Datasets:
princeton-nlp
/
datasets-for-simcse

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
text
stringlengths
1
2.56k
There are exclusively aquatic insects, such as dragonflies, that would have lived their entire lives on or near the lake.
Meanwhile, the bees and butterflies would have preferred more open spaces in the surrounding hillsides and meadows.
Early estimates of the elevation of the Florissant beds was determined to be between 300–900 meters, much lower than the modern elevation of 2,500-2,600 meters.
However, more recent estimates that are based on paleoflora have put the elevation in the Eocene much higher.
Ranges from 1,900 to 4,100 meters have been proposed.
This would indicate that global climate change, rather than tectonic uplift, would be the main cause of changing environments in the area.
The actual elevation of the Florissant area during the Eocene is still being determined.
While most of the analysis using paleoflora has the area at a higher elevation than modern times, there is evidence that the elevation was as low as the earlier estimates.
Green River Formation, a similarly fossiliferous, but older freshwater Eocene formation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
Antimonite
In chemistry, antimonite refers to a salt of antimony(III), such as NaSb(OH) and NaSbO (meta-antimonite), which can be prepared by reacting alkali with antimony trioxide, SbO.
These are formally salts of antimonous acid, Sb(OH), whose existence in solution is dubious.
Attempts to isolate it generally form SbO·"x"HO, antimony(III) oxide hydrate, which slowly transforms into SbO.
In geology, the mineral stibnite, SbS, is sometimes called antimonite.
Antimonites can be compared to antimonates, which contain antimony in the +5 oxidation state.
Chalcanthite
Chalcanthite, whose name derives from the Greek, ' and ', meaning copper flower, is a richly colored blue/green water-soluble sulfate mineral CuSO·5HO.
It is commonly found in the late-stage oxidation zones of copper deposits.
Due to its ready solubility, chalcanthite is more common in arid regions.
Chalcanthite is a pentahydrate and the most common member of a group of similar hydrated sulfates, the chalcanthite group.
These other sulfates are identical in chemical composition to chalcanthite, with the exception of replacement of the copper ion by either manganese as jokokuite, iron as siderotil, or magnesium as pentahydrite.
Other names include "blue stone", "blue vitriol", and "copper vitriol".
As chalcanthite is a copper mineral, it can be used as an ore of copper.
However, its ready solubility in water means that it tends to crystallize, dissolve, and recrystallize as crusts over any mine surface in more humid regions.
Therefore, chalcanthite is only found in the most arid regions in sufficiently large quantities for use as an ore.
Secondarily, chalcanthite, due to its rich color and beautiful crystals, is a sought after collector's mineral.
However, as with its viability as an ore, the solubility of the mineral causes significant problems.
First, the mineral readily absorbs and releases its water content, which, over time, leads to a disintegration of the crystal structure, destroying even the finest specimens.
It is critical to store specimens properly to limit exposure to humidity.
Second, higher quality crystals can be easily grown synthetically, and, as such, there is a concern that disreputable mineral dealers would present a sample as natural when it is not.
Given that chalcanthite is found in oxidized copper deposits, it is frequently found in association with other copper minerals.
Frequently associated minerals include:
Chalcanthite's blue color is one of its most notable features, but it is insufficient in identification.
Other useful tests include associated minerals, crystal habit, solubility and subsequent coloring of the water blue.
Chalcanthite can also dye materials blue when dissolved in water, and has a peculiarly sweet and metallic taste, although consuming it can induce dangerous copper poisoning.
Particle displacement
Particle displacement or displacement amplitude is a measurement of distance of the movement of a sound particle from its equilibrium position in a medium as it transmits a sound wave.
The SI unit of particle displacement is the metre (m).
In most cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure (such as sound), but it can also be a transverse wave, such as the vibration of a taut string.
In the case of a sound wave travelling through air, the particle displacement is evident in the oscillations of air molecules with, and against, the direction in which the sound wave is travelling.
A particle of the medium undergoes displacement according to the particle velocity of the sound wave traveling through the medium, while the sound wave itself moves at the speed of sound, equal to in air at .
Particle displacement, denoted δ, is given by
where v is the particle velocity.
The particle displacement of a "progressive sine wave" is given by
where
It follows that the particle velocity and the sound pressure along the direction of propagation of the sound wave "x" are given by
where
Taking the Laplace transforms of "v" and "p" with respect to time yields
Since formula_10, the amplitude of the specific acoustic impedance is given by
Consequently, the amplitude of the particle displacement is related to those of the particle velocity and the sound pressure by
Related Reading:
Liquidation
Liquidation is the process in accounting by which a company is brought to an end in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Republic of Ireland, Cyprus and the United States.
The assets and property of the company are redistributed.
Liquidation is also sometimes referred to as winding-up or dissolution, although dissolution technically refers to the last stage of liquidation.
The process of liquidation also arises when customs, an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties, determines the final computation or ascertainment of the duties or drawback accruing on an entry.
