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470_4	finds herself drawn into his power. Azazeal possesses Cassie, and while under his power, she gives herself to him and they conceive a child.
470_5	Thelma learns from Peggy, the ghost of a woman who died in the 1918 influenza pandemic, that the gestation of Azazeal's child is weakening the veil between worlds, allowing more ghosts to appear to the living. If the child is born, the veil will be torn, allowing the rest of the Nephilim to enter our world. If the pregnancy is terminated, the veil will heal, preventing the Nephilim from returning and leaving Azazeal the only one of his kind in our world. But there is a side effect: ghosts will also vanish from this world.
470_6	Cassie, after much convincing from Thelma decides that her fetus must be aborted, although it is growing at an alarming rate. A week after conception, the doctors believe she is nearing the end of her second trimester. Thelma assists Cassie, without telling her that success means that she may never see Cassie again. Azazeal tries to interfere and save his son, but Cassie goes through with the abortion...or so she thinks. When Thelma realizes that Cassie can still see her, Thelma knows that something has not gone right. Cassie discovers weeks later that the doctor who performed her procedure has been influenced by Azazeal, and that the baby is alive and in Azazeal's care.
470_7	Series 2 Thelma discovers that Azazeal is raising the child, who is walking already, in an abandoned nearby church. She and Cassie decide that they must somehow get the child, whom Azazeal has named "Malachi", but are clueless as to how to accomplish this. Azazeal becomes aware that they are watching him and tries to convince Cassie that he only wants her to join them so that they can be a "real family". Cassie, still partially under his spell, is obviously attracted by the prospect but retains enough of herself to know that this is something she should not want.
470_8	While Cassie and Thelma strategize, new characters are introduced at the school while old ones depart. Troy, convinced that Cassie's child is his, left the school at the end of the first series. Jo Watkins, having "really let herself go," is seldom seen at school as she has become Azazeal's live-in nurse and nanny. The school gains a new chaplain, Jez Heriot, who doesn't "wear the uniform" except when conducting services and also teaches Ethics. When Jo effectively disappears, David Tyrel asks Jez to take her classes as well. The students don't initially realize that he is a priest, and Roxanne is quite taken with him, so much so that she can't help but seduce him even after the truth is known. A new student arrives at Medenham: Ella Dee. Her wardrobe instantly wins her points with the boys, evokes jealousy in the girls, and makes the faculty uncomfortable. Thelma is mildly attracted until she realizes that Ella can see her. There are other anomalies: Ella's tuition is paid by a
470_9	corporation and her family background is unknown. She also seems to know entirely too much about Cassie... and Azazeal.
470_10	It is quickly revealed that Ella is definitely not what she seems. She is 445 years old and the daughter of John Dee. Ella is also a witch and has been hunting Azazeal for centuries. So far, she has been very successful in preventing Azazeal from begetting a son by a mortal witch. This time, however, Ella was too late. Her mission: kill Malachi. Ella instantly takes charge of both Cassie and Thelma, and formulates a plan to kidnap Malachi and sacrifice him in the school chapel. They are successful in grabbing the child, but Azazeal follows them and a series of alternately foolish and selfish decisions leads the girls inexorably to tragedy. With Azazeal present, Cassie loses her resolve and throws her body between Ella and Malachi. She dies instantly when Ella can't stop her killing blow, and Azazeal regains Malachi and retreats.
470_11	Ella tries to devise a new strategy while Thelma tries to deal with her deep sense of loss, but Ella loses her edge as she feels herself falling for Leon. Azazeal appeals to Thelma's own selfish desires and convinces her to steal and give him the Stone of Belial, one of Ella's objects of power, in exchange for a last meeting with Cassie. Jez is revealed to be Ramiel, another of the Nephilim and Azazeal's "right-hand entity". With the Stone in their possession, Azazeal and Ramiel conspire to drive Ella insane by forcing her to relive the 17th century witch trial in which she was found guilty and nearly executed. Azazeal uses the Stone of Belial on Thelma, who travels back to Ella's witch trial and rescues her from execution in the past. Ramiel's scheming and manipulation leads to Ella's commitment in an insane asylum, where a triumphant Azazeal seemingly abandons her.
470_12	Ella rapidly ages as she is stripped of her powers, but after Leon is brought in on her secret and is granted the power to see Thelma, he helps to revive her using the Volta. A friend of Leon's who helped him get Ella out of the hospital (where she was cared for by Azazeal's lover Perie the Faerie) is tortured by Azazeal and the now teenaged Malachi, who kills him out of pity. Azazeal is asked to leave by "higher powers" and enlists Malachi at Medenham Hall. He and Ella say their goodbyes; with Malachi born, Ella has no desire to kill him, and Azazeal leaves the Stone of Belial in Malachi's possession. Ella kills Jez and makes it look like suicide, precipitated by the revelation that he was having an affair with a student, which deeply affects Roxanne, who felt responsible because she had seduced him.
470_13	Ella and Malachi romance one another magically and otherwise, and their respective mentors, the Archangel Raphael and the demon Mephistopheles, both use psychological tactics to get them to do as they wish. Ella and Malachi eventually have sex, as the evil side had wanted, and by fulfilling Ella's true desire (to be normal), she is made a slave to Malachi – his succubus.
470_14	Malachi kills a lesbian girl named Maya so that her ghost can consort with Thelma and give him leverage. Ella's enslavement to Malachi is ended by Thelma, who invaded her dreams and invoked her greatest fear: fire. Leon attempts to kill Malachi, but is betrayed by Thelma (in hopes of keeping her and Maya together in the living world) and saved by Ella after Malachi sends a fallen Archangel, Sariel, to attack him. Mephistopheles betrays the cause of evil by helping Ella save Leon, who he feels did not need to die, and is subsequently punished and has his eyes removed. Raphael falls from grace by trying to rape Ella, who announces at this point that she no longer works for Raphael's master, God, and is a freelance agent at last.
470_15	Ella loses all her feelings for Malachi, who quickly moves on to romancing Alex and other girls in the school. He eventually seduces the entire student body, creating an army of succubi and incubi that makes him too powerful for Ella to kill. The only students who are not converted are Roxanne (who becomes a "pure soul" in her quest for forgiveness from God for seducing Jez and causing his apparent suicide), Tom (who is secretly gay, in love with Leon, and impossible to convert because Malachi cannot make Leon love him back), Thelma (because after Ella later kills Maya, he has no hold over her), and Ella herself, who had already been freed from Malachi's spell.
470_16	Ella digs up Maya's corpse and beheads it, which destroys Maya's lingering presence on Earth. Leon tries to kill Alex but cannot go through with it, leaving him feeling inferior to Ella. Jo Watkins, Cassie's former teacher and Azazeal's former lover, returns as Malachi's new emissary from the "higher powers" and restores her position as headmistress by framing David Tyrel for embezzlement of school funds. Malachi cannot convert Tom, so he fakes the "mark of Malachi" on his neck and ensures that Leon will see it. Fooled by the false mark, Leon kills Tom, but by doing so, he achieves his greatest desire (not being inferior to Ella) and becomes an incubus of Malachi's.
470_17	Leon almost kills Ella with knowledge gained from the Book of Orokiah, but Thelma helps to save her. He is locked in a cage and sedated, at which point Thelma saves him from Malachi by invoking his greatest fear (having his penis amputated). Returned to normal, he still ends his relationship with Ella and leaves the school. Roxanne is given the ability to see ghosts, and Thelma pretends to be an angel to get her to steal the Stone of Belial back from Malachi. Ella uses the Stone to travel back in time and attempts to kill Malachi while he is still a baby (at the end of Series 1), but she is attacked by Perie the Faerie and receives a mortal wound to the chest. Ella returns to Medenham Hall where she confesses her love for Leon as she lies dying under the watchful eyes of Thelma.
