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Which country was ruled for 40 years by the dictator Antonio Salazar? | António de Oliveira Salazar "the dictator has built the nation". "Life" declared that "most of what is good in modern Portugal can be credited to Dr. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar (...) The dictator is everything that most Portuguese are not – calm, silent, ascetic, puritanical, a glutton for work, cool to women. He found a country in chaos and poverty. He has balanced the budget, built roads and schools, torn down slums, cut the death rate and enormously raised Portuguese self-esteem." Sir Samuel Hoare, the British Ambassador in Spain, recognised Salazar's crucial role in keeping the Iberian peninsula neutral during World War II, and | Antonio de Salazar (composer) Bruno Turner considers that Salazar "represents the last of the truly conservative Hispanic composers before the all-conquering Italian style took Spain and its Empire by storm". Salazar also composed lighter pieces including Christmas "villancicos," including several in the "negrillo" genre imitating the dialects and dances of African slaves. Motets "Villancicos" Antonio de Salazar (composer) Antonio de Salazar (or Zalazar) (c.1650–1715) was a Novohispanic composer. Salazar was born in Puebla de los Angeles, current Mexico. In 1698 he turned into the master of the chapel of Puebla Puebla Cathedral, then later held his final position at Mexico City Cathedral. It is |
What nationality was the 16th-century poet and soldier Camoens? | 16th century 16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the world's seas and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes. Large parts of the New World became Spanish and Portuguese colonies, and while the Portuguese became the masters of Asia's and Africa's Indian Ocean trade, the | Alexander Scott (16th-century poet) Alexander Scott (16th-century poet) Alexander Scott (Scots: Sanderris Scott: 1520?1582/1583) was a Scottish Court poet. He is believed to have spent most of his time in or near Edinburgh. Thirty-six short poems are attributed to him, including "Ane New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary", "The Rondel of Love", and a satire, "Justing at the Drum". According to an older view, "he has great variety of metre, and is graceful and musical, but his satirical pieces are often extremely coarse". According to the modern viewpoint of the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", "Because of its range, explicitness, and open-endedness, Scott's work |
Which group had most seats in the European Parliament after the 1989 election - the left, the centre or the right? | 1989 European Parliament election in Greece strong losses against the opposition conservative New Democracy party and a coalition of the left and communist parties running as the Coalition of the Left and Progress. A new party Democratic Renewal reflected the organization of Costis Stephanopoulos who had left New Democracy and came in fourth, barely crossing the threshold. 1989 European Parliament election in Greece The European Parliament election of 1989 in Greece for the election of the delegation from Greece to the European Parliament took place on June 15. The election system used in Greece was a party-list proportional representation. The number of seats allocated to Greece | 1989 European Parliament election in the Netherlands granted voting rights this election. Except for the Dutch living in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, because they can vote for the Estates of the Netherlands Antilles. However, if the subject lived for 10 years or longer in the Netherlands they can still vote for the European Elections. These people got right to vote in this fourth election for the European Parliament in 1989 in the Netherlands: The official order and names of candidate lists: In the election the conservative liberal VVD loses seats to the progressive liberal D66, who return to the European parliament after a five-year absence. 47.48% |
Of which island is Valletta the capital? | Valletta destination in the city. Valletta Valletta (, ) is the capital city of Malta. Located in the south east of the island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population in 2014 was 6,444, while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe. Valletta's 16th century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal | Fortifications of Valletta St. Peter and St. Paul Bastion of the Valletta Land Front, and ends at St. Ubaldesca Curtain of Fort St. Elmo. It consists of the following: Fort Saint Elmo is the oldest part of the city walls, and it commands the entrance to both the Grand Harbour and Marsamxett. The fort and the surrounding area consists of the following: Some barrack blocks are located in the area between Upper St. Elmo and the Carafa Enceinte. Notes Fortifications of Valletta The fortifications of Valletta () are a series of defensive walls and other fortifications which surround the capital city of Valletta, |
In Norway, what are Hardanger and Sogne? | Hardanger from that region often feature this embroidery on the bottom of the white apron. Hardanger also lends its name to the Hardanger fiddle which was originally produced there. Hardanger Hardanger is a traditional district in the western part of Norway, dominated by the Hardangerfjord and its inner branches of the Sørfjorden and the Eid Fjord. It consists of the municipalities of Odda, Ullensvang, Eidfjord, Ulvik, Granvin, Kvam, and Jondal, and is located inside the county of Hordaland. In the early Viking Age, before Harald Fairhair, Hardanger was a petty kingdom with its capital at Kinsarvik. The area is dominated by | Hardanger Arbeiderblad Hardanger Arbeiderblad Hardanger Arbeiderblad was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Odda in Hordaland county. "Hardanger Arbeiderblad" was started in 1919 as "Hardanger Social-Demokrat". Its name was changed in 1923, the same year as a faction of the Labour Party left social democracy to form the Communist Party of Norway. It was published once a week, but from mid-1927 twice a week. It was closed after its last issue on 14 August 1940 due to the German occupation of Norway. It returned in 1946, as a common project for the Labour and Communist parties, but went defunct in 1949. In the |
In which Polish city was the Solidarity union formed in 1989? | Solidarity (Polish trade union) network of Solidarity branches of the key factories of Poland was created on 14 April 1981 in Gdańsk. It was made of representatives of seventeen factories; each stood for the most important factory of every voivodeship of the pre-1975 Poland (see: Administrative division of People's Republic of Poland). However, there were two exceptions. There was no representative of the Koszalin Voivodeship, and the Katowice Voivodeship was represented by two factories: Solidarity (Polish trade union) Solidarity (, pronounced ; full name: Independent Self-governing Labour Union "Solidarity"—"Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"" ) is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 | Solidarity (Polish trade union) republican program, the "Self-governing Republic". The government attempted to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repression, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki was elected Prime Minister. Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm |
Which French river flows into the sea at St. Nazaire and is famous for its chateaux? | St Nazaire Raid battle honours awarded to the Commandos. The operation has been called "The Greatest Raid of All" within British military circles. St Nazaire is on the north bank of the Loire, 400 km (250 miles) from the nearest British port. In 1942, it had a population of 50,000. The St Nazaire port has an outer harbour known as the Avant Port, formed by two piers jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean. This leads to two lock gates before the Bassin de St Nazaire. These gates control the water level in the basin so that it is not affected by the tide. | St. Johns River Ridge, which is only slightly elevated at above sea level. Because of this low elevation drop, the river has a long backwater. It ebbs and flows with tides that pass through the barrier islands and up the channel. Uniquely, it shares the same regional terrain as the parallel Kissimmee River, although the Kissimmee flows south. The St. Johns River is separated into three basins and two associated watersheds managed by the St. Johns River Water Management District. Because the river flows in a northerly direction, the upper basin is located in the headwaters of the river at its southernmost point. |
In which city does the Council of Europe sit? | Council of Europe they believe that a member country has violated their fundamental rights and freedoms. The various activities and achievements of the Council of Europe can be found in detail on its official website. The Council of Europe works in the following areas: The institutions of the Council of Europe are: The CoE system also includes a number of semi-autonomous structures known as "Partial Agreements", some of which are also open to non-member states: The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg, France. First meetings were held in Strasbourg's University Palace in 1949, but the Council of Europe soon moved | Council of Europe ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe is an official United Nations Observer. Unlike the EU, the Council of Europe cannot make binding laws, but it does have the power to enforce select international agreements reached by European states on various topics. The best known body of the Council of Europe is the European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council's two statutory bodies are the Committee of Ministers, comprising the foreign ministers of each member state, and the Parliamentary Assembly, composed of members |
In which year were East and West Germany unified? | East Germany–West Germany football rivalry formed on 7 October 1949. Separated throughout the Cold War, the German Democratic Republic merged into the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990, referred to as the German reunification. Football games between teams from the two countries were sometimes referred to as class struggle between the capitalist West and the communist East, but more often just seen as a "fight between brothers" or an inner-German duel. When football resumed in occupied post-Second World War Germany attempts were made to stage a unified national championship that would include teams from all four occupation zones, including the Soviet zone. A | West Germany Germany was divided into 15 administrative districts (), which were merely local branches of the national government, West Germany was divided into states () with independently elected state parliaments and control of the , the second legislative chamber of the Federal Government. Today, North Rhine-Westphalia is often considered to be Western Germany in geographical terms. When distinguishing between former West Germany and former East Germany as parts of present-day unified Germany, it has become most common to refer to the (old states) and the (new states), although and are still heard as well. West Germany West Germany is the common |
On which of the Greek islands did Bacchus find Ariadne, according to legend? | Bacchus and Ariadne the constellation Northern Crown. In Ars Amatoria, Bacchus promises the entire sky to Ariadne where she then would become the constellation Northern Crown. The National Gallery's website states that in the painting, "Bacchus, god of wine, emerges with his followers from the landscape to the right. Falling in love with Ariadne on first sight, he leaps from his chariot, drawn by two cheetahs, towards her. Ariadne had been abandoned on the Greek island of Naxos by Theseus, whose ship is shown in the distance. The picture shows her initial fear of Bacchus, but he raised her to heaven and turned | Bacchus and Ariadne (poem) Bacchus and Ariadne (poem) Bacchus and Ariadne is a poem by Leigh Hunt written and published in 1819. The result of three years of work, the poem tells the Greek myth of Hero and Leander, two lovers, and the story of their forlorn fate. Hunt began working on the poem during the summer of 1816, arousing the interest of the publisher John Taylor, and despite repeated delays to allow Hunt to deal with other commitments the poem was finished and published in a collection 1819. Hunt later claimed in a poem about "Bacchus and Ariadne" that he was seeking to |
Which country's parliament is called the Storting? | Storting building Storting building The Storting building () is the seat of the Storting, the parliament of Norway. The building is located at 22 Karl Johans gate in central Oslo, Norway. It was taken into use on 5 March 1866 and was designed by the Swedish architect Emil Victor Langlet. Following the establishment of the Parliament of Norway in 1814, which had happened at a private home belonging to Carsten Anker in Eidsvoll, the newly established legislature started meeting at Christiania lærde Skole at Tollbodgaten and Dronningsgate. From 1854, the legislature started using the grand hall at the Royal Frederick University. However, | Storting King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess." The presidium is chaired by the President of the Storting, consisting of the president and five vice presidents of the Storting. The system with five vice presidents was implemented in 2009. Before this there was a single holder of the office. The members of parliament are allocated into twelve standing committees, of which eleven are |
"Which German city is known as ""Aix-la-Chapelle in French?" | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) British unhappiness with the treaty, Italy gained stability for the first time in the 18th century. The new territorial settlement and the accession of the peaceful Ferdinand VI of Spain allowed the Aix settlement to last until the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1748, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen, called "Aix-la-Chapelle" in French and then also in English, in the west of the Holy Roman | La Chapelle Royale Philippe Herreweghe also founded the "Ensemble Vocal Européen de la Chapelle Royale". La Chapelle Royale was, during the 1980s, together with Les Arts Florissants, one of the pillars of the musical revolution known in France and Belgium under the name of "Baroqueux" (see Historically informed performance or "performance on period instruments"), initiated during the 1970s by Nikolaus Harnoncourt and Gustav Leonhardt. All these recordings have been published by Harmonia Mundi. La Chapelle Royale La Chapelle Royale is a French ensemble of baroque music. La Chapelle Royale was founded in 1977 in Paris by the Belgian conductor Philippe Herreweghe. It takes |
What emblem appears on the flag of Albania? | Flag of Albania Flag of Albania The flag of Albania (Albanian: flamuri i Shqipërisë) is a red flag with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the center. The red stands for bravery, strength and valor, while the double-headed eagle represents the sovereign state of Albania. The flag was established as the national flag of Albania when the country gained its independence from the Ottoman empire in 1912. During John Hunyadi's campaign at Niss in 1443, Skanderberg and a few hundred Albanians defected from the Turkish ranks; for twenty-five years he scored remarkable victories against the Ottomans. He adopted the Byzantine double-headed eagle flag, | Emblem of Guatemala will harbor a scroll of parchment with the words "Liberty 15 of September of 1821" in gold and in the upper part a Quetzal as the symbol of national independence and autonomy." The "shield" which is mentioned in the description above is never used and the emblem is therefore, without the shield, by heraldic standards, de facto no coat of arms. The emblem of Guatemala comprises: The emblem also appears on the middle third of the flag of Guatemala. The quetzal previously appeared in the flag of Los Altos, Central America in the 1830s. Emblem of Guatemala The emblem of |
