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253_0	Richard Treat (or Trott) (15841669) was an early settler in New England and a patentee of the Royal Charter of Connecticut, 1662. Biography Early life and ancestors He was baptized on August 28, 1584, at Pitminster, county of Somerset, England, the son of Robert and Honoria Trott, and died on April 27, 1669, at Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut. He was an early New England settler who emigrated from Pitminster, England, to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637. Marriage and family He was married on April 27, 1615, at Pitminster, Somerset County, England, to Alice Gaylord (born May 10, 1594, at Pitminster, Somerset County, England, she died at Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut). She was the daughter of Hugh Gaylord and Joanna.
253_1	Richard and Alice were the parents of 11 children. Their son, Robert Treat (1624–1710), served as governor of Connecticut from 1683 to 1698. Their daughter, Joanna, was the wife of Lieut. John Hollister. Their daughter, Susanna, was the wife of Robert Webster, the son of John Webster (governor). Their daughter, Honor, married John Deming, an early Puritan settler and original patentee of the Royal Charter of Connecticut. Their daughter, Sarah, married Matthew Camfield (1604 - 1673) circa 1643 at New Haven Colony, an early Puritan settler of New Haven Colony and a founder of Newark, New Jersey in 1666.
253_2	Career He was one of the first settlers of Wethersfield, Connecticut in 1637 and was an extensive landowner in the town (over 900 acres). He represented Wethersfield in the first general court in 1637. He was appointed in 1642 by the general court, in connection with Gov. George Wyllys, Messrs. Haines, Hopkins, Whiting, and others, to superintend building a ship, and to collect a revenue for that object. In the list of Freeman (Colonial) of Wethersfield for 1659, only three besides Richard Treat, Sr., are styled Mr., and he bore that title as early as 1642, and perhaps earlier. Mr. Treat must have been a man of high social standing and of much influence in the town of Wethersfield, and in the colony of Connecticut. He was chosen a juror, June 15, 1643 and grand juror, on September 15 of the same year.
253_3	In April, 1644, he was chosen deputy, and was annually elected for fourteen years, up to 1657-8. From 1658 to 1665, he was elected assistant magistrate of the colony eight times, and was named in the royal charter of Charles II as one of the original patentees of the Charter of the Colony of Connecticut. On Oct. 25,1644, he and Mr. Wells were the committee and the revenue collectors of the Fenwick tax a fund for the support of students in the college at Cambridge. In 1654, he was chosen on a committee to lay out lands granted by the town and in 1660, he was elected a townsman, an office answering to the present selectmen Descendants Richard Treat's descendants number in the thousands today. Some of his notable descendants include:
253_4	George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st President of the United States George Walker Bush, 43rd President of the United States Samuel Colt, inventor and industrialist. Robert Treat Paine, a signer of the Declaration of Independence Dr. John Franklin Gray, the first practitioner of Homeopathy in the United States. Gerald Warner Brace, writer, educator, sailor and boat builder. Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, 1861–1869. William Edwards Deming statistician, professor, author, lecturer, and consultant Treat Williams, Actor/Pilot C. Loring Brace, anthropologist Henry Ford II, president, chairman of the board and CEO of Ford Motor Company. John B. Hollister, Representative from Ohio Stephen Crane, author (The Red Badge of Courage) Thomas Edison, inventor John Pierpont Morgan, financier Charles H. Treat, Treasurer of the United States from 1905–1909 Charles W. Woodworth, entomologist Samuel Hubbel Treat, Jr., federal judge
253_5	John Hunt Morgan, Confederate general and cavalry officer in the American Civil War Samuel Treat, federal judge Roger Treat, sportswriter and author Treat Baldwin Johnson, chemist Tennessee Williams, playwright John Hay Whitney U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, publisher of the New York Herald Tribune. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney businessman, film producer, writer, and government official Robert Treat, (February 23, 1624 – July 12, 1710) was an American colonial leader, militia officer and governor of the Connecticut Colony between 1683 and 1698.
253_6	Notes
253_7	References Case, L. W. The Hollister family of America: Lieut. John Hollister, of Wethersfield, Conn., and his descendants Publisher Fergus printing company, 1886 Deming, Judson Keith. Genealogy of the descendants of John Deming of Wethersfield, Connecticut: with historical notes University of Wisconsin - Madison: Publisher Press of Mathis-Mets Co., 1904 Raymond, Marcius D. Sketch of Rev. Blackleach Burritt and related Stratford families : a paper read before the Fairfield County Historical Society, at Bridgeport, Conn., Friday evening, Feb. 19, 1892. Bridgeport : Fairfield County Historical Society 1892. Treat, John Harvey. Title The Treat family: a genealogy of Trott, Tratt, and Treat for fifteen generations, and four hundred and fifty years in England and America, containing more than fifteen hundred families in America Publisher The Salem press publishing & printing company, 1893. William Treat Obituary Obituary
253_8	Canfield, Frederick A. A History of Thomas Canfield and of Matthew Camfield, With a Genealogy of their Descendants in New Jersey. Dover, N.J.: 1897. Reprinted Bibliolife.
