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434_8 | appeal by the drug's maker. The committee concluded that breast cancer clinical studies of patients taking Avastin have shown no advantage in survival rates, no improvement in quality of life, and significant side effects. |
434_9 | On 11 October 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that the agency was revoking the agency's approval of the breast cancer indication for bevacizumab after concluding that the drug had not been shown to be safe and effective for that use.
In the EU, bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with metastatic breast cancer. Bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with metastatic breast cancer in whom treatment with other chemotherapy options including taxanes or anthracyclines is not considered appropriate.
Renal cancers
In certain renal (kidney) cancers, bevacizumab improves the progression free survival time but not survival time. In 2009, the FDA approved bevacizumab for use in metastatic renal cell cancer (a form of kidney cancer). following earlier reports of activity EU approval was granted in 2007. |
434_10 | In the EU, bevacizumab in combination with interferon alfa-2a is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with advanced and/or metastatic renal cell cancer.
Brain cancers
Bevacizumab slows tumor growth but does not affect overall survival in people with glioblastoma multiforme. The FDA granted accelerated approval for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme in May 2009. A 2018 Cochrane review deemed there to not be good evidence for its use in recurrences either.
Eye disease
Many diseases of the eye, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy, damage the retina and cause blindness when blood vessels around the retina grow abnormally and leak fluid, causing the layers of the retina to separate. This abnormal growth is caused by VEGF, so bevacizumab has been successfully used to inhibit VEGF and slow this growth. |
434_11 | Bevacizumab has been used by ophthalmologists in an off-label use as an intravitreal agent in the treatment of proliferative (neovascular) eye diseases, particularly for choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) in AMD. The injection of 1.25–2.5 mg of bevacizumab into the vitreous cavity has been performed without significant intraocular toxicity. Many retina specialists have noted impressive results in the setting of CNV, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, retinopathy of prematurity and macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusions.
Several reviews concluded that similar results concerning effects and safety were obtained using either bevacizumab or ranibizumab. |
434_12 | Ovarian cancer
In 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy for stage III or IV of ovarian cancer after initial surgical operation, followed by single-agent bevacizumab. The approval was based on a study of the addition of bevacizumab to carboplatin and paclitaxel. Progression-free survival was increased to 18 months from 13 months. |
434_13 | In the EU, bevacizumab, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel is indicated for the front-line treatment of adults with advanced (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages IIIB, IIIC and IV) epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. Bevacizumab, in combination with carboplatin and gemcitabine or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, is indicated for treatment of adults with first recurrence of platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who have not received prior therapy with bevacizumab or other VEGF inhibitors or VEGF receptor-targeted agents. |
434_14 | In May 2020, the Food and Drug Administration expanded the indication of olaparib to include its combination with bevacizumab for first-line maintenance treatment of adults with advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who are in complete or partial response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy and whose cancer is associated with homologous recombination deficiency positive status defined by either a deleterious or suspected deleterious BRCA mutation, and/or genomic instability.
Cervical cancer
In the EU, bevacizumab, in combination with paclitaxel and cisplatin or, alternatively, paclitaxel and topotecan in people who cannot receive platinum therapy, is indicated for the treatment of adults with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic carcinoma of the cervix. |
434_15 | Administration
Bevacizumab is usually given intravenously every 14 days. In colon cancer, it is given in combination with the chemotherapy drug 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), leucovorin, and oxaliplatin or irinotecan. For treatment of eye diseases it is injected intravitreously.
Off-label use for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Dr Philip Rosenfeld developed off-label use of bevacizumab for age-related macular degeneration.
Adverse effects
Bevacizumab inhibits the growth of blood vessels, which is part of the body's normal healing and maintenance. The body grows new blood vessels in wound healing, and as collateral circulation around blocked or atherosclerotic blood vessels. One concern is that bevacizumab will interfere with these normal processes, and worsen conditions like coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease. |
434_16 | The main side effects are hypertension and heightened risk of bleeding. Bowel perforation has been reported. Fatigue and infection are also common.
In advanced lung cancer, less than half of patients qualify for treatment. Nasal septum perforation and renal thrombotic microangiopathy have been reported. In December 2010, the FDA warned of the risk of developing perforations in the body, including in the nose, stomach, and intestines.
In 2013, Hoffmann-La Roche announced that the drug was associated with 52 cases of necrotizing fasciitis from 1997 to 2012, of which 17 patients died. About 2/3 of cases involved patients with colorectal cancer, or patients with gastrointestinal perforations or fistulas.
These effects are largely avoided in ophthalmological use since the drug is introduced directly into the eye thus minimizing any effects on the rest of the body. |
434_17 | Neurological adverse events include reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are also possible.
Protein in the urine occurs in approximately 20% of people. This does not require permanent discontinuation of the drug. Nonetheless the presence of nephrotic syndrome necessitates permanent discontinuation of bevacizumab.
Mechanism of action
Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). VEGF-A is a growth factor protein that stimulates angiogenesis in a variety of diseases, especially in cancer. Bevacizumab was the first available angiogenesis inhibitor in the United States.
Chemistry |
434_18 | Bevacizumab was originally derived from a mouse monoclonal antibody generated from mice immunized with the 165-residue form of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor. It was humanized by retaining the binding region and replacing the rest with a human full light chain and a human truncated IgG1 heavy chain, with some other substitutions. The resulting plasmid was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells which are grown in industrial fermentation systems.
History |
434_19 | Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody and in 2004, it became the first clinically used angiogenesis inhibitor. Its development was based on the discovery of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that stimulated blood vessel growth, in the laboratory of Genentech scientist Napoleone Ferrara. Ferrara later demonstrated that antibodies against VEGF inhibit tumor growth in mice. His work validated the hypothesis of Judah Folkman, proposed in 1971, that stopping angiogenesis might be useful in controlling cancer growth.
Approval
It received its first approval in the United States in 2004, for combination use with standard chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer. It has since been approved for use in certain lung cancers, renal cancers, ovarian cancers, and glioblastoma multiforme of the brain. |
434_20 | In 2008, bevacizumab was approved for breast cancer by the FDA, but the approval was revoked on 18 November 2011. The approval for breast cancer was revoked because, although there was evidence that it slowed progression of metastatic breast cancer, there was no evidence that it extended life or improved quality of life, and it caused adverse effects including severe high blood pressure and hemorrhaging. In 2008, the FDA gave bevacizumab provisional approval for metastatic breast cancer, subject to further studies. |
434_21 | The FDA's advisory panel had recommended against approval. In July 2010, after new studies failed to show a significant benefit, the FDA's advisory panel recommended against the indication for advanced breast cancer. Genentech requested a hearing, which was granted in June 2011. The FDA ruled to withdraw the breast cancer indication in November 2011. FDA approval is required for Genentech to market a drug for that indication. Doctors may sometimes prescribe it for that indication, although insurance companies are less likely to pay for it.
The drug remains approved for breast cancer use in other countries including Australia. It has been funded by the English NHS Cancer Drugs Fund but in January 2015 it was proposed to remove it from the approved list.
