Datasets:

---

p1atdev

/

japanese-stackexchange

like 3

[ { "body": "It's the joke that made you laugh...\n\nThe に of 冗談には indicates what made you laugh, but you _can't_ say\n\n> 冗談が私を笑わせた。\n\nsince 冗談 can't make people laugh actively. (Which is different from English.\nCompare [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/6788/1628) answer of mine\nabout the difference of usage of the passive in Japanese and English.)\n\nIn some sense, the sentence above would be more complete as\n\n> 私は◯さんの冗談に(は)いつも思わず笑わせられた。\n\nbut sounds less natural, because you are stating a subject, which should\nalready be obvious (see Tsuyoshi Ito's comment below).", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-20T15:03:47.537", "id": "6865", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-21T03:20:51.973", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "6864", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 }, { "body": "In the sentence, \"`△△さんの冗談には、いつも思わず笑わせられた。`\", \"`笑わせられた`\" has a nuance \"I could\nnot resist △△'s jokes\". The sentence implies the jokes were really good.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-20T16:16:20.423", "id": "6867", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-20T16:29:43.803", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-20T16:29:43.803", "last_editor_user_id": "1720", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6864", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "There are basically four choices with motion verbs in Japanese. Each has a\nslightly different implication.\n\n * に - \"to\" indicates the final goal of the travel. If chosen in your sentence it would be slightly nonsensical due to the この \"Go directly to the street right here\"\n * で - \"in or around\" tends to indicate meandering inside of the boundaries of a location. In other words, で treats the street not as a path to travel along, but as a place to move around inside of. This might be appropriate if you were at a street-fair or similar event (although this would probably be better with a verb other than 行く). In this case, however, the まっすぐ contradicts the implication of で, so it's not appropriate here. (EDIT: As several commentators have pointed out, で is a reasonable choice if there is a discussion of which way to travel. But this requires a context in which the conversants are discussing different options: \"this road\", \"that sidewalk\", \"hang-gliding\")\n * を - \"across/along\" indicates traveling the length (or a significant portion thereof) of the road/mountain/sky/(distance). More details are at [this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3243)\n * へ - \"to\" - very similar to に, and [へ can be replaced with に](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2166/29) in pretty much all situations involving movement verbs. There is a slight emphasis on the \"direction\" with へ, such that へ is often called the \"direction particle\", as opposed to the \"destination particle\" に.\n\nThere are, of course, other possible particles for marking destinations, such\nas まで, までで, までに, the catch-all topic marker は, and even simple omission.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-20T17:59:45.023", "id": "6870", "last_activity_date": "2015-04-07T08:48:34.013", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "29", "parent_id": "6869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 19 }, { "body": "Building off of jkerian's answer, here are some translations which illustrate\nwhy を is the correct choice:\n\n> この道でまっすぐ行ってください。\n>\n> Please go straight in this road. (nonsensical)\n>\n> この道をまっすぐ行ってください。\n>\n> Please take this road straight ahead.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-20T18:12:22.047", "id": "6871", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-20T18:12:22.047", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "6869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "[I doubt that this is on topic, but per your request I will not move it.\nOthers may decide otherwise.]\n\nIn theory, the often repeated answer is \"not very often\". However, in\npractice, actual usage is surprisingly higher than expected. With the\ncontinued adoption and usage of Unicode, more and more characters which were\ntechnically difficult or impossible to input are increasingly being used. Just\nthe other day I needed to fix a bug in our software which did not handle this\ncorrectly. (The character in question was , hokke, U+29E3D.)\n\nAlso note that there are some regular JIS (X 0213:2004) characters that are\nmapped to Unicode characters > U+FFFF. So these characters are expected to be\navailable and will be used.\n\nPersonally speaking, I heavily rely on many characters above U+FFFF. At the\nmoment, I am waiting for the next extension set to be passed because the\ncurrent sets do not include several characters that I need. (Until then, I map\nthem to the PUA, but this is not a long-term solution.)\n\n> What happens if my algorithm converts these rarely used characters into some\n> kind of \"unidentified character\" code?\n\nThen part of your text stream will be unreadable. This will naturally hurt\nhuman readability as well.\n\nThere is no escape: you must support 4-byte characters in UTF-8. Although I\nwould strongly recommend UTF-16 for the best balance. Most of your text will\nbe a single character in length, and those \"few, rare\" ones above U+FFFF will\nconsist of two surrogates, which are easy enough to process.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-21T08:07:41.783", "id": "6873", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-21T08:07:41.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "6872", "post_type": "answer", "score": 13 } ]

[ { "body": "> \"I rolled a ball along the street from the police station to the second\n> traffic lights?\"\n\nLet's make it clear that `along` is a preposition(前置詞) in this sentence, not\nan adverb(副詞).\n\n> \"rolling along the street (道を転がる）\"\n\n`rolling along the street` would be better translated as 「道に沿って転がる」 rather\nthan 「道を転がる」. 「道を転がる」 is a shorter version of 「道の上を転がる」. So it means \"rolling\nonto the street\".\n\nAnd with this phrase, the subject is a thing that actually rolls by itself\nsuch as a ball. (e.g. The ball rolled along the street.) On the other hand,\nthe subject of 「ボールを転がす」 is not a ball but a person or a kind of force that\nrolls the ball. (e.g. The wind/I rolled the ball.)\n\n「転がる」 and 「転がす」 are different kind of verbs. The former is an intransitive\nverb(自動詞) which does not require an object(目的語). On the other hand, the latter\nis a transitive verb(他動詞) and requires an object(目的語).\n\nSo \"道をボールを転がす\", which sounds really odd to the natives, appears that\n\"ボールが道の上を転がる\" and \"私がボールを転がす\" are said at once in one clause of a sentence.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-21T22:12:12.687", "id": "6883", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-21T22:56:36.933", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-21T22:56:36.933", "last_editor_user_id": "1575", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6874", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think that が is disjunctive while けど is concessive. That is to say that が\nmay connect two disjunctive (disconnected) parts, while けど not just connects\nthe two but introduces the succeeding clause as a circumstance that might be\nexpected to preclude the action of the main clause but does not.\n\nI think the term \"disjunctive\" is a superset of \"concessive\". That is to say\nthat \"disjunctive\" includes \"consessive\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-21T13:55:38.677", "id": "6876", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-21T13:55:38.677", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "6875", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "```\n\n 今日はサッカーをして疲れたけど楽しかった。\n 今日はサッカーをして疲れたが楽しかった。\n \n```\n\n```\n\n 去年は遊びまくった。けど、成績は落ちなかった。\n 去年は遊びまくった。が、成績は落ちなかった。\n \n```\n\n```\n\n ご飯食べるのはあとにしよう。おなかすいたけど。 \n ご飯食べるのはあとにしよう。おなかすいたが。\n \n```\n\nBy comparing these sentences, \"けど\" appears to be softer and more common in\ninformal speaking. \"が\" delivers a sense that the speaker/writer is assertive,\noften used by a person in a higher position or in formal writing.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-21T16:25:59.517", "id": "6881", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-21T16:25:59.517", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6875", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "You say X **に** [入]{はい}れる, but X **を** [入]{い}れる.\n\nThe answer to these type of questions always seems to be the same, but you\nneed the context to decide on a reading for a particular 漢字. There are many\nexamples for when the reading of a 漢字 is dependent on the context, and the\nword pair you quote is one of the easier ones to guess, because [入]{はい}れる is\nan intransitive verb and [入]{い}れる is a transitive verb and there is a definite\nanswer and a definite way to find out (i.e. check whether the sentence has a\ndirect object marked with を and you know it has to be [入]{い}れる).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-21T15:48:51.470", "id": "6878", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-21T15:55:32.913", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-21T15:55:32.913", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "6877", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "The first sentence could be expanded to\n\n> 高いなんてもんじゃないよ。むちゃくちゃ高いんだよ。 \n> It's not (just) huge. It's humongous.\n\nand the first part would be written as\n\n> 高いというものじゃないよ。\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the second sentence, separating the sentence as\n\n> 人が多かったの 何の って\n\nthe 何の is used to repeat the structure of the first part, but could be\nreplaced with anything, indicating that the speaker can't even say there were\nmany people, because \"many\" isn't enough to describe the situation. The って is\nused to strengthen the speaker's feeling about what he said, as he is quoting\nhimself in a way, cf.\n\n> 絶対危険だって\n\nTo compare the two phrases, let's take the sentence\n\n> このホテルは汚かった。\n\nTurning this into\n\n> * 汚かったなんてもんじゃない。\n> * 汚かったのなんのって。\n>\n\nthe first means that the hotel was extremely dirty and the word \"dirty\" would\nnot be _strong enough_ to express just how dirty it was, whilst the second\nmeans that it was dirty, ugly, etc. and no single word would be sufficient to\nexpress the _various ways_ in which it was unpleasant.\n\nA related phrase is\n\n> 楽しい **ったらありゃしない**\n\nwhich comes from\n\n> 楽しい と言ったら、有りはしない\n\nand also means, very roughly とても, in this case \"it was as great as it could\npossibly have been\".\n\nP.S. This use of 何{なん} is the same as seen in\n\n> 電話なり何なり\n\n(thanks, Tim).\n\nIf 何 is already used, one uses かん instead, as in\n\n> 何だかんだ \n> 何でもかんでもない", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-21T16:20:49.903", "id": "6880", "last_activity_date": "2019-04-02T09:08:26.160", "last_edit_date": "2019-04-02T09:08:26.160", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "6879", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe so. I can't find an explicit affirmation (I provided sources which\nI've read before, but I could have forgotten or missed such a statement), but\nfor present tense adjectives in the Kyoto-Osaka dialect, it seems the accent\nfalls on the antepenultimate mora (third to last) for trimoraic words or\nlonger, otherwise it falls on the penultimate mora for bimoraic adjectives.\nI'm assuming there are no monomoraic adjectives. Although that's a reasonable\nproposition considering that non-accentless いadjectives in the Tokyo dialect\nare completely predictable with the accent kernel on the penultimate mora\n(e.g. あ **つ** い,うれ **し** い). I'll denote an accent kernel carrying mora with\nboldface.\n\nThe predictability of the location of the accent kernel (アクセント核) does depend\non the dialect in question so let me just make a note of that to be clear. The\nmost immediate dialect division is between Eastern and Western Japanese\nisoglosses. Within Western Japanese the most prominent isogloss is the Kyoto-\nOsaka dialect. Then finer isoglosses within the Kyoto-Osaka dialect can be\nmade, which are the Kyoto dialect and the Osaka dialect. The term \"Kansaiben\"\nis mostly an informal term and is generally eschewed in technical materials.\nThe usual convention for naming dialects is to name them after the metropolis\nthat is the dialect's geopolitical progenitor.\n\nIn some dialects the accent kernel's location is totally predictable. In in\nthe Miyakonojo dialect it's always on the final mora of every word in the\nutterance and in the Ozu dialect it's always on the initial mora of every\nword. Then in the Kagoshima dialect not all words have an accent, but if there\nis one present then its location is predictable; it is always on the\npenultimate mora. At the other end of the spectrum, some dialects do not have\naccents; they are lexically isotonic (but there is of course still\nintonation). In case of the Kyoto-Osaka dialect, which is probably the dialect\nyou have in mind, the accent location is generally unpredictable, but for the\nsubset of adjectives, I can't find an explicit statement, but it seems\npredictable.\n\nYour rule seems pretty accurate but it might be rephrased in terms of mora. I\nwould change it to: The accent kernel associates to the antepenultimate mora\nif the word is trimoraic or longer, otherwise it associates to the penultimate\nmora (in the case of bimoraic adjectives). As, Labrune (2012) and Kubozono\n(2012) mention, if the antepenultimate mora is a geminate obstruent っ, then\nkeep shifting the accent leftwards onto the first available mora (I'm pretty\nsure at most one leftward shit will ever be necessary due to the phonotactic\nconstraints of Japanese). Labrune mentions that the accent kernel can fall on\nん and the long part of long vowels.\n\nIt might be worth it to start afresh with some definitive raw sources:\n\n 1. [PDF The Languages of Japan (Shibatani, 1990)](https://dl.dropbox.com/u/84340191/The%20Languages%20of%20Japan%20%28Cambridge%29.pdf) pages 177-184 and chapter 9 (Shibatani's accent typology is not used)\n 2. [PDF The Old Kyoto dialect and the development of the Japanaese accent (Ramsey, 1979)](https://dl.dropbox.com/u/84340191/The%20Old%20Kyoto%20Dialect%20and%20the%20Development%20of%20the%20Japanese%20Accent.pdf)\n 3. [PDF Varieties of pitch accent systems in Japanese (Kubozono, 2012)](https://dl.dropbox.com/u/84340191/Variaties%20of%20Pitch-Accent%20Systems%20in%20Japanese.pdf) (Not too advanced, you should be able to understand it)\n 4. [PDF Accent in The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics (Hiraguchi, 2001)](https://dl.dropbox.com/u/84340191/accent.zip)\n 5. [The Phonology of Japanese (Labrune, 2012 pages 251-258)](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0199545839)\n\nKubozono (2012) works with the Kyoto dialect instead of the Kyoto-Osaka\ndialect, but I believe the accent systems of the two are identical. To be\nconsistent I'm just gunna call it the Kyoto-Osaka dialect. Kubozono's typology\nis very detailed so I'm gunna use his system.\n\n6 Criteria for classification by accent typology:\n\n 1. Number of total combinatory accent realizations possible for a phonemic string of length (in mora) n. This number is called N. So, what you do to find N is you take all the words of moraic length n, and take a look at where the accent kernel is among all these words. The number of distinct patterns for which accents are located is this N.\n 2. Obligatoriness (whether every lexeme has _at least_ one accent kernel)\n 3. Culminativity (whether every lexeme has _at most_ one accent kernel)\n 4. Unit of prosody (whether the mora or the syllable is the imputed unit of prosody) This prescribes how phonemic strings are indexed in order to position the accent kernel. If you index with the mora, it is said to be mora counted. Likewise with the syllable. Mora based means that given an index, the tone associates with respect to the mora. Syllable based means association occurs with respect to the syllable. Even though a dialect may be mora counted it can still be syllable based. For example, the rule for loanword accentualization in the Tokyo dialect: Accent falls on the syllable (syllable based) containing the antepenultimate mora (mora counted).\n 5. Domain of accent application (rules for computing the accent of X+P given the accents of X and P where P is a concatenated array of particles) Three possible domains: word, phrase, and syllable but this won't concern us here because were talking about just isolated present tense adjectives.\n 6. Prosodic compound rule (rules for computing the accent of X+Y given the accents of X and Y) This won't concern us here for plain present tense adjectives.\n\nAs far as the accent in the Kyoto-Osaka dialect. Remember that an accent\nkernel is an HL transition (LH transitions do not signify an accent):\n\n 1. If a lexeme has moraic length n, there are 2n+1 _possible_ accent realizations (in general, but not for いadjectives). Here's how the 2n+1 number is counted. First fix n. Then, the +1 is for when the word doesn't have an accent. Then if there is an accent the accent can fall on any of the n mora, so +n. However even if there is an accent on any of the n mora, there is always a possible contrast between an initial H tone and an initial L tone, hence the +n is doubled to +2n. Here is an example. Consider just three trimoraic words, n=3. \n \n\n 1. さくらが atonic\n 2. か **ぶ** とが LHL-L\n 3. に **わ** しが HHL-L\nThis isn't all the possible permutations of trimoraic words, but it\nillustrates only the point that needs to be made. Take the last two tonal\npatterns LHL and HHL. Notice the accent kernel is in the same exact location\non those last two words, but yet the tonal melody is not identical. This is\nbecause after the accent kernel is identified, there can be two possible tones\non the initial mora, either H or L. This is where the 2 comes in for 2n+1.\nWhen H is the first tone of the word, the tonal type is said to be an HL type.\nWhen L is the first tone of the word the tonal type is called the LHL type.\nFor the Kyoto-Osaka dialect, _all plain present tense いadjectives are of the\nHL type, i.e. all of them start with H_. However there is one conspicuous\nadjective, ええ, for which tonal type is LH eg L-initial.\n\n 2. In general not every lexeme has an accent, but luckily in the case of present tense adjectives there is always an accent present.\n 3. Every present tense adjective has no more than one accent kernel. Then together with the observation above we can say: every present tense いadjective has one and only one accent kernel.\n 4. It is mora based and mora counted. So positions in the phoneme string are indexed by mora, and the accent kernel associates to that mora. This I know for sure, so you must switch your metric to the mora.\n 5. Not relevant for isolated finite adjectives\n 6. Not relevant for isolated finite adjectives\n\nSo, いadjectives always have an accent (and never more than just one), so our\npredicting is not in vain. Including your examples (assuming they are\nreliable) here's the data so far:\n\n 1. HL: **す** い\n 2. HLL: **た** かい, **あ** かい, **あ** つい, **い** たい, **く** ろい, **く** ろい, **く** さい, **し** かろい\n 3. HHLL: う **れ** しい, た **の** しい, か **な** しい, お **も** ろい, し **か** くい\n 4. HHHLL: おも **し** ろい, やや **こ** しい, しょう **も** ない, あほ **く** さい\n 5. Exception: え **え** LH \n\nThe entire tonal melody of an いadjective is predictable then. The accent\nkernel associates to the antepenultimate mora (penultimate if the いadjective\nis only bimoraic) with all preceding mora having an H tone and all subsequent\nmora having an L tone, except for the possibility of an initial contrast.\nMoving from left to right, if there is an H to L transition (an accent kernel)\nthere will not be an L to H transition (the tone melody will not jump back\nup).\n\nAlso, don't forget that superimposed atop these pitch fluctuations is\nintonation.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-11-18T13:24:28.823", "id": "9489", "last_activity_date": "2016-08-20T05:57:16.420", "last_edit_date": "2016-08-20T05:57:16.420", "last_editor_user_id": "11104", "owner_user_id": "1454", "parent_id": "6884", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "> 賢愚の次第で民は泣き、国際社会は迷惑を被る。拉致被害者の早い救出も、そこによるところは大きい\n\nIn this context, `そこ (that/it)` points to `賢愚 (to be wise or foolish) の次第` and\n`よる` should be `依る`, meaning `depends on`.\n\nSo it reads: the rapid rescue of the abduction victims also largely depends on\nit. (`it` refers to the degree of being wise or foolish.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-22T16:04:40.887", "id": "6888", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-22T16:33:38.807", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-22T16:33:38.807", "last_editor_user_id": "542", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6885", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It means `or`. It is written as 又は.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-22T15:50:24.170", "id": "6887", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-22T15:50:24.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6886", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Since Teno has answered the main question. To supplement:\n\nLooking at different parts of the sentence:\n\n * みぎ、ひだりまたはまっすぐ - right, left or straight ahead\n * 車は行く。 - the car goes\n * 車は行ってもいいです。 - The car may go.\n * 車はみぎ、ひだりまたはまっすぐ行ってもいいです。 - The car may go right or left or straight.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-22T16:13:38.527", "id": "6889", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-23T02:59:08.100", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-23T02:59:08.100", "last_editor_user_id": "542", "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "6886", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It doesn't so much mean \"recently/since\", but in these example sentences, the\nphrases that というもの is modifying or emphasizing does.\n\nIn your first example sentence, what corresponds to \"since last week\" is\nactually the この一週間, and というもの just emphasizes it. The meaning stays the same\nif you get rid of it.\n\n> この一週間、忙しくてほとんど寝ていない。\n\nというもの literally translates as \"this thing called\": と + 言う + 物\n\nHere are a couple other\n[examples](http://tangorin.com/examples/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE)\nof it:\n\n> 馬というものはひじょうに役に立つ。 Horses are useful animals.\n>\n> それはご都合主義というものだ。 That's opportunism pure and simple.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-22T20:27:44.653", "id": "6893", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-22T20:27:44.653", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "921", "parent_id": "6891", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "I would regard it as the omission of `の間`.\n\n```\n\n この一週間というもの(の間)、忙しくてほとんど寝ていない。　\n 結婚してからというもの(の間)、映画館で映画を見ていない。 \n ここしばらくというもの(の間)...\n \n```\n\nThe second sentence uses `から` to emphasize that the period of time started\nafter the marriage, so to translate it to `since` is fine.\n\n`～している間、～の間` means `for` or `during`.\n\n```\n\n For/During the last week, I have been so busy.\n 直訳：先週の間、私は忙しかった -> 意訳：先週、忙しかった。\n \n```\n\nUseualy we don't say 先週の間. We omit の間 and use 先週.\n\nBut in some cases (could be in most cases), `の間` is necessary.\n\n```\n\n 始業式の間、彼はずっと眠たそうにしていた。 <-- fine\n 始業式、彼はずっと眠たそうにしていた。 <-- this sounds okay and more informal\n \n 授業の間、彼はずっと眠たそうにしていた。 <-- fine\n 授業、彼はずっと眠たそうにしていた。 <-- this sounds odd\n \n 火曜午前0時から8時の間、サーバーはメンテナンス中になります。 <-- fine　　　　\n 火曜午前0時から8時、サーバーはメンテナンス中になります。 <-- sounds casual\n \n この一週間の間、忙しくてほとんど寝ていない。 <-- fine\n この一週間、忙しくてほとんど寝ていない。 <-- fine\n この一週間というもの、忙しくてほとんど寝ていない。 <-- fine\n この一週間というものの間、忙しくてほとんど寝ていない。 <-- okay but sounds kind of roundabout\n \n```", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-23T06:15:49.870", "id": "6895", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-23T06:15:49.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6891", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "According to 日本語表現文型辞典：\n\nFor the expression [Noun]というもの such as in the question, if the noun is a time\nexpression (source: 期間を表す言葉) then it implies that the time period feels long.\n\nContinuing clauses follow after というもの.\n\nWhen は is appended after というもの、it is more emphatic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-15T14:59:05.490", "id": "8106", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-16T14:56:32.097", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-16T14:56:32.097", "last_editor_user_id": "542", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "6891", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'd guess it's just a play on おなら (fart).", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-22T21:47:59.343", "id": "6894", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-22T21:47:59.