Where did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin meet in 1945 to plan the final defeat of Germany? | Franklin D. Roosevelt strategy and post-war plans at the Tehran Conference, where Roosevelt met Stalin for the first time. At the conference, Britain and the United States committed to opening a second front against Germany in 1944, while Stalin committed to entering the war against Japan at an unspecified date. Subsequent conferences at Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks established the framework for the post-war international monetary system and the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization similar to Wilson's failed League of Nations. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for a second time at the February 1945 Yalta Conference in Crimea. With the end of the | Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt suffered over 60,000 casualties during the operation. In late 1943, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to meet to discuss strategy and post-war plans at the Tehran Conference, which marked Roosevelt's first face-to-face meeting with Stalin. At the conference, Britain and the United States committed to opening a second front against Germany in 1944, while Stalin committed to entering the war against Japan at an unspecified date. Roosevelt also privately indicated acceptance of Soviet control of the Baltic states and Soviet plans to shift Poland's borders to the west. Stalin, meanwhile, committed to joining the war against Japan after the defeat |
Which country first tried unsuccessfully to build the Panama Canal? | History of the Panama Canal History of the Panama Canal The idea of the Panama canal dates back to 1513, when Vasco Núñez de Balboa first crossed the isthmus. The narrow land bridge between North and South America houses the Panama Canal, a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The earliest European colonists recognized this potential, and several proposals for a canal were made. By the late nineteenth century, technological advances and commercial pressure allowed construction to begin in earnest. Noted canal engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps led an initial attempt by France to build a sea-level canal. Beset by cost overruns due to | Panama Canal Department Panama Canal Department The Panama Canal Department was a department (geographical command) of the United States Army, responsible for the defense of the Panama Canal Zone between 1917 and 1947. The Isthmian Canal Commission and the Panama Canal Guard of 1904–1914 both played a pivotal role in the construction and early defense of the Canal. With the active support and encouragement of the United States, Panama declared its independence from Colombia on 3 Nov. 1903 and that same month, the United States received the right to build and administer the Panama Canal. On 8 Mar. 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed |
Which family ruled Florence for three centuries from 1434? | Strozzi family Strozzi family Strozzi is the name of an ancient later noble Florentine family, who like their great rivals the Medici family, began in banking before moving into politics. Until its exile from Florence in 1434, the Strozzi family was by far the richest in the city, and was rivaled only by the Medici family, who ultimately took control of the government and ruined the Strozzi both financially and politically. This political and financial competition was the origin of the Strozzi-Medici rivalry. Later, while the Medici ruled Florence, the Strozzi family ruled Siena, which Florence attacked, causing great animosity between the | 1434 Margot 1434 Margot 1434 Margot, provisional designation , is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 March 1936, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Gertrud Margot Görsdorf, a friend of German astronomer of Wilhelm Gliese. "Margot" is a member the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family of the outer asteroid belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months |
Who were the Celtic-speaking peoples living in France and Belgium during Roman times? | Mythology in France epics and fairy tales as part of deeply embedded spiritual allegories and mythological archetypes: Mythology in France The mythologies in present-day France encompass the mythology of the Gauls, Franks, Normans, Bretons, and other peoples living in France, those ancient stories about divine or heroic beings that these particular cultures believed to be true and that often use supernatural events or characters to explain the nature of the universe and humanity. French mythology is listed for each culture. Bretons are a subset of the celtics that adopted Christianity. Celtic cosmology predominates their mythology: Gauls were another subset of Celtic people. Celtic | Celtic Christianity Celtic Christianity Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity refers broadly to certain features of Christianity that were common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages. "Celtic Christianity" has been conceived of with differing levels of specificity: some writers have described a distinct "Celtic Church" uniting the Celtic peoples and distinguishing them from the "Roman" Catholic Church, while others classify it as simply a set of distinctive practices occurring in those areas. Scholars now reject the former notion, but note that there were certain traditions and practices used in both the Irish and British churches |
Which battle of 1746 ended the Jacobite revolution? | French privateer Mars (1746) French privateer Mars (1746) Mars, was a French privateer. Mars was involved in a naval battle in Loch nan Uamh during the Jacobite rising. She was captured by off Cape Clear in 1747. Following the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746, "Mars" and "Bellone" anchored at Loch nan Uamh on 30 April 1746. "Mars" carried the Loch Arkaig treasure and as the Royal Navy was approaching she took on board some escaping Jacobites including James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth and Sir Thomas Sheridan. Captain Rouillee of the "Mars" decided to stay at anchor, upon | Jacobite risings Jacobite risings The Jacobite risings, also known as the Jacobite rebellions or the War of the British Succession, were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in Great Britain and Ireland occurring between 1688 and 1746. The uprisings had the aim of returning James II of England and VII of Scotland, the last Catholic British monarch, and later his descendants of the House of Stuart, to the throne of Great Britain after they had been deposed by Parliament during the Glorious Revolution. The series of conflicts takes its name Jacobitism, from , the Latin form of James. Jacobite rising may |
"What Soviet ""man of steel"" was educated for the priesthood but was expelled from the seminary?" | Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1949? And what use can the director in 1989 derive from knowledge of the prices of 1949? One of the founders of the USSR, later expelled by Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky devoted much of his time in exile to the question of the Soviet Union's future. In time, he came to believe that a new revolution was necessary to depose the nomenklatura and reinstate working class rule as the first step to socialism. In 1936 he made the following prediction: In 1941 Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany decided to attack the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). In June 1941 the | How the Steel Was Tempered with his wife, the famous actress Yoshiko Okada, in the hope of meeting Vsevolod Meyerhold and participating in outbuilding of the socialist theater. In the Soviet Union, three films were produced based on this novel: In China, the novel was adapted into a television series of the same title in 2000; all the members of the cast were from Ukraine. How the Steel Was Tempered How the Steel Was Tempered (, "Kak zakalyalas' stal"') is a socialist realist novel written by Nikolai Ostrovsky (1904–1936). Pavel ("Pavka") Korchagin is the central character. The story is a fictionalized autobiography. In real life, |
What country sold land including the present-day states of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the USA in 1803? | Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase ( "Sale of Louisiana") was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory () by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15 million, equivalent to about $600 billion given the GDP of 2017. The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion | Catholic Church in French Louisiana French colony of Louisiana originally claimed all the land on both sides of the Mississippi River and north to French territory in Canada. The following present day states were part of the then vast tract of Louisiana: Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Louisiana's French settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts. They were concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, from Louisiana to as far north as the region called the Illinois Country, near Peoria, Illinois and present-day St. Louis, Missouri. Catholic Church |
Which British monarch married Anne of Denmark? | Anne of Denmark Britain. Anne was portrayed in "". Finola Hughes was the voice actress for her. Anne was portrayed in the BBC tv mini-series "Gunpowder, Treason & Plot" in 2004. She was portrayed by danish actress Sira Stampe. Anne of Denmark Anne of Denmark (; 12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619) was Queen consort of Scotland, England, and Ireland by marriage to King James VI and I. The second daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark, Anne married James in 1589 at age 15 and bore him three children who survived infancy, including the future Charles I. She demonstrated an independent | Princess Anne of Denmark sisters were institutionalized from 1941 for severe mental retardation. Anne's paternal grandfather was Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, father of her aunt Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, who was born Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. Anne married Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas William Arnold Anson (1913–1958) on 28 April 1938. As her husband held the courtesy title of Viscount Anson, Anne was styled Viscountess Anson upon their marriage. They were divorced in 1948. They had two children, four grandchildren and four great-grandchildren: On 16 September 1950, at Glamis Castle she subsequently married Prince George Valdemar of Denmark, upon which she became Princess |
Which US president was shot five days after the end of the American Civil War? | Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War Union prisoners of war. On April 14, 1865, just days after the end of the war, Lincoln was shot in Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth during the play "Our American Cousin". The next morning, at 7:22 AM, President Lincoln died in the house across the street, the first American president to be assassinated. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton said, "Now he belongs to the ages" (or perhaps "angels"). The residents and visitors to the city experienced a wide array of reactions, from stunned disbelief to rage. Stanton immediately closed off most major roads and bridges, and the city | Canada in the American Civil War in the 4th Rhode Island Volunteers of the Union army during the American Civil War, attaining the rank of lieutenant. Canadian-born Edward P. Doherty was a Union Army officer who formed and led the detachment of Union soldiers that captured and killed John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Lincoln, in a Virginia barn on April 26, 1865, 12 days after Lincoln was fatally shot. Canadian-born Sarah Emma Edmonds was a noted Union spy. One of the longest-living Canadians to have fought in the American Civil War was James Beach Moore, who died on August 29, 1931. Anderson Ruffin Abbott was |
"""What was the name of the Austrian-born dictator who succeeded Hindenburg as Germany's head of state?" | Paul von Hindenburg cementing his status as the absolute dictator of Germany. Publicly, Hitler announced that the presidency was "inseparably united" with Hindenburg, and it would not be appropriate for the title to ever be used again. In truth, Hitler had known as early as April 1934 that Hindenburg would likely not survive the year. He worked feverishly to get the armed forces—the only group in Germany that would be nearly powerful enough to remove him with Hindenburg gone—to support his bid to become head of state after Hindenburg's death. In a meeting aboard the "Deutschland" on April 11 with Blomberg, army commander | Beach Head II: The Dictator Strikes Back Beach Head II: The Dictator Strikes Back Beach-Head II: The Dictator Strikes Back is a 1985 computer game, a sequel to "Beach-Head". It was developed and published by Access Software. It was designed by Bruce Carver and his brother, Roger, and was released for the Amstrad CPC, Apple II, Atari 8-bit (Atari 400/800), Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. The spelling of the game's name varies. The title screen spells it "Beach Head", while the box renders it "Beach-Head". "Beach-Head II" features the player pursuing the eponymous Dictator in several ways. There are four levels in the game. In the first |
"Which French revolutionary was nicknamed ""the Incorruptible""?" | French Revolution journalist known for his bloodthirsty rhetoric – by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin, resulted in further increase of Jacobin political influence. Georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king, undermined by several political reversals, was removed from the Committee and Robespierre, "the Incorruptible", became its most influential member as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution's domestic and foreign enemies. The Reign of Terror ultimately weakened the revolutionary government, while temporarily ending internal opposition. The Jacobins expanded the size of the army, and Carnot replaced many aristocratic officers with soldiers who had demonstrated their patriotism, | French frigate Incorruptible (1795) French frigate Incorruptible (1795) Incorruptible was a of the French Navy. On 15 July 1796, under captain Bescond, she fought against the 56-gun . In 1800, she was involved in the battle of Dunkirk. In January 1805, she was sent to observe British movements off Toulon, along with . On 4 February, they attacked a convoy, destroying 7 ships. Three days later, they encountered the convoy escorted by the 20-gun sloop and the 8-gun bomb vessel ; the two Royal Navy vessels were destroyed, and 3 ships of the convoy captured. In May 1807, "Incorruptible", "Annibal", and the corvette "Victorieuse" |
Where did Florence Nightingale establish a hospital to treat casualties of the Crimean War? | History of nursing in the United Kingdom school designed primarily to train nurses rather than to provide nursing service for the hospital. In the Crimean War against Russia, Nightingale was appointed by Sir Sidney Herbert to oversee the introduction of female nurses into the military hospitals in Turkey. In November 1854, Nightingale arrived at the Barrack Hospital at Scutari, with a party of ten nurses and ten nuns. Initially the doctors did not want the nurses there and did not ask for their help, but within ten days fresh casualties arrived from the Battle of Inkermann and the nurses were fully stretched. Nightingale was horrified at what | Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale, (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers. She gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night. Recent commentators have asserted Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by media at the time, but critics agree on the |
