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Many of today's common ABC stories were first seen at deaf clubs.
The clubs were found in all of the major cities, New York City being home to at least 12.
These clubs were an important break from their usually solitary day spent at factory jobs.
In the 1960s, deaf clubs began their quick and drastic decline.
Today there are only a few spread-out deaf clubs found in the United States and their attendance is commonly small with a tendency to the elderly.
This sudden decline is often attributed to the rise of technology like the TTY and closed captioning for personal TVs.
With other options available for entertainment and communication, the need for deaf clubs grew smaller.
It was no longer the only option for getting in touch with other members of the deaf community.
However, others attribute the decline of deaf clubs to the end of World War II and a change in the job market.
During WWII there was high demand for factory laborers and a promise of high pay.
Many deaf Americans left their homes to move to bigger cities with the hope of obtaining a factory job.
This huge influx of workers into new cities created the need for deaf clubs.
When World War II ended and the civil rights movement progressed, the federal government started offering more jobs to deaf men and women.
People began switching from manufacturing jobs to service jobs, moving away from solitary work with set hours.
Today, deaf clubs are rare, but deaf advocacy centers and other deaf organizations have become widespread and popular.
The National Black Deaf Advocates was established in 1982 "to promote the leadership development, economic and educational opportunities, social equality, and to safeguard the general health and welfare of Black deaf and hard-of-hearing people."
The Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf is a nonprofit established in 1977 to, "establish and maintain a society of Deaf LGBT to encourage and promote the educational, economical, and social welfare; to foster fellowship; to defend our rights; and advance our interests as Deaf GLBT citizens concerning social justice; to build up an organization in which all worthy members may participate in the discussion of practical problems and solutions related to their social welfare.
RAD has over twenty chapters in the United States and Canada."
There is also the American deaf resource center Deaf Queer Resource Center (DQRC), the Hong Kong Bauhinias Deaf Club, and the Greenbow LGBT Society of Ireland.
There are deaf churches (where sign language is the main language), deaf synagogues, deaf Jewish community centers, and the Hebrew Seminary of the Deaf in Illinois.
In 2011 the Conservative Movement unanimously passed the rabbinic responsa, "The Status of the Heresh [one who is deaf] and of Sign Language," by the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards (CJLS).
This responsa declared that, among other things, "The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards rules that the deaf who communicate via sign language and do not speak are no longer to be considered mentally incapacitated.
Jews who are deaf are responsible for observing mitzvot.
Our communities, synagogues, schools, and camps must strive to be welcoming and accessible, and inclusive.
Sign language may be used in matters of personal status and may be used in rituals.
A deaf person called to the Torah who does not speak may recite the berakhot via sign language.
A deaf person may serve as a shaliah tzibbur in sign language in a minyan whose medium of communication is sign language."
There are 15 chapters of Deaf Women United throughout the United States; its mission is, "to promote the lives of Deaf women through empowerment, enrichment, and networking."
There is also Pink Wings of Hope, an American breast cancer support group for deaf and hard-of-hearing women.
Deaf people at the library have the same needs as other library patrons, but they often have more difficulty accessing materials and services.
Over the last few decades, libraries in the United States have begun to implement services and collections for Deaf patrons and are working harder every year to make more of their collections, services, their communities, and even the world more accessible.
The American Library Association considers disabled people, including the Deaf, as a minority that is often overlooked by library staff.
However, in the last few decades, libraries across the United States have made improvements in library accessibility in general and to the Deaf community specifically.
One of the first activists in the library community working toward accessibility for the Deaf was Alice Hagemeyer.
When disabled communities began demanding equality in the 1970s, Hagemeyer decided to go back to school for her master's degree in library science.
While she was studying there, she realized that there was not very much information about the Deaf community at her library or at the libraries of any of her classmates.
She soon became an activist for Deaf awareness at her library, and she became the first "Librarian for the Deaf Community" from any public library in the nation.
Hagemeyer also constructed a manual of resources for Deaf people and those associated with them called The Red Notebook.
This notebook is now an online resource, which is available at the website of the Friends of Libraries for Deaf Action.
Hagemeyer was one of the first library activists to make strides for the Deaf community.
Australian librarian Karen McQuigg states that "even ten years ago, when I was involved in a project looking at what public libraries could offer the deaf, it seemed as if the gap between the requirements of this group and what public libraries could offer was too great for public libraries to be able to serve them effectively."
There was a dearth of information for or about the Deaf community available in libraries across the nation and around the globe.
New guidelines from library organizations such as International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and the ALA were written in order to help libraries make their information more accessible to people with disabilities, and in some cases, specifically the Deaf community.
IFLA's "Guidelines for Library Services to Deaf People" is one such set of guidelines, and it was published to inform libraries of the services that should be provided for Deaf patrons.
Most of the guidelines pertain to ensuring that Deaf patrons have equal access to all available library services.
Other guidelines include training library staff to provide services for the Deaf community, availability of text telephones or TTYs not only to assist patrons with reference questions but also for making outside calls, using the most recent technology in order to communicate more effectively with Deaf patrons, including closed captioning services for any television services, and developing a collection that would interest the members of the Deaf community.