470_18	Rejected by Hell, Mephistopheles convinces Leon to return, where he saves Ella by cauterizing her wound. Malachi sacrifices the pure-of-heart Roxanne to "enrage God" by killing one of "His creatures." The school is set ablaze and Thelma, Ella, and Leon escape from it to a field somewhere. As Malachi has started the "End of Days," described by Mephistopheles as the final battle between good and evil, the series ends with blood pouring from a rock bearing the mark of Azazeal, similar to Malachi's. Cast The Hex cast consists mainly of students and teachers of Medenham Hall in addition with several recurring supernatural characters. Series 1
470_19	Cassandra "Cassie" Hughes (Christina Cole) is a descendant of the Medanham Witches and becomes tempted by Azazeal. Thelma Bates (Jemima Rooper) is the ghost of Cassie's best friend and is in love with her. Azazeal (Michael Fassbender) is a Fallen Angel and leader of the Nephelim. He seduces Cassie in order to have a son. Leon Taylor (Jamie Davis) is a fellow student. He becomes the love interest of Ella and gets pulled into the world of supernatural by Thelma in order to save Ella's life. Roxanne Davenport (Amber Sainsbury) is first portrayed as manipulative and cold leader of the school's elite, but later becomes devoted to God in order to make peace with her actions. Jo Watkins (Anna Wilson-Jones) is a teacher at Medanham Hall. She falls under the thrall of Azazeal and becomes his mistress. David Tyrel (Colin Salmon) is the Headmaster of Medanham Hall and regularly interacts with the student body. He is also aware of the school grounds' gruesome past.
470_20	Troy (Joseph Morgan) is the roommate and friend of Leon. He dates Cassie, but later leaves Medanham Hall. Gemma (Zoe Tapper) is a friend of Leon, Roxanne and Troy.
470_21	Also appearing in Series One is Geraldine James as Cassie's mother, Lilith Hughes. Recurring cast included Jessica Oyelowo as Rachel McBain, Holly Lumsden as Esther McBain and Katy Carmichael as Peggy. Directed by Brian Grant Series 2 Following the departure of some regulars from the first series (notably Christina Cole and Michael Fassbender), the second saw the introduction of several new characters. Ella Dee (Laura Pyper) is a witch who has been trying stop Azazeal from having a child for centuries. She develops feelings towards Leon. Malachi (Joseph Beattie) is the son of Cassie and Azazeal. After his quick growth during the first episodes of Series Two, he enrolls to Medanham Hall in order to seduce its student body. Tom Wright (Samuel Collings) is Leon's new roommate after Troy leaves Medenham Hall at the end of Series One. He is secretly gay and in love with Leon.
470_22	Recurring cast for Series Two included Stephen Wight as Felix, Jemima Abey as Alex, Sam Troughton as Jez Heriot/Ramiel, Ronan Vibert as Mephistopheles, Katrine De Candole as Perie the Faerie, Laura Donnelly as Maya Robertson, Leon Ford as Max Rosen, Grant Parsons as Dr. Surtees and Anatole Taubman as Raphael. Film location Hex was filmed at Englefield House, a Tudor manor modified in the 18th and 19th centuries. Several external scenes in Series 2 were filmed in the city of St Albans (Hertfordshire), using locations such as the city centre, the Cathedral grounds and a small street adjacent to it. Episodes Series 1 (2004) Series 2 (2005) Reception The show received generally positive reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 66 out of 100. Home release The region 1 release is labeled as "Season 1" and contains 10 episodes, all of Series 1 plus the first four episodes of Series 2 in keeping with how BBC America had presented the show in US broadcasts.
470_23	Mill Creek Entertainment announced the complete series on DVD. See also List of ghost films References External links BBC America - Hex "Hex" and Azazeal page 2000s British drama television series 2000s British horror television series 2004 British television series debuts 2005 British television series endings Angels in television 2000s British LGBT-related drama television series British horror fiction television series Demons in television British fantasy television series Television about magic Sky UK original programming British teen drama television series Television series about ghosts Television series by Endemol Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series about witchcraft
471_0	Morley is a fictional brand of cigarettes that has appeared in various television shows, films, and video games that otherwise have no apparent connection to each other. The fictional brand packaging resembles the original packaging of the Marlboro cigarette brand. The name "Morley" is a play on "Marleys", a nickname for Marlboro cigarettes. Morleys appear at least as far back as 1960, in Alfred Hitchcock's film Psycho. There is also a Morley Lights version, in a gold and white package (similar to Marlboro Lights), marked "Lights". The Morley packaging is sold to production companies by The Earl Hays Press, a century-old Hollywood prop packaging service.
471_1	Justification for use The reason non-brand name products like Morley cigarettes are used in film and on television goes back to the early days of television in America. Then cigarette companies often sponsored entire TV shows, and advertised through product placement, but if no cigarette companies agreed to pay, producers instead used a non-brand product — no free advertising. This concept was later expanded to most TV shows, films, video games and other media. Appearances Morleys have appeared primarily in TV shows, and at times in movies, music videos, and other media, as both a prop and a plot element.
471_2	Film 200 Cigarettes (1999): In this comedy, Lucy, played by Courtney Love, presents a block of Morley cigarettes to Kevin, played by Paul Rudd. Brooklyn Rules (2007): The three boys find a dead body in a convertible around the five-minute mark; one of the boys steals a pack of Morley off the dash of the vehicle. Definitely, Maybe (2008): In 1992, Will Hayes, played by Ryan Reynolds, buys Morleys when he arrives in New York City for $3.20, and he complains that in Wisconsin they cost $2.60. Epicenter (2000): At the beginning of the movie, the character Nick Constantine has a pack of Morleys in his briefcase. Experiment in Terror (1962): A witness produces a pack while meeting with the FBI. Freddy Got Fingered (2001): Gord, played by Tom Green, can be seen smoking a pack of Morleys in one scene. Gun Shy (2000): In a meeting between the police, the character Charley has a box of Morley cigarettes in front of him on the conference table.
471_3	Heist (2015) Robert De Niro pulls a pack of "Morley Lights" out of pocket of dead man at the end of the film. Hellraiser: Inferno Morley pack at night stand in bedroom hooker, to frame cop. Honey Boy (2019): Shia LaBeouf's character is seen with a pack of Morleys on his night stand. The House on Greenapple Road (1970): A character steals a pack of Morley cigarettes from a desk at the police station. Ingrid Goes West (2017): A pack of Morley cigarettes is on a table during a party scene. Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008): Rusty Nail, played by Mark Gibbon, buys Morley cigarettes in the opening scene in the shop, which he then smokes. Let's Go to Prison (2006): Morley cigarettes are seen all throughout the movie, being traded by prisoners and guards. Murderer's Row (1966): Matt Helm uses a dart in a cigarette to take down a guard. He leaves the now empty pack of Morley cigarettes on the guard, showing the warning about smoking possibly being dangerous to your health.
471_4	Murder in the First (1995): Defense Attorney James Stamphill appears smoking Morleys while lying down and speaking into a primitive tape recorder, dictating notes about the case. The pack of Morleys shown is an old-fashioned design (based on the 1930s setting of the movie), unlike the modern-looking packs of Morleys more frequently seen. The New Republic (2011): David is sentenced to house arrest after being caught selling Morleys in a dystopian near-future New Angeles. Platoon (1986): Morleys are smoked by American soldiers. Prozac Nation (2001): The character played by Christina Ricci smokes Morley cigarettes in the film version of Elizabeth Wurtzel's autobiographical Prozac Nation. Ricci plays a young writer who occasionally uses the empty cigarette packs as scrap paper.
471_5	Psycho (1960): At the end of the film, psychiatrist Dr. Fred Richman, played by Simon Oakland, tells the story of what really happened and shakes a cigarette out of a pack of Morleys. This film was released June 16, 1960 and is currently the earliest known sighting of the Morley brand. S. Darko (2009): The boy carries a Morley pack in his left sleeve. Spy Game (2001): Robert Redford's character sets down a pack of Morleys on the desk of the CIA director The Tenants (2005) Thirteen (2003): When Melanie confronts Tracy about the numerous drugs she found in her room, a pack of Morleys can be seen in the pile she throws on the table. The Traveler (2010): Deputy Jack Hawkins, played by John Cassini, takes a pack of Morley cigarettes from the counter prior to exiting the police station to have a smoke. Transpecos (2016): Benjamin Davis (Johnny Simmons) and Lance Flores (Gabriel Luna) find a half-smoked cigarette and an open pack of Morleys while searching for the cartel members.
