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ester | Chemistry | 1 | An organic compound formed by the reaction of an alcohol and an acid, often with a characteristic smell. |
carboxylic acid | Chemistry | 1 | An organic acid containing a carboxyl group (-COOH), such as acetic acid. |
aldehyde | Chemistry | 1 | An organic compound containing a carbonyl group (-CHO), often found in fragrances and preservatives. |
distillation | Chemistry | 1 | A process used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points of components. |
polymerization | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical reaction in which small molecules, called monomers, combine to form a large molecule called a polymer. |
heat exchanger | Chemistry | 1 | A device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids, often used in industrial processes and cooling systems. |
absorption | Chemistry | 1 | The process by which one substance is taken up or absorbed by another, such as gas absorption in liquids. |
membrane filtration | Chemistry | 1 | A process that uses a semipermeable membrane to separate particles or molecules from a liquid or gas. |
reactor design | Chemistry | 1 | The design of a vessel where chemical reactions occur, including considerations for temperature, pressure, and flow. |
fluid dynamics | Chemistry | 1 | The study of the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion, important for designing pipelines, reactors, and pumps. |
process optimization | Chemistry | 1 | The process of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of industrial processes to reduce costs and waste. |
distillation column | Chemistry | 1 | A vertical vessel used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points, commonly used in chemical refineries. |
reactor vessel | Chemistry | 1 | A container where chemical reactions take place under controlled conditions, used in industries like petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. |
heat transfer | Chemistry | 1 | The process of energy transfer from one substance to another due to a temperature difference. |
catalytic cracking | Chemistry | 1 | A process used in petroleum refining to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more valuable molecules using a catalyst. |
absorption column | Chemistry | 1 | A vertical vessel where gases or liquids are absorbed by another substance, such as in gas treatment or scrubbing. |
membrane separation | Chemistry | 1 | A process that uses a membrane to separate substances based on their size, charge, or affinity, often used in desalination and filtration. |
evaporation | Chemistry | 1 | The process by which a liquid is turned into a vapor, commonly used in separating mixtures or concentrating solutions. |
adsorption | Chemistry | 1 | The adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. |
fluidized bed reactor | Chemistry | 1 | A type of reactor where solid particles are suspended in a fluidized state by an upward flow of gas, often used in chemical processes. |
thermodynamic cycle | Chemistry | 1 | A sequence of processes that returns a system to its initial state, used in heat engines and refrigeration cycles. |
aromatic compound | Chemistry | 1 | A compound containing a ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds, such as benzene. |
nucleophile | Chemistry | 1 | A molecule or ion that donates an electron pair to an electrophile during a chemical reaction. |
electrophile | Chemistry | 1 | A molecule or ion that accepts an electron pair during a chemical reaction, often an electron-deficient species. |
grignard reagent | Chemistry | 1 | A type of organomagnesium compound, often used in organic synthesis for creating carbon-carbon bonds. |
enantiomer | Chemistry | 1 | A type of stereoisomer that is a non-superimposable mirror image of another molecule. |
activation energy | Chemistry | 1 | The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. |
reagent | Chemistry | 1 | A substance or compound used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or produce other substances. |
concentration | Chemistry | 1 | The amount of a substance in a given volume or mass of a solution or mixture. |
gene expression | Chemistry | 1 | The process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional product, such as a protein. |
chromosome | Chemistry | 1 | A structure within cells that contains genetic material in the form of DNA. |
allele | Chemistry | 1 | Different forms of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. |
recessive gene | Chemistry | 1 | A gene whose effects are masked by the presence of a dominant allele in a heterozygous individual. |
dominant gene | Chemistry | 1 | A gene whose traits are expressed in the presence of only one copy of the allele. |
genetic drift | Chemistry | 1 | The random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population due to chance events. |
polyploidy | Chemistry | 1 | The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism. |
exon | Chemistry | 1 | A segment of a gene that is expressed in the final RNA product and ultimately codes for proteins. |
introns | Chemistry | 1 | Non-coding regions of a gene that are transcribed but are spliced out during RNA processing. |
gene therapy | Chemistry | 1 | The experimental technique of altering the genetic material within a person's cells to treat or prevent disease. |
acid-base titration | Chemistry | 1 | A laboratory method used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base by neutralizing it with a standard solution. |
reduction | Chemistry | 1 | The process in which an atom or molecule gains electrons, often associated with the removal of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen. |
entropy | Chemistry | 1 | A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system, often associated with the second law of thermodynamics. |
active site | Chemistry | 1 | Any location on the surface of a molecule that reacts with another molecule. |
adenosine triphosphate | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical used by cells to store and transport energy. |
atp | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical used by cells to store and transport energy. |
adsorb | Chemistry | 1 | When molecules stick to a solid object as a thin film. |
alginate | Chemistry | 1 | A gelatinous (jelly-like) compound extracted from seaweed used as a gelling agent in foods, textile printing and pharmaceuticals. |
alkaline | Chemistry | 1 | A solution that has a pH value greater than 7. |
alkaloids | Chemistry | 1 | A group of naturally occurring chemical compounds, which mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. |
alumina | Chemistry | 1 | The chemical compound aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Heat treatment of alumina yields a tough, hard-wearing ceramic used to make dental and surgical implants. |
ammonia | Chemistry | 1 | A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. |
ammonium | Chemistry | 1 | NH4+. Derived from ammonia by combination with a hydrogen ion. A nitrogen compound taken up by plants from soils. |
amylase | Chemistry | 1 | An enzyme present in saliva that can digest starch. |
