": "D1490188#0", "title": "http://www.theaword.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91:muscle-twitching\nMuscle Twitching", "text": "\"Muscle Twitching Sunday, 20 February 2005 14:21CRAMPS AND JERKS: ABNORMAL MOVEMENTIn the 1999 survey, 81% of respondents experienced problems with muscle twitches/cramps/jerks. These neuromuscular disorders are very common and troublesome problems for many arachnoiditis patients. Stiffness affected 79% of respondents in the survey. This non-specific term may however, include joint stiffness as well as muscle stiffness. There is a considerable range of muscular problems, from small, painless, transient twitches right through to extremely painful spasms, and sustained muscle stiffness. There are various manifestations of abnormal muscle fibre activity. It is important to clarify the terminology in order to best understand the different problems. Twitches: Fasciculations: Spontaneous discharge of an axon causing contraction of muscle fibers in rippling unit, thus producing visible rippling of the muscle; it tends to be in small, isolated areas; it can occur in healthy people, usually in the calf or hand, but in those who have spinal problems, it may signify a dorsal horn involvement. It may also be a consequence of motor nerve fibre irritability. Fasciculations may be chronic, lasting for weeks or months without evidence of weakness or muscle wasting or indeed any evidence of disease." }, { "docid": "D1781839#0", "title": "http://www.healthyfoodhouse.com/magnesium-deficiency-these-are-the-symptoms/\nMagnesium Deficiency: These Are The Symptoms!", "text": "Magnesium Deficiency: These Are The Symptoms! December 18, 2014 \| Health, Health Tips \| 0 \| adminshare Magnesium lack is frequently misdiagnosed on the grounds that it doesn’t appear in blood tests – just 1% of the body’s magnesium is put away in the blood. Most doctors and research facilities don’t even incorporate magnesium status in normal blood tests. So, most doctors don’t know when their patients are lacking in magnesium, despite the fact that studies demonstrate that most of the Americans are insufficient in magnesium. Take a look at Dr. Norman Shealy’s announcements, “Every known illness is associated with a magnesium deficiency” and that, “magnesium is the most critical mineral required for electrical stability of every cell in the body. A magnesium deficiency may be responsible for more diseases than any other nutrient. ”The reality he demonstrates uncovers a gaping opening in present day medicine that clarifies a decent arrangement about iatrogenic death and illness. Since magnesium lack is to a great extent ignored, a huge number of Americans endure unnecessarily or are having their manifestations treated with costly medications when they could be cured with magnesium supplementation. One needs to perceive the indications of magnesium thirst or hunger all alone since allopathic prescription is lost. It is truly something significantly more delicate then hunger or thirst, yet it is equivalent." }, { "docid": "D3261407#0", "title": "https://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm\nMuscle Cramps", "text": "\"Muscle cramps facts A muscle cramp is an involuntarily and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. Muscle cramps can occur in any muscle; cramps of the leg muscles and feet are particularly common. Almost everyone experiences a muscle cramp at some time in their life. There are a variety of types and causes of muscle cramps. Muscle cramps may occur during exercise, at rest, or at night, depending upon the exact cause. Dehydration is a common cause of muscle cramps. Numerous medicines can cause muscle cramps. Most muscle cramps can be stopped if the muscle can be stretched. Muscle cramps can often be prevented by measures such as adequate nutrition and hydration, attention to safety when exercising, and attention to ergonomic factors. Quick Guide Dehydration: Causes, Symptoms & Tips to Stay Hydrated Muscle Cramps: a Real Pain Cramps can be perceived as mild twitches or may be excruciatingly painful." }, { "docid": "D284153#0", "title": "https://www.builtlean.com/2012/11/28/electrolytes/\nWhat Are Electrolytesâ¦ And Why Are They So Important?", "text": "Healthy Eating Tips What Are Electrolytes… And Why Are They So Important? By Nate Morrow / July 1, 2017 / Medically Reviewed Ever stopped and wondered while chugging your favorite sports drink , “What the heck are electrolytes, anyway?” We all know they’re important for hydration, especially in athletics, but why? Aren’t they just salts? In terms of how our bodies function, electrolytes are anything but “just”…Your body is a complex and carefully-balanced superhighway of cells, tissues, and fluids that, almost every second, directs an incomprehensible array of electrical impulses. This is only possible because those cells, tissues, and fluids thrive in a homeostatic environment where they conduct electricity well enough to carry the signals to their intended destinations. 1The key to maintaining this conductive superhighway lies with our friend: the electrolyte. 2What Are Electrolytes? When dissolved in fluid, salts tend to break apart into their component ions, creating an electrically-conductive solution. For example, table salt (Na Cl) dissolved in water dissociates into its component positive ion of sodium (Na+) and negative ion of chloride (Cl-)." }, { "docid": "D2433677#0", "title": "http://www.easy-immune-health.com/causes-of-muscle-cramps.html\nThe Causes of Muscle Cramps Are Easy to Remedy", "text": "\"The Causes of Muscle Cramps Are Easy to Remedy While the Causes of Muscle Cramps may seem mysterious and random when they happen to you, there is actually a very good explanation for what causes muscle cramps and an easy way to remedy them when you understand the reason behind them in the first place. One of the most common causes of muscle spasms is an electrolyte imbalance. Electrolytes are substances like: Potassium Magnesium Sodium Chloride These allow electrical transmissions to flow through the body. And these electrical transmissions are the key, really, to life because every second of every day, your body has electrical currents flowing through it- even when you are sleeping. And every single electrical current triggers millions and even billions of individual cells to have massive electrolyte changes in order to cause muscle movement and thought to occur. This brilliantly coordinated activity that occurs day in and day out is 100% dependent upon the presence of electrolytes (really just specific nutrients) from the foods that you eat. Any lack of nutrients and the system ends up not functioning as it should. And this malfunctioning is one of the main causes of muscle cramps. Causes of Muscle Cramps Start Inside Each Cell Each time an electrical impulse occurs, the cells take calcium from the blood into draws it inside the cell. This causes what we experience as a muscle contraction or a muscle movement, and simply sitting still causes thousands of contractions to occur every minute." }, { "docid": "D2254671#0", "title": "https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/topicoftheweek119.htm\nHow Can You Prevent Muscle Cramps?", "text": "\"Training How Can You Prevent Muscle Cramps? Topic Of The Week October 25, 2017 • 19 min read How can you prevent muscle cramps? People are always susceptible to muscle cramps so we had our forum members detail causes, prevention, and game situations when cramps occur. Learn more!TOPICHow Can You Prevent Muscle Cramps? The Question Now that the summer is approaching people may become more susceptible to muscle cramps. Everyone gets muscle cramps, but that does not mean that they cannot be prevented. How can you prevent muscle cramps? What causes muscle cramps? What should you do if you experience a muscle cramp in the middle of a sports game? Show off your knowledge to the world!The Winners Mtguy8787 View Profileike88zb View Profile To use your credit, e-mail Will @ [email protected] for more info.1st Place Mtguy8787View This Author's Body Space Here." }, { "docid": "D1026707#0", "title": "http://www.collectivewizdom.com/WhyAreHandsCramping-CausesandTop10NaturalRemedies.html\n.", "text": "\"Why Are My Hands Cramping? -- Causes and Top 10 Natural Remedies Related Links Night Cramps -Causes and Cures Foot Cramps?-Causes and Top 7 Natural Remedies Swollen Hands-Causes and Cures What Your Handwriting Says About Your Health Why Are My Hands Shaking?-Causes and Cures Swollen Ankles-Causes and Cures Leg Swelling-Top 10 Reasons Why One or Both or Your Legs Swell Night Cramps-Why Your Legs Seize Up At Night Tight Bras and Briefs-Health Dangers Blood Pressure-What It Means Foods That Reduce Blood Pressure Best Breakfast to Lower Blood Pressure Last updated July 23, 2016 (originally published July 27, 2012)By Nick Mahshie, Contributing Columnist If you find yourself held back by incessant hand and finger cramps as you go about your daily activities, you may be a victim of dystonia, or muscle cramps. Hand cramps can be caused by several conditions or by vitamin deficiencies. Can foods help to ease hand cramps? What are the best natural remedies for hand cramps? Are there any exercises that help? Avid writers, musicians and craftsmen aren’t the only ones who experience hand cramps. Anyone who finds themselves engaged in prolonged fine motor movements is prone to experiencing this unpleasant condition. What is even more aggravating about this condition is that it tends to take effect gradually, with no one immediate cause making itself clear. What may begin with occasional acute pain and aching can sometimes lead to more serious tingling and burning in the fingers and palms." }, { "docid": "D2374818#0", "title": "http://allnutriments.blogspot.com/2013/04/symptoms-mineral-deficiency-diseases.html\nMineral deficiency symptoms - Mineral deficiency diseases", "text": "\"Mineral deficiency symptoms - Mineral deficiency diseases Jan 2014 Home › Nutritional deficiency diseases › Mineral deficiency symptoms - Mineral deficiency diseases Deficiency of dietary minerals can lead to a plethora of diseases affecting many body organs. Advertisements 'Mineral deficiency disease' can be defined as \"\"the consequence of dearth in a dietary mineral in the body in necessary quantities for healthy bodily function\"\". As specific minerals may serve different functions in the body, the symptoms of excess or low levels may be numerous. Human body as well as gut bacteria can synthesize many nutrients required for the biological functions. Most of the B Vitamins are synthesized by our gut bacteria. Many amino acids and fatty acids are synthesized in biochemical processes of the body. However, all the dietary minerals are to be consumed through food or supplements. Hence, considering the nutritionally-poor fad diets we eat, the risk of having lower than normal levels of minerals in the body is increased many fold. Causes of mineral deficiency The symptoms and impacts may vary according to the mineral involved and the severity of the deficiency. Very rarely it is asymptomatic." }, { "docid": "D1275267#0", "title": "http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/blog/leg-cramps-while-sleeping.html\nHome Remedies for Leg Cramps While Sleeping at Night", "text": "Home Blog May 5, 2009Home Remedies for Leg Cramps While Sleeping at Night Posted in Category : Bone, Joint & Muscles Disorders Tweetadvertisement Leg cramps while sleeping can be extremely painful and can ruin a good night’s sleep. They can also cause soreness or a stiffening of the affected muscles the next day. These Nocturnal cramps are caused by the sudden contraction or over-shortening of the muscles. Nocturnal leg cramps occur without warning and come as a rude shock to most people. They occur when you’re least expecting them, often in your sleep and without any prior discomfort or uneasiness. The pain caused by nocturnal or sleeping leg cramps can be so intense and excruciating that it will jolt you out of your sleep. Nocturnal leg cramps usually occur while sleeping and they involve involuntary contractions of the muscles in the calf, possibly in the foot or even the hamstring muscles. Nocturnal leg cramps are excruciating and will leave the victim completely incapacitated for the duration of the attack. They cannot be confused with muscle spasms that are a lot less severe. If you suffer a nocturnal cramp in the leg while sleeping the muscle remains cramped or rather in a contracted state for the duration of the cramps and this accounts for the severe pain." }, { "docid": "D3355876#0", "title": "http://www.instah.com/foot-care/foot-cramps-at-night-2/\nFoot Cramps at Night", "text": "Foot Cramps at Night1By admin on September 9, 2015 Foot Care Foot cramps are forced spasms of the muscles that are painful and sometimes very intense. These can occur for few seconds to few minutes but are very unpleasant. Calf muscle cramps, toe cramps or primarily it occurs in arch of foot. Some of the primary causes includes medication, dehydration, fatigue, chemical deficiency etc. It is very common in night while one is sleeping and could occur during day too. Aged people are more likely to get this problem (people over 70-80). How to treat foot cramps at night? Slowly pull away the foot from the position of the foot cramp and then massage it for 10 minutes till the foot cramp feels better Elevate the foot to a high level Remove socks in case one is wearing them In case the foot cramps is caused due to athletic injury, then one can apply an ice pack to it One can take aspirin or ibuprofen Apply moist heat on the area of the foot cramp about three times in day in case it happens to be chronic Wrap the foot in an elastic bandage, if required Stay off your foot for awhile to give allow the foot cramp to get healed Flex the toes Pull the toes and let go off the cramp In case one is suffering from chronic foot cramp or if it persists, then one must consult a doctor For any type of exercise, warming up is very important and one must not ignore this. Cooling down period after an exercise is as important as warm up Do not get dehydrated. If you do lot of physical activities then drinking ample amount of water is essential Include milk, leafy greens, dark leafy greens, nuts and seeds in your daily diet as these have high content of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium." } ]
9188	a corporation is chartered under	[ { "docid": "D2350822#0", "title": "http://www.weegy.com/?ConversationId=01A383F3\n.", "text": "Question and answer Q: A corporation a. is chartered under state laws. b. is chartered under federal laws. c.remains in existence only as long as its owners are alive. d. shifts liability of itsdebts to its owners. A: This conversation has been flagged as incorrect. New answers have been added below .... Get an answer Search for an answer or ask Weegy (Free)A corporation a. is chartered under state laws. b. is chartered under federal laws. c.remains in existence only as long as its owners are alive. d. shifts liability of its debts to its owners." } ]	[ { "docid": "D1891882#0", "title": "http://www.tn.gov/sos/bus_svc/corpFAQs.htm\n.", "text": "Business Services Home > Corporations >Corporations FAQs What types of business entities file documents with the Division of Business Services? Corporations Limited Liability Companies (LLC’s)Limited Partnerships (LP’s)Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP’s)General Partnerships All of the above business entities file formation documents. Filings by general partnerships are not for the purpose of forming or maintaining a general partnership in Tennessee. Document filing is for the purpose of providing public notice of basic information about a general partnership, such as the agency authority of its partners, and such filings are optional and voluntary. How Do I decide on the business structure for my Company? Often the tax treatment of a business will be the determining factor in your choice of a type of business entity. For information on types of business entities and tax treatment consult the IRS . Why does my business entity show up as inactive? A business entity that has failed to file its annual report on a timely basis may be administratively dissolved and placed in inactive status. The filing history of every business is shown in the Business Information Search." }, { "docid": "D732420#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Planner\nChartered Financial Planner", "text": "\"The CII's title \"\"Chartered Financial Planner\"\" is a widely accepted 'gold standard' qualification for professional financial planners and financial advisers in the United Kingdom. By definition, holders of the Chartered Financial Planner qualification are among the most experienced and most qualified advisers in the profession. As at May 2016, there were over 36,000 members of the Personal Finance Society (the principal professional body for financial advisers in the UK), of which over 5,000 hold Chartered Financial Planner status. [ 1]Since 2012, financial adviser firms can apply for corporate Chartered Financial Planners status, if they qualify under a number of criteria. Fewer than 500 firms can boast corporate Chartered Financial Planners status. [ 2]The titles of Chartered Financial Planner and Chartered Financial Planners were granted by the Chartered Insurance Institute (CII). The Privy Council authorised the CII to issue the Chartered title in 2005. Thus, a Chartered Financial Planner now carries comparable qualifications as other established professions such as Chartered Accountants and Chartered Surveyors, etc. Membership of the Personal Finance Society, the leading professional body for financial planners, is required to be able to use the professional designation Chartered Financial Planner. The individual Chartered Financial Planner qualification fits into the National Qualifications Framework at Level 6, equivalent to a Bachelor (first) Degree." }, { "docid": "D1430574#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Financial_Group\nCitizens Financial Group", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Type Public Traded as NYSE : CFGS&P 500 component Industry Banking Founded 1828; 190 years ago Headquarters Providence, Rhode Island, United States Key people Bruce Van Saun, Chairman and CEO [1]Products Financial Services Revenue US$ 5.256 billion (2016) [1]Net income US$ 1.045 billion (2016) [1]Total assets US$ 149.52 billion (2016) [1]Total equity US$ 19.747 billion (2016) [1]Number of employees 17,600 (2016) [1]Website www .citizensbank .com Several banks are commonly known as Citizens Bank. Citizens Financial Group, Inc. is an American bank headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, which operates in the states of Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont. Between 1988 and its 2014 initial public offering, Citizens was a wholly owned subsidiary of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group. [ 2] RBS sold its last 20.9% stake in the company in October 2015. Citizens operates more than 1,200 branches and approximately 3,200 ATMs across 11 states under the Citizens Bank brand. [ 1]Citizens ranks 22nd on the List of largest banks in the United States. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Early history1.2 RBS ownership1.3 Charter One Financial1.4 Financial crisis1.5 The Road to IPO1.6 Misappropriation of depositor funds1.7 Paul Manafort investigation2 Services3 See also4 References5 External links History [ edit]Early history [ edit]Citizens was established in 1828 as the High Street Bank in Providence, Rhode Island. [ 3] [4] In 1871, the Rhode Island legislature gave a second charter to establish the Citizens Savings Bank which eventually acquired its parent group to form Citizens Trust Company. [ 3] [4] The bank then expanded through Rhode Island, opening a total of 29 branches in that state. It established Citizens Financial Group as a holding company when the bank acquired The Greenville Trust Company in 1954." }, { "docid": "D3146464#0", "title": "http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/reinvent.htm\nTable of Contents", "text": "\"© 1996 A. Michael Froomkin. All rights reserved. Permission granted to view on-line, and to make one paper copy for personal non-profit or archival use. Originally published in the Illinois Law Review, 1995 U. Ill. L. Rev. 543Links to author's official homepage and unofficial homepage. This page has been accessed times since April 11, 1996. [ * 543]REINVENTING THE GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONA. Michael Froomkiin {}In this article, Professor A. Michael Froomkin takes a comprehensive look at federal government corporations, focusing on the legal implications arising from their character as both public and private entities. Federal government corporations often enjoy public advantages, including national establishment, tax and securities law exemptions, sovereign immunity, and privileged access to capital. As a result, they face diminished market discipline and may not be as efficient as their proponents claim unless they have similarly situated competitors. Because some federal government corporations are owned wholly or partly by private parties, yet maintain control over public funds and functions, their legal status raises important constitutional questions concerning accountability, separation of powers, and nondelegation." }, { "docid": "D1945530#0", "title": "https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/economics/essays/us-banking-system-origin-development-and-regulation\nThe US Banking System: Origin, Development, and Regulation", "text": "by Richard Sylla Currency note of one shilling, six pence, printed in the colony of New Jersey in 1776. ( Gilder Lehrman Collection) Banks are among the oldest businesses in American history—the Bank of New York, for example, was founded in 1784, and as the recently renamed Bank of New York Mellon it had its 225th anniversary in 2009. The banking system is one of the oldest, largest, and most important of our industries. Most adult Americans deal with banks, often on a fairly regular basis. Nonetheless, banks and banking seem rather mysterious. What do banks do? Why have they for so long been an integral part of our economy? Why, as in the financial crisis that commenced in 2007, do banks every so often get into trouble and create serious problems for the country? Banks have two important economic functions. First, they operate a payments system, and a modern economy cannot function well without an efficient payments system." }, { "docid": "D738862#0", "title": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/charter\ncharter", "text": "charter [ chahr -ter]Spell Syllables Synonyms Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comnoun1. a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony, city, or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges.2. ( often initial capital letter) a document defining the formal organization of a corporate body; constitution: the Charter of the United Nations.3. authorization from a central or parent organization to establish a new branch, chapter, etc.4. a grant by a sovereign power creating a corporation, as the royal charters granted to British colonies in America.5. Also called charter party. a contract by which part or all of a ship is leased for a voyage or a stated time.6. a tour, vacation, or trip by charter arrangement: The travel agency is offering charters to Europe and the Caribbean.7. special privilege or immunity.verb (used with object)8. to establish by charter: to charter a bank.9." }, { "docid": "D92228#0", "title": "http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1901.07\n.", "text": "\"1901.07 Term of office of judge - nomination, election. ( A) All municipal court judges shall be elected on the nonpartisan ballot for terms of six years. In a municipal court in which only one judge is to be elected in any one year, that judge's term commences on the first day of January after the election. In a municipal court in which two or more judges are to be elected in any one year, their terms commence on successive days beginning the first day of January, following the election, unless otherwise provided by section 1901.08 of the Revised Code. ( B) All candidates for municipal court judge may be nominated either by nominating petition or by primary election, except that if the jurisdiction of a municipal court extends only to the corporate limits of the municipal corporation in which the court is located and that municipal corporation operates under a charter, all candidates shall be nominated in the same manner provided in the charter for the office of municipal court judge or, if no specific provisions are made in the charter for the office of municipal court judge, in the same manner as the charter prescribes for the nomination and election of the legislative authority of the municipal corporation. If the jurisdiction of a municipal court extends beyond