471_6	The Weight of Water (2000): Jean smokes Morley when telling about the first meeting with her husband. The World's End (2013): Gary smokes Morleys throughout the film, best seen after the fight scene against the twins. Under the Silver Lake (2018): Sam (Andrew Garfield), regularly smokes Morleys and a pack can be seen on three occasions. The Stoned Age (1994): Hubbs (Bradford Tatum) buys a pack of Morley "Reds" from Crump (Daniel Collins). The Trigger Effect (1996): Episode: Person in a bar (Garry) asking for a gas (Michael Rooker) A pack of cigarettes on a table. Truth or Dare (2018): Woman buys a pack of Morleys in first scene of the film. El Camino (2019): A pack of Morleys is seen in Todd's glove compartment when Jesse opens it and finds a gun.
471_7	Television The X-Files (10 Set 1993): The Cigarette Smoking Man, played by William B. Davis, smokes this fictional brand, as does Agent Monica Reyes. The X-Files is probably the most well known use of Morley cigarettes. On the season seven episode "Brand X", Agents Mulder and Scully visit Morley Tobacco's headquarters after one of the employees is murdered; the company is described as a multibillion-dollar global corporation. 24 "Day 8: 9:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m." (25 Jan 2010): Jack Bauer poses as a German buyer and smokes a Morley Light cigarette. American Horror Story "Birth" (14 Dec 2011): Violet, played by Taissa Farmiga, is seen with a pack of Morley Lights at the kitchen table. The Americans "Pilot" (30 Jan 2013): A background extra is smoking a Morley regular red pack cigarette. Bagboy (2016): Packs of Morley can be seen on the shelves as Steve talks to Dog. Becker "Santa on Ice" (13 Dec 1999): Becker smokes a Light Morley cigarette.
471_8	Bosch : Season 6 Episode 4, Elizabeth Clayton smokes from a pack while discussing her dead daughter's former boyfriend with Harry. Breaking Bad: Morleys are smoked in the final season by several characters. Beverly Hills, 90210 "The Back Story" (16 Sep 1992): Brenda Walsh returns from Paris with a smoking habit. The brand is revealed to be Morleys when they accidentally fall out of her purse, which also causes her parents find out about her new habit. The Blacklist (season 6), “Robert Vesco” (29 Mar 2019): Agent Navabi's Mossad handler has a pack of Morleys in the debrief scene. Bosch (2014) Seen in S6E4. A pack of Morleys laying on the dinner table. Buffy the Vampire Slayer "School Hard" (29 Sep 1997): Spike, played by James Marsters, smokes Morley cigarettes. Burn Notice: Lead character Michael Westen’s mother Madeline can be seen packing a carton of Morley cigarettes into her luggage in Season 4, Episode 11.
471_9	Californication: Hank, played by David Duchovny, often smokes Morley cigarettes and can be plainly seen in many episodes. This is an inside joke that harkens back to Duchovny's days on The X-Files in which the Cigarette Smoking Man usually chain-smoked this brand. Cold Case Criminal Minds "North Mammon" (1 Nov 2006): DNA found on Morley cigarette butts leads the FBI team to suspect a soccer coach, who smokes Morleys, of stalking one of his star female players. The pack of cigarettes the coach holds is actually a Marlboro pack and not a fictional Morley pack. CSI: NY "Boo" (31 Oct 2007): A smoked Morley cigarette is found in a voodoo doll at a crime sceneCurb Your Enthusiasm (10 Mar 2020): A pack of Morleys show up as Becky is cleaning her house with Larry.Decker "Band Together" (22 Jul 2016): A pack of Morleys is on the desk of the title character as he writes his email.
471_10	The Dick Van Dyke Show "Sally Is a Girl" (19 Dec 1961): Pickles brings Richie a box of Morley chocolate cigarettes. ER "Beyond Repair" (10 Jan 2002): While searching his daughter Rachel's room, Dr. Mark Green, played by Anthony Edwards, discovers a pack of Morleys with a condom inside. Everybody Hates Chris "Everybody Hates Playboy" (27 Apr 2006): A carton of Morleys is sold out of the back of a car. Frasier "Morning Becomes Entertainment" (6 Apr 2000): Bebe pulls a pack of Morleys out of her purse and asks Frasier if he minds. Friends "The One Where Rachel Smokes" (8 Apr 1999): Chandler can be seen holding a pack of these. Heroes "One of Us, One of Them" (29 Sep 2008): Claire Bennet's biological mother, Meredith, tries to light a Morley in the Bennet home before Sandra Bennet asks her not to smoke in the house.
471_11	Jake 2.0: A terrorist disguises powerful explosives as a pack of Morley cigarettes and demonstrates its incredible power by exploding a piece of swamp in the Philippines. Judging Amy "Can They Do That With Vegetables?" (5 Feb 2002): A teenage boy sues the Morley company for causing his emphysema. Justified "Riverbrook" (23 Mar 2010): A group of prison escapees rob a convenience store. One discharges a shotgun in the store, blasting a rack of cartons of Morley cigarettes. Killer Instinct "Game Over" (11 Nov 2005): Morley cigarettes appear in the desk of Lt. Matt Cavanaugh, played by Chi McBride. Kingdom "Please Refrain from Crying" (12 Nov 2014): Lisa Prince, played by Kiele Sanchez, is seen holding a pack of Morley cigarettes outside a roadside dinner where she and Ryan Wheeler, played by Matt Lauria, stop at after visiting his parents. Lost "LA X" (2 Feb 2010): In the Flash Sideways, Rose Nadler is seen on the plane clutching a magazine with an ad for Morley cigarettes.
471_12	The L Word Malcolm in the Middle Season 2 Episode 21 “Malcom vs. Reese” - Reese accuses Malcolm of placing Morley’s in the laundry to frame him. Mannix "All Around the Money Tree" (22 Feb 1969): Joe Mannix opens a suitcase to discover a couple packs of Morleys—in white packs. Mannix "Falling Star" (6 Jan 1968): A scene opens with a white pack of Morley cigarettes prominently displayed on an end table. Just as Joe Mannix is about to take a cigarette out of the pack, he is interrupted by a knock at the door. Before opening the door, Mannix drops the pack of Morleys and a lighter on the end table where the pack of cigarettes is given a final close-up shot. Medium The Middle "The Map" (11 Jan 2012): Frances brings Aunt Edie a carton of Morley cigarettes. Millennium "The Time Is Now" (15 May 1998): Peter Watts discovers a Morley stub in the mysterious Millennium Group's basement as a nod to the Cigarette Smoking Man from The X-Files. Chris Carter created both series.
471_13	Mission: Impossible Naked City "Tombstone for a Derelict" (5 Apr 1961): Four young men led by Baldwin Larne, played by Robert Redford, surround a derelict on a lonely street. Larne offers him a cigarette, and, as the derelict turns to get a light from one of Larne's companions, Larne stabs the derelict in the back, dead, and tosses the cigarette pack on the body. Detective Flint, played by Paul Burke, and company arrive on the scene of the crime to investigate, and the pack of cigarettes is shown close up to be the Morley brand, a clue. This early Morley cigarettes black-and-white appearances shows a cigarette pack with an Etruscan horse image as the brand icon, and the first and last letters of "Morley" in lower case, and the letters in between in upper case. Nash Bridges "Power Play" (16 Apr 1999): Morleys appear on a desk in a criminal's house. NCIS (TV series) s11e15 Bulletproof (25 Feb 2015): Smoked by Fay Gussman (Challen Cates) outside of Camper.