anthelmintic | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical compound that kills or expels certain intestinal worm parasites. |
antioxidant | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical substance that prevents oxidation by chemical means. Dietary antioxidants present in foods, like vitamins A, C and E, can assist the body to resist the damaging effects of reactive free radicals produced by the body’s metabolic processes. |
antiseptic | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical substance that can destroy or slow down the growth of microorganisms. |
apatite | Chemistry | 1 | A group of phosphate minerals found in some igneous and metamorphic rocks. One form of apatite, calcium phosphate, is a major component of bones and teeth. |
ascorbic acid | Chemistry | 1 | A water-soluble sugar acid with antioxidant properties. It is commonly known as vitamin C. |
assay | Chemistry | 1 | An experiment that is carried out to detect the presence of a chemical or living organism, or to determine the amount of a chemical or living organism. |
basalt | Chemistry | 1 | A type of rock that contains a lot of iron but not much silica, can form spectacular columns on cooling. Associated with volcanic fields such as Auckland or Whāngārei. |
base pair | Chemistry | 1 | One of the pairs of chemical bases in a DNA or RNA molecule, for example, cytosine and guanine. |
beta-glucans | Chemistry | 1 | A type of sugar molecule. |
black carbon | Chemistry | 1 | Black carbon is particulate matter formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood and other fuels. It can have harmful impacts on human respiratory health. It also contributes to climate change. |
bowen’s reaction series | Chemistry | 1 | Bowen’s reactionseriesdescribes theorderin which minerals crystallise from cooling magma. This helps to identify the original composition of the magma as well as the conditions in which the magma cooled and solidified. |
brackish | Chemistry | 1 | Slightly salty. |
brackish water | Chemistry | 1 | Water that is more saline than fresh but is not as saline as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with freshwater, as in estuaries. |
buffer | Chemistry | 1 | A solution that is added to chemical reactions in the laboratory to prevent changes in pH. |
cadmium | Chemistry | 1 | A transition metal in Group 12 of the periodic table – symbol Cd, atomic number 48. |
calcareous | Chemistry | 1 | Partly composed (<50%) of calcium carbonate. |
calcination | Chemistry | 1 | Heating a substance to a high temperature (below its melting point) to allow a chemical reaction to occur. In the case of limestone, the high temperature causes decomposition into carbon dioxide and calcium oxide (lime). |
calcite | Chemistry | 1 | The most common and most stable mineral form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is the main component of chalk, limestone and marble. |
calibration curve | Chemistry | 1 | In radiocarbon dating, a technique used to match a C-14 concentration value with samples of a known age (such as a tree ring) to determine a more accurate calendar age. In chemistry, a technique used to determine the unknown concentration of liquid solutions. |
carbon | Chemistry | 1 | A non-metal element (C). It is a key component of living things. |
carbon dioxide | Chemistry | 1 | CO2is a colourless, odourless, incombustible gas. It is a product of cellular respiration and combustion and is an essential component in photosynthesis. |
carbon monoxide | Chemistry | 1 | A colourless, odourless, very poisonous gas. It is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. |
co | Chemistry | 1 | A colourless, odourless, very poisonous gas. It is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. |
carbon-14 | Chemistry | 1 | An isotope of carbon that is radioactive and used in carbon dating. |
carotenoid | Chemistry | 1 | A category of phytochemicals that give colour to plant parts. For example, carotene is the plant pigment responsible for the orange colour of carrots. |
catalyse | Chemistry | 1 | To speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
catalysis | Chemistry | 1 | A process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst. |
cfcs | Chemistry | 1 | Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gaseous compounds that contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine, and sometimes hydrogen. They are typically used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants. CFCs are harmful to the ozone layer. |
char | Chemistry | 1 | The surface of a material is partially burnt to leave behind unburnt carbon. |
chelating | Chemistry | 1 | Reacting with metal ions to form a stable, water-soluble complex. Chelating agents are used to extract heavy metals from solutions, including body tissues. |
chelicerae | Chemistry | 1 | The mouthparts of the Chelicerata, a group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs and sea spiders. |
chemical energy | Chemistry | 1 | The energy store in a substance that can be converted to other forms by chemical reaction. |
chemical engineer | Chemistry | 1 | Someone who studies the processes and equipment needed for the commercial manufacture of chemicals. |
chemical fire retardant | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical used as a coating for or a component of a combustible material to reduce its tendency to burn. Also known as fireproofing compound. |
chemical genetics | Chemistry | 1 | Drug discovery that starts with chemistry. Libraries of chemical compounds are screened to see if they interact with disease-associated genes. |
chemicals | Chemistry | 1 | Everything is made up of chemicals. All matter (anything made of atoms) can be called chemicals. They can be in any form – liquid, solid or gas. Chemicals can be a pure substance or a mixture. |
chemist | Chemistry | 1 | A scientist trained in the science of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. |
chemoautotroph | Chemistry | 1 | An organism that is able to make its own food using chemical processes rather than photosynthesis. |
chemosynthesis | Chemistry | 1 | The production of carbon-based compounds using the energy released from chemical reactions instead of the energy from sunlight. |
chemotherapeutic | Chemistry | 1 | A substance that is used to treat cancer. |
chitosan | Chemistry | 1 | A polysaccharide produced from chitin. |
chromatography | Chemistry | 1 | A chemical technique used to separate different molecules in a mixture. |
cleavage | Chemistry | 1 | A mineral is said to have cleavage if part of the crystal breaks when forcibly hit and the broken piece retains the crystal shape. A mineral that never produces any crystallised fragments when broken off by hitting has no cleavage. |
coagulate | Chemistry | 1 | Change to a solid or semi-solid state. |
complementary dna | Chemistry | 1 | A double-stranded DNA molecule made in the laboratory from a single-stranded RNA template. |
cdna | Chemistry | 1 | A double-stranded DNA molecule made in the laboratory from a single-stranded RNA template. |
composite volcano | Chemistry | 1 | A large, steep volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice and ash. |
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