Society and culture
Use for macular degeneration |
434_22 | In 2015, there was a fierce debate in the UK and other European countries concerning the choice of prescribing bevacizumab or ranibizumab (Lucentis) for wet AMD. In the UK, part of the tension was between on the one hand, both the European Medicines Agency and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency which had approved Lucentis but not Avastin for wet AMD, and their interest in ensuring that doctors to do not use medicines off-label when there are other, approved medications for the same indication, and on the other hand, NICE in the UK, which sets treatment guidelines, and has been unable so far to appraise Avastin as a first-line treatment, in order to save money for the National Health Service. Novartis and Roche (which respectively have marketing rights and ownership rights for Avastin) had not conducted clinical trials to get approval for Avastin for wet AMD and had no intention of doing so. Further, both companies lobbied against treatment guidelines that would |
434_23 | make Avastin a first-line treatment, and when government-funded studies comparing the two drugs were published, they published papers emphasizing the risks of using Avastin for wet AMD. |
434_24 | Breast cancer approval
On 28 March 2007, the European Commission approved bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel for the first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. |
434_25 | In 2008, the FDA approved bevacizumab for use in breast cancer. A panel of outside advisers voted 5 to 4 against approval, but their recommendations were overruled. The panel expressed concern that data from the clinical trial did not show any increase in quality of life or prolonging of life for patients—two important benchmarks for late-stage cancer treatments. The clinical trial did show that bevacizumab reduced tumor volumes and showed an increase in progression free survival time. It was based on this data that the FDA chose to overrule the recommendation of the panel of advisers. This decision was lauded by patient advocacy groups and some oncologists. Other oncologists felt that granting approval for late-stage cancer therapies that did not prolong or increase the quality of life for patients would give license to pharmaceutical companies to ignore these important benchmarks when developing new late-stage cancer therapies. |
434_26 | In 2010, before the FDA announcement, The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) updated the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Breast Cancer to affirm the recommendation regarding the use of bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration removed bevacizumab indication for metastatic breast cancer after concluding that the drug has not been shown to be safe and effective. The specific indication that was withdrawn was for the use of bevacizumab in metastatic breast cancer, with paclitaxel for the treatment of people who have not received chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer. |
434_27 | Counterfeit
On Tuesday, 14 February 2012, Roche and its U.S. biotech unit Genentech announced that counterfeit Avastin had been distributed in the United States. The investigation is ongoing, but differences in the outer packaging make identification of the bogus drugs simple for medical providers. Roche analyzed three bogus vials of Avastin and found they contained salt, starch, citrate, isopropanol, propanediol, t-butanol, benzoic acid, di-fluorinated benzene ring, acetone and phthalate moiety, but no active ingredients of the cancer drug. According to Roche, the levels of the chemicals were not consistent; whether the chemicals were at harmful concentrations could not therefore be determined. The counterfeit Avastin has been traced back to Egypt, and it entered legitimate supply chains via Europe to the United States.
Biosimilars |
434_28 | In July 2014, two pharming companies, PlantForm and PharmaPraxis, announced plans to commercialize a biosimilar version of bevacizumab made using a tobacco expression system in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biology.
In September 2017, the US FDA approved Amgen's biosimilar (generic name bevacizumab-awwb, product name Mvasi) for six cancer indications.
In January 2018, Mvasi was approved for use in the European Union.
In February 2019, Zirabev was approved for use in the European Union. Zirabev was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2019, and in Australia in November 2019.
In June 2020, Mvasi was approved for medical use in Australia.
In August 2020, Aybintio was approved for use in the European Union.
In September 2020, Equidacent was approved for use in the European Union. |
434_29 | On 28 January 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Alymsys, intended for the treatment of carcinoma of the colon or rectum, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell cancer, epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer, and carcinoma of the cervix. Almsys was approved for medical use in the European Union in March 2021.
In January 2021, Onbevzi was approved for medical use in the European Union.
Abevmy was approved for medical use in the European Union in April 2021, and in Australia in September 2021.
Bevacip and Bevaciptin were approved for medical use in Australia in November 2021.
Research
A study released in April 2009, found that bevacizumab is not effective at preventing recurrences of non-metastatic colon cancer following surgery. |
434_30 | Bevacizumab has been tested in ovarian cancer where it has shown improvement in progression-free survival but not in overall survival. and glioblastoma multiforme where it failed to improve overall survival.
Bevacizumab has been investigated as a possible treatment of pancreatic cancer, as an addition to chemotherapy, but studies have shown no improvement in survival. It may also cause higher rates of high blood pressure, bleeding in the stomach and intestine, and intestinal perforations.
The drug has also undergone trials as an addition to established chemotherapy protocols and surgery in the treatment of pediatric osteosarcoma, and other sarcomas, such as leiomyosarcoma.
Bevacizumab has been studied as a treatment for cancers that grow from the nerve connecting the ear and the brain.
References
Further reading
External links |
434_31 | Angiogenesis inhibitors
Genentech brands
Hoffmann-La Roche brands
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors
Ophthalmology drugs
Orphan drugs
Specialty drugs
World Health Organization essential medicines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate |
435_0 | Luke Campbell (born 27 September 1987) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2013 to 2021. He challenged twice for lightweight world titles; the WBA and The Ring titles in 2017; and the WBA, WBO, The Ring and vacant WBC titles in 2019. At regional level he held the WBC Silver and Commonwealth lightweight titles from 2016 to 2017. As an amateur, Campbell won gold at the 2008 European Championships, silver at the 2011 World Championships, and gold at the 2012 Olympics, all in the bantamweight division.
Amateur boxing career
Senior ABA titles
Campbell competed for St. Paul's Amateur Boxing Club in Hull, winning the English senior ABA bantamweight title in 2007 and retaining in 2008 after beating Gareth Smith 23–1 in the final.
2008 European Championships |
435_1 | He represented England at the 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Liverpool. At the Championships, Campbell defeated Olympic bronze medalist Veaceslav Gojan of Moldova in the quarterfinals and Denis Makarov of Germany in the semifinals before facing the experienced Detelin Dalakliev of Bulgaria in the final.
After four rounds the Bulgarian levelled the scores in the fight to 5 each after he scored a point in the last two seconds of the fight. The decision then went to countback and Campbell was awarded the title making Campbell the first Englishman to win a European amateur title since 1961.
2010 Four Nations Challenge
Following his successful return, following a year long sabbatical to recover from tendon surgery, to International competition at the WBC Night Of Champions in Cardiff in July, Luke started his 2012 London Olympics preparations by securing gold at the Four Nations Challenge in Sheffield. |
435_2 | On the Saturday Luke, who convincingly won his Featherweight (57 kg) fight by an 11–5 points margin over China's Jun Tan at the WBC Night Of Champions, continued his winning ways by beating Kazakhstan's Shulakov Madi by 6 – 4 in the semi final of the Four Nations Challenge.
In Sunday's final Luke again faced Jun Tan from China, his adversary the previous week at the WBC Night of Champions. As before Luke dominated the proceedings, this time winning by an increased points margin of 11–3.