471_14	New Amsterdam "Love Hurts" (14 Apr 2008): A suspect in an interrogation room is about to light a Morley. John Amsterdam takes it from him and says, "No smoking." Orange Is the New Black "Tall Men with Feelings" (11 Jul 2013): Pornstache pulls a Morleys from his pocket and tries to light the butt. The Outer LimitsPerry Mason Prison Break "Bolshoi Booze" (11 Nov 2006): T-Bag picks up a pack of Morleys from a bag in Geary's apartment. Pushing Daisies "Bad Habits" (15 Oct 2008): A carton of Morleys can be seen in the cabinet full of contraband in Sister Maria Christina's room. Reaper "The Devil and Sam Oliver" (26 May 2009): Mary Pat, the greeter at the Work Bench, holds up a pack of Morleys before she steps outside to have a smoke next to the LP gas tanks. Saving Grace "It's a Fierce, White-Hot, Mighty Love" (4 Aug 2008): the main character, Grace, is given a Morley by a suspect as she's investigating him. Shameless features Morleys on several occasions
471_15	Seinfeld "The Invitations" (16 May 1996): George Costanza smokes a Morley in an attempt to appear off-putting to his fiancée, Susan Ross, in hopes that she will call off their upcoming wedding. Sordid Lives: The Series "Pills, Poison and Penises" (6 Aug 208): Morley brand cigarettes are advertised on a sign at the convenience store where Vera works. Space: Above and Beyond "Ray Butts" (22 Oct 1995): The main character, Ray Butts, has a pack of Morleys at the beginning of the episode. Special Unit 2 "The Grain" (3 Oct 2001): A housewife, under the influence of the Sandman, robs a convenience store, demanding all the cash and a pack of Morleys. The Strain "The Third Rail" (21 Sep 2014): Mariela Martinez throws down an empty pack of Morley Lights. Later, Zach Goodweather finds Morleys (in green-and-white packaging) on the floor of a looted grocery store, and picks up two packs for Mariela.
471_16	That '70s Show "Eric Gets Suspended" (30 Nov 1999): Red Forman orders his son Eric to smoke an entire pack of Morleys after he gets caught with a cigarette at school. The Twilight Zone features Morleys on several occasions “The Walking Dead” Season 5: Episode 6, “Consumed”. Daryl Dixon discovers a carton of Morleys in a women's shelter. Twin Peaks: The Return (4 June 2017): A customer at the Roadhouse hands a pack of Morleys filled with cash to a Twin Peaks police officer. Up All Night "I Can't Quit You" (6 Dec 2012): Chris struggles to resist buying a pack of cigarettes at a convenience store, where Morleys are visible behind the counter. United States of Tara pilot (18 Jan 2009): Tara has pack of Morleys in the glove box after speeding away from school. The Walking Dead features Morleys on several occasions
471_17	Warehouse 13 "The Ones You Love" (24 Sep 2012): Mrs. Frederic and Steve Jinks enter The Library, a secret room in the Vatican. There is a pack of Morley cigarettes on the table. Weeds "The Brick Dance" (27 Aug 2007): Conrad asks Heylia about the Morleys that she is smoking, that she had not smoked for years. Yellowstone "Kill The Messenger" (27 Jun 2018): A pack of Morley's is seen on the medical examiner's counter, prior to his exchange with Rip.
471_18	Literature In Andrés Spinova's novel Marilyn y un par de Ases (Marilyn and a Pair of Aces) the character Mauser smokes Morley cigarettes when he's about to make a hit. Video games Cyberpunk 2077: The player can occasionally find packs of Morley cigarettes as random loot, and they can also be seen in various vending machines. The item description reads "Extra strong, triple filter. For addiction junkies." Blacksad: Under the Skin: The main protagonist, who is a feline private investigator in 1950s New York City buys a pack of Morley in a vending machine. The X-Files: Morley cigarettes are referenced several times, including a Morley cigarette butt that is collected as evidence at the James Wong crime scene.
471_19	Other media "Because I Got High (Positive Remix)" by Afroman: In this music video, a man sitting on a motorized couch is seen smoking and holding a pack of Morleys before he smokes a joint, throws the cigarette behind him, and drops the pack because he got high. Broken Saints: The character Raimi buys a pack of Morley cigarettes in this online cartoon. William B. Davis of The X-Files is a member of the voice cast, but Brooke Burgess, creator of Broken Saints, confirmed that the Morley cigarettes were in the original series "WELL before Bill signed on — but he liked the nod, none-the-less." See also Acme Corporation Finder-Spyder Heisler Beer Oceanic Airlines References External links Earl Hays Press "Why The Same Fake Cigarettes Are Used In TV and Movies Movies Insider" via YouTube magnoliprops.com - Morley cigarettes In-jokes Cigarette brands Fictional brands Fictional medicines and drugs
472_0	Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (, ; ; 5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a 19th-century French author, remembered as a master of the short story form, as well as a representative of the Naturalist school, who depicted human lives, destinies and social forces in disillusioned and often pessimistic terms. Maupassant was a protégé of Gustave Flaubert and his stories are characterized by economy of style and efficient, seemingly effortless dénouements. Many are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in events beyond their control, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His first published story, "Boule de Suif" ("The Dumpling", 1880), is often considered his most famous work. Biography
472_1	Henri-René-Albert-Guy de Maupassant was born on 5 August 1850 at the late 16th-century Château de Miromesnil, near Dieppe in the Seine-Inférieure (now Seine-Maritime) department in France. He was the first son of Laure Le Poittevin and Gustave de Maupassant, both from prosperous bourgeois families. His mother urged his father when they married in 1846 to obtain the right to use the particule or form "de Maupassant" instead of "Maupassant" as his family name, in order to indicate noble birth. Gustave discovered a certain Jean-Baptiste Maupassant, conseiller-secrétaire to the King, who was ennobled in 1752. He then obtained from the Tribunal Civil of Rouen by decree dated 9 July 1846 the right to style himself "de Maupassant" instead of "Maupassant" and this was his surname at the birth of his son Guy in 1850.
472_2	When Maupassant was 11 and his brother Hervé was five, his mother, an independent-minded woman, risked social disgrace to obtain a legal separation from her husband, who was violent towards her.
472_3	After the separation, Laure Le Poittevin kept her two sons. With the father's absence, Maupassant's mother became the most influential figure in the young boy's life. She was an exceptionally well-read woman and was very fond of classical literature, particularly Shakespeare. Until the age of thirteen, Guy lived happily with his mother, at Étretat, in the Villa des Verguies, where, between the sea and the luxuriant countryside, he grew very fond of fishing and outdoor activities. At age thirteen, his mother next placed her two sons as day boarders in a private school, the Institution Leroy-Petit, in Rouen—the Institution Robineau of Maupassant's story La Question du Latin—for classical studies. From his early education he retained a marked hostility to religion, and to judge from verses composed around this time he deplored the ecclesiastical atmosphere, its ritual and discipline. Finding the place to be unbearable, he finally got himself expelled in his penultimate year.
472_4	In 1867, as he entered junior high school, Maupassant made acquaintance with Gustave Flaubert at Croisset at the insistence of his mother. Next year, in autumn, he was sent to the Lycée Pierre-Corneille in Rouen where he proved a good scholar indulging in poetry and taking a prominent part in theatricals. In October 1868, at the age of 18, he saved the famous poet Algernon Charles Swinburne from drowning off the coast of Étretat. The Franco-Prussian War broke out soon after his graduation from college in 1870; he enlisted as a volunteer. In 1871, he left Normandy and moved to Paris where he spent ten years as a clerk in the Navy Department. During this time his only recreation and relaxation was boating on the Seine on Sundays and holidays.
472_5	Gustave Flaubert took him under his protection and acted as a kind of literary guardian to him, guiding his debut in journalism and literature. At Flaubert's home, he met Émile Zola and the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev, as well as many of the proponents of the realist and naturalist schools. He wrote and played himself in a comedy in 1875 (with the benediction of Flaubert), "À la feuille de rose, maison turque". In 1878, he was transferred to the Ministry of Public Instruction and became a contributing editor to several leading newspapers such as Le Figaro, Gil Blas, Le Gaulois and l'Écho de Paris. He devoted his spare time to writing novels and short stories.