Which rebellion was effectively ended by the Battle of Culloden? | Battle of Culloden National Trust of Scotland is currently attempting to restore Culloden Moor, as closely as possible, to the state it was in during the Battle of Culloden Moor. They are also attempting to expand the land under its care to ensure the full battlefield is protected under the NTS. Another goal is to restore Leannach Cottage and allow visitors to once again tour the interior. Charles Edward Stuart Colonel John William Sullivan Captain-General: HRH Duke of Cumberland Commander-in-Chief North Britain: Lieutenant-General Henry Hawley Battle of Culloden The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of | Battle of Culloden 815 strong, including officers. However, regiments were rarely anywhere near this large, and at the Battle of Culloden, the regiments were not much larger than about 400 men. The government cavalry arrived in Scotland in January 1746. They were not combat experienced, having spent the preceding years on anti-smuggling duties. A standard cavalryman had a Land Service pistol and a carbine. However, the main weapon used by the British cavalry was a sword with a 35-inch blade. The Royal Artillery vastly out-performed their Jacobite counterparts during the Battle of Culloden. However, up until this point in the campaign, the government |
Who was the first president of independent Kenya?| | Kenya Colony Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 which established the "Dominion of Kenya", with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta was the first prime minister. Jaramogi Oginga Odinga was named Kenyatta’s first vice-president. On May 26, 1963 Kenya had its first elections and a new red, green, and black flag was introduced. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya". Kenya Colony The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya | President of Kenya President of Kenya The President of the Republic of Kenya () is the head of state and head of government of Kenya. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Kenya and is the commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. The official residence of the president is at State House, Nairobi. The wife of the President is referred to as the First Lady of Kenya. The President is elected by popular vote in the general election held during August every 5 years. For the first time in the history of any African country, the 2017 general election was |
Which country was ruled by the Romanov dynasty 1613-1917? | House of Romanov House of Romanov The House of Romanov (; also Romanoff; , "Románovy", ) was the reigning dynasty in Russia from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on 15 March 1917, as a result of the February Revolution. The House of Romanov was the second dynasty to rule Russia, the first being the House of Rurik. The Romanovs achieved prominence as boyars of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, later the Tsardom of Russia. In 1613, following years of interregnum (Time of Troubles), the "zemsky sobor" offered the Russian crown to Mikhail Romanov. He acceded to the throne as Michael | Romanov (vodka) Romanov (vodka) Romanov is a brand of vodka manufactured and marketed by United Spirits Limited which is a subsidiary of United Breweries Limited. The brand derives its name from the Romanov dynasty which ruled the Russian Empire from 1612 to 1917. It has a two star rating from International taste and Quality Institute. It has a 42.8% alcohol by volume. Sell of Romanov vodka in 2006 was 8.5 lakh cases. Romanov comes in four flavours- Romanov Red is another brand name owned by USL used for marketing vodka as well as non-alcoholic energy drinks. In 2007 United Spirits introduced variant |
Which country's liberalization program was halted by the invasion of 600,000 Soviet troops in 1968? | Protests of 1968 In the August 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakian citizens responded to the attack on their sovereignty with passive resistance. Soviet troops were frustrated as street signs were painted over, their water supplies mysteriously shut off, and buildings decorated with flowers, flags, and slogans like, "An elephant cannot swallow a hedgehog." Passers-by painted swastikas on the sides of Soviet tanks. Road signs in the country-side were over-painted to read, in Russian script, "Москва" (Moscow), as hints for the Soviet troops to leave the country. On 25 August 1968 eight Russian citizens staged a demonstration on Moscow's Red Square to protest | Military occupations by the Soviet Union sovereignty. The treaty was enacted on 27 July, and the last Allied troops left the country on 25 October. The Soviet invasion of Manchuria or, as the Soviets named it, the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation (, lit. Manchzhurskaya Strategicheskaya Nastupatelnaya Operaciya), began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the largest campaign of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War which resumed hostilities between Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after more than 4 years of peace. Soviets gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korean Peninsula. The |
Which Axis Power changed sides during World War II, declaring war on Germany in October 1943? | Axis leaders of World War II Axis leaders of World War II The Axis leaders of World War II were important political and military figures during World War II. The Axis was established with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940 and pursued a strongly militarist and nationalist ideology; with a policy of anti-communism. During the early phase of the war, puppet governments were established in their occupied nations. When the war ended, many of them faced trial for war crimes. The chief leaders were Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy and Emperor Hirohito of Japan. Unlike what happened with the Allies, there | World War II by country the Allied invasion of southern France in 1944. Technically, Andorra was still at war with Germany since World War I (and would remain at war long after World War II, declaring peace in 1958) due to being left out of the Versailles Peace Conference. Nonetheless, Andorra remained politically neutral throughout the war but was used as a smuggling route by Axis Vichy French and Axis-aligned Spain personnel. See Caribbean Islands. During the period of World War II, Argentina was ruled by a coalition of conservative, radical and independent socialists (Spanish: "La Concordancia", i. e.: Concordance) until 1943 and then by |
Who was the first democratically elected Marxist head of state? | Criticisms of Salvador Allende theory of permanent revolution (1905) and Lenin’s work State and Revolution (1917) were heavily cited and referenced in light of Allende’s reformist ideas. The overthrow of his UP democratically elected government and its replacement with a capitalist military dictatorship only served to reinforce among orthodox Marxist the theoretical infallibility of applied Marxism. Shortly after the military coup one of the most prominent opponent of Salvador Allende’s reformist policies, the young physician and MIR leader Miguel Enriquez stated: Conversely, Albanian leader Enver Hoxha argued that the overthrow of the Allende Government was due in part to the "revisionist" reformism encouraged by | Republic of the Congo of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on the 28th of November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960. In 1970, the People's Republic of the Congo was established as a Marxist–Leninist one-party state; this lasted until 1991. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 33 of the past 38 years. The Republic of the Congo has become the |
What was the name of the basalt slab that became the key for deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics? | History of archaeology to carry out a full study of the ancient civilisation. The work of Jean-François Champollion in deciphering the Rosetta stone to discover the hidden meaning of hieroglyphics proved the key to the study of Egyptology. However, prior to the development of modern techniques excavations tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as stratification and context were completely overlooked. For instance, in 1803, there was widespread criticism of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin for removing the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens. The marble sculptures themselves, however, were valued by his critics only for their aesthetic qualities, | Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt is a primer on Egyptian hieroglyphics by Maria Carmela Betrò, later professor for Egyptology at Pisa University (published in Italian as "Geroglifici" in 1995; English translation 1996). The standard version of analytic Egyptian hieroglyphs is based upon the 26 categories of the Gardiner's Sign List, (about 700 signs). That categorization is still the basic standard. The approach in "Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt" is to use some of the Gardiner sign categories, to focus on specific major-use signs. The end of a thematic chapter then has synoptic |
What title did Charlemagne, already king of the Franks, acquire in 800? | Charlemagne Charlemagne Charlemagne () or Charles the Great (, ; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin | Charlemagne Louis received Aquitaine, the Spanish March and Provence. The imperial title was not mentioned, which led to the suggestion that, at that particular time, Charlemagne regarded the title as an honorary achievement that held no hereditary significance. Pepin died in 810 and Charles in 811. Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter, and in 813, crowned his youngest son, Louis, co-emperor and co-King of the Franks, granting him a half-share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne's own death. The only part of the Empire that Louis was not promised was Italy, which Charlemagne specifically bestowed upon Pippin's illegitimate son Bernard. |
What is the name of the British political regime 1649-60 established by Oliver Cromwell? | Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic. Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628. | History of the Puritans from 1649 History of the Puritans from 1649 From 1649 to 1660, Puritans in England were allied to the state power held by the military regime, headed by Oliver Cromwell until his death in 1658. They broke into numerous sects, of which the Presbyterian group comprised most of the clergy, but was deficient in political power since Cromwell's sympathies were with the Independents. During this period the term "Puritan" becomes largely moot, therefore, in British terms, though the situation in New England was very different. After the English Restoration the Savoy Conference and Uniformity Act 1662 drove most of the Puritan ministers |
"Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the ""Lion of the North""?" | Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden model of early modern era government. Gustavus Adolphus is famously known as the "father of modern warfare", or the first great modern general. Under his tutelage, Sweden and the Protestant cause developed a number of excellent commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to defeat Sweden's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of the empire long after Gustavus Adolphus' death in battle. Spoils of Adolphus' enemies meant he became a successful bookraider in Europe, specifically with Jesuit Collections. Called "The Golden King" and "The Lion of the North", he made Sweden one of the great powers | The Lion King 1½ Timon and Pumbaa as the playable characters. The Lion King 1½ The Lion King (known as The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata outside of North America) is a 2004 American animated comedy adventure direct-to-video film produced by the Australian office of Disneytoon Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures on February 10, 2004. The film was also theatrically released internationally and in selected cities in the United States. As the third film in the "Lion King" media franchise, the film is chronologically the second in the franchise. It focuses on the meerkat/warthog duo Timon and Pumbaa and their escapades taking |
Who succeeded the Roman emperor, Trajan? | Temple of Trajan only this one to which he wished to affix his name. The temple was probably enormous in dimensions and surrounded by a portico like the temple of Hadrian. However, Trajan was not buried in the temple but in the triumphal column's base. Temple of Trajan The Temple of Trajan was a Roman temple dedicated to the emperor Trajan and his wife Plotina after his deification by the Roman Senate. It was built in the Forum of Trajan (Rome), by Trajan's adoptive son and successor Hadrian, between 125 and 138. The architect was Apollodorus of Damascus. The temple was destroyed in | Trajan the Mediterranean world. Trajan was born in the city of Italica (close to modern Sevilla), an Italic settlement in the province of Hispania Baetica. Although misleadingly designated by some later writers as a provincial, his family came from Umbria and he was born a Roman citizen. Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a legatus legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis, in 89 Trajan supported Domitian against a revolt on the Rhine led by Antonius Saturninus. In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by Marcus Cocceius Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with |
Who was the admiral of the French fleet defeated by Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar? | Battle of Trafalgar Battle of Trafalgar The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1815). Twenty-seven British ships of the line led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard defeated thirty-three French and Spanish ships of the line under French Admiral Villeneuve. The battle took place in the Atlantic Ocean off the southwest coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar, near the town of Los Caños de Meca. The Franco-Spanish fleet lost | Battle of Trafalgar On the actual anniversary day, 21 October, naval manoeuvres were conducted in Trafalgar Bay near Cádiz involving a combined fleet from Britain, Spain, and France. Many descendants of people present at the battle, including members of Nelson's family, were at the ceremony. Attribution: Battle of Trafalgar The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1815). Twenty-seven British ships of the line led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard defeated |
Which royal house consisted of Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI? | Henry IV of England the Yorkist claim in the person of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York. The Duke of York was the heir-general of Edward III, and the heir presumptive (due to agnatic descent, the same principle by which Henry IV claimed the throne in 1399) of Henry's grandson Henry VI (since Henry IV's other sons did not have male heirs, and the legitimated Beauforts were excluded from the throne). The House of Lancaster was finally deposed by Edward IV, son of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, during the Wars of the Roses. The date and venue of Henry's first marriage to | Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen the House of Plauen, who lived in the 13th Century. Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen Henry VI of Plauen (29 December 1536, Meissen – 22 January 1572 in Schleiz) was Burgrave of Meissen, Lord of Plauen and Lord of Schleiz and Lobenstein. Henry VI was the younger of two sons of Henry IV, Burgrave of Plauen, from his marriage to Countess Margaret of Salm (1517–1573). After his father's death he and his older brother Henry V jointly ruled their extensive possessions. They also inherited a dispute with the Princely House of Reuss. However, they were both still minors, so a |