the corporate limits of the municipal corporation in which it is located or if the jurisdiction of the court does not extend beyond the corporate limits of the municipal corporation in which it is located and no charter provisions apply, all candidates for party nomination to the office of municipal court judge shall file a declaration of candidacy and petition not later than four p.m. of the ninetieth day before the day of the primary election in the form prescribed by section 3513.07 of the Revised Code. The petition shall conform to the requirements provided for those petitions of candidacy contained in section 3513.05 of the Revised Code, except that the petition shall be signed by at least fifty electors of the territory of the court. If no valid declaration of candidacy is filed for nomination as a candidate of a political party for election to the office of municipal court judge, or if the number of persons filing the declarations of candidacy for nominations as candidates of one political party for election to the office does not exceed the number of candidates that that party is entitled to nominate as its candidates for election to the office, no primary election shall be held for the purpose of nominating candidates of that party for election to the office, and the candidates shall be issued certificates of nomination in the manner set forth in section 3513.02 of the Revised Code. If the jurisdiction of a municipal court extends beyond the corporate limits of the municipal corporation in which it is located or if the jurisdiction of the court does not extend beyond the corporate limits of the municipal corporation in which it is located and no charter provisions apply, nonpartisan candidates for the office of municipal court judge shall file nominating petitions not later than four p.m. of the day before the day of the primary election in the form prescribed by section 3513.261 of the Revised Code. The petition shall conform to the requirements provided for those petitions of candidacy contained in section 3513.257 of the Revised Code, except that the petition shall be signed by at least fifty electors of the territory of the court." }, { "docid": "D2445095#0", "title": "https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100715055907AAZyuTK\nHow become a chartered engineer in India?", "text": "Education & Reference Higher Education (University +)How become a chartered engineer in India? I have one and half year experience and have done my M. Tech from Kuk. and I want to be Chartered Certified Engineer.3 following 16 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: The Corporate Membership of The Institution of Engineers (India) is open to any person with an accredited engineering degree with prescribed professional experience. With accumulation of continued professional experience and level of responsibilities, the membership of the 'Associate Member' grade can be upgraded to the 'Member' grade and and then to the 'Fellow' grade, subject to strict scrutiny by a nominated high-level peer committee. Chartered Engineer A Corporate Member with five years relevant professional experience can become a Chartered Engineer. Professional Engineer In the light of the authority vested by the Royal Charter for certifying the competency of engineers, the Council of The Institution of Engineers ( India) may, at its discretion, approve that a person fulfilling the educational, technical and other experience criteria as prescribed by it, shall be entitled to describe himself as a Professional Engineer. Privileges of Corporate Members A Corporate Member of The Institution of Engineers (India) enjoys certain privileges, namely : Scope for enhancement of leadership qualities and improvement of skills by participating in continuing education programmes offered at the ESCI as well as at State and Local Centres of The Institution of Engineers (India); Opportunities to gain and update knowledge and experience and access to information in a variety of engineering and technology disciplines through participation in seminars, symposia, conventions, work-shops, etc at national, regional and local levels; Availability of The Institution of Engineers (India)’s Journals, technical monographs, papers, conference proceedings, etc; Entitled to receive 'IEI News' and 'Technorama', the colour supplements to the Journal, free of charge; Access to web-based e-groups for professional interaction; Access to the Engineering Information Service Centre at the Headquarters as well as at the State and Local Centres of The Institution of Engineers (India); Access to the know-how and ideas from fellow members and professional leaders about ongoing R & D work in various areas and to standards, specifications and codes for development and transfer of technology; Opportunities to contribute knowledge and experience as arbitrators in arbitrations relating to engineering jobs / services; Opportunities to get facilities and benefits while abroad through other professional bodies with whom institution has bilateral relations; Opportunities to participate in international conferences, and meet specialist engineers and technologists from the world over; and Facilities of retiring rooms at the Headquarters and at the Centers at concessional rates. http://www.ieindia.org/about.htm BASHARAT · 8 years ago1 0 Comment Chartered Engineer Source (s):https://shrink.im/a8h2ureynoldsjr · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Both are different. To become a Chartered Accountant, you have to take the commerce stream or take any course, complete the entrance exam, do the articleship,clear both the segments of the CA exam and qualify. To become an aerospace engineer, you require the engineering degree." }, { "docid": "D2869171#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Chartered_Accountancy_Course\nInstitute of Chartered Accountants of India", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Indian Chartered Accountancy Course)navigation search Institute of Chartered Accountants of Indiaभारतीय सनदी लेखाकार संस्थानEmblem of ICAI as given by Sri Aurobindo Abbreviation ICAIMotto Sanskrit: य एष सुप्तेषु जागर्तीFormation 1 July 1949; 68 years ago Legal status established under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 enacted by the Parliament of India Objective Regulate the auditing and financial accounting profession in India Headquarters ICAI Bhawan, Post Box No. 7100, Indraprastha Marg, New Delhi 110002, India Coordinates 28.627815°N 77.242135°ERegion served India Membership 2,69,350 (1 April 2017) [1]Member's designations A. C. A. and F. C. A. (A. T. C. also available with IPCC level)Official languages English, Hindi President CA. Naveen N. D Gupta Vice President CA. Prafulla premsukh chaajed Secretary Shri V. Sagar [2]Governing body Council IFAC member since 7 October 1977Regional Offices New Delhi (NIRC) Mumbai ( WIRC) Kolkata (EIRC) Chennai (SIRC) Kanpur (CIRC)Branches 163 Indian Branches and 30 Overseas Chapters Website www .icai .org The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI) is the national professional accounting body of India. It was established on 1 July 1949 as a statutory body under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 enacted by the Parliament (acting as the provisional Parliament of India) to regulate the profession of Chartered Accountancy in India. ICAI is the second largest professional Accounting & Finance body in the world. However, the rapid growth and autonomy of the ACCA in the early 2000s, soon made ICAI the third largest in terms of membership, the first being the ACCA. ICAI is the only licensing cum regulating body of the financial audit and accountancy profession in India. It recommends the accounting standards to be followed by companies in India to National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS). and sets the accounting standards to be followed by other types of organisations." }, { "docid": "D1529684#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_secretary\nCompany secretary", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the role of administrative assistant, see Secretary. A company secretary is a senior position in a private sector company or public sector organisation. In large American and Canadian publicly-listed corporations, a company secretary is typically named a corporate secretary or secretary. The company secretary is responsible for the efficient administration of a company, particularly with regard to ensuring compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements and for ensuring that decisions of the board of directors are implemented. [ 1]Despite the name, the role is not clerical or secretarial. The company secretary ensures that an organisation complies with relevant legislation and regulation, and keeps board members informed of their legal responsibilities. Company Secretaries are the company’s named representative on legal documents, and it is their responsibility to ensure that the company and its directors operate within the law. It is also their responsibility to register and communicate with shareholders, to ensure that dividends are paid and to maintain company records, such as lists of directors and shareholders, and annual accounts. In many countries, private companies have traditionally been required by law to appoint one person as a company secretary, and this person will also usually be a senior board member. [ citation needed]Contents [ hide ]1 Roles and responsibilities1.1 United Kingdom1.2 India1.3 Bangladesh1.4 China1.5 South Africa1.6 Sri Lanka2 References3 External links Roles and responsibilities [ edit]Company secretaries in all sectors have high level responsibilities including governance structures and mechanisms, corporate conduct within an organisation's regulatory environment, board, shareholder and trustee meetings, compliance with legal, regulatory and listing requirements, the training and induction of non-executives and trustees, contact with regulatory and external bodies, reports and circulars to shareholders/trustees, management of employee benefits such as pensions and employee share schemes, insurance administration and organisation, the negotiation of contracts, risk management, property administration and organisation and the interpretation of financial accounts." }, { "docid": "D75102#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications\nCharter Communications", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Charter Communications, Inc. Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : CHTR (Class A) NASDAQ-100 Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Telecommunications Mass media Predecessor Various [show]Founded 1993 (25 years ago) in St. Louis, Missouri, United States Founders Barry Babcock Jerald Kent Howard Wood Headquarters Stamford, Connecticut, United States Area served 41 states [1]Key people Tom Rutledge ( Chairman and CEO) John Bickham ( President and COO)Products Broadband Cable television Digital cable Digital telephone HDTVHome security Internet Internet security Vo IP phone Brands Spectrum Revenue US$ 41.58 billion (2017) [2]Operating income US$ 15.30 billion (2017) [2]Net income US$ 9.90 billion (2017) [2]Total assets US$ 146.62 billion (2017) [2]Total equity US$ 47.53 billion (2017) [2]Number of employees 92,000 [1]Website www .spectrum .com Charter Spectrum service logo Charter Communications, Inc. is an American telecommunications company that offers its services to consumers and businesses under the branding of Spectrum. Providing services to over 25 million customers in 41 states, [1] it is the second-largest cable operator in the United States by subscribers, just behind Comcast, and third largest pay TV operator behind Comcast and AT&TU-verse / Direc TV. [ 3] It is the fifth largest telephone provider based upon residential subscriber line count. In late 2012, with the naming of longtime Cablevision executive Thomas Rutledge as their CEO, the company relocated its corporate headquarters from St. Louis, Missouri, to Stamford, Connecticut, although many operations still remain based out of St. Louis. [ 4] On May 18, 2016, Charter became the parent company of Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks for a combined $71.4 billion, making it the third-largest pay television service in the United States. [ 5] [6] [7]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 1993–1998: The beginning1.2 1999–2008: Listing on the NASDAQ; various acquisitions1.3 2009: Filing and emergence from bankruptcy protection1.4 2010–2012: Second listing on the NASDAQ; Paul Allen steps down1.5 2013–2014: Purchase of former Optimum West operations; Liberty Media investment1.6 2014–2017: Acquisition of Time Warner Cable and Bright House1.7 2017–present: Recent developments2 Operations2.1 Current operations2.1.1 Coverage2.1.2 Call centers2.2 Former operations3 Technology4 Belo Corporation dispute5 Awards and recognition6 Criticism7 Lawsuits8 Official sponsors9 See also10 References11 External links History [ edit]1993–1998: The beginning [ edit]Charter Communications was founded in 1993 by Barry Babcock, Jerald Kent and Howard Wood, who had been former executives at Cencom Cable Television in St. Louis, Missouri. It was also incorporated in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1993. [ 8]In 1995, Charter paid about $300 million for a controlling interest in Crown Media Holdings and acquired Cable South. [ 8]In 1997, Charter and Earth Link joined forces to deliver high-speed Internet access through cable modems to Charter's customers in Los Angeles and Riverside, California. [ 8]In 1998, Paul Allen bought a controlling interest." }, { "docid": "D1047408#0", "title": "http://www.tydingslaw.com/articles-publications/42-is-your-corporate-charter-good-standing\n.", "text": "\"Articles & Publications > Articles >Share \|Is Your Corporate Charter in Good Standing? If Not, You Could Lose Your Case October 1, 2004A Maryland corporation is required to file its Personal Property Return (Form 1) and pay a $300 fee by April 15 of each year in order to maintain its charter in good standing. If the return is not filed and the fee is not paid, then the corporation is not in good standing and, with the passage of time, the State Department of Assessments and Taxation will initiate the process to declare the corporate charter to be forfeited, which causes the corporation to become a legal non-entity. All powers of the corporation, including the power to sue, become null and void. However, if the forfeiture resulted from failure to file the annual return, the charter can be revived, and the corporation’s status reinstated, by filing the return (s) for each year, paying the fees and penalties, and filing articles of revival. In that case, all acts done by the corporation while the charter was forfeited are validated, and all assets and rights of the corporation are restored, except those of which it was divested while its charter was forfeited. It is not uncommon for corporations in Maryland to have their charters forfeited, either intentionally or by the inadvertent failure to file annual returns. Ordinarily, the effect of the forfeiture is \"\"no harm, no foul,\"\" because of the ease with which the charter can be revived and the retroactive effect of its revival. But, as the Court of Appeals held in Dual Incorporated, et al. v. Lockheed Martin Corporation, et al.," }, { "docid": "D3168165#0", "title": "https://www.tn.gov/sos/bus_svc/corpFAQs.htm\n.", "text": "Business Services Home > Corporations >Corporations FAQs What types of business entities file documents with the Division of Business Services? Corporations Limited Liability Companies (LLC’s)Limited Partnerships (LP’s)Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP’s)General Partnerships All of the above business entities file formation documents. Filings by general partnerships are not for the purpose of forming or maintaining a general partnership in Tennessee. Document filing is for the purpose of providing public notice of basic information about a general partnership, such as the agency authority of its partners, and such filings are optional and voluntary. How Do I decide on the business structure for my Company? Often the tax treatment of a business will be the determining factor in your choice of a type of business entity. For information on types of business entities and tax treatment consult the IRS . Why does my business entity show up as inactive? A business entity that has failed to file its annual report on a timely basis may be administratively dissolved and placed in inactive status. The filing history of every business is shown in the Business Information Search." }, { "docid": "D117932#0", "title": "http://www.ct.gov/dob/cwp/view.asp?a=2235&q=297886\n.", "text": "\"ABC's of Banking Provided by the State of Connecticut, Department of Banking, based on information from the Conference of State Bank Supervisors (CSBS)LESSON TWO: Banks, Thrifts, and Credit Unions - What's the Difference? There are three major types of depository institutions in the United States. They are commercial banks, thrifts (which include savings and loan associations and savings banks) and credit unions. These three types of institutions have become more like each other in recent decades, and their unique identities have become less distinct. They still differ, however, in specialization and emphasis, and in their regulatory and supervisory structures. Commercial banks are the traditional \"\"department stores\"\" of the financial services world. Thrift institutions and credit unions are more like specialty shops that, over time, have expanded their lines of business to better compete for market share. ( Connecticut law, in fact, grants thrifts the same powers as commercial banks). Commercial Banks Commercial banks are generally stock corporations whose principal obligation is to make a profit for their shareholders. Basically, banks receive deposits, and hold them in a variety of different accounts; extend credit through loans and other instruments: and facilitate the movement of funds." }, { "docid": "D495902#0", "title": "http://www.ffiec.gov/nicpubweb/Content/HELP/Institution%20Type%20Description.htm\n.", "text": "\"Agreement Corporation Corporation chartered by a state to engage in international banking: so named because the corporation enters into an “agreement” with the Fed's Board of Governors that it will limit its activities to those permitted. Bank Holding Company A company that owns and/or controls one or more U. S. banks or one that owns, or has controlling interest in, one or more banks. A bank holding company may also own another bank holding company, which in turn owns or controls a bank; the company at the top of the ownership chain is called the top holder. The Board of Governors is responsible for regulating and supervising bank holding companies, even if the bank owned by the holding company is under the primary supervision of a different federal agency (OCC or FDIC) Commercial Bank A financial institution that is owned by stockholders, operates for a profit, and engages in various lending activities. Cooperative Bank State-chartered savings associations located in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Credit Union Financial cooperative organization of individuals with a common affiliation. Credit unions can have federal, state, or corporate affiliations. Data Processing Servicer Entities primarily engaged in providing infrastructure for hosting or data processing services. These establishments may provide specialized hosting activities, such as web hosting, streaming services or application hosting, provide application service provisioning, or may provide general time-share mainframe facilities to clients. Data processing establishments provide complete processing and specialized reports from data supplied by clients or provide automated data processing and data entry services." }, { "docid": "D1238923#0", "title": "https://www.reference.com/business-finance/business-charter-af6f46b7c76695e7\nWhat Is a Business Charter?", "text": "Business & Finance Corporations Q: What Is a Business Charter? A: Quick Answer A business charter is a general document determined by the chief operators of the company that is filed with the state and indicates the purpose, location and duration of the business and classes of shares. A business charter is also known as a corporate charter or articles of incorporation. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Is a Publicly Listed Company? How Is a LLC Corporation Formed? What Is an LLC Company? Full Answer When incorporating a business within a specific state to the secretary of state's office, the charter details the name of the corporation, the name and address of the registered agent and initial directors as well as the name and address of the person preparing the business charter. The business charter should also include the specific type of corporation the business is seeking, such as a non-profit, non-stock or stock corporation. The purpose for the corporation formation is typically required within the business charter as well. A business charter also details core values, goals and specifics about the company's operations." }, { "docid": "D2624089#0", "title": "http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/articlesofincorporation.asp\nWhat are 'Articles Of Incorporation'", "text": "What are 'Articles Of Incorporation'Articles of incorporation refers to a set of formal documents filed with a government body to legally document the creation of a corporation. Articles of incorporation must contain pertinent information such as the firm’s name, street address, agent for service of process, and the amount and type of stock to be issued. Articles of incorporation is also referred to as the corporate charter, articles of association, or certificate of incorporation. Next Up Corporate Charter Charter Incorporation Corporation BREAKING DOWN 'Articles Of Incorporation'Many businesses in the US (and Canada) are formed as a corporation, which is a type of business operation that is formed in the state where the company carries out its operations. To be recognized legally as a corporation, a business must incorporate by taking certain steps and making certain decisions required under corporate law. One such step is filing a document known as articles of incorporation. Articles of incorporation is the document necessary to register a corporation with a state and acts as a charter to recognize the establishment of a corporation. The document outlines the basic information needed to form a corporation, the governance of a corporation, and the corporate statutes in the state where the articles of incorporation is filed. In the United States, articles of incorporation are filed with the Office of the Secretary of State in the state where the business chooses to incorporate. Some states offer more favorable regulatory and tax environments and, as a result, attract a greater proportion of firms seeking incorporation." }, { "docid": "D771451#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation\nMunicipal corporation", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. The term can also be used to describe municipally owned corporations. [ 1] [2] [3]Contents [ hide ]1 Municipal corporation as local self-government1.1 Canada1.2 India1.3 Ireland1.4 United States2 Municipal corporation as enterprises3 See also4 References Municipal corporation as local self-government [ edit]Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. A city charter or town charter f municipal charter) is a legal document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. [ citation needed]Canada [ edit]Main article: Municipal government in Canada In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities. India [ edit]Main article: Municipal Corporations in India Chennai Corporation headquarters The Corporation of Chennai is the oldest Municipal Corporation in the world outside UK. [" }, { "docid": "D2762693#0", "title": "http://www.hanovercompanyservices.com/faq/who_is_needed.asp\nBack to FAQCompany Formation", "text": "Back to FAQCompany Formation Who Is Needed To Set Up A Limited Company? How many people do I need involved in my Company Formation? One person may incorporate a United Kingdom private limited company and become its only shareholder and director. A director and shareholder must be named in the company registration papers. The director and shareholder may be the same person. Can anyone be a director? Generally it is up to the members / shareholders to appoint the people they believe will run the company well on their behalf. Restrictions that would prevent someone becoming a director are: disqualification by a court from acting as a company director (unless he or she has been given leave (permission) to act by a court for a particular company), un-discharged bankruptcy (except with leave of the court) and being under the age of 16. There is no maximum age for a director. A private limited company must appoint a minimum of one director and must have at least one ‘natural person’ (i.e. an individual person) as director at all times." }, { "docid": "D2267996#0", "title": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/26/301.7701-2\n26 CFR 301.7701-2 - Business entities; definitions.", "text": "e CFR Authorities (U. S. Code) Rulemaking What Cites Meprev \| next§ 301.7701-2 Business entities; definitions. ( a) Business entities. For purposes of this section and § 301.7701-3, a business entity is any entity recognized for federal tax purposes (including an entity with a single owner that may be disregarded as an entity separate from its owner under § 301.7701-3) that is not properly classified as a trust under § 301.7701-4 or otherwise subject to special treatment under the Internal Revenue Code. A business entity with two or more members is classified for federal tax purposes as either a corporation or a partnership. A business entity with only one owner is classified as a corporation or is disregarded; if the entity is disregarded, its activities are treated in the same manner as a sole proprietorship, branch, or division of the owner. But see paragraphs (c) (2) (iii) through (vi) of this section for special rules that apply to an eligible entity that is otherwise disregarded as an entity separate from its owner . ( b) Corporations. For federal tax purposes, the term corporation means - (1) A business entity organized under a Federal or State statute, or under a statute of a federally recognized Indian tribe, if the statute describes or refers to the entity as incorporated or as a corporation, body corporate, or body politic; (2) An association (as determined under § 301.7701-3) ; (3) A business entity organized under a State statute, if the statute describes or refers to the entity as a joint-stock company or joint-stock association; (4) An insurance company ; (5) A State -chartered business entity conducting banking activities, if any of its deposits are insured under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended, 12 U. S. C. 1811 et seq., or a similar federal statute; (6) A business entity wholly owned by a State or any political subdivision thereof, or a business entity wholly owned by a foreign government or any other entity described in § 1.892-2T; (7) A business entity that is taxable as a corporation under a provision of the Internal Revenue Code other than section 7701 (a) (3); and (8) Certain foreign entities - (i) In general. Except as provided in paragraphs (b) (8) (ii) and (d) of this section, the following business entities formed in the following jurisdictions: American Samoa, Corporation Argentina, Sociedad Anonima Australia, Public Limited Company Austria, Aktiengesellschaft Barbados, Limited Company Belgium, Societe Anonyme Belize, Public Limited Company Bolivia, Sociedad Anonima Brazil, Sociedade Anonima Bulgaria, Aktsionerno Druzhestvo." } ]