2011 World Championships
Campbell qualified for the 2012 Olympic Games after winning a silver medal at the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships – Bantamweight in Baku, Azerbaijan.
2012 Summer Olympics |
435_3 | At the 2012 London Olympics, Campbell won gold in the 56 kg Bantamweight division after beating Ireland's John Joe Nevin 14:11. Campbell had earlier beaten Italian, Vittorio Parrinello, by 11:9. In the quarter-finals he met Detelin Dalakliev of Bulgaria in his closest bout of the competition, controversially edging it by a score of 16:15. His next opponent, Satoshi Shimizu from Japan- who had earlier been reinstated in the tournament by AIBA after a successful appeal after a defeat by Magomed Abdulhamidov was beaten by 20:11. Campbell beat Nevin in the final bout, and dropped the Irishman at the start of the third round, thus becoming the first bantamweight boxer to win Olympic gold for Great Britain since Henry Thomas in 1908. |
435_4 | A first class postage stamp, depicting Campbell, was issued by Royal Mail and a post box in Hessle Road, Hull was painted gold to commemorate his gold medal win. Local telephone network provider, KC, have also commemorated the win by painting one of their telephone boxes, near to St Paul's Boxing Club, gold.
Campbell was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to boxing.
Campbell ended his amateur career with a record of 153-24.
Professional boxing career
Early career
Campbell's first professional fight took place on 13 July 2013 at Craven Park in his home city of Hull. His opponent was Andy Harris who he beat in the first round. Campbell continued his undefeated start to his career with a fifth-round stoppage of Lee Connelly in Hull on 2 November 2013. In his fifth professional bout Campbell carried on his undefeated record and became the first person to stop Scott Moises. |
435_5 | In April 2014, Campbell announced that he would be taking a break from boxing, pulling out of his next scheduled bout, following his father being diagnosed with cancer.
Despite announcing he would be taking a break from boxing, Campbell fought a further four times in 2014. A points win over Craig Woodruff, a knockout win of Steve Trumble, a technical knockout (TKO) victory over Krzysztof Szot and another TKO win over Daniel Eduardo Brizuela. In March 2015, Campbell faced off against 24 year old Nicaraguan Levis Morales (11–1–1, 4 KOs) at the Ice Arena in Hull. Campbell knocked down Morales in round two and three, before the referee Howard John Foster stopped the fight resulting in a TKO victory for Campbell. |
435_6 | On 1 August, Campbell claimed the vacant WBC International lightweight title by defeating fellow Hullensian Tommy Coyle (21–2, 10 KOs) via ten-round TKO at the KC Lightstream Stadium. This was also a WBC lightweight eliminator. Coyle was knocked down once in round two following a left to the body and three times in round twelve before the referee waved off the fight. Only four months later in December, Campbell lost the title and mandatory status in a split decision loss to French boxer Yvan Mendy (32–4–1, 16 KOs) at The O2 Arena in London on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. Dillian Whyte. Campbell was floored for the first time in his professional career in a ragged defensive display as Mendy received a split decision with scores of 115–112, 115–113, while the third judge scored it 115–113 for Campbell. |
435_7 | After a three-month lay off, Campbell started a comeback trail in March on the undercard of Brook-Bizier at the Sheffield Arena in Sheffield, fighting British boxer Gary Sykes (28–4, 6 KOs) for the vacant Commonwealth lightweight title. Campbell made a winning return to the ring in spectacular fashion only needing two rounds to finish Sykes off in his first fight since losing his unbeaten professional record. A left hook that landed hard on the top of Sykes' head had him struggling before a straight right put him down. Although Sykes beat the count, Campbell was all over him. It was the left-hook that opened the door again, this time in the midsection, followed by a right to the temple. Referee Steve Gray moved swiftly in as Sykes' corner was throwing their towel to halt the fight. |
435_8 | Promoter Eddie Hearn revealed Campbell was next due to fight on 30 July 2016 at the First Direct Arena in Leeds for the vacant WBC Silver lightweight title against 30 year old former IBF junior-lightweight champion Argenis Mendez (23–4–1, 12 KOs). Although being floored by a sharp right hand in the second round, Campbell proved to be too quick and dominated the remainder of the fight to claim the vacant WBC Silver lightweight title. From the third round, it became a comfortable fight for Campbell who moved his opponent around the ring and caught him with a succession of punches. The scorecards were all in favour of Campbell 116–111, 117–110, 115–112, who stated he would now like to land a world title shot.
Rise up the ranks |
435_9 | Campbell vs. Mathews, Lopez
Campbell fought former British and Commonwealth lightweight champion and former world title challenger Derry Mathews (38–10, 20 KOs) on the undercard of the world cruiserweight title fight between Tony Bellew and BJ Flores at the Echo Arena on 15 October, live on Sky Sports. This was the first defence of the WBC Silver lightweight title in a scheduled twelve round bout. The fight started off as a brawl, however Campbell proved to be too quick as he retained his titles and kept his future world title shot alive after stopping Mathews in round four. Mathews was dropped following a couple of left hooks to his body. In the post fight interview, Campbell claimed, despite winning via stoppage, his game plan was 'to outbox Mathews for a points win'. |
435_10 | On 3 January 2017, it was announced that Campbell would defend his WBC Silver title against Jairo Lopez (21–6, 14 KOs) at the Ice Arena in Hull on 25 February. The title defence would be part of a triple header, also including fellow Hullensian Tommy Coyle and Gavin McDonnell challenging for the vacant WBC super-bantamweight title. Campbell won the fight in round two after a well timed uppercut floored Lopez. Referee Ian-John Lewis halted the fight. Lopez was also dropped in round one just before the bell rang. Campbell retained his WBC Silver lightweight title. After the fight, Campbell and promoter Eddie Hearn both said the fight they were chasing next is a rematch with French boxer Yvan Mendy, to avenge his sole loss. "Mendy has done the worst thing possible in beating me", Campbell said after the fight. |
435_11 | Campbell vs. Pérez |
435_12 | On 10 April 2017, Eurosport and Sky Sports announced that Campbell would be involved in a WBA lightweight title eliminator against former WBA interim lightweight titlist Darleys Pérez (33–2–2, 21 KOs) on the Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko undercard at the Wembley Stadium on 29 April 2017. The winner would be in the number one position to challenge champion Jorge Linares. Pérez weighed over the limit at 136.3 pounds, so had he won the bout, he would not have been eligible for the mandatory spot. Campbell racked up the win via a ninth-round stoppage win, which was due to injury. It was said that Pérez hurt his left arm after a throwing a left hook. He signaled to the referee that he could not continue and the fight was stopped at 1 minute 28 seconds into the round. Although Pérez started the fight well, enough to win the first three rounds, he physically looked gassed by the later rounds where Campbell took over. With the win, Campbell was made the new mandatory challenger to WBA |
435_13 | champion Jorge Linares. Eddie Hearn said he would speak to Golden Boy Promotions to push things forward for the fight to be made. |
435_14 | World title challenge |
435_15 | Campbell vs. Linares |