472_6	In 1880 he published what is considered his first masterpiece, "Boule de Suif", which met with instant and tremendous success. Flaubert characterized it as "a masterpiece that will endure." This was Maupassant's first piece of short fiction set during the Franco-Prussian War, and was followed by short stories such as "Deux Amis", "Mother Savage", and "Mademoiselle Fifi". The decade from 1880 to 1891 was the most fertile period of Maupassant's life. Made famous by his first short story, he worked methodically and produced two or sometimes four volumes annually. His talent and practical business sense made him wealthy.
472_7	In 1881 he published his first volume of short stories under the title of La Maison Tellier; it reached its twelfth edition within two years. In 1883 he finished his first novel, Une Vie (translated into English as A Woman's Life), 25,000 copies of which were sold in less than a year. His second novel, Bel-Ami, which came out in 1885, had thirty-seven printings in four months. His editor, Havard, commissioned him to write more stories, and Maupassant continued to produce them efficiently and frequently. At this time he wrote what many consider to be his greatest novel, Pierre et Jean.
472_8	With a natural aversion to society, he loved retirement, solitude, and meditation. He traveled extensively in Algeria, Italy, England, Brittany, Sicily, Auvergne, and from each voyage brought back a new volume. He cruised on his private yacht Bel-Ami, named after his novel. This life did not prevent him from making friends among the literary celebrities of his day: Alexandre Dumas, fils had a paternal affection for him; at Aix-les-Bains he met Hippolyte Taine and became devoted to the philosopher-historian. Flaubert continued to act as his literary godfather. His friendship with the Goncourts was of short duration; his frank and practical nature reacted against the ambiance of gossip, scandal, duplicity, and invidious criticism that the two brothers had created around them in the guise of an 18th-century style salon.
472_9	Maupassant was one of a fair number of 19th-century Parisians (including Charles Gounod, Alexandre Dumas, fils, and Charles Garnier) who did not care for the Eiffel Tower. He often ate lunch in the restaurant at its base, not out of preference for the food but because it was only there that he could avoid seeing its otherwise unavoidable profile. He and forty-six other Parisian literary and artistic notables attached their names to an elaborately irate letter of protest against the tower's construction, written to the Minister of Public Works. Maupassant also wrote under several pseudonyms, including Joseph Prunier, Guy de Valmont, and Maufrigneuse (which he used from 1881 to 1885).
472_10	In his later years he developed a constant desire for solitude, an obsession for self-preservation, and a fear of death and paranoia of persecution caused by the syphilis he had contracted in his youth. It has been suggested that his brother, Hervé, also suffered from syphilis and the disease may have been congenital. On 2 January 1892, Maupassant tried to commit suicide by cutting his throat, and was committed to the private asylum of Esprit Blanche at Passy, in Paris, where he died 6 July 1893 from syphilis. Maupassant penned his own epitaph: "I have coveted everything and taken pleasure in nothing." He is buried in Section 26 of the Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris.
472_11	Significance
472_12	Maupassant is considered a father of the modern short story. Literary theorist Kornelije Kvas wrote that along "with Chekhov, Maupassant is the greatest master of the short story in world literature. He is not a naturalist like Zola; to him, physiological processes do not constitute the basis of human actions, although the influence of the environment is manifested in his prose. In many respects, Maupassant's naturalism is Schopenhauerian anthropological pessimism, as he is often harsh and merciless when it comes to depicting human nature. He owes most to Flaubert, from whom he learned to use a concise and measured style and to establish a distance towards the object of narration." He delighted in clever plotting, and served as a model for Somerset Maugham and O. Henry in this respect. One of his famous short stories, "The Necklace", was imitated with a twist by Maugham ("Mr Know-All", "A String of Beads"). Henry James's "Paste" adapts another story of his with a similar title, "The
472_13	Jewels".
472_14	Taking his cue from Balzac, Maupassant wrote comfortably in both the high-Realist and fantastic modes; stories and novels such as "L'Héritage" and Bel-Ami aim to recreate Third-Republic France in a realistic way, whereas many of the short stories (notably "Le Horla" and "Qui sait?") describe apparently supernatural phenomena. The supernatural in Maupassant, however, is often implicitly a symptom of the protagonists' troubled minds; Maupassant was fascinated by the burgeoning discipline of psychiatry, and attended the public lectures of Jean-Martin Charcot between 1885 and 1886. Legacy Leo Tolstoy used Maupassant as the subject for one of his essays on art: The Works of Guy de Maupassant. His stories are second only to Shakespeare in their inspiration of movie adaptations with films ranging from Stagecoach, Oyuki the Virgin and Masculine Feminine. Friedrich Nietzsche's autobiography mentions him in the following text:
472_15	"I cannot at all conceive in which century of history one could haul together such inquisitive and at the same time delicate psychologists as one can in contemporary Paris: I can name as a sample – for their number is by no means small, ... or to pick out one of the stronger race, a genuine Latin to whom I am particularly attached, Guy de Maupassant." William Saroyan wrote a short story about Maupassant in his 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody. Isaac Babel wrote a short story about him, “Guy de Maupassant.” It appears in The Collected Stories of Isaac Babel and in the story anthology You’ve Got To Read This: Contemporary American Writers Introduce Stories that Held Them in Awe.
472_16	Gene Roddenberry, in an early draft for The Questor Tapes, wrote a scene in which the android Questor employs Maupassant's theory that, "the human female will open her mind to a man to whom she has opened other channels of communications." In the script Questor copulates with a woman to obtain information that she is reluctant to impart. Due to complaints from NBC executives, this part of the script was never filmed. Michel Drach directed and co-wrote a 1982 French biographical film: Guy de Maupassant. Claude Brasseur stars as the titular character. Several of Maupassant's short stories, including "La Peur" and "The Necklace", were adapted as episodes of the 1986 Indian anthology television series Katha Sagar. Bibliography Short stories
472_17	"A Country Excursion" "A Coup d'État" "A Coward" "A Cremation" "Abandoned" "The Accent" "An Adventure in Paris" "Afloat" "After" "After wars" "Alexandre" "All Over" "Allouma" "An Artifice" "At Sea" "Babette" "The Baroness" "Bed 29" "Belhomme's Beast" "Bertha" "Beside Schopenhauer's Corpse" "Boitelle" "Châli" "Coco" "Confessing" "The Accursed Bread" "The Adopted Son" "The Apparition" "The Artist" "The Baroness" "The Beggar" "The Blind Man" "Boule de Suif" (Ball of Fat) "The Cake" "The Capture of Walter Schnaffs" "The Child" "The Christening" "Clair de Lune" "Cleopatra in Paris" "Clochette" "A Cock Crowed" "The Colonel's Ideas" "The Confession" "The Corsican Bandit" "The Cripple" "A Crisis" "The Dead Girl (a.k.a. "Was it a Dream?")" "Dead Woman's Secret" "The Deaf Mute" "Denis" "The Devil" "The Diamond Necklace" "The Diary of a Madman" "Discovery" "The Dispenser of Holy Water" "The Donkey" "The Door" "The Dowry" "Dreams" "The Drowned Man" "The Drunkard" "Duchoux" "A Duel"