In which Indian city did British troops open fire without warning on a crowd of 10,000 in 1919? | History of Punjab separate electorates for Muslims was granted at Amritsar in 1909. The Muslim league also demanded separate electorates in every province, even in those without Muslim majority populations, which was also granted by the Indian National Congress in 1916. An important event of the British Raj in Punjab was the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919. The British brigadier-general R.E.H Dyer marched fifty riflemen of the 1/9th Gurkhas, 54th Sikhs, and 59th Sikhs into the Bagh and ordered them to open fire into the crowd that had collected there. The official number of deaths given by the British was given as 379 | Indian National Army in Singapore Malay Peninsula and Singapore. Secondly, although it appears that the number British-Indian troops swelled from 200 000 to 900 000 between 1939 and 1941, it was made up of very young boys (as a result of the open recruitment policy of the British) who had very little or no combat training and experience, leading to anxiety amongst the British-Indian forces. Thirdly, the British had already begun to suspect that not all of their Indian Army personnel were loyal to them. This was largely because, towards the end of 1942, the British government had to resort to indiscriminate recruitment in order |
In which war was the Battle of Ramillies? | Battle of Ramillies Battle of Ramillies The Battle of Ramillies (), fought on 23 May 1706, was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession. For the Grand Alliance – Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic – the battle had followed an indecisive campaign against the Bourbon armies of King Louis XIV of France in 1705. Although the Allies had captured Barcelona that year, they had been forced to abandon their campaign on the Moselle, had stalled in the Spanish Netherlands and suffered defeat in northern Italy. Yet despite his opponents' setbacks Louis XIV wanted peace, but on reasonable terms. Because of | Battle of Ramillies rises the plateau of Mont St. André; a second plain, the plateau of Jandrenouille – upon which the Anglo-Dutch army amassed – rises to the east. At 11:00, the Duke ordered the army to take standard battle formation. On the far right, towards Foulz, the British battalions and squadrons took up their posts in a double line near the Jeuche stream. The centre was formed by the mass of Dutch, German, Protestant Swiss and Scottish infantry – perhaps 30,000 men – facing Offus and Ramillies. Also facing Ramillies Marlborough placed a powerful battery of thirty 24-pounders, dragged into position by |
Which sultan of Egypt, who precipitated the third Crusade, subsequently made peace with Richard I? | Third Crusade Third Crusade The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by European Christian leaders to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin, in 1187. Also known as the Kings' Crusade for its main leaders, kings Richard I of England and Philip II of France (echoing the name "Princes' Crusade" given to the successful First Crusade), the campaign was largely successful in capturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to re-capture Jerusalem. After the failure of the Second Crusade, the Zengid dynasty controlled a unified | The Crusade and Death of Richard I in 1199. It is based on the writings by Roger of Howden, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris. The Crusade and Death of Richard I The Crusade and Death of Richard I is a mid-13th-century Anglo-Norman prose chronicle by an anonymous author. It tells of the journey of Richard the Lionheart, King of England to the Holy Land on the Third Crusade (kings' Crusade) from 1190 to 1191. The chronicle details the trip through France, Sicily, and Cyprus, as well as the siege and capture of Acre, Richard's capture in Austria on the return trip, and his eventual return to |
In which year did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? | Attack on Pearl Harbor Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned | Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor war are about to fade". The attack was notable for its considerable destruction, as putting most of the U.S. battleships out of commission was regarded—in both navies and by most military observers worldwide—as a tremendous success for Japan. Influenced by the earlier Battle of Taranto, which pioneered the all-aircraft naval attack but resulted in far less damage and casualties, the Japanese struck against Pearl Harbor on a much larger scale than did the British at Taranto. The attack was a great shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater, and it was initially believed Pearl Harbor changed the balance |
In which naval battle did Rome decisively defeat the forces of Antony and Cleopatra? | Reign of Cleopatra of propaganda, Octavian forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in 32 BC. He declared war on Cleopatra for unlawfully providing military support to Antony, now a private Roman citizen without public office. Antony and Cleopatra led a joint naval force at the 31 BC Battle of Actium against Octavian's general Agrippa, who won the battle after Cleopatra and Antony fled to the Peloponnese and eventually Egypt. Octavian's forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC. Although Antony and Cleopatra offered military resistance, Octavian defeated their forces, leading to Antony's suicide. When it became clear that Octavian planned to | Antony and Cleopatra (novel) Antony and Cleopatra (novel) Antony and Cleopatra is the seventh and purposely last novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series, published in 2007. McCullough continues her "Masters of Rome" series with the seventh and final installment, "Antony and Cleopatra". The novel spans the years 41 BC to 27 BC, from the aftermath of the Battle of Philippi and the suicide of Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus until the downfall of the second triumvirate, the final war of the Roman Republic and the renaming of Octavian to Augustus in 27 BC . The novel, which was McCullough's last |
"Which new policy in 1958 was an attempt to achieve ""true communism"" in China?" | New Left in China existence. They believe firmly that China is, and has been for some time, moving away from the communist path, which has resulted and will continue to result in the rise of capitalists who will further exploit peasants and workers, as they did in China before 1949. Similarly to the worldwide Maoist movement, this strain of New Leftists are against the Chinese government's policy of "openness" and economic reforms; correspondingly, they do not consider Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution and Great Leap Forward to have been wrong-headed in an ideological sense, even if they do oppose the actual "outcomes" and on-the-ground policies | Left communism in China in November 1966. Whereas Lin had recently sought to curb Red Guard rebellion by interpreting Mao's "Bombard the Headquarters" to mean "bombard a few capitalist roaders" as opposed to "bombard our proletarian headquarters," Yilin-Dixi argued that it was the so-called "proletarian headquarters" itself that had "become obsolete" and needed to be "reformed": "We must create a whole new state machinery to replace the old one" (3). Left communism in China In the People's Republic of China since 1967, the terms "Ultra-Left" and "left communist" () refers to political theory and practice self-defined as further "left" than that of the central |
Who was appointed successor to Hitler in 1939 but expelled from the Nazi party six years later? | Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler naming Göring as his successor in the event of his death. To replace him, Hitler named "Großadmiral" Karl Dönitz as President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. "Reichsführer-SS" and Interior Minister Heinrich Himmler was also expelled from the party and sacked from all of his state offices for attempting to negotiate peace with the western Allies without Hitler's "knowledge" and against permission. Hitler declared both Himmler and Göring to be traitors. Hitler appointed the following as the new Cabinet and as leaders of the nation: Witnessed by Joseph Goebbels, Martin Bormann, General Wilhelm Burgdorf, and General | Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party that Hitler and his senior Nazis are frequently seen in photographic and film evidence as wearing uniforms with little insignia or uniforms without excessive decorations. This sets Hitler apart from other dictators of the time, such as Benito Mussolini who appointed himself First Marshal of the Empire and wore a full Italian military uniform with every possible state and military decoration displayed. Adolf Hitler, who served as Führer of the Nazi Party, held the absolute highest possible Nazi Party position. Albert Speer (in his book "Inside the Third Reich") remarked that Hitler was the only party member to wear an |
What was ceded to Britain in 1713 as part of the settlement of the War of Spanish Succession? | Disputed status of Gibraltar eventually ceded to the Kingdom of Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht as part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession. In that treaty, Spain ceded to Great Britain "the full and entire propriety of the town and castle of Gibraltar, together with the port, fortifications, and forts thereunto belonging ... for ever, without any exception or impediment whatsoever." Should the British Crown ever wish to relinquish Gibraltar, a reversion clause holds that the territory would first be offered to Spain, "And in case it shall hereafter seem meet to the Crown of | War of the Spanish Succession commercial access to Spanish America. France accepted the Protestant succession, ensuring a smooth inheritance by George I in August 1714 and ended support for the Stuarts under the [[Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)|1716 Anglo-French Treaty]]. Lastly, the war left all the participants with unprecedented levels of government debt but only Britain successfully financed it. Philip was confirmed as King of Spain, which retained its independence and the majority of its Empire but ceded the Spanish Netherlands and most of their Italian possessions. The 1707 "Nueva Planta" decrees transferred powers to Madrid and largely abolished regional political structures. These reforms enabled Spain to |
Who was the queen of the British king, Charles I? | Lady of the Bedchamber British Royal Household. Anne of Denmark was Queen Consort to James I of England. Henrietta Maria was Queen Consort to Charles I of England. Catherine of Braganza was Queen Consort to Charles II of England Mary of Modena was Queen Consort to James II of England Caroline of Ansbach was Queen Consort to George II of Great Britain Princess Augusta was the wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales Charlotte of Mecklenberg-Strelitz was Queen Consort to King George III of Great Britain Caroline of Brunswick was the wife of George, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent and from 1820 Queen Consort to | I Was the King, I Really Was the King I Was the King, I Really Was the King I Was the King, I Really Was the King is the second album by British alternative rock band Animals That Swim, released in June 1996 via Elemental Records. Its title is taken from a line in the book "This is Orson Welles". "I Was the King, I Really Was the King" received mixed to positive reviews upon release. Allmusic's Ned Raggett saw the LP as a natural progression from the band's debut album, "Workshy", but more energetic and "pop-friendly". He drew musical comparisons with Marc Almond's solo material and the songs |
Where did George Washington's army endure the winter of 1777-78? | King of Prussia, Pennsylvania a seasonal poolside club called Valley Beach. Valley Forge National Historical Park, which consists of the site where General George Washington and the Continental Army made their encampment at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-78 in the American Revolutionary War, is located to the west of King of Prussia. King of Prussia is home to the King of Prussia Volunteer Fire Company 9/11 Memorial honoring the lives lost in the September 11 attacks. The memorial, which was dedicated by the King of Prussia Volunteer Fire Company on the 10th anniversary of the attacks in 2011, consists of two steel | Military career of George Washington battles or to utilize a Fabian strategy to harass the British with quick, sharp attacks followed by a retreat so that the larger British army could not catch him. His southern commander Greene did use Fabian tactics in 1780–81; Washington did so only in fall 1776 to spring 1777, after losing New York City and seeing much of his army melt away. Trenton and Princeton were Fabian examples. By summer 1777 Washington had rebuilt his strength and his confidence; he stopped using raids and went for large-scale confrontations, as at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Yorktown. The following are summaries of |
Whom did Charles V confront at the Diet of Worms in 1521? | Diet of Worms Diet of Worms The Diet of Worms 1521 ( ) was an imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called on by King Charles V. It was held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire. An imperial diet was a formal deliberative assembly of the whole Empire. This one is most memorable for the Edict of Worms ("Wormser Edikt"), which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with the Emperor Charles V presiding. Other imperial diets took place at | Diet of Worms the treatment of Jan Hus, who was tried and executed at the Council of Constance in 1415 despite a promise of safe conduct. Emperor Charles V commenced the Imperial Diet of Worms on 23 January 1521. Luther was summoned to renounce or reaffirm his views. When he appeared before the assembly on 16 April, Johann Eck, an assistant of the Archbishop of Trier (Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads at that time), acted as spokesman for the emperor. The main events of the Diet of Worms relating to Luther took place from 16 to 18 April 1521. On 16 April, Luther |
What was the name of the Libyan king deposed by Colonel Kaddafi in 1969? | 1969 Libyan coup d'état 1969 Libyan coup d'état The 1969 Libyan coup d'état, also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or the 1 September Revolution, was a military coup d'état in Libya carried out by the Free Officers Movement, a group of military officers led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, which led to the overthrow of King Idris I. The discovery of significant oil reserves in 1959 and the subsequent income from petroleum sales enabled the Kingdom of Libya to transition from one of the world's poorest nations to a wealthy state. Although oil drastically improved the Libyan government's finances, resentment began to build over the | 1969 Libyan coup d'état day the RCC promoted Captain Gaddafi to colonel and appointed him commander-in-chief of the Libyan Armed Forces. Although RCC spokesmen declined until January 1970 to reveal any other names of RCC members, it was apparent from that date onward that the head of the RCC and new "de facto" head of state was Gaddafi. Analysts were quick to point out the striking similarities between the Libyan military coup of 1969 and that in Egypt under Nasser in 1952, and it became clear that the Egyptian experience and the charismatic figure of Nasser had formed the model for the Free Officers |