253_9	1584 births 1669 deaths People of colonial Connecticut American city founders People from Somerset Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony Magistrates of the Connecticut General Court (1636–1662) Deputies of the Connecticut General Court (1639–1662) People from Wethersfield, Connecticut
254_0	Old Norvicensians (ONs) are former pupils of Norwich School, an independent co-educational day school in Norwich, England. It was founded in 1096 as an episcopal school by the first Bishop of Norwich, Herbert de Losinga, and is one of the longest surviving schools in the United Kingdom. It was refounded by royal charter in 1547 by Edward VI. ONs may join the Old Norvicensian Club of former pupils. Predecessors include the Parrian Club, a dining society for former pupils of Samuel Parr's headship in the late 18th century, and the Valpeian Club, after Edward Valpy in the early 19th century. In 1866, the latter gave way to the Norwich School Club, which became the current association for former pupils at the beginning of the 20th century. Academia
254_1	Christopher Andrew, historian William Lawrence Balls FRS, botanist Reyner Banham, architectural historian Robert Blake, Baron Blake, historian and life peer Henry Bond, physician and Regius Professor of Physic, Cambridge University William Briggs, physician and oculist Edward Browne FRS, physician and president of the Royal College of Physicians Sir Edward Bullard FRS, geophysicist John Caius, founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge E. W. W. Carlier, histologist Professor Dr Tom Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, FRSA, FIBiol, evolutionary biologist Samuel Clarke FRS, philosopher Sydney Copeman FRS, medical scientist responsible for improvements in the smallpox vaccination William Dalrymple, surgeon noted for the successful tying the carotid artery Martin Davy FRS, Master of Caius College, Cambridge Joe Farman CBE, geophysicist, co-discover of the Antarctic ozone hole Sir William Jackson Hooker FRS, botanist and Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
254_2	Sir Owen Wansbrough-Jones, chemist and scientific adviser to government Mark A. Lemmon FRS, biochemist, biophysicist, and cancer biologist at Yale University John Lindley FRS, botanist, gardener and orchidologist Roger Long FRS, astronomer James MacKeith OBE, forensic psychiatrist who played a major part in the successful appeals of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six John Quelch, professor at Harvard Business School Oliver Rackham OBE, botanist and an authority on the British countryside Edward Rigby, physician John Smith, astronomer Sir Richard V. Southwell FRS, aeronautical engineer and rector of Imperial College London Alfred Stephenson OBE, polar surveyor and explorer Benjamin Stillingfleet, botanist and writer Henry Wild, orientalist Henry Woodward FRS, geologist
254_3	Artists Several members of the Norwich School of painters were educated at Norwich School and taught by John Crome when he was drawing master. John Sell Cotman, leading member of the Norwich School of painters John Berney Crome, member of the Norwich School of painters, son of John Crome Edward Thomas Daniell, member of the Norwich School of painters Hugh Welch Diamond, photographer Frederick Sandys, Pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Seago, Post-Impressionist painter James Stark, member of the Norwich School of painters George Vincent, member of the Norwich School of painters Athletes Tom Adeyemi, footballer Emma Pooley, Olympic cyclist Clive Radley MBE, cricketer and former head coach of MCC Stuart Cowie, professional squash player Geoffrey Stevens, cricketer Freddie Steward, rugby union player
254_4	Business Steffan Aquarone, entrepreneur and film producer Peter Kindersley, chairman of the publishing company Dorling Kindersley (DK) and Bafta award winner Sir John Quinton, chairman of Barclays Bank and the first chairman of the FA Premier League Richard Twining FRS (1772–1857), tea merchant and chairman of the committee of by-laws at East India House Clergy
254_5	Thomas Ainger, clergyman Theophilus Brabourne, clergyman and writer Nicholas Clagett the Younger, controversialist John Clarke, Dean of Salisbury and mathematician John Cosin, Bishop of Durham Richard Charles Coxe, canon of Durham Richard Fletcher, Bishop of Worcester (1593–1594) and Bishop of London (1595–1596) Thomas Green, Bishop of Ely and Norwich, vice-chancellor of Cambridge University John Groome, clergyman Robert Hindes Groome, archdeacon of Suffolk Thomas Gumble, clergyman and biographer Henry Kett, clergyman and scholar Edward Maltby FRS, Bishop of Durham James Henry Monk, Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol and classical scholar James Martineau, Unitarian philosopher Charles Moss FRS, Bishop of St David's and Bishop of Bath and Wells Robert Moss, Dean of Ely Dudley Narborough, Bishop of Colchester John Perowne, Bishop of Worcester William Purcell, Archdeacon of Dorking John Gooch Robberds, Unitarian minister John Stoughton, Congregational minister
254_6	Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury 1694 to 1715 Edward Walpole, Jesuit preacher Henry Walpole, Jesuit martyr, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Michael Walpole, Jesuit Cecil Wilfred Wilson, Bishop of Middleton