9192	a dangling modifier is a.	[ { "docid": "D353650#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_modifier\nDangling modifier", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A dangling modifier [1] is an ambiguous grammatical construct, whereby a grammatical modifier could be misinterpreted as being associated with a word other than the one intended or with no particular word at all. For example, a writer may have meant to modify the subject, but word order makes the modifier seem to modify an object instead. Such ambiguities can lead to unintentional humor or difficulty in understanding a sentence in formal contexts. A typical example of a dangling modifier is illustrated in Turning the corner, a handsome school building appeared. [ 2] The modifying clause Turning the corner is clearly supposed to describe the behavior of the narrator (or other observer), but grammatically it appears to apply to nothing in particular or to the school building. Similarly, in At the age of eight, my family finally bought a dog, [3] the modifier At the age of eight \"\"dangles\"\", not attaching to the subject of the main clause (and possibly implying that the family was eight years old when it bought the dog, or even that the dog was eight when it was bought, rather than the intended meaning of giving the narrator's age at the time). Contents [ hide ]1 Dangling modifier clauses2 Non-participial modifiers3 Modifiers reflecting the mood or attitude of the speaker3.1 Usage of \"\"hopefully\"\"4 See also5 References6 External links Dangling modifier clauses [ edit]As an adjunct, a modifier clause is normally at the beginning or the end of a sentence, and usually attached to the subject of the main clause, as in \"\"Walking down the street (clause), the man (subject) saw the beautiful trees (object).\"\" However, when the subject is missing or the clause attaches itself to another object in a sentence, the clause is seemingly \"\"hanging\"\" on nothing or on an entirely inappropriate noun. It thus \"\"dangles\"\", as in these sentences: Walking down Main Street, the trees were beautiful. Reaching the station, the sun came out." } ]	[ { "docid": "D268761#0", "title": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/participle\nparticiple", "text": "\"participlenoun par·ti·ci·ple \\ ˈpär-tə-ˌsi-pəl, Britain also pär-ˈti-si-pəl,pər-, pə- \\Popularity: Top 20% of words Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLExamples: participle in a Sentence Editor's Note: Grammar and participle Time Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of participle: a word having the characteristics of both verb and adjective; especially: an English verbal form that has the function of an adjective and at the same time shows such verbal features as tense and voice and capacity to take an object In \"\"the finished product,\"\" the word \"\"finished\"\" is a participle formed from the verb \"\"finish. \"\" See participle defined for English-language learners See participle defined for kids Examples of participle in a Sentence In the phrases “the finishing touches” and “the finished product,” “finishing” and “finished” are participles formed from the verb “finish. ”Recent Examples of participle from the Web Got that? ** A common hyphenated compound follows the pattern adjective-noun noun or adjective- participle noun.— john e. mcintyre, baltimoresun.com, \"\"Mind your hyphens and the dashes can take care of themselves,\"\" 27 Aug. 2017The word traces back to the Middle English and Old French for ‘‘exit,’’ and before that to the feminine past participle (issir) of the Latin exire, meaning to ‘‘go out’’ or ‘— carina chocano, New York Times, \"\"Everywhere You Look, We’ve Downgraded Real Problems Into Mere ‘Issues’,\"\" 18 July 2017The rolling parade of exclamation points and dangling participles might have offended some onlookers.— doug maccash, NOLA.com, \"\"World Naked Bike Ride 2017 streaks through the French Quarter,\"\" 10 June 2017These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'participle.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. Grammar and participle English verbs can take several basic forms, which we call their principal parts: the infinitive (\"\"to move\"\", \"\"to speak\"\", etc. )," }, { "docid": "D1326591#0", "title": "http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/danglingmodifier.htm\nThe Dangling Modifier", "text": "Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description. In clear, logical sentences, you will often find modifiers right next to—either in front of or behind—the target words they logically describe. Read this example: Horrified, Mom snatched the deviled eggs from Jack, whose fingers were covered in cat hair. Notice that horrified precedes Mom, its target, just as deviled sits right before eggs. Whose fingers were covered in cat hair follows Jack, its target. Sometimes, however, an inexperienced writer will include a modifier but forget the target. The modifier thus dangles because the missing target word leaves nothing for the modifier to describe. Dangling modifiers are errors. Their poor construction confuses readers. Look at the samples below: Hungry, the leftover pizza was devoured." }, { "docid": "D1939614#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dangling\ndangle", "text": "dangle (redirected from dangling) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Idioms, Wikipedia. Related to dangling: dangling modifier, dangling participle, Dangling pointer, Dangling bonds A popular term for the first movement a patient is allowed, either after surgery under generalanesthesia, or ‘under local’, in which the recuperee allows the feet to dangle over the side of the bed Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved.dangle Nursing A popular term for the first movement a Pt is allowed, either after surgeryunder general anesthesia, or 'under local', where the recuperee allows his/her feet to dangle over theside of the bed Mc Graw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter" }, { "docid": "D3260219#0", "title": "https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Participles.htm\nParticiples", "text": "The Farlex Grammar Book > English Grammar > Parts of Speech > Verbs > Participles Participles What is a participle? Participles are words formed from verbs that can function as adjectives or gerunds or can be used to form the continuous tenses and the perfect tenses of verbs. There are two participle forms: the present participle and the past participle. Form The present participle The present participle is the “-ing” form of a verb. This verb form is always the same, whether the verb is regular or irregular. For example: Regular verbs Regular verb Present Participleapologize apologizingclose closingfollow followinglook lookingremember remembering Irregular verbs Irregular verb Present Participleeat eatingrun runningsing singingthink thinkingwrite writingbe being The past participle Unlike the present participle, the past participle form changes depending on the verb. The past participle of regular verbs ends in “-ed,” and is generally the same as the simple past tense of the verb. For example: Regular verb Past Simple Past Participleapologize apologized apologizedclose closed closedfollow followed followedlook looked lookedremember remembered remembered The past participle form of irregular verbs has a variety of endings that must be memorized. Note that the past participle is usually (but not always) different from the past simple form for irregular verbs. For example: Irregular verb Past Simple Past Participleeat ate eatenrun ran runsing sang sungthink thought thoughtwrite wrote writtenbe was/were been Using participles as adjectives and in participle phrases Present and past participles can be used as adjectives or as part of a participle phrase." }, { "docid": "D886565#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-dangling-participle-1857150\nWhat Is a Dangling Participle?", "text": "\"Resources ›For Students & Parents What Is a Dangling Participle? Share Flipboard Email Print Writing a SAT Essay. Blend Images/Getty Imagesby Grace Fleming Updated March 17, 2017If grammar awards were celebrated in a TV show, dangling participles would win the \"\"funniest name\"\" prize. Everybody knows about dangling participles because of this funny-sounding name, but many people don't really understand the concept. It might help to take a look at a few examples first:\"\"Looking around the yard, dandelions sprouted in every corner. \"\"\"\" Eating like a hungry hippo, the pancakes disappeared from my plate within seconds. \"\"\"\" Running after the school bus, the backpack bounced from side to side. \"\" Can you identify the problem in the sentences above? The phrase at the beginning sets us up for a noun that doesn't exist! Dangling participles \"\"dangle\"\" because they hang out there with nothing to support!LOOKING AROUND THE YARD \| DANDELIONS SPROUTED Who is looking around the yard?" }, { "docid": "D2927413#0", "title": "http://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/misplaced_modifier.htm\nMISPLACED MODIFIER", "text": "\"Audio English.org » Dictionary » M » Misinterpret ... Missoula MISPLACED MODIFIERDictionary entry overview: What does misplaced modifier mean?• MISPLACED MODIFIER (noun) The noun MISPLACED MODIFIER has 1 sense:1. a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., 'when young' in 'when young, circuses appeal to all of us'Familiarity information: MISPLACED MODIFIER used as a noun is very rare. Dictionary entry details• MISPLACED MODIFIER (noun)Sense 1 misplaced modifier [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., 'when young' in 'when young, circuses appeal to all of us'Classified under: Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents Synonyms:dangling modifier; misplaced modifier Hypernyms (\"\"misplaced modifier\"\" is a kind of...):modifier; qualifier (a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of \"\"misplaced modifier\"\"):dangling participle (a participle (usually at the beginning of a sentence) apparently modifying a word other than the word intended: e.g., 'flying across the country' in 'flying across the country the Rockies came into view')Learn English with... Proverbs of the week\"\"Who keeps company with the wolves, will learn to howl.\"\" ( English proverb) \"\"Dog has to have its stomach full\"\" (Azerbaijani proverb) \"\"Inscribe science in writing.\"\" ( Arabic proverb) \"\"Misery enjoys company.\"\" ( Dutch proverb)Related FAQs:» MODIFIERMISOPEDIAMISPERCEIVEMISPICKELMISPLACEMISPLACEDMISPLACED MODIFIERMISPLACEMENTMISPLAYMISPRINTMISPRONOUNCEEnglish learning courses About Practical English About Telephone English About Accounting English Learn English Free English Language Dictionary British and American English pronunciation Other popular searches:» what does formidable mean » diorama » what does et al mean » culvert » what does sympathetic mean Page delivered in 0.0372 seconds \"" }, { "docid": "D2039728#0", "title": "https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_dangling_mod.html\n.", "text": "\"Dangling Modifiers: Good Grammarians Don't Let Their Modifiers Dangle in Polite Society! \"\" Always suspect an - ing word of dangling if it's near the front of a sentence; consider it guilty until proved innocent.\"\" --Patricia O'Connor Conventionally, a participial phrase, prepositional phrase, infinitive phrase, or an appositive phrase modifies the nearest word in the same sentence. The same is true for adjectival or adverbial phrases. If that noun appears in an earlier sentence, or doesn't appear at all in the paper, the reader will become confused. This situation is called a dangling modifier . In the case of adverbs, adverbs should modify the nearest verb or the subsequent adverb or adjective in the same sentence. If not, it also is a dangling modifier. Examples of Dangling Modifiers: I was late for the school bus again. Running for the bus, my book fell in the mud. (" }, { "docid": "D1021541#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/modifier-in-grammar-1691400\nmodifier (grammar)", "text": "\"Humanities ›Languagesmodifier (grammar)Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms Share Flipboard Email Print\"\"I'm an excellent housekeeper,\"\" said actress Zsa Zsa Gabor. \"\" Every time I get a divorce, I keep the house.\"\" ( The words in italics are modifiers.). ( Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images)by Richard Nordquist Updated June 10, 2017Definition In English grammar, a modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to provide additional information about another word or word group (called the head ). Also known as an adjunct. As illustrated below, modifiers in English include adjectives, adverbs, demonstratives, possessive determiners, prepositional phrases, degree modifiers, and intensifiers . Modifiers that appear before the head are called premodifiers; modifiers that appear after the head are called postmodifiers. Modifiers may be either restrictive (essential to the meaning of a sentence) or nonrestrictive (additional but not essential elements in a sentence). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Modification Adjectival Adjective Clause Adjective Order Adjectivitis Adverb Clause Attributive Noun Compound Adjective Dangling Modifier, Misplaced Modifier, and Squinting Modifier Downtoner Epithet Predeterminer Qualifier and Quantifier Resumptive Modifier and Summative Modifier Sentence Adverb Similative Stacking Submodifier Transferred Epithet Exercises Adding Adjectives and Adverbs to the Basic Sentence Unit Sentence Building With Simple Modifiers Sentence Combining With Basic Modifiers Etymology From the Latin, \"\"measure\"\"Examples and Observations\"\"You can tell me now." }, { "docid": "D508301#0", "title": "https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/597/1/\nDangling Modifiers and How To Correct Them", "text": "\"Dangling Modifiers and How To Correct Them Summary: This resource explains what a dangling modifier is and how to correct the problem. Contributors: Chris Berry, Karl Stolley Last Edited: 2013-01-07 12:05:23A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept. Having finished the assignment, Jill turned on the TV. \"\" Having finished\"\" states an action but does not name the doer of that action. In English sentences, the doer must be the subject of the main clause that follows. In this sentence, it is Jill. She seems logically to be the one doing the action (\"\"having finished\"\"), and this sentence therefore does not have a dangling modifier. The following sentence has an incorrect usage: Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on. \"\" Having finished\"\" is a participle expressing action, but the doer is not the TV set (the subject of the main clause): TV sets don't finish assignments." }, { "docid": "D1903895#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-restrictive_clause\nEnglish relative clauses", "text": "\"English relative clauses From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Non-restrictive clause)navigation search English grammar Grammatical case Grammatical conjugation Grammatical mood Grammatical aspect Grammatical voice Grammatical number Grammatical person Periphrasis Adjectives Adverbs English articles Definiteness Specificity Clauses ( in English)Predicate (grammar)Copula (linguistics)Argument (linguistics)Adjunct (grammar)Collocation ( in English)Negation Double negatives Intensive word form Modifier Expletive Intensifier Augmentative Diminutive ( in Australian English)Interrogative word Interrogative Frequentative Causative Complementizer Demonstrative Determiners Determiner English prefix Prefix Suffix Compounds Portmanteau Conditionals Conjunctions English phonology Vowel length Great Vowel Shift English honorifics Style (manner of address)Gender Idiom ( in English)Interjections Inversion Nouns Noun class Pronouns Phrases Plurals Possessives Prepositions Hypocorism Abbreviations Acronyms Comma Hyphen English orthography Verbs Auxiliaries, contractions Irregular verbs Modal verbsdeductionhabits and past facts Passive voice Phrasal verbs Subjunctive Verb usage Grammar disputesv t e Relative clauses in the English language are formed principally by means of relative pronouns. The basic relative pronouns are who, which, and that; who also has the derived forms whom and whose. Various grammatical rules and style guides determine which relative pronouns may be suitable in various situations, especially for formal settings. In some cases the relative pronoun may be omitted and merely implied (\"\"This is the man [that] I saw\"\", or \"\"This is the putter he wins with\"\"). English also uses free relative clauses, which have no antecedent and can be formed with the pronouns such as what (\"\"I like what you've done\"\"), and who and whoever. Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 Variables in the basic relative clause2.1 Human or non-human antecedents2.2 Restrictive or non-restrictive relative clauses2.2.1 Integrated clauses that are not restrictive2.2.2 That or which for non-human antecedents2.3 Zero relative pronoun2.4 Relative pronoun as the object of a preposition2.5 Summary3 That as relativizer instead of relative pronoun4 Fused relative constructions5 Nonfinite relative clauses6 Adverbials7 See also8 References Overview [ edit]The basic grammatical rules for the formation of relative clauses in English are given here. [ 1] More details can be found in the sections below, and in the article on who. The basic relative pronouns are considered to be who, which and that; but see an alternative analysis of that below. The relative pronoun comes at the very start of the relative clause unless it is preceded by a fronted preposition: \"\"The bed on which I was lying\"\". ( In informal use it is normal to slide the preposition to the end of the clause and leave it stranded, or dangling: \"\"The bed which I was lying on \"\")." }, { "docid": "D1248222#0", "title": "http://www.towson.edu/ows/dangmod.htm\nMisplaced Modifiers", "text": "\"HOMEUSAGE Â– Modifier problems Misplaced Modifiers A modifier should be placed next to the word it describes. Example Note how the placement of the modifier creates different possible meanings: Note how different placement of the word only creates a difference in meaning between these two sentences. Sentence A means that the shopper did not buy any ties. Sentence B means that the shopper visited only the tie department. A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it describes. Sentences with misplaced modifiers often sound awkward, confusing, or downright illogical. Some frequently misplaced single words arealmost even exactly hardly just merely nearly only scarcely simply M isplaced single word Example The logical meaning of this sentence is not that the vendor almost sold all of her pottery, but that she sold almost all of her pottery. Therefore, almost correctly belongs next to all. Misplaced phrase Example #1As written, this sentence means that children were served on paper plates. On paper plates is misplaced." }, { "docid": "D2039730#0", "title": "http://www.chompchomp.com/rules/modifierrules.htm\nRules for Finding and Fixing Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers", "text": "Printer Fabulous!Rules for Finding and Fixing Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers What is a misplaced modifier? • What is a dangling modifier? • How do I fix a misplaced modifier? • How do I fix a dangling modifier? Understand the problem. Think of modifiers as arrows shot from a bow and the words they describe as bull's-eyes. For clear, logical sentences, writers aim modifiers so that they strike as close to the intended targets as possible. Sneering with superiority, Roland drank iced tea from a crystal glass that sparkled in the afternoon sun. Sneering with superiority, a participle phrase, describes Roland, the noun right after it. That sparkled in the afternoon sun, a relative clause, describes glass, the noun in front." }, { "docid": "D3224228#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improper_English\nEnglish usage controversies", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Improper English)navigation search English grammar Grammatical case Grammatical conjugation Grammatical mood Grammatical aspect Grammatical voice Grammatical number Grammatical person Periphrasis Adjectives Adverbs English articles Definiteness Specificity Clauses ( in English)Predicate (grammar)Copula (linguistics)Argument (linguistics)Adjunct (grammar)Collocation ( in English)Negation Double negatives Intensive word form Modifier Expletive Intensifier Augmentative Diminutive ( in Australian English)Interrogative word Interrogative Frequentative Causative Complementizer Demonstrative Determiners Determiner English prefix Prefix Suffix Compounds Portmanteau Conditionals Conjunctions English phonology Vowel length Great Vowel Shift English honorifics Style (manner of address)Gender Idiom ( in English)Interjections Inversion Nouns Noun class Pronouns Phrases Plurals Possessives Prepositions Hypocorism Abbreviations Acronyms Comma Hyphen English orthography Verbs Auxiliaries, contractions Irregular verbs Modal verbsdeductionhabits and past facts Passive voice Phrasal verbs Subjunctive Verb usage Grammar disputesv t e In the English language, there are grammatical constructions that many native speakers use unquestioningly yet certain writers call incorrect. Differences of usage or opinion may stem from differences between formal and informal speech and other matters of register, differences among dialects (whether regional, class-based, or other), and so forth. Disputes may arise when style guides disagree with each other, or when a guideline or judgement is confronted by large amounts of conflicting evidence or has its rationale challenged. Contents [ hide ]1 Examples2 Factors in disputes3 Prescription and description4 Different forms of English4.1 English internationally4.2 Regional dialects and ethnolects4.3 Register5 See also6 References7 Further reading Examples [ edit]Some of the sources that consider some of the following examples incorrect consider the same examples to be acceptable in dialects other than Standard English or in an informal register; others consider certain constructions to be incorrect in any variety of English. On the other hand, many or all of the following examples are considered correct by some sources. Generic you – e.g., \"\"Brushing your teeth is a good habit\"\" as opposed to \"\"Brushing one's teeth is a good habit\"\" [1] [2]Flat adverbs – e.g., \"\"Drive safe \"\" as opposed to \"\"Drive safely \"\"Split infinitives – e.g., \"\" to boldly go where no man has gone before \"\" as opposed to \"\" to go boldly where no man has gone before\"\" [3]Conjunction beginning a sentence – e.g., \"\" But Mom said not to jump on the bed!