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1365", "parent_id": "6892", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Your translation is not correct. It seems that there are a few\nmisunderstandings involved here.\n\nFirst, “AとB” here means “B if A.” 仕事が成立しない means “I cannot do my job.”\n\n> 新聞に目を通していないと、仕事が成立しない。 I cannot do my job without skimming the newspaper.\n\nNext, ～から means “because ….” Therefore, your sentence is\n\n> 新聞に目を通していないと、仕事が成立しないからです。 It is because I cannot do my job without skimming\n> the newspaper.\n\nNote that the whole sentence has the form Xです, where X =\n新聞に目を通していないと、仕事が成立しないから. The subject of Xです is not stated, but for example the\nwhole sentence can be a reply to a question “Why do you subscribe to a\nnewspaper?”\n\nAs you can see, ～からです is used to state a reason for something.\n\n> お菓子を食べたのは、おなかがすいていたからです。 The reason I ate snacks is because I was hungry.\n>\n> A: どうしてお菓子を食べたのですか。 Why did you eat snacks? \n> B: おなかがすいていたからです。 Because I was hungry.\n\nIn colloquial context, です is often omitted. In this case, we can use polite\nform before から.\n\n> A: どうしてお菓子を食べたのですか。 Why did you eat snacks? \n> B: おなかがすいていたから。 / おなかがすいていましたから。 Because I was hungry.\n\nIf the clause before から is a sentence ending with an adjective or a copula,\nits polite form ends with です, and you will end up with ですから.\n\n> 函館山からの夜景を見るといいですよ。とても美しいですから。 You should see the night view from Mt.\n> Hakodate. (This is because) it is very beautiful.\n\nんです does not state that it is a reason. Depending on context, it can sometimes\nreplace からです, though.\n\n> A: どうしてお菓子を食べたのですか。 Why did you eat snacks? \n> B: おなかがすいていたんです。 (Because) I was hungry.\n\nHere おなかがすいていたんです literally just means “I was hungry,” but from the context,\nit is clear that it is stated as a reason why B ate snacks.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-24T00:06:52.843", "id": "6904", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-24T00:06:52.843", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "6903", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "> And more importantly, when is it appropriate to use,\n\nAlmost always, although it may sound a little bit informal. When asked \"なぜ\" or\n\"どうして\", you'd answer with からです。\n\n> なぜ遅れていますか？\n>\n> なぜなら、目覚まし時計が壊れていたからです。\n\n(Why are you late? Because my alarm clock is broken)\n\n> and how does it differ from ですから and んです?\n\nですから is a connective, not a final part. \"Aですから、B\". If there's no B coming\nafterwards, then there's a problem. It's a bit like \"since\" in English. You\ndon't just say \"Since I like ice cream,\" but you say \"(B) I bought an ice\ncream (A) since I like ice cream.\"\n\nんです is \"のです\" used more colloquially. It's like からです, and (in \"のです\" form) more\nformal. Also more common, as far as I can tell.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-24T02:12:05.820", "id": "6905", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-27T01:45:06.750", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-27T01:45:06.750", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "356", "parent_id": "6903", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "It would be nice to have some more authoritative sources on this topic (if\nthere are any), but I'm not convinced there is. A lot of the pages I could\nfind said they don't know where it comes from, and I'm not sure anybody really\ndoes...\n\n* * *\n\nBut one theory _may_ be, in the [Wikipedia article for\n膝{ひざ}](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%9D), it says:\n\n> ...つま先と膝をついて座る座り方は「跪く」と言い...\n\nA rough translation of that might be:\n\n> \"...the way of sitting that is falling on your knees and toes and sitting\n> down is called '跪く'...\"\n\nSo I think it may be a combination of 膝{ひざ}, 爪{つま} and 突{つ}く.\n\n* * *\n\nI'm a bit sceptical of the \"best answer\" at this link (other pages say \"つ\" in\n\"つまづく\" comes from \"爪\" rather than \"蹴\" for example), but this seems to be more-\nor-less what one of the non-accepted answers at [this Chiebukuro\nquestion](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1345302328)\nsays, saying that \"〜まずく\" is \"つまづく\" and that \"つまづく\" comes from \"爪{つま}\" and\n\"つく\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-24T12:06:13.247", "id": "6910", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-30T21:02:27.677", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-30T21:02:27.677", "last_editor_user_id": "796", "owner_user_id": "796", "parent_id": "6907", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Curiosity prompted some further searching. My findings to date, after trawling\nthrough pages and pages of Google hits:\n\n * [This post](http://risty.net/2ch/kic/114/#a290) states that the interstitial `/‑ma‑/` may be a fancifier (honorific?) of some sort (emphasis mine):\n\n * ですから、akimotoさんが考えていらっしゃるように、「ひざがつく」のが「ひざまづく（旧仮名遣い）」→「ひざまずく」（※貴い人に対して行う動作であるため、 **「ま」が雅語** として挿入されたという説もありますが、 **未詳** ）となったと言えます。 \n * [This page](http://www.freeml.com/wefree/say/sit/) looks instead at the various terms for describing 正座{せいざ} in Zen practice in terms of geographical distribution. Interestingly, ひざまずき is only found in Okinawa.\n\n * [This page](http://www.okinawainfo.net/uchinaguci4.htm) seems to say that ひざまづく is 方言. 「沖縄の子供達の多くは、これを方言だという事に気がついていません。」 That said, Shogakukan gives a citation for this word from the 日本霊異記{にほんりょういき}, a Buddhist text written in 823.\n\n * [This other Chiebukuro post](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q117629326) quotes the _Shin Meikai Kokugo Dictionary_ to similarly state that the /-ma-/ is of unknown derivation. 「〔「ま」の意は未詳〕」\n\n * As cypher notes, [the \"best answer\" in the Chiebukuro post provided earlier](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1345302328#dtl_ans), while interesting, proposes an unlikely derivation for the `/‑ma‑/` portion, suggesting that it is a contraction of 曲{ま}げて, such that _mazuku_ would ultimately be from 曲{ま}げて突{つ}く. That poster also goes on to try to force this same etymology for 躓{つまづ}く, claiming it to be short for けつまづく with the けつ purportedly coming from 蹴{け}って and the まづく again coming from 曲{ま}げて突{つ}く. Given the contortions required, the unlikely phonological changes, and the fact that numerous other more-reputable sources derive 躓{つまづ}く from 爪{つま}突{つ}く, the proposed etymology for 躓{つまづ}く seems to be so flawed that it casts doubt on that poster's theories for ひざまづく.\n\n * [The non-\"best answer\" post that cypher mentions](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1345302328#115424165) suggests that the ひざま in ひざまづく is a contraction of 膝{ひざ}爪{つま}. However, this seems to be phonologically and semantically unlikely. The pitch accents of both words seem to preclude this, for one. If ひざ were _odaka_ , forcing a low tone immediately afterwards as in ひざは【LHL】, such that ひざ【LH】 + つま【LH】 would yield ひざつま【LHLH】, I could perhaps see the つ in つま being influenced by the preceding _odaka_ into being low tone and possibly elided that way. However, both ひざ and つま are _heiban_ pitch accent patterns, suggesting that ひざ【LH】 + つま【LH】 would yield ひざつま【LHHH】 for pitch, with no clear phonetic reason for eliding the つ.\n\n * Shogakukan defines 跪く as:\n\n * 両手を前につき、両膝をつけて、臀（しり）をあげてかがまる。膝を地につけてかしこまる。主に屈服または拝礼の意を表す。\n\nIn light of this word's meanings of supplication and the similarity to\nkowtowing, I wonder if this might have originally meant something closer to\nkowtowing in literal terms: 叩{kow} 頭{tow}, referring to the practice of\ntouching (or even striking) one's head on the ground as an extreme form of\nbowing. With one's knees on the ground, touching one's head to the ground can\nbe almost between one's knees, making me wonder if the `/‑ma‑/` in question\nisn't simply 間 \"between\": 膝{ひざ} (knees) 間{ま} (between) 突{づ}く (touching /\nstriking [the ground]).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-06-17T18:03:36.973", "id": "17477", "last_activity_date": "2014-06-17T18:03:36.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "6907", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the お is simply there to make it sound more polite and is more a part\nof 丁寧語 than a part of 謙譲語. I would consider the classification of your third\nexample as follows.\n\n> 口語体 案内するよ。 \n> 文語体 案内します。 \n> 丁寧語 ご案内します。 \n> 謙譲語 ご案内致します\n\nwith increasing level of politeness.\n\n> ご連絡差し上げます。\n\nwould be another example of you \"giving\" something and adding a polite お or ご.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-24T14:03:34.220", "id": "6911", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-25T03:22:19.600", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-25T03:22:19.600", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "6909", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You are using what could be interpreted as two different verbs:\n\n> まける -> to lose\n>\n> しっぱいする -> to fail\n\nFormally, I usually hear \"I cannot afford to fail\" rather than \"I don't want\nto fail\".\n\n> 失敗する余裕はありません。\n\nIf you want to sound cool, you could say \"I don't have any intention on\nlosing\".\n\n> 負けるつもりはありません。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-24T22:23:47.527", "id": "6913", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-26T15:00:24.807", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-26T15:00:24.807", "last_editor_user_id": "1328", "owner_user_id": "1328", "parent_id": "6912", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "The way that I would say it is:\n\n> [負]{ま}けたくないんです。(maketakunain desu)\n\nI'd be especially inclined to say it this way to the teacher of the class in\nquestion, as it sounds explanatory and somewhat humble. This roughly\ntranslates to \"I'd like not to fail\" or \"I'd rather not fail.\" The \"desu\" is a\ncopula verb that makes the sentence a polite one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-24T23:11:26.443", "id": "6915", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-26T04:58:13.630", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-26T04:58:13.630", "last_editor_user_id": "1575", "owner_user_id": "1575", "parent_id": "6912", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "It's 〜てたまらない from the verb\n[堪{たま}る](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%9F%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B&dtype=0&dname=0na&stype=0&pagenum=1&index=11648500),\nI think the same as at [Contrasting 〜てならない、〜てしょうがない and\n〜てたまらない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2766/contrasting-%E3%80%9C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%80%81%E3%80%9C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-and-%E3%80%9C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%9F%E3%81%BE%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84).\n\nConsulting my grammar dictionary (日本語文型辞典), 〜てたまらない has a couple of meanings,\nthe main one being \"〜我慢できない\", so I think it's more-or-less similar to\n\"心配で我慢できない\" (\"I'm worried and can't bear it\".)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-25T00:01:31.897", "id": "6916", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-25T00:01:31.897", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "796", "parent_id": "6914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "You are right. It is from the verb `たまる`. It's of the form `～てたらない` meaning,\n\"So ～ I can't stand it.\"\n\n> * あつくてたまらない → It's so hot I can't stand it\n> * 心配でたまらない → I'm so worried I can't bear it\n>\n\nAgain, as you mentioned, the `～ず` form is the archaic negative form, so it\nfits this pattern.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-25T00:03:48.257", "id": "6917", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-25T00:36:17.067", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-25T00:36:17.067", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "6914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "> what is the verb and its form?\n\nThe verb is tamar- (堪る) \"bear, endure\". The form is irrealis (未然形), hence\ntamara. To this -zu is attached and expresses negation.\n\nFrom the commentary, you seem to understand the grammar and meaning, but are\nunable to interpret it as a whole. Think of it as \"I am so _worried_ that I\n_cannot endure_ it anymore.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-25T00:04:25.533", "id": "6918", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-25T00:04:25.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "6914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "As you have already discovered, -domo attaches to the hypothetical form (仮定形).\nHistorically, this was known as realis (已然形). The kere here is the\nhypothetical / realis form of -keri. -keri is an obsolete suffix (助動詞) which\nexpresses hearsay recollection.\n\n-keri itself may be further split apart as a contraction of -ki ari, where -ki is another obsolete recollectional suffix and ari is the verb ar-i \"to be\".\n\nWhile simple and imprecise, you may think of -keri as past tense. You may\nstill find remnants of it in expressions such as \"dakke\".", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-25T09:00:05.967", "id": "6921", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-25T09:00:05.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "6920", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "According to 語源由来辞典 ( <http://gogen-allguide.com/o/omoshiroi.html> ), 「面白い」 is\noriginated from 「面白し」. 「面」 used to mean \"a sight/view\" (the source says the\nfront of eyes) and 「白い」 used to mean \"bright and clear.\" Then 「面白し」 later came\nto mean \"a light/bright sight/view\" and then later \"a beautiful sight/view\".\nIt further came to mean \"fun\" or \"comfortable\", which represents a pleasant\nfeeling.\n\nFor your information, \"interesting\" better translates to 「興味深い」 to be accurate\nalthough it is often roughly translated as 「面白い」. 「面白い」 has several meanings\nwith different nuances.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-25T15:23:10.800", "id": "6923", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-25T17:47:09.933", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-25T17:47:09.933", "last_editor_user_id": "1575", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6922", "post_type": "answer", "score": 37 }, { "body": "The accepted origin of 面白い (omoshiroi - interesting) goes as follows.\n\n面 (omote - the front) means whats in front of you.\n\n白い (shiroi - white) means bright and clear.\n\nThese combine to mean that the scene in front of you is bright and clear. This\nfirst took on the meaning of beautiful scenery and then was later used to\nexpress a scene that is fun and enjoyable.\n\nThus, over time 面白い came to mean interesting.\n\nThere is another origin story which is probably based more on nostalgia for\nthe past rather than facts. It goes as follows.\n\nIn past times, people often spoke around the fire at nighttime. When somebody\nsaid something interesting, the others' smiling faces would rise up and appear\nwhite in the light of the fire. Thus, interesting talk leads to the whiteness\nthat appears before one's eyes.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2019-01-19T08:50:27.613", "id": "64971", "last_activity_date": "2019-01-19T08:50:27.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32570", "parent_id": "6922", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Someone else might have better referenced information but I was told these\nwords predate the Second World War when the Japanese government policy was to\navoid, possibly even outlaw, all loanwords. (My Japanese father in law told me\nhe was not taught English because it was language of the enemy.) There were\nalso Japanese names for the fielding positions in baseball. I don't know why\n野球 survived, possibly because it was a more established sport or possibly\nbecause it was already established as the normal name of the sport anyway.\nAccording to the following post from Wikipedia on the origin of the Japanese\nword it was first coined in 1894:\n\n「ベースボール」を、初めて「野球」と日本語に訳したのは、第一高等中学校（1894年、第一高等学校に改称。第二次大戦後の学制改革の際に東京大学に併合され、新制東京大学教養学部になる）の野球部員であった中馬庚である。1894年（明治27年）、彼らが卒業するにあたって部史を刊行することになり、中馬の書いた文章中に「野球」が登場するのである。逸話として、同僚で名投手の青井鉞男が「千本素振り」をやっている所に中馬がベースボールの翻訳を「Ball\nin the field－野球」とすることを言いに来たと言われている。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-25T18:49:19.443", "id": "6926", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-25T19:02:42.937", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-25T19:02:42.937", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "6924", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "Since 様 is used when referring to people and most people would think of 神様 as\nbeing animate 神様がいる should be used.\n\nAlso, please notice your google results are off:\n\n[神様がある](https://www.google.com.br/search?q=%22%E7%A5%9E%E6%A7%98%E3%81%8C%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%22&sugexp=chrome,mod=0&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#q=%22%E7%A5%9E%E6%A7%98%E3%81%8C%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%22&hl=en&prmd=imvns&ei=R9piUMbPB-3ymAXCxoGADw&start=460&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=86fdbcf3016457c9&biw=1280&bih=907)\n\n[神様がいる](https://www.google.com.br/search?q=%22%E7%A5%9E%E6%A7%98%E3%81%8C%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%22&sugexp=chrome,mod=0&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#q=%22%E7%A5%9E%E6%A7%98%E3%81%8C%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%22&hl=en&prmd=imvns&psj=1&ei=mtpiUIqqMsuNmQXyoYCQAQ&start=580&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=86fdbcf3016457c9&biw=1280&bih=907)\n\nPlease read [Google counts may not be as reliable as you\nimagine](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/522/google-counts-\nmay-not-be-as-reliable-as-you-imagine).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-26T04:54:06.240", "id": "6928", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-26T20:13:42.353", "last_edit_date": "2017-03-16T15:48:25.793", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "6927", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "We hardly say 「神様がある」 as \"There is a God. / God exists.\" But you can say\n「～神様(というもの)がある」 as \"there is a god called ~\"\n\nFrom some of the Google results,\n\n> たいていの郷土玩具の産地には天神様があるそうです。\n\n「天神様」 here means an idol called Tenjin-sama. So it means \"In most folk-toy\ndistricts, there are idols of Tenjin god\".\n\n> 今日夜10時からエンタの神様があると思う。\n\n「エンタの神様」 is a name of a TV show.\n\n> 神様がある特定の場所や建物におられ、\n\n「ある」 is 「或る」 in this sentence, not 「有る/在る」.\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/7648/m0u/>\n\n> 熊本に味噌の神社があったことを思い出しました。いろんな神様があるんですね。\n\nIt reads `\"I remembered there was a shrine of soybean paste in Kumamoto. I see\nthere are different kinds/types of God.\"` In fact, this might be confusing for\nnon-natives. When you can replace 「神様」 with 「神様というもの」 in the sentense, you can\nuse 「ある」. Otherewise, you should use 「いる」.\n\nAs for \"僕は姉がある\", I don't uderstand what this means; it's not unnatural but\ndoes not make sense.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-26T08:33:46.807", "id": "6930", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-26T20:18:13.580", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-26T20:18:13.580", "last_editor_user_id": "706", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6927", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "In Japanese Christian churches, we say `神様がいる` since the Christian bible says\nthat God created man in His own image. However, more often than `〜いる` we use\n`〜おられる` to show respect.\n\n> * 神様は私たちとともにいます。 → God is with us.\n> * 苦しい時こそ、確実に神様はあなたのそばにおられる。 → Certainly God is by your side especially\n> during hard times.\n>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-26T14:36:04.983", "id": "6931", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-26T14:36:04.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "6927", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm just a student of Japanese, and I only know how I conceptualize it, not\nhow anyone else does. So this may not be a very good answer, but I'm typing it\nanyway in case it's useful.\n\nAs I understand it, there are two different 亦:\n\n 1. The original 亦\n 2. 䜌 written as 亦\n\nSo, 亦 does not \"come from\" 䜌, but 䜌 as an element is sometimes written as 亦.\nBroadly, then, you can put characters containing 亦 into two categories, which\ntend to have different sounds. The large majority appear to be 亦-as-䜌, while\n亦-as-亦 shows up in 跡 and 亦 itself, which is used to write one sense of the\nword また. So:\n\nWhen I write 亦-as-亦, I think また.\n\nWhen I write 亦-as-䜌, I think レン.\n\nWhy レン? Well, it seems to represent that sound:\n\n * 攣{れん} (as in the word 痙攣{けいれん})\n * 恋{れん}/ [戀]{れん}\n\nI then draw mental arrows out from レン to what appear to be related readings:\n\n * ヘン, as in 変{へん}/[變]{へん}\n * ワン, as in 弯{わん}/[彎]{わん}\n * バン, as in 蛮{ばん}/[蠻]{ばん}\n\nI know that's not an answer to your question, but I hope it's helpful anyway.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-26T21:34:22.800", "id": "6935", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-26T22:39:08.000", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-26T22:39:08.000", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "6932", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Probably too detailed for a mnemonic device, but here's an explanation of the\ncharacters. In「恋」,「変」, and「湾」, the top (right) was indeed originally「䜌」, and\nfunctions as a phonetic component. Their [Old\nChinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese) reconstructions as given\nby [Zhengzhang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang) are:\n\n * 戀 /*b·rons/ > Middle Chinese /liuᴇnH/ > _On'yomi_ れん\n * 變 /*prons/ > Middle Chinese /pˠiᴇnH/ > _On'yomi_ へん\n * 灣 /*qroːn/ > Middle Chinese /ʔˠuan/ > _On'yomi_ わん\n * 䜌 /*b·roːn/, /*b·ron/, /*b·rons/\n\nThe top (right) component mentioned is different in origins from:\n\n * 「亦」, originally a person「大」with marks located at and emphasising the armpits;\n\n# `[商](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) \n[甲](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wmhWP.png) \n \n[合集32035](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=32035&jgwfl=)``現代 \n[楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LQxwH.png) \n \n`\n\n * The bottom of「赤」, originally a person「大」and fire「灬」(variant of「火」).\n\n# `商 \n甲 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0KOpl.png) \n \n[合集15679](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=1&bh=15679&jgwfl=)``[春秋](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) \n[金](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kKEkZ.png) \n邾公華鐘 \n[集成245](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=245&jgwfl=)`` \n[篆](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/At3lz.png) \n[說文解字](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi) \n``現代 \n楷 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/E69PE.png) \n \n`\n\n* * *\n\nThe explanation of「攵」in「變」is largely correct.「攵」(variant of「攴」) depicts a hand\nholding a hitting implement, and in「變」it just represents _motion_ in general,\nleading on to the meaning _change_. 「䜌」, however, just provides a sound hint.\n\n> # `商 \n> 甲 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z9Mzu.png) \n> [上博2426.31](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/jgwhj/?bhfl=13&bh=2426.31&jgwfl=) \n> 合集27742``[戰國](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) \n> 金 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LBPIe.png) \n> 燕侯載器「教」 \n>\n> [集成10583](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=10583&jgwfl=)``[楚](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_\\(state\\)) \n> [簡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rO7GH.png) \n> [{{kr:\n> 包}}2.99](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian/reference/chuwenziReference)「教」 \n> ``現代 \n> 楷 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wgTjL.png) \n> 「教」 \n> `\n>\n> Shape evolution of the「攵」component, as shown in later forms in the\n> character「教」.「攵」is found in many characters to do with _attacking/punishing_\n> ; the character「教」depicts a child「子」learning arithmetic (represented by\n> two「㐅」, original character of「五」) under threat of being beaten by「攵」. The\n> two「㐅」and「子」later fused into「孝」. Another example is「牧」, which depicts a\n> cow「牛」being herded by a hand with a whip「攵」.