472_18	"The Effeminates" "The Englishman of Etretat" "Epiphany" "The False Gems" "A Family" "A Family Affair" "Farewell" "The Farmer's Wife" "Father Matthew" "A Father's Confession" "The Fishing Hole" "Fascination" "The Father" "Father Milon" "Fear" "Femme Fatale" "The First Snowfall" "Florentine" "Forbidden Fruit" "Forgiveness" "Found on a Drowned Man" "Friend Joseph" "Friend Patience" "The Frontier" "The Gamekeeper" "A Ghost" "Ghosts" "The Grave" "The Graveyard Sisterhood" "The Hairpin" "The Hand" "Growing Old" "Happiness" "Hautot Senior and Hautot Junior" "His Avenger" "The Highway Man" "The Horla, or Modern Ghosts" "The Horrible" "The Hostelry" "A Humble Drama" "The Impolite Sex" "In the Country" "In the Spring" "In the Wood" "Indiscretion" "The Inn" "The Jewelry" "Julie Romaine" "The Kiss" "The Lancer's Wife" "Lasting Love" "Legend of Mont St. Michel" "The Legion of Honour" "Lieutenant Lare's Marriage" "The Little Cask" "Little Louise Roque" "A Lively Friend" "The Log" "Looking Back"
472_19	"The Love of Long Ago" "Madame Baptiste" "Madame Hermet" "Madame Husson's Rosier" "Madame Parisse" "Madame Tellier's Establishment" "Mademoiselle Cocotte" "Mademoiselle Fifi" "Mademoiselle Pearl" "The Maison Tellier" "The Magic Couch" "Magnetism" "Mamma Stirling" "The Man with the Pale Eyes" "The Marquis de Fumerol" "Marroca" "Martine" "The Mask" "A Meeting" "A Million" (Un Million) "Minuet" "Misti" "Miss Harriet" "The Model" "Moiron" "Monsieur Parent" "Moonlight" "The Moribund" "Mother and Son" "A Mother of Monsters" "Mother Sauvage" "The Mountain Pool" "The Mustache" "My Twenty-Five Days" "My Uncle Jules" "My Uncle Sosthenes" "My Wife" "The Necklace" "A New Year's Gift" "The Night: A Nightmare" "No Quarter" (French Le père Milon) "A Normandy Joke" "Old Amable" "Old Judas" "An Old Man" "The Old Man" "Old Mongilet" "On Horseback" "On the River" "On a Spring Evening" "The Orphan" "Our Friends The English" "Our Letters" "A Parricide" "The Parrot" "A Passion" "The Patron"
472_20	"The Penguin's Rock" "The Piece of String" "Pierrot" "Pierre et Jean" "The Port" "A Portrait" "The Prisoners" "The Protector" "Queen Hortense" "A Queer Night in Paris" "The Question of Latin" "The Rabbit" "A Recollection" "Regret" "The Rendez-vous" "Revenge" "The Relic" "The Reward" "Roger's Method" "Roly-Poly" (Boule de Suif) "The Rondoli Sisters" "Rosalie Prudent" "Rose" "Rust" "A Sale" "Saint Anthony" "The Shepherd's Leap" "The Signal" "Simon's Papa" "The Snipe" "The Son" "Solitude" "The Story of a Farm Girl" "A Stroll" "The Spasm" "Suicides" "Sundays of a Bourgeois" "The Terror" "The Test" "That Costly Ride" "That Pig of a Morin" "Theodule Sabot's Confession" "The Thief" "Timbuctoo" "Toine" "Tombstones" "Travelling" "A Tress of Hair" "The Trip of the Horla" "True Story" "Two Friends" "Two Little Soldiers" "The Umbrella" "An Uncomfortable Bed" "The Unknown" "Useless Beauty" "A Vagabond" "A Vendetta" "The Venus of Branzia" "En Voyage" "Waiter, a "Bock" "The Wardrobe"
472_21	"A Wedding Gift" "Who Knows?" "A Widow" "The Will" "The Wolf" "The Wooden Shoes" "The Wreck" "The Wrong House" "Yvette Samoris"
472_22	Novels Une Vie (1883) Bel-Ami (1885) Mont-Oriol (1887) Pierre et Jean (1888) Fort comme la mort (1889) Notre Cœur (1890) L'Angelus (1910) - unfinished L'Âmé Éntrangère (1910) - unfinished Short-story collections Les Soirées de Médan (with Zola, Huysmans et al. Contains Boule de Suif by Maupassant) (1880) La Maison Tellier (1881) Mademoiselle Fifi (1883) Contes de la Bécasse (1883) Duchoux Miss Harriet (1884) Les Sœurs Rondoli (1884) Clair de lune (1884) (contains "Les Bijoux") Yvette (1884) Contes du jour et de la nuit (1885) (contains "La Parure" or "The Necklace") Monsieur Parent (1886) La Petite Roque (1886) Toine (1886) Le Horla (1887) Le Rosier de Madame Husson (1888) La Main gauche (1889) L'Inutile Beauté (1890) Travel writing Au soleil (1884) Sur l'eau (1888) La Vie errante (1890) Poetry Des Vers (1880) containing Nuit de Neige References
472_23	Further reading Abamine, E. P. "German-French Sexual Encounters of the Franco-Prussian War Period in the Fiction of Guy de Maupassant." CLA Journal 32.3 (1989): 323–334. online Dugan, John Raymond. Illusion and reality: a study of descriptive techniques in the works of Guy de Maupassant (Walter de Gruyter, 2014). Fagley, Robert. Bachelors, Bastards, and Nomadic Masculinity: Illegitimacy in Guy de Maupassant and André Gide (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014) online. Harris, Trevor A. Le V. Maupassant in the Hall of Mirrors: Ironies of Repetition in the Work of Guy de Maupassant (Springer, 1990). Rougle, Charles. "Art and the Artist in Babel's" Guy de Maupassant"." The Russian Review 48.2 (1989): 171-180. online Sattar, Atia. "Certain Madness: Guy de Maupassant and Hypnotism." Configurations 19.2 (2011): 213–241. regarding both versions of his horror story “The Horla” (1886/1887). online
472_24	Stivale, Charles J. The art of rupture: narrative desire and duplicity in the tales of Guy de Maupassant (University of Michigan Press, 1994).
472_25	External links Guy de Maupassant timeline and stories at AsNotedIn.com Complete list of stories by Guy de Maupassant at Prospero's Isle.com Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers Recensement et analyse des écrits non romanesques de Guy de Maupassant Works by Guy de Maupassant at Online Literature (HTML) Works by Guy de Maupassant in Ebooks Works by Guy de Maupassant (text, concordances and frequency list) Maupassantiana, a French scholar's website on Maupassant and his works Oeuvres de Maupassant, à Athena Guy de Maupassant's The Jewels audiobook with video at YouTube Guy de Maupassant's The Jewels audiobook at Libsyn
472_26	1850 births 1893 deaths People from Seine-Maritime 19th-century French novelists 19th-century French short story writers French fantasy writers French horror writers French psychological fiction writers French male short story writers French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War Légion d'honneur refusals Lycée Henri-IV alumni Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni Writers from Normandy Deaths from syphilis Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery Weird fiction writers
473_0	Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps. They may also burn or sting. Often the patches of rash move around. Typically they last a few days and do not leave any long-lasting skin changes. Fewer than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks. The condition frequently recurs. Hives frequently occur following an infection or as a result of an allergic reaction such as to medication, insect bites, or food. Psychological stress, cold temperature, or vibration may also be a trigger. In half of cases the cause remains unknown. Risk factors include having conditions such as hay fever or asthma. Diagnosis is typically based on the appearance. Patch testing may be useful to determine the allergy.
473_1	Prevention is by avoiding whatever it is that causes the condition. Treatment is typically with antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and ranitidine. In severe cases, corticosteroids or leukotriene inhibitors may also be used. Keeping the environmental temperature cool is also useful. For cases that last more than six weeks immunosuppressants such as ciclosporin may be used. About 20% of people are affected. Cases of short duration occur equally in males and females while cases of long duration are more common in females. Cases of short duration are more common among children while cases of long duration are more common among those who are middle aged. Hives have been described at least since the time of Hippocrates. The term urticaria is from the Latin urtica meaning "nettle". Signs and symptoms
473_2	Hives, or urticaria, is a form of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps. They may also burn or sting. Welts (raised areas surrounded by a red base) from hives can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including histamine from cutaneous mast cells, results in fluid leakage from superficial blood vessels. Welts may be pinpoint in size or several inches in diameter. Often the patches of rash move around. About 20% of people are affected. Cases of short duration occur equally in males and females, lasting a few days and without leaving any long-lasting skin changes. Cases of long duration are more common in females. Cases of short duration are more common among children while cases of long duration are more common among those who are middle aged. Fewer than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks. The condition frequently recurs. In half of cases of hives, the cause remains unknown.