435_16 | Golden Boy Promotions matchmaker, Robert Diaz, announced that WBA and The Ring lightweight champion Jorge Linares (42–3, 27 KOs) would next fight on 23 September 2017 and ruled out Campbell as his opponent. The plan being to have Campbell to fight on the undercard. If both fighters win their respected bouts, they would meet in the future. On 21 July 2017 the WBA ordered Linares to make a mandatory defence against Campbell. As per WBA rules, a titleholder must fight a mandatory within nine months, this time would expire on 23 July, having won the title from Crolla in September 2016. Both sides were given 30 days to come to an agreement for the fight. On 27 July, a deal was reached for Linares and Campbell to fight at The Forum in Inglewood, California on 23 September 2017. The bout will be shown live on Sky Sports in the UK and on HBO: Boxing After Dark in the US. In an interview, Linares said, "I am excited to make my return to the US and to headline a HBO show for the first time. I |
435_17 | know Campbell is a tough [...] I am confident that I will emerge victorious on September 23rd." This fight would mark the second time Campbell fights professionally in California. In front of 4,125, Linares won his twelfth straight fight, retaining his WBA world title after twelve rounds against Campbell. One judge scored the fight 115–113 for Campbell, the remaining two had it 115–112 and 114–113 in favour of Linares, giving him the split decision win. ESPN.com also scored the fight 115–112 for Linares. Linares dropped Campbell with a straight right hand to the head in round two. Between rounds five and nine, Campbell took control of the fight. Linares began winning the championship rounds. Had Campbell not been knocked down early in the fight, the verdict would have been a split draw. |
435_18 | Campbell believed he won the fight, speaking to Max Kellerman he said, "No one can ever doubt my heart. Yeah, I got off to a rocky start. He hit me with a nice, clean shot in the second round, caught me on the eye, cut it. I wasn’t dazed. From there, I had double vision in one eye for the rest of the fight. But from then, I out-classed him. I thought I won the fight. He’s a great champion, but I thought I out-classed him. I didn't think he was landing any shots whatsoever, and I was catching him with all the clean shots." Linares praised Campbell for his efforts, "He was a tough opponent. Many people said he was very easy, but it’s not for no reason he’s an Olympic champion. I fought very well all the way to the twelfth round. And I think in the fifth round, I started to box him a little bit because I didn't wanna get hurt." CompuBox stats showed Linares landed 140 of 414 thrown (34%), while Campbell was credited to landing 141 of his 524 thrown (27%). After the fight, promoter Eddie |
435_19 | Hearn stated that Campbell could fight the winner of Crolla vs. Burns or another possible opponent would be WBO lightweight champion Terry Flanagan. A day after the fight, Campell revealed that his father had died of cancer two weeks before the fight. Campbell was in the US at his training camp when his father died at home, with family members. The fight drew an average of 687,000 viewers and peaked at 726,000 viewers on HBO. |
435_20 | Regaining composure
On 3 May 2018, it was announced by Matchroom that Campbell would appear on the Bellew-Haye II card the next day at the O2 Arena in London in a six-round fight. Campbell fought and defeated Troy James (20-5-1, 5 KOs). In round two, Campbell hit James with a left uppercut followed by a right hand that dropped him. James quickly recovered and survived the remainder of the round. In round four, Campbell dropped James with a hard shot, again James showed heart in getting up off the canvas. In the following round, Campbell started to unload and landed a barrage of unanswered punches before the referee stepped in to stop the fight. |
435_21 | On 31 July, Campbell announced Shane McGuigan as his new trainer. Speaking on the partnership, Campbell said, "I'm incredibly excited to be teaming up with Shane. I've always heard good things about him within boxing but having trained under him for a few weeks now I can vouch for just how good he is. We've already struck up a great relationship and I have no doubt he is going to help take me to the next level. I want to become a world champion and Shane has a proven track record of achieving that with his fighters. It's a thriving gym with a great atmosphere and world class fighters, and that's where I want to be." In his statement, McGuigan said he would help Campbell become an elite as well as win a world title. |
435_22 | Campbell vs. Mendy II
On 6 August, Sky Sports announced the rematch between Campbell and 33 year old French boxer Yvan Mendy (40-4-1, 19 KOs) was confirmed to take place on the Anthony Joshua vs. Alexander Povetkin undercard at the Wembley Stadium in London on 22 September. Since defeating Campbell in their first fight in December 2015, Mendy had gone on to win seven fights in a row and picked up a #1 ranking with WBC at lightweight. Hearn called the bout a 'true 50–50 fight' as both boxers had improved since their first meeting. Campbell won the bout on points to avenge the earlier defeat. After twelve rounds the scorecards read 119–109, 118–111 and 116–112 in favour or Campbell. Mendy had his moments in the earlier rounds, but once Campbell adjusted, he was able to box and move to pound out a decision victory in what was a WBC lightweight title eliminator. |
435_23 | Campbell vs. Yung
On 15 March 2019, Campbell, who was now the mandatory challenger to Mikey Garcia's WBC lightweight title, travelled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to take on Adrian Yung. Both men had never been stopped prior to the bout, but that changed when Campbell landed a left hook in the fifth round followed by a flurry of punches which forced the referee to halt the fight, making Campbell the winner by fifth-round technical knockout.
Second world title challenge
Campbell vs. Lomachenko
On 31 August 2019, Campbell challenged the top pound-for-pound fighter and three-division world champion, Vasiliy Lomachenko, for the WBA (Super), WBO, The Ring, and vacant WBC lightweight titles at The O2 Arena in London. |
435_24 | Prior to the fight on 22 August 2019, Sky Sports released "The Gloves are Off: The Debate (Lomachenko vs. Campbell)" segment, hosted by former cruiserweight world champion Johnny Nelson, with retired, former world champions Tony Bellew, Carl Froch, David Haye and Paulie Malignaggi giving their pre-fight analysis as part of the lead up to the fight. Although all parties agreed Campbell will be the underdog going into the fight, with the odds being stacked in Lomachenko's favour, all praised Campbell's skill and amateur pedigree, with Malignaggi insisting Campbell is "one of the better fighters in the world to have not won a world championship."
On the night of the fight, Lomachenko put on a dominant display, dropping Campbell in the eleventh round and winning a wide unanimous decision with scores of 119-108, 119-108, 118-109.
Final fight and retirement |
435_25 | Campbell vs. García
On 2 January 2021, Campbell faced undefeated Ryan García for the vacant WBC interim lightweight title in what would ultimately be his final professional fight. Despite entering as the pre-fight betting underdog, Campbell dropped his opponent in the second round with a left hand, from which García recovered. García returned the favour in the seventh round, by dropping Campbell with a left hook to the body. Campbell, however, was not able to beat the count and suffered the first and only stoppage loss of his career. |
435_26 | On 30 July 2021, Campbell announced his retirement from boxing. He released a statement on Twitter, saying, "Every fight, right the way from my debut on 13th June 2013, up to my last on 2nd January 2021, the cheers and messages of encouragement have always been monumental. Throughout my career I've tried to test myself against the very best in the industry and never shied away from anyone. I'm so grateful this hasn't gone unnoticed from supporters and I appreciate you all."