\n\n「亦」was chosen to replace「䜌」in simplification efforts because a calligraphic\ncursive variant of「䜌」looked very similar to「亦」. The similarity can be seen if\nwe look at the following two-step process. First, write the second stroke\nof「言」long enough to cover「絲」:\n\n#\n`[元](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty)ㆍ[趙孟頫](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu) \n楷 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/VGmqf.png) \n續千字文「變」 \n`\n\nThen, abbreviate「絲」and the last five strokes of「言」:\n\n#\n`[明](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty)ㆍ[文徵明](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Zhengming) \n[行](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-cursive_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LeOr1.png) \n赤壁賦「變」 \n`\n\nThe top now heavily resembles「亦」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2018-08-20T16:32:28.557", "id": "60985", "last_activity_date": "2018-08-20T19:52:46.810", "last_edit_date": "2018-08-20T19:52:46.810", "last_editor_user_id": "26510", "owner_user_id": "26510", "parent_id": "6932", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Page 12 of \"Welcome to Japanese\", by Kenneth Henshall with Junji Kawai, says\nthat 45% of words are native Japanese, 45% are Chinese, 8% are English, and 2%\nare other. It mentions Portuguese and German as examples of other languages\nthat have contributed words to Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-27T12:43:24.003", "id": "6946", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-27T12:43:24.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "91", "parent_id": "6937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "[This](http://daijirin.dual-d.net/extra/gairaigo.html) puts English derived\nwords at something like 80% of foreign origin words (this would exclude\n漢語{かんご}). It also has some lists of words separated by origin (leaving out\nEnglish-derived words).\n\nLet's assume for a moment that this list is in some way representative of non-\nEnglish derived katakana loanwords. A rough calculation suggests that the most\ncommon origin is French (~26%), followed by German (~20%), Portuguese (~11%),\nDutch (~9%), Latin (~9%), Italian (~8%), and Russian (~7%), Korean (~5%).\n\nThis list also marks the period at which words were introduced. What if we\nonly include words marked as Meiji period or earlier? That cuts the list down\nto less than half size. Unsurprisingly, Portuguese and Dutch feature heavily:\n\nPortuguese (~25%), Dutch (~20%), Korean (~12%), French (~11%), German (~11%),\nAinu (~6%), Greek (~5%).\n\nI've included the words listed for Korean and Ainu in the statistics although\nI would think that this word list isn't at all reflective of the actual\nrelationship between Japanese and these languages. For the European languages,\nhowever, Portuguese and Dutch early on and words from French and German\nbecoming more prominent later makes perfect sense from a historical\nperspective.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-27T12:55:22.987", "id": "6947", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-27T12:55:22.987", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "6937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "> all engineering courses are four years long\n\nI'm not sure what you call an \"engineering course\", so that's a problem for\ntranslation. However, probably some of those would be good (although I find\nthe last one not very natural myself).\n\n> 工学の授業は全て四年間かかります。\n>\n> 工学部の課程は四年間の課程です。\n>\n> 工学の授業は四年間に至ります。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-27T05:38:58.700", "id": "6939", "last_activity_date": "2016-11-24T13:49:53.497", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "356", "parent_id": "6938", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Get another IME. \"鎗\" was the _second_ choice of my suggestion list, 槍 being\nthe first one. I use \"skk\" via ibus for my IME. The reason it is not in your\nlist is that you assumed that your IME would be exhaustive, and I don't think\nany IME would ever claim that.\n\nAs far as the difference is concerned, just looking at the radicals, I'd say\nthe difference is what the spear is made of: wood, iron, or something else.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-27T09:20:18.933", "id": "6943", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-27T09:20:18.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "356", "parent_id": "6940", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "As Axioplase already mentions, if you look at the radicals, you can divide the\ncharacters into two groups:\n\n 1. 槍: Made of wood.\n\n 2. 鎗／鑓: Made of metal.\n\nNow, 鑓 is what is known as 国字 and did not originate from China. Also, in\ncurrent Chinese, 鎗 usually refers to a \"rifle\" or \"gun\" and not \"spear\"\n(however, the meaning of spear is still present)\n([Unicode](http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/9397/index.htm)\ndefines it as \"rifle, small arms, hand gun\" which is kind of amusing). In\nJapanese, 槍 and 鎗 both mean spear (with the difference being the material it\nis made from), however if you consider 鎗 as an 異体字, then is most common 槍.\nAlso, 鎗 also has the meaning of \"container\", etc. (see below) and you can see\nit in words like [鎗金](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%8E%97%E9%87%91).\n\n**References**\n\n[【鎗/枪】ライフル](http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2131214811632309101/2132629349332010503)\n\n[異体字の認定](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93#.E7.95.B0.E4.BD.93.E5.AD.97.E3.81.AE.E8.AA.8D.E5.AE.9A)\n\n[槍/鑓/鎗・・・ヤリ](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1416896054)\n\n[鎗と槍の違い\n使い分けを教えて下さい｡](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1433095409)\n\n[From here](http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/kmr_tds/43633782.html):\n\n> 鎗 ソウ やり\n>\n> 解字：形声。倉が音を表わし、金属のふれ合う音声を表わす。 字義：\n>\n> ①なべ。三本足があるなべ。 (Type of pot, one with 3 legs)\n>\n> ②やり。(spear)\n>\n> ③こう（金偏に堅）鎗は、金属や石のふれる音。 (Sound of metal, rocks hitting together)\n>\n> ④長鎗は、米の別名。 (長鎗 is another name for 米)\n>\n> ⑤酒を入れる器。(Container for 酒)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-27T22:12:06.413", "id": "6948", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-28T03:58:21.823", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "6940", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Pre-requisites: Should be easy to understand for people with Java programming\nexperience. Also may be easy to understand for those who have worked with\nAlfresco as well. Take it easy and join us.\"\n\nkiow-a-zu is negative form of the verb kiow- \"to get worked up, be excited\".\nfurutte is an adverb meaning of one's own volition, positively etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-27T09:04:01.530", "id": "6942", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-27T09:04:01.530", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "6941", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I would just translate it to \"please do not hesitate to join us\" as a free\ntranslation (意訳).\n\n**奮う**\n\n> 奮ってご来会下さい. You are cordially invited to the meeting.\n\n(source: weblio <http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%A5%AE%E3%81%86>)\n\n**気負う**\n\n> 人より上手に弾こうと気負うとかえって失敗する If you try too hard to play better than everyone\n> else, you'll only end up making mistakes.\n\n(source: Yahoo!Japan辞書 <http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch/3/2na/00950300/>)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-27T10:32:27.463", "id": "6944", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-27T10:32:27.463", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6941", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't know if make sense but the と in 時下ますますご清栄のことと、お喜び申し上げます could be\nconditional instead of quotive? The person is glad because of the other person\nwellbeing. I think this make sense because of the presence of こと. The person\nis glad by the fact of it and not because of the quote of the other. The\nsentence had to be different in order to be quotive, I think.\n\nBased on the other examples, I think they (2) (3) and (4) are completely\ndifferent to be compared.\n\nI don't think (3) is a quotive of any kind. (2) and (4), ok but (3) definitely\nnot. Grammar is something very picky and something it doesn't make sense, it\nis what it is. In this case, I think it's not possible to use だ with と.\n\nSo I thought that you might mixing a lot of different things. It's a little\nbit confused but I tried.\n\nPS: I answered but I was trying to comment but I can't, so I have no idea\nwhich are the policies here. **Edited**\n\nI found a good answer\n[here.](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/conditionals). As I told\nbefore here. The sentence that you gave is conditional, not quotive. So I\nthink the sentence could be change into this\n\n> 時下ますますご清栄だと、お喜び申し上げます\n\nbut not quite sure because I kind of feel it's wrong, because it changes the\nmeaning, if anybody could check that I'd also appreciate.\n\n> Rules for using the conditional 「と」\n>\n> Attach 「と」 to the condition followed by the result that would occur should\n> >the condition be satisfied\n>\n> = [Condition] + と + [Result]\n>\n> State-of-being must be made explicit = [State-of-being] + だと + [Result]", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-15T05:36:58.883", "id": "8101", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T15:43:59.823", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-18T15:43:59.823", "last_editor_user_id": "1796", "owner_user_id": "1796", "parent_id": "6950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I think it is simply an issue of whether you are quoting a complete sentence\nor not.\n\n> ティムと言います。 \n> He is called Tim.\n>\n> ティム **だ** と言っています。 \n> It's being said that he **is** Tim.\n\nAs quoting particle, と is allowed to quote anything. But there are other uses\nof と, like the conditional と, the AとB(と) construction for \"and\", and the と of\nと-adverbs (like 負けじと of the third sentence), which I would say is related to\nthe と of the mimeses like じっと, ちらっと, which are also adverbs.\n\nThe question of whether or not a だ・である should come before と is only relevant\nto と as quoting particle. For example, when an idea is presented with\nということ（です）, the idea is something that should be presented as a full sentence,\nwhich, when ending in a noun, should be followed by だ.\n\n> 今日はお休みだということです。 \n> It means that today is a holiday.\n\nQuoting incomplete sentences only makes sense in appropriate contexts, for\nexample when you give your name (where you only \"quote\" your name).\n\nIn English, too, quoting incomplete sentences (i.e. sentences without a verb)\nmakes sense in few cases. The last example without a verb in the quoted\nsentence would render as\n\n> It means that today a holiday.\n\nI think that both in English and Japanese indirect quotes should always be\nfull sentences, i.e. in this case, in Japanese you should always use だ after\nnoun phrases.\n\nOf course, this rule may be broken for more polite Japanese, as in your\nexample sentence:\n\n> 時下ますますご清栄のことと、お喜び申し上げます。\n\nwould be a short & formal version of\n\n> 時下ますますご清栄のことだと伺いまして、お喜び申し上げます。\n\n(Of course that's not the only usual rule of grammar that polite language\nbreaks: 申し上げる is transitive, but お喜び is not marked by を.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-09-19T01:15:28.630", "id": "12869", "last_activity_date": "2013-09-19T21:59:29.867", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "6950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> \"I can understand that '割り込み masks something'\".\n\nThe word 割り込み means a CPU interrupt. So it appears to say \"Temporarily disable\n(via bit masking) interrupts\".\n\nThe 不可 means \"improper, inadvisable\", as you said. But the とする means \"to make\nsuch\". So altogether 不可とする means disable.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-28T17:42:30.730", "id": "6952", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-28T18:04:49.400", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-28T18:04:49.400", "last_editor_user_id": "1575", "owner_user_id": "1575", "parent_id": "6951", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I think that the sentence means “It disables (masks) interrupts temporarily,”\nalthough I am not sure if I understand the author’s intent of the\nparenthesized part “(マスク)” in the original sentence correctly.\n\n不可 here means “disabled.” I would like to add that this usage is not common.\nThe usual word for “disabled” is 無効, and the sentence is more usually written\nas 割り込みを一時的に無効にする, ignoring the parenthesized part.\n\nIn addition, I think that the use of parentheses in the given sentence is\nnonstandard. The use indicates that マスク is either an explanation or a\nparaphrase of 不可, but explaining 不可 as “mask” or “masking” is, well, a type\nerror. I think that what the author wanted to say is something like\n\n> 割り込みを一時的に無効にする (マスクする)。\n\nwhere マスクする (to mask) is another way of stating 無効にする (to disable).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-28T22:56:36.117", "id": "6956", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-28T23:51:08.213", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-28T23:51:08.213", "last_editor_user_id": "15", "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "6951", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1) `Jikan wa deru koto desu` means \"Time is leaving\". If you want to say \"It's\ntime to leave\", just say `時間です`. The \"to leave\" is kind of implied depending\non your situation. But if you want to explicitly add it in, you can say\n\n> （もう）出る／出かける／帰る 時間 です／になった。 → (It's already (become)) time to leave/go/go\n> out.\n\n2) To translate infinitives, just use the dictionary form of the verb (`辞書形`)\n\n> * 行く → To go\n> * 見る → To look/watch\n> * 遊ぶ → To play\n>\n\nAdding `〜こと` after it nominalizes the verb, i.e., turns it into a noun. `出ること`\nmeans \"(the act of) leaving\". For more info on this, see [What is the\ndifference between the nominalizers こと and\nの?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1395/78)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-28T22:52:26.393", "id": "6954", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T14:23:15.690", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "6953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "> Jikan wa deru koto desu\n\nIf it is written in Japanese, 「時間は出る事です」. We don't say it.\n\n> One, is this correct?\n\nNo. If you mean `It's time to leave`, 「もう出る時間です」 should be fine.\n\n> Two, when translating infinitives from English to Japanese is the proper\n> conversion: to [verb] -> [verb] koto?\n\nNot always. In addition to 名詞的用法, there are 形容詞的用法 and 副詞的用法. For more\ninformation: <http://www.geocities.jp/gyouseikowa/eigo/futeisi.html>\n\nFrom the source (ヘッチャラ英語学習\n<http://www.geocities.jp/gyouseikowa/eigo/futeisi.html>):\n\n> 私は音楽をきくことが好きです。 I like to listen to music.\n\nHere `koto` is used as 名詞的用法.\n\n> 私は彼女に会えてうれしいです。 I am glad to see her.\n\nHere it is used as 副詞的用法 and translated to て.\n\n> 彼にはやるべき仕事がたくさんある。 He has a lot of work to do.\n\nHere it is used as 形容詞的用法 and translated to べき.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-28T22:55:06.650", "id": "6955", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-28T22:55:06.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "You are not mixing up こと with ころ as in:\n\n> いま、帰るころ(です)｜It is (now) time to go home\n\n?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-29T10:13:23.337", "id": "6959", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-29T10:13:23.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "6953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are also 出版, 印行. Their uses are as follows\n\n * 出版 is the process of printing, _binding_ and distributing (does not include newspapers)\n * 発行 refers to the process of printing something of value (books, money, stamps, etc.) and distributing it\n * 刊行 is usually the process of publishing something at a fixed interval, e.g. daily (like newspapers), monthly (like magazines), etc.\n * 発刊 is starting a new publication of something to be published frequently, e.g. 雑誌の発行 is the start of a new _magazine_ (whereas 雑誌の出版 would be referring to the publication of a particular _issue_ )\n * 印行 is a contraction of 印刷 and 発行, i.e. the process of printing and circulating\n\n(This is a summary of the following sources: [Yahoo\n知恵袋](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1318617983),\n[goo辞書](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/11898/m0u/))", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-29T09:53:03.690", "id": "6958", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-29T11:55:37.347", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-29T11:55:37.347", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "6957", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "「いつだって」 is a more casual way of saying 「いつでも」 and it has a little emphasis on\nits meaning compared to 「いつでも」. You'll hardly see 「だって」 being used in\nnewspaper articles compared to 「でも」.\n\n**だって** source: デジタル大辞泉 (http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/137401/m0u/)\n\n> ［係助］《断定の助動詞「だ」に係助詞「とて」の付いた「だとて」の音変化という》名詞・副詞、一部の助詞に付く。「でも」に似るが、語調がより強い。\n\nAlso this might be of your interest:\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/17174/m0u/>", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-29T12:07:35.140", "id": "6961", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-29T13:22:53.943", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-29T13:22:53.943", "last_editor_user_id": "1720", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6960", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "楽しめる - able to enjoy\n\n * 楽しめそう - seems that (I) can enjoy\n\n楽しい - is enjoyable\n\n * 楽しそう - seems that (it) is enjoyable\n\n楽しみ - enjoyment\n\n[Quoting from sawa](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3885/542):\n\n> み is an affix that idiocyncratically attaches to some i-adjectives that it\n> particularly selects. It only attaches to some selected i-adjectives and its\n> meaning tends to be idiosyncratic, as contrasted to nouns created by さ.\n\nGenerally the difference between さ and み is that the former is used to\nrepresent the degree of the state represented by the adjective, while the\nlatter lacks the \"degree\" nuance and instead represents a subjective concept. \nI.e. 悲しさ - sadness; 悲しみ - sorrow. 楽しさ - (degree of) enjoyment; 楽しみ -\nenjoyment.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-29T14:55:54.217", "id": "6963", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-29T14:55:54.217", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "6962", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It's probably only essential for an unusual reading of kanji. Even then, if\nyou know what the kanji means, it's only essential for the pronunciation and\nnot the meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-30T01:54:52.967", "id": "6965", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-30T01:54:52.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "6964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "The ruby text doesn't change the meaning of the words in this case, but it's\nstill useful as a reading aid. That is, the reader may expect unusual readings\nbecause of the unusual context (ancient scripture). The ruby text is an\nassurance that you can read in the usual way.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T02:07:08.553", "id": "7002", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T02:07:08.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "128", "parent_id": "6964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There are some significant differences between Kansai-ben and what you see in\ntextbooks, I'm not sure where you would get the idea that the _only_\ndifference was in pitch emphasis. There are some very significant pitch-\ndifferences, but that's not the only change. (Personally, I felt the pitch\nchanges were much easier to notice in Kyoto, but that might have been just me)\n\nProbably the most noticeable aspect of kansai-ben to the new learner is\nswapping copula だ for や.\n\nVolitionals tend to be clipped (many extended おう-sounds actually tend to be\nclipped). The end of words where the vowel sound changes (such as on 形容詞) will\noften be turned into an extension of the first vowel sound in informal\nlanguage. On the other hand, several short words end up being extended, such\nas is shown in the second half of [this\nvideo](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9pyxscra1w) focused on the simple body-\npart words.\n\nThe hyoujungo pauses introduced by small-っ will sometimes be replaced with a\nlong vowel in kansai. This change will also often include a vowel change from\nbefore the っ of い or あ to う or お.\n\nThere is also some vocabulary which is simply unique to the area.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-30T09:09:35.610", "id": "6967", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T02:07:47.970", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-01T02:07:47.970", "last_editor_user_id": "29", "owner_user_id": "29", "parent_id": "6966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "As you have already picked up on, the intonation (change in pitch) of words is\nvastly different.\n\nA common example is the pronunciation of the word 日本.\n\n> Osaka: \n> _Starts high, and pitch lowers_ \n> にほん【HLL】\n>\n> Standard: \n> _Starts low, and pitch raises and then lowers_ \n> にほん【LHL】\n\nHowever this is not the only difference between Kansai-ben and Standard\nJapanese, here are some other differences regarding pronunciation.\n\n * Speakers tend to pronounce the usually silent う at the end of words such as です/ます.\n * There is a tendency to replace the M sound in some words with a B sound. A common example is the word さむい which is pronounced さぶい or even just さぶ。\n * The extended pronunciation of some vowels (長音), is ignored in some cases. A common example is in the volitional form of verbs. どこか行こうか would be pronounced どこか行こか.\n * The copula だ, becomes や, and as such だろう becomes やろう.\n * Words can be vastly different. おもしろい/おもしろくない becomes おもろい/おもない. しんどい is used instead of つかれた. I think even the names of some fish can differ in kansai-ben.\n\nKansai-ben even has it's own keigo forms of verbs, and multiple other verb\nconjugations unique to the region.\n\nAs you can see, Kansai-ben is not just the intonation/pronunciation of words.\nIf someone from Osaka were to speak with standard Japanese intonation, they\nwould sound very much like someone from Osaka.\n\nThis kind of question pops up quite often, maybe it deserves its own community\nwiki page?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T03:58:08.393", "id": "6978", "last_activity_date": "2016-11-24T22:17:59.100", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1608", "parent_id": "6966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "The different pitch accent patterns is easily the most noticeable phonetic\ndifference when you look at the _Kansaiben_ dialects (and it's important to\nmention that this is a group of dialects rather than a single dialect with no\ninternal regional variation), so it's easy to conclude that this is the only\nreal different _in pronunciation_ between standard Japanese and Kansaiben.\n\nIf I understand correctly you are not interested in the many differences in\nvocabulary and grammar between the two dialects, so I'll stick to phonetics\nand phonology.\n\nIn the realm of basic phonology, modern Kansaiben seems to maintain more or\nless the same phoneme distinctions as standard Japanese. It doesn't have (or\nat least I'm not aware of) distinctions that don't exist in standard Japanese\nsuch as distinguishing an extra consonant or vowel sound.\n\nWhen Kansaiben does seem to differ phonologically, it's usually deeper into\nthe territory where these phonological differences may have already morphed\ninto vocabulary differences. Kansaiben has a noted tendency to extend short,\none-mora words (a lot of which are body part names), into two-morae words by\nlengthening the vowels. Oddly enough, these words also may have different\npitch accents depending on the word, so めぇ (目, _eye_ ) has a LH pitch, while\nけぇ (毛, _hair_ ) has an HL pitch and ちぃ (血) blood bears a flat HH pitch. In\nstandard Japanese there are only two possible pitch patterns for these words\nand they can both be properly distinguished only if some particle follows that\nword (because the pitch accent is relative and can only be distinguished when\nhearing the pitch rising or falling).\n\nWhile short-vowels in one-mora words are lengthened, long vowels are sometimes\nshortened (as in the long O-form of verbs) and conversely again, a っ (small-\ntsu) sound is often replaced by lengthening of the previous vowels. But both\nof these changes are not as regular or sweeping as the previous one, and they\nseem to fall more properly into the realms of vocabulary and grammar.