473_3	Angioedema is a related condition (also from allergic and nonallergic causes), though fluid leakage is from much deeper blood vessels in the subcutaneous or submucosal layers. Individual hives that are painful, last more than 24 hours, or leave a bruise as they heal are more likely to be a more serious condition called urticarial vasculitis. Hives caused by stroking the skin (often linear in appearance) are due to a benign condition called dermatographic urticaria. Cause Hives can also be classified by the purported causative agent. Many different substances in the environment may cause hives, including medications, food and physical agents. In perhaps more than 50% of people with chronic hives of unknown cause, it is due to an autoimmune reaction. Risk factors include having conditions such as hay fever or asthma.
473_4	Medications Drugs that have caused allergic reactions evidenced as hives include codeine, sulphate of morphia, dextroamphetamine, aspirin, ibuprofen, penicillin, clotrimazole, trichazole, sulfonamides, anticonvulsants, cefaclor, piracetam, vaccines, and antidiabetic drugs. The antidiabetic sulphonylurea glimepiride, in particular, has been documented to induce allergic reactions manifesting as hives. Food The most common food allergies in adults are shellfish and nuts. The most common food allergies in children are shellfish, nuts, eggs, wheat, and soy. One study showed Balsam of Peru, which is in many processed foods, to be the most common cause of immediate contact urticaria. Another food allergy that can cause hives is alpha-gal allergy, which may cause sensitivity to milk and red meat. A less common cause is exposure to certain bacteria, such as Streptococcus species or possibly Helicobacter pylori.
473_5	Infection or environmental agent Hives including chronic spontaneous hives can be a complication and symptom of a parasitic infection, such as blastocystosis and strongyloidiasis among others. The rash that develops from poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac contact is commonly mistaken for urticaria. This rash is caused by contact with urushiol and results in a form of contact dermatitis called urushiol-induced contact dermatitis. Urushiol is spread by contact but can be washed off with a strong grease- or oil-dissolving detergent and cool water and rubbing ointments. Dermatographic urticaria Dermatographic urticaria (also known as dermatographism or "skin writing") is marked by the appearance of weals or welts on the skin as a result of scratching or firm stroking of the skin. Seen in 4–5% of the population, it is one of the most common types of urticaria, in which the skin becomes raised and inflamed when stroked, scratched, rubbed, and sometimes even slapped.
473_6	The skin reaction usually becomes evident soon after the scratching and disappears within 30 minutes. Dermatographism is the most common form of a subset of chronic hives, acknowledged as "physical hives". It stands in contrast to the linear reddening that does not itch seen in healthy people who are scratched. In most cases, the cause is unknown, although it may be preceded by a viral infection, antibiotic therapy, or emotional upset. Dermographism is diagnosed by taking a tongue blade and drawing it over the skin of the arm or back. The hives should develop within a few minutes. Unless the skin is highly sensitive and reacts continually, treatment is not needed. Taking antihistamines can reduce the response in cases that are annoying to the person.
473_7	Pressure or delayed pressure
473_8	This type of hives can occur right away, precisely after a pressure stimulus or as a deferred response to sustained pressure being enforced to the skin. In the deferred form, the hives only appear after about six hours from the initial application of pressure to the skin. Under normal circumstances, these hives are not the same as those witnessed with most urticariae. Instead, the protrusion in the affected areas is typically more spread out. The hives may last from eight hours to three days. The source of the pressure on the skin can happen from tight fitted clothing, belts, clothing with tough straps, walking, leaning against an object, standing, sitting on a hard surface, etc. The areas of the body most commonly affected are the hands, feet, trunk, abdomen, buttocks, legs and face. Although this appears to be very similar to dermatographism, the cardinal difference is that the swelled skin areas do not become visible quickly and tend to last much longer. This form of the skin
473_9	disease is, however, rare.
473_10	Cholinergic or stress Cholinergic urticaria (CU) is one of the physical urticaria which is provoked during sweating events such as exercise, bathing, staying in a heated environment, or emotional stress. The hives produced are typically smaller than classic hives and are generally shorter-lasting. Multiple subtypes have been elucidated, each of which require distinct treatment. Cold-induced
473_11	The cold type of urticaria is caused by exposure of the skin to extreme cold, damp and windy conditions; it occurs in two forms. The rare form is hereditary and becomes evident as hives all over the body 9 to 18 hours after cold exposure. The common form of cold urticaria demonstrates itself with the rapid onset of hives on the face, neck, or hands after exposure to cold. Cold urticaria is common and lasts for an average of five to six years. The population most affected is young adults, between 18 and 25 years old. Many people with the condition also suffer from dermographism and cholinergic hives.
473_12	Severe reactions can be seen with exposure to cold water; swimming in cold water is the most common cause of a severe reaction. This can cause a massive discharge of histamine, resulting in low blood pressure, fainting, shock and even loss of life. Cold urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing an ice cube against the skin of the forearm for 1 to 5 minutes. A distinct hive should develop if a person suffers cold urticaria. This is different from the normal redness that can be seen in people without cold urticaria. People with cold urticaria need to learn to protect themselves from a hasty drop in body temperature. Regular antihistamines are not generally efficacious. One particular antihistamine, cyproheptadine (Periactin), has been found to be useful. The tricyclic antidepressant doxepin has been found to be effective blocking agents of histamine. Finally, a medication named ketotifen, which keeps mast cells from discharging histamine, has also been employed with widespread success.
473_13	Solar urticaria This form of the disease occurs on areas of the skin exposed to the sun; the condition becomes evident within minutes of exposure. Water-induced
473_14	This type of urticaria is also termed rare and occurs upon contact with water. The response is not temperature-dependent and the skin appears similar to the cholinergic form of the disease. The appearance of hives is within one to 15 minutes of contact with the water and can last from 10 minutes to two hours. This kind of hives does not seem to be stimulated by histamine discharge like the other physical hives. Most researchers believe this condition is actually skin sensitivity to additives in the water, such as chlorine. Water urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing tap water and distilled water to the skin and observing the gradual response. Aquagenic urticaria is treated with capsaicin (Zostrix) administered to the chafed skin. This is the same treatment used for shingles. Antihistamines are of questionable benefit in this instance since histamine is not the causative factor.
473_15	Exercise The condition was first distinguished in 1980. People with exercise urticaria (EU) experience hives, itchiness, shortness of breath and low blood pressure five to 30 minutes after beginning exercise. These symptoms can progress to shock and even sudden death. Jogging is the most common exercise to cause EU, but it is not induced by a hot shower, fever, or with fretfulness. This differentiates EU from cholinergic urticaria.
473_16	EU sometimes occurs only when someone exercises within 30 minutes of eating particular foods, such as wheat or shellfish. For these individuals, exercising alone or eating the injuring food without exercising produces no symptoms. EU can be diagnosed by having the person exercise and then observing the symptoms. This method must be used with caution and only with the appropriate resuscitative measures at hand. EU can be differentiated from cholinergic urticaria by the hot water immersion test. In this test, the person is immersed in water at 43 °C (109.4 °F). Someone with EU will not develop hives, while a person with cholinergic urticaria will develop the characteristic small hives, especially on the neck and chest.
473_17	The immediate symptoms of this type are treated with antihistamines, epinephrine and airway support. Taking antihistamines prior to exercise may be effective. Ketotifen is acknowledged to stabilise mast cells and prevent histamine release, and has been effective in treating this hives disorder. Avoiding exercise or foods that cause the mentioned symptoms is very important. In particular circumstances, tolerance can be brought on by regular exercise, but this must be under medical supervision. Pathophysiology The skin lesions of urticarial disease are caused by an inflammatory reaction in the skin, causing leakage of capillaries in the dermis, and resulting in an edema which persists until the interstitial fluid is absorbed into the surrounding cells.
473_18	Hives are caused by the release of histamine and other mediators of inflammation (cytokines) from cells in the skin. This process can be the result of an allergic or nonallergic reaction, differing in the eliciting mechanism of histamine release. Allergic hives Histamine and other proinflammatory substances are released from mast cells in the skin and tissues in response to the binding of allergen-bound IgE antibodies to high-affinity cell surface receptors. Basophils and other inflammatory cells are also seen to release histamine and other mediators, and are thought to play an important role, especially in chronic urticarial diseases.
