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When renin levels are elevated, the concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone increase, leading to increased sodium chloride reabsorption, expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, and an increase in blood pressure.
Conversely, when renin levels are low, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels decrease, contracting the extracellular fluid compartment, and decreasing blood pressure.
The kidney in humans is capable of producing glucose from lactate, glycerol and glutamine.
The kidney is responsible for about half of the total gluconeogenesis in fasting humans.
The regulation of glucose production in the kidney is achieved by action of insulin, catecholamines and other hormones.
Renal gluconeogenesis takes place in the renal cortex.
The renal medulla is incapable of producing glucose due to absence of necessary enzymes.
A simple means of estimating renal function is to measure pH, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and basic electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate).
As the kidney is the most important organ in controlling these values, any derangement in these values could suggest renal impairment.
There are several more formal tests and ratios involved in estimating renal function:
Hydrogen ion
A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron.
A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space.
Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×10 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly.
The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes.
Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.
A hydrogen atom is made up of a nucleus with charge +1, and a single electron.
Therefore, the only positively charged ion possible has charge +1.
It is noted H.
Depending on the isotope in question, the hydrogen cation has different names:
In addition, the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions:
Zundel cations and Eigen cations play an important role in proton diffusion according to the Grotthuss mechanism.
In connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" typically refers to hydrons.
"Hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron.
Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right).
The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation.
Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived."
Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired:
Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis.
This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm.
However, because of osmosis, the H will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase.
Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP.
This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Hydrogen ions concentration, measured as pH, is also responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a compound.
Water molecules split to form H and hydroxide anions.
This process is referred to as the self-ionization of water.
Balboa, Panama
Balboa is a district of Panama City, located at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal.
The town of Balboa, founded by the United States during the construction of the Panama Canal, was named after Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the Spanish conquistador credited with discovering the Pacific Ocean.
The name was suggested to the Canal Zone authorities by the Peruvian ambassador to Panama.
Prior to being drained, filled and leveled by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the hilly area north of Panama City was home to a few subsistence ranches and unused marshlands.
The town of Balboa, like most towns in the Canal Zone, was served by Canal Zone Government–operated schools, post office, police and fire stations, commissary, cafeteria, movie theater, service center, bowling alley, and other recreational facilities and company stores.
There were several schools in the area, including Balboa Elementary School, Balboa High School, and the private St. Mary's School.
The town was also home to two private banks, a credit union, a Jewish Welfare Board, several Christian denomination churches, civic clubs (such as the Elks Club and the Knights of Columbus), a Masonic Lodge, a YMCA, several historic monuments, and a miniature Statue of Liberty donated by the Boy Scouts of America.
Until 1979, when the Canal Zone as a solely US territory was abolished under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaties, the town of Balboa was the administrative center of the Canal Zone, and remained so until midday on December 31, 1999, by which time, according to the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, the Panama Canal and all its assets and territories were fully returned to the Panamanian government.
The Panama Canal Administration Building, the former seat of the Canal Zone Government and Panama Canal Company, is located in Balboa Heights and continues to perform its duties as the main administration building for the agency that runs the Panama Canal—previously the Panama Canal Commission, now the Panama Canal Authority.
The building has large murals painted by William B.
Van Ingen depicting the construction of the canal.
There was a VLF-transmitting station of the US Navy near Balboa for transmitting orders to submarines, which began service around 1915.
Balboa is the Pacific-side port of the Panama Canal.
The port has a dry dock in Panamax size (even the gates have a construction similar to that of the locks of the Panama canal).
In 2012, Balboa was ranked the busiest container port in Latin America.
Balboa has a multimodal (ship-to-train) terminal, called the Pacific Terminal, connected to Colón by the Panama Canal Railway.
This allows transportation of containers by train across the isthmus.
The railway also runs a passenger service between Panama City and Colón, once a day, each way.
Formerly a part of the Canal Zone, Balboa is now part of Panama City's township of Ancón.
Since its incorporation into the Republic of Panama, part of Balboa has been developed to enhance the port's capacity and to adapt to private ownership of residences (previously owned by the U.S. Government/Canal Zone Government/Panama Canal Company, and rented to employees thereof) and some small companies and restaurants.
The rapid growth of the West-side population of Panama's province has resulted in increased car traffic because one of the only two ways available to cross towards the west side of the country is the Bridge of the Americas, which is an issue being solved by the construction of new streets.
Demographic changes resulting from the departure of most of the American population (because of Torrijos-Carter Treaties) brought the closure of related facilities and institutions, such as Balboa High School and some English-language churches, obviously because they were mostly available for Americans.