\n\nSometimes the boundary between phonology and vocabulary becomes quite murky,\nand this seems to be the case here. Even the lengthening of one-mora words,\nwhich does seem to be sweeping, is probably not an enforced phonological\nconstraint anymore, since practically any young (as in younger than 50 years\nold :)) Kansaiben speaker can easily say these words without lengthening the\nvowel, and in fact most do just that when they speak standard Japanese. This\nis actually a tendency you everywhere in the modernized world, where mass\nmedia and higher mobilization has caused people to be bilingual in both their\ndialect and the standard language. This means that even if your dialect lacks\nsome phoneme that is present in the standard language, when you borrow that\nword into your dialect you're much more likely to keep this phoneme as-is,\nsince you can pronounce it anyway.\n\nBut there is one phonological feature of Kansaiben (besides the accent) which\nis strikingly different from standard Japanese and cannot be attributed to\nvocabulary: _devoicing of vowels_.\n\nI think the [video](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9pyxscra1w) jkerian linked\nmakes this quite apparent: when Tokyo Chicken and Osaka Dog pronounce 箸\n(chopsticks), they don't only differ by the pitch accent they use, but also by\nhow much they elide the last vowel of the word. Tokyo Chicken sometimes\ndiscards the vowel completely (saying [haʃ] instead of [haʃi]), but Osaka Dog\nwill always pronounce it.\n\nIn general, devoicing of the vowels /i/ and /u/, which is so common in\nstandard Japanese, is much more rare in Kansaiben. What's more interesting, is\nthat even if it does occur, it may not necessarily occur in the same places as\nin standard Japanese, since the pitch accent does have [some\ninfluence](http://hasegawa.berkeley.edu/Accent/0099.pdf) on whether a vowel\ngets elided or not. In this case, if Tokyo Chicken would have said 箸 with the\nsame pitch accent as Osaka Dog (or if it just said 橋 or 端 in Tokyo dialect,\nlike it did later), the vowel /i/ would never get devoiced.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-20T14:50:26.883", "id": "8175", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-20T14:50:26.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "153", "parent_id": "6966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "If I'm understanding your question correctly, you are asking about differences\nin phonology between Japanese dialects, except pitch accent and vowel\ndevoicing.\n\nSince you're especially interested in Kansai-ben, one that I can think of is\nthe slight differences in [how /g/ is\npronounced](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Weakening). To\nsummarize it roughly, many eastern speakers have [ŋ] as an allophone of /g/,\nwhile the majority of western speakers do not. However, I don't think that\nthis in isolation is enough to mark a speaker as western (if everything else\nis pronounced in standard Japanese), since some eastern speakers don't use [ŋ]\nas an allophone og /g/ either.\n\nIf we include other dialects than kansai-ben, I can think of a few others:\n\n[Some dialects of Japanese do not base their pronunciation on moraic\nunits](http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=sD-\nMFTUiPYgC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=are+all+japanese+dialects+moraic?&source=bl&ots=hlLhb5yK-C&sig=kNhXo_9UUOnX84w2p02yZqR3ok0&hl=ja&sa=X&ei=PobOUPPWFIiHmQWLv4HgBQ&ved=0CGMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=are%20all%20japanese%20dialects%20moraic%3F&f=false).\nI would assume that if a speaker's dialect doesn't have morae, then even if\npitch, devoicing and everything else was standard Japanese, they would have a\nhard time getting the mora-based rythm right.\n\n[Some Tohoku dialects pronounce し and す etc.\nsimilarly](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80#.E9.9F.B3.E5.A3.B0.E3.83.BB.E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB).\nThe Wikipedia article doesn't go into too much detail, but I would imagine\nthat such speakers would have difficulty pronouncing these as in Standard\nJapanese, even if they got pitch and devoicing right.\n\nThere are probably many subtle differences like this, but hopefully this can\nget you started.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-12-17T03:12:59.370", "id": "9780", "last_activity_date": "2012-12-17T03:12:59.370", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "6966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The only two non-pitch differences of pronuncation I know of are the\npronunciations of う, ん, and the sokuon. The \"u\" sound in Kansai-ben is as in\nEuropean languages and pronounced with rounded lips, not with compressed ones.\nThis also means that lots of devoicing doesn't occur, since \"u\" is now a quite\nstrong sound. Kansai people sometimes even say ～ますうう or ですううう though that is a\nbit of an exaggeration.\n\nKansai-ben is much more moraic than Kanto dialect, so ん and っ really do take\nup one full mora. In Kanto it's more like ん takes up half a mora and the vowel\nbefore it is lengthened to 1.5 moras (i.e. かんじ is like \"ka-an-ji\"). Same with\nthe sokuon (だって is like \"da-at-te, this is _very_ obvious in songs). Kansai-\nben treats them as full moras, and even pitch accent stress can go upon ん.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2013-01-31T03:38:48.667", "id": "11093", "last_activity_date": "2014-07-26T14:32:03.760", "last_edit_date": "2014-07-26T14:32:03.760", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "2960", "parent_id": "6966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "You already had several good answers, so I'll just comment here with a very\nnice table detailing most of the differences between all major Japanese\ndialects:\n\n日本語の方言の比較表:\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%A1%A8#.E4.B9.9D.E5.B7.9E.EF.BC.88.E8.A5.BF.E6.B5.B7.E9.81.93.EF.BC.89>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2017-03-30T16:24:28.347", "id": "45053", "last_activity_date": "2017-03-30T16:24:28.347", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20305", "parent_id": "6966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This isn’t exactly pronunciation, but my friend from Tokyo and I, from\nBritain, were confused about リーヨ, and apparently it is a Kansai dialect for\n-るよ and/or an exclamation like よ.\n\nHope this adds to your knowledge!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2017-12-02T10:48:20.920", "id": "54893", "last_activity_date": "2017-12-02T10:48:20.920", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "26348", "parent_id": "6966", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "「～したど」 is a kidding way of saying 「～したぞ」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-30T17:17:42.033", "id": "6969", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-30T17:17:42.033", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6968", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "While influence from television (from comedians on TV like [濱口\n優](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E5%8F%A3%E5%84%AA)) have popularized\nど〜 into the general public and have made it to be used more jokingly. ど~\nactually is a form of 方言 (seen in some 関西 dialects and other places), as seen\nin [播州弁](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%BC%81) and 紀州弁\nwere ぞ and ど have become mixed.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-30T21:59:11.633", "id": "6974", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-30T22:09:54.510", "last_edit_date": "2012-09-30T22:09:54.510", "last_editor_user_id": "1217", "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "6968", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "[しかり](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/94567/m0u/) also seen as 然り looked\nup in the dictionary means そのようである or そのとおりである. However, I think it has a\nstronger meaning than そのようである, and can often times be translated as \"just\nlike\" or \"exactly like\" in English.\n\n(I'm not sure how those sentences actually are written in the manga, but) I\nwould translate the part シルバーセイント ブロンズセイント しかりだ in English to be \"the silver\nand bronze saints are just like gold saints.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-30T21:44:22.037", "id": "6973", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T21:13:08.020", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-02T21:13:08.020", "last_editor_user_id": "1217", "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "6970", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Adding punctuation, your sentences are as follows:\n\n> [黄金聖闘士]{ゴールドセイント}十二人とはいえまだ幼い者がかなり多い。[白銀聖闘士]{シルバーセイント}、[青銅聖闘士]{ブロンズセイント}しかりだ。\n\n…(も)しかりだ means “so is ….” In your case, the speaker says that most of the\ntwelve Gold Saints are young and immature, and then he/she says “So are Silver\nSaints and Bronze Saints”; in other words, “Also most of the Silver Saints and\nthe Bronze Saints are young and immature.”\n\n(I am not sure why the speaker says とはいえ in the first sentence. Interpreting\nit needs more context, and I will not try it here.)\n\nAs Jesse Good wrote,\n[[然]{しか}り](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E7%84%B6%E3%82%8A&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=1&index=108214800000&pagenum=1)\nmeans そうである. It was originally a verb, and could not be followed by だ, but in\nmodern Japanese the form しかりだ is often used.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-30T22:56:23.123", "id": "6975", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T13:32:16.803", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-01T13:32:16.803", "last_editor_user_id": "15", "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "6970", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "1. Xを歩く has the meaning of walking _along_ X. See [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6874/1628) and [this related question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6869/1628).\n\n 2. のは has exactly the same meaning as when used with a present tense verb. の nominalizes whatever verb precedes it, and は makes this nominalized verb the topic of the sentence...\n\nAs it stands the sentence is incomplete, so the only way is to translate it\nfreely. I would say something like\n\n> (About) How I started to walk on foreign territories...\n\nbut it really depends on the text. A freer translation might fit even better.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-09-30T21:22:53.693", "id": "6972", "last_activity_date": "2012-09-30T21:22:53.693", "last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "6971", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "A non-Japanese name that ends in a consonant is transcribed using the -u\nkanas, and in some cases the -o or the -i. The Japanese language, being\nmoraic, lacks any syllable coda, as you mentioned above. The -u and -i sounds\nare implicitly silent when they come at the end of a word.\n\nSo some examples would be:\n\nErik: エリク \nMike: マイク \nChris: クリス \nAsh: アッシュ \nRobert: ロバート\n\nNotice with the last one-o is used. In general words ending in \"t\" use the\n\"to\" kana.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T01:05:32.313", "id": "6977", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T02:07:12.573", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-01T02:07:12.573", "last_editor_user_id": "1575", "owner_user_id": "1575", "parent_id": "6976", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> コミュニケーションがとれる = to be able to communicate. コミュニケーションをとる = to communicate.\n\nIn my experience, it is used a lot to speak about communication skills. So\nit's more than just being able to be heard and to hear.\n\nYou could say\n\n> そのチームはコミュニケーションがとれている。\n\nabout a team where all members speak a lot to each others.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T05:09:05.950", "id": "6980", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T05:09:05.950", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "6979", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "When you type in the word, many IMEs will also display a side dictionary with\nsupplemental information. On my PC, for 川 is says: （一般的）川が流れる、川を渡る、三途（さんず）の川.\nFor 河, it says: （限定的）（外国の）大きな川。→川.\n\nHence, 川 is general while 河 is limited in usage and typically represents\n(foreign) large rivers. In addition, 河 often refers to the Yellow River (黄河).\n\nThat being the case, do not forget that \"kawa\" is a Japanese word. It existed\nbefore the introduction of kanji to Japan. Chinese has multiple words for\n\"river\". Japanese \"kawa\" does not distinguish between 川 or 河 like Chinese. It\nis the this application of Chinese to express Japanese words that has created\nthis problem.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T13:11:42.040", "id": "6982", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T13:11:42.040", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "6981", "post_type": "answer", "score": 17 } ]

[ { "body": "It's not a lie if you believe it.\n\n> [信]{しん}じれば[嘘]{うそ}じゃない。\n\n[Here](http://asagi-0015.at.webry.info/201010/article_18.html) is an article\nusing the expression (the first result when you Google the above translation).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T13:33:31.630", "id": "6984", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T13:42:19.283", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-01T13:42:19.283", "last_editor_user_id": "1575", "owner_user_id": "1575", "parent_id": "6983", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is the completive particle -tar in attributive form.\n\nThe past suffix -ta, which we are familiar with, is from the suffix tar-. tar-\nconjugates:\n\n * irrealis: -tara\n * adverbial: -tari\n * conclusive: -tari\n * attributive: -taru\n * realis (or hypothetical): -tare\n * imperative: -tare\n\nOther than -naru, modern Japanese does not distinguish between conclusive and\nattributive anymore. But originally conclusive was used to end a sentence. A\nperiod followed it. The attributive was used when a phrase followed after it.\n\nIn this sentence, the noun phrase 木樵りの物語 follows 問われた, so the attributive form\nis necessary. In classical Japanese, this would be 問われたる. If it were 問われたり,\nthe sentence would just end there. The following 木樵りの物語 would be the start of\na new sentence.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T14:58:08.607", "id": "6988", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T02:00:59.387", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-30T02:00:59.387", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "6985", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "When a politician of the political party in power talks to a member of the\nformer Government political party, he/she may say\n「お宅の党の政策のつけが今こちらに周ってきているんですよ。」. It is less polite than saying\n「～さんの党の政策のつけが・・・」. It sounds equal to say 「あなたの党の・・・」 here but 「お宅」 implies\nthat the relationship between the talking person and the second person is not\nclose and rather estranged compared to 「あなた」.\n\nAnother situation would be when a neighbor who you do not know very well asks\nyou, 「お宅の庭の木の実が周辺に散らばっているので片付けてもらえませんか?」. It's less friendly to be told than\n「～さん、木の実が周辺に散らばってるので・・・」. So it implies that the talking person does not\nnecessarily wants to talk to you unless he/she wants to solve the issue. Here\nalso 「あなた」 could be used like 「あなたの庭の木・・」 but the differences are subtle and I\nthink 「あなた」 can give a sense of acknowledging the person while 「お宅」 does not.\nSo I would say in general 「お宅」 (used as the second person) implies\nunfamiliarity towards the second person.\n\nIf a customer is called 「お宅」, it sounds really rude. For example, a waiter at\na restaurant asks the customer an order then says 「お宅、ご注文はお決まりでしょうか？」. It\nshould be 「お客様、ご注文は・・・」. But if an illegal drug dealer says 「お宅、何にするか決まった？」,\nit sounds appropriate.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T19:13:56.933", "id": "6992", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T18:11:52.520", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-03T18:11:52.520", "last_editor_user_id": "86", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6986", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "My 2nd husband and I talking about tv news.the tv news is about couple who are\nterribly fighting.then My 2nd husband says:オタク も同じでしょう(he's pointing my 1st\nhusband.I was DV victim fr.1st husband).\"なぜオタクって言うの？\"I asked.I felt bad.it\nsounds rudeIs it wrong to feel bad? For me オタクis using when the person u\ntalking with is not so close to u or he doesn't like you.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T17:33:02.090", "id": "98191", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T17:33:02.090", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55500", "parent_id": "6986", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "`平行` can mean the same thing as `並行` in the second sense (物事が同時に行われる), so it\ndoes not encompass `並行` completely. For example, `電車と並行して走る` should not use\n`平行` (although don't be surprised if you see the two mixed up). However, just\nlook at the characters, the 並 of 並行 can be seen in words like 並ぶ while the 平\nof 平行 can be seen in words like 平面. So, in general, 平行 is primarily used in\nthe mathematical sense while 並行 is used to just mean \"do two things at once\"\nor \"line up and proceed together\" like in `英語とフランス語を並行して勉強する` . Also, notice\nthat parallel in the computing sense is 並列, not 並行, which would be concurrent\ncomputing.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T20:51:50.190", "id": "6996", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T20:51:50.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "6987", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Although I can imagine that オタク people may sometimes call themselves オタク\nproudly among themselves, I think that calling someone オタク is usually\nderogatory. The word has negative connotations such as “narrow interest,” “not\ncaring about anything except for a specific topic,” and “not sociable.” See\nalso\n[Daijisen](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%81%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F&stype=1&dtype=0&dname=0na),\nsense [1]-5 and its remark.\n\nAs I understand it, the word _nerd_ in English has roughly the same nuance.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T16:39:59.750", "id": "6990", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T16:50:19.673", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-01T16:50:19.673", "last_editor_user_id": "15", "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "6989", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I think it depends on the person who gets offended by being called so.\n\nAccording to 日本語俗語辞書 ( <http://zokugo-dict.com/05o/otaku.htm> ),\n\n> オタクとは、特定の分野に関して強い興味を抱き、関連するものを収集したり、詳しく知ることに時間を費やす人のこと。【年代】 1989年\n\nTo translate it, 「オタク」 means a person who has an strong interest on a\nparticular field and spend more time for knowing the subject or collecting the\nrelated goods.\n\nIn my opinion, 「オタク」 used to have a negative connotation. It meant \"nerd\"\nexcept that the person's expertise doesn't have to be computers but often\nAnime, Manga, video games, or anything subculture. The term often implied\nsocial impairment of the person.\n\nThe origin of the word is not clear even for Japanese. It is said that when\notaku people talked each other, they used 「お宅」 to refer to the second person\ninstead of saying \"you\". Or they are kind of people who barely goes out but\nstays home. (「宅」 means home.) Or a columnist, 中森明夫, used it for the first time\nin a Manga magazine called, 漫画ブリッコ in 1983 (\n<http://www.nikkoku.net/tomonokai/toukou_card.html?snum=148>).\n\nAbout for this decade I would say, it has been used more openly to describe\nthe person's characteristics which is maniac/specialized on a particular field\nwith a positive connotation. But the term still suggests that the person is\nbeing obsessed about something and not normal/crazy/ill and less social so it\nmay offend somebody who want to be considered normal.\n\n「秋葉系」「キモオタ」 should be the alternative words for pre-オタク. The link describes\nthe typical 「秋葉系」 although it is exaggerating to make it funny for a TV show.\n<http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2130699281942633401>", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T17:09:14.013", "id": "6991", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T17:09:14.013", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6989", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this may be the normal use of か inside the sentence, where it then\nrepresents \"set of answers to that question\" (better explained here:\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/question>, section \"「か」 used in\nrelative clauses\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T19:27:53.840", "id": "6994", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T10:20:45.557", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-02T10:20:45.557", "last_editor_user_id": "1127", "owner_user_id": "1127", "parent_id": "6993", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It's very common to say\n「[~するかだ](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&output=search&sclient=psy-\nab&q=%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%E3%81%A8%E3%82%89%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8B&btnG=&oq=&gs_l=&pbx=1#hl=en&sclient=psy-\nab&q=%22%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%2a%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%22&oq=%22%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%2a%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%22&gs_l=serp.3...10382.10382.2.10614.1.1.0.0.0.0.193.193.0j1.1.0.les%3B..0.0...1c.r-Nxexa2rc0&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=b92cd99b35127bef&biw=1138&bih=579)」.\nIt would be easier for you to get the meaning by inserting 「が重要/問題」 after `か`.\n\n> 隅の黒一子が次にアタリですが、ここをどう考えるかです\n\n隅の黒一子が次にアタリですが、ここをどう考えるか`が重要/問題`です\n\nThe translation would be like \"Regarding the black piece in the corner which\nbecomes Atari in the next move, it is important how you think here.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T19:43:37.253", "id": "6995", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-01T19:43:37.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6993", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "You know that you can use \"koto\" or \"no\" or \"mono\" to nominalize a\nproposition, don't you? Well, you can with \"ka\" as well, when the proposition\nis a question, direct or indirect.\n\nFor example:\n\n 1. いつ行くか教えてください. \"Tell me when you leave.\" (Which is nothing else than \"Xを教えてください\" but where you drop the を because of か.)\n 2. ポイントは、いつ行くかです。\"The point is when you leave.\" (Which is nothing else than \"XはYです\".)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T02:42:38.073", "id": "7004", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T02:42:38.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "356", "parent_id": "6993", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> 手裏剣をよけざま\n\n「よけ」 should be 避ける（avoid/dodge）. 「～しざま」 means \"while / the moment / at the\nsame time\". It can be rephrased like 「～する際」 「～しながら」. So the sentence appears\nto be \"he did something while he dodged the shuriken\". It needs more context\nto be accurate.\n\n**さま2 【様・▽方】**\n\n> ［2］ 現代では普通「ざま」の形をとる。動詞連用形に付く。 \n> （イ） …する瞬間、…すると同時の意を表す。 \n> 「すれ違い―」 \n> 「振り向き―」\n\nsource: [大辞林 提供： 三省堂](http://www.excite.co.jp/world/j_dictionary/ITEM-\nDJR_sama_-010/%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE%E6%A7%98%E3%83%BB%E6%96%B9/beginswith/%E6%A7%98/?itemid=DJR_sama_-010&title=%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE%E6%A7%98%E3%83%BB%E6%96%B9)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-01T23:47:28.460", "id": "6998", "last_activity_date": "2016-03-04T19:57:09.403", "last_edit_date": "2016-03-04T19:57:09.403", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "6997", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "> 速く走れば早く着くよ。 You can arrive earlier if you run faster.\n\n速い is clearly more related with speed than time , 早い ’s point is its position\non the time frame.\n\nalthough 早く demands you some quickness, it is because speed is the way to\nachieve earlier result.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T01:01:42.907", "id": "7000", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T01:01:42.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1762", "parent_id": "6999", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "> If the answer is \"by context\", if possible please give examples of contexts\n> where one or the other is the case.\n\nWell, isn't it obvious? You want to do a distinction in English, so just find\ncontexts in English, and that will be it!