Personal life
Campbell was born in Hull and supports local football team Hull City. He has three sons with his wife Lynsey Kraanen. Campbell has a notable boxing heritage, with his grandfather having been an Irish boxing champion. Many of Campbell's relatives still live in Ireland. |
435_27 | Two weeks before Campbell fought for the WBA and ring lightweight titles against Jorge Linares his father passed away. Campbell did not tell anyone as he did not want the Linares camp thinking it was a weakness. Speaking on this he said "I probably cried once a day. I had to try and shut my feelings off. After the fight I had a good cry. The only thing that kept me going is I know what my dad would have wanted for me."
In the media
In December 2012 it was announced that Campbell would take part in ITV's Dancing on Ice series 8 which started on 6 January 2013, skating with professional Jenna Smith. He reached the final of Dancing On Ice 2013 with Beth Tweddle and Matt Lapinskas.
Professional boxing record
See also
2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold post boxes
References
External links
Luke Campbell - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live |
435_28 | 1987 births
Living people
English male boxers
Bantamweight boxers
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
English Olympic medallists
English people of Irish descent
Sportspeople from Kingston upon Hull
Olympic medalists in boxing
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
Lightweight boxers
Southpaw boxers |
436_0 | Founded in 1991, the National Coalition of Girls' Schools (NCGS) is a non-profit membership association serving Pre-K through 12th-grade girls' schools throughout the U.S., Canada, and abroad. Its members are independent, public, charter, and religiously-affiliated schools. NCGS provides professional development opportunities like international conferences and regional symposiums, research on the outcomes of girls' schools, advocacy outreach, and networking events for educators to connect and collaborate. |
436_1 | History
In the late 1980s, two educators, Rachel Belash, Head of Miss Porter's School (CT) and President of the Coalition of Girls' Boarding Schools and Arlene Gibson, Head of Kent Place School (NJ) and President of the Coalition of Girls' Day Schools, each issued a call to action among their respective all-girls boarding and day school colleagues. These visionary women had no doubt about the value and benefit of all-girls education because of their own deep and well-founded understandings of how girls learn and succeed. Their goal: to systematically document those benefits and share that information broadly.
These educators knew their observations and understandings would be strengthened through quantitative research. Accordingly, in 1988 and 1990, two different yet related studies were undertaken:
Study conducted for the Coalition of Girls' Boarding Schools (CGBS) |
436_2 | In 1987, Rachel Belash contacted heads of girls' boarding schools urging them to collaborate on a market research project to respond to declining enrollments at their schools. A steering committee was formed, and in 1988, the firm Ransome/Maguire was hired to conduct a study. |
436_3 | In six hundred phone interviews with prospective and current parents of girls' boarding schools across the country, girls' schools were cited for their academic excellence and their ability to provide a communal environment that encouraged personal and academic exploration in a supportive culture. Girls' schools were seen as ideal settings for adolescent girls since they supported risk-taking, encouraged academic excellence, prepared girls for college and the real world, and fostered a sense of leadership and self-development. However, one troubling finding was the perception among many of the respondents that coed schools had stronger programs in math and science. Educators at girls' schools were astonished by this perception, and this finding led CGBS to focus on showcasing the strength of girls' schools in the fields of math and science.
Study conducted for the Coalition of Girls' Day Schools (CGDS) |
436_4 | In 1989, Arlene Gibson encouraged heads of girls' day schools to convene at that year's Headmistresses Association of the East conference. Resulting from the meeting was the formation of a steering committee, which hired in 1990 Yankelovich, Shulman, and Clancy as research consultants. Commissioned by CGDS, the firm surveyed 1,200 girls' school graduates. Half of those surveyed graduated between 1955 and 1960; the others between 1975 and 1980. The study confirmed many of the same conclusions of the CGBS report. Graduates cited strong preparation for college and personal development as key benefits they received from their all-girls education. CGDS used these findings to develop a major media campaign showcasing the positive attitudes of girls' school alumnae. |
436_5 | By researching and promoting the concept of single-gender schooling, the Coalition of Girls' Boarding Schools and the Coalition of Girls' Day Schools became leaders in the national dialogue on girls' and women's issues. Those educators who were experienced with teaching only girls were determined to use the two studies to paint a different picture of the role of girls' schools in American education. The findings of the studies gave administrators in girls' schools important talking points for future marketing and promotional literature.Strengthened by their new data, the CGBS and CGDS leadership realized there was great power in collective action. In November 1991, the steering committees of both organizations met and agreed to merge. Fifty-six independent and religiously-affiliated schools officially came together to form the National Coalition of Girls' Schools. Its first collective undertaking: a comprehensive campaign to heighten the visibility and document the value of the girls' |
436_6 | school experience. |
436_7 | Margaret "Meg" Moulton and Whitney "Whitty" Ransome, who had been serving as the Executive Directors of the Coalition of Girls' Boarding Schools since 1989, were asked to stay on as the founding Executive Directors of NCGS.