\"\" [ 4] [5]Double genitive – e.g. \"\"a friend of theirs\"\" as opposed to \"\"a friend of them\"\" or \"\"their friend\"\" [6]Using \"\"me\"\" vs. \"\"I\"\" in the subject complement (\"\"It's me \"\" as opposed to \"\"It's I \"\" or \"\"It is I \"\") or other cases – e.g., \"\"Me and Bob\"\" vs. \"\"Bob and I\"\" [7]It's me again. Using \"\"I\"\" vs. \"\"me\"\" in the oblique case, e.g., \"\"He gave the ball to Bob and I\"\" instead of \"\"He gave the ball to Bob and me\"\". This is often called a hypercorrection, since it is perceived as related to avoidance of the stigmatized incorrect use of the oblique form. [ 8]The validity of aren't as a negative first-person singular conjunction for to be in interrogative uses – e.g., \"\" Aren't I the one you were talking about?\"\" [" }, { "docid": "D1044233#0", "title": "http://classroom.synonym.com/dangling-participle-5380985.html\nWhat Is a Dangling Participle?", "text": "\"Home » Vocabulary What Is a Dangling Participle? By Jana Sosnowski Identifying participles will help to determine whether they are correctly modifying nouns. Participles are adjectives formed from a verb ending in -ing or -ed. Sentences with dangling participles omit the subject of the sentence, which leaves the participle without a word to modify. Dangling participles are also referred to as dangling modifiers, as they provide a modifier for a word that is missing. Identifying Dangling Participles In the sentence \"\"Working until the last minute, he met the deadline,\"\" the word \"\"working\"\" is the start of a participle phrase that describes \"\"he.\"\" Eliminating the subject \"\"he\"\" is an error that creates a dangling participle. For example, in the sentence \"\"Working until the last minute, the deadline was met,\"\" the participial phrase \"\"working until the last minute\"\" dangles. In this situation, the deadline is not working, which leaves the participle \"\"working\"\" without a noun to modify. Another Example In the sentence \"\"Tired from studying all night, she struggled on the math test,\"\" the phrase beginning with the participle \"\"tired\"\" correctly modifies the subject \"\"she.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D894105#0", "title": "http://www.wordreference.com/definition/dangling%20participle\ndangling participle", "text": "dan ′ gling par ′ ticiple, [ Gram. ] Grammar, Pronouns a participle or participial phrase, often found at the beginning of a sentence, that appears from its position to modify an element of the sentence other than the one it was intended to modify, as plunging in Plunging hundreds of feet into the gorge, we saw Yosemite Falls. Cf. misplaced modifier. Most usage guides warn against the dangling participle and usually suggest revising any sentence that has one. The example Plunging hundreds of feet into the gorge, we saw Yosemite Falls would, by such guidelines, be recast as We saw Yosemite Falls plunging hundreds of feet into the gorge. Constructions that may technically be classified as dangling participles have, however, long been a feature of standard literary English and are today commonplace in speech and edited writing: Looking to the west, a deep river valley can be seen in the distance. Obviously, it is not the river valley that is looking to the west, but the sentence is nonetheless immediately clear and stylistically unexceptionable. Modern British writers are much less timid than their American counterparts about the use of such phrases. Some participial constructions are never felt to be dangling or unattached." }, { "docid": "D197077#0", "title": "http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/participles-how-not-to-dangle/\nWhat is a dangling participle?", "text": "What is a dangling participle? You might have heard that you have to avoid them, but what actually is a dangling participle? True confessions time: back in the dim and distant days when I first embarked on lexicography, I was tasked with drafting potted biographies of famous people. In trying to be succinct, I had a rather bad habit of writing in the following vein:‘Born in Russia, his most famous opera is …’The problem stems from the fact that the first part of the sentence (the subordinate clause ‘born in Russia’) doesn’t have an explicit subject, although from the context you’d expect it to be a person. The next words you see (‘his most famous opera’) are the subject of the sentence, but they clearly don’t match the preceding clause, because an opera cannot be born (unless one was writing figuratively). Result? A possibly disconcerted, even irate, reader and an embarrassed junior lexicographer. This type of grammatical faux pas is called a dangling participle (the participle here being ‘born’), otherwise known as a ‘dangler’ and (rather less picturesquely) as an ‘unattached’, ‘misrelated’, or ‘hanging’ participle. Fortunately, my grammatically expert colleagues edited my work and prevented me from dangling my participles for all to see in the published dictionary. Dangling in exalted company…It was of some comfort to learn that even literary greats have been known to fall prey to this error, including Jane Austen, Alexander Pope, Arthur Miller, and even the Bard of Avon himself: Sleeping in mine orchard, a serpent stung me. (" }, { "docid": "D1050741#0", "title": "http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dangling\ndangle", "text": "dangle [ dang -g uh l]Spell Syllables Synonyms Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comverb (used without object), dangled,dangling.1. to hang loosely, especially with a jerking or swaying motion: The rope dangled in the breeze.2. to hang around or follow a person, as if seeking favor or attention.3. Grammar. to occur as a modifier without a head or as a participle without an implied subject, as leaving the tunnel in The daylight was blinding, leaving the tunnel.verb (used with object), dangled, dangling.4. to cause to dangle; hold or carry swaying loosely.5. to offer as an inducement.noun6. the act of dangling.7. something that dangles. Idioms8." }, { "docid": "D76832#0", "title": "http://study.com/academy/lesson/modifier-examples-definition-quiz.html\nModifier: Examples & Definition", "text": "\" {\"\"error\"\":true,\"\"iframe\"\":true}Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds Add to Timeline Autoplay 62K views Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days!Create An Account Recommended Lessons and Courses for You Related Lessons Related Courses ACT English Practice: Adjectives, Adverbs and Modifiers Dangling Modifier: Definition & Examples What Are Misplaced Modifiers and Dangling Modifiers? Litotes: Definition & Examples Lesson Transcript Instructor: Debbie Notari In this lesson, we will explore the role of the modifier in the English language. You will learn how boring sentences would be without modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs. After the lesson, test yourself with a quiz. What Is a Modifier? There are two types of modifiers in the English language: the adjective and the adverb. They have distinctly different roles, and we will examine each, in turn. First, let's look at the definition of each word. An adjective describes, or modifies, a noun, which is a person, place, thing, or idea. Adjectives may be single words, or they may be whole phrases." }, { "docid": "D281777#0", "title": "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/modifier\nmodifier", "text": "\"modifier Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to modifier: dangling modifier, misplaced modifiermodifier Modifiers are, quite simply, any word or group of words that modifies (describes or elaboratesupon) another element in a sentence. Modifiers can either be adjectives, which modify nouns (orsometimes pronouns), or adverbs, which modify pretty much everything else (usually verbs,adjectives, and other adverbs). Whether a modifier is an adjective or adverb depends on what it modifies and how it functions in a sentence. Continue reading... The Farlex Grammar Book © 2016 Farlex International. All rights reserved.mod·i·fi·er (mŏd′ə-fī′ər)n. A word, phrase, or clause that limits or qualifies the sense of another word or word group. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company." }, { "docid": "D1021540#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/modifier\nmodifier", "text": "modifier Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to modifier: dangling modifier, misplaced modifiermodifier [ mod´ĭ-fi-er] 1. an agent or method that causes something else to change.2. problem modifier.biologic response modifier (BRM) ( biological response modifier) a method or agent, such as a cytokine, monoclonal antibody, or vaccine, that alters host-tumor interaction. This is usuallyaccomplished by amplifying the antitumor mechanisms of the immune system, but it also may be effected by mechanisms that affect host or tumor cell characteristics, either directly or indirectly. Called also biomodulator.problem modifier on level three of the problem classification scheme of the omaha system, either of the two sets of terms used in conjunction with client problems, allowing the nurse to identifyownership of the problem and its degree of severity in relation to client interest, risk factors, andsigns or symptoms. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.mod·i·fi·er ( mod'i-fī'ĕr ), That which alters or limits. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012modifier/mod·i·fi·er/ ( mod´ĭ-fi″er) an agent that changes the form or characteristics of an object or substance.biologic response modifier (BRM) a method or agent that alters host-tumor interaction, usually by amplifying the antitumor mechanisms of the immune system, or by some mechanism directly or indirectly affecting host or tumor cell characteristics. Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers." } ]
9193	a defeasance clause in a security agreement provides that	[ { "docid": "D1233189#0", "title": "http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/defeasance.asp\nWhat is 'Defeasance'", "text": "\"Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load What is 'Defeasance'Defeasance is a provision that voids a bond or loan when the borrower sets aside cash or bonds sufficient enough to service the borrower's debt. It is also referred to as \"\"defease.\"\" The borrower sets aside cash to pay off the bonds; therefore, the outstanding debt and cash offset each other on the balance sheet and do not need to be recorded. Next Up Defeased Securities Defeasance Clause Commercial Real Estate Loan Collateral Value BREAKING DOWN 'Defeasance'In the broadest sense, defeasance is any provision that nullifies the agreement it is contained within. The provision includes various requirements that must be met, most often by the buyer, before the seller is required to release his interest in a particular property. Defeasance entails a borrower setting aside sufficient funds, often in cash and bonds, to cover his associated debts. This functions as a way to render the debt obligation null and void without the risk of prepayment penalties. Since the amounts owed and the amounts set aside offset, they are functionally removed from balance sheets as monitoring the accounts is generally unnecessary. Example of Defeasance One area where defeasance is used is with commercial real estate purchases. Unlike home mortgages, commercial loans may have significant prepayment penalties due to the obligations to bondholders with a stake in the commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) that contains the loan." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2786847#0", "title": "http://www.finweb.com/insurance/what-is-an-insurance-cross-liability-clause.html\nWhat Is an Insurance Cross Liability Clause?", "text": "home → Insurance → Life Insurance → What Is an Insurance Cross Liability Clause? Subscribe to news about Insurance What Is an Insurance Cross Liability Clause?comments If you purchase insurance, you may need to understand what a cross liability clause is and what it means. Here are the basics of cross liability clauses and how they work. Cross Liability Clause If you buy an insurance policy that covers more than one individual, there is always the chance that cross liability could occur. This means that one individual that is covered by the policy could potentially damage or hurt another individual that is also covered by the same policy. Considerations Every insurance company and policy handles this situation differently. Some of them are going to treat each insured individual as a separate entity and go ahead and pay for a lawsuit or claim that is filed. Other insurance companies will negate liability and say that they should not have to pay the claim. If this situation ever comes up for you, you will want to make sure you understand how your policy is worded when it comes to the cross liability clause. If you are injured by another individual that is covered under your insurance policy, you will want to make sure that you are covered by your insurance provider so that you can be compensated." }, { "docid": "D1896555#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6888593/real-estate-sec-25-flash-cards/\nreal estate sec 25", "text": "29 terms Kagnew6768real estate sec 25Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sorttrust deed deed of trust, use instead of mortgage, lender will have 3rd party between lender and borrower, known as trustee, protects interest of both lender and borrower, security devicereview of deeds seller grants title to buyer, seller is grantor, grants interest or title to anotherbuyer new owner grants a lien trust deed (lien) the buyer/new owner grants an interest in the property (lien) to the lender, wo with trust deed, the buyer is the grantor of the lienborrower trustor borrower receives title to property, lien theory state, trustor gives trust deed instead of a mortgage, trustor gives the trust deed to a neutral 3rd party known as trustee receives the trust deed)trust deed is not a deed, does not convey interest in a property, it conveys ability to sell property without having to to to court to foreclose, borrower defaults on note, lender tells trustee to foreclose, trustee has power to sell property (no sheriffs sale) under the power of sale clausenaked title foreclousure does not require going before a judge, trustee has stripped down rights to do a forced sale without going before courttrustee neutral 3rd party, known as referee between lender and borrower, can only receive instructions from lender (title beneficiary) and trustor, trust deed is not deed, does not convey interest, borrower defaults,lender tells trustee to foreclose, not necessary to go before judge title is referred to as naked titleperformance (paying off) a loan means borrower has made all contracted payments under promissory note, note has been paid off, owner must get something to record showing trust deed has been paid offbeneficiary / lender when borrower makes all payments and pays off note, called performance, lender notifies trustee that debt has been paid offreconveyance clause inside trust deed (deed of trust) , requires trustee to reconvey the naked title back to the owner, the recordable doc sent by the trustee to the borrower is the deed of reconveyance, simply reconvenes complete title back to owner in full, power to sell is taken away from trusteemortgage vs trust deed full payment - mortgage has defeasance clause and trust deed has reconveyance clause,. both release the lien that was placed on title back to owner when debt is paid offrecordable doc mortgage release doc is called satisfaction of mortgage, trust deed release doc is called deed of reconveyanceforeclosure on trust deed when trustor defaults on promissory note, trustee will have to foreclose. trustee cant do on his own, must get instructions,. promissory note is held by beneficiary/lender, lender must notify trustee to foreclose on trust deedforeclosure steps notification trustee must notify borrower he is late on payments, trustee must provide borrower with 30 days notice of possible foreclosureforeclosure steps fore closer by lender lender can foreclose on trust deed or deed of trust, lender would notify trustee, trustee can then sell under the power of sale clause in trust2 methods of foreclosure judicial foreclosure and sale, advertisement and salejudicial foreclosure and sale exactly same as mortgage, involves sheriffs sale, trustee would have to give proper notice, trustee goes before judge/court. judge rules there is breach in contract, judge gives writ of execution to sheriff, sheriff would sellright of redemption in most states borrower has 1 year right of redemption, borrower can come forward and pay off note, and expenses of lender during this 1 year, the buyer at auction would get thir money back and owner would gain back the titledeficiency judgement some states allow, if the sale money is not enough to cover lenders promissory note and costs, the borrower has to make up the differenceforeclosure by advertisement and sale protects lenders interest far more, does not require trustee to go to court or judge, means lender can foreclose without going to court, called trustee saletrustee gives proper notice anywhere from 30-60 days depending on state lawsbecoming current owner has this time period to become current with paymentstrustee invokes acceleration clause trustee calls debt due and payable, starts advertising the sale to highest bidder, must advertise for min. of 4 weeks,trustee sale trustee must wait 20 additional days after the 4th adverstisemtn and then can hold a trustee sale, owner has right to reinstate the loan up to 5 days prior to trustee sale, 4 days before sale these is nothing borrower/owner can do. trustee holds sale - no sheriff , highest bidder will get trustee deed on the spot, theres is NO statutory right of redemption after the sale. no addiontal 1 yr to redeem by oner, he must move out immediately.buyer possession new buyer gains possession of property after 10 additional days beyond trustee saletime period of foreclosure borrower under trust deed could lose possession of property within 78 days instesd of 1 year. 30 days to notify the owner, 4 weeks (28 days) of advertising, and 20 days before the trustee salerenew the loan owner can only renew the current loan up until 5 days prior to the trustee sale, gives borrower 73 days to renew loanjudicial foreclosure and sale notice - 30 days notice, court - judge issuer writ of execution, sheriff - sells property to highest bidder, deficiency judgement - if money is not enough to pay all debt some states require borrower to pay the difference, borrower - has an additional year of possession, bidder- given certificate of saleforeclosure by advertisement and sale notice - given to borrower and time period varies with each state, acceleration clause - trustee invokes if borrower does not become current, advertises - trustee puts ad once a week for 4 weeks, waits an additional 20 days, sale - is held and highest bidder gets trustees deed, purchaser - gains possession 10 days after sale, NO RIGHT OF REDEMPTIONAdvertisement Upgrade to remove ads Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc." }, { "docid": "D2670382#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)\nFixture (property law)", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the legal concept. For other uses, see Fixture (disambiguation). This article may not provide balanced geographical coverage on countries other than Australia and Canada. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. ( October 2011)Property law Part of the common law series Types Real property Personal property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interestremainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rightsprior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidencev t e A bathroom sink fixture out of order A fixture, as a legal concept, means any physical property that is permanently attached ( fixed) to real property (usually land) Property not affixed to real property is considered chattel property. Fixtures are treated as a part of real property, particularly in the case of a security interest. A classic example of a fixture is a building, which—in the absence of language to the contrary in a contract of sale—is considered part of the land itself and not a separate piece of property. Generally speaking the test for deciding whether an article is a fixture or a chattel turns on the purpose of attachment. If the purpose was to enhance the land the article is likely a fixture. If the article was affixed to enhance the use of the chattel itself, the article is likely a chattel. [" }, { "docid": "D3288515#0", "title": "https://www.acquisition.gov/sites/default/files/current/far/html/Subpart%2028_1.html\nSubpart 28.1âBonds and Other Financial Protections", "text": "28.000 Scope of part. This part prescribes requirements for obtaining financial protection against losses under contracts that result from the use of the sealed bid or negotiated methods. It covers bid guarantees, bonds, alternative payment protections, security for bonds, and insurance.28.001 Definitions. As used in this part—“Attorney-in-fact” means an agent, independent agent, underwriter, or any other company or individual holding a power of attorney granted by a surety (see also “power of attorney” at 2.101 ).“Bid” means any response to a solicitation, including a proposal under a negotiated acquisition. See the definition of “offer” at 2.101 .“Bid guarantee” means a form of security assuring that the bidder— (1) Will not withdraw a bid within the period specified for acceptance; and (2) Will execute a written contract and furnish required bonds, including any necessary coinsurance or reinsurance agreements, within the time specified in the bid, unless a longer time allowed, after receipt of the specified forms. “Bidder” means any entity that is responding or has responded to a solicitation, including an offeror under a negotiated acquisition. “Bond” means a written instrument executed by a bidder or contractor (the “principal”), and a second party (the “surety” or “sureties”) (except as provided in 28.204 ), to assure fulfillment of the principal’s obligations to a third party (the “obligee” or “Government”), identified in the bond. If the principal’s obligations are not met, the bond assures payment, to the extent stipulated, of any loss sustained by the obligee. The types of bonds and related documents are as follows: (1) An advance payment bond secures fulfillment of the contractor’s obligations under an advance payment provision. ( 2) An annual bid bond is a single bond furnished by a bidder, in lieu of separate bonds, which secure all bids (on other than construction contracts) requiring bonds submitted during a specific Government fiscal year. (" }, { "docid": "D861714#0", "title": "https://www.abi.org/abi-journal/the-enforceability-of-dragnet-clauses\nThe Enforceability of Dragnet Clauses", "text": "\"The Enforceability of Dragnet Clauses Feb 1999On the Edge Journal Article: Courts have long struggled with the enforceability of \"\"dragnet clauses.