\n\n 1. Quickly: If you say \"the last train will leave in 5 minutes, and I'm three blocks away from the station. When should I leave?\" (Although, I'd use a real \"quickly\" adverb, like 急いで)\n\n 2. Early: If you say \"my plane leaves tomorrow at 7am. When should I take the train?\"\n\n 3. Soon: If you say \"Aeroplane tickets for Japan are cheap now. When should I go to Japan?\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T02:32:53.010", "id": "7003", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T02:32:53.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "356", "parent_id": "6999", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "は is the topic particle and can be used in combination with a variety of\nparticles. When combined with the subject particle が or the object particle を,\nは usually _replaces_ が or を. With all other particles, it _goes after_ the\nparticle. (In fact, を＋は may also turn into をば, see Dono's comment.) In your\nexample sentence, it makes ゴルフ大会へ \"to the golf tournament\" the topic of the\nsentence.\n\nA similar sentence would be\n\n> 今週末のゴルフ大会には行くんですか。\n\nand the difference between this and your sentence is just the difference\nbetween に and へ.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T06:06:52.267", "id": "7006", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T11:16:12.393", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-02T11:16:12.393", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "7005", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "One definition of は is as the \"topic marker particle.\" In some instances, you\ncan better understand the meaning by (clumsily) translating it as \"as for.\" So\nin this instance one could translate the sentence as follows:\n\n> ところで、今週末のゴルフ大会へは行くんですか。\n>\n> By the way, as for this weekend's golf tournament, are you going ?\n\nWhich would be translated in \"natural\" English as:\n\n> \"By the way, are you going to the golf tournament this weekend?\n\nIn spoken conversation, one could expect to hear this sentence without the は,\nas follows:\n\n> ところで、今週末のゴルフ大会へ行くんですか。\n\nThis would be less formal, and one could even drop the へ to make it more\ncasual:\n\n> ところで、今週末のゴルフ大会行くんですか。\n\nSo the first example would be the most grammatically correct, as well as the\nmost polite and formal.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T15:36:47.233", "id": "7011", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T22:42:19.143", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "7005", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think they seem related.\n\nA tall man is a strong/healthy man. A really tall man is someone who is\nwell/alright (i.e. without any problems).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T11:46:09.310", "id": "7008", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T11:46:09.310", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "7007", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "A summary of the [gogen-allguide](http://gogen-allguide.com/ta/daijyoubu.html)\nreference for 大丈夫:\n\n丈 refers to a measure of height; about 3m by the 尺貫法{しゃっかんほう} system\n(traditional Japanese standard) but less in older Chinese measures. One 丈\nreferred to the height of a man.\n\n夫 here means 'man', so when these words were imported from China, 丈夫 meant a\nfully grown man and 大丈夫 was a great/splendid man. From there 大丈夫 started to be\nused to mean \"exceptionally strong\", \"exceptionally reliable\", \"exceptionally\nhealthy\", and from there the other meanings developed.\n\n(大丈夫/丈夫 do not mean the same things in Chinese).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T18:52:11.740", "id": "7012", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-02T18:52:11.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "571", "parent_id": "7007", "post_type": "answer", "score": 14 }, { "body": "I would like to share a more cultural ideology of the meaning.\n\nIn Chinese `大` means big.\n\n`丈夫` means husband in a more traditional way (think ancient Chinese dynasty).\nThere are other traditional ways to call a husband such as `相公` and `夫官` (I\nheard this one from the empress of the founding emperor of Han dynasty in a\ndrama).\n\nA more modern and commonly used word for husband in Chinese is `老公`, which can\nbe heard in modern Chinese TV shows.\n\nAnyhow, a common saying in the Chinese language and traditional culture (that\nstill lingers somewhat) is:\n\n> A real man sheds blood, not tears.\n\nOr, in Chinese:\n\n> 男人 大丈夫 流血 不 流泪。\n\nPicture an ancient military commander sustaining sword and spear injuries and\nstill standing strong instead of crying like a sissy. That male then is seen\nas a \"real man\".\n\nI suppose, and I don't like this China \"big man\" attitude, but back then,\nChina was a male-dominated society, so men in those times liked to think of\nthemselves as superior to women and that women were their possessions. It's\nprobably due to this mindset that men like to address themselves as 'big' or\n'great' or 'important', hence 'big husband' or `大丈夫`.\n\nSome arrogant men might call themselves `本大爺` which can loosely be translated\nto 'big lord me' as in 'Big lord me don't have to pay after eating (at a\nrestaurant)'. Notice how `大` is used to exaggerate one's importance. The\nequivalent of this in Japanese might be `俺様` (ore-sama).\n\nMen are culturally seen as the owner/master/leader of a family, and they like\nto be seen as that because a leader is usually recognised as the alpha male,\nas in a pack of wolves or a pride of lions.\n\nIf a man, as the lord/master/leader of a family, cries when he gets hurt a\nlittle, he is seen as a sissy or a weakling.\n\nThis might be why during the introduction of Han dynasty characters or\nHanji/Kanji, Japanese used the phrase:\n\n> Are you a big husband? (大丈夫 ですか？)\n\nTo mean 'are you okay?' because (as explained above) if you are a big husband,\na real man, who doesn't cry when he gets hurt, then you are okay, hence `大丈夫\nです` or 'I am a big husband therefore I am okay'.\n\nThat is my own personal interpretation of `大丈夫` as someone who is Chinese\nlearning Japanese. This phrase clicked for me once I saw the kanji as I was\nlearning Japanese and kept wondering what the heck 'dai jou bu' meant.\n\nOne last interesting point I want to say is, the Cantonese pronunciation of\n`大丈夫` is 'dai jeung fu' which sounds almost the same as 'dai jou bu' (part of\nalso the reason it clicked for me).\n\nHope that helps.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2016-01-27T15:56:58.813", "id": "30770", "last_activity_date": "2017-10-30T20:47:01.203", "last_edit_date": "2017-10-30T20:47:01.203", "last_editor_user_id": "3871", "owner_user_id": "10803", "parent_id": "7007", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "<https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/30770/55037> Picture an ancient military\ncommander sustaining sword and spear injuries and still standing strong\ninstead of crying like a sissy. That male then is seen as a \"real man\".\n\nThis is a \"wonderful\" answer.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-23T10:05:20.297", "id": "97341", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-23T10:05:20.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55037", "parent_id": "7007", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, what you've learned is correct. The first ten days \"always\" (that is,\nI've never found otherwise) use the kun readings, except for `一日` as you noted\nwith `一日目`. Also, for \"later/after\", the pronunciation is `ご`, not `あと`.\n\n> * 今日は誕生日の四日前（よっかまえ）です。 → Today is 4 days before my birthday.\n> * 九日間（ここのかかん）かかった台風 → A typhoon that lasted for 9 days\n> * クリスマスの六日後（むいかご）は大【おお】晦【みそ】日【か】です。 → 6 days after Christmas is New Year's\n> Eve (Ōmisoka). / The 6th day after Christmas is New Year's Eve.\n>", "comment_count": 14, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-02T14:36:14.403", "id": "7010", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T02:55:59.633", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-03T02:55:59.633", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "7009", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "According to an entry for the word usage in a Japanese dictionary:\n\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/134173/m0u/>\n\nyou could in principle use 「大の」 a bit more liberally to put a larger emphasis\non something.\n\nI agree that the usage of 「大の」 seems to be somewhat limited to a certain set\nof words like 好物, 親友, 仲良し, or idiomatic cases like\n\n> 大の大人がいつまでもアニメなんて観てるんじゃないの\n\n(Roughly translates to \"an adult at your age should not be watching anime any\nmore.\")\n\nYou can also find cases where the usage might not be so prevalent yet still\nseems natural, such as 大のおしどり夫婦 and 大のスポーツファン (both of which to me sound\nokay). But in other cases they just sound awkward to my ears, like 大の先輩、大の女優,\netc. Although if it were put this way:\n\n> あなたみたいな大の女優がマリファナなんて吸ってるんじゃないの。せめてコカインにしなさい。\n\n(An actress of your stature should not be smoking weed. Go for crack at\nleast.) then it actually does sound natural to me, likely because this case\nfollows the idiomatic pattern that I quoted above for 大の大人. So, if you dig\ndeeper, there might be a way to understand a rule or two about why one sounds\nokay but others feel awkward, but asking グーグル先生 didn't yield anything useful\nfor me to understand this better.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-19T17:43:34.957", "id": "8167", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T17:43:34.957", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1692", "parent_id": "7013", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I've never heard of よんじゅうよっか, ひゃくはつかかん, or にせんさんびゃくななじゅうよっかかん. Sounds very\nfunny to me though. So my answer is we don't say it. This might be of your\ninterest: <http://q.hatena.ne.jp/1185325505>", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T04:28:31.517", "id": "7020", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T04:28:31.517", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "7014", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 }, { "body": "We actually asked my teachers this question (all native speakers, PhD'd\nprofessional language teachers) , and they had to confer.\n\nThey concluded that if you were counting days in the year (like some business\ncalenders do), day 364 would have been さんびゃくろくじゅうよっか.\n\nNote that this example is still basically \"a date\" ('calender-speak', as you\nsaid), so I'm not sure about your examples that specify time periods, and I\nwas taught that these variants were limited to dates. I can't speak\nauthoritatively, but I would use にち for every one of your example sentences.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T02:57:32.420", "id": "7034", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-09T06:26:52.010", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-09T06:26:52.010", "last_editor_user_id": "29", "owner_user_id": "29", "parent_id": "7014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "血 means blood. しょんべん means pee. So it should be 血尿 meaning bloody urine. I\ncannot think of other meanings.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T04:07:15.020", "id": "7018", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T04:07:15.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "7016", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "After reading through pages on Google that use this expression I'm fairly\ncertain that 血のションベン is used to mean \"peeing blood\". In context it means\nsomething like, \"working so hard that you are peeing blood/your urine is\nbloody\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T17:44:44.470", "id": "7031", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T17:44:44.470", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "86", "parent_id": "7016", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> あれから１０数年\n\nIt means ~~10 plus several years passed. like 14 to 17 years.~~ 10 to 19 years\npassed. (corrected)\n\n> あれから１０年後\n\nIt means exactly 10 years later.\n\n**すう‐ねん【数年】**\n\n> 2、3か5、6ぐらいの年数。\n\nsource:\n[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/117110/m0u/%E6%95%B0%E5%B9%B4/)\n\n**じゅう‐すう〔ジフ‐〕【十数】**\n\n> ［語素］単位を表す語の上に付いたり、助数詞を伴ったりして、それが10以上20未満であることを表す。「―メートル」「―人」\n\nsource:\n[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/103965/m0u/%E5%8D%81%E6%95%B0/)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T04:16:46.397", "id": "7019", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-04T02:54:43.543", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-04T02:54:43.543", "last_editor_user_id": "1720", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "7017", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "It's less transparent in the example given, but there's a pretty good\nequivalent in similar expressions like: 二十数年 which in English would be, \"20\nsome years\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T06:03:44.797", "id": "7023", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T06:03:44.797", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1769", "parent_id": "7017", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "数 in 十数 means that it is an unspecified number. That is, 十数 is 1X, where X is\nan unspecified digit. It is usually assumed that X is at least two and not too\nlarge; 19 would be probably too large to refer to as 十数.\n\nThis usage is not limited to 十数; the same usage can be seen in other\nunspecified numbers such as 数, 数十, 二十数, 三百数十, and so on. In most cases, using\nan unspecified number without a counter word would be incorrect or at least\nunnatural.\n\nAlthough some people write 十数 as 10数, other people (including me) consider\nthat the notation 10数 is wrong because recovering an actual digit (say, 3) in\nplace of the letter 数 would make it something like 103, which is different\nfrom the intent.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T14:27:13.683", "id": "7041", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-04T14:27:13.683", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "7017", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are several words with a series of kanji like this. There is usually a\ncommon kanji used for the basic verb, in this case のぼる which is usually 登る.\n\nThe others becomes more clear in kanji compounds. When using jisho.org, search\nfor kanji details, then click on \"words containing\" and look for what sorts of\ncompounds the particular kanji is used in.\n\nSome examples:\n\n * 昇進 {しょうしん} = promotion. Common word, Noun, Suru-verb, No-adjective \n\n * 昇格 {しょうかく} = raising of status. Common word, Noun, Suru-verb, No-adjective \n\n * 登山 {とざん} = mountain climbing. Common word, Noun, Suru-verb \n\n * 登校 {とうこう} = attendance (at school); going to school. Common word, Noun, Suru-verb \n\n * 上り {のぼり} = 1: ascent; climbing; ascending (path); climb; 2: up-train (e.g. going to Tokyo); 3: northward (towards Tokyo)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T06:01:23.317", "id": "7022", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T20:11:56.177", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-03T20:11:56.177", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1769", "parent_id": "7021", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "They do have differences in usage. I've gathered a few examples that, I hope,\ndifferentiate the meanings. First, I'll try to put them in English:\n\n * 上る Go up\n * 登る Climb\n * 昇る Ascend / rise\n\nBut I don't know how helpful that is. Certainly there isn't a one-to-one\nmapping between those English words and those ways of writing のぼる. I think\nyou'll get a better sense of what each one means if you look at how they're\nused:\n\n## 上る Go up\n\n * 川{かわ}を[上]{のぼ}る go up the river\n * 階段{かいだん}を[上]{のぼ}る go up the stairs\n\n## 登る Climb\n\n * 山{やま}に[登]{のぼ}る climb a mountain\n * ロープで[登]{のぼ}る climb a rope\n * 木{き}に[登]{のぼ}る climb a tree\n\n## 昇る Ascend, rise\n\n * 日{ひ}が[昇]{のぼ}る the sun rises\n * 天{てん}に[昇]{のぼ}る rise into heaven\n\nFor more examples, see the following links:\n\n * [Entry for のぼる in the New Century Waei Jiten](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BC%E3%82%8B&stype=0&dtype=3&dname=2ss)\n * [Entry for のぼる in the Progressive Waei Chū Jiten](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BC%E3%82%8B&stype=0&dtype=3)\n * [登る、昇る、上る at kanpyo.net](http://www.kanpyo.net/xwords+entry.entryID+4438+categoryID+2.htm)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T06:13:06.673", "id": "7024", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T12:37:50.877", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-03T12:37:50.877", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "7021", "post_type": "answer", "score": 20 } ]

[ { "body": "The scope of だけ is different depending on where you put it.\n\n * このぬいぐるみを((日本だけ)で)手に入れます。- \"You can get this plush toy in (only Japan)\"\n * このぬいぐるみを((日本で)だけ)手に入れます。- \"You can get this plush toy ((in Japan) only)\"\n\nHere it does not seem to show a big difference.\n\nTranslating from [this source](http://jp.hjenglish.com/new/p12886/):\n\n> ~だけで is typically used to mean \"just this method/location/person will be\n> necessary to accomplish this task\" \n> While ~でだけ means \"only by ~, and no other method, will the task be\n> accomplished\" For example,\n>\n\n>> その仕事は二人だけでできます - This job only requires 2 persons. (It doesn't need any\nmore people)\n\n>>\n\n>> その仕事は二人でだけできます - This job only requires 2 persons. (No more, no less)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T15:14:47.320", "id": "7027", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-03T16:15:20.350", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-03T16:15:20.350", "last_editor_user_id": "706", "owner_user_id": "542", "parent_id": "7026", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "「金」 in 「引{ひ}き金{がね}」 does not represent \"money\" but \"metal\". \"Metal\" is\ntranslated as 「金属{きんぞく}」 and \"metal fittings\" are translated as 「金具{かなぐ}」.\n「引き金」 is the part of a gun that is made of metal and is for triggering the gun\nto fire. In English, \"trigger\" also means the part of a gun as a noun, and \"to\ncause something\" as a verb.\n\nReferences:\n\n**かな‐ぐ【金具】**\n\n> 器物・器具に取り付ける金属製の小さな部品や細工物。鐶(かん)・錠・引き手の類。\n\nsource: デジタル大辞泉\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/43429/m0u/%E9%87%91%E5%85%B7/>\n\n金属 <http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/je/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E/m0u/>\n\nWord origin for 金: <http://gogen-allguide.com/ka/kane.html>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T17:25:21.433", "id": "7029", "last_activity_date": "2014-06-17T00:43:29.947", "last_edit_date": "2014-06-17T00:43:29.947", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "7028", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "μ as a character (記号) would be pronounced ミュー. But when used as a measurement\nI would agree with @Teno's findings that it will be pronounced マイクロ, based off\nof [the link he\nprovided](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D%E7%B3%BB).\n\nIf you take a look at the Wikipedia page for 秒 you'll find that they write out\nマイクロ秒 on the page (though not in direct relation to μ秒),\n[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/秒](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%92).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-03T19:03:46.670", "id": "7032", "last_activity_date": "2015-12-03T01:45:42.977", "last_edit_date": "2015-12-03T01:45:42.977", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "86", "parent_id": "7030", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "I think all lies in \"は\" which makes \"決めましょう\" less relevant, if not invalid.\nInstead of \"depending on\", you should rather understand \"As a result of\".\n\n> Indeed. As a result of the course of the typhoon, it may be a holiday.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T08:15:33.487", "id": "7037", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-04T08:15:33.487", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "356", "parent_id": "7035", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "I'll make an answer (not a comment) but this is really just my take on it, not\nfrom any academic source/textbook.\n\nI think I may have answered 決めましょう as well, but I think this may be an\ninstances where English has hacked our brain. It sounds like we're trying to\nsay \"Let's decided (what do do) depending on the course of the typhoon\", but\nwhat we're really saying is \"Depending on the course of the typhoon we _may or\nmay not_ make a decision on whether or not to cancel the seminar.\"\n\nIn other words, we are (or just the teacher is) going to have to make a\ndecision regardless of the path of the typhoon, and in English using \"decide\"\nin this context means \"decide to cancel the seminar\", in the Japanese it means\ncloser to \"make a decision on whether or not to cancel the seminar\"...it\ndoesn't make sense because they have to make that decision no matter what the\noutcome.\n\nI hope this makes sense to people who are not in my brain. If anyone has\nanything to add or correct to this, please do so! :)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T13:05:10.650", "id": "7040", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-04T13:05:10.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "921", "parent_id": "7035", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "As @Axioplase mentioned, the correct answer is A because of the `は`.\n`〜いかんによって` does indeed mean \"depending on 〜\", as does `〜いかんによっては`. However,\nusing the former kind of speaks on the whole of the multiple possibilities,\nusually indicating **that** there is a difference; whereas the latter\nenumerates and focuses on just _one_ of the possibilities. Also note that with\nthe latter, there is usually an implied \"maybe\" or \"might\" when translated\ninto English that isn't explicit in the Japanese (as others have mentioned).\n\nHere are some examples:\n\n### 〜いかんによって\n\n> * 台風のコースいかんによって市町村の風速や雨量が異なる。 → Depending on the course of the typhoon,\n> the amount of rain and wind speed of the different cities will vary.\n> * 所属する党派いかんによって人々が大統領の政策に対しての意見が違うでしょう。 → Depending on which political\n> party they belong to, the people's opinions of the president's policy will\n> probably differ.\n> * 台風のコースいかんによって企業と施設が開いたり閉まったりする。 → Depending on the course of the\n> typhoon, whether it's open or closed will depend on each business or\n> facility (\"businesses and facilities will be open or closed\").\n>\n\n### 〜いかんによっては\n\n> * 台風のコースいかんによっては明日のゼミは休講です。 → Depending on the course of the typhoon,\n> tomorrow's seminar might be cancelled. (One possibility of what may happen\n> with the seminar).\n> * 所属する党派いかんによっては上司が大統領の政策に同意する。 → Depending on / Because of her political\n> affiliation, my boss might agree with the president's policy (One\n> possibility of my boss' opinion).\n> * 台風のコースいかんによっては地元の風速が50メートルにも達する。 → Depending on the course of the\n> typhoon, local wind speeds may get up to 50 kmh. (One possibility of the\n> local wind speeds).\n>\n\nIt took me forever to understand this difference, but when I did, it gave me a\nwhole new appreciation for, and outlook on `は.`", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T15:29:26.353", "id": "7042", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-04T15:29:26.353", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "7035", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "According to 新完全マスター 文法 N3:\n\n> によって：means to change state or behaviour depending on something or according\n> to something. It expresses variety and is often used with さまざまだ and かえる.\n>\n> によっては：pinpoints one outcome from a range of possible outcomes\n\nFor the sentence:\n\nそうですね。 台風{たいふう} のコースいかんによっては_________\n\nA: 休{やす}みです。 B: 決{き}めましょう。\n\nA pinpoints one outcome, B does not.\n\n**Note on いかん／いかんによって**\n\nI've got to the correct answer using N3 grammar but I should not really ignore\nいかん. It means \"what\" or \"how\" so in the above sentence I would say the\nexpression equates to \"depending on what [course]\". The impact of adding は to\nいかんによって is the same as if added によって.\n\nAn alternative way to look at this is to consider いかんによって as one expression,\nequivalent to いかんで, which approximates to \"in accordance with/is contingent\nupon\".\n\nThe impact of adding は is the same as the difference between いかんで and いかんでは,\nwhich is perhaps easier to workout intuitively.\n\n_References: 新完全マスター文法N3, 日本語表現文型辞典_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-05T01:11:08.140", "id": "7046", "last_activity_date": "2018-05-29T05:25:01.403", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "7035", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I see it all the time, e.g. when\n\n * people are reading (on the train for example) and they are looking closer at a character, which seems unfamiliar to them. While examining the character, they (sometimes unconsciously) draw the character on their hand.