Which US president ended his country's participation in the Vietnam War? | 1965 in the Vietnam War commitment to combat of U.S. ground troops." The Pentagon endorsed Westmoreland's request for additional soldiers which would bring the total of American military personnel in Vietnam up to 117,000, plus 20,000 third-country troops, by November 1. General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was appointed by the military junta as President of South Vietnam. Senator J. William Fulbright, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations said on national television that the U.S. should negotiate directly with North Vietnam and make "major concessions" to end the Vietnam War. Fulbright's statement was criticized by prominent Republicans; former Vice President Richard Nixon said that negotiations | 1964 in the Vietnam War the ground rules" by targeting a U.S. installation. He advocated a reprisal. President Lyndon Johnson won a landslide victory over his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater, in the Presidential election. Johnson was perceived as the more moderate candidate on issues including the use of U.S. military forces in Vietnam. From Saigon, Ambassador Maxwell Taylor cabled Washington with his views. Perhaps former President Kennedy's most influential adviser on Vietnam, Taylor favored the U.S. expanding its participation in the war against the Viet Cong and expanding the war to North Vietnam, even if the government of South Vietnam never became competent — advocating |
What was the first considerable engagement in the American Revolution? | Commemoration of the American Revolution Commemoration of the American Revolution Commemorations of the American Revolution (1775-1783) have given it a central place in the American memory. As the founding story, it is covered in the schools, memorialized by a national holiday, and commemorated in innumerable monuments. Thus Independence Day (the "Fourth of July") is a major national holiday celebrated annually. Besides local sites such as Bunker Hill, one of the first national pilgrimages for memorial tourists was Mount Vernon, George Washington's estate, which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s. Every nation constructs and honors the memory of its founding, and following generations | South Carolina in the American Revolution the state as they controlled three-quarters of South Carolina's wealth, much of it in enslaved African Americans. During the 1780s, Charleston physician David Ramsay published two of the first histories of the American Revolution: "The History of the Revolution of South-Carolina" (1785) and "The History of the American Revolution" (1789). South Carolina in the American Revolution South Carolina was outraged over British tax policies in the 1760s that violated what they saw as their constitutional right to "no taxation without representation". Merchants joined the boycott against buying British products. When the London government harshly punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea |
In which war was the Battle of Shiloh? | Battle of Shiloh Battle of Shiloh The Battle of Shiloh (also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing) was a battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee (Major General Ulysses S. Grant) had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the Tennessee River, where the Confederate Army of Mississippi (General Albert Sidney Johnston, P. G. T. Beauregard second-in-command) launched a surprise attack on Grant's army from its base in Corinth, | Battle of Shiloh 'What I Saw of Shiloh' is Bierce's best work. The song "Shiloh's Hill" was written shortly after the battle and soon became a popular civil war tune. The Battle of Shiloh was depicted in the 1962 film "How the West Was Won", directed by John Ford. Shel Silverstein wrote "In the Hills of Shiloh", a poignant song about widowed bride forever awaiting the return of a man killed in the battle of Shiloh. The song was recorded by The New Christy Minstrels, Judy Collins, and others. Bobbie Ann Mason's short story "Shiloh", which appeared in "The New Yorker" on October |
Which treaty after World War I established the League of Nations? | League of Nations all put forward their draft proposals. After lengthy negotiations between the delegates, the Hurst–Miller draft was finally produced as a basis for the Covenant. After more negotiation and compromise, the delegates finally approved of the proposal to create the League of Nations (, ) on 25 January 1919. The final Covenant of the League of Nations was drafted by a special commission, and the League was established by Part I of the Treaty of Versailles. On 28 June 1919, 44 states signed the Covenant, including 31 states which had taken part in the war on the side of the Triple | League of Nations mandate League of Nations mandate A League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League of Nations. These were of the nature of both a treaty and a constitution, which contained minority rights clauses that provided for the rights of petition and adjudication by the International Court. The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, entered into on 28 |
What is the official residence of the president of France? | President of France fits the 19,000 € quoted to the press in early 2008. Using the pay grades starting from 1 July 2009, this amounts to a gross monthly pay of 21,131 €. The salary and the residence stipend are taxable for income tax. The official residence and office of the president is the Élysée Palace in Paris. Other presidential residences include: There are four living former French presidents: According to French law, Former Presidents have guaranteed lifetime pension defined according to the pay grade of the Councillors of State, a courtesy diplomatic passport, and, according to the French Constitution (Article 56), membership | Official Residence of the President (Republic of China) Official Residence of the President (Republic of China) The Official Residence of the President of the Republic of China is provided by the Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) for the President, while in office, along with his or her family. The current official residence is at the intersection of Chongqing South Road Section 2 and Aiguo West Road, Zhongzheng, Taipei, and has been in use since Lee Teng-hui's presidency. Security of the residence is maintained by the Sixth Special Corps of the National Police Agency. The Official Residence takes on a different alias depending on the code name |
Who set out his political ideas in Mein Kampf? | Mein Kampf – who published "Zweites Buch" in 1961. A pirated edition was published in English in New York in 1962. The first authoritative English edition was not published until 2003 ("Hitler's Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf," ). Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (, "My Struggle") is a 1925 autobiographical book by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of "Mein Kampf" was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess. | Mein Kampf heavily commented and excerpted versions of "Mein Kampf." In 2008, Stephan Kramer, secretary-general of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, not only recommended lifting the ban, but volunteered the help of his organization in editing and annotating the text, saying that it is time for the book to be made available to all online. A variety of restrictions or special circumstances apply in other countries. Since its first publication in India in 1928, "Mein Kampf" has gone through hundreds of editions and sold over 100,000 copies. In the Netherlands the sale of "Mein Kampf" had been forbidden since World |
Who preceded Ronald Reagan as American president? | Presidency of Ronald Reagan Presidency of Ronald Reagan The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1989. Reagan, a Republican, took office following a landslide victory over Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan was succeeded by his Vice President, George H. W. Bush, who won the 1988 presidential election with Reagan's support. Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society | Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to the presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975. Reagan was raised in a poor family in small towns of northern Illinois. He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports announcer on several regional radio stations. After moving to California in 1937, he became an actor and starred in a few major |
In which year was Ulster incorporated into the UK, under the Home Rule Act? | Home rule Rule Bills, of which two were passed, the Third Home Rule Act won by John Redmond and most notably the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (which created the home rule parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland – the latter state did not in reality function and was replaced by the Irish Free State). The home rule demands of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century differed from earlier demands for Repeal by Daniel O'Connell in the first half of the nineteenth century. Whereas home rule meant a constitutional movement towards a national All-Ireland parliament in part under Westminster, "repeal" | Home Rule Crisis both the Government of Ireland Act 1914 and the Welsh Church Act 1914; although the two controversial Bills had now finally reached the statute books on 18 September 1914, the Suspensory Act ensured that Home Rule would be postponed for the duration of the conflict and would not come into operation until the end of the war. The Ulster question was 'solved' in the same way: through the promise of amending legislation which was left undefined. Unionists were in disarray, wounded by the enactment of Home Rule. and by the absence of any definite arrangement for the exclusion of Ulster. |
"Of what electoral system are ""single transferable vote"" and ""party list"" forms?" | Single transferable vote Single transferable vote The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting in multi-seat organizations or constituencies (voting districts). Under STV, an elector (voter) has a single vote that is initially allocated to their most preferred candidate. Votes are totalled and a quota (the number of votes required to win a seat) derived. If their candidate achieves quota, he/she is elected and in some STV systems any surplus vote is transferred to other candidates in proportion to the voters' stated preferences. If more candidates than seats remain, the bottom candidate is eliminated | Single non-transferable vote elected 80 members of its 200-seat General National Congress using single non-transferable vote. Some commentators have cited the system as a factor in the subsequent return to civil war in 2014. Single non-transferable vote Single non-transferable vote or SNTV is an electoral system used in multi-member constituency elections. In any election, each voter casts one vote for one candidate in a multi-candidate race for multiple offices. Posts are filled by the candidates with the most votes. Thus, in a three-seat constituency, the three candidates receiving the largest numbers of votes would win office. SNTV can be used with non-partisan ballots. |
Which prime minister took Britain into the European Community in 1973? | Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities The Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities (EC) – the collective term for the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) – took effect on 1 January 1973. This followed ratification of the Accession treaty which was signed in Brussels on 22 January 1972 by the Conservative prime minister Edward Heath, who had pursued the UK's application to the EEC since the late 1950s. Denmark and Ireland also joined as part of the same expansion but Norway, | Prime Minister of the Philippines Ferdinand E. Marcos. Article IX, section 3 of the 1973 Constitution describes the primary qualification of an individual to become the Prime Minister: he must be a member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly). To become a member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa, one must be a qualified citizen of the Republic and was elected by the popular district in which he will represent at the assembly. Though the appointment of the Prime Minister is exactly written on the Constitution, however, the Prime Minister is exempted from impeachment, thus paving way for whoever the Prime Minister will be, for |
What was enforced by Parliament in 1379 and was the trigger that caused the Peasants' Revolt? | Peasants' Revolt Peasants' Revolt The Peasants' Revolt, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381. His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent | Peasants' Revolt that the fraternity of the Freemasons was covertly involved in organising the revolt. Peasants' Revolt The Peasants' Revolt, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381. |
In which country did Pol Pot lead the feared Khmer Rouge? | Pol Pot minds", at least 100,000 were exterminated in six months. Later that year, in response to threats to its borders and the Vietnamese people, Vietnam attacked Cambodia to overthrow the Khmer Rouge, which Vietnam justified on the basis of self-defense. The Cambodian army was defeated, the regime was toppled and Pol Pot fled to the Thai border area. In January 1979, Vietnam installed a new government under Khmer Rouge defector Heng Samrin, composed of Khmer Rouge who had fled to Vietnam to avoid the purges. Pol Pot eventually regrouped with his core supporters in the Thai border area where he received | Pol Pot Thailand. Pol Pot refused to cooperate with the peace process, and he continued to fight against the new coalition government. The Khmer Rouge kept the government forces at bay until 1996, when troops started deserting. Several important Khmer Rouge leaders also defected. The government followed a policy of making peace with Khmer Rouge individuals and groups, after negotiations with the organization as a whole failed. In 1995, Pol Pot experienced a stroke that paralyzed the left side of his body. Pol Pot ordered the execution of his lifelong right-hand man, Son Sen, on 10 June 1997 for attempting to make |
How often are American presidential elections held? | Presidential elections in Brazil Presidential elections in Brazil Direct presidential elections are held in Brazil as part of the general elections every four years, typically in October. The current electoral law provides for a two-round system in which a candidate must receive more than 50% of the vote to win in the first round; if no candidate passes the 50% threshold, a run-off is held between the top two candidates. Every candidate has a running mate who disputes the post of vice-president; prior to 1966, the vice-president was elected separately. The country has held presidential elections since 1891, spanning over a period of several | Presidential elections in France Presidential elections in France Presidential elections in France determine who will serve as the President of France for the next several years. Currently they are held once in five years (formerly seven). They are always held on Sundays. Since 1965 the president has been elected by direct popular vote. There was one presidential election in France during the government known as the Second Republic (1848—1851). It was held in 1848. The president was elected by direct popular vote. There were 15 presidential elections in France during the government known as the Third Republic (1870—1940). According to the Constitutional Laws of |
Israel was proclaimed an independent state in 1948. Who was its prime minister from then until 1963? | Prime Minister of Israel Basic Laws of Israel explicitly vest executive power in the government, of which the Prime Minister is the leader. The office of Prime Minister came into existence on 14 May 1948, the date of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, when the provisional government was created. David Ben-Gurion, leader of Mapai and head of the Jewish Agency became Israel's first Prime Minister. The position became permanent on 8 March 1949, when the first government was formed. Ben-Gurion retained his role until late 1953, when he resigned in order to settle in the Kibbutz of Sde Boker. | Prime Minister of Israel most seats, it was the Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu who was given the task of forming a government. He was able to do so, thus beginning his second term as Prime Minister of Israel. In the 2013 election, the Likud Yisrael Beiteinu alliance emerged as the largest faction. After forming a coalition, Netanyahu secured his third prime ministership. If the prime minister dies in office, the cabinet chooses an interim prime minister, to run the government until a new government is placed in power. Yigal Allon served as interim prime minister following Levi Eshkol's death, as did Shimon Peres following |
