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The Lexicon of Love is the debut studio album by English pop band ABC.
It was released in June 1982 by Neutron Records in the United Kingdom, by Mercury Records in the United States and Japan, and by Vertigo Records in Canada and Europe.
The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number one and has been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
It features four UK top-20 singles, including "Tears Are Not Enough", "Poison Arrow", "The Look of Love" and "All of My Heart".
Though not a concept album, the album features repeated themes in which the singer experiences heartache as he tries and fails to have a meaningful relationship.
A longform music video/film, "Mantrap", featuring songs from the album was released in 1983.
"The Lexicon of Love" was ABC's debut album.
The band had formed a few years earlier as Vice Versa and released their first single as ABC "Tears Are Not Enough" in 1981.
The songs on the album were written collectively by the band, with arranger Anne Dudley was given songwriting credits on some tracks.
Martin Fry said that the band's ambition was to fuse punk and disco, music that was more sophisticated but still had some attitude.
Lyrically, the songs are all about the matters of the heart.
"Most of the other people were writing about electric pylons.
We wanted to hark back to Cole Porter and his ilk, but in a very modern way", Fry said.
The title "The Lexicon of Love" originated from a headline of a live review of ABC in "NME".
The majority of the album was recorded at Sarm East Studios in London, as well as at Abbey Road Studios, Townhouse Studios, RAK Studios and Good Earth Studios.
The production includes both orchestral arrangements and the use of the then latest technology.
The album was produced by Trevor Horn, engineered by Gary Langan and features orchestrations by Anne Dudley and Fairlight CMI programming by J. J. Jeczalik; Horn, Langan, Dudley and Jeczalik would later form the Art of Noise a year after the release of this album.
Indeed, most of the production team and session players on the album would form the basis for the ZTT label, and their work with Horn meant all concerned would be in constant demand throughout the industry in years to come.
The cover photo is by Gered Mankowitz.
"Tears Are Not Enough" (in its initial release produced by Steve Brown), "All of My Heart", "Poison Arrow" and "The Look of Love (Part One)" were all top-20 entries in the UK; the latter two also charted in the US, peaking at No.
25 and No.
18, respectively.
The album reached No.
1 on the UK charts and peaked at No.
24 in the US charts.
The album was followed by a tour with the band extended to an 11-piece on stage, reaching Europe, USA and Japan.
The shows at Hammersmith Odeon in November 1982 were recorded for inclusion in ABC's forthcoming film "Mantrap".
In 2004, a two-disc deluxe reissue including previously unreleased outtakes and early demos and a live performance of the album from 1982 was released by Neutron Records.
In 2009, ABC performed the entire album at the Royal Albert Hall in London, accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra and conducted by arranger and composer Anne Dudley.
They were joined onstage by the album's producer Trevor Horn.
"The Lexicon of Love" was again performed live in its entirety on 18 December 2012 at Theatre Royal Drury Lane.
This marked the 30th anniversary of the album's release and once again featured Dudley as conductor, performing with the Southbank Sinfonia Orchestra.
The same line-up (with Dudley and Southbank Sinfonia) concluded a four-date mini-tour at this same venue on 30 March 2014 performing the album in its entirety.
Martin Fry and band were once more accompanied by the Southbank Sinfonia Orchestra for dates at Liverpool's Philharmonic Hall, Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Sheffield City Hall, the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London and Symphony Hall, Birmingham, between November 4th and 9th, 2015.
A sequel album "The Lexicon of Love II" was released on 27 May 2016.
The album was a critical and commercial success.
It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1 and remained on the charts for 50 weeks.
It was the fourth biggest selling album in the UK in 1982.
In a review of the 2004 Deluxe Edition BBC stated that ""The Lexicon of Love" stands as a landmark album in British pop".
Rob Webb wrote: "It underpins just what a sharp band ABC were: witty, lyrical and very, very funky (...) Each track is a love affair in miniature: some are touching ("All of My Heart", "Show Me"), others a bitter invective at misplaced passion ("Many Happy Returns").
There is more going on in "2 Gether 4 Ever" than many bands squeeze into an entire album (...) Dance music had rarely been so literate."