\"\" This is especially the case in consumer bankruptcies where the disparity in bargaining power perhaps leads the court to be more sympathetic to a consumer than to a commercial borrower. Several recent cases—a Texas bankruptcy court decision and two Wisconsin bankruptcy court decisions—illustrate how courts analyze the issues. Background Though the issue predates the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), reference must be made to that statute as a starting point. UCC §9-204 (1972 version) provides the following: Except as provided in subsection (2), a security agreement may provide that any or all obligations covered by the security agreement are to be secured by after-acquired collateral. No security interest attaches under an after-acquired property clause to consumer goods other than accessions (§9-314) when given as additional security unless the debtor acquires rights to them within 10 days after the secured party gives value. Obligations covered by a security agreement may include future advances or other value whether or not the advances or value are given pursuant to commitment. The official comment indicates that this section was intended to explicitly reject pre-Code case law that limited the effectiveness of after-acquired property clauses, as well as future-advance clauses. Comment 1 to UCC §9-204 indicates that the section explicitly rejects Code limitations on after-acquired property clauses. Comment 5 states: In line with the policy of this article toward after-acquired property interests, this subsection validates the future advance interest, provided only that the obligation be covered by the security agreement." }, { "docid": "D345394#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/112900093/real-estate-finance-flash-cards/\nReal Estate Finance", "text": "50 terms kameronstarr Real Estate Finance Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Acceleration Clause This contract clause allows the lender the right to declare the entire loan balance due immediately because of borrower default or for violation of other contract provisions. Adjustable Rate Mortgage A type of mortgage structure that permits the lender to periodically change or vary the interest rate charged, based on a standard index. Alienation Clause A contract clause that gives the lender certain stated rights when there is a transfer of ownership in the property. Annual Percentage Rate (APR) Relationship between the cost of borrowing and the total amount financed, represented as a percentage. Appraisal An estimate or opinion of the value of a piece of property (parcel of land), as of a certain date, that's supported by objective data. Balloon Payment A final payment at the end of a loan term to pay off the entire remaining balance or principal and interest not covered by payments during the loan term. Bankruptcy A legal proceeding that relieves a debtor of the responsibility of paying debts or provides protection while attempting to repay debts. B-C Credit Refers to credit condition of people with less-than-perfect credit or serious blemishes on their credit report. (" }, { "docid": "D2875852#0", "title": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/9702883/REAL-310-Quiz-8/\nREAL 310 Quiz 8 - True False 7 A subdivider wants to limit...", "text": "REAL 310 Quiz 8 - True False 7 A subdivider wants to limit... SCHOOLCof CCOURSE TITLEREAL 310TYPETest Prep UPLOADED BYarmbrusterle PAGES 1 RATINGS50 % ( 2)This preview shows page 1. Sign up to view the full content. View Full Document Quiz #8REAL 310 – Real Estate Principles Name _________________________________________________________________________1. Zoning laws compensate an owner for loss of property value due to zoning. True False2. A use of property that is not in agreement with present zoning laws is called a nonconforming use. True False3. A use of property that is not in agreement with present zoning laws may be permitted under a so-called “grandfather clause. ”True False4. Minimum standards for materials and construction of buildings are set by building codes." }, { "docid": "D1233187#0", "title": "https://agreements.realdealdocs.com/Security-Agreement/DEFEASANCE-PLEDGE-AND-SECURITY-AGREEMENT-1009058/\nDefeasance Pledge And Security Agreement", "text": "Defeasance Pledge And Security Agreement Security Agreement You are currently viewing: This Security Agreement involves CASA MUNRAS HOTEL PARTNERS L P \| U. S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION \| WELLS FARGO BANK, \| AMRESCO Capital, L. P. Real Deal Docs™ contains millions of easily searchable legal documents and clauses from top law firms. Search for free - click here. Title: DEFEASANCE PLEDGE AND SECURITY AGREEMENT Governing Law: California Date: 3/30/2006Preview Edit & Save Related Documents50 of the Top 250 law firms use our Products every day Exhibit 10.9Defeasance Pledge And Security Agreement THIS DEFEASANCE PLEDGE AND SECURITY AGREEMENT, dated as of November 18, 2005 (this “ Agreement ”) made by and among CASA MUNRAS HOTEL PARTNERS, L. P. , a California limited partnership (“ Pledgor ”), U. S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, successor-in-interest to State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee under the Pooling and Servicing Agreement, dated as of October 1, 1998 (the “ Pooling and Servicing Agreement ”), for the Registered Holders of Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Securities Corp., Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 1998-PS2 and as secured party (together with its successors and assigns, “ Pledgee ”), and, for the sole purpose of agreeing to the provisions of Sections 7, 8, 9, 16, 22 and 25 of this Agreement, WELLS FARGO BANK, N. A., as Securities Intermediary (“ Intermediary ”). Recitals: A. On or about June 12, 1998, AMRESCO Capital, L. P., a Delaware limited partnership (“ Original Lender”) advanced to Pledgor the original principal amount of $7,000,000.00 (the “ Loan ”). B. The Loan is evidenced by that certain Fixed Rate Note [With Defeasance and Lockbox Provisions] dated as of June 12, 1998 from Pledgor to Original Lender (the “ Note ”). C. The Loan and Note are secured by that certain Deed of Trust, Assignment of Leases and Rents, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing dated as of June 12, 1998, executed by Pledgor, in favor of Original Lender (the “ Mortgage ”) granting to Original Lender, among other things, a lien on the real property described in said Mortgage (the “ Real Property ”). The Loan is further evidenced or secured by various other documents executed by Pledgor and others in favor of Original Lender (together with the Note and Mortgage, the “ Loan Documents ”). D. Original Lender assigned all of its right, title and interest in the Loan and the Loan Documents to Pledgee. E. Pursuant to the Loan Documents, Pledgor has directed Pledgee to release the lien of the Mortgage on the Real Property upon Pledgor’s defeasance of the Loan. F. Pursuant to the Loan Documents, it is a condition precedent to Pledgee’s obligation to release the lien of the Mortgage on the Real Property that Pledgor grant a security interest in the Pledged Collateral (as hereinafter defined) to Pledgee to secure the payment and performance in full when due of all amounts payable under the Loan Documents." }, { "docid": "D705683#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_agreement\nLoan agreement", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A loan agreement is a contract between a borrower and a lender which regulates the mutual promises made by each party. There are many types of loan agreements, including \"\"facilities agreements,\"\" \"\"revolvers,\"\" \"\"term loans,\"\" \"\"working capital loans.\"\" Loan agreements are documented via a compilation of the various mutual promises made by the involved parties. Prior to entering into a loan agreement, the \"\"borrower\"\" first makes representations about his affairs surrounding his character, creditworthiness, cashflow, and any collateral that he may have available to pledge as security for a loan. These representations are taken into consideration and the lender then determines under what conditions (terms), if any, they are prepared to advance money. Loan agreements, like any contract, reflect an \"\"offer,\"\" the \"\"acceptance of the offer,\"\" \"\"consideration,\"\" and can only involve situations that are \"\"legal\"\" (a term loan agreement involving heroin drug sales is not \"\"legal\"\"). Loan agreements are documented via their commitment letters, agreements that reflect the understandings reached between the involved parties, a promissory note, and a collateral agreement (such as a mortgage or a personal guarantee )." }, { "docid": "D868190#0", "title": "http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rescission\nrescission", "text": "\"rescission Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to rescission: Equitable remedy Rescission The abrogation of a contract, effective from its inception, thereby restoring the parties to thepositions they would have occupied if no contract had ever been formed. By Agreement Mutual rescission, or rescission by agreement, is a discharge of both parties from the obligations of a contract by a new agreement made after the execution of the original contract but prior to itsperformance. Rescission by mutual assent is separate from the right of one of the parties to rescind or cancel the contract for cause, or pursuant to a provision in the contract. The parties to an executory or incomplete contract can rescind it at any time by mutual agreement,even if the contract itself contains a contrary provision. A rescission by mutual assent can properlyinclude a promise by either or both parties to make restitution as part of the contract of rescission. The right to rescind is limited to the parties to the contract or those legally authorized to act forthem. As with other contracts, the parties to the rescission agreement must be mentallycompetent. Form The rescission agreement can be either written or oral. An implied agreement is also effective,provided the assent of the parties can be shown by their acts and the surrounding circumstances." }, { "docid": "D2865276#0", "title": "https://www.rentalutions.com/education/articles/apartment-lease-forms-faq\nApartment Lease Forms FAQ", "text": "By Guest Blog \| Last updated December 27, 2016Lease Agreements Share Tweet Share +10After advertising your unit, sifting through applicants, and screening prospective renters, you’ve finally found a tenant that fits what you’re looking for. Someone who is clean, quiet and responsible – which you’ve found to be somewhat of a rarity. They’ve checked out the unit and are excited to sign a lease and move in. Problem is, you’ve spent the last few hours on the internet looking for apartment lease forms and now you’re totally confused and not sure where to begin. Have questions? We’re here to answer them. We’ll also provide any of our forms for you to use as we go through our Q&A. What Forms Do I Need? Apartment Lease Agreement – This is your bread and butter, the most important component. The apartment lease agreement contains most of the information pertaining to your apartment. If you couldn’t find a decent one on the internet, use ours: Rentalutions Apartment Lease." }, { "docid": "D63511#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_law\nMortgage law", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the legal mechanisms used to secure the performance of obligations, including the payment of debts, with property. For loans secured by mortgages, such as residential housing loans, and lending practices or requirements, see Mortgage loan. Property law Part of the common law series Types Real property Personal property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interestremainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rightsprior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidencev t e A mortgage is a security interest in real property held by a lender as a security for a debt, usually a loan of money. A mortgage in itself is not a debt, it is the lender's security for a debt. It is a transfer of an interest in land (or the equivalent) from the owner to the mortgage lender, on the condition that this interest will be returned to the owner when the terms of the mortgage have been satisfied or performed. In other words, the mortgage is a security for the loan that the lender makes to the borrower. The word is a Law French term meaning \"\"dead pledge,\"\" originally only referring to the Welsh mortgage ( see below ), but in the later Middle Ages was applied to all gages and reinterpreted by folk etymology to mean that the pledge ends (dies) either when the obligation is fulfilled or the property is taken through foreclosure. [ 1]In most jurisdictions mortgages are strongly associated with loans secured on real estate rather than on other property (such as ships) and in some jurisdictions only land may be mortgaged. A mortgage is the standard method by which individuals and businesses can purchase real estate without the need to pay the full value immediately from their own resources. See mortgage loan for residential mortgage lending, and commercial mortgage for lending against commercial property." }, { "docid": "D1182619#0", "title": "http://agreements.realdealdocs.com/Account-Control-Agreement/PLEDGE-SECURITY-AGREEMENT-AND-ACCOUNT-CO-2353305/\nPledge, Security Agreement And Account Control Agreement", "text": "Pledge, Security Agreement And Account Control Agreement Account Control Agreement You are currently viewing: This Account Control Agreement involves BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON TRUST COMPANY, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION \| NIC TP LLC. Real Deal Docs™ contains millions of easily searchable legal documents and clauses from top law firms. Search for free - click here. Title: PLEDGE, SECURITY AGREEMENT AND ACCOUNT CONTROL AGREEMENT Date: 5/4/2009 Industry: Real Estate Operations Sector: Services Preview Edit & Save Related Documents50 of the Top 250 law firms use our Products every day Exhibit 4.3PLEDGE, SECURITY AGREEMENT AND ACCOUNT CONTROL AGREEMENTTHIS PLEDGE, SECURITY AGREEMENT AND ACCOUNT CONTROL AGREEMENT (this “ Agreement ”) is entered into as of April 30, 2009, by NEWCASTLE INVESTMENT CORP., a Maryland corporation (the “ Company ”), NIC TP LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “ Pledgor ”), THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON TRUST COMPANY, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, a national banking association (the “ Bank ”) and THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON TRUST COMPANY, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, a national banking association, in its capacity as trustee for the benefit of the Holders (as defined below) from time to time under the Indenture referred to below (together with its successors and assigns, the “ Trustee ”). RECITALSWHEREAS, the Company and the Trustee are parties to that certain Junior Subordinated Indenture dated as of April 30, 2009 with respect to the Company’s Junior Subordinated Notes due 2035 (the “ Securities ”) (as the same may be amended, restated, supplemented or replaced from time to time, the “ Indenture ”). Capitalized terms used herein and not defined shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Indenture. WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 10.5 of the Indenture, the Company has agreed to enter into this Agreement in order to pledge to the Trustee the Collateral (as defined below) and to grant in favor of the Trustee a security interest in the Collateral, and to perfect the Trustee’s security interest in the Collateral Account (as defined below). WHEREAS, the Pledgor is a special purpose, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. WHEREAS, the Pledgor maintains that certain account no." }, { "docid": "D820300#0", "title": "http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Prepayment+penalty\nPrepayment penalty", "text": "\"Prepayment penalty Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms . Prepayment penalty A fee a borrower pays a lender when the borrower repays a loan before its scheduled time of maturity. Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved. Prepayment Penalty A fee that a lender may assess if a borrower repays a loan before the scheduledmaturity. The prepayment penalty is used to discourage early payment of loans because it deprives the lender of future interest payments. The prepayment penalty is often 2% of thetotal amount borrowed. Some jurisdictions and organizations prohibit or limit prepaymentpenalties; if a jurisdiction does not, it may be assess on all loans that do not exclude thepossibility in the loan agreement. See also: Prepayment risk. Farlex Financial Dictionary." }, { "docid": "D3112036#0", "title": "http://www.msrb.org/Glossary/Definition/DEFEASANCE-OR-DEFEASED.aspx\nGlossary of Municipal Securities Terms", "text": "Glossary of Municipal Securities Terms DEFEASANCE OR DEFEASEDTermination of certain of the rights and interests of the bondholders and of their lien on the pledged revenues or other security in accordance with the terms of the bond contract for an issue of securities. This is sometimes referred to as a “legal defeasance.” Defeasance usually occurs in connection with the refunding of an outstanding issue after provision has been made for future payment of all obligations related to the outstanding bonds, sometimes from funds provided by the issuance of a new series of bonds. In some cases, particularly where the bond contract does not provide a procedure for termination of these rights, interests and lien other than through payment of all outstanding debt in full, funds deposited for future payment of the debt may make the pledged revenues available for other purposes without effecting a legal defeasance. This is sometimes referred to as an “economic defeasance” or “financial defeasance.” If for some reason the funds deposited in an economic or financial defeasance prove insufficient to make future payment of the outstanding debt, the issuer would continue to be legally obligated to make payment on such debt from the pledged revenues. See: ADVANCE REFUNDING. Search the Glossary Browse Terms by Letter A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z #" }, { "docid": "D1439706#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_estate\nDefeasible estate", "text": "\"Property law Part of the common law series Types Real property Personal property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interestremainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rightsprior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidencev t e A defeasible estate is created when a grantor transfers land conditionally. Upon the happening of the event or condition stated by the grantor, the transfer may be void or at least subject to annulment. ( An estate not subject to such conditions is called an indefeasible estate.) Historically, the common law has frowned on the use of defeasible estates as it interferes with the owners' enjoyment of their property and as such has made it difficult to create a valid future interest. Unless a defeasible estate is clearly intended, modern courts will construe the language against this type of estate. Three types of defeasible estates are the fee simple determinable, fee simple subject to an executory limitation or interest, and the fee simple subject to a condition subsequent. Because a defeasible estate always grants less than a full fee simple, a defeasible estate will always create one or more future interests. Contents [ hide ]1 Fee simple determinable2 Fee simple subject to an executory limitation3 Fee simple subject to condition subsequent4 References Fee simple determinable [ edit]A fee simple determinable is an estate that will end automatically when the stated event or condition occurs. The interest will revert to the grantor or the heirs of the grantor. Normally, a possibility of reverter follows a fee simple determinable." }, { "docid": "D2278401#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72-hour_clause\n72-hour clause", "text": "72-hour clause From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, Which jurisdiction does this rule apply to? US? UK?. Please help us clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. ( March 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article is about real estate escape clauses." }, { "docid": "D3112035#0", "title": "http://www.munibondadvisor.com/defeasance.htm\n.", "text": "\"de fea sance noun1. A rendering void; an annulment.2. a. The voiding of a contract or deed. b. A clause within a contract or deed providing for annulment. Summary When referring to municipal bonds, a defeasance relates to methods by which an outstanding bond issue can be made void, both legally and financially. Although a defeasance is generally the outcome of a refunding transaction, a defeasance can also be accomplished with cash rather than the issuance of any bonds. This article focuses on the concept of a defeasance and the use of cash for this purpose. General Description A defeasance is a financing tool by which outstanding bonds may be retired without a bond redemption or implementing an open market buy-back. Cash is used to purchase government securities. The principal of and interest earned on the securities are sufficient to meet all payments of principal and interest on the outstanding bonds as they become due." }, { "docid": "D3477254#0", "title": "http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/65074/Arbitration+Dispute+Resolution/Reinsurance+Arbitration+Clauses+Where+The+Courts+Find+Problems\nUnited States: Reinsurance Arbitration Clauses â Where The Courts Find Problems", "text": "\"United States: Reinsurance Arbitration Clauses – Where The Courts Find Problems Last Updated: August 20 2008 Article by Larry Schiffer Dewey & Le Boeuf LLPThe author gratefully acknowledges and thanks Marissa J. Savit, an attorney at Dewey & Le Boeuf LLP, for her research and initial drafting of this article. This article was presented at the American Bar Association's Annual Meeting on August 9, 2008, at a program entitled \"\"Building a Better ADR Clause: An Inter-Disciplinary Approach,\"\" sponsored by the Excess, Surplus Lines & Reinsurance Committee of the Tort, Trial & Insurance Practice Section, which was co-chaired by the author. Introduction One way to improve the alternative dispute resolution process is to examine the disputes about alternative dispute resolution clauses that find their way into court. Typically, a court proceeding over the interpretation of a provision in an alternative dispute resolution clause arises because of some ambiguity or lack of clarity in the clause that the parties now need the court to sort out. Those provisions that routinely result in court proceedings may be candidates for modification. This paper will focus on arbitration clauses in reinsurance agreements. The paper will examine some of the types of disputes over reinsurance arbitration clauses that find their way into court in an attempt to identify provisions that may be in need of amendment. By analogy, similar clauses in other commercial contracts may be in need of modification as well. Reinsurance Arbitration Provisions With Ambiguous Scope Because arbitration is a creature of contract 1 , parties to a reinsurance agreement are free to contract for the scope of issues that they will submit to arbitration should there be a dispute in the future. Difficulties arise, however, when the parties' intentions regarding the scope arbitration are not clearly expressed in the reinsurance agreement." }, { "docid": "D924204#0", "title": "https://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/regulation-ab-interps.htm\n.", "text": "\"Regulation AB and Related Rules Last Update: September 6, 2016These Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations (“C&DIs”) comprise the Division’s interpretations of the rules adopted under Regulation AB and the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. They replace the interpretations published in the Regulation AB Manual of Publicly Available Telephone Interpretations (“Reg AB Telephone Interpretations”) and have been revised in some cases. The bracketed date following each C&DI is the latest date of publication or revision. The following Reg AB Telephone Interpretations have been withdrawn: 2.01, 5.01, 5.02, 5.03, 11.03, 13.01, 14.01, 15.01, and 15.02. Note: In anticipation of the transition from S-3 to SF-3, we have revised references to shelf registration forms to Form SF-3. However, in the interim, the principles still apply to Form S-3. Section 100. Securities Act Rules [Reserved]Section 101-Section 109 [Reserved]Section 110. Securities Act Forms [Reserved]Section 111. Form SF-3 [Reserved]Section 112." } ]