254_7	Law Sir Richard Aikens, Lord Justice of Appeal Sir Henry Bedingfield, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas Sir Edward Coke, Elizabethan and Jacobean jurist, judge, and politician Erasmus Earle, serjeant-at-law to Oliver Cromwell Sir Forrest Fulton, Conservative MP, Common Serjeant, and Recorder of London Sir Thomas Richardson, Speaker of the House of Commons, later Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Chief Justice of the King's Bench Sir Edward Stracey, Counsel to the Chairman of the Lords Committees Lord Wilberforce, law lord Sir Ernest Wild, judge and Conservative MP Literature
254_8	Robert Baron, poet and playwright George Borrow, author John Brereton, chronicler Edward Forster FRS, writer Robert Greene, poet, novelist and critic of Shakespeare Henry Kett, educator and writer Henry William Massingham, journalist and editor of The Nation Thomas Monro, writer Richard K. Morgan, acclaimed author of science fiction and fantasy novels Thomas Starling Norgate, writer, journalist and newspaper editor Henry Reeve, journalist and translator of Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America D. J. Taylor, critic, novelist and biographer Media Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actor Simon Cook, actor and politician Becky Mantin, model and television presenter Paul Spurrier, actor Tim Westwood, BBC Radio 1 DJ 1994 to 2013 Military
254_9	Major Alexis Charles Doxat VC Sir Vincent Eyre, army officer in the East India Company Philip F. Fullard, First World War flying ace Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Lt Col Derek Seagrim VC Major Hugh Seagrim GC Major General Greg Smith, Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) Col John Manners Smith VC Lt Col Charles Stoddart, army officer and diplomat Sir Archdale Wilson, commander in the Siege of Delhi Politicians and civil servants
254_10	Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, former Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party Sir Jacob Astley, 1st Baronet, High Sheriff of Norfolk and Conservative MP Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak Richard Harman, MP for Norwich in the Long Parliament John Ives FRS, antiquarian and officer of arms Christopher Layer, Jacobite conspirator Charles Marsh, MP and barrister Sir Robert Naunton, MP and Secretary of State Arthur Samuel, 1st Baron Mancroft, Conservative politician Sir Oliver St John, chief commissioner of Baluchistan Sir Graham Savage, educational administrator Miscellaneous Vernon William Blythe, stage name Vernon Castle, ballroom dancer Kit Downes, jazz pianist Peter le Neve Foster, secretary to the Royal Society of Arts Humphry Repton, landscape gardener George H. Widdows, architect of over 70 schools in Derbyshire William Wilkins FRS, Greek Revivalist architect of the National Gallery among others
254_11	Wrongly identified as alumni Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury 1559 to 1575 is incorrectly identified in Bayne's A Comprehensive History of Norwich (1869) as attending the school. The confusion may have arisen out of Parker's role as a benefactor of a number of scholarships at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge to the school and the city of Norwich. References {{Reflist Bibliography External links Norwich School website Norvicensians Norvice
255_0	Interstate 66 (I-66) is an Interstate Highway in the eastern United States. As indicated by its even route number, it runs in an east–west direction. Its western terminus is near Middletown, Virginia, at an interchange with I-81; its eastern terminus is in Washington, D.C., at an interchange with U.S. Route 29. Much of the route parallels U.S. Route 29 or Virginia State Route 55. Interstate 66 has no physical or historical connection to the famous U.S. Route 66 which was located in a different region of the United States. The E Street Expressway is a spur from Interstate 66 into the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Route description Virginia Interstate 81 to Dunn Loring \|- \|VA \|74.8 \|120.54 \|- \|DC \|1.6 \|2.57 \|- \|Total \|76.4 \|123.11 \|}
255_1	Interstate 66 begins at a directional-t interchange with Interstate 81 near Middletown, Virginia. It heads east as a four-lane freeway and meets U.S. Route 522/U.S. Route 340 at a diamond interchange with some cloverleaf elements. The two routes head south to Front Royal and north to Lake Frederick. I-66 continues east, paralleling Virginia Route 55 (John Marshall Highway) and meeting U.S. Route 17 at a partial interchange with no access from southbound U.S. 17 to westbound I-66. Route 55 also merges onto the freeway at this interchange, forming a three-way concurrency that ends near Marshall, with Route 55 leaving with U.S. Route 17 Business, and U.S. 17 leaving at the next exit.
255_2	Expanding to 8 lanes and continuing to parallel Route 55, I-66 enters the towns of Haymarket and Gainesville, reaching interchanges with U.S. Routes 15 (James Madison Highway) and 29 (Lee Highway) in each town, respectively. The highway then heads to the south of the Manassas National Battlefield Park and to the north of the Bull Run Regional Park. The highway reaches another interchange with U.S. 29 and passes to the north of Centreville and meets Virginia Route 28 (Sully Road) at an interchange with cloverleaf and stack elements to it. 28 heads north to Dulles International Airport and south to Manassas.