Sightseeing highlights for anyone visiting Balboa today include the Administration Building, "Mi Pueblito Afroantillano", scenic overlook of Ancon Hill (from which a set of locks of the Canal can be seen), monument "Homenaje a la Democracia", the Goethals Memorial, the Prado, two handicraft markets, three bed-and-breakfast hotels, and a country store and café near the Administration Building.
The population as of the 1990 census was 1,214.
For historical perspective see:
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology (also known as TJHSST, TJ, or Jefferson) is a Virginia state-chartered magnet school in Fairfax County, Virginia.
It is a regional high school operated by Fairfax County Public Schools.
As a publicly funded and administered high school with a selective admission process, it is often compared with notable public magnet schools, although it discontinued non-application based admission after the class of 1988.
Attendance at the school is open to students in six local jurisdictions based on an admissions test, prior academic achievement, recommendations, and essays.
The selective admissions program was initiated in 1985 through the cooperation of state and county governments, as well as corporate sponsorship from the defense and technology industries.
The school occupies the building of the previous Thomas Jefferson High School (constructed in 1965).
It is one of 18 Virginia Governor's Schools, and a founding member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology.
In 2016, the school placed first in Newsweek's annual "America's Top High Schools" rankings for the third consecutive year and fifth in US News & World Report's 2016 High School Rankings.
In its 2019 report on the top high schools in the United States, U.S. News & World Report rated TJHSST as the best high school in the State of Virginia.
In 2015 and in 2016 the ratio of acceptances to applications was 17 and 17.9%.
The ethnic demographics of the students admitted in the graduating class of 2022 was 22.9% white, 65.2% Asian, 2.1% black, and 4.7% Hispanic.
Hispanic and Black students make up less than seven percent of student body, while the same groups constitute about thirty percent of the student population in the area.
In 2012, a civil rights complaint against the school was filed with the U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights by "Coalition of the Silence," an advocacy group led by former county School Board member Tina Hone, and the Fairfax chapter of the NAACP.
In response, the Office of Civil Rights, in September 2012, opened an investigation.
The school is part of the Fairfax County Public Schools system of Fairfax County, Virginia.
Students from Fairfax, Arlington, Loudoun, and Prince William counties and from the City of Falls Church are also eligible for admission.
In 2016, the school placed first in Newsweek's annual "America's Top High Schools" rankings for the third consecutive year.
Previously, it ranked 8th in the 2013 rankings and 10th in the 2012 rankings, the first year it was included.
It was ranked fourth in "America's Best High Schools" by U.S. News and World Report in 2019.
In the same rankings, it placed third in 2018, sixth in 2017, fifth in 2016, third in 2015, fourth in 2014 and 2013, and second in 2012 and 2011.
The average SAT scores for various graduating classes has consistently been above 2150.
In 2007, the school had 14 Intel Science Talent Search Semifinalists., 15 in 2009 and 13 in 2010.
In 2007, for schools with more than 800 students in grades 10–12, TJ was cited as having the highest-performing AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP French Language, AP Government and Politics, U.S., and AP U.S. History courses among all schools worldwide.
In 2014, 3864 AP Exams were taken by students; over 97% earned a score of 3, 4, or 5.
President Barack Obama signed the America Invents Act into law on September 16, 2011 at the school.
The law was made to reform U.S. patent laws.
The school underwent renovation, completed in April 2017, for a cost of about $89 million, including $67.4 million for construction, plus other costs related to permits, design fees, utilities and equipment.
A replica of Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello dome graces the school’s entrance, colloquially known as "The Dome" by students and staff.
The renovation overhauled the school's aging facilities, many of which had not been updated since it was built in 1964.
The Systems Engineering Course designed and built a CubeSat which was launched on November 19, 2013 from Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.
Orbital Sciences Corporation donated the CubeSat Kit to the school on December 6, 2006 and provided the launch for the satellite.
After a successful launch at 8:15PM, TJSAT became the first satellite launched into space that was built by high school students.
The launched satellite contained a 4-watt transmitter operating on amateur radio frequencies, and a text-to-speech module to allow it to broadcast ASCII-encoded messages sent to it from Jefferson.
The school's computer systems lab is one of the few high school computing facilities with a supercomputer.
In 1988, a team from the school won an ETA-10P supercomputer in the SuperQuest competition, a national science competition for high school students.
The ETA-10P was damaged by a roof leak in the 1990s.
Cray Inc. donated a new SV1 supercomputer, known as Seymour, to the school on December 4, 2002.