9205	a description about where the three gorges dam is located in china	[ { "docid": "D79413#0", "title": "https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~lpohara/\n", "text": "Map of Three Gorges Dam Site in Hubei Province, China. Courtesy of International Rivers Network. The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world. It is located in the middle of the tree gorges on the Yangtze River, the third longest in the world, in the Hubei Province of China. The project was approved by the Chinese government in 1992. However, construction didn’t begin until 1994. It is scheduled to be completed by 2009. The $25 billion project is being internationally funded by companies, export credit agencies, and banks from Canada, Switzerland, Germany, France, Sweden, and Brazil. Controversy about the project arises from human rights issues (as many as 1.3-1.9 million people have been forced to relocate) and environmental impacts. Artist's rendition of the Three Gorges Dam." } ]	[ { "docid": "D2942774#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Three+Gorges+Dam\nThree Gorges Dam", "text": "\"Three Gorges Dam Also found in: Wikipedia . Three Gorges Dam,607 ft (185 m) high and 7,575 ft (2,309 m) long, on the Chang (Yangtze) River, central Hubei prov., China, 30 mi (48 km) W of Yichang. The largest concretestructure in the world, the dam itself was constructed from 1994 to 2006. Its hydroelectric stationhas 32 turbines that can generate 22,500 MW, making it the largest in the world. In 2003 sluicegates were closed to begin flooding the scenic gorges for which the dam was named and filling a reservoir that is 410 mi (660 km) long and holds as much water as Lake Superior; the hydroelectricstation became fully functional in 2012. Some 1.3 million people were moved in the process of creating the dam and reservoir. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia™ Copyright © 2013, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved." }, { "docid": "D2640622#0", "title": "http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Guangzhou.htm\n___ Satellite View and Map of the City of Guangzhou (å¹¿å·)", "text": "Got it!This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website More info One Planet Nations Online All Countries in the World Home Continents Countries Cities Landmarks Languages Maps International Home Earth Continents Asia China Country Profile Google Earth Guangzhou Map___ Satellite View and Map of the City of Guangzhou (广州)About Guangzhou Satellite view is showing Guangzhou, third largest Chinese city behind Shanghai and Beijing, it is the capital of Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. It is an inland port city located in the Pearl River delta in south-central of mainland China. Guangzhou city at night with the illuminated 600m tall Canton Tower (Guangzhou Tower) in center.image: nationsonline.org The city, was formerley known as Canton, it is the leading industrial and commercial center of southern China. Guangzhou has a population of more than 12 million people in its metropolitan area. The city is part of one of the most populous metropolitan agglomerations on Earth, the Pearl River Delta Mega City with a population of more than 50 million people. When you are in Guangzhou, there is a difference compared with other Asian cities, something is missing, and you can not quite explain what, until you realize: no motorbikes. The permanent noise of hundreds of motorcycles on the street is just not there. Adding up to the strange white noise of the city is the amount of hybrid cars running on electric drive mode, silent. The page shows a city map of Guangzhou with expressways, main roads and streets, zoom out to find Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport ( IATA code: CAN) to the north. Just zoom in (+) to see Canton Tower, a 600m, (1,969 ft) tall multi-purpose observation tower." }, { "docid": "D3130012#0", "title": "http://thediplomat.com/2014/08/worlds-largest-dam-requires-u-s-chinese-cooperation/\nWorldâs Largest Dam Requires US-China Cooperation", "text": "Image Credit: Julien Harneis via Flickr.com World’s Largest Dam Requires US-China Cooperation Despite diverging spheres of influence, Inga-3 could actually draw the two powers together. By Clint Richards August 06, 2014The U. S. and China have been seeking to raise and improve their respective profiles in Africa this week. The U. S. is interested in catching up with China, which became the continent’s largest trading partner five years ago, with trade reaching $200 billion last year, double U. S.-Africa trade. For its part, China is seeking to improve its image. Despite huge amounts of investment in Africa, China struggles with an image as an exploitative partner that seeks to extract the raw materials it needs in Africa without investing in projects to improve partner countries, or even use local labor. At the U. S.-Africa Business Forum in Washington D. C. on Tuesday, the U. S. announced plans to open 10 new trade missions on the continent, as well as $14 billion in investment from U. S. companies. Former President Bill Clinton also called for a 15-year extension to the African Growth and Opportunity Act, which offers preferential trade agreements to qualified African countries. The U. S. is intent on stemming its loss of influence in Sub-Saharan Africa by identifying U. S. companies to partner with African countries, like General Electric Co. and Ford Motor Co., which both announced plans for large investments at the forum. While the U. S. tries to resurrect its profile in Africa, China is seeking to improve its image while still stepping up its involvement. In May the governor of China’s central bank, Zhou Xiaochuan, admitted that, in regard to China’s history of investment in Africa, “Different entities have behaved differently." }, { "docid": "D1213004#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/place/Chongqing\nChongqing", "text": "Alternative Titles: Ch’ung-ch’ing, Chungking Chongqing, Wade-Giles romanization Ch’ung-ch’ing, conventional Chungking, city ( shi) and provincial-level municipality ( zhixiashi ), southwest-central China. The leading river port, transportation hub, and commercial and industrial centre of the upper Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) basin, the city is located some 1,400 miles (2,250 km) from the sea, at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) it was the capital of Nationalist China. The city was named Chongqing (“Double-Blessed”) in 1189 under the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127–1279 ce ). At that time the city occupied a commanding position between the prefectures of Shunqing (centred on modern Nanchong) to the north and Shaoqing (centred on modern Pengshui) to the east. Skyscrapers at night in central Chongqing, China. © Harald Høiland Tjøstheim/Shutterstock.com Chongqing city and municipality, China. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Chongqing city was under the administration of Sichuan province from 1954, but in 1997 it was separated from the province and designated a provincial-level municipality under the direct administration of the central government, the fourth one (after Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin) to be established. At that time the entire eastern portion of Sichuan was incorporated into the municipality, which greatly expanded Chongqing’s overall land area and population. Both the city and municipality have experienced quick development since then." }, { "docid": "D1129841#0", "title": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam\nThree Gorges Dam", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search A map of the Three Gorges Dam and reservoir The Three Gorges Dam ( Chinese: 长江三峡大坝) is a dam in the Three Gorges region on the Yangtze River in Sandouping, in the country of China. One of the largest dams in the world, it also generates the biggest amount of hydroelectric power (22,250 megawatts ), pushing the massive Itaipu Dam in Brazil from first place to second place. The Three Gorges Dam project was completed on July 4, 2012. [ 1] The dam was built for flood control, irrigation, and electricity. However, this has not come without problems. The dam covers a lot of historic sites and has caused 1.24 million people to lose their homes under the rising water. [ 2] The dam forms the Three Gorges Reservoir, which extends nearly 410 mi (660 km) upstream to the city of Chongqing. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Design, cost and purpose2.1 Flood control2.2 Navigation3 Electricity3.1 Generators3.2 Construction3.3 Electricity production and distribution4 Benefits of the dam5 Disadvantages of the dam5.1 Wildlife habitat and historic sites5.2 Sediment problems5.3 Other dangers6 Assisting dam projects6.1 Gezhouba Dam6.2 Other dams7 References History [ change \| change source]Construction of the dam. The dam was proposed by Sun Yat-sen, a Chinese political leader, in 1919. The site was surveyed in 1932 and 1939, by the Chinese and Japanese respectively." }, { "docid": "D79416#0", "title": "http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_three_gorges.htm\n___ Satellite View of Three Gorges Dam - ä¸å³¡æ°´çµç«", "text": "Got it!This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website More info One Planet Nations Online All Countries in the World Home Continents Countries Cities Landmarks Languages Maps International Home Earth Continents Asia China Country Profile Google Earth Three Gorges Dam Map Country Index Map Index___ Satellite View of Three Gorges Dam - 三峡水电站About the Three Gorges Dam at Yangtze River View of the largest hydroelectric dam in the world. The dam is located in the areas of Xilingxia gorge, one of the three gorges of the Yangtze river. Three Gorges Dam crossing the river at Sandouping, Yichang, in Hubei province. The dam will control a drainage area of 1 million km 2 . In the dam operate 32 main generators, each generator has a capacity of 700 MW. Three Gorges Dam in figures: Length: 2,335 metres (7,661 ft); Height: 185 metres (607 ft), Width: (at base) 115 metres (377 ft), at crest: 40 metres (131 ft) The dam is maintained by China Three Gorges Project. The dam has been a controversial topic both in China and abroad, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people, and is causing significant ecological changes. Three Gorges Dam, the hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River in Hubei province. Image: Le Grand Portage Bookmark/share this page To find a location type: street or place, city, optional: state, country. Local Time Wuhan: Friday-April-13 06:37 Time zone: China Standard Time (CST) UTC / GMT +8 hoursφ Latitude, λ Longitude (of Map center; move the map to see coordinates):,Google Earth: Three Gorges Dam Map and satellite view of the hydroelectric dam." }, { "docid": "D2558143#0", "title": "http://www.physicalmapofasia.com/countries-of-asia/china/\nCHINA", "text": "CHINAHome > Countries of Asia > China Borders: Hong Kong \| North Korea \| Taiwan \| Mongolia \| Russia \| Kazakhstan \| Kyrgyzstan \| Tajikistan \| Afghanistan \| Pakistan \| India \| Nepal \| Bhutan \| Myanmar-Burma \| Laos \| Vietnam Main facts about the geography of China Western half is not very populated; Eastern half is very heavily populated Inner China is naturally protected by natural barriers on all sides Himalayas, Kunln, Tian Shan, and Altai mountains all protect the West Tibetan Plateau fills up the sparsely populated West Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts form barriers to the North and Northwest Great Wall of China lies below the Gobi Desert Yellow and Yangtze Rivers lie in the East China includes a wide variety of geographical features – plains, plateaus, deserts, mountains, and coastlines. This variation allows for a lot of potential in the industrial and agricultural sectors of the country. Throughout history, part of the empire’s ability to protect its land has been due to the natural barriers that form on all sides. The Tibetan Plateau that makes up so much of the sparsely populated Western region is perhaps the largest and highest plateau on Earth, with numerous mountain ranges surrounding it, such as the Himalayas, Kunlun, Tian Shan, and the Qinling. The United States and China are roughly the same size, although some sources claim China is larger when including other disputed territories. Both countries are approximately 3,000 miles wide and also lie around the same latitude. The Eastern half consists of plains whereas the Western half consists of higher elevation. The East is very fertile land that sustains most of the population and the Southeastern part includes increasingly subtropical climates as it connects into Southeast Asia. The Western half includes an almost bipolar mix of highs, lows, and areas full of natural resources, especially around the Tian Shan Mountains in the Northwest. China includes major rivers in the East, the Yellow and the Yangtze." }, { "docid": "D1129848#0", "title": "https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html\nThree Gorges Dam: The world's largest hydroelectric plant", "text": "In 2012, the Three Gorges Dam in China took over the #1 spot of the largest hydroelectric dam (in electricity production), replacing the Itaipú hydroelectric power plant in Brazil and Paraguay. The Three Gorges Dam has a generating capacity of 22,500 megawatts (MW) compared to 14,000 MW for the Itaipu Dam. But, over a year-long period, both dams can generate about the same amount of electricity because seasonal variations in water availability on the Yangtze River in China limit power generation at Three Gorges for a number of months during the year. The height of Three Gorges is about 594 feet (181 meters (m)) and the length is about 7,770 feet (2, 335 m). The dam creates the Three Gorges Reservoir, which has a surface area of about 400 square miles (1,045 square kilometers) and extends upstream from the dam about 370 miles (600 kilometers). In the United States, the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, Washington, is the largest, with a generating capacity of about 6,800 MW (5th overall worldwide). Photo credit: Le Grand Portage, Wikipedia To view PDF files, the latest version of Adobe Reader (free of charge) or similar software is needed." }, { "docid": "D103658#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/dam\ndam", "text": "dam Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Wikipedia .dam,barrier, commonly across a watercourse, to hold back water, often forming a reservoir or lake; dams are also sometimes used to control or contain rockslides, mudflows, and the like in regions where these are common. Dams are made of timber, rock, earth, masonry, or concrete or of combinations of these materials. Timber is seldom used in dams because timbers are impermanentand their height is limited. Rock-fill dams consist of an embankment of loose rock with either a coreimpervious to water (e.g., clay) or a watertight face on the upstream side. Earth dams may be eithersimple embankments of earth or embankments reinforced with a core of cement or with an upstream surface made watertight. Masonry and concrete dams are either gravity dams or archdams (either single-arch or multiple-arch). Gravity dams are dependent upon their own weight forresistance to the pressure of the water. Single-arch dams are curved upstream and are usuallyconstructed in narrow canyons or gorges where the rocky side walls are strong enough to withstandthe tremendous lateral thrust of the dam that is caused by the pressure of the water. Dams of themultiple-arch type consist of a number of single arches supported by buttresses. Dams may also be constructed with roller-compacted concrete, in which thin layers of concrete are compacted as if they were earth layers; this produces a far stronger dam, without the need for full forms." }, { "docid": "D1116303#0", "title": "https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/river/\nriver", "text": "\"Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary The Jinsha is nicknamed \"\"the River of Golden Sands. \"\" Photograph by Xi Luo, My Shot Germ-Killing Ganges Hindus have always believed that the water of the Ganges River has purifying powers. Although millions of people bathe in the river regularly, it does not usually spread cholera, typhoid, or other water-borne diseases. Scientists have found that unique bacteriophagesviruses that destroy bacteriakill germs in the water of the Ganges. In addition, the Ganges holds up to 25 times more dissolved oxygen than any other river in the world. The oxygen helps prevent putrefaction (rotting) of organic matter in the river. Scientists do not know why the river retains so much oxygen. Mythical Rivers The ancient Greeks believed that five rivers encircled Hades, the underworld. These rivers are Styx (hate), Phlegethon (fire), Acheron (sorrow), Cocytus (lamentation or sadness), and Lethe (forgetting). The Greeks believed that dead souls had to cross the River Acheron, a branch of the Styx, to reach the underworld." }, { "docid": "D79417#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/Where_is_the_three_gorges_dam_located\nWhy was the three gorges dam built?", "text": "Why was the three gorges dam built?because the chinese needed it Who builds the Three Gorges Dam? The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River in China. An American designer, John L. Savage, surveyed thearea of Hubei and drew up a dam proposal fo …Geminij 70 Contributions What is the length of Three gorges dam?607 ft (185 m) high and 7,575 ft (2,309 m) long Who wanted the Three gorges dam? Chinese government What are the benefits of the Three Gorges Dam?yigygug What is good about the three gorges dam? The dam will produce as much energy as 15 nuclear power stations. This energy is vital to ease China's addiction to coal, which has devastating effects for the entire country …Wkiwill 194 Contributions What country is the three gorges dam in? China How was the Three Gorges Dam built? The Three Gorges Dam was built by constructing the largest concretedam in history. It is at the confluence of three rivers and willeventually flood millions of acres of land, …Don Dfoofnik 4,378,099 Contributions There are three kinds of answers: ones that are mostly right, ones that are mostly wrong, and those that once were right but now are wrong. Where is the Three Gorges Dam located in China?" }, { "docid": "D1129846#0", "title": "https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/06/060609-gorges-dam_2.html\nChina's Three Gorges Dam, by the Numbers", "text": "\"China's Three Gorges Dam, by the Numbers<< Back to Page 1 Page 2 of 2The project will flood the three gorges that give the dam its name: the Qutang, Wu Xia, and Xiling. They stretch for some 124 miles (200 kilometers) along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze and are renowned for their scenic beauty. New \"\"Great Wall\"\" Spans River Enlarge Photo Printer Friendly Email to a Friend What's This? SHAREDigg Stumble Upon Reddit RELATEDChinese Music Samples and Downloads Photo: Severe Sandstorm Blasts China Dike Around Huge Florida Lake Is Leaking The dam is some 1.4 miles (2.3 kilometers) long and 607 feet (185 meters) tall—five times larger than the U. S.'s Hoover Dam. Construction workers used some 21 million cubic yards (16 million cubic meters) of concrete in the structure—a world record. Upstream of the dam, the reservoir's water level is presently 456 feet (139 meters) above sea level, and it's expected to rise quickly. The 410-mile-long (660-km-long) reservoir will eventually be flooded to 574 feet (175 meters) above sea level. A Hundred Lives, Billions of Dollars Chinese state media reports that over a hundred workers died during the lengthy construction project. Economic costs also ran high. Official reports place the price tag in the 24-billion-U. S.-dollar range." }, { "docid": "D1293416#0", "title": "https://www.chinahighlights.com/yangtzeriver/\nThe Awesome Yangtze River â an Introduction for Travellers", "text": "\"Views along the Yangtze River Described as \"\" China’s River of Heaven \"\", the Yangtze River’s a powerful force that the Chinese have only recently managed to tame. The Yangtze River has a strong claim to being the world’s most fascinating river, with a huge variety of tourist attractions, breathtaking scenery, and diverse culture along it’s length. It's known as the \"\"Long River\"\". The Yangtze’s the longest river in China and Asia. It also holds several world records. The Yangtze’s the third longest river in the world, but the longest river within a single country. A total of 6,380 km (3,960 mi) from source to sea, the winding Yangtze, if straight, would stretch across the whole of China, or from China to the UK or the US. No wonder the Chinese name for it is Chang Jiang , literally 'Long River'. Think of the giant Yangtze as 3 parts: the upper, middle and lower reaches. The upper reaches start 5.34 km above sea level on Mt. Geladandong in Tibet." }, { "docid": "D2249#0", "title": "https://www.yangtzeriver.org/threegorges_dam/why-built-three-gorges-dam.htm\nWhy Built the Three Gorges Dam", "text": "Why Built the Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest power producing facility, and the world’s largest hydroelectric dam. There were many reasons for building the dam and this article will investigate some of these. The Three gorges dam was built across the Yangtze River to control the amount of water allowed through. This created a massive artificial lake which has become an international tourist attraction. The construction of a dam on the Yangtze River had been considered since 1919, but the Civil war and Cultural Revolution delayed the project until fairly recently. View of the Three Gorges Dam from the sigtseeing terrace with the same height as the dam Flooding One of the main reasons that the Three Gorges dam was built was to prevent flooding further downstream. The need for a dam was highlighted in 1954 when people were killed as a result of flooding of the Yangtze River. The need for a dam was even mentioned by Chairman Mao, who wrote a poem in the same year called Swimming. In it, he had visions of a large stone wall being built across the river, similar to the three gorges dam. By building a dam across the Yangtze River, it is possible to control the flow of water." }, { "docid": "D3162153#0", "title": "http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/geography/element_e/ee14.html\n.", "text": "\"Standard 14: Human Actions Modify the Physical Environment [Hide TOC] TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction: Agriculture, Industrialization, Consumerism Agriculture Japan: Rice in Japan China: Controlling Water Resources Terracing and Irrigation Chang Jiang (Yangzi or Yangtze River) and the Three Gorges Dam Imperial Water Control in the 1700s Deforestation China Vietnam STANDARD 14 INTRODUCTION: AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIALIZATION, CONSUMERISMHumans have impacted the environments within which they live since the beginning of time. However, the environmental consequences of human actions have varied in intensity over time. Over-grazing, over-population, excessive extraction of raw materials, and environmental pollution all have a long and complicated history. The modification of physical environments in order to develop highly productive agricultural systems in China, Japan, and Korea has a long history. The control of water, terracing, and the use of organic fertilizers over millennia have been critical elements in the fashioning of agricultural landscapes in East Asia. These efforts brought about not only highly productive agricultural systems based upon irrigated rice, but also landscapes of extraordinary beauty. However, it is industrialization and consumerism, having accelerated over the past half century, that have been most significant in causing alarm, as people throughout the world cope with issues of depleted resources. Show All Images \| Hide All Images AGRICULTURE [Hide Images] // JAPAN: RICE IN JAPANREADING: The Miracle of Rice [Japan's Secret Garden, NOVA, PBS] A reading about the cultural and economic significance of rice in Japan. Also discusses the \"\"rice crisis\"\" throughout Asia. With a video clip showing changes to a rice terrace over a growing season." }, { "docid": "D3545351#0", "title": "http://likeaballs.blogspot.com/2012/03/yellow-river-floods-1887-1931.html\nYellow River Floods 1887 & 1931", "text": "Yellow River Floods 1887 & 1931Facts Located in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province in Western China2 nd Longest river in China (3,359 miles)6 th Longest river in the worldHistoryFor centuries, the farmers living near the Yellow River had built dikes to contain the rising waters, caused by silt accumulation on the riverbed. The waters of the Yellow River are generally thought to have broken through the dikes in Huayankou, near the city of Zhengzhou in Henan province. Owing to the low-lying plains near the area, the flood spread very quickly throughout Northern China, covering an estimated 50,000 square miles, swamping agricultural settlements and commercial centers.1887 Yellow River The 1887 Yellow River flood was a devastating flood on the Yellow River in China . This river is prone to flooding due to the elevated nature of the river, running between dykes above the broad plains surrounding it. The flood that began in September 1887 stated the area, killing some 900,000 people. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. In 1887, this rising riverbed, coupled with days of heavy rain, overcame the dikes on around 28th September, causing a massive flood. Since there is no international unit with which to measure a flood's strength it is usually classified by the extent of the damage done, depth of water left and number of casualties. After the flood, two million were left homeless. The resulting pandemic and lack of basic essentials claimed as many lives as those lost directly by the flood itself." }, { "docid": "D3276535#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs\nEnvironmental impact of reservoirs", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The Wachusett Dam in Clinton, Massachusetts. The environmental impact of reservoirs comes under ever-increasing scrutiny as the global demand for water and energy increases and the number and size of reservoirs increases. Dams and reservoirs can be used to supply drinking water, generate hydroelectric power, increase the water supply for irrigation, provide recreational opportunities, and flood control. In 1960 the construction of Llyn Celyn and the flooding of Capel Celyn provoked political uproar which continues to this day. More recently, the construction of Three Gorges Dam and other similar projects throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America have generated considerable environmental and political debate. Contents [ hide ]1 Upstream impacts1.1 Fragmentation of river ecosystems1.2 Reservoir sedimentation2 Impact below dam2.1 Riverline and coastal erosion2.2 Water temperature2.3 Natural ecosystems destroyed by agriculture2.4 Effects on flood-dependent ecology and agriculture2.5 Potential for disaster2.6 Flood control3 Effects beyond the reservoir3.1 Effects on humans3.2 Greenhouse gases4 See also5 References6 External links Upstream impacts [ edit]Lake Nasser behind the Aswan dam, Egypt, 5250 km², displaced 60,000 people [1]Fragmentation of river ecosystems [ edit]A dam also acts as a barrier between the upstream and downstream movement of migratory river animals, such as salmon and trout. [ 2]Some communities have also begun the practice of transporting migratory fish upstream to spawn via a barge. [ 2]Reservoir sedimentation [ edit]Rivers carry sediment down their riverbeds, allowing for the formation of depositional features such as river deltas, alluvial fans, braided rivers, oxbow lakes, levees and coastal shores. The construction of a dam blocks the flow of sediment downstream, leading to downstream erosion of these sedimentary depositional environments, and increased sediment build-up in the reservoir. While the rate of sedimentation varies for each dam and each river, eventually all reservoirs develop a reduced water-storage capacity due to the exchange of \"\"live storage\"\" space for sediment. [" }, { "docid": "D532987#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze\nYangtze", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search\"\"Yangzi\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Yangzi (disambiguation). \"\" Changjiang\"\" redirects here. For other uses, see Changjiang (disambiguation). Yangtze ( 长江 Cháng jiāng)Dusk on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River ( Three Gorges)Country China Tributaries- left Yalong, Min, Tuo, Jialing, Han- right Wu, Yuan, Zi, Xiang, Gan, Huangpu Cities Yibin, Luzhou, Chongqing, Wanzhou,Yichang, Jingzhou, Yueyang, Wuhan,Jiujiang, Anqing, Tongling, Wuhu,Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Nantong,Shanghai Source Jari Hill- location Tanggula Mountains, Qinghai, China- elevation 5,170 m (16,962 ft)- coordinates 32°36′14″N 94°30′44″EMouth East China Sea- location Shanghai, and Jiangsu- coordinates 31°23′37″N 121°58′59″ECoordinates: 31°23′37″N 121°58′59″ELength 6,357 km (3,950 mi) [1]Basin 1,808,500 km 2 (698,266 sq mi) [2]Discharge- average 30,166 m 3 /s (1,065,302 cu ft/s) [3]- max 110,000 m 3 /s (3,884,613 cu ft/s) [4] [5]- min 2,000 m 3 /s (70,629 cu ft/s)The course of the Yangtze River through China Map of the Yangtze River basin Golden Island, on The Yang-Tse River, China ( LMS, 1869, p.64) [6]The Yangtze ( English: / ˈ j æ ŋ t s i / or / ˈ j ɑː ŋ t s i / ), which is 6,380 km (3,964 miles) long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It drains one-fifth of the land area of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its river basin is home to nearly one-third of the country's population. [ 7] The Yangtze is the sixth-largest river by discharge volume in the world. The English name Yangtze derives from the Chinese name Yángzǐ Jiāng ( listen ), which refers to the lowest 435 km of the river between Nanjing and Shanghai. The whole river is known in China as Cháng Jiāng ( listen; literally: \"\"Long River\"\")." }, { "docid": "D2248#0", "title": "http://primaryfacts.com/2754/10-three-gorges-dam-facts/\n10 Three Gorges Dam Facts", "text": "10 Three Gorges Dam Facts Posted on September 25, 2013 by James • 18 Comments Here are ten facts about the Three Gorges Dam. The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Yangtze River in China. In terms of the amount of electricity it generates, it’s the world’s largest power station. The Yangtze is the third longest river in the world, at almost 4,000 miles. It passes through some of China’s most spectacular scenery, some of which has been lost due to the Three Gorges Dam. The concrete and steel dam is 7,661 feet long, almost 600 feet high and used about 510,000 tons of steel – enough to build the Eiffel Tower sixty times. Some have claimed that the structure is visible from the moon, but this is not the case. The power generated by the 34 generators is enormous. It is equivalent to burning 25 million tons of crude oil or 50 million tons of coal. The reservoir that has been created measures 405 square miles in area and helps prevent flooding in a large area." }, { "docid": "D532986#0", "title": "http://www.chinatravel.com/facts/china-rivers.htm\nWhat are the Seven Major Rivers in Chinaï¼", "text": "What are the Seven Major Rivers in China？As the third biggest country in the world, China has a vast net of rich rivers and waters. Among them, there are seven major rivers in this country, including the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Pearl River, the Huaihe River, the Haihe River, the Songhuajiang River and the Liaohe River.1. The Yangtze River The Yangtze River, also called the Changjiang River（长江）, is the third longest river in the world, ranking after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon River in South American. It is 6397 kilometers long, and the longest and biggest river in Asia. The Yangtze River rises in Tanggula Mountain in Tibetan Plateau and flows through 9 provinces and 2 municipality cities, and the key cities along the Yangtze River include Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing and Chengdu. The Yangtze River together with the Yellow River, is known as “Mother River” in China. There are a lot of famous attractions along the Yangtze River such as Fengdu Ghost City, the Three Gorges and the Three Gorges Dam Site. Joining a Yangtze River Cruise is a popular and worthy activity, which can offer visitors a magnificent and unforgettable journey on the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River cruises run between Chongqing and Yichang in Hubei Province, a journey which covers the essence of the Yangtze River.2. The Yellow River The Yellow River, with a total length of 5464 kilometers ranks the second longest river in China after the Yangtze River and the fifth longest river in the World." } ]
9214	a difference between a political party and an interest group is that the main goal of	[ { "docid": "D2203205#0", "title": "https://brainly.com/question/1599821\nA difference between a political party and an interest group is that the main goal of - an interest group is to get its members elected into political office. - a political party is to get its members elected into political office. - an interest group is to prevent government from making policy. - a political party is to prevent government from making policy.", "text": "High School Social studies 5 points A difference between a political party and an interest group is that the main goal of - an interest group is to get its members elected into political office. - a political party is to get its members elected into political office. - an interest group is to prevent government from making policy. - a political party is to prevent government from making policy. Ask for details Follow Reportby T3heffr2end Yus 08/06/2016Only registered members have access to verified answers Join now Answers Pink Floyd Ambitious A difference between a political party and an interest group is that the main goal of a political party is to get its members elected into political office. The answer to your question is B. I hope that this is the answer that you were looking for and it has helped you. Comments Report5.0 1 vote Thanks 4The Brain Helper Not sure about the answer? See next answers Learn more with Brainly!Having trouble with your homework? Get free help!80% of questions are answered in under 10 minutes Answers come with explanations, so that you can learn Answer quality is ensured by our experts I want a free account!" } ]	[ { "docid": "D1998187#0", "title": "https://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/ads-public-opinion/negative-political-ads-effects-voters-research-roundup\nNegative political ads and their effect on voters: Updated collection of research", "text": "Negative political ads and their effect on voters: Updated collection of research (Unsplash/public domain)By Denise-Marie Ordway and John Wihbey Many people have a visceral reaction to political attack ads on TV: Not much will prompt a faster change of the channel. But they are difficult to escape during election season and the 2016 presidential election season won’t be much different. Political ads became much more negative over the course of the 2012 presidential campaign. Erika Franklin Fowler, an assistant professor of government, has noted that 2012 may be remembered for its record-setting negativity. Fowler directs t he Wesleyan Media Project, which monitors and analyzes televised campaign ads and found that three-quarters of ads aired during the last presidential race “appealed to anger. ”The 2016 presidential election already has become a nasty one, however. A September 2016 report from the Wesleyan Media Project shows that 53 percent of ads that aired over the previous month were negative — compared to 48 percent of ads that ran during a comparable period of the 2012 campaign. The report notes that Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump have taken different approaches with their advertising: “Just over 60 percent of Clinton’s ads have attacked Trump while 31 percent have been positive, focusing on Clinton. Trump, on the other hand, has by and large used contrast ads, which both promote himself and attack Clinton. He has aired no positive ads." }, { "docid": "D3176607#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/61317121/political-parties-flash-cards/\nPolitical Parties", "text": "53 terms kyralharrington Political Parties Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sortparties and interest groups are all about numbers one person can't make a difference in politics, but many people joined together can make a big difference, parties and interest groups are the two ways in which people join together to influence governmentpolitical party a group of citizens united by ideology and seeking control of government in order to promote their ideas and policiesinterest group an organization of individuals who share in a common policy goal and unite for the purpose of influencing government decisionspolitical parties want to control governmentpolitical parties serve 3 important functions link voters to elected officials, overcome government fragmentation, articulate opposing policy ideaspartisanship the taking of political sides3 components of political party party organization, party-in-government, party-in-electorateparty organization the official structure that conducts a party's business, committee structures at the national, state, and country levels, involved in electioneering, and providing serviceselectioneering the organizations perform activities that prepare for elections, find people to run for office, provide services to help that person win (management, fundraising, phone calls, signs)party in government members of a political party elected to government, most important task is to governparty in electorate ordinary citizens who identify with a party, they dont do anything for the party except show up and vote for them on election day James Madison incredibly afraid of parties (and interest groups) they were factions turned out to be very wrong Factions A group that seeks to promote its own special interests at the expense of the common good (federalists and antifederalists an example)federalists/antifederalists neither of these factions was a political party, did not participate in the same activities that parties do today, only organized legislatures, federalist were undoubtedly strongerantifederalists weaker of the two, unable to really organize anything, minority in all levels of national government they didn't really have a say in government decisions anyway1800 federalists swept from national power by the democratic-republicans. headed by thomas jefferson and james madison, arose as a counterpoint to the federalists, first REAL political party, still not a two party systemdemocratic-republicans first real political party in the united states, members of the party coalesced around their beliefs of states rights and a limited national government, began electioneering activitiesera of good feelings least partisan time in our history, after the democratic republicans came into office, the federalists all but disappeared, they still got elected but were in so small numbers they had no voice1828 end of era of good feelings, Andrew Jackson elected president, Democratic-Republican party becomes the Democratic party, takes on the characteristics of the modern political partyparty machine mass based party systems in which parties provided services and resources in exchange for votes1828-1860 the first two-party system democrats/whigs (second party system)second party system marked by conflict between democratic party and whig partywho were the whigs many of them were previously ardent Democratic-republicans, these individuals were afraid of the common man-the INTERESTS of the common man, feared andrew jackson, many from professional business classes, interested in national government take more action to promote their economic interestswhigs sucess marginal success nationally, won the presidency a few times, also had to cater to the common man to win electionswhigs began to die away between 1852 and 1856 they were fractioned positions within the party on slavery, lack of leadership in the party, 2 biggest leaders (henry clay and daniel webster) died in 1852, no one replaced themnew Republican party after death of Whig party many former whigs moved to the new republican party, formed in 1854 as a party with one goal: eliminate slaverythird party system creation of republican party, republicans and democrats were the two major parties in the country. officially begins in 1856 (first election in which republican party has success) era dominated by republicans after civil war era marked by its emphasis on business accommodation, civil service reform and national expansionfourth party system 1896-1932, dominated by republican party, democrats making headway nationally, pro-business period, social movements arose because of injustices of the industrial revolutionsocial movements populism, progressivismthird parties most important-bull moose party led by theodore rooseveltbull moose party almost destroyed the republican party, democratic party not still necessarily the party of progressivismweakened party organization/bosses during this era the twilight of the reign of party machines and bosses in major urban centersfifth party system 1932-present, dominated by democratic party at national level, emphasis on regulation and equalitysixth party system? may actually be in the middle of a sixth party system, there are differences between the relationships between the political parties as compared to the fifth party systemdealignment the political parties have become weaker, in organizations and in the electorate, manifests itself in more divided government, neither party dominantorganizations primaries have taken away the power of many party leaderselectorate fewer people have strong party attachments and more people claim to be politically independent (migration of the South to the Republican party balances things out)realignment a substantial, long-term shift in party allegiance that leads to long term policy shift, one party overthrows another, and then stays in power for several years before the process happens all over again. usually accompanied with a critical election that clearly marks the end of an era and the beginning of a new onewhy do realignments and critical elections take place? at the heart of it, the political party in power collapses under its own weight. coalitions, tackle problems cannot handlecoalition a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose, political party cannot contain the internal disputes within its coalitionproblem they cannot handle 1800-quasi war 1860-civil war 1896-panic of 1893 1932-great depressionwhy do we have a 2 party system constitutional arrangement provides incentives to organize in two political parties, the major political parties have done a great job of rigging the game to make sure we have a two party systemsingle member congressional districts districts are represented by only one person, and not multiple people, this holds for other representative positions throughout the countrywinner take all system losers in a political election get nothing, even if 49.9% of vote, opposite of proportional represention. the result of these factors is that voting for a third party means your vote becomes uselessproportional representation smaller parties are bale to get representation in the government based on how they do in electionsdemocrats republicans make it so no one else can win pass state legislation that prohibits others from running for office, or at least make it extremely difficult for these parties to get on ballotsamerican political parties are more centrist than the political parties of other countries most americans voters are in the center of the political spectrum, that means that the 50%+1 vote is also in the center of the political spectrum, american parties that tend to stray from the center and cater to their party base tend to lose electionsrepublican party mistake getting back to its principles, but is taking them away from the center and they are losing elections, if they dont appeal to the center they run the risk of becoming irreleventhighly undisciplined political parties members of parties don't always vote with their parties on certain issues (crossing party lines) parties are decentralized and have no true leadership, changed in recent years especially since 1954result: parties take clearer stances on issues than they did in the past, but there is more grid lock on the system, more polarization between the parties, and less incentive to compromise with one another to solve the country's most pressing problemsresponsible party model party government when 4 conditions are met: clear choice of ideologies, candidates pledged to implement ideas, parties are held accountable by voters, party can control its membersany nation can attain responsible party model great britain comes closetoo european more applicable to europe than to us, seen as compromising to our american system of gov, undisciplined nature of parties is purely american, thought that undisciplined prevents tyranny" }, { "docid": "D2903781#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies\nList of communist ideologies", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Part of a series on Communism Theory and practice [show]Aspects [show]Variants [show]Internationals [show]People [show]By region [show]Related topics [show]Communism portalv t e Self-identified communists hold a variety of views, including Marxism, Dengism, Trotskyism, Stalinism, council communism, Luxemburgism, anarcho-communism, Christian communism, Islamic socialism and various currents of left communism. The offshoots of the Leninism ( Marxism–Leninism) are the most well-known of these and have been a driving force in international relations during most of the 20th century. [ 1]This list includes ideologies which are or werecommunist in the sense of maintaining the ideal of common ownership and control of at least the means of production (and possibly of other property) regardless whether the word \"\"communism\"\" is used by the adherents of the ideology or not; and,notable enough to be either mentioned in a non-trivial way in more than one scholarly work about history of communism, or to be an official ideology of a party at least represented in a parliament of a country with more than 1,000,000 citizens. Besides the principal communist ideologies (like Marxism or anarcho-communism), the list may contain also branches limited in their theoretical scope (e.g., Lysenkoism) or in their regional extent (e.g., Kádárism ), provided they fulfill the above conditions. Contents [ hide ]1 Marxist communism1.1 Leninism and Marxism–Leninism1.2 Stalinism1.3 Trotskyism1.4 Maoism1.5 Dengism1.6 Prachanda Path1.7 Hoxhaism1.8 Titoism1.9 Eurocommunism1.10 Luxemburgism1.11 Council communism1.12 De Leonism1.13 21st century communist theorists2 Non-Marxist communism2.1 Anarchist communism2.2 Christian communism3 References3.1 Notes4 External links Marxist communism [ edit]Leninism and Marxism–Leninism [ edit]Main articles: Leninism and Marxism–Leninism Marxism–Leninism is a synthesis of philosophical and economic theories of Karl Marx with the revolutionary political theories of Vladimir Lenin. Lenin brought Marxism into the 20th century, with his original theoretical contributions such as his analysis of imperialism, principles of party organization, and the implementation of socialism through revolution and reform thereafter. As the official ideology of the Soviet Union, Marxism–Leninism was adopted by communist parties worldwide with variation in local application. Parties with a Marxist–Leninist understanding of the historical development of socialism advocate for the nationalisation of natural resources and monopolist industries of capitalism and for their internal democratization as part of the transition to workers' control. The economy under such a government is primarily coordinated through a universal economic plan with varying degrees of market distribution. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries, many communist parties of the world today continue to use Marxism–Leninism as their method of understanding the conditions of their respective countries." }, { "docid": "D713899#0", "title": "https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/american-government/political-parties/the-functions-of-political-parties\nThe Functions of Political Parties", "text": "The Functions of Political Parties Political parties perform an important task in government. They bring people together to achieve control of the government, develop policies favorable to their interests or the groups that support them, and organize and persuade voters to elect their candidates to office. Although very much involved in the operation of government at all levels, political parties are not the government itself, and the Constitution makes no mention of them. The basic purpose of political parties is to nominate candidates for public office and to get as many of them elected as possible. Once elected, these officials try to achieve the goals of their party through legislation and program initiatives. Although many people do not think of it this way, registering as a Democrat or Republican makes them members of a political party. Political parties want as many people involved as possible. Most members take a fairly passive role, simply voting for their party's candidates at election time. Some become more active and work as officials in the party or volunteer to persuade people to vote. The most ambitious members may decide to run for office themselves." }, { "docid": "D862#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-liberal-and-a-conservative\nWhat is the difference between a liberal and a conservative?", "text": "\"Political Liberalism Vs. Political Conservatism Political Conservatism Liberalism (politics)Society Politics What is the difference between a liberal and a conservative?100 + Answers Brian Jackson, Carpenter Updated Mar 27, 2018Liberals care about what you do in public, and aren't afraid to use the government to make sure that you are being well behaved in public. Regulations, higher taxes, social programs, medical for ALL, making life better for people, and not letting weapons of war into the hands of private citizens. But they could care less what you do in you private as long as it doesn't hurt anyone. Your gay, ok . you want an abortion, OK, your body your choice. Your from another country and you too want the American dream, OK come on and try. Conservatives care about what you do in private, and arent afraid to use the government to make sure you are well behaved in private. They don't like gay people, they don't like abortion ( not even in cases of rape or incest), they don't like immigrants. But they don't care about what you do in public as long as you make money." }, { "docid": "D614353#0", "title": "https://www.scribd.com/document/37625804/Conflict-Management\nINTRODUCTION TO CONFLICTS", "text": "\"INTRODUCTION TO CONFLICTSMEANING Conflicts are endemic to human society. Our workplace is so often infected by grudges, rumours, grumbling, criticism, sarcasm, unpleasant comments, gossips and politicking that it leads to an atmosphere of suspicion, mistrust and negativity. Sometimes, the circumstances become so difficult that employees do not even like to see each other’s face, leave aside work together. It spreads to the personal level leading to the mixing of personal and professional lives and annihilating the organizational harmony. Meanwhile, there are companies where employees love to work because they can express their feelings to their colleagues and trust their organization and its leadership. In such places, mutual help takes top priority among employees. The bonding becomes so strong the employees feel like a “family”. Such employees make a better team as they respect their organizations and take utmost interest in their tasks. DEFINITION Conflict may be defined as a struggle or contest between people with opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values, or goals. Conflict on teams is inevitable; however, the results of conflict are not predetermined." }, { "docid": "D2119279#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch-10-18/deck/11070352\n.", "text": "\"Why did many members of Congress vote to ban advocacy groups from running ads that mention a candidate's name within thirty days of a primary election and sixty days of a general election? They thought that the ban would make it less likely for wealthy advocacy groups to flood the media with ads and unfairly influence the outcome of elections. When a vote must be registered with a party prior to voting in that party's election, it is called a (n)Closed primary Party Activists who are elected to vote at a party's national convention are calleddelegates Which of the following were not major contributors to George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign? Trial Lawyers If the winner of an election is whoever receives the most votes, regardless of the percentage of votes received, the candidates are running under aplurality system When does public opinion polling take place during a campaign? Throughout the entire campaign During midterm elections, voters are voting for Politicians attempt to \"\"balance the ticket\"\" with members of many important groups because The...is the last example of indirect voting in national elections In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, election campaigns tended to be The right of candidates to spend their own money on running for office Which of the following statements about campaign spending in Senate elections is true? Smaller and weaker parties are most likely to have electoral success under which system of elections? Which of the following do modern political campaigns not depend on? The \"\"americanization of politics\"\" refers to Public interest groups differ from other types of interest groups in that Why is the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 important to lobbyists? Which of the following is a main theoretical assumption of pluralism? Successful interest groups quickly become What distinguishes lobbying from other strategies of influence?" }, { "docid": "D614351#0", "title": "http://www.123helpme.com/search.asp?text=conflict+management\n.", "text": "\"Title Length Color Rating Conflict Management in the Pygmy Culture - The way people behave within conflict is a strong indicator of whether peaceful resolution is a possible outcome of conflict management (Eunson, 2007). Conflict management is defined as the process which focuses on the behaviour, relationships and context of conflict in order to create and maintain stable communication between those in conflict (Jeong, 2010). It is argued that peaceful resolutions are found when all parities involved in the conflict have had their individual outcomes satisfied (REF).... [tags: Conflict Management ]:: 13 Works Cited2308 words (6.6 pages) Term Papers [preview]Conflict Management Style - When considering your conflict management style with others, be it; personal or professional, we tend to use the style that seems appropriate to the conflict. Managing conflict is a difficult task that we all face, but becoming aware of your own characteristic style could help determine why conflicts result exactly the way they do. It helps determine what is a healthy outcome. Each circumstance is different. Interpersonal conflict is very common with many relationships. It occurs when two people can not meet in the middle or agree on a discussion.... [tags: Conflict Management]:: 2 Works Cited1560 words (4.5 pages) Good Essays [preview]Effective Conflict Prevention and Management - We are responsible for our actions in every situation. Choosing appropriate conflict style is the key to effective conflict prevention and management. We use our favorite conflict style in conflict situations but we can choose a different style when it is needed." }, { "docid": "D652093#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060825081552AAwbJn1\nLiberalism? Conservative? What do these really mean?", "text": "\"Politics & Government Politics Liberalism? Conservative? What do these really mean? Here are some websites you should check out. Liberals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/ Here are some sites on... show more Update: Conservative: Small independent governments “Does not run away from the problem, instead will deal with it NOW.” Does not lean towards government programs Accepts reality May occasionally call names but not all the time. Views both sides of the story Believes that the world problems are crazy leader that... show more Update 2: there are of course other issues and views that each of these sides view and support. Update 3: I just want to clarify a few things. That's all." }, { "docid": "D2203203#0", "title": "http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-relationship-between-political-parties-interest-groups.html\nThe Relationship Between Political Parties & Interest Groups", "text": "Instructor: Jason Nowaczyk The following lesson will cover the similarities and differences between political parties and interest groups. A short quiz will follow the lesson to check for your understanding. Interest Groups and Political Parties Just as in a family where everyone is related and shares common characteristics, there are still notable differences between members. I myself am a twin and while my brother and I share many of the same characteristics, we are still very much unique in our own ways. The same can be said of the relationship between political parties and interest groups. While both play prominent roles in our government, they differ slightly in some key ways. These similarities and differences can be seen in three main areas: Their purpose The internal politics of each group The method for accomplishing their goals Purposes As a reminder, a political party is a group of people who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine public policy, whereas an interest group is a group of people who share common goals and who actively try to influence policymakers. So as you can see, both groups serve a purpose in our government, and an important one at that. Both are organized groups of people working toward specific goals in the government and both promote politicians and raise money to accomplish those goals. Their specific purposes within the government, however, differ." }, { "docid": "D651348#0", "title": "http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/social-interaction/conflict-definition-characteristics-forms-and-other-details-about-conflict/31270/\nConflict: Definition, Characteristics, Forms and Other Details about Conflict", "text": "Conflict: Definition, Characteristics, Forms and Other Details about Conflict Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Conflict: Definition, Characteristics, Forms and Other Details about Conflict!Georg Simmel (1955) writes: ‘There probably exists no social unit in which convergent and divergent currents among its members are not inseparably interwoven. An absolutely centripetal and harmonious group, a pure ‘unification’, not only is unreal, it could should have no real life process … society, too, in order to attain a determinate shape, needs some quantitative ratio of harmony and disharmony, of association and competition, of favourable and unfavourable tendencies. ’ADVERTISEMENTS: In simple words, social conflict is always present in social life. It is a fundamental feature of human society. It does not occur because people are unreasonable or unco-operative or because they are unwilling to live properly and decently with others. It is rooted in social differences of class and status, of wealth and opportunity, of material interests, where scarce resources are unequally shared. Psychologists regard conflict as an instinctual response in humans, in the face of stressful situations. This response can be in the form of: (1) fight,ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) flee, (3) simply freeze, or (4) turning sideways into the conflict. It is said that human beings are for the most part quite selfish and that chaos and strife are both common and natural. This is why conflict is the fundamental form of dis-associative interaction or oppositional-oriented relationship." }, { "docid": "D1069406#0", "title": "http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/class_domination.html\nThe Class-Domination Theory of Power", "text": "\"Power in Americaprint/mobile Contents• Power and Power Indicators• The Social Upper Class• The Corporate Community• How Government Policy Is Shaped From Outside Government• The Power Elite• The Power Elite and Government• Why Business Leaders Feel Powerless• The Weaknesses of the Working Class• Community Power The Class-Domination Theory of Powerby G. William Domhoff NOTE: Who Rules America.net is largely based on my book, Who Rules America?, first published in 1967 and now in its 7th edition. This on-line document is presented as a summary of some of the main ideas in that book. Who has predominant power in the United States? The short answer, from 1776 to the present, is: Those who have the money -- or more specifically, who own income-producing land and businesses -- have the power. George Washington was one of the biggest landowners of his day; presidents in the late 19th century were close to the railroad interests; for the Bush family, it was oil and other natural resources, agribusiness, and finance. In this day and age, this means that banks, corporations, agribusinesses, and big real estate developers, working separately on most policy issues, but in combination on important general issues -- such as taxes, opposition to labor unions, and trade agreements with other countries -- set the rules within which policy battles are waged. While this conclusion may at first seem too simple or direct, leaving little room for elected officials or voters, the reasons behind it are complex. They involve an understanding of social classes, the role of experts, the two-party system, and the history of the country, especially Southern slavery. In terms of the big world- historical picture, and the Four Networks theory of power advocated on this site, large economic interests rule in America because there are no rival networks that grew up over a long and complex history: There is no one big church, as in many countries in Europe No big government, as it took to survive as a nation-state in Europe No big military until after 1940 (which is not very long ago) to threaten to take over the government So, the only power network of any consequence in the history of the United States has been the economic one, which under capitalism generates a business-owning class and a working class, along with small businesses and skilled craft workers who are self-employed, and a relatively small number of highly trained professionals such as architects, lawyers, physicians, and scientists." }, { "docid": "D318616#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/97269171/ap-government-interest-groups-ch10-flash-cards/\nAP Government: Interest Groups (Ch.10)", "text": "\"21 terms tara_pajouhesh AP Government: Interest Groups (Ch.10)Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Closed Shop A pre-entry closed shop is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed. Electioneering Direct group involvement in the electoral process (i.e. helping to fun campaigns, getting members to work for candidates, and forming political action committees. -aiding candidates financially and getting group members out to support them -PAC's Elitism A theory of government and politics contending that upper-class elite will hold most of the power and thus in effect run the government Factions a small, organized, dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics. Free Rider For a group, the problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the group's activities without joining. Hyperpluralism A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government, seeking to please them all, is thereby weakened. Interest Group An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. Interest groups pursue their goals in many areas. Iron Triangle Sub-governments that are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy; they exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas." }, { "docid": "D3238403#0", "title": "http://www.studymode.com/subjects/mcdonald-stakeholders-page1.html\n\"\"\"Mcdonald Stakeholders\"\" Essays and Research Papers\"", "text": "\"\"\"Mcdonald Stakeholders\"\" Essays and Research Papers Mcdonald Stakeholdersdefinition of internal and external stakeholders This website shows the differnent stakeholders and how they influnece businesses. the main two businesses i am going to be investigating are Mc Donalds and cadbury. what are stakeholders ? Stakeholders are people who own a share in the business, they have to buy the shares from the stock exchange or they have an influence or interest in the business. an example of a stakeholder of a school would be a govnor. they dont own a share but they influence... Corporation, Employment, Franchise 1080 Words \| 4 Pages Open Document Stakeholders of Mcdonalds and Leicester College-DEFINITION OF A STAKEHOLDER - A stakeholder is someone or anyone who has an interest in the success of a business. A stakeholder can affect the businesses processes and outcomes. -MCDONALD’S STAKEHOLDERS - CUSTOMERS One of the main stakeholders for Mc Donalds is the customers. They have a stake in the business, because they buy food and bring in the revenue. If people chose to buy food elsewhere and Mc Donalds would have no customers and would fail as a business." }, { "docid": "D981859#0", "title": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Political+affiliation\npolitical party", "text": "\"political party (redirected from Political affiliation) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus .party, political,organization whose aim is to gain control of the government apparatus,usually through the election of its candidates to public office. Political parties take many forms, buttheir main functions are similar: to supply personnel for government positions; to organize thesepersonnel around the formation and implementation of public policy; and to serve in a mediating rolebetween individuals and their government. Political parties are as old as organized political systems. For example, many of the ancient Greek city-states had organized, competitive parties. Politicalparties have been organized for various reasons: to support a particular political figure, to advance a particular policy or a general ideological stand, to aid politically certain groups or sections of society, or merely to combine for short-term political advantage. Political parties have also beenorganized in various ways; in some, control is exercised by a small central elite, either elected or self-perpetuating, while in others, power is decentralized, with candidate picking and decisionmaking spread among local party units. The modern mass political party has taken shape in thelast century, along with the rise of democratic ideology, universal suffrage, nationalism, and moreeffective means of communication. Such a party is commonly categorized by the type of partysystem in which it operates. In a noncompetitive or one-party system, the party is often employed as part of the governing apparatus, with the functions of maintaining public support for the regime,encouraging popular participation in government programs, and alerting the government to changes in public opinion. In competitive systems, a distinction may be made between two-party systems,which seem to encourage a party strategy of moderation and compromise aimed at obtaining a majority vote, and multiparty systems, where there is less compromise and where a party's strategyemphasizes retaining the support of its core voters." }, { "docid": "D478860#0", "title": "http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-political-parties-and-vs-interest-groups/\nDifference Between Political Parties and Interest Groups", "text": "\"Difference Between Political Parties and Interest Groups Posted on September 14, 2011 by koshal Last updated on: April 22, 2015Political Parties vs Interest Groups The difference between political parties and interest groups stems from the purposes of each. Political parties stand in the elections and try to win the votes cast by the people and represent them in the councils, parliament, or any other governing body of the state or country. On the other hand, interest groups do not stand in the elections. They do not aspire for the votes from the public too. This is the main difference between political parties and interest groups. There are some other interesting facts also about each of these groups that we will discuss in this article before we come to the differences between political parties and interest groups. What is a Political Party? A political party is a group of people who have come together to achieve common goals by acquiring political power and using it. As you can see, the way of political parties achieving their common goals is through gaining political power and using it. Political parties that have ultimately won the elections rule the country amidst challenges from the opposition parties and interest groups that may not agree with their stands on various issues." }, { "docid": "D90717#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States\nPolitics of the United States", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search See also: Elections in the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government [show]Legislature [show]Executive [show]Judiciary [show]Elections [show]Political parties [show]Federalism [show]Other countries Atlasv t e Political system of the United States The United States is a federal republic in which the president, Congress, and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution. The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments. The executive branch is headed by the President and is formally independent of both the legislature and the judiciary. The cabinet serves as a set of advisers to the President. They include the Vice President and heads of the executive departments. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch (or judiciary), composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, exercises judicial power. The judiciary's function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations. This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches. The federal government's structure is codified in the Constitution." }, { "docid": "D3541123#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_fundamental_goal_of_political_parties_in_the_political_process\nWhat is the fundamental goal of political parties in the political process?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories History, Politics & Society Politics and Government What is the fundamental goal of political parties in the political process? Flag What is the fundamental goal of political parties in the political process? Answer by Soccer Jazz Confidence votes 50The primary goals of major political parties are... nominate candidates for office raise money so candidates can get elected campaign on behalf of their candidate get people to vote for candidate create a unified policy make policies through party in government ... In short ... win elections so they can impact the federal government the way they want it to be14 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No David6023 18,458 Contributions What is the fundamental goal of interest groups in the political proces? An interest group, or a special interest group, by definition has some special interest, which means that they exist for a specific purpose. For example, Mothers Against Drunk …Smwalsh 1 Contribution What role do the political parties play in the political process? Nominating Candidates for election to public office, structuring the voting choice in elections,. proposing alternative government programs, and coordinating the actions of g …What is the role of political parties in the political process?to influence ppl to vote for a specific person What are the main goals of political parties? The main goal of political parties is to capture power. Once inpower, they aim to implement policies or agendas they deem mosthelpful to the nation." }, { "docid": "D99952#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance\nGovernance", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the concept of Governance. For the journal Governance, see Governance (journal). For information on the administrative structure of Wikipedia, see Wikipedia: Administration. \"\" Governing\"\" redirects here. For the magazine, see Governing (magazine). Part of a series on Governance Models Collaborative Good Multistakeholder Open-source Private Self By level Local Global By field Climate Clinical Corporate Cultural Data Earth system Ecclesiastical Environmental Higher education Information Network Ocean Political party Project Security sector Self Simulation Service-oriented architecture Soil Technology Transnational Website Measures World Governance Index Sustainable Governance Indicators Related topics Chief governance officer Governance, risk management and compliance E-governance Environmental, social and corporate governance Market governance mechanismv t e Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society. [ 1] It relates to \"\"the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions.\"\" [ 2] In lay terms, it could be described as the political processes that exist in between formal institutions. A variety of entities (known generically as governing bodies) can govern. The most formal is a government, a body whose sole responsibility and authority is to make binding decisions in a given geopolitical system (such as a state) by establishing laws." }, { "docid": "D1550024#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_Social_Revolutions\nStates and Social Revolutions", "text": "\"States and Social Revolutions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. ( February 2013)This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. ( February 2013)This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. ( October 2013)States and Social Revolutions Author Theda Skocpol Published 1979Pages 407 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-29499-7OCLC 432787244States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China is a 1979 book by political scientist and sociologist Theda Skocpol, published by Cambridge University Press and explaining the causes of revolutions through the structural functionalism sociological paradigmcomparative historical analysis of the French Revolution of 1789 through the early 19th century, the Russian Revolution of 1917 through the 1930s and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 through the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s. Skocpol argues that these three cases, despite being spread over a century and a half, are similar in the sense that all three were social revolutions. Skocpol asserts that social revolutions are rapid and basic transformations of a society's state and class structures. She distinguishes this from mere rebellions, which involve a revolt of subordinate classes but may not create structural change, and from political revolutions that may change state structures but not social structures." } ]

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