255_3	The freeway then meets Virginia Route 286 (Fairfax County Parkway), U.S. Route 50 (Lee Jackson Memorial Highway), and Virginia Route 123 (Chain Bridge Road) at a series of interchanges providing access to D.C. suburbs. The Orange Line and Silver Line of the Washington Metro begin to operate in the median here, as the highway reaches a large interchange with the Capital Beltway (Interstate 495). I-66 has a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane from US 15 to the Capital Beltway. The left lane on eastbound I-66 is reserved for vehicles with two or more occupants (HOV-2 traffic) from 5:30 to 9:30 a.m. on weekdays, and the left lane on westbound I-66 is reserved for HOV-2 traffic from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. on weekdays.
255_4	Dunn Loring to Theodore Roosevelt Bridge
255_5	The section of I-66 in Virginia east of the Capital Beltway is named the Custis Memorial Parkway, a toll road with variable tolls during peak hours. The road narrows to four lanes as it heads through affluent areas of Arlington. The parkway meets Virginia Route 7 (Leesburg Pike) at a full interchange. Virginia Route 267 (Dulles Toll Road) meets the parkway with an eastbound entrance and westbound exit. Continuing through neighborhoods, the route yet again meets U.S. 29 at an incomplete interchange and continues east into Arlington, meeting Virginia Route 120 (Glebe Road) and continuing to Arlington. It meets Spout Run Parkway and enters Rosslyn. The freeway turns southeast and runs in between U.S. Route 29 as it approaches the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, reaching another eastbound entrance and westbound exit as U.S. 29 continues north on the Key Bridge. It then has a complex interchange with George Washington Parkway and Virginia Route 110 (Richmond Highway), providing access to
255_6	Alexandria and the Pentagon, respectively. U.S. Route 50 (Arlington Boulevard) merges onto the highway with a westbound exit and eastbound entrance and the two traverse the bridge.
255_7	The "Custis Memorial Parkway" name commemorates the Custis family, several of whose members (including Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, George Washington Parke Custis, Eleanor (Nellie) Parke Custis Lewis and Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee) played prominent roles in Northern Virginia's history. Because of its terminus in the Shenandoah Valley, some early planning documents refer to I-66 as the "Shenandoah Freeway", although the name did not enter common use.
255_8	Between the Capital Beltway and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, the eastbound (inbound) roadway is a HOT road from 5:30 to 9:30 a.m., and the westbound (outbound) roadway is a HOT road from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. E-ZPass is required for all vehicles except motorcycles, including Dulles Airport users. I-66 is free during those times for HOV-2 drivers (HOV-3 in 2022) with an E-ZPass Flex and for motorcycles. Other drivers must pay a toll which can be almost $50 at peak times. Outside of these hours, I-66 is free for all drivers to use. District of Columbia In Washington, D.C., the route quickly turns north, separating from US 50. The highway interchanges with the E Street Expressway spur before passing beneath Virginia Avenue in a short tunnel. After an indirect interchange with the Rock Creek Parkway (via 27th Street), the highway terminates at a pair of ramps leading to the Whitehurst Freeway (US 29) and L Street. E Street Expressway
255_9	The E Street Expressway is a spur of I-66 that begins at an interchange with the interstate just north of the Roosevelt Bridge. It proceeds east, has an interchange with Virginia Avenue NW, and terminates at 20th Street NW. From there, traffic continues along E Street NW to 17th Street NW near the White House, the Old Executive Office Building, and the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Westbound traffic from 17th Street takes a one-block segment of New York Avenue to the expressway entrance at 20th and E Streets NW. The expressway and the connecting portions of E Street and New York Avenue are part of the National Highway System. In 1963, the construction of the E Street Expressway caused the demolition of multiple buildings of the Old Naval Observatory. Exit list The entire route is in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. All exits are unnumbered. History Virginia
255_10	I-66 was first proposed in 1956 shortly after Congress established the Highway Trust Fund as a highway to connect Strasburg, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley with Washington. During the planning stages, the Virginia Highway Department considered four possible locations for the highway inside the Beltway and in 1959 settled on one that followed the Fairfax Drive-Bluemont Drive corridor between the Beltway and Glebe Road (Virginia State Route 120); and then the Washington and Old Dominion (W&OD) corridor between Glebe Road and Rosslyn in Arlington. The route west of 123 was determined earlier. Two other routes through Arlington neighborhoods and one along Arlington Boulevard were rejected due to cost or opposition. I-66 was originally to connect to the Three Sisters Bridge, but as that bridge was cancelled, it was later designed to connect to the Potomac River Freeway via the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge.
255_11	On December 16, 1961, the first piece of I-66, an 8.6-mile-long section from US-29 at Gainesville to US-29 at Centreville was opened. A disconnected 3.3-mile-long section near Delaplane in Fauquier County opened next in May 1962.
255_12	In July 1962, the highway department bought the Rosslyn Spur of the W&OD for $900,000 and began clearing the way, such that by 1965 all that remained was dirt and the shattered foundations of 200 homes cleared for the highway. In February 1965, the state contracted to buy 30.5 miles of the W&OD from Herndon to Alexandria for $3.5 million and the C&O petitioned the ICC to let them abandon it. The purchase would eliminate the need to build a grade separation for I-66 and would provide 1.5 miles of right-of-way for the highway, saving the state millions. The abandonment proceedings took more than three years, as customers of the railway and transit advocates fought to keep the railroad open, and delayed work on the highway. During that time, on November 10, 1967, WMATA announced that it had come to an agreement with the Highway Department that would give them a 2-year option to buy a five-mile stretch of the right of way from Glebe Road to the Beltway, where I-66 was to be built, and run
255_13	mass transit on the median of it. The W&OD ran its last train during the summer of 1968 thus clearing the way for construction to begin in Arlington.