473_19	Autoimmune hives Over half of all cases of chronic idiopathic hives are the result of an autoimmune trigger. Roughly 50% of people with chronic urticaria spontaneously develop autoantibodies directed at the receptor FcεRI located on skin mast cells. Chronic stimulation of this receptor leads to chronic hives. People with hives often have other autoimmune conditions, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus. Infections Hive-like rashes commonly accompany viral illnesses, such as the common cold. They usually appear three to five days after the cold has started, and may even appear a few days after the cold has resolved.
473_20	Nonallergic hives Mechanisms other than allergen-antibody interactions are known to cause histamine release from mast cells. Many drugs, for example morphine, can induce direct histamine release not involving any immunoglobulin molecule. Also, a diverse group of signaling substances called neuropeptides, have been found to be involved in emotionally induced hives. Dominantly inherited cutaneous and neurocutaneous porphyrias (porphyria cutanea tarda, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria and erythropoietic protoporphyria) have been associated with solar urticaria. The occurrence of drug-induced solar urticaria may be associated with porphyrias. This may be caused by IgG binding, not IgE.
473_21	Dietary histamine poisoning This is termed scombroid food poisoning. Ingestion of free histamine released by bacterial decay in fish flesh may result in a rapid-onset, allergic-type symptom complex which includes hives. However, the hives produced by scombroid is reported not to include wheals. Stress and chronic idiopathic hives Chronic idiopathic hives has been anecdotally linked to stress since the 1940s. A large body of evidence demonstrates an association between this condition and both poor emotional well-being and reduced health-related quality of life. A link between stress and this condition has also been shown. A recent study has demonstrated an association between stressful life events (e.g. bereavement, divorce, etc.) and chronic idiopathic urticaria and also an association between post-traumatic stress and chronic idiopathic hives. Diagnosis
473_22	Diagnosis is typically based on the appearance. The cause of chronic hives can rarely be determined. Patch testing may be useful to determine the allergy. In some cases regular extensive allergy testing over a long period of time is requested in hopes of getting new insight. No evidence shows regular allergy testing results in identification of a problem or relief for people with chronic hives. Regular allergy testing for people with chronic hives is not recommended.
473_23	Acute versus chronic urticaria is defined as the presence of evanescent wheals which completely resolve within six weeks. Acute urticaria becomes evident a few minutes after the person has been exposed to an allergen. The outbreak may last several weeks, but usually the hives are gone in six weeks. Typically, the hives are a reaction to food, but in about half the cases, the trigger is unknown. Common foods may be the cause, as well as bee or wasp stings, or skin contact with certain fragrances. Acute viral infection is another common cause of acute urticaria (viral exanthem). Less common causes of hives include friction, pressure, temperature extremes, exercise, and sunlight.
473_24	urticaria (ordinary urticaria) is defined as the presence of evanescent wheals which persist for greater than six weeks. Some of the more severe chronic cases have lasted more than 20 years. A survey indicated chronic urticaria lasted a year or more in more than 50% of sufferers and 20 years or more in 20% of them.
473_25	Acute and chronic hives are visually indistinguishable. Related conditions Angioedema Angioedema is similar to hives, but in angioedema, the swelling occurs in a lower layer of the dermis than in hives, as well as in the subcutis. This swelling can occur around the mouth, eyes, in the throat, in the abdomen, or in other locations. Hives and angioedema sometimes occur together in response to an allergen, and is a concern in severe cases, as angioedema of the throat can be fatal.
473_26	Vibratory angioedema This very rare form of angioedema develops in response to contact with vibration. In vibratory angioedema, symptoms develop within two to five minutes after contact with a vibrating object and abate after about an hour. People with this disorder do not suffer from dermographism or pressure urticaria. Vibratory angioedema is diagnosed by holding a vibrating device such as a laboratory vortex machine against the forearm for four minutes. Speedy swelling of the whole forearm extending into the upper arm is also noted later. The principal treatment is avoidance of vibratory stimulants. Antihistamines have also been proven helpful. Management The mainstay of therapy for both acute and chronic hives is education, avoiding triggers and using antihistamines.
473_27	Chronic hives can be difficult to treat and lead to significant disability. Unlike the acute form, 50–80% of people with chronic hives have no identifiable triggers. But 50% of people with chronic hives will experience remission within 1 year. Overall, treatment is geared towards symptomatic management. Individuals with chronic hives may need other medications in addition to antihistamines to control symptoms. People who experience hives with angioedema require emergency treatment as this is a life-threatening condition.
473_28	Treatment guidelines for the management of chronic hives have been published. According to the 2014 American practice parameters, treatment involves a stepwise approach. Step 1 consists of second generation, H1 receptor blocking antihistamines. Systemic glucocorticoids can also be used for episodes of severe disease but should not be used for long term due to their long list of side effects. Step 2 consists of increasing the dose of the current antihistamine, adding other antihistamines, or adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist such as montelukast. Step 3 consists of adding or replacing the current treatment with hydroxyzine or doxepin. If the individual doesn't respond to steps 1–3 then they are considered to have refractory symptoms. At this point, anti-inflammatory medications (dapsone, sulfasalazine), immunosuppressants (cyclosporin, sirolimus) or other medications like omalizumab can be used. These options are explained in more detail below.
473_29	Antihistamines Non-sedating antihistamines that block histamine H1 receptors are the first line of therapy. First-generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine, block both brain and peripheral H1 receptors, and cause sedation. Second-generation antihistamines, such as loratadine, cetirizine or desloratadine, selectively antagonize peripheral H1 receptors, and are less sedating, less anticholinergic, and generally preferred over the first-generation antihistamines. Fexofenadine, a new-generation antihistamine that blocks histamine H1 receptors, may be less sedating than some second-generation antihistamines. People who do not respond to the maximum dose of H1 antihistamines may benefit from increasing the dose, then to switching to another non-sedating antihistamine, then to adding a leukotriene antagonist, then to using an older antihistamine, then to using systemic steroids and finally to using ciclosporin or omalizumab.
473_30	H2-receptor antagonists are sometimes used in addition to H1-antagonists to treat urticaria, but there is limited evidence for their efficacy. Systemic steroids Oral glucocorticoids are effective in controlling symptoms of chronic hives however they have an extensive list of adverse effects such as adrenal suppression, weight gain, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, etc. Therefore, their use should be limited to a couple of weeks. In addition, one study found that systemic glucocorticoids combined with antihistamines did not hasten the time to symptom control compared with antihistamines alone. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists Leukotrienes are released from mast cells along with histamine. The medications, montelukast and zafirlukast block leukotriene receptors and can be used as add on treatment or in isolation for people with CU. It is important to note that these medications may be more beneficial for people with NSAID induced CU.
473_31	Other Other options for refractory symptoms of chronic hives include anti-inflammatory medications, omalizumab, and immunosuppressants. Potential anti-inflammatory agents include dapsone, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine. Dapsone is a sulfone antimicrobial agent and is thought to suppress prostaglandin and leukotriene activity. It is helpful in therapy-refractory cases and is contraindicated in people with G6PD deficiency. Sulfasalazine, a 5-ASA derivative, is thought to alter adenosine release and inhibit IgE mediated mast cell degranulation, Sulfasalazine is a good option for people with anemia who cannot take dapsone. Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial agent that suppresses T lymphocytes. It has a low cost however it takes longer than dapsone or sulfasalazine to work.
473_32	Omalizumab was approved by the FDA in 2014 for people with hives 12 years old and above with chronic hives. It is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE. Significant improvement in pruritus and quality of life was observed in a phase III, multicenter, randomized control trial. Immunosuppressants used for CU include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate. Calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, inhibit cell responsiveness to mast cell products and inhibit T cell activity. They are preferred by some experts to treat severe symptoms. Sirolimus and mycophenolate have less evidence for their use in the treatment of chronic hives but reports have shown them to be efficacious. Immunosuppressants are generally reserved as the last line of therapy for severe cases due to their potential for serious adverse effects. Research Afamelanotide is being studied as a hives treatment.

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