In the proceeding years, collaboration replaced competition. Research supported belief. The climate and conversation shifted. Moulton and Ransome's collaborative leadership and relentless advocacy on behalf of girls' schools helped set NCGS on the path to success. |
436_8 | 1991-2000
It was clear from the outset that public relations and marketing initiatives would be strongest if constructed on a theoretical and pedagogical base for the value of girls' schools. Families would then better appreciate the positive outcomes of a girls' school education. The wealth of scholarship and research about women and girls provided information upon which to base the Coalition's initiatives and programming. Moulton and Ransome quickly understood that an entrepreneurial stance was key to the Coalition's survival. |
436_9 | Public relations became a main priority during the Coalition's first decade. The goal was to both increase public awareness of the benefits of all-girls education for girls and to help individual NCGS member schools with their own public relations efforts. NCGS worked to establish a media presence through published press releases, radio and print interviews, and letters to the editor. These efforts helped position NCGS as an expert on girls' education. In January 1992, when the AAUW released the report, Shortchanging Girls, Shortchanging America, which highlighted key areas of gender inequity in American education, NCGS moved swiftly to position itself in response to the findings. The timing allowed for the Coalition's recently gathered research and data in support of girls' schools to become part of the national conversation about gender issues, which was going full tilt. |
436_10 | From its founding, NCGS actively sought to provide its members with valuable professional development experiences, particularly in the areas of math and science. Driven by the finding in the CGBS study that many parents perceived girls' schools to be weak in math and science, Ann Pollina at Westover School (CT) who was Dean of Faculty and Chair of the Math Department at the time and math teacher Louise Gould at Ethel Walker School (CT) organized a Math and Science Symposium at Wellesley College in June 1991. These educators wanted to share their best practices with the general public and believed girls' schools were an ideal setting to help girls succeed and close the gender gap in STEM fields. The first three of many NCGS publications flowed from the successful Symposium: The Executive Summary, Task Force Reports, and The Complete Proceedings. NCGS received extensive media coverage from the release of these publications. Following the success of the first Symposium, NCGS hosted a |
436_11 | Girls in the Physical Sciences Symposium in partnership with the Dudley Wright Center at Tufts University in Boston in 1993 and then a Girls and Technology Conference at Wellesley in 1995. NCGS received a grant from the National Science Foundation to create three publications highlighting the sessions and best practices exchanged at the 1995 conference. The success of these conferences led NCGS to take the Girls and Technology Conference to San Francisco in 1997 marking the Coalition's first-ever programming on the West Coast. These professional development opportunities and the publications that flowed from them helped establish NCGS as a thought-leader on STEM education for girls. |
436_12 | This first decade of robust, innovative programming and initiatives set the stage for a future of healthy growth for both NCGS and its member schools. The organization was also forward-thinking from the outset by expanding membership to public and international schools during its first two years. The two remaining all-girls public schools in the country became involved with NCGS in its first year, and in January 1993, affiliate membership was established for international girls' schools. An impressive total of 41 Canadian and Australian girls' schools immediately took advantage of this opportunity. Moulton and Ransome continued to strengthen these international connections and spoke at the 1995 Girls' School Association conference in London. |
436_13 | Within a decade, girls' schools were enjoying a renaissance. Increasing numbers of parents, students, educators, and policy-makers came to recognize the benefits of girl-centered education. The number of NCGS schools at their enrollment capacity doubled from 1991 to 1995, and there was a 31% increase in inquiries at girls' schools since the founding of NCGS. Perhaps the most compelling proof was the rapid emergence of new, independent, and public all-girl educational settings. In just the last half of the 1990s, 16 states offered new all-girls classes and 32 new all-girl schools were founded in cities coast-to-coast. |
436_14 | 2000-2008
As NCGS approached its 10th anniversary, girls' schools continued to experience growth and strength. Enrollment at girls' schools was up nearly 40% since 1991, and nearly 70% of NCGS member schools were at full capacity. NCGS continued to expand its membership, advocate for girl-centered education in the media, and provide girls' schools around the world with quality professional development and networking opportunities. |
436_15 | This decade also saw a renewed focus on research on girls' schools. In 1999, NCGS hired Goodman Research Group to collect and analyze data about the all-girls experience from the perspective of graduates of girls' schools as compared to female peers at coed schools. Over 4,000 graduates were surveyed, and the responses affirmed the benefits of girls' schools. The findings helped shape marketing and public relations materials in the early 2000s. In March 2009, Dr. Linda Sax at UCLA published her research, Women Graduates of Single-Sex and Coeducational High Schools: Differences in their Characteristics and the Transition to College, which was commissioned by NCGS. The report documented the statistically significant edge girls' school graduates have over their coed peers in many areas including self-confidence, life goals, STEM interest, and career orientation. |
436_16 | NCGS continued to convene regional and national professional development opportunities for member schools. In 1999, the Board of Trustees identified financial literacy as a key area of programming for NCGS. The Board saw this topic as critical for gender equality in the 21st century, so NCGS created a series of programs to address financial literacy and empowerment for girls. In 2000, NCGS hosted the Women, Girls, and Money Conference in Boston. The success of the conference led to a series of publications highlighting research on the financial gender gap, tips for parents on raising financially savvy daughters, and best practices for incorporating financial literacy into the curriculum at schools. NCGS expanded the program by hosting a series of regional financial literacy seminars across the country. These, along with the financial literacy initiatives at individual member schools, helped attract extensive media attention, including articles in The New York Times, The Boston Globe, |
436_17 | and The San Francisco Chronicle, and a television interview on ABC News. |
436_18 | In addition to financial literacy, NCGS kept its focus on math and science by hosting and promoting regional STEM workshops and think tanks during the early 2000s. Global education also remained a priority. NCGS partnered with the Girls' Schools Association to host an international conference in London in 2006, and "Global Citizenship" was the theme of the Coalition's 2007 annual conference. Each year NCGS invited student representatives from around the world to participate in a forum and discussion during the annual conference, demonstrating its commitment to expanding global networks and opportunities for girls. |
436_19 | 2009-2012
As NCGS approached its 20th anniversary, Ransome and Moulton retired successively in 2008 and 2009, and the Board of Trustees faced the challenge of leading the organization through its first significant leadership transition. Their commitment to the NCGS mission and enterprising mindset had established NCGS as a well-respected advocate for girls' schools, and the Board sought a leader to carry on their legacy. Armed with a commitment to using this time to secure the foundations of the Coalition and ensure financial sustainability, the Board assessed all areas of the organization with the goal of establishing policies and practices that would attract the new leader they sought. |
436_20 | So much had changed in twenty years: new girls' public, charter, and independent schools had opened, most notably the Young Women’s Leadership Network (YWLN) schools in New York; schools were now conducting their own research and holding collaborative think tanks; the Online School for Girls was creating a new platform for education and professional development; communications had shifted to social media; and the case for the education of girls had become a global priority. So how would NCGS adapt with this new and much-improved landscape for girls' schools in the U.S.? |
436_21 | Over the course of a three-year transition that included the executive leadership of Susanne Beck (2009-2011) followed by the interim leadership of Burch Ford, Former NCGS Board Chair (2000-2003) and retired Head of Miss Porter's School, as President (3/2011-7/2012) and Nancy Mugele as Interim Executive Director (7/2011-6/2012), the Coalition began to set its course for the future. During this time, NCGS expanded its Board to include heads of girls' public and international schools. The Board also underwent a strategic review and planning process to create a vision statement and re-craft the original NCGS mission, which was extended from awareness to advocacy. The first National Conference on Girls' Education in February 2012 in Washington, DC, a joint undertaking by NCGS and YWLN, affirmed the Coalition's position at the forefront of thought leadership on girls' education. |
436_22 | NCGS today
After an extensive search, the NCGS Board of Trustees announced the selection of Megan Murphy as the next Executive Director beginning July 1, 2012. Megan was charged with the ongoing implementation of the NCGS 2013 Strategic Way Forward goals: to establish NCGS and its member schools as thought-leaders in educating girls, to build a financially robust model for fulfilling the NCGS mission, and to deepen relationships and collaboration with member schools in order to engage, inspire, and sustain membership.