255_14	While the state waited on the W&OD, work continued elsewhere. The Theodore Roosevelt Bridge opened on June 23, 1964 and in November of that year the section from Centerville to the Beltway opened. A 0.2 mile extension from the Roosevelt Bridge to Rosslyn opened in October 1966.
255_15	After the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) (then known as the Virginia Department of Highways) took possession of the W&OD right-of-way in 1968, they began to run into opposition as the highway revolts of the late 1960s and early 1970s took hold. In 1970, the Arlington County Board requested new hearings and opponents began to organize marches. A significant delay was encountered when the Arlington Coalition on Transportation (ACT) filed a lawsuit in Federal District Court in 1971 opposing the Arlington portion of the project. The group objected to that urban segment due to concerns over air quality, noise, unwanted traffic congestion, wasteful spending, impacts on mass transit and wasted energy by auto travel. In 1972 the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of ACT, technically blocking any construction. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the ruling in favor of ACT later that same year.
255_16	Again, work continued elsewhere and in October 1971, the 6.6-mile-long section from I-81 to US-340/US-522 north of Front Royal opened. In July 1974, a final environmental impact statement (EIS) was submitted. The EIS proposed an eight-lane limited access expressway from the Capital Beltway to the area near Spout Run Parkway. Six lanes would branch off at the Parkway and cross the Potomac River via a proposed Three Sisters Bridge. Another six lanes would branch off to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. In November, a modified design was submitted, reducing the eight lanes to six. However, in 1975, VDOT disapproved the six-lane design.
255_17	The parties then agreed on experts to conduct air quality and noise studies for VDOT, selecting the firm of ESL Inc., the expert hired originally by ACT. In 1976, United States Secretary of Transportation William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. intervened. On January 4, 1977, Coleman approved federal aid for a much narrower, four-lane limited access highway between the Capital Beltway and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. As part of the deal, Virginia officials agreed to provide more than $100 million in construction work and funds to help build the Metro system, which has tracks down the I-66 median to a station at Vienna in Fairfax County; to build a multi-use trail from Rosslyn to Falls Church; and to limit rush-hour traffic mainly to car pools. Three more lawsuits would follow, but work began on August 8, 1977 moments after U.S. District Court Judge Owen R. Lewis denied an injunction sought by highway opponents.
255_18	In the late 1970s and early 1980s the highway's final miles were built. A 2.9 mile long section from Delaplane to US-17 east of Marshall was completed in 2 sections in 1978 and 1979. The 15.6-mile-long section from US-340 to Delaplane was completed in August 1979. A 12-mile section between US 17 in Marshall and US 15 in Haymarket opened in December 1979, with the gap between Haymarket and Gainesville closed on December 19, 1980. On December 22, 1982, the final section of I-66 opened between the Capital Beltway and U.S. Route 29 (Lee Highway) in Rosslyn, near the Virginia end of the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. The Custis Trail, the trail along I-66 built between Rosslyn and Falls Church as a concession, opened in the summer of 1982, before the highway was complete. The Dulles Connector between I-66 and the airport opened in 1984. The Metrorail in the median of I-66 between Ballston and Vienna, another concession, opened on June 7, 1986.
255_19	After opening, the restrictions on use began to loosen. In 1983, Virginia dropped the HOV requirement from 4 to 3, and then from 3 to 2 in 1994. In 1992 motorcycles were allowed. On October 9, 1999, Public Law 106-69 transferred from the federal government to the Commonwealth of Virginia the authority for the operation, maintenance and construction of I-66 between Rosslyn and the Capital Beltway.
255_20	Because I-66 is the only Interstate Highway traveling west from Washington, D.C., into Northern Virginia, traffic on the road is often extremely heavy. For decades, there has been talk of widening I-66 from 2 to 3 lanes each way inside the Capital Beltway (Interstate 495) through Arlington County, Virginia, although many Arlington residents are adamantly opposed to this plan. In 2004–05, Virginia studied options for widening the highway inside the Beltway, including the prospect of implementing a one-lane-plus-shoulder extension on westbound I-66 within the Beltway (in an attempt to reduce congestion for people commuting away from D.C.). They later settled on three planned “spot improvements” meant to ease traffic congestion on westbound Interstate 66 inside the Capital Beltway. The first "improvement", a 1.9-mile zone between Fairfax Drive and Sycamore Street, started in summer 2010 and was finished in December 2011. For this project, the entrance ramp acceleration lane and the exit
255_21	ramp deceleration lanes were lengthened to form a continuous lane between both ramps. The 12-foot shoulder lane can carry emergency vehicles and can be used in emergency situations. The second one widened between the Washington Boulevard on-ramp and the ramp to the Dulles Airport Access Highway. Work on it began in 2013 and finished in 2015. The third project, between Lee Highway/Spout Run and Glebe Road, is scheduled for completion in 2020.