Who did Margaret Thatcher succeed as leader of the Conservative Party? | Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher Margaret Thatcher became the first female Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition after winning the 1975 leadership election, the first Conservative leadership election where the post was not vacant. A rule change to enable the election was largely prompted by dissatisfaction with the incumbent leader, Edward Heath, who had lost three of four general elections as leader, including two in 1974. After announcing her first Shadow Cabinet in February 1975, she reshuffled it twice: in January and November 1976. Minor subsequent changes were necessary to respond to various circumstances. Thatcher's Shadow | Margaret Thatcher Foundation in 2006, where she established the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom. Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her "The 'Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies known as Thatcherism. |
Which Elizabethan politician, philosopher and essayist was fined L40,000 for taking bribes? | Elizabethan Club Elizabethan Club The Elizabethan Club is a social club at Yale University named for Queen Elizabeth I and her era. Its profile and members tend toward a literary disposition, and conversation is one of the Club's chief purposes. The Elizabethan Club's collection of 16th and 17th Century books and artifacts include Shakespearean folios and quartos, first editions of Milton's "Paradise Lost", Spenser's "Faerie Queene", and Francis Bacon's "Essayes", all locked in the Club's famous vault. The collection is only available for inspection at certain times, or to researchers upon request at Yale's Beinecke Library. Tea is served daily during the | Zhang Yue (PRC politician) "superstitious activities", using public funds to "wine and dine", dereliction of duty while carrying out an "important task", obstructing the investigation into his wrongdoing, and trading sex for money and power. On April 20, 2017, Zhang was convicted on charges of taking bribes worth 157 million yuan (~$24 million); Zhang expressed remorse for his crimes.On July 12, 2018, Zhang was sentenced on 15 years in prison and fined five million yuan for taking bribes worth 156 million yuan (~$24 million) by the Intermediate People's Court in Changzhou. Although he took a huge amount of bribes and "caused severe damages to |
Who succeeded Clement Attlee as Labour Party leader in 1955? | Clement Attlee the following day, after six years and three months in office. Following the defeat in 1951, Attlee continued to lead the party as Leader of the Opposition. His last four years as leader were, however, widely seen as one of the Labour Party's weaker periods. The period was dominated by infighting between the Labour Party's right wing, led by Hugh Gaitskell, and its left, led by Aneurin Bevan. Many Labour MPs felt that Attlee should have retired after the 1951 election and allowed a younger man to lead the party. Bevan openly called for him to stand down in the | Clement Attlee missionary, Attlee himself is usually regarded as an agnostic. In an interview he described himself as "incapable of religious feeling", saying that he believed in "the ethics of Christianity" but not "the mumbo-jumbo." When asked whether he was an agnostic, Attlee replied "I don't know." Clement Attlee Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, (3 January 1883 – 8 October 1967) was a British statesman and Labour Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951. He was the Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. In 1940, Attlee took Labour into the |
Whose book Sexual Politics was a landmark in feminist thinking? | Sexual Politics "the Bible of Women's Liberation." The article, titled "De Beauvoir Lessing- Now, Kate Millett" was written by Marcia Seligson and praised the book as "a piece of passionate thinking on a life-and-death aspect of our public and private lives." Sexual Politics Sexual Politics is a 1970 book by Kate Millett, based on her PhD dissertation. The book is regarded as a classic of feminism and one of radical feminism's key texts. Millett argues that "sex has a frequently neglected political aspect" and goes on to discuss the role that patriarchy plays in sexual relations, looking especially at the works of | Sexual Politics discussed at length include Sigmund Freud, George Meredith, John Ruskin, and John Stuart Mill. "Sexual Politics" was largely influenced by Simone De Beauvoir's 1949 book "The Second Sex," although De Beauvoir's text is known for being more intellectually-focused and less emotionally invigorating than Millett's text. "Sexual Politics" has been seen as a classic feminist text, said to be "the first book of academic feminist literary criticism", and "one of the first feminist books of this decade to raise nationwide male ire", though like Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" (1963) and Germaine Greer's "The Female Eunuch" (1970), its status has declined. |
Which American economist is the foremost advocate of monetarism? | Market monetarism nominal income target due to their twin beliefs that rational expectations are crucial to policy, and that markets react instantly to changes in their expectations about future policy, without the "long and variable lags" postulated by Milton Friedman. The term "market monetarism" was coined by Danish economist Lars Christensen in August 2011, and was quickly adopted by prominent economists who advocated a nominal income target for monetary policy. Scott Sumner, a Bentley University economist and one of the most vocal advocates of a nominal income target, adopted the label of market monetarist in September 2011. Sumner has been described as | Market monetarism the "eminence grise" of market monetarism. In addition to Scott Sumner, Lars Christensen attributes economists Nick Rowe, David Beckworth, Joshua Hendrickson, Bill Woolsey and Robert Hetzel to be "instrumental in forming the views of Market Monetarism". Yue Chim Richard Wong, professor of economics at the University of Hong Kong, describes market monetarist economists as "relatively junior in the economics profession and ... concentrated in the teaching universities." "The Economist" states that Sumner's blog "drew together like-minded economists, many of them at small schools some distance from the centre of the economic universe"; consequently, Christensen considers market monetarism to be the |
In what year did the Representation of the People Act give the vote to all women over 21? | Representation of the People Act 1918 Home Secretary, George Cave (Con) within the governing coalition introduced the Act: The Representation of the People Act 1918 widened suffrage by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. The enfranchisement of this latter group was accepted as recognition of the contribution made by women defence workers. However, women were still not politically equal to men (who could vote from the age of 21); full electoral equality was achieved in Ireland in 1922, but did not occur in Britain until the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928. | Representation of the People Act 1918 Representation of the People Act 1918 The Representation of the People Act 1918 was an Act of Parliament passed to reform the electoral system in Great Britain and Ireland. It is sometimes known as the Fourth Reform Act. The Act extended the franchise in parliamentary elections, also known as the right to vote, to men aged 21 and over, whether or not they owned property, and to women aged 30 and over who resided in the constituency or occupied land or premises with a rateable value above £5, or whose husbands did. At the same time, it extended the local |
Who was Italy's Fascist lender from 1925-43? | Model of masculinity under fascist Italy Model of masculinity under fascist Italy The model of masculinity under fascist Italy was an idealized version of masculinity prescribed by dictator Benito Mussolini during his reign as fascist dictator of Italy from 1925-1943. This model of masculinity, grounded in anti-modernism and traditional gender roles, was intended to help create a New Italian citizen in a budding New Italy. The model represents a mix between purported Roman ideal, comprising both mental and physical qualities. As such, it was later superimposed onto the political persona portrayed by Mussolini himself as he rallied to gather popular support for his fascist state. Following | Propaganda of Fascist Italy their views. Everything from cultural institutes to camps was deployed to consolidate activities about fascism. Propaganda of Fascist Italy Propaganda of Fascist Italy was the material put forth by Italian Fascism to justify its authority and programs and encourage popular support. The Fascist regime made heavy use of propaganda, including pageantry and rhetoric, to inspire the nation into the unity that would obey. At first, all propaganda efforts were grouped together under the press office; propaganda efforts were slowly organized until a Ministry of Popular Culture was created in 1937. A special propaganda ministry was created in 1935, with the |
Which British company was effectively the ruler of much of India until the India Act of 1858? | Government of India Act 1858 Government of India Act 1858 The Government of India Act 1858 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (21 & 22 Vict. c. 106) passed on August 2, 1858. Its provisions called for the liquidation of the British East India Company (who had up to this point been ruling British India under the auspices of Parliament) and the transference of its functions to the British Crown. Lord Palmerston, then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, introduced a bill for the transfer of control of the Government of India from the East India Company to the Crown, referring to | East India Company to rule large areas of India with its private armies, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858, when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj. Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances. It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier, as the Government of India Act |
What offence was former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega tried for in the USA? | Manuel Noriega connections. Woodward and Hersh's reputations made certain that the stories were taken seriously. Spadafora had also informed the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration of some of his findings about Noriega' involvement in smuggling. Multiple agencies investigated Noriega in the U.S., continuing despite opposition from the Reagan administration. In 1988 Noriega was indicted in a U.S. court on charges of drug-trafficking. The indictment accused him of "turning Panama into a shipping platform for South American cocaine destined for the U.S., and allowing drug proceeds to be hidden in Panamanian banks." Soon afterward an army Colonel and a few soldiers made an attempt | Manuel Noriega Manuel Noriega Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (; February 11, 1934 – May 29, 2017) was a Panamanian politician and military officer who was the "de facto" ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989. He had longstanding ties to United States intelligence agencies; however, he was removed from power by the U.S. invasion of Panama. Born in Panama City to a poor mestizo family, Noriega studied at the Chorrillos Military School in Lima and at the School of the Americas. He became an officer in the Panamanian army, and rose through the ranks in alliance with Omar Torrijos. In 1968, Torrijos |
Which British prime minister fell from office because of his repeal of the Corn Laws? | Corn Laws as manufacturing, by reducing the disposable income of the British public. The laws became the focus of opposition from urban groups who had far less political power than rural Britain. The first two years of the Irish famine of 1845–1852 forced a resolution because of the urgent need for new food supplies. Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, a Conservative, achieved repeal with the support of the Whigs in Parliament, overcoming the opposition of most of his own party. Economic historians see the repeal of the Corn Laws as a decisive shift toward free trade in Britain, a cause promoted by | Corn Laws that tariffs on grain should be rescinded by Order in Council until Parliament assembled to repeal the Corn Laws. His colleagues resisted this. Soon afterwards the Whig leader Lord John Russell declared in favour of repeal. On 4 December 1845, an announcement appeared in "The Times" that the government had decided to recall Parliament in January 1846 to repeal the Corn Laws. Lord Stanley resigned from the Cabinet in protest. The next day Peel resigned as Prime Minister because he did not believe he could implement his policy and so the Queen sent for Russell to form a government. Russell |
Which Conservative MP was a middle-distance runner who won two Olympic gold medals and set eleven world records during the 1970s and 1980s? | Sebastian Coe Sebastian Coe Sebastian Newbold Coe, Baron Coe, (born 29 September 1956), often referred to as Seb Coe or Lord Coe, is a British politician and former track and field athlete. As a middle-distance runner, Coe won four Olympic medals, including the 1500 metres gold medal at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984. He set eight outdoor and three indoor world records in middle-distance track events – including, in 1979, setting three world records in the space of 41 days – and the world record he set in the 800 metres in 1981 remained unbroken until 1997. Coe's rivalries with | World and Olympic records set at the 2008 Summer Olympics metres butterfly, both set in Sydney, remained Olympic records. Michael Phelps of the United States also broke the record for the most gold medals ever won by an Olympian with a total of 14; 8 of which were won during the 2008 Summer Olympics - this was also a world record. <nowiki>*</nowiki> World record split from the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay Note: At the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay final, anchor Jason Lezak swam the fastest 100 m split (46.06); however, this is not considered an official FINA record, as he did not swim the first leg. |
What was the racial segregation policy practiced by South Africa's National Party until 1994? | National Party (South Africa) May 1994. Beginning in 1948 the party as the governing party of South Africa began implementing its policy of racial segregation, known as apartheid (the Afrikaans term for "separateness"). Although white-minority rule and racial segregation based on white supremacy were already in existence in South Africa with non-whites not having voting rights and efforts made to encourage segregation, apartheid intensified the segregation with stern penalties for non-whites entering into areas designated for whites-only without having a pass to permit them to do so (known as the pass laws), interracial marriage and sexual relationships were illegal and punishable offences, and blacks | Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa is a political party in the Free State province, South Africa. The party was founded by Kenneth Mopeli in 1975. The party governed the bantustan state of QwaQwa from 1975-1994. It was one of the signatories of the National Peace Accord, but later withdrew. In the first non-racial elections held in South Africa in 1994, the party contested both parliamentary and provincial elections. It won 19,451 votes in the parliamentary elections (0.1% of nationwide vote) and 21,877 votes in the provincial elections in the Free State, failing to win seats |