The Coalition continues to provide and expand its robust resources and opportunities in the areas of research, professional development, advocacy, and networking. |
436_23 | NCGS has stayed committed to advancing research on all-girls education, releasing Steeped in Learning: The Student Experience at All-Girls Schools in 2015, an analysis of data collected via the High School Survey of Student Engagement (HSSSE). Administered by Indiana University's Center for Evaluation & Education Policy (CEEP), HSSSE explores facets of student's attitudes, behaviors, and school experiences that are known to affect learning. This report compared the experience of girls at all-girls schools with those of girls enrolled in coed institutions. The girls' responses provided unequivocal support for the value of an all-girls educational environment, especially in the areas of academic engagement and readiness for college and the real world. |
436_24 | NCGS offers professional development for educators of girls, hosting regional, national, international, and online conferences and forums. The first-ever Global Forum on Girls' Education, Creating a World of Possibilities, was held in New York City in February 2016. NCGS hosted this ground-breaking conference in partnership with 13 preeminent educational organizations from around the world, including the UK, Australia, Canada, South Africa, and The Philippines. The Global Forum brought together 950 educators, researchers, advocates, and authors from 23 countries. Gloria Steinem and Arianna Huffington were among the keynote speakers. The Global Forum on Girls' Education II was held in Washington, DC in June 2018, which included keynote appearances from Billie Jean King, Azar Nafisi, Halla Tómasdóttir, Sylvia Acevedo, and Lieutenant Colonel Lucy Giles, Gail Kelly. |
436_25 | Member Schools
The National Coalition of Girls' Schools serves over 250 national and international Pre-K through 12th-grade girls' schools (independent, public, charter, and religiously-affiliated).
Notable girls' school alumnae
Anne Archer, Academy Award-nominated actress, Marlborough School (Los Angeles, California)
Aidy Bryant, actress and Saturday Night Live cast member, Xavier College Preparatory (Phoenix, Arizona)
Tracy Caulkins, three-time Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer, Harpeth Hall (Nashville, Tennessee)
Annie Dillard, Pulitzer Prize-winning author, The Ellis School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
Ava DuVernay, director and screenwriter, Saint Joseph High School (Lakewood, California)
Veronica Escobar, U.S. House of Representatives-TX, Loretto Academy (El Paso, Texas)
Gloria Estefan, Grammy Award-winning singer/songwriter, Our Lady of Lourdes Academy (Miami, Florida) |
436_26 | Dianne Feinstein, U.S. Senator from California, Convent of the Sacred Heart High School for Girls (San Francisco, California)
Geraldine Ferraro, first woman to run for Vice President of the U.S., Marymount School (New York, New York)
Jane Fonda, two-time Academy Award-winning actress, political activist, Emma Willard School (Troy, New York)
Adena Friedman, Nasdaq CEO and President, Roland Park Country Day (Baltimore, Maryland)
Melinda Gates, philanthropist, Ursuline Academy of Dallas (Dallas, Texas)
Greta Gerwig, Academy Award-nominated director and actress, St. Francis High School, (Sacramento, California)
Kirsten Gillibrand, U.S. Senator from New York, Emma Willard School (Troy, New York)
Amy Grant, GRAMMY and Dove award-winning singer-songwriter, Harpeth Hall (Nashville, Tennessee)
Margaret Hamilton, actress, Hathaway Brown School (Shaker Heights, Ohio)
Marilyn P. Johnson, 8th U.S. Ambassador to Togo, The Woodward School (Quincy, Massachusetts) |
436_27 | Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the U.S., author, Chapin School (New York, NY) and Miss Porter's School (Farmington, Connecticut)
Sallie Krawcheck, CEO and Co-Founder, Ellevest and former CEO, Smith Barney, Ashley Hall (Charleston, South Carolina)
Christine Lagarde, French lawyer and Managing Director for the International Monetary Fund, Holton-Arms School (Bethesda, Maryland)
Christina Lamb, author and foreign correspondent, NonsuchHigh School for Girls (Surrey, UK)
Mary Landrieu, U.S. Senator from Louisiana, Ursuline Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Katie Ledecky, five-time Olympic gold medalist and nine-time World Champion swimmer, Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart (Bethesda, Maryland)
Téa Leoni, actress and producer, Brearley School (New York, New York)
Marne Levine, COO of Instagram, Laurel School (Shaker Heights, Ohio)
Lisa Loeb, Grammy award-winning singer-songwriter and actress, The Hockaday School (Dallas, Texas) |
436_28 | Julia Louis-Dreyfus, actress, Holton-Arms School (Bethesda, Maryland)
Meghan Markle, actress and UN Women advocate, Immaculate Heart High School (Los Angeles, California)
Barbara Mikulski, U.S. Senator from Maryland, Institute of Notre Dame (Baltimore, Maryland)
Katherine "Kate" Mulleavy and Laura Mulleavy, founders of the fashion label Rodarte, Alverno Heights Academy (Sierra Madre, California)
Susan O'Day, EVP and CIO, Walt Disney Company, Miss Hall's School (Pittsfield, Massachusetts)
Gwyneth Paltrow, Academy Award-winning actress, Spence School (New York, New York)
Minnie Pearl, comedian, Harpeth Hall (Nashville, Tennessee)
Nancy Pelosi, U.S. Senator from California, only women to serve as Speaker of the House (2007-2011), Minority Leader of the U.S. House of Representatives, Institute of Notre Dame (Baltimore, Maryland)
Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State, St. Mary's Academy (Englewood, Colorado) |
436_29 | Susan Rice, U.S. National Security Advisor, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, National Cathedral School (Washington, DC)
Cokie Roberts, NPR journalist, Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart (Bethesda, Maryland)
Maria Shriver, author, journalist, former First Lady of California, Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart (Bethesda, Maryland)
Elissa Slotkin, U.S. Representative for Michigan, Cranbrook Schools (Bloomfield Hills, Michigan)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading figure of the early women's rights movement, Troy Female Seminary [now Emma Willard School] (Troy, New York)
Meredith Vieira, journalist/talk show host known for The View and Today, Lincoln School (Providence, Rhode Island)
Melissa Villaseñor, actress and Saturday Night Live cast member, Ramona Convent Secondary School (Alhambra, California) |
436_30 | Abby Wambach, two-time Olympic gold medalist, FIFA Women's World Cup champion, and U.S. Women's National Team soccer player, Our Lady of Mercy High School (Rochester, New York)
Kerry Washington, BET Award-winning actress, Spence School (New York, New York)
Sigourney Weaver, Golden Globes Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated actress, Chapin School (New York, New York)
Christine Todd Whitman, former Governor of New Jersey, Chapin School (New York, New York)
Reese Witherspoon, Academy Award and Golden Globes Award-winning actress, Harpeth Hall (Nashville, Tennessee)
References
External links
National Coalition of Girls' Schools
Girls' schools in the United States
Private and independent school organizations in the United States |
437_0 | Brian Patrick Lamb (; born October 9, 1941) is an American journalist, Presidential Medal of Freedom Laureate, and the founder, executive chairman, and now retired CEO of C-SPAN, an American cable network that provides coverage of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate as well as other public affairs events. Prior to launching C-SPAN in 1979, Lamb held various communications roles including White House telecommunications policy staffer and Washington bureau chief for Cablevision magazine. He also served as a commissioned officer in the United States Navy for four years. Lamb has conducted thousands of interviews, including those on C-SPAN's Booknotes and Q&A, and is known for his unique interview style, focusing on short, direct questions. Over the course of his career Lamb has received numerous honors and awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Humanities Medal. |
437_1 | Early life and education
Lamb was born in Lafayette, Indiana, and lived there until he was 22 years old. Growing up, he wanted to be an entertainer and spent time as a disc jockey and as a drummer in many local bands. Lamb showed an early interest in television and radio: he started his first radio job at a local station in Lafayette, WASK (AM), at the age of 17, working as a disc jockey and selling advertisements. His job at the radio station gave him the opportunity to interview musicians including Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Nat King Cole, Count Basie, and The Kingston Trio, while he was still in high school. In 1961, during his junior year at college, he coordinated a television program titled Dance Date, similar to Dick Clark's ABC series, American Bandstand.