255_22	In Gainesville, Virginia, the Gainesville Interchange Project upgraded the interchange between U.S. Route 29 (U.S. 29) and I-66, for those and many other roads due to rapid development and accompanying heavy traffic in the Gainesville and Haymarket area. I-66's overpasses were reconstructed to accommodate nine lanes (six general purpose, two HOV, one collector–distributor eastbound) and lengthened for the expansion of U.S. 29 to six lanes. These alterations were completed in June 2010. In 2014–15, US 29 was largely grade-separated in the area, including an interchange at its current intersection with SR 619 (Linton Hall Road). The project began in 2004 and finished in 2015.
255_23	In 2015, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) Transportation planning board added I-66 HOT lanes to their list of priority projects for the I-66 corridor. The projects have sparked opposition between residents and community businesses over the direction of this region's future infrastructure planning. The VDOT established a "Transform 66" website on regional traffic issues. Residents living within the I-66 corridor have set up "Transform 66 Wisely", a website describing local community impacts that the VDOT projects may cause. In contrast, local business groups and Chambers of Commerce located near the affected areas have voiced support for transportation improvements in the I-66 region.
255_24	Residents along the I-66 corridor such as Arlington County have resisted I-66 widening proposals for many years. The local Stenwood Elementary School would lose its attached field, leaving it with blacktop-only recess space. In an April 16, 2015, letter to the Virginia Secretary of Transportation, members of the 1st, 8th, 10th, and 11th districts of Congress wrote that VDOT research noted that during peak hours, 35% of eastbound cars and 50% of westbound cars are HOV violators.
255_25	Future federal steps for VDOT include NEPA review, obligation of federal funds, certification that the conversion to tolled facilities will not "degrade" the existing facility, and potential federal loan guarantee. The Virginia Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) is responsible for overseeing VDOT and allocating highway funding to specific projects. The board has 18 members appointed by the Governor and includes the Virginia Secretary of Transportation, Aubrey Layne, and is the group that will be making the final decision and allocating funding for VDOT's plans for I-66. In 2016, VDOT announced that it was planning to add express lanes and multi-modal transportation improvements to I-66 outside the Beltway (the "Transform 66 Outside the Beltway" improvement project). A decision was also made to move forward with widening I-66 eastbound and make multimodal improvements from the Dulles Connector Road to Ballston (the "Transform 66 Inside the Beltway" improvement project).
255_26	VDOT also announced during 2016 that it would initiate on I-66 a dynamic tolling system in the peak travel directions during rush hours. On December 4, 2017, VDOT converted of I-66 between Route 29 in Rosslyn and the Capital Beltway to a High Occupancy Vehicle variable congestion pricing tolling system. The system permits solo drivers to use I-66 during peak travel hours in the appropriate direction if they pay a toll. VDOT designed the price of toll to keep traffic moving at a minimum of and to increase the capacity of the road. Carpools and vanpools (with two or more people, until a regional change to HOV-3+ goes into effect in 2022), transit, on-duty law enforcement and first responders will not pay a toll. Prices ranged up to US$47 for solo drivers, but the average speed during the morning rush hour was , vs a year before.
255_27	In 2017, construction began on the "Transform 66 Outside the Beltway" improvement project. The project will add of new dynamically-tolled Express Lanes alongside I-66 from I-495 to University Boulevard in Gainesville. It will also build new park and ride facilities, interchange improvements and of expanded multi-use trail. VDOT expects the project to be completed in December 2022. Construction on widening eastbound I-66 as part of the "Transform 66 Inside the Beltway" improvement project began in June 2018 and is expected to be completed in 2020. The project will add a travel lane on eastbound I-66 between the Dulles Access Road (Virginia State Route 267) and Fairfax Drive (Exit 71) in Ballston, will provide a new ramp-to-ramp direct access connection from eastbound I-66 to the West Falls Church Metro station at the Leesburg Pike (Virginia State Route 7) interchange and will provide a new bridge for the W&OD Trail over Lee Highway (U.S. Route 29).
255_28	VDOT completed in August 2018 a diverging diamond interchange in Haymarket at the interchange of I-66 with U.S. Route 15. District of Columbia In Washington D.C., I-66 was planned to extend east of its current terminus along the North Leg of the Inner Loop freeway. I-66 would have also met the eastern terminus of a planned Interstate 266 at US 29, and the western terminus of the South Leg Freeway (I-695) at US 50; I-266 would have been a parallel route to I-66, providing more direct access to the North Leg from points west, while I-695 would have been an inner-city connector between I-66 and I-95.