Which party was led by Adolf Hitler from 1921 to 1945? | Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary. He was leader of the Nazi Party ("Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; NSDAP), and rose to power in Germany as Chancellor in 1933 and Führer ("Leader") in 1934. During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland in September 1939. He closely supervised military operations during the war and by December 1941 had full control of all strategic decisions, especially on the Eastern Front. He was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust. Hitler | Adolf Hitler in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. Paula Hitler, the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality. He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career—such as "Der Sieg des Glaubens" and "Triumph des Willens"—made by Leni Riefenstahl, regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. Informational notes Citations Bibliography Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a |
How old must you be to vote in a British parliamentary election? | 1959 British Somaliland parliamentary election 10 camels or cows or 100 sheep, or family ownership of at least 40 camels or cattle or 400 sheep, or own an agricultural licence. The elections were boycotted by the Somali National League, who had demanded an elected majority in the Legislative Council. Seven of the 12 seats were uncontested, resulting in no vote taking place. 1959 British Somaliland parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in British Somaliland on 18 March 1959. The Legislative Council was established in 1957, and initially consisted of the Governor, 3 ex officio members, five government officials and six members appointed by the Governor. | How to Talk to a Liberal (If You Must) How to Talk to a Liberal (If You Must) How to Talk to a Liberal (If You Must) is a 2004 book by Ann Coulter. The book is a collection of columns written by Coulter on liberalism, the war on terror, and the media. In it, Coulter offers advice gleaned from her experience as a political pundit. She attacks "The New York Times" and the Democratic Party, and sums up her opinion of liberals in two sentences: "Want to make liberals angry? Defend the United States." In arguing with liberals, she advises, "don't be defensive", "always outrage the enemy", and |
How many readings does an act of Parliament have in the House of Commons before being given royal assent? | House of Commons of Canada total number of seats (with the three seats for the territories) to 338. The last redistribution of seats occurred subsequent to the 2011 census. The Fair Representation Act (Bill C-20) was passed and given royal assent on December 16, 2011, and effectively allocated fifteen additional seats to Ontario, six new seats each to Alberta and British Columbia, and three more to Quebec. The following tables summarize representation in the House of Commons by province and territory: General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved by the governor general on the monarch's behalf. The timing of the dissolution has historically been chosen | Royal assent been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets. The House of Commons speaker John Bercow said the EU withdrawal bill, passed by both houses of parliament in 2018, had been signed into law by the monarch, her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II. “I have to notify the House in accordance with the Royal Assent Act 1967 that her Majesty has signified her royal assent to the following acts ... European Union Withdrawal Act 2018,” Commons Speaker John Bercow told lawmakers during a session of the house. In Commonwealth realms, assent may |
In which city did Karl Marx write Das Kapital? | Das Kapital in the British Library, London. At the time of his death (1883), Marx had prepared the manuscript for "Das Kapital, Volume IV", a critical history of theories of surplus value of his time, the nineteenth century. The philosopher Karl Kautsky (1854–1938) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique and later published a full, three-volume edition as "Theorien über den Mehrwert" ("Theories of Surplus Value", 1905–1910). The first volume was published in English as "A History of Economic Theories" (1952). "Capital, Volume I" (1867) was published in Marx’s lifetime, but he died in 1883 before completing the manuscripts for "Capital, | Das Kapital Das Kapital Das Kapital, also known as Capital. Critique of Political Economy (, ; 1867–1883) by Karl Marx is a foundational theoretical text in materialist philosophy, economics and politics. Marx aimed to reveal the economic patterns underpinning the capitalist mode of production, in contrast to classical political economists such as Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. Marx did not live to publish the planned second and third parts, but they were both completed from his notes and published after his death by his colleague Friedrich Engels. "Das Kapital" is the most cited book in the social |
Which party did F W de Klerk represent as South African president? | F. W. de Klerk F. W. de Klerk Frederik Willem de Klerk (; born 18 March 1936) is a South African politician who served as State President of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as Deputy President from 1994 to 1996. As South Africa's last head of state from the era of white-minority rule, he and his government dismantled the apartheid system and introduced universal suffrage. Ideologically a conservative and an economic liberal, he led the National Party from 1989 to 1997. Born in Johannesburg, British Dominion of South Africa, to an influential Afrikaner family, de Klerk studied at Potchefstroom University before pursuing | F. W. de Klerk concession to non-white racial groups. After becoming party leader, de Klerk extended his foreign contacts. He travelled to London, where he met with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Although she opposed the anti-apartheid movement's calls for economic sanctions against South Africa, at the meeting she urged de Klerk to release the imprisoned anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. He also expressed a desire to meet with representatives of the U.S. government in Washington D.C., although American Secretary of State James Baker informed him that the U.S. government considered it inopportune to have de Klerk meet with President George H. W. Bush. Botha |
What is the term used when a sitting MP is removed as the candidate for a forthcoming election? | John Hughes (Coventry North East MP) leading up to this, but he came out of political semi-retirement as an "elder statesman" figure to become CLP chair. A few weeks later the sitting MP, George Park, announced his intention to retire at the next election, if he had not done so there would probably have been an attempt to deselect him. The CLP then went into the procedure for selecting a parliamentary candidate. At the selection meeting the right wing voted for Hughes as he seemed the weakest of the left-wing candidates, mainly because he was aged 60 and so might only serve one term as an | IS/MP model curve, increased output. The IS/MP model is used as a foundation for the AD–AS model. When used within the AD-AS framework we may derive long-term movements in inflation and interest rates, rather than base, short-run movements. Greg Mankiw maintains the IS/MP model has "quirky features". Mankiw prefers the IS/LM model, for, according to him, it focuses on "important connections between the money supply, interest rates, and economic activity, whereas the IS-MP model leaves some of that in the background". IS/MP model The IS/MP model (Investment–Savings / Monetary–Policy) is a macroeconomic tool which displays short-run fluctuations in the interest rate, inflation |
Who played the part of Piers Fletcher Dervish, personal assistant to MP Alan B'stard, in the television comedy series The New Statesman? | Michael Troughton Michael Troughton Michael Troughton (born 2 March 1955) is an English actor, writer, and teacher. He is the son of actor Patrick Troughton (known as the Second Doctor in "Doctor Who" in the 1960s) and the younger brother of David Troughton. He has appeared in many film, television and theatre roles, most notably as Melish in "Minder" and Sir Piers Fletcher-Dervish in "The New Statesman" from 1987 to 1992. Troughton also starred in the first series of "Backs to the Land". His more recent roles include senior science master Derek Halliday in the "Taggart" episode "Out of Bounds", 1998, a | The New Statesman over Piers' seat and becomes Secretary of State for European Affairs, thus ensuring a wealth of opportunities to connive with Alan in Europe. The last episode saw Greville split with Alan and become part of The Progressive Federalists who were soundly thrashed by Alan's New Patriotic Party at the polls. An elderly backbench Conservative MP who shared the office with Alan and Piers during the first two series. Sir Stephen's morally uptight old-school attitude and respect for Parliamentary protocol meant that he contrasted sharply with the self-centred Alan and the clueless Piers, serving as further comic foil to bounce the |
Which MP entered Parliament as a Tory in 1833, but became Liberal prime minister in 1868? | Liberal Party (UK) parties), Gladstone won a huge victory at the 1868 election and formed the first Liberal government. The establishment of the party as a national membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. The philosopher John Stuart Mill was also a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868. For the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886, and 1892–94). His financial policies, based on the notion of balanced budgets, low taxes and "laissez-faire", were suited to a developing capitalist society, but they could not | Frederick Perkins (MP) Frederick Perkins (MP) Sir Frederick Perkins (2 June 1826 – 8 November 1902) was a British Liberal Party politician, brewer, and wine and spirit merchant. Perkins began his political career as a Liberal town councillor for Southampton's All Saints Ward in the 1850s, and shortly after that became Mayor of Southampton, a role he held on five occasions: in 1859, 1861, 1862, 1868, and 1869. In 1872, he was then made Sheriff of London and Middlesex, before being knighted in 1873. He then entered Parliament as MP for Southampton in 1874, but stood down before the next election in 1880. |
Who was the last foreign secretary to serve in Margaret Thatcher's cabinet, an MP who also contested the leadership after her resignation? | 1990 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election November 1990. Following Thatcher's formal resignation as Prime Minister, Queen Elizabeth II invited Major to form a government the next day. Douglas Hurd was re-appointed as Foreign Secretary and Michael Heseltine returned to the Cabinet as Environment Secretary, a post he had held in the early 1980s. Both Hurd and Heseltine remained key figures during the Major government, Heseltine eventually rising to become Deputy Prime Minister in 1995. Major's premiership began well, and he was credited with restoring a consensual style of Cabinet government after the years of forceful leadership under Thatcher. The success of the First Gulf War in | Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher part of the Environment team). On 19 November 1976, Thatcher reshuffled again. Maudling was dropped as Shadow Foreign Secretary and replaced by John Davies. Raison dropped, being replaced at Environment by Heseltine, who was replaced at the Industry portfolio by Biffen. He was in turn replaced as Shadow Energy Secretary by Tom King. Peyton and Pym switch roles (Shadow Leader of the House for Agriculture), with Pym also taking Devolution from Whitelaw. Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher Margaret Thatcher became the first female Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition after winning the 1975 leadership election, the |
Which publication documents all proceedings of the British parliament? | Parliament of Australia Australia, to establish subcommittees and to take evidence in both public and private hearings. Proceedings of committees are considered to have the same legal standing as proceedings of Parliament, they are recorded by Hansard, except for private hearings, and also operate under Parliamentary privilege. Every participant, including committee members and witnesses giving evidence, are protected from being prosecuted under any civil or criminal action for anything they may say during a hearing. Written evidence and documents received by a committee are also protected. Types of committees include: Standing Committees, which are established on a permanent basis and are responsible for | Proceedings of the British Academy was transferred to the new online open access "Journal of the British Academy", and the publication of obituary notices was transferred to a separate "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy" series. The "Proceedings of the British Academy" series therefore now focuses on the publication of themed volumes of essays, and is open to proposals from prospective volume editors. The series has always been published on behalf of the British Academy by Oxford University Press. Since 2012 the contents of volumes have also been included in British Academy Scholarship Online. Proceedings of the British Academy The Proceedings of the |
What is the name for the group of opposition spokesmen who comment on the policies of government ministers? | Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica) Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica) The Leader of Her Majesty's Opposition in Jamaica is the leader of the largest political party which has not formed the current government. The Leader of the Opposition is seen as the alternative Prime Minister and leads the Shadow Cabinet of Jamaica. As of January 2012, Jamaica has had no Leader of the Opposition who has not also served as Prime Minister. P. J. Patterson and Donald Sangster are the only two of Jamaica's nine Prime Ministers who has not also served as Leader of the Opposition. The current holder of the post of Leader | Ministers of the New Zealand Government Ministers of the New Zealand Government Ministers, in the New Zealand Government, are members of Parliament who hold ministerial warrants from the Crown to perform certain functions of government. This includes formulating and implementing policies and advising the governor-general. Ministers collectively make up the executive branch of the New Zealand state. In practice, the governor-general is obliged to follow the advice of the prime minister on the appointment and dismissal of ministers. All ministers serve concurrently as councillors of the Executive Council of New Zealand. These executives are also formally titled "ministers of the Crown", as in other Commonwealth realms. |
"Who was ""Britain's first ever Labour prime minister in 1924?" | Leader of the Labour Party (UK) became the first Leader of the Labour Party to have been born in England; prior to this, all party leaders had been born in Scotland. In 1924, Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister, leading a minority administration which lasted nine months. Clement Attlee would become the first Labour leader to lead a majority government in 1945. The first to be born in Wales was Neil Kinnock, who was elected in 1983. The most electorally successful Leaders of the Labour Party to date are: Tony Blair, who won three consecutive electoral victories in 1997, 2001 (both landslide victories), | Prime Minister of New Zealand of the few countries in the world to have had three female heads of government, and one of only three countries to have had a female head of government directly succeed another. The first female prime minister was Jenny Shipley of the National Party, who replaced Jim Bolger in late 1997; Shipley was succeeded by Helen Clark in 1999. Jacinda Ardern, the second female leader of the Labour Party after Clark, became prime minister in 2017. On becoming the Colony of New Zealand in 1841, New Zealand was directly governed by a governor, appointed by the Colonial Office in Britain. |