After graduation from Jefferson High School, Lamb attended Purdue University, where he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Speech in 1963. |
437_2 | Military service |
437_3 | Following graduation from Purdue, Lamb was accepted into the United States Navy Officer Candidate School. Upon completion of his training, he served 18 months on the attack cargo ship , and then moved to the Pentagon where he served in the audio/visual office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs. Lamb took up this role midway through the Vietnam War and, in addition to handling queries from radio and television networks, he attended press briefings with Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. In July 1967, following riots in Detroit, Lamb was sent there and tasked with providing recordings of news conferences of Governor George W. Romney of Michigan for the White House Situation Room. He also served as a White House social aide to Lyndon B. Johnson, in which role he escorted Lady Bird Johnson down the aisle at the wedding of Chuck Robb and Lynda Johnson. He later recalled, "For five years after I got out of the Navy and went back part of the time to Indiana, the only |
437_4 | thing I was known to have ever done in my life was to escort Mrs. Johnson down the aisle." Lamb spent a total of four years in the U.S. Navy and was a Lieutenant, junior grade, at the time that he left. He later said that his time in the U.S. Navy "was probably the most important thing [he has] ever done". |
437_5 | Early career
Communications and journalism work
In December 1967, following his Navy service, Lamb's interest in politics led him to interview for the role of personal aide to Richard Nixon during his campaign for the 1968 presidential election, but instead he returned to Indiana. In August 1968, after working at a local television station in Lafayette, he spent ten weeks working for a group called United Citizens for Nixon–Agnew. Following the campaign, he worked as a reporter for UPI Audio and in 1969 became press secretary for Senator Peter H. Dominick (R-Colo.), before becoming an assistant for media and congressional relations to Clay T. Whitehead, director of the White House Office of Telecommunications Policy. |
437_6 | After the White House, Lamb returned to journalism as the editor of a biweekly newsletter entitled, The Media Report. While editing The Media Report, he also became the Washington bureau chief of trade magazine Cablevision for four years, covering telecommunications issues. During this time, he developed his idea of creating a public affairs-oriented cable network.
C-SPAN |
437_7 | In 1977, Lamb submitted to cable television executives a proposal for a nonprofit channel that would broadcast official proceedings of Congress. He later said, "The risks weren't very significant. No one knew who I was. If I failed, so what?" The idea was approved in December 1977 and the Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network was created as a private nonprofit business with a board of cable-operating company executives, funded by affiliate fees from cable companies. At its launch the network had a staff of four employees, including Lamb, and an annual budget of US$450,000. The first broadcast occurred on March 19, 1979, with live coverage of the first televised House of Representatives floor debate. |
437_8 | By 2010, C-SPAN reached over 100 million households, and the network employed 275 individuals in Washington D.C. and at its archives in West Lafayette. Its coverage includes a variety of public affairs programming, including presidential press conferences and Senate hearings, in addition to its gavel-to-gavel coverage of the House and Senate. , C-SPAN consists of three networks: C-SPAN, C-SPAN2 and C-SPAN3 plus a radio station, with more than 170,000 hours of C-SPAN footage available online via the C-SPAN Video Library. Lamb is the former CEO and president of C-SPAN, and now serves as executive chairman of its board of directors. He has described the network as "in every single way, the antithesis of commercial television".
In March 2012, Lamb announced his plan to step down as CEO, handing control over to Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain. |
437_9 | Hosting and interview style
On C-SPAN, Lamb hosted Washington Journal, Booknotes, and continues to host Q&A, and through these programs has become known for his distinctive interview style. According to him, he learned the basics of broadcasting and interviewing from his high school broadcasting teacher, Bill Fraser, who taught him to "stay out of the way" while he conducted interviews.
Lamb does not discuss his own political views.
According to The Advocate, his style of interviewing is "Spartan", and he has stated: "Too many interviewers intrude too much. … They try to make us think they're smarter than the person they're interviewing. Well, I assume I'm not smarter and if I am smarter I don't want the audience to find out."
If a guest uses a term of art such as "cloture" he will ask them to define it for the audience, and invariably will ask the guest where they went to school, his or her children's names, and occupations.
Booknotes |
437_10 | In his 35 years at C-SPAN, Lamb has conducted thousands of interviews, including 801 editions of Booknotes, a weekly program he hosted focusing on nonfiction books. His first Booknotes interview was broadcast on April 2, 1989, and the final program aired on December 4, 2004. Over the course of the program, Lamb's interviewees included authors, politicians, and world leaders including George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Mikhail Gorbachev, Richard Nixon, Colin Powell, Christopher Hitchens and Margaret Thatcher.
The program's format was described in its tagline, "One author, one book, one hour", and Lamb has stated that he spent an average of 20 hours reading and preparing for each interview, though by some counts he spoke for less than five minutes over the course of each program. |
437_11 | Lamb published five books based on Booknotes interviews, each a collection of essays written from transcripts of his interviews with authors. The books focus on writing, biographies of figures from American history, American history stories, "American character" and the life of Abraham Lincoln, respectively.
After Booknotes ended, Lamb began hosting a new program titled Q&A, featuring interviews with figures from politics, technology, education, and media, as well as authors. He also continued to host Washington Journal, C-SPAN's morning call-in program, until 2008.
In 2011, Lamb donated his collection of books from the Booknotes series, many containing his personal marginalia, to the rare books collection of George Mason University to create an academic archive. |
437_12 | Issues |
437_13 | As CEO of C-SPAN, Lamb was involved in issues related to ensuring public access to the proceedings of the federal government and also to increasing media access to legislative and judicial proceedings. Lamb opposed the "must-carry" provisions of the Cable Television Protection and Competition Act of 1992, which he later stated had led to 10 million Americans losing or experiencing reduced access to C-SPAN. In 1998, he wrote to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, arguing against digital must-carry legislation. During the impeachment of President Clinton, Lamb wrote to then-Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott, urging the Senate to "keep this process open to the public" and formally requesting permission for televised coverage of the Senate's deliberations. In addition, he has written to House Speakers of both parties in 1994, 2006 and 2010, requesting that independent media cameras be added to the House floor to allow a |
437_14 | more complete view of debates. Lamb has also written to chief justices Rehnquist and Roberts requesting the televising of oral arguments before the Supreme Court of the United States and other federal courts. |
437_15 | Bibliography
In addition to his five books based on Booknotes interviews, Lamb has written a book with Richard Norton Smith about the gravesites of American presidents, Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites, and a companion book to a series of C-SPAN interviews with Supreme Court justices, The Supreme Court: A C-SPAN Book, Featuring the Justices in their Own Words. |
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