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cone volcano | Chemistry | 1 | A type of volcano that includes stratovolcanoes. Formed by the accumulation of many different lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. Associated with andesite rocks. |
contaminate | Chemistry | 1 | When a substance is polluted or infected with something, such as a chemical or microorganism. |
copper | Chemistry | 1 | A transition metal in Group 11 of the periodic table – symbol Cu, atomic number 29. |
corrode | Chemistry | 1 | The gradual wearing away of a substance, usually caused by a chemical reaction. One example of corrosion is rust forming on iron. |
creatine phosphate | Chemistry | 1 | A high energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to re-synthesise ATP as soon as the ATP has been used. |
cytisine | Chemistry | 1 | A naturally occurring alkaloid that acts like nicotine. It stimulates the respiratory centres and can interfere with breathing. |
cytoplasm | Chemistry | 1 | All of the contents of a cell outside of the nucleus. |
cytotoxin | Chemistry | 1 | A toxin, or poison, that has a negative effect on living cells. |
denitrification | Chemistry | 1 | Part of the nitrogen cycle. A process where bacteria in soil breaks down nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen gas. |
deoxy-adenosine triphosphate | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
datp | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
deoxy-cytosine triphosphate | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
dctp | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
deoxy-guanine triphosphate | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
dgtp | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
deoxy-thymine triphosphate | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
dttp | Chemistry | 1 | One of four nucleotides used to make a DNA molecule, which include dATP, dTTP, dGTP and dCTP. |
diammonium phosphate | Chemistry | 1 | The world’s most widely used phosphate fertiliser. It contains 46% phosphate and 18% nitrogen. |
dap | Chemistry | 1 | The world’s most widely used phosphate fertiliser. It contains 46% phosphate and 18% nitrogen. |
dideoxynucleotide | Chemistry | 1 | A modified nucleotide used to make DNA during DNA sequencing. It contains one less oxygen atom, which prevents other nucleotides being added and ends the DNA strand. |
discharge | Chemistry | 1 | 1. The conversion of chemical energy to electric energy. 2. A flowing out or pouring out. |
doline | Chemistry | 1 | A closed depression, also known as a sinkhole, draining underground in karst landscape areas. It can be cylindrical, conical, bowl or dish shaped and vary in size from a few metres to hundreds of metres across. |
dolomite | Chemistry | 1 | A carbonate mineral that has the chemical name calcium magnesium carbonate – Ca(MgCO3)2. Dolomitic limestone is an important agricultural fertiliser. |
dry steam power plants | Chemistry | 1 | These use hydrothermal fluids that are primarily steam (not a water/steam mixture). |
edta | Chemistry | 1 | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a chemical that is used to remove metal ions so that metal-dependent enzymes are inactivated and damage to DNA or proteins is prevented. |
electrocatalyst | Chemistry | 1 | A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction that makes or uses electricity. |
electrolysis | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical change caused by passing electricity through a solution. |
ellagic acid | Chemistry | 1 | A phytochemical, or plant chemical, found in raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, walnuts, pecans, pomegranates and other plant foods. Ellagic acid is said to have antioxidant, antimutagen and anticancer properties. |
emulsifier | Chemistry | 1 | A substance that can help one liquid mix with another when they normally wouldn’t do so, such as oil and water. |
epitope | Chemistry | 1 | The part of a foreign substance that is recognised by an antibody. |
ethanoic acid | Chemistry | 1 | Also known as acetic acid, it is a weak acid. Vinegar is about 4% ethanoic acid by volume – the remaining volume is mostly water and trace amounts of other chemicals. Ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste and a pungent smell. |
ethanol | Chemistry | 1 | A volatile, flammable, colourless liquid. It is also known as ethyl alcohol or pure alcohol. |
evaporation | Chemistry | 1 | The process by which a liquid is converted into a gas, without necessarily reaching the boiling point. |
extract | Chemistry | 1 | (Noun)A chemical preparation containing the active ingredient in concentrated form. (Verb)To separate out or remove. |
fermentation | Chemistry | 1 | The chemical breakdown of molecules like glucose in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation is used to create food products such as beer, wine, kombucha, bread and yoghurt. In ruminants, microbial populations ferment feed and water into volatile fatty acids and gases – methane and carbon dioxide. |
fire-retardant | Chemistry | 1 | The ability of a material or compound to slow down burning. |
fission track dating | Chemistry | 1 | A method of dating rocks that counts microscopic traces left in crystals by the radioactive decay of uranium. |