Which British actress won the Hampstead and Highgate seat for Labour in the 1992 General Election? | Hampstead and Highgate (UK Parliament constituency) intelligentsia). The Labour incumbent in Hampstead and Highgate at the time of abolition, Glenda Jackson, retained the new constituency of Hampstead and Kilburn in 2010 with a majority of just 42. Hampstead and Highgate (UK Parliament constituency) Hampstead & Highgate was a parliamentary constituency covering the northern half of the London Borough of Camden which includes the village of Hampstead and part of that of Highgate. It was abolished in the 2010 general election; with the majority forming the new constituency of Hampstead and Kilburn; and part to the Holborn and St Pancras seat. 1983-1997: The London Borough of Camden | Hampstead and Highgate (UK Parliament constituency) Hampstead and Highgate (UK Parliament constituency) Hampstead & Highgate was a parliamentary constituency covering the northern half of the London Borough of Camden which includes the village of Hampstead and part of that of Highgate. It was abolished in the 2010 general election; with the majority forming the new constituency of Hampstead and Kilburn; and part to the Holborn and St Pancras seat. 1983-1997: The London Borough of Camden wards of Adelaide, Belsize, Fitzjohns, Fortune Green, Frognal, Hampstead Town, Highgate, Kilburn, Priory, South End, Swiss Cottage, and West End. 1997-2010: The London Borough of Camden wards of Adelaide, Belsize, Fitzjohns, |
What is the Swedish name of the official who acts for the private citizen in complaints against the government? | Ombudsmen in the United States potentially harmful gossip. Since 1967 at least five state legislatures and one territorial legislature have established and continued to employ a full-time ombudsman. These states are Hawaii, Nebraska, Alaska, Iowa and Arizona, and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. Many other states have ombudsmen appointed by, and located within the office of, the governor. The job description for state offices of ombudsmen invariably involves the trouble-shooting function of investigating citizen complaints concerning specific acts by government agencies. For example, in Nebraska (https://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/divisions/ombud.php) the ombudsman's duties are as follows: To receive complaints from the public and from persons working in government; | Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (SUA PROT) was concluded at the same time as SUA. The Protocol came into force at the same time as SUA. SUA PROT is a supplementary convention to SUA. In London on 14 October 2005, a second supplementary Protocol to SUA was concluded. The full name of the Protocol is the Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and is often abbreviated as "SUA 2005". The 2005 Protocol adds provisions which criminalises the use of ships |
Which US president introduced the New Deal in 1933 to counter the depression? | The Living New Deal buildings have been decommissioned, privatized, or are threatened with demolition; many have already been lost or destroyed. The Living New Deal project has continued to grow rapidly, adding hundreds (even thousands) of New Deal sites to its map every year. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, America was in the depths of the Great Depression. The stock market crash of 1929 led the implosion and the downturn continued for over three years as thousands of banks and businesses failed and millions of people lost their life savings, farms, and homes. At the nadir, one-quarter of the U.S. | The Living New Deal workforce was unemployed and national output had fallen by one-third. To address the economic collapse and resulting human suffering, President Roosevelt declared a "new deal for the American people." Within days of his inauguration, he had launched The New Deal, an innovative constellation of federal programs aimed at restoring financial stability, stabilizing industry and agriculture, increasing relief efforts, and employing millions of desperate workers. The economy began a rapid revival from 1933 to 1942, marred by a sharp recession in 1937. National output recovered to pre-Depression levels just before the outbreak of World War II, which absorbed the last of |
Mario Soares became the first socialist president of which country in 1986? | 1986 Portuguese presidential election 1986 Portuguese presidential election The Portuguese presidential election of 1986 was held on 26 January, the second round took place on 16 February. This was closest presidential election ever held in Portugal and was won by the Socialist Mário Soares, who initially had no more than 5% at opinion polls. In first round was easily won by Freitas do Amaral, supported by all the right-wing parties, while Soares defeated the other two left-wing candidates, the former Prime-Minister Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo –the first woman to be a candidate to the Portuguese presidency – and Salgado Zenha (supported by outgoing president | Mario Soares (footballer) also represented Goa in the Santosh Trophy and captained the state. Soares represented India at the under-23 level during the 1992 Summer Olympics qualifiers. He scored the only goal for India in their draw to Oman U23. He also represented India internationally at senior level. After the departure of Santosh Kashyap from Salgaocar, Soares was put in caretaker charge of the I-League club. Mario Soares (footballer) Mario Soares is a former Indian football player and is the current interim head coach of Indian I-League side Salgaocar. During his playing days, Soares played for Salgaocar, Dempo, Churchill Brothers, and India internationally. |
Who was dismissed from office as Australian prime minister in 1975 after refusing to call a general election? | 1975 Australian constitutional crisis in 1991, his death was not announced until after he was buried. Freudenberg summed up Kerr's fate after the dismissal: Bibliography 1975 Australian constitutional crisis The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, also known simply as the Dismissal, has been described as the greatest political and constitutional crisis in Australian history. It culminated on 11 November 1975 with the dismissal from office of the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, who then commissioned the Leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal Party, as caretaker Prime Minister. Whitlam's Labor government had been | Prime Minister of Spain Republic. In 1973, the dictator separated the Head of the State from the Head of the Government and that division exists today, being the Prime Minister democratically elected by a Parliament elected by universal suffrage, free and equal. Once a general election has been announced by the king, political parties designate their candidates to stand for Prime Minister —usually the party leader. A Prime Minister is dismissed from office the day after the election, but remains in office as a caretaker until his/her successor is sworn in. Following every general election to the Cortes Generales ("Cortes"), and other circumstances provided |
What collective name is given to the first ten amendments to the US constitution? | Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution to amend the Constitution, the number of states applying for a convention has nearly reached the required threshold several times. Congress has proposed amendments to the Constitution on several occasions, at least in part, because of the threat of an Article V Convention. Rather than risk such a convention taking control of the amendment process away from it, Congress acted pre-emptively to propose the amendments instead. The Bill of Rights, which includes the first ten amendments, as well as the Twenty-seventh Amendment, were proposed in part because of a Convention application by the New York and Virginia legislatures at the | Amendments to the Constitution of Canada per cent of the population, and in some cases require the approval of the federal government and all ten provincial governments. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord, a package of constitutional amendments, intended to address Quebec's objections to the "Constitution Act, 1982", failed in 1990 when it was not ratified by all ten provincial governments. The last attempt at a comprehensive package of constitutional amendments was the Charlottetown Accord, which arose out of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The Charlottetown Accord was defeated in a national referendum in 1992. There have been several relatively minor amendments to the Constitution |
What is the collective name of the international agreements signed by all the member states of the European Community? | Budgetary treaties of the European Communities Budgetary treaties of the European Communities The Budgetary treaties of the European Communities were two treaties in the 1970s amending the Treaty of Rome in respects to powers over the Community budget. The first treaty, signed in 1970, gave the European Parliament the last word on what is known as "non-compulsory expenditure" (compulsory spending is that resulting from EC treaties (including agriculture) and international agreements; the rest is non-compulsory). The second treaty, signed in 1975, gave Parliament the power to reject the budget as a whole and created the European Court of Auditors. However, the Council still has the last | Passports of the EFTA member states Passports of the EFTA member states Passports issued by the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway or Switzerland, can be used by citizens to exercise the right of free movement within EFTA and the European Economic Area (EEA), which consists of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway in addition to the member states of the European Union. Instead of being part of the EEA, Switzerland has a series of bilateral agreements with the EU. The European Single Market consequently has been extended, with exceptions, to all EFTA member states. The EFTA member states are also signatories of the |
In which year did Mikhail Gorbachev resign as Soviet president? | Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically a socialist, he initially adhered to Marxism-Leninism although following the Soviet | 1996 Mikhail Gorbachev presidential campaign Yeltsin became the first president of Russia." 1996 Mikhail Gorbachev presidential campaign The Mikhail Gorbachev presidential campaign, 1996 was an electoral campaign effort by former President of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1996 Russian presidential election. Gorbachev's candidacy was beset by the obstacles of both minimal media coverage and a high level of distain towards him amongst the Russian populace. Gorbachev's candidacy ended in defeat during the first round of the election. The effort was the first, and only, electoral campaign of Gorbachev's post-Soviet political career. Gorbachev |
Which political commentator has presented both Weekend World and A Week in Politics? | Weekend World Weekend World Weekend World was a British television political series, made by London Weekend Television (LWT) and broadcast from 1972 to 1988. Created by John Birt, not long after he had joined LWT, the series was broadcast on the ITV network at midday on Sundays. Produced by Nick Elliott and David Elstein, it was originally modelled on CBS's "60 Minutes" featuring several stories each week but gradually developed into a Sunday morning talk show that featured a forensic interview with a major political figure. The original main presenter was Peter Jay from 1972, at the time an Economics Editor for | The Week in Politics The Week in Politics The Week in Politics is an Irish news and current affairs programme broadcast on RTÉ One and RTÉ News Now. It is presented by Áine Lawlor, occasionally by David McCullagh or Bryan Dobson. In its original format in 1996 it was hosted by Caroline Erskine and Seán Duignan. The programme reflects on the political week, with interviews and discussions. The majority of guests are politicians who are Teachtaí Dála or Irish Senators. The programme is broadcast live at noon on Sunday and is repeated throughout the day on RTÉ News Now and its traditional late night |
How many countries are there in the British Commonwealth? | Head of the Commonwealth declared that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth. Head of the Commonwealth The Head of the Commonwealth is the "symbol of the free association of independent member nations" of the Commonwealth of Nations (commonly known as "the Commonwealth"), an intergovernmental organisation that currently comprises fifty-three sovereign states. There is no set term of office or term limit and the role itself involves no part in the day-to-day governance of any of the member states within the Commonwealth. By 1949, the British Commonwealth was a group of eight countries, each having George VI as king. India, however, desired | Commonwealth countries league Commonwealth countries league The "Commonwealth Countries League" (CCL) is a voluntary pan-Commonwealth civil society organisation. The objectives are to secure equality of liberties, status and opportunities between men and women and to promote mutual understanding throughout the Commonwealth. The CCL is non-party and is open to men and women from all countries. It promotes the education of girls and young women and links together women’s organizations throughout the Commonwealth. In particular it raises money for its associated charity, the Commonwealth Countries League Education Fund. The CCL grew from the British Commonwealth League. The BCL was conceived as an idea in |
What is the Irish house of representatives called? | House of Representatives Indonesian People's Representative Council ("Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat", DPR) is generally known in English as the "House of Representatives", as is the "Dewan Rakyat" of the Parliament of Malaysia and the Dáil Éireann of the Irish Oireachtas parliament. In the 2012 draft for a new Constitution of Egypt, the People's Assembly is called "House of Representatives". "The House of Representatives" currently is the name of a house of the legislature in the following countries: In the following countries it is the sole chamber in a unicameral system: "House of Representatives" is the title of most, but not all, of the lower | Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico specifically Article III, which establishes that, "[...]the House of Representatives [shall elect] a Speaker from among [its] members." The Constitution, however, does not establish what a "Speaker" is nor what its function should be. Internal rules adopted by the House through a simple resolution establish its definition, functions, responsibilities, and legal scope. Typically the Speaker is responsible for the observance and compliance of the House internal rules. He also typically: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico The President of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico —commonly called the Speaker of the House ()— is the highest-ranking |
Who was Pope for only 33 days in 1978? | Pope John Paul II Cardinals would be the ones who would give him most support at his eventual election to the papacy In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Cardinal Wojtyła voted in the papal conclave, which elected Pope John Paul I. John Paul I died after only 33 days as pope, triggering another conclave. The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Giuseppe Cardinal Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and the liberal Archbishop of Florence, Giovanni Cardinal Benelli, a close friend of John | Karol: A Man Who Became Pope Karol: A Man Who Became Pope Karol: A Man Who Became Pope (, ) is a 2005 TV miniseries written and directed by Giacomo Battiato, and created as a Polish-Italian-French-German and Canadian joint cooperation project. "Karol" is a biography of Karol Wojtyła, later known as Pope John Paul II, beginning in 1939 when Karol was only 19 years old and ending at the Papal conclave, October 1978 that made him Pope. The TV miniseries was supposed to première at the very beginning of April 2005 in the Vatican, but it was delayed due to the Pope's death. It was broadcast |
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