\n\n * people are talking and their conversation partner doesn't know which homophone the speaker means. The explanation is usually verbal (季刊 > \"季節のキに刊行のカン\"), but often accompanied by (again mostly unconscious) drawing the character on their hand.\n\n * people are trying to remember a character which has escaped their memory. Before writing it on the page, the character is written several times on their hand to get into the flow.\n\nI would agree that I don't see it as much on young people. (Their kinetic\nmemory may be more related to the input system of the iPhone.) In general, in\nschool the character is taught by repeated writing, though, and most people\nare able to recall a character when they start writing it (and that includes\nwriting it with their finger on their hand).\n\nCommunicating kanji in speech is usually done verbally. The order of the\nfrequency by which this happens, I judge to be as follows:\n\n 1. Picking apart the compound and using its parts in different compounds. (Which I found the least useful as a learner.)\n\n 2. Description by radicals. (Very useful when you remember all the radicals. But then, the Japanese usually don't distinguish between the ウかんむり and the ワかんむり.)\n\n 3. Written on paper.\n\n 4. Written in the air, at least A3 size.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T09:27:38.417", "id": "7039", "last_activity_date": "2013-01-11T08:50:43.937", "last_edit_date": "2013-01-11T08:50:43.937", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "7038", "post_type": "answer", "score": 19 }, { "body": "There's another time I see Japanese write kanji on air: when they say someone\nname, and want the other person to write it down, but the other person doesn't\nknow which kanji is used in the name, they write it on the air, and the other\nnods \"I got it.\" .", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2018-07-04T06:20:58.710", "id": "59869", "last_activity_date": "2018-07-04T06:20:58.710", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30495", "parent_id": "7038", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The counter is [人前]{にんまえ} and is usually used for 寿司, 餃子, 甘酒, 蕎麦 or other\n(usually Japanese) foods. It corresponds to the concept of a \"serving\", which\nis served in front of the customer, whence 人前.\n\nIt is counted using the Chinese-based numbers, i.e. いちにんまえ, ににんまえ, さんにんまえ,\netc.\n\nEDIT: I checked with a chef and recipe book author about the use of 人前 vs. 人分.\nThe counter 人前 is supposed to be used only for prepared (料理された) food, or, by\nextension, for food (like 甘酒, for example), which is sold in near servable\nstate. (甘酒 is usually sold in concentrated \"ready to serve\" form and only\nneeds to be diluted with water. A 10人前 pack of 甘酒 is thus a pack of 10\nservings, after dilution.)\n\nAs Teno points out, 人分 is a related concept and refers to the quantity of food\n(ingredients). 人前 would thus be used in menus; 人分 is the preferred choice for\nrecipes.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T23:31:08.887", "id": "7044", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-08T20:39:59.480", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-08T20:39:59.480", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "7043", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "「~人前」 can be rephrased 「～人分」 meaning, \"for _n_ people/person\", where n is a\nnumber.\n\n**まえ〔まへ〕【前】**\n\n> ［接尾］ １ 名詞や動詞の連用形などに付いて、それに相当する分量や部分などを表す。「五人―」「分け―」\n\nsource: 大辞泉\n[http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%81%BE%E3%81%88&stype=0&dtype=0](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%81%BE%E3%81%88&stype=0&dtype=0)\n\n**人前」を含む例文一覧**\n\n> 10人前の食事. a dinner of 10 covers - 研究社 新英和中辞典\n>\n> 食事二人前 dinner for two - 斎藤和英大辞典\n>\n> 三人前の食器 covers for three - 斎藤和英大辞典\n\nsource: weblio <http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E4%BA%BA%E5%89%8D>", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-04T23:40:22.130", "id": "7045", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-04T23:40:22.130", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1720", "parent_id": "7043", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "沙 and 砂 are almost the same, though 砂 is used to describe bigger 沙. 砂石's 砂 is\nquite different from 沙漠's 沙. However, today most of people consider 砂 as 沙.\nYou can use them in the same way.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-06T10:23:52.903", "id": "7053", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-06T10:23:52.903", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1716", "parent_id": "7047", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The difference is purely syntactic, in my opinion. べからざる is the attributive\nform (連体形) of べからず, so one expects a noun after it; but in the sentence you\nhave given, the blank calls for a predicate, so for _syntactic_ reasons, the\nonly viable choices are べき (but べきだ or べし, strictly speaking) and べからず.\nSemantics rules out べき, so the only possible answer is べからず.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-05T06:38:01.917", "id": "7049", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-06T22:43:42.550", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-06T22:43:42.550", "last_editor_user_id": "578", "owner_user_id": "578", "parent_id": "7048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "**SUMMARY**\n\nOptions 3 & 4 both mean \"must not\" because they are both variations on べきではない\ntested at JPLT N1 (in fact べからざる is a variation on べからず (see on)). The trick\nis to understand which best fits the context of the sentence when we apply\n\"usual\" JLPT level N1 definitions but even if we do not fully understand the\ncontext we can still get the question right if we know the grammatical rules\n(接続の仕方).\n\n**TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS**\n\n**べからず** is used for injunctions (ie prohibitions such as \"Do not..\") and is\nan old written form not generally used but sometimes written on bulletin\nboard/notices. As a result it is quite likely to appear in a quotation. eg:\n\n> (公演で）「芝生に入るべからず」｜([Notice] at the park) \"Keep off the grass\"\n\n**べからざる** is the form of **べからず** that modifies nouns ie **VるべからざるN**. eg:\n\n> 彼は我がチームには欠くべからざる選手である。｜Mr A is (an) indispensable (player) on the team.\n\n_(And, just for the sake of completeness, べき is the form of べく that modifies\nnouns ie VるべきN.]_\n\n* * *\n\n**APPLICATION (COMPREHENSIVE ANSWER)**\n\nIf we apply these principles to the question:\n\n> A：「噂にまどわされる＿＿＿＿＿、とは言うものの・・・。」\n>\n> B：「つい、信じちゃうよね。」\n>\n> 1.べく 2.べき 3.べからざる 4. べからず\n\n_Step 1_ : Read and (try to*) understand the context of the passage to\neliminate the obvious incorrect answers:\n\nA: \"Although it says **___** be distracted by the rumours,....\"\n\nB: \"I just took them as face value, didn't I.\"\n\nThe gap is most likely to be filled by a prohibition (ie an injunction such as\n\"Do not...\") rather than a command (\"Do....\"). This eliminates options 1 & 2\\.\n\n_Step 2:_ Look at next option: 3. べからず is used for injunctions and this is a\nquotation so without looking at 4 we know this is a good candidate for the\ncorrect answer.\n\n_Step 3:_ Option 3 is confirmed as correct by looking at the remaining option:\n4 べからざる is just a variation on 3. べからず which is used to modify nouns\n(VるべからざるN). Although it literally means the same as 3 grammatically it does\nnot fit as well / at JLPT level N1.\n\n*Note: I am sure somebody can improve on my translation but it is good enough for the question! \n\n**References** : The references I used to write this answer were _日本語表現文型辞典 ＆\n総まとめ 文法N1_ but once you've done enough questions you can intuitively \"guess\"\nthe right answer just using step one (that's what I did here and last July).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-05T14:17:38.113", "id": "7050", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-07T17:12:08.037", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-07T17:12:08.037", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "7048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "…を幸せにする means “to make … happy.” させる is the causative form of する. Therefore:\n\n> AがBを幸せにする: A makes B happy. \n> XがAにBを幸せにさせる: X makes A make B happy.\n\nHowever, some people may confuse these two and say 幸せにさせる when they mean\n幸せにする.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-06T02:23:50.203", "id": "7052", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-06T02:23:50.203", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "7051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "The correct one is 幸せにする, because する is usually the causative form of なる/である.\n\nBut it seems that when the object is a person, させる is often used instead of する\nas a light verb.\n\n```\n\n うれしくさせたい\n つらい思いをさせないで\n 幸せな気持ちにさせる\n \n```\n\nする, なる, である, etc. are used in the active sense.\n\n```\n\n 好きにしろ\n つらい思いをする\n 幸せな気持ちになりたい\n \n```\n\nSo it is understandable that some people may say 幸せにさせる unconsciously.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-04-03T12:33:10.810", "id": "23579", "last_activity_date": "2015-04-03T12:52:39.773", "last_edit_date": "2015-04-03T12:52:39.773", "last_editor_user_id": "4833", "owner_user_id": "4833", "parent_id": "7051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I just wanna give a little tip: there is this site I use when I wanna look up\nfor direct translations: <http://eow.alc.co.jp>\n\nYou type what you wanna know in the search bar and then a bunch of example\nsentences will show. For example, if you type \"remind\", some sentences written\nin english will show, along with their japanese counterparts. Sometimes it\nwill return 0 results, and sometimes not that many sentences will show up\neither, but I find it pretty useful for me. There are also these ones I find\nout recently when I was looking up for a specific pattern:\n\n<http://endic.naver.jp> http://ejje.weblio.jp", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-06T23:06:54.970", "id": "7057", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-06T23:06:54.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1392", "parent_id": "7054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "心あたたまるごはん。You can use kokoroattamaru.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-07T02:02:44.813", "id": "7058", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-07T02:02:44.813", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1007", "parent_id": "7056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I would use:\n\n> 食{た}べ応{ごた}えがある。\n\nIt's a well used idiomatic expression, representing something you eat that has\nkind of a resounding effect on how good you feel. Hence, hearty.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-08T18:33:20.377", "id": "7066", "last_activity_date": "2019-08-24T08:01:13.317", "last_edit_date": "2019-08-24T08:01:13.317", "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1644", "parent_id": "7056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Here is a shot in the dark: 元気な (genkina): as in, 元気な食事 (genkina shokuji).\n\n「元気な食べ物で元気なからだ作り」 Something like: \"You are what you eat.\" (To be genki, eat\ngenki.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-09T07:08:47.080", "id": "7071", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-09T07:08:47.080", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1266", "parent_id": "7056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You are parsing the sentence incorrectly. It should be\n\n> 長年やってるけど かかった ためし (は) ない なぁ\n\nIt then roughly means,\n\n> I have been doing this for quite some years, but it's not like I have ever\n> caught anything.\n\nためし (written 試し) can mean \"trial/test\", but here it is used in the sense of\n\"experience\" (written 例 or 様; see Tsuyoshi Ito's comment below and the entry\nin Daijisen), as is often the case in the phrase ためし(は)ない, e.g.\n\n> 部屋を綺麗に片付けたためしはないでしょ \n> You look like you have never had the experience of ( _or_ a taste of) what\n> it is like to have cleaned a room.\n\nThe person from your sentence has been trying to catch birds for many years,\nbut has never had the experience of having caught something.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-07T07:23:38.353", "id": "7060", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-07T13:01:22.120", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-07T13:01:22.120", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "7059", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not answering this from a linguist perspective (I'm not a student of\nJapanese, just a native user). Just a warning.\n\nIt seems like these are mostly equivalent ways of saying the same thing, but\nsome sound more natural/awkward than others. Whether to insert a の or not\ndepends on the flow of a sentence, and to me a sentence with too many の (as in\nとかの他の) sounds very awkward at worst, if not used sparingly. It's almost like\ntrying to put together a sentence while using ”well,\" \"you know,\" or \"um\"\nwhile thinking what to say next. Doing so doesn't really go against grammar in\nloose ways but often kills the flow of sentence.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-19T19:48:58.437", "id": "8169", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T19:48:58.437", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1692", "parent_id": "7061", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's [行]{ぎょう} and [列]{れつ} for \"row\" and \"column\", respectively. (And\n[行列]{ぎょうれつ} means \"matrix\".) E.g.\n\n> 2行3列のレイアウト \n> a 2-row-3-column layout", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-08T07:48:19.017", "id": "7063", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-08T12:38:05.773", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-08T12:38:05.773", "last_editor_user_id": "1575", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "7062", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "To expand on user1205935's answer, appending の数 will make it explicit that 行/列\nis the unit of the number being asked:\n\n```\n\n 行の数\n 2\n 列の数\n 3\n \n```\n\nAlso, 縦/横 can be used to guard against possible confusion, as some people,\nincluding me, tend to mix 行/列 up and need to make a mental check on which was\nwhich (*).\n\n```\n\n 縦\n [ 2] 行\n 横\n [ 3] 列\n \n```\n\n(*) The mnemonic is the kanji 行 has two horizontal lines (rows) and 列 has two\nvertical lines (columns).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-08T15:57:35.337", "id": "7064", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-08T15:57:35.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "128", "parent_id": "7062", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The etymology is prefix o + noun tubone (局). A tubone is a \"room\" in a large\nbuilding. These rooms were primarly prepared for women who served at noble or\nimperial residences. The term has been around since around the 14th century.\n\nHistorically, an otubone was a woman who served at the imperial court and\ngiven a \"room\" (局) of her own. During the Edo period, the otubone was the one\nresponsible for managing the women who served in the\n[大奥](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Coku).\n\nIn modern Japan, there is no longer an 大奥, and the meaning has changed to\nexpress a woman with some power who has been working for a long time. Until\nrecently, women in Japan were expected to quit their jobs once they got\nmarried, so an otubone would be assumed to be single.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-08T21:43:16.307", "id": "7067", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-08T21:43:16.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "7065", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "If you are looking for a structured approach to become familiar with different\nwriting styles, common ways of constructing/planning essays, technical\nwriting, newspapers, novels etc then I would suggest working your way through\nsome 読解 text books for the JLPT. The written section which makes up 1/3 of\nmarks but takes up 1/2 the time is a series of comprehension questions similar\nto those you probably took in your English language classes at school. Doing\nthe questions will force you to take an active approach and let you know if\nyou really understand what you are reading.\n\nThere is a plethora of JLPT books but I would suggest starting with the 総まとめ\nseries and then moving on to 新完全マスター. Both present the styles in a structured\nfashion. The former are easier to digest because they are less intense and try\nto give materials that are fun/interesting to read. I treated them as a primer\nfor the latter which are less interesting and more intense but will take to a\nhigher level. You could practise what you have learned from either series (ie\nincrease you familiarity with the styles) by doing questions in other\ntextbooks.\n\nI should not be too proud to start at level N3, even if you think you are a\nhigher level, you'll just fly through it in a few days! (I passed N1 last July\nbut need to find a way to improve my skills of composition. I am now getting\ntremendous value out of reviewing the fundamentals of grammar with 新完全マスターN3.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-09T10:51:44.410", "id": "7072", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-09T10:51:44.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "7068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think I'd call it an issue of dialect, since 舞妓 is understood and used\nthroughout Japan, but 舞妓 refers specifically to the type of \"geisha in\ntraining\" in Kyoto.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-12T01:50:51.457", "id": "7084", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-12T01:50:51.457", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1788", "parent_id": "7069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I can think of one instance -- a noun phrase with も \"also\" cannot also take\nは/が/を. Because the NP still has grammatical case despite having non-overt\ncase, this can be analysed as the topic/subject/object marker being\nobligatorily zero.\n\nThis isn't the case for other particles like だけ or など though.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-10T06:26:52.100", "id": "7075", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-10T06:26:52.100", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "7073", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Yes, when the subject of a sentence of neutral description (現象文) is pronoun\nこれ・それ or a noun modified with この・その.\n\n(Opening the refrigerator) あっ、この納豆 φ 腐ってる！\n\nWithout この that would be あっ、納豆が腐ってる！.\n\nこの納豆が腐ってる is \"it is this natto that is rotten\" and would be ungrammatical for\na sentence of neutral description. この納豆は… would be a contrasive sentence.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-04-11T03:33:54.633", "id": "15381", "last_activity_date": "2014-04-11T09:53:19.373", "last_edit_date": "2014-04-11T09:53:19.373", "last_editor_user_id": "4092", "owner_user_id": "4092", "parent_id": "7073", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "[麒麟]{きりん}\n([Daijisen](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F&stype=1&dtype=0&dname=0na),\n[Daijirin](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F&stype=1&dtype=0&dname=0ss))\nmeans both giraffe and Qilin in Japanese. According to\n[Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilin#Origins), the word originally\nmeant Qilin in Chinese (the 5th century BC), and when giraffes were brought to\nChina in the 15th century, the same word was used to describe giraffes because\nof some common characteristics between giraffes and Qilin. (Aside: in the\nmodern Chinese, 麒麟 does not mean giraffe. Giraffe is\n[长颈鹿](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E9%A2%88%E9%B9%BF) in the\nsimplified Chinese and 長頸鹿 in the traditional Chinese.)\n\nGiraffe is commonly written as キリン whereas Qilin is rarely written as キリン.\nAlthough I do not have any authoritative answer as for why this is the case, I\nimagine that the following two factors contribute to this tendency.\n\n 1. A giraffe is a common thing to talk about; 5-year-old children probably know what a giraffe is. Kanji letters 麒 and 麟 are probably too complicated for this common word. Therefore we need an easier way to write the word for giraffe, hence the notation キリン. Because Qilin is not so common thing to talk about, we do not need an easy way to write it.\n\n 2. In biology, the Japanese names of animals and plants are written in katakana. This practice is often adopted even outside academia. This is why it is logical to write giraffe as キリン. Because Qilin is an imaginary animal and not an animal in the biological sense, it is not usually written as キリン.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-10T14:03:34.553", "id": "7077", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-10T14:03:34.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "7074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "(Not sure why nobody answered this) Yes, from [here](http://gogen-\nallguide.com/no/noren.html):\n\n>\n> 元々、暖簾は禅宗の用語で寒さを防ぐためにかけられた垂れ布をいい、簾の隙間を覆い暖めることから名付けられたもので、現在と同様の意味で用いられるようになったのは近世以降のことである\n> 屋号などを記して店先にかけられることから、のれんは店の信用なども意味するようになり、「暖簾分け（のれんわけ）」や「暖簾代（のれんだい）」という語も生まれた。\n\n**Translation**\n\n[暖簾]{のれん} originally is from Zen buddhism and refers to a cloth which was hung\nand used to protect from the cold. It was named after the fact that it was\nused to cover the openings of\n[[簾]{すだれ}](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%99%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8C) to help\nkeep warm (暖). The meaning used nowadays originally started in the early\nmodern period (Edo or later). Also, since Noren have the shop name on them and\nare hung in the front of shops, Noren have also become to mean the \"trust\" or\n\"credibility\" of a shop and words like 暖簾分け（のれんわけ）and 暖簾代（のれんだい）were produced\nas a result.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-19T02:38:27.513", "id": "8149", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T02:38:27.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "7076", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[This answer is based on the discussion. If somebody can improve or add to\nthis please do.]\n\n昔っから is a colloquial variation of the word 昔 (\"a long time ago\") probably made\nto provide emphasis in the spoken language. This practice is not restricted to\n昔 and was covered in the question \"とっても versus とても\". If the word's use in the\nexample was not for emphasis then it might be a characteristic of the way the\ncharacter speaks. I think that is less likely but the two examples you give\nare quotes from different characters and possibly only one of them is inclined\nto use this colloquialism. Interestingly we both seem to have heard native\nspeakers vary the their pronunciation of this word for emphasis but not in the\nsame way and not in the way the speaker does in this book, but possibly that\nis just the nature of spoken language.\n\nAny differences in translation would be due to the translator's choice on what\nwas most appropriate to the context in each passage.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-14T01:16:29.320", "id": "8092", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-14T01:28:01.740", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-14T01:28:01.740", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "7079", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I would like to propose that the answer book is wrong.\n\nIn the example sentence ものか could only be used to express complete disbelief\nor rejection of the idea that the economy will improve. \nものか is used to flat out deny an idea as false. \n(きっぱりと否定する意を表す) \nAnd trying to follow that with 悪化する一方であった would be strange grammatically and\nin terms of meaning.\n\nどころか is used to negate a statement in order to emphasize that the alternative\nis true. \n(ある事柄を挙げ、それを否定することによって、あとの内容を強調する)\n\nThus, どころか is correct because of the way it contrasts 回復 with 悪化 where ものか\ndoes not have that function.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-11T04:27:41.900", "id": "7082", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T15:07:08.470", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-12T15:07:08.470", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "1761", "parent_id": "7081", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "The etymology is itinin + mae. I could say more about mae, but more likely you\nare wondering why it means this.