fluorapatite | Chemistry | 1 | The tooth mineral hydroxyapatite can be converted into acid-resistant fluorapatite by brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste or by drinking fluoridated water. |
freeze-dry | Chemistry | 1 | A process to dehydrate a material to preserve it, also called lyophilisation. The material is rapidly frozen and then pressurised so the ice becomes vapour and is removed. |
functional group | Chemistry | 1 | A distinctive arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that determines the principal characteristics of that compound. Alcohols have the –OH functional group. |
gadolinium | Chemistry | 1 | A rare-earth metal (also called a lanthanide) – symbol Gd, atomic number 64. |
gallium | Chemistry | 1 | A metal – symbol Ga, atomic number 31. |
gas chromatograph | Chemistry | 1 | A laboratory instrument used to separate and analyse chemicals in a sample. |
globular protein | Chemistry | 1 | A globe-shaped protein that is mostly soluble in water. The other class of proteins – fibrous proteins – are generally insoluble in water. |
glycolysis | Chemistry | 1 | An energy-releasing process occurring in the cell cytoplasm that changes glucose into pyruvate. |
glycosidic bond | Chemistry | 1 | The chemical bond that links simple sugars together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. |
granite | Chemistry | 1 | A common type of crystalline igneous rock that is rich in the minerals quartz, mica and feldspars. |
halon | Chemistry | 1 | A very stable and unreactive chemical commonly used in fire extinguishment. |
haurehu kati mahana | Chemistry | 1 | Greenhouse gas. |
helium | Chemistry | 1 | (He) A colourless, odourless inert gaseous element occurring in natural gas and with radioactive ores. |
high-performance liquid chromatography | Chemistry | 1 | A form of liquid chromatography that separates compounds dissolved in a solution. The solution is passed under high pressure through a solid adsorbent material that affects the flow rates of different compounds, causing them to separate. |
hurihanga waro | Chemistry | 1 | Carbon cycle. |
hydrocarbon | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only. Mainly obtained from petroleum. |
hydrofluoric acid | Chemistry | 1 | One of the strongest inorganic acids. It is very corrosive, and geologists use it to break down rock samples. It also attacks glass so is stored in plastic containers. |
hydrogen bonds | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical bond of enormous importance in biochemical processes that forms between hydrogen atoms and another strongly electronegative atom, for example oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine. |
hydrogen peroxide | Chemistry | 1 | A substance made up of hydrogen and oxygen. It is produced by cells, but can be toxic in large amounts and is broken down rapidly by enzymes. |
hydrogen sulfide | Chemistry | 1 | A colourless gas with a characteristic rotten-egg smell. Exposure to high levels (>100 ppm) can cause convulsions, coma and death. |
hydrolase | Chemistry | 1 | An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis (breakdown using water) of a chemical bond. For example, sucrase found in the small intestine hydrolyses the glycosidic bond in sucrose, releasing glucose and fructose. |
hydrophilic | Chemistry | 1 | Hydrophilic substances have an affinity for water and readily absorb or dissolve in water (hydro = water, philic = fond). |
hydrophobic | Chemistry | 1 | Hydrophobic substances do not interact easily with water (hydro = water, phobia = fear). |
hydrosol | Chemistry | 1 | In chemistry, a colloidal suspension in water. In essential oil production, the liquid co-product of steam distillation of plant material. |
hydroxyapatite | Chemistry | 1 | A form of calcium phosphate that occurs as a mineral. It is the chief structural component of bone and teeth. |
incomplete combustion | Chemistry | 1 | When not everything burns completely in the combustion process. |
inorganic | Chemistry | 1 | Atoms and molecules that are of inanimate (non-biological) origin. |
insecticide | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical (synthetic or organic) used to kill or repel insects. |
insoluble | Chemistry | 1 | A substance that does not dissolve in liquid. |
iodine | Chemistry | 1 | Chemical symbol I, atomic number 53. A non-metallic halogen element usually seen as heavy shining blackish grey crystals. Used in medicine as an antisepsis and for the treatment of goitre and cretinism. |
iridium | Chemistry | 1 | A transition metal in Group 9 of the periodic table – symbol Ir, atomic number 77. |
iron | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical element with the symbol Fe. |
isolator | Chemistry | 1 | A substance that separates (or isolates) something from something else. |
isopropanol | Chemistry | 1 | A colourless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odour. Also known asisopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol. |
kaolin | Chemistry | 1 | A white clay mainly made up of the mineral kaolinite. It is used extensively in the production of ceramics. |
kaolinite | Chemistry | 1 | A clay mineral derived from the chemical weathering of feldspar minerals found in rocks such as granite. |