255_29	The final plans for the North Leg Freeway, as published in 1971, outlined a six-lane tunnel beneath K Street, between I-266/US 29 and New York Avenue, where the North Leg would emerge from the tunnel and join with the Center Leg Freeway (formerly I-95, now I-395); the two routes would run concurrently for three-fourths of a mile before reaching the Union Station interchange, where I-66 was planned to terminate. Despite the plan to route the North Leg in a tunnel beneath K Street, the intense opposition to previous, scrapped alignments for the D.C. freeway network, which included previous alignments for the North Leg Freeway, led to the mass cancellation of all unbuilt D.C. freeways in 1977, resulting in the truncation of I-66 at US 29. Exit list All exits in the District of Columbia are unnumbered. Auxiliary routes
255_30	Interstate 266 (I-266) was a proposed loop route of I-66 between Washington, D.C., and Arlington County, Virginia. District of Columbia officials proposed designating the route Interstate 66N, a move opposed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. In Virginia, Interstate 266 would have split off from Interstate 66 just east of the present Spout Run Parkway exit. From there, it would have followed an expanded Spout Run Parkway, crossed the George Washington Memorial Parkway, and crossed the Potomac River across a new bridge that would have been called the Three Sisters Bridge. Upon entering the District of Columbia, it would have followed Canal Road and an expanded Whitehurst Freeway to rejoin Interstate 66 at K Street. Interstate 266 was canceled in 1972 in the face of community opposition during Washington's "freeway revolts". References External links
255_31	Transform 66 Outside the Beltway Project HOV schedule in Northern Virginia, from Virginia Dept. of Transportation Roads to the Future: Washington D.C. Interstates and Freeways Steve Anderson's DCRoads.net: Interstate 66 (Virginia) 66 66 Transportation in Frederick County, Virginia Transportation in Warren County, Virginia Transportation in Fauquier County, Virginia Transportation in Prince William County, Virginia Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia Transportation in Arlington County, Virginia 66
256_0	St Andrews Uniting Church is a heritage-listed church at 131 Creek Street (corner with Ann Street), Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George David Payne and built in 1905 by Alexander Lind & Son. Initially St Andrews Presbyterian Church, it became part of the Uniting Church following the merger of the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational Churches in 1977. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. History St Andrews Church was constructed in 1905 for the local parish of the Presbyterian Church previously located on land now used as part of Brisbane Central Railway Station. The building was designed by innovative architect, George D. Payne.
256_1	The Presbyterian congregation who eventually built St Andrew's, constructed their first church at the corner of Wickham Terrace and Creek Street in 1863. This building, designed by Benjamin Backhouse, was known as the Union Presbyterian Church in commemoration of the amalgamation of the Church of Scotland, Free Church and United Presbyterian Church to form the Presbyterian Church of Queensland. The first minister appointed by the congregation was James Love, an Irishman who started preaching in the School of Arts building in Ann Street upon his arrival in Queensland. The congregation at the Union Presbyterian Church remained in their small sandstone church until 1887 when a new larger church designed by Willoughby Powell was constructed. This building was an ornate early English Gothic structure of brick, prominent in early photographs of Brisbane, which featured attached buttressing terminating in pinnacles above an open parapet and a large tower in the north-west corner.
256_2	Unfortunately, only ten years after the construction of their new church the congregation learnt of plans to quadruple the lines at Brisbane Central Railway Station, meaning the land on which the church was built was to be wholly or partially resumed. By 1900 firm plans were laid for the expansion of Central Station and negotiations began between the church and the Railway Commissioner over compensation. A deal was made for the payment of £20,000, paid to the Supreme Court and payable to the church on proof that the money was to be used for the acquiring of land and the construction of a substitute church. The former church was available rent free until October 1903 when plans for the railway station were to be realised.
256_3	A new site for the construction of their third church was found by the elders of the Presbyterian congregation on the corner of Ann and Creek Streets. The land was then occupied by a manufacturing plant and the land belonged to William Perry, who had leased the property from the original holder of the Deed off Grant, Henry Murray in 1875. In November 1884 Perry purchased the property and a quick succession of owners follows until the land was bought by Charles Elliott of Melbourne in December 1888. In July 1894 the Australian Mutual Provident Society became the owners of the property and it was they who appointed elders from the Presbyterian congregation as trustees of the site in 1901. After the Presbyterian Church Property Act of 1909 the property was vested in the Presbyterian Church of Queensland in February 1911.
256_4	Thus, after 1901 the former Wickham Terrace Presbyterian congregation became the owners of the land on the corner of Ann and Creek Streets and plans for the construction of a new building were made. The minutes of a meeting held on 8 July 1902 record the following resolutions; that a church be constructed on the site at a cost of between £8000 and £10,000 and that a competition be held for a design for the church open to Brisbane architects. The sum of £100 was to be expended in prize money, awarding the winner and three commended works. The competition stipulated that seating be provided for 500 people with provision for 200 additional attendants. Other facilities were to include an organ, choir stalls, a hall underneath the church, a minister's vestry, ladies parlour, choir room, toilets and a session room. The building was to be of brick or stone with pricing provided for both schemes. Further requirements were for three entrances from Ann Street, one to the administrative areas
256_5	and two to the body of the church and an entrance from Creek Street also giving access to the hall beneath the church. During October 1902 the results of the competition, which was judged by Brisbane architect, Claude William Chambers, were published in local newspapers and weekly journals and these nominated George D Payne of the Public Works Department as the winner of the competition with other local architect Walter Carey Voller coming second and architectural partnership, Addison and Corrie, being awarded third prize. The design was simple and severe and did not find favour with many, who had expected a Gothic-style church. However, it is regarded as one of the Southern Hemisphere's finest examples of the Neo-Romanesque style.