Liquidation may either be compulsory (sometimes referred to as a "creditors' liquidation" following bankruptcy, which may result in the court creating a "liquidation trust") or voluntary (sometimes referred to as a "shareholders' liquidation", although some voluntary liquidations are controlled by the creditors).
The term "liquidation" is also sometimes used informally to describe a company seeking to divest of some of its assets.
For instance, a retail chain may wish to close some of its stores.
For efficiency's sake, it will often sell these at a discount to a company specializing in real estate liquidation instead of becoming involved in an area it may lack sufficient expertise in to operate with maximum profitability.
The parties which are entitled by law to petition for the compulsory liquidation of a company vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but generally, a petition may be lodged with the court for the compulsory liquidation of a company by:
The grounds upon which an entity can apply to the court for an order of compulsory liquidation also vary between jurisdictions, but normally include:
In practice, the vast majority of compulsory winding-up applications are made under one of the last two grounds.
An order will not generally be made if the purpose of the application is to enforce payment of a debt which is bona fide disputed.
A "just and equitable" winding-up enables the grounds to subject the strict legal rights of the shareholders to equitable considerations.
It can take account of personal relationships of mutual trust and confidence in small parties, particularly, for example, where there is a breach of an understanding that all of the members may participate in the business, or of an implied obligation to participate in management.
An order might be made where the majority shareholders deprive the minority of their right to appoint and remove their own director.
Once liquidation commences (which depends upon applicable law, but will generally be when the petition was originally presented, and not when the court makes the order), dispositions of the company's generally void, and litigation involving the company is generally restrained.
Upon hearing the application, the court may either dismiss the petition or make the order for winding-up.
The court may dismiss the application if the petitioner unreasonably refrains from an alternative course of action.
The court may appoint an official receiver, and one or more liquidators, and has general powers to enable rights and liabilities of claimants and contributories to be settled.
Separate meetings of creditors and contributories may decide to nominate a person for the appointment of a liquidator and possibly of a supervisory liquidation committee.
Voluntary liquidation occurs when the members of a company resolve to voluntarily wind up its affairs and dissolve.
Voluntary liquidation begins when the company passes the resolution, and the company will generally cease to carry on business at that time (if it has not done so already).
A creditors’ voluntary liquidation (CVL) is a process designed to allow an insolvent company to close voluntarily.
The decision to liquidate is made by a board resolution, but instigated by the director(s).
75 percent of the company's shareholders must agree to liquidate for liquidation proceedings to advance.
If a limited company’s liabilities outweigh its assets, or the company cannot pay its bills when they fall due, the company becomes insolvent.
If the company is solvent, and the members have made a statutory declaration of solvency, the liquidation will proceed as a members' voluntary winding-up.
In that case, the general meeting will appoint the liquidator(s).
If not, the liquidation will proceed as a creditors' voluntary winding-up, and a meeting of creditors will be called, to which the directors must report on the company's affairs.
Where a voluntary liquidation proceeds as a creditors' voluntary liquidation, a liquidation committee may be appointed.
Where a voluntary winding-up of a company has begun, a compulsory liquidation order is still possible, but the petitioning contributory would need to satisfy the court that a voluntary liquidation would prejudice the contributors.
The liquidator will normally have a duty to ascertain whether any misconduct has been conducted by those in control of the company which has caused prejudice to the general body of creditors.
In some legal systems, in appropriate cases, the liquidator may be able to bring an action against errant directors or shadow directors for either wrongful trading or fraudulent trading.
The liquidator may also have to determine whether any payments made by the company or transactions entered into may be voidable as a transaction at an undervalue or an unfair preference.
The main purpose of a liquidation where the company is insolvent is to collect its assets, determine the outstanding claims against the company, and satisfy those claims in the manner and order prescribed by law.
The liquidator must determine the company's title to property in its possession.
Property which is in the possession of the company, but which was supplied under a valid retention of title clause will generally have to be returned to the supplier.
Property which is held by the company on trust for third parties will not form part of the company's assets available to pay creditors.
Before the claims are met, secured creditors are entitled to enforce their claims against the assets of the company to the extent that they are subject to a valid security interest.
In most legal systems, only fixed security takes precedence over all claims; security by way of floating charge may be postponed to the preferential creditors.
Claimants with non-monetary claims against the company may be able to enforce their rights against the company.
For example, a party who had a valid contract for the purchase of land against the company may be able to obtain an order for specific performance, and compel the liquidator to transfer title to the land to them, upon tender of the purchase price.
After the removal of all assets which are subject to retention of title arrangements, fixed security, or are otherwise subject to proprietary claims of others, the liquidator will pay the claims against the company's assets.
Generally, the priority of claims on the company's assets will be determined in the following order:
Unclaimed assets will usually vest in the state as "bona vacantia".
Having wound-up the company's affairs, the liquidator must call a final meeting of the members (if it is a members' voluntary winding-up), creditors (if it is a compulsory winding-up) or both (if it is a creditors' voluntary winding-up).
The liquidator is then usually required to send final accounts to the Registrar and to notify the court.
The company is then dissolved.