kerogen | Chemistry | 1 | A mixture of solid organic chemical compounds found in sedimentary rocks. When heated, it forms thebasefor the formation of oil and gas |
krebs cycle | Chemistry | 1 | TheKrebs cycleis a series of enzyme catalysed chemical reactions that occurs in all living cells. It is the final series of reactions involved in the aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids. The cycle uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP. |
lanthanide | Chemistry | 1 | Aseriesof 15 chemically related elements on the periodic table of elements with atomic numbers from 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium). |
leachate | Chemistry | 1 | The liquid product of leaching. |
leaching | Chemistry | 1 | When a compound becomes dissolved in water and moves from one place to another, for example, a fertiliser in the soil dissolves in rain water and ends up in a stream. |
lime | Chemistry | 1 | Chemically, lime is the compound calcium oxide. Commercially, lime could refer to ground-up calcium carbonate marketed as AgLime. |
limestone | Chemistry | 1 | Sedimentary rocks formed mainly from the minerals calcite or dolomite. Many limestones are derived from the shells of dead marine organisms. Others are formed by chemical precipitation. |
lipid | Chemistry | 1 | Any of a group of organic (carbon-containing) compounds, including fats, oils and waxes that are insoluble in water, oily to the touch and, together with carbohydrates and proteins, constitute the principal structural material of living cells. Lipids are characterised by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents. |
lycopene | Chemistry | 1 | A red pigment with antioxidant properties, found in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, watermelon and guava. |
lycophyte | Chemistry | 1 | The oldest living vascular plant division at around 410 million years old; includes some of the most primitive living species such asSelaginella. |
magnetite | Chemistry | 1 | A magnetic iron oxide mineral found in many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Magnetite is an important mineral in the black sand found at some New Zealand beaches. |
metabolite | Chemistry | 1 | A cellular chemical produced as part of metabolism. |
metabolome | Chemistry | 1 | All of the metabolites, or small molecules, expressed by an individual cell or organism at a particular point in time. |
methane | Chemistry | 1 | CH4, a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect. |
methane gas hydrate | Chemistry | 1 | An ice/methane gas mixture in which methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water. Large deposits of this ‘methane ice’ have been found under sediments in the Hikurangi Margin. |
methanol | Chemistry | 1 | A liquid alcohol – chemical formula CH3OH. |
molecular formula | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical formula showing the number and type of atoms present in a molecule of an organic compound, for example, glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6. |
molecular mass | Chemistry | 1 | The amount of mass the molecule has, often measured in daltons (Da). One dalton is approximately equal to the mass of one proton or one neutron. |
nerve gas | Chemistry | 1 | Chemicals that interfere with the action of the nervous system and can cause death. They have been classified as weapons of mass destruction, and as such, their production and stockpiling is illegal. |
nitrate | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical composed of three oxygen atoms for every nitrogen atom. |
nitride | Chemistry | 1 | A class of chemical compound where nitrogen is bonded to metal or some non-metal elements. Some of the hard, tough advanced ceramics used as bearings are nitrides, for example, silicon nitride (Si3N4). |
nitrification | Chemistry | 1 | Part of the nitrogen cycle. A process that takes place in the soil where bacteria convert ammonium into nitrites and then nitrites into nitrates. |
nitrification inhibitor | Chemistry | 1 | Chemical compounds or natural processes that prevent the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite. It inhibits the enzyme activity in microbes responsible for the transformation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate, keeping nitrogen in the ammonium form, where it is available for plant use. |
nitrogen | Chemistry | 1 | A non-metal – symbol N, atomic number 7. Nitrogen is essential for life. It is a component of many molecules that make up cells, including DNA and proteins. |
nitrogen compound | Chemistry | 1 | A compound that has nitrogen (N) in it. Some examples are dinitrogen gas (N2), ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-) and nitrous oxide (N2O). |
nomenclature | Chemistry | 1 | A system of names, terms or symbols used by a particular group. Science has many examples of nomenclature, such as chemical compounds, classification and taxonomy, and mineral groups among others. The arts, the legal system and other disciplines also have their own nomenclature. |
nuclear chemist | Chemistry | 1 | A scientist who studies radioactive elements, including their structure and reactions. Some nuclear chemists study the effect of radiation on living things. |
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