AllMusic wrote: "The production style was dense and noisy, but frequently beautiful, and the group's emotional songs gave it a depth and coherence later Horn works (...) would lack."
"Fry and company used the sound to create moving dancefloor epics like "Many Happy Returns," which, like most of the album's tracks, deserved to be a hit single."
ABC
Additional personnel
Production
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.
With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential, normally given in units of millivolts and denoted as mV, ranges from –40 mV to –80 mV.
All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it.
The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions.
Transmembrane proteins, also known as ion transporter or ion pump proteins, actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients.
Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage between the two sides of the membrane.
Almost all plasma membranes have an electrical potential across them, with the inside usually negative with respect to the outside.
The membrane potential has two basic functions.
First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of "molecular devices" embedded in the membrane.
Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell.
Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential.
This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane.
Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.
In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential.
For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt.
The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential.
This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV).
In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity.
Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.
In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse.
They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated.
Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.
The membrane potential in a cell derives ultimately from two factors: electrical force and diffusion.
Electrical force arises from the mutual attraction between particles with opposite electrical charges (positive and negative) and the mutual repulsion between particles with the same type of charge (both positive or both negative).
Diffusion arises from the statistical tendency of particles to redistribute from regions where they are highly concentrated to regions where the concentration is low.
Voltage, which is synonymous with "difference in electrical potential", is the ability to drive an electric current across a resistance.
Indeed, the simplest definition of a voltage is given by Ohm's law: V=IR, where V is voltage, I is current and R is resistance.
If a voltage source such as a battery is placed in an electrical circuit, the higher the voltage of the source the greater the amount of current that it will drive across the available resistance.
The functional significance of voltage lies only in potential "differences" between two points in a circuit.
The idea of a voltage at a single point is meaningless.
It is conventional in electronics to assign a voltage of zero to some arbitrarily chosen element of the circuit, and then assign voltages for other elements measured relative to that zero point.
There is no significance in which element is chosen as the zero point—the function of a circuit depends only on the differences not on voltages "per se".
However, in most cases and by convention, the zero level is most often assigned to the portion of a circuit that is in contact with ground.
The same principle applies to voltage in cell biology.
In electrically active tissue, the potential difference between any two points can be measured by inserting an electrode at each point, for example one inside and one outside the cell, and connecting both electrodes to the leads of what is in essence a specialized voltmeter.
By convention, the zero potential value is assigned to the outside of the cell and the sign of the potential difference between the outside and the inside is determined by the potential of the inside relative to the outside zero.
In mathematical terms, the definition of voltage begins with the concept of an electric field , a vector field assigning a magnitude and direction to each point in space.
In many situations, the electric field is a conservative field, which means that it can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar function , that is, .
This scalar field is referred to as the voltage distribution.
Note that the definition allows for an arbitrary constant of integration—this is why absolute values of voltage are not meaningful.
In general, electric fields can be treated as conservative only if magnetic fields do not significantly influence them, but this condition usually applies well to biological tissue.
Because the electric field is the gradient of the voltage distribution, rapid changes in voltage within a small region imply a strong electric field; on the converse, if the voltage remains approximately the same over a large region, the electric fields in that region must be weak.
A strong electric field, equivalent to a strong voltage gradient, implies that a strong force is exerted on any charged particles that lie within the region.
Electrical signals within biological organisms are, in general, driven by ions.
The most important cations for the action potential are sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
Both of these are "monovalent" cations that carry a single positive charge.
Action potentials can also involve calcium (Ca), which is a "divalent" cation that carries a double positive charge.
The chloride anion (Cl) plays a major role in the action potentials of some algae, but plays a negligible role in the action potentials of most animals.
Ions cross the cell membrane under two influences: diffusion and electric fields.
A simple example wherein two solutions—A and B—are separated by a porous barrier illustrates that diffusion will ensure that they will eventually mix into equal solutions.
This mixing occurs because of the difference in their concentrations.
The region with high concentration will diffuse out toward the region with low concentration.
To extend the example, let solution A have 30 sodium ions and 30 chloride ions.