Over the years, library services have begun to evolve in order to accommodate the needs and desires of local Deaf communities.
At the Queens Borough Public Library (QBPL) in New York, the staff implemented new and innovative ideas in order to involve the community and library staff with the Deaf people in their community.
The QBPL hired a deaf librarian, Lori Stambler, to train the library staff about Deaf culture, to teach sign language classes for family members and people who are involved with deaf people, and to teach literacy classes for Deaf patrons.
In working with the library, Stambler was able to help the community reach out to its deaf neighbors, and helped other deaf people become more active in their outside community.
The library at Gallaudet University, the only Deaf liberal arts university in the United States, was founded in 1876.
The library's collection has grown from a small number of reference books to the world's largest collection of deaf-related materials with over 234,000 books and thousands of other materials in different formats.
The library created a hybrid classification system based on an extension of the Dewey decimal system because traditional Dewey was not fine-grained enough to handle thousands of books in relatively small classification areas such as audiology or Deaf communication.
The library also houses the university's archives, which holds some of the oldest deaf-related books and documents in the world.
In Nashville, Tennessee, Sandy Cohen manages the Library Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (LSDHH).
The program was created in 1979 in response to information accessibility issues for the Deaf in the Nashville area.
Originally, the only service provided was the news via a teletypewriter or TTY, but today, the program has expanded to serving the entire state of Tennessee by providing all different types of information and material on deafness, Deaf culture, and information for family members of Deaf people, as well as a historical and reference collection.
Seymour Geisser
Seymour Geisser (October 5, 1929 – March 11, 2004) was an American statistician noted for emphasizing predictive inference.
In his book "Predictive Inference: An Introduction", he held that conventional statistical inference about unobservable population parameters amounts to inference about things that do not exist, following the work of Bruno de Finetti.
He also pioneered the theory of cross-validation.
With Samuel Greenhouse, he developed the Greenhouse–Geisser correction, which is now widely used in the analysis of variance to correct for violations of the assumption of compound symmetry.
He testified as an expert on interpretation of DNA evidence in more than 100 civil and criminal trials.
He held that prosecutors often relied on flawed statistical models.
On that topic, he wrote "Statistics, Litigation and Conduct Unbecoming" in the book "Statistical Science in the Courtroom", edited by Joe [Joseph Louis] Gastwirth (Springer Verlag, 2000).
He was born in New York City.
He earned his Ph.D. at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1955 under Harold Hotelling.
In 1971, he founded the School of Statistics at the University of Minnesota, of which he was the Director for more than 30 years.
Geisser was also the principal editor of several books of papers by multiple authors.
Serra dos Órgãos National Park
Serra dos Órgãos National Park (: "Organs Range") is a national park in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
It protects the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range and the water sources in the range.
It was the third national park to be created in Brazil.
The Serra dos Órgãos National Park is located about a one-hour drive from the city of Rio de Janeiro.
The BR-116 highway leads through the park.
The origin of the unusual name is credited to early Portuguese settlers who thought the "ensemble" of the hill tops resembled the pipes of organs in European cathedrals.
The park is part of the larger Serra do Mar chain of mountains, and the most accepted theory about its origin is that it rose about 60 million years ago during earthquakes that caused the Andes to rise.
That means it is located in a geologically unstable location, although no incident has ever been recorded in the area.
The Park's area is .
It has ten peaks higher than and six other peaks over high.
The lowest point in the park is located in the relatively flat municipality of Magé, at .
The highest peak is "Pedra do Sino" (Bell Rock), at .
The most famous formation in the park is the "Dedo de Deus" (God's Finger) peak, which resembles a left hand with its index finger stretched, pointing towards the sky.
It is high and can be seen in the background of the of Rio de Janeiro state.
The Serra dos Órgãos National Park was created on 30 November 1939 as the third national park in Brazil.
The purpose of the park was to protect the headwaters of the rivers that flow into the Fluminense basin, and to protect the spectacular mountains.
The park was created by the government of Getúlio Vargas by decree law 1822 of 30 November 1939 with an area of about .
It covered parts of the municipalities of Magé, Petrópolis and Teresópolis.
Various buildings and other infrastructure were built in the 1940s such as the natural swimming pool, administrative buildings, warehouses, garage, staff quarters and four shelters on the Trilha do Sino (Bell Trail).
The park had about 250 employees, including waiters in the mountain shelters.
In the 1960s, with the national capital transferred from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia, the park lost funding and the facilities were allowed to deteriorate.
The shelters and some of the staff homes were lost.
Efforts were made to restore the park from 1980, including publication of the management plan and purchase of land to regularize the park's tenure.
Decree 90023 of 2 August 1984 delimited the area of the park as .
In the 1990s the municipality of Guapimirim was split off from Magé, and also contains the biggest part of the park.
From the 1990s the old buildings have been restored and new ones built.
The park was included in the Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic, created in 2006.
The climate is tropical superhumid, with 80% to 90% relative humidity caused by moist air from the Atlantic most of the year.
Average temperatures range from , but may reach and may fall below freezing in the highest parts.
Average rainfall is , with more rain in the summer (December to March) and a dry season in the winter from June to August.