\n\nThe key is understanding that -mae is a suffix which means: 1) an amount or\nportion suitable for X; sannin-mae: a serving such as food) suitable for three\npeople 2) emphasises ones attributes or functionality; otoko-mae \"manly\", ude-\nmae \"skill, prowess\"\n\nSource (seems to be popular lately):\n[Daijirin](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E5%89%8D&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=1&index=118332200000&pagenum=1),\n[Daijisen](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E5%89%8D&dtype=0&dname=0na&stype=1)\n\nIn itinin-mae, the sense is \"a person of ability and skills\", hence an adult.\nThis is the second meaning given above. Depending on the context, the first\nmeaning is also possible: a serving (such as food) suitable for one person.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-12T02:02:25.797", "id": "7085", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-12T02:02:25.797", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "7083", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "`～元` in such cases generally refers to the `area around ~`, mostly the\nexternal area as you have mentioned.\n\nI would say that 口 refers to _the mouth as a whole_ , an 'object' in some\ncases (`口で食べる` = using the mouth to eat), while 口元 refers to _the area around\nthe mouth_ (`口元にお米がついてる` = rice stuck around the mouth). Similarly, 鼻 refers\nto the nose, while 鼻元 refers to the _area_ around the nose. This is\ncorroborated by the first [goo dictionary\nentry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/178621/m0u/%E9%BC%BB%E5%85%83/) in\nJapanese: `１ 鼻のつけね。鼻のあたり。` although I personally don't think it's a commonly\nused phrase to begin with.\n\nAs far as I know, this rule applies more commonly to body parts like the ears\n(耳 and 耳元), eyes (目 and 目元), hands (手 and 手元) and feet (足 and 足元). As to why\nthis is the case, I wasn't very sure but a [yahoo chiebukuro\nentry](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1136609061) I\nfound using Google explained that these body parts are used to _interact_ with\nthe world _outside_ the body. It was also explained that 鼻先 (= tip of the\nnose) tends to be used rather than 鼻元, possibly because only a very specific\narea of the nose is used to interact with smells.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-12T07:26:34.890", "id": "7088", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-12T07:26:34.890", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1791", "parent_id": "7086", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, there would be small difference. `要領` often implies a process which\nconsists of multiple steps or involves some special \"technique\", while `のように`\ndoes not imply that at all. However, this difference is very small.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-15T03:53:21.410", "id": "8100", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-15T03:53:21.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "7092", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe the も basically just acts as emphasis. This is supported by\n[weblio's definition of ても\n(連語)](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82): 「て」を強める意を表す。\n\nYou could think of 考えてごらん as \"You should think about it.\". It's a\nstraightforward suggestion.\n\nBy contrast, 考えてもごらん is \"You should really, totally think about it, trust me,\njust do it!\". ...But actually, I guess that only parallels one sort of case.\nIn another case, like (from the sample sentences)...\n\n> 彼が大臣になったとさ、まぁ考えてもご覧、おかしいじゃないか \n> Just think of his being a cabinet minister! / The idea of his being a\n> minister!\n\nit's more like \"Just think about it, even for a second! (and you'll realize\nhow crazy it is)\". In any case, some sort of emphasis, like those.\n\nIn the sample sentences, that emphasis mostly seems to be accomplished with\n\"Just (think about it)\" (which is my first thought, too). So to put it simply,\nI'd consider it like the difference between, \"I mean, think about it. There's\nno way it's real.\" and \"I mean, just think about it! There's no way it's\nreal.\" The latter kind of makes it sound a bit more like it should be dead\nobvious.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-14T06:57:02.967", "id": "8096", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-14T06:57:02.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1365", "parent_id": "8094", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you've picked up on my explanation, which was taken from 新完全マスター文法N3,\n日本語表現文型辞典 so, as I do find the expression with は intuitive/natural, I should\nexpand on my previous answer.\n\nThe definitions were:\n\n> によって：means to change state or behaviour depending on something or according\n> to something. It expresses variety and is often used with さまざまだ and かえる.\n>\n> によっては：pinpoints one outcome from a range of possible outcomes.\n\nSentences given in the book applying によって are:\n\n> 国によって習慣が違う\n>\n> 感じ方は人によって様様だ。\n\nOne sample sentence in the N1 book pinpointing a single outcome using によっては\nwas:\n\n> 私の帰宅時間は毎日違う。日によっては夜中になることもある。\n>\n> I get home at a different time every day. Some days I get even home in the\n> middle of the night.\n\nA similar sentence to this last sentence applying the same principles used in\nthe first two sentences to express variety using によって would be:\n\n> 私の帰宅時間は日によって違う。 The time I get home varies from day to day.\n\nIf we work backwards, taking the last last sentence as the starting point and\nthen seek to pin point one result, taking \"as for\" as a crude translation of は\nthen we would say:\n\n> Every day I get home at a different time. \" **As for** some days, depending\n> on the day itself\", I even get home in the middle of the night.\n\nWhich takes us back to the sample sentence of によっては with what I hope is a\ncrude but reasonable explanation of how は is used not just in this expression\nbut in a manner that is consistent with some of its normal uses\n(raising/drawing attention to/ emphasising a topic)\n\nConsider also other ～ては structures:\n\n * ～については\n * ～に関しては\n\nBによってA is used in sentences to make statements such as \"A varies, depending on\nB\". \nBによってはC is used to make statements such as \"As for all possible results\ndependent on B, C can happen\", C being a member of set A. \nは selects Bによって as a topic for further discourse, similar to ～については and\n～に関しては.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-14T07:51:53.800", "id": "8097", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T13:21:03.933", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "8095", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "は simply focuses the sentence and marks the subject and makes it stand out as\nthe primary causal factor in the sentence. It's similar to how you would say\n私は but instead of a person subject you have an non-noun (e.g. event or other\nfactor) focus of the sentence.\n\n(Answer much shorter than others but I think it wraps it up well)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T12:16:04.443", "id": "8130", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T12:16:04.443", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1805", "parent_id": "8095", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​\n\n<https://foosoft.net/projects/kanji-frequency/>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-14T13:52:01.033", "id": "8099", "last_activity_date": "2018-11-24T23:42:02.420", "last_edit_date": "2018-11-24T23:42:02.420", "last_editor_user_id": "9222", "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "8098", "post_type": "answer", "score": 28 }, { "body": "I managed to collect the data of kanji usage frequencies from various sources:\n\n * Japanese Wikipedia's snapshot\n * About 12900 files from [Aozora Bunko](http://www.aozora.gr.jp/) - these are mostly novels, I believe \n * Public tweets from Twitter's Streaming API\n * Online news articles from various sources\n\nYou can find it [here](http://scriptin.github.io/kanji-frequency/). The one\nyou're looking for is \"Aozora\". There are files in JSON format in [the\nrepository](https://github.com/scriptin/kanji-frequency). Each file contains\nJSON table, format is described in\n[README.md](https://github.com/scriptin/kanji-\nfrequency/blob/master/README.md).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2015-06-09T15:38:15.853", "id": "24898", "last_activity_date": "2016-01-24T02:20:23.057", "last_edit_date": "2016-01-24T02:20:23.057", "last_editor_user_id": "9222", "owner_user_id": "9222", "parent_id": "8098", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "You're asking for something that doesn't make much sense. You're looking for\nnatural-sounding preset phrases that allow you to keep talking without saying\nanything.\n\nHow do you do small-talk in English? Usual topics for me are weather, local\nsports, travel, and food. Pretty much the same thing applies to Japanese.\nSure, we could give you phrases that would start the conversation, but how\nwould you deal with the reply in any of those cases if you're not sufficiently\ncomfortable in the language to generate them yourself?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-15T08:42:14.897", "id": "8103", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-15T08:42:14.897", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "29", "parent_id": "8102", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In both of the examples you presented, it's the first consonant of the second\nsyllable (or mora) that is doubled. Sometimes, I also hear dekai as dekkai.\nI've also heard verbs like して being pronounced as しって. That too matches the\npattern of CVCV(x)>CVCCV(x).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-16T02:13:22.347", "id": "8110", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-16T02:13:22.347", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "801", "parent_id": "8104", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "Maybe this is an overgeneralization, but I find this often has to do with\npitch accent. Example:\n\nとても【LHH】\n\nとっても【LLHH】\n\nすごい【LHL】\n\nすんごい【LLHL】\n\nIt seems as if inserted sounds, if they exist, all appear on low to high pitch\ntransitions. Obviously most words do not have these sounds inserted, and often\nonly very common interjections would use them.\n\nAs for why ん is used rather than a っ, try pronouncing すっごい. It's pretty\ndifficult, and since intervocalic \"g\" is allophonic with \"ng\" which sounds\nlike ん, it is natural for すっごい to turn into すんごい.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-12-06T22:08:56.417", "id": "9709", "last_activity_date": "2014-03-30T07:45:43.600", "last_edit_date": "2014-03-30T07:45:43.600", "last_editor_user_id": "4914", "owner_user_id": "2960", "parent_id": "8104", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The sungoi is most likely due to the Tokyo nasal g accent. In Tokyo,\noftentimes when there is a \"g-\" sound in the middle of a word, they'll add in\na subtle \"n\" right before it. They'll probably still write it as sugoi because\nthat's what they're saying, just with an accent. This i have learned from my\ntime on WaniKani because one of the people they use for vocab pronunciation\nhas the tokyo nasal g thing going on and it really confused me until someone\nexplained it.\n\nFor the lengthening, it's pretty easily compared to english. when we want to\nemphasize a word, we stress the syllable that already has the most stress on\nit. try it with \"totally\" or \"extraordinary.\" In japanese, they don't really\nuse strong and soft syllables like we do, but changes in pitch. I'd compare\nraising pitch to beginning a strong syllable, so modifications for emphasis go\nwhere pitch increases.\n\nHope this helped! :)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-11-24T22:14:12.407", "id": "19647", "last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T22:14:12.407", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7793", "parent_id": "8104", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "The difference is easy. 人たち isn't a valid word in Japanese; it's not listed in\nthe Kojien (広辞苑, Japanese official dictionary)\n\nHaving said that, the usage is:\n\n> 人々： Refers to many unspecified number people, emphasis on the fact that\n> there are many (e.g. ドイツの人々はタフだ --> Many people in Germany are tough. )\n>\n> 人たち: Refers specific group of people that includes more than 1 person. (e.g.\n> ドイツの人たちはタフだ --> All Germans are tough. )", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T12:10:20.783", "id": "8127", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T12:10:20.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1805", "parent_id": "8105", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "[Roman Jakobson](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson) famously said:\n\n> \"Languages differ essentially in what they _must_ convey and not in what\n> they _may_ convey.\"\n\nHis point was that every language can sufficiently convey any idea that can be\nexpressed in another language. The difference is that for each language there\nare some properties that _must_ be specified when an idea is conveyed, even\nthough they may be entirely optional in another language.\n\nIn English (and in many other languages), every noun _must_ be marked as\nsingular or plural. In Japanese marking plurality for a noun is not mandatory.\nThis does not mean that Japanese speakers can't convey the idea that a noun is\nsingular or plural if they want to, it only means they don't _have to_ — and\nindeed in most cases Japanese speakers will not explicitly specify if whether\na noun is singular or plural.\n\nWhen we look at the differences between languages where a grammatical category\n(such as number or politeness) is mandatory to languages where it is optional,\nwe notice two trends:\n\n 1. When a grammatical category is mandatory, it tends be much closer to the grammatical core of the language. This means that it will more often be part of the inflection of words and have some irregular rules (like the plural in English, and this is even more prominent in the past tense in English which is highly irregular). Optional grammatical categories are rarely marked by irregular morphology, and are sometimes marked by just a normal noun or an adverb.\n\n 2. When a grammatical category is optional, there is usually more possible ways to express it. Mandatory grammatical categories, on the other hand, tend to be more rigid in structure, and almost always have just \"one true way\" to express them.\n\nWhen it comes to the category of number (plurality), Japanese play perfectly\nwell with both tendencies, especially with the second, so I can count at least\n5 possible ways you can mark plurality of nouns:\n\n 1. The suffix ーたち (達). This is the most commonly mentioned method, but it's not the direct translation of the English plural marker for various reasons. For one, it doesn't go so well with marking inanimate objects. Traditionally it was used only for animate nouns, especially in reference to humans, but today you can easily find it with inanimate nouns such as 本たち or 国たち. Still, as far as I can judge, this usage still feels very quaint and heavily marked, often giving a sense of personification to the objects you add たち to. So this is not the normal route you'd go when you want to mark plurality for an inanimate object.\n\n 2. The suffix ーら (等). This one dates back to Classical Japanese, and was actually more common back then than today. Today it's either dialectal, or used with just a small set of words, mostly personal nouns, such as: 彼ら、あいつら、お前ら. It is also the only suffix you can use with the demonstrative pronouns これ・それ・あれ: you can say これら, それら and あれら, but not これたち・それたち・あれたち. When you can choose between this suffix and たち, the nuance in meaning can vary according to the word. Some words may feel very quaint or dated when used in ら, while others (e.g. お前ら) may feel slightly more rude.\n\n 3. The suffix ーども (供). This one is more flexible than ーら in the sense it can be combined with more words. But it's considered very humbling, which rules out using it in most contexts. Generally, it is used either to show contempt to a group of people (e.g. 野郎ども), or when speaking about yourself humbly in highly formal situations (私ども). It's interesting to note that the word 子供 was originally constructed with 子 (child) along with this form of plural, but it has long lost its plural meaning and can easily be used for a single child or several children, and you therefore you often hear 子供たち, which is actually not so different than [what happened in English](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_plural).\n\n 4. Reduplication. This mechanism does not necessarily produce a plural: 時々 means _sometimes_ (as an adverb) instead of _times_ and 色々 means _various_ instead of _colors_. Reduplication is also one of the two most common patterns of onomatopoeic expressions or manner expressions (擬音語 and 擬態語) (蝶々 also fits into this category, but this specific word is material for another question). Still, this is one of the more productive ways to make plurals in Japanese. One of its great advantages over たち is that it feels more neutral with inanimate objects. On the other hand, it only works with short word, usually those one-kanji and one or two morae long. Others have already answered about the nuances of this form gives when used for marking plural, so I will not delve into that.\n\n 5. By adding to them an explicit quantifier (e.g. 三人のフランス人、１０枚の写真, たくさんの国). This is an often overlooked method, but it definitely marks nouns as plural.\n\nBut the most overlooked option of all is the sixth option which is _not to\nmark plurality at all_. It may be kind of baffling to us speakers of languages\nwith mandatory number, but in most real-world cases the grammatical number of\na noun doesn't really matter enough to warrant special attention, and when it\ndoes matter it can be often inferred from the context, so the plurality marker\nwould be superfluous, and actually make it seem like your _emphasizing_ the\nplurality of the noun, when you don't really mean to.\n\nWhen you say:\n\n> アメリカ人の方が背が高いです。\n\nIt can either mean 'Americans are taller' or 'The American is taller',\ndepending on the context. If I see this sentence out of context I'll probably\ninterpret it in the first way, but if I see it in the context of having an\nAmerican guy and a Canadian guy sitting together, I can understand this as:\nthe American is the taller than the other guy.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-20T16:50:02.350", "id": "8176", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-20T16:50:02.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "153", "parent_id": "8105", "post_type": "answer", "score": 16 } ]

[ { "body": "The difference between using で and と is the difference between \"we went out as\na family\" and \"I went out with my family\", I think of it as rather like the\nFrench \"en famille\". 家族で is very common expression and you can also hear this\ngrammatical use when people refer to doing things as a group (グループで／皆でやりましょう).\n\nIt is another variation on the use of the で particle to indicate the means/use\nof something to do something else (映画をテレビで見た、日本語で話した etc) although I must\nadmit I find it easier to remember and understand intuitively rather than by\ntrying to rationalise this definition.\n\n(The easiest way I can think of to explain the double use で is to compare it\nto the use of \"how\" in English: The question \"How did you go to the races?\"\ncan grammatically be answered in two ways: \"As a group/as a family\" or \"By\ncar\". The difference is that where as in English we use the same word to make\ntwo different inquiries, in Japanese we use the same particle to give two\ndifferent answers to [what would be] the same inquiry [in English].)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-15T22:35:03.163", "id": "8109", "last_activity_date": "2018-11-18T13:48:21.720", "last_edit_date": "2018-11-18T13:48:21.720", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "8107", "post_type": "answer", "score": 26 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the best place start an answering your question is by addressing the\ndiffernce between 直接的に/直接に and 絶対/絶対的に.\n\nIn both cases the ~的 adverb is used to describe more abstract matters:\n\nCompare:\n\n> ～と直接に|eyeball-to-eyeball with ～について自身で直接に学ぶ |learn at **first hand** about\n\nTo:\n\n> 直接的に in a direct **way** /in a straightforward **fashion** /in a\n> straightforward **manner**\n\nOr,\n\nCompare:\n\n> 絶対にありえん話だ。|That would be **obviously** impossible. 絶対にあり得ないね。| **Never** in\n> a thousand years.\n\nTo:\n\n> 絶対的には| in absolute **terms**\n\nIf you go through all those terms in SpaceALC it is quite easy to come up\nexceptions to challenge this but [一般的に!!!] I suspect this is the best \"rule of\nthumb\" you can get when it comes to translation and, as you say, it is\nblurred, \"not immediately obvious\" or at best idiomatic.\n\nHowever if we look at the examples you give it is comforting to see that (I\nthink) the difference applies equally in both English and Japanese:\n\nWhere as:\n\n> **International cooperation** is an absolute term for cross-border\n> cooperation.\n>\n> **Internationally famous** is more relative term to describe a point on a\n> continium spanning from \"unknown outside one country\" to \"known by everybody\n> in every country\".\n\nOr in the second case (一般／一般的）there seems to be a concrete measure of the\nnormal size for a church but the extent to which an idea will be accepted and\nadopted may be more elastic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-16T13:32:24.420", "id": "8112", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-16T13:32:24.420", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "8111", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Even it were just one (that'd be OK, but), Because I'd be happy if I can get\na lot of people to (make a) comment...\"\n\n * 一人でも → Even if just one\n * 多くの方（かた）→ many people (polite form for people)\n * にコメントしていただけたら → make comment for me / get them to make a comment (for me); 〜ていたたく is humble speech for someone higher than yourself doing something for you and always uses に (for @phoenixheart6's confusion). いただけたら is the suppositional of the potential form -- if I can have it done by someone higher than me\n * 嬉しい → (be) happy\n * ので → XのでY means \"because of X, Y\"; I ended my translation in an ellipsis because there's no proceeding clause, so we don't know what they're going to say.\n\nBy the way, I think this is a very good example of a \"translation question\"\ndone right. You showed your research, tried to break down each part, but had\ntrouble connecting the overall meaning. Good job!", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-16T19:19:28.613", "id": "8114", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-16T19:32:13.250", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-16T19:32:13.250", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "8113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Here is my attempt at a loose translation into colloquial English. Due to lack\nof context, I am unable to accurately gauge the meaning of the ending ので , as\nit can refer to a preceding or following sentence. In my first translation I\nmade it self-referential.\n\n> 一人でも多くの方にコメントしていただけたら嬉しいので\n>\n> Because even getting comments from just one person would make me happy\n> (comments from a bunch of people would be great as well)\n>\n> I'd love to get comments from a bunch of people but from even just one\n> person would be great (because...)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-16T19:57:34.263", "id": "8115", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-16T19:57:34.263", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "706", "parent_id": "8113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Here is my attempt at translation.\n\n> 一人でも多くの[方]{かた}にコメントしていただけたら嬉しいので \n> Because I would be happy if as many people as possible make comments,\n\nI will focus on 一人でも多くの方, because it seems tricky to interpret it correctly.\nThe other parts are explained in other answers.\n\n一人でも多くの方 means “as many people as possible.” As you correctly guessed, 方 here\nis read as かた and it means a person, with respect. Because I do not think that\nthere is a corresponding word in English, I dropped the nuance of respect.\n\nAs phoenixheart6, istrasci, and yadokari wrote, the literal meaning of 一人でも is\n“even if it is only one person.” Therefore, you may wonder why 一人でも多くの方 means\n“as many people as possible.” In 一人でも多くの, 一人でも describes the difference in\ncomparison just like 一人 in 一人多い. Therefore, 一人でも多くの方 means “more people (even\nif the difference is only one person).” This expression describes that the\nauthor is desperate to increase the number of people, hence “as many people as\npossible.” This construction is not limited to this particular expression. For\nexample:\n\n> 1センチ高く跳びたい。 _I want to jump one centimeter higher._ \n> 1センチでも高く跳びたい。 _I want to jump higher even if the difference is one\n> centimeter._ > _I want to jump as high as possible._\n\nBy the way, you may know this, but either your example is part of a sentence\nor it contains\n[ellipsis](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsis_%28linguistics%29). In the\ntranslation above, I interpreted it as part of a sentence.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-16T21:48:58.747", "id": "8116", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-16T22:39:26.473", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-16T22:39:26.473", "last_editor_user_id": "15", "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "8113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 }, { "body": "I was unsure of it, too, so what I often do is Google something to find it\nwithin context of other text.\n\nIn this case below:\n\n[http://chiebukuro.travel.yahoo.co.jp/detail/1058967490.html?p=%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0&pg=2](http://chiebukuro.travel.yahoo.co.jp/detail/1058967490.html?p=%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0&pg=2)\n\nThey are saying 「多くの方に回答いただけたら幸いです。」, which I'm gathering to mean \"It would be\ngreat if I could get answers from a lot of people\".\n\nSo, going back to our example, I'd infer \"I would be happy if I could get\ncomments from a lot of people or just one\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-16T21:55:11.180", "id": "8117", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-16T21:55:11.180", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1804", "parent_id": "8113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't want to poach the answer spot that yadokari and oldergod should get,\nbut in my experience, 送る has definitely been used.\n\n> 例：彼らをこちらに送って下さい。\n\nTranslated to \"Please send them here.\"\n\n> 例：彼らをこちらに呼んで下さい。\n\nWould also be common, as in \"Please call them here.\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T12:10:30.700", "id": "8128", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T12:10:30.700", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1804", "parent_id": "8120", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Just thinking out loud here, so I'm not sure of the exact contexts or nuances,\nbut what about\n\n> * 出す・送り出す → send : 使いを出す｜send a messenger\n> * 向ける → 〔行かせる〕send : 使者を向ける｜send a messenger ｟to｠\n> * 遣【つか】わす・派遣する → 人をある場所へ行かせる。英to dispatch : This one seems to be the wrong\n> context\n> * 招く → 〔頼んで来てもらう〕: beckon ｟to｠\n> * 寄せる → let ｟a person｠ come near : call on ｟a person｠\n> * Others that seem **VERY** context-dependent and likely have particular\n> nuances: 召す, 呼び寄せる, 近寄せる, 近付ける, 呼びつける, 召し寄せる, 引き渡す (seems very unlikely),\n> 引き寄せる (also seems unlikely).\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T14:54:20.580", "id": "8132", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T14:54:20.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "8120", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> 会議室{かいぎしつ}にご[案内]{あんない}してください。 ([article from a business keigo\n> website](http://www.koakishiki.com/renraku-plural/scene-4.html), [more\n> examples](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E3%81%94%E6%A1%88%E5%86%85%E3%81%97))\n>\n> 会議室{かいぎしつ}にお[通]{とお}ししてください。 ([seen in a keigo manual\n> (p.4)](http://www.idemitsu.co.jp/content/100149934.pdf), [more\n> examples](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E3%81%8A%E9%80%9A%E3%81%97))\n\nCausative form can work too, if you don't need to use keigo to the visitor:\n\n> 会議室{かいぎしつ}で待{ま}たせておいてください。\n\nI think 来させる is acceptable, but 行かせる sounds unnatural. This is not because of\nthe verb form, but because of the semantics of 行く.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T06:41:44.880", "id": "8143", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T06:41:44.880", "last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "128", "parent_id": "8120", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "sum-u has several meanings. The core meaning is for something to to come to an\nend, conclude. From this, it also takes on the meaning for something to be\nsettled, at rest, or under control (as a result of something being concluded).\nPutting this together, ki ga sum-u is \"for ones feelings to be at rest / under\ncontrol\", hence content. The negative form, ki ga sum-a-nai, is \"for ones\nfeelings to not be at rest / under control\", hence not-content.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T04:23:02.957", "id": "8122", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T04:23:02.957", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "8121", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "Just to add a viewpoint:\n\nThe expression is usually written with 済む, if with kanji at all, but I\nconjecture that the meaning might actually be closer to 澄む, \"clear (up)\". This\nmight make it easier to understand the expression intuitively: \"doesn't clear\nmy mind\".\n\n[The page for すみません at 語源由来辞典](http://gogen-allguide.com/su/sumimasen.html)\nconfirms that the etymology of 済む and 澄む are the same, and even hints at\nこれでは私の気が済みません as a possible origin of すみません.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T01:28:01.913", "id": "8137", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T01:28:01.913", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "8121", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "I find the easiest way to understand and remember this is to remember a\nparticluarly picky colleague who insisted on completeting a certain exercise,\nnot because it was necessary (we had all told her it was not) but because she\nhad initially insisted that it was necessary and did not want to admit it was\na waste of time. She ended up completing the exercise to satisfy herself.\nAfterwards another colleague, Slightly provocatively, asked her;\n\n> じゃ、気が澄んだ？", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T08:56:31.147", "id": "8145", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T14:37:31.230", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-18T14:37:31.230", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "8121", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In a word: imitation.\n\nBetween couples, often men will refer to themselves as ore. A woman may refer\nto him (hence \"you\") by imitating his pronoun of choice. Often ore is not\nappropriate in various social situations, such as work. As such, some men may\nrefer to themselves as boku. As a result, some people (both male and female),\nsuch as bosses (who may refer to themselves as ore), may refer to him (hence\n\"you\") by imitating the choice of his pronoun.\n\nI cannot recall hearing it with regard to wata(ku)si or atasi. wata(ku)si,\nthough, is rather unlikely since it could just as equally apply to either\nperson, so the sense of imitation would be more difficult to catch.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T05:05:13.577", "id": "8124", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T05:05:13.577", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "8123", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 }, { "body": "When addressing children, first person pronouns are sometimes used as second\nperson pronouns. This is done for different reasons, including\n\n 1. teaching them to use personal pronouns instead of referring to themselves by name.\n 2. as a convenient pronoun when you don't know the their name.\n\nUsing this to address adults seems a bit strange, and I would find it slightly\ncondescending if my boss used it to address me.\n\nHowever, between couples or close friends it can be used as a sign of\naffection/intimacy. I have heard it with all of \"(w)atashi\", \"ore\" and \"boku\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T09:44:11.990", "id": "8126", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T09:44:11.990", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "8123", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Caveat emptor: My sphere of knowledge is biased towards internet slangs.\n\nThe phenomenon of snowcloning is common in Japanese, while the term itself is\nnot widely known.\n\n * 能登かわいいよ能登 -> XかわいいよX (The original phrase made it into a slang dictionary published in 2007)\n * 見ろ! 人がゴミのようだ! -> 見ろ! XがYのようだ! (With Y being ゴミ in most cases)\n * パンが無いならお菓子を食べればいいじゃない -> XがYならZすればいいじゃない\n * 鳴かぬなら鳴かせてみせようホトトギス -> XならX/Yしてみせよう/しまえZ\n\nI can't readily come up with phrases used in journalism though. (Maybe not\nenough exposure.)\n\nNitpicky sidenote: By definition, snowclones are \"instantly recognizable\". As\nlong as the other person recognizes the phrase structure, the fact that you\njust swapped some variables will not be confusing. If you're unsure that the\nphrase structure will be recognized, you can mark that it's a reference to a\ncliché by using \"いわゆる\": いわゆる[your snowclone phrase here]ってやつですね。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T06:37:13.543", "id": "8142", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T06:37:13.543", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "128", "parent_id": "8125", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "腱 would generally be read けん and is the word (generally and medically\nspeaking) that means tendon.\n\nThe kanji 筋 itself has numerous meanings and uses, so I'll limit this answer\nto biology. \n筋 is much more general, applying to **any fibrous tissue** , muscle being the\nmost common, not tendon. Also, it is not limited to animals as it includes\nplant fiber as well\n「[ふきの筋をとる](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPaaQ5ljThA)」(this is a video of\nsomeone removing the fibrous outer layer of the fuki plant). Other common\nusages include the string of snap pea pods and the digestive tract in the back\nof shrimp.\n\nSo 腱（けん） is a specific subset of 筋（すじ）。 筋（すじ）pretty much only means tendon in\nlayman's terms. Just like when we say \"I pulled a muscle\" even though we may\nnot really know at the time if it was a muscle, tendon, or ligament that we\ninjured, in Japanese people say 「筋を違えた」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-17T15:54:51.503", "id": "8133", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-17T15:54:51.503", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1761", "parent_id": "8129", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "You miss a `時間` in `2時間から4時間まで`. \nYou don't need the `を`. \nYou should add a `、` or `は` after `普段`.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T01:09:21.240", "id": "8135", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T00:08:20.050", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-19T00:08:20.050", "last_editor_user_id": "1065", "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "8134", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I was actually thinking about this a few days ago. They actually don't say\nanything in between, they just say \"二 四 時間\" (ni yon ji kan). There is a slight\npause between ni and yon, but almost undetectable.\n\nIn English, sometimes we will throw in an \"or\" but not always, think about the\nmovie \"Mr. Mom\" when he said \"45, 46, whatever it takes\". Same thing here.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T06:54:12.343", "id": "8144", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T06:54:12.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1523", "parent_id": "8134", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "There is an expression 乃至 (ないし) which carries the meaning of \"from ~ to ~\" or\n\"between ~ and ~\", however it is very formal. It may not be appropriate in\nmost casual situations but it _does_ carry that meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T11:22:10.990", "id": "8146", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T11:22:10.990", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1797", "parent_id": "8134", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "It is usual to say AからB without まで when you use a range in place of a number,\nand you repeat units. Therefore, “for two to four hours” is 2時間から4時間.\n2時間[乃至]{ないし}4時間 is a very formal way to state the same thing, as ssb stated.\n\nYour sentence has a few other incorrect or unnatural points.\n\n * As oldergod stated, the usage of を is incorrect. The duration of an action does not take any case particle.\n * It is awkward to mix kanji numerals and arabic numerals apparently without reason.\n * This is subtle, but I feel that it is more natural to place 普段 at the beginning of the sentence, because 1日に2時間から4時間 is a single meaningful unit.\n\nThe resulting translation:\n\n> I usually study for two to four hours a day. \n> 普段1日に2時間から4時間勉強する。\n\n(It is strange to say 2時間から4時間 **まで** here, but I am not sure why. I hope that\nsomeone can clarify the difference between AからB and AからBまで.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T14:17:37.887", "id": "8148", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T15:26:20.203", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-18T15:26:20.203", "last_editor_user_id": "15", "owner_user_id": "15", "parent_id": "8134", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "Although all of the example word orders occur commonly, I would personally\norder them in this way according to \"more natural -> very slightly marked\"\n\n 1. ビールを一杯飲む\n 2. 一杯のビールを飲む\n 3. ビール一杯を飲む\n\nI think counters tend to be used as adverbs when possible, which is the case\nin phrase 1. In phrase 2 and 3, they're used as nouns.\n\nAs stated, this is my own feeling, so others might feel differently.\n\nThere are cases, however, where the counters have to be used as nouns:\n\n> 駆けつけの一杯のビールを飲む \n> 駆けつけのビール一杯を飲む\n\n駆けつけのビールを一杯飲む would alter the meaning.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T01:56:49.807", "id": "8138", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T01:56:49.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1073", "parent_id": "8136", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "Part of this is explained quite well in Jay Rubin's \"Making sense of\nJapanese\".\n\nKurosawa made the film \"七人の侍” (the Seven Samurai) which by virtue of this\nconstruction we can recognise as a specific group. Rubin explains that if\nsomeone killed all seven members of the group, as opposed to killing any seven\nsamurai then he would say:\n\n> 七人の侍を殺した。\n\nas opposed to:\n\n> 侍を七人殺した。\n\nwhen the 七人 operates as an adverb indicating the extent of the killing.\n\nHe also gives a similar explanation for Old king Cole who called for \"his\nfiddlers three\", who were also a group 三人のバイオリン弾き.\n\n(But I'd be grateful if someone would explain how/when one would place を after\nthe counter....as in the examples above.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T13:01:47.060", "id": "8147", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T23:42:06.860", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-19T23:42:06.860", "last_editor_user_id": "1556", "owner_user_id": "1556", "parent_id": "8136", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Rare poetic constructions aside, English has just one way to mark the quantity\nof a noun. So it's no surprise that we would be confused when we realize\nJapanese has no less than 3 different ways to the same thing. As you already\nsay in the title, the only difference between the three different methods of\nquantifying nouns is the word order. The participants are the quantified noun\n(N), the quantity phrase (Q), the postposition (P) and the main verb (V). They\nall stay the same, but their arrangement changes (and in one of the cases an\nextra の is added).\n\nThe following arrangements are possible when you've got all of the\nparticipants in play:\n\n> 1. Ｑ の Ｎ Ｐ Ｖ （一杯のビールを飲む）\n> 2. Ｎ Ｐ Ｑ Ｖ （ビールを一杯飲む）\n> 3. Ｎ Ｑ Ｐ Ｖ （ビール一杯を飲む）\n>\n\nTim has already explained the difference between #1 and #2 quite well, but I\nwill try to rephrase it again in a way that might be easier to understand, at\nleast to speakers of English or any other language which has a definite\narticle.\n\n`二杯のビールを飲んだ` can be translated as either of the following:\n\n> 1. I drank two bottles of beer.\n> 2. I drank _the_ two bottles of beer.\n>\n\nThis means that when using arrangement #1, the bottles of beer or you've drank\nor the samurai you've killed can be either a definite (which usually means\nthis specific group of bottles or samurais was previously mentioned) or\nindefinite (which usually means they've been just introduced into the text or\nthe conversation).\n\n`ビールを二杯飲んだ`, on the other, can only be translated as:\n\n> I've drank two bottles of beer.\n\nThis means that you cannot use arrangement #2 when you want to say that you\ndrank _the_ two bottles of beer, or killed _the_ seven samurai. In fact,\nthere's a very good reason why you can't do that: arrangement #2 puts a strong\nemphasis on the quantity and marks it as a new and important information (in\nlinguistic terms we'd say that arrangement #2 marks the quantity as highly\nrhematic or focalizes the quantity). But when you say \"the seven samurai\" in\nEnglish, you refer to a previously mentioned specific group of people whose\nnumber you already know, so it cannot be new information. If it was a definite\ngroup of samurai, but you hadn't known their number previously, you'd have to\nuse a different, and much clumsier, construction, such as \"the samurai, who\nturned out to be seven in number\".\n\nIn Japanese we don't have a definite article like the English 'the', but\ndefiniteness still counts in cases such as this. So at least one rule of thumb\nyou should keep in mind is to never use arrangement #2 if the entire noun\nphrase (both the noun and the quantity) is definite in English. On the other\nhand, it's a good idea to use arrangement #2 when you want to put an emphasis\non the quantity itself or when introducing new nouns along with their quantity\nin your story or conversation.\n\nThe more confusing beast here is arrangement #3. It looks a lot like #2, but\nit's actually quite different from it. First, it can be used with definite\nnouns (though I'd say it's more common to use #1 in such cases). The second\ndifference is that while #2 can be used with only after a select number of\npospositions (が and を, as well as は and も, since they usually replace a が or a\nを), #1 and #3 can both be used with _any_ postposition.\n\nI assume the reason for this limitation of #2 is that in #2 the quantity\nphrase is actually an adverb, and not an adjective of the noun. Since an\nadverb describes the verb or the entire sentence, and as such can only be\nrelated to he major 'actors' in the sentence (the subject and the object,\nwhich are marked by が and を respectively) and not to the minor actors (which\nare marked by other postpositions such as に or で).\n\nAll in all, #3 seems to behave more like #1 than like #2. But I sense that\nthere's still a difference between the two. I haven't researched this subject\nwell enough to have an answer I'm fully satisfied with. I'll have to think\nabout it some more.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-19T15:16:00.533", "id": "8165", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T15:16:00.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "153", "parent_id": "8136", "post_type": "answer", "score": 20 } ]

[ { "body": "mame (ni) expresses the way in which one seriously works hard at something\nwithout complaining about the task. Often you may translate it as\n\"diligent(ly)\".\n\nThere is another common usage meaning \"healthy\" as in mame ni kurasu \"to live\nhealthy\".\n\nYou may see it written as 忠実 or 実.\n\nThe word is not new; it's been around for many hundreds of years, so I would\nnot say that it is slang.\n\nLinks:\n[Daijirin](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%BE%E3%82%81&dtype=0&dname=0ss&stype=0&index=118563200000&pagenum=1),\n[Daijisen](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%BE%E3%82%81&dtype=0&dname=0na&stype=0&index=17428700&pagenum=1).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-18T04:33:44.610", "id": "8140", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-18T04:33:44.610", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1141", "parent_id": "8139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "## Meaning of _mame_\n\nAs Dono explains, this can mean \"diligent; serious; hardworking; hale,\nhealthy\".\n\n## Etymology of _mame_\n\n### Reading\n\nAlthough this has the same kana reading as 豆{まめ} \"bean\", it isn't the same\nword. \"Bean\" is pronounced with a high second mora and then an immediate drop,\nas in まめは【LHL】, while \"serious\" is pronounced with the so-called _heiban_ or\n\"flat\" pitch accent, where the pitch rises on the second mora and then\ngradually comes down, as in まめに【LHH】.\n\n### Derivation\n\nDerivationally, Shogakukan states that _mame_ \"serious\" is probably an\nalteration from 真{ま} (\"real, true\") + 実{み} (\"body, content; fruit, results\"),\nor from 真{ま} (\"real, true\") + 目{め} (\"eye; appearance\"). Meanwhile, [the entry\nat nihonjiten.com](http://nihonjiten.com/data/254428.html) suggests a shift\nfrom 真{ま} (\"real, true\") + 実{み} (\"body, content; fruit, results\"), an\nabbreviation of 真面目{まじめ} (\"serious\"), or a shift from 正{ま} (irregular reading,\n\"real, true\") + 身 (\"body, content\"). Dropping out the じ from the middle of まじめ\nseems unlikely to me, so the other theories are probably closer to the root of\nthe matter.\n\nAs Dono notes, まめ in this sense has been in use for a long time. Its earliest\nappearances are probably in the [_Nihon\nShoki_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki), finished some time around\n720 CE. In [section 11 of volume 14 about Emperor\nYūryaku](http://miko.org/~uraki/kuon/furu/text/syoki/syoki14.htm#sk14_11), we\nfind the following text:\n\n * 忠{まめ}踰{なること}白日{てるひ}\n\nThis is in [漢文{かんぶん}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbun), which is\nessentially Classical Chinese, so I'm unsure of the meaning, but it seems to\nbe \"seriously shining sun\" or something to that effect. At any rate, this まめ\ndoes appear to be the same word, indicating a very long history in the\nlanguage. As Dono notes, this is not slang.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2014-06-16T18:15:25.813", "id": "17468", "last_activity_date": "2014-06-16T18:15:25.813", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "8139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "`直` and `時期` are completely unrelated, they just happen to both be written as\nじき in hiragana.\n\n時期 is simply means a period or instance of time like in 入学の時期 (when you enter\nschool), like 年末年始は一番忙しい時期です (the end and beginning of the year is the busiest\ntime period) or 今はその時期ではない (now is not the time).\n\n直 can also be seen in the words like [直]{ただ}ちに . 直に however means \"in a short\ntime\" and can be replaced with もうすぐ (there also is the form もうじき). For\nexample, もうじき来るよ (he/she will be coming soon).\n\nHowever, I should point out that the usage has become less common (I've never\nheard anyone under 30 use 直 before) and you probably will hear it with older\npeople.\n\nAlso, one reason you probably see it in hiragana more is because there also is\n[[直に]{じかに}](http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch/0/0ss/108207100000/), like in\n彼からじかに聞いた話 (a story I directly heard from him), so there probably is a\ntendency to disambiguate the two.\n\n**Side Note**\n\nIn the linked question, the selected answer says:\n\n> じき means temporally farther than すぐ\n\nThat is totally wrong. They are equivalent in meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-19T05:09:55.717", "id": "8151", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T05:44:50.603", "last_edit_date": "2012-10-19T05:44:50.603", "last_editor_user_id": "1217", "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "8150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it was one form. From\n[here](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%92#.E5.A5.88.E8.89.AF.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3):\n\n> 奈良時代には、「オ」は [o] 、「ヲ」は [wo]\n> と発音されており明確な区別があった。借字（万葉仮名）では、オには意・憶・於・應（応）・隱（隠）・乙などの字が用いられる一方、「ヲ」には乎・呼・袁・遠・鳥・鳴・怨・越・少・小・尾・麻・男・緒・雄などが用いられていた\n\n**Translation**\n\nIn the Nara period, オ was pronounced as \"o\" and ヲ was pronounced as \"wo\", and\nwere clearly distinguished. [借字]{しゃくじ}(Manyogana) used 意・憶・於・應（応）・隱（隠）・乙, etc.\nfor オ and 乎・呼・袁・遠・鳥・鳴・怨・越・少・小・尾・麻・男・緒・雄 for ヲ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "creation_date": "2012-10-19T05:27:16.540", "id": "8153", "last_activity_date": "2012-10-19T05:27:16.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1217", "parent_id": "8152", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]