256_6	George D. Payne, the winning architect, was employed at the time within the Queensland Public Works Department, after moving to Brisbane in 1898 from New South Wales where he was in private practice after a period of employment with architectural partnership, Lowerish and Moorhouse. During his professional life in Sydney he entered many competitions and, despite the poor economic conditions, maintained a reasonably successful practice. Payne was a foundation member and inaugural president of the Sydney Architectural Association. In March 1898 Payne took a position as a temporary draftsman in the Public Works Department where he was involved in the design and construction of several outstanding public buildings in Queensland including the Rockhampton Customs House, the Townsville Customs House, detail work on first floor verandahs of the Warwick Post Office, and the East Brisbane State School. In February 1901 Payne was appointed assistant to Thomas Pye, the District Architect of the
256_7	Southern Division, but soon after, under notice of retrenchment, entered the competition for the design of St Andrew's Church. After he was announced winner in late 1902 he remained at the works department until December 1902 when he resigned to undertake construction supervision of his winning design. After construction of the church, Payne continued in private practice but failed to "attract work of a scale commensurate with his talent." It is therefore for the work at St Andrews on which his state and, indeed, national reputation as an innovative and highly skilled architect is based.
256_8	Construction on the church began in late 1902, after the tender of Messrs Alexander Lind and Son, assisted by foreman Alexander Anderson, was accepted, and continued until 27 August 1905 when it was opened for public worship, the first service being conducted by Rev. W. Sweyn Macqueen. Payne remained involved in the project throughout construction and it is perhaps for this reason that the finished building is characterised throughout by well integrated and sophisticated detailing. A lengthy report in a Presbyterian newspaper, The Messenger, commemorating the opening of the church comments on public criticism of the building, likening the criticism to that experienced by the opening of Westminster Cathedral (the Roman Catholic Cathedral located in central London, built 1895-1903). This was designed by John Francis Bentley, and constructed in polychrome banded brickwork in the manner of Byzantine or Early Christian churches, quite different from the usual Gothic tone of churches of the
256_9	time in that part of Europe. The article says, "there is no denying that it (St Andrew's) is unique as far as the Commonwealth is concerned. It has no prototype that we know", and continued on to describe the style of architecture as "a phase of early Christian or early Romanesque, that had its best expression in simplicity and severity of detail which relies for effect on the impressive dignity of the grouping of masses, forms, proportion, and which excludes all extravagant and unnecessary ornament." Those design features of St Andrews' which are of the Romanesque style, include the previously discussed massing of bold forms; the use of simple geometric shapes; semicircular arched openings; the half-domed interior to the chancel area; vaulting in the narthex and in the hall beneath the church; the general heaviness of many of these features rendered in face brick and the sparse use of Celtic and Norman ornamentation.
256_10	Design of churches during the Victorian period in Britain and her empire was dominated by a revival of the forms and inspiration of the Gothic movement. The Gothic church of the thirteenth and fourteenth century came to be a symbol of the power and glory of the church in a time when such characteristics were seriously threatened. Toward the end of the nineteenth century a new direction was taken, emphasising the influence of an earlier period of church building; early Christian ecclesiastical architecture, most obviously that of Byzantine and Romanesque periods. It is after manner that Payne conceived his design for St Andrew's.
256_11	Of the many fine features in the completed church the most remarkable are the semi-domed chancel, the organ and several panels of stained glass. The ceiling of the chancel was formed from a semi-dome of concrete with a span and, supposedly, marking the introduction of the groined vault into Queensland. The organ is a spectacular example of the work of Austral Organ Works, in a silky oak case designed by George Payne and built by Messrs JD Campbell and Son for £1440. The kinetic electric blower installed in the organ was apparently the first installed in Australia and relies on a rotary action, combining a series of duct fans to eliminate noise from operation. The prominence and importance attached to the organ reflects the significance of music in the Presbyterian church, particularly at the time of the construction of this building. Three stained glass windows in the narthex of the church are of particular note as the work of prominent Sydney stained glazier, FW Ashwin and Co. The
256_12	central panels represent the Burning Bush and flanking it are two figural windows, one of John Knox and the other of John Calvin, both of whom were associated with the early development of Presbyterianism. Ashwin and Co. also provided other, unspecified, leadlighting for the building and the total sum of their contract was £66.
256_13	The newly constructed church was much admired in Brisbane, and remains one of the most interesting ecclesiastical buildings in the state. There was a universal feeling expressed by those present who had not previously seen the interior that they had not dreamed that it would be so magnificent, the austerity of the exterior scarcely preparing them for the fine effect of the chancel, with its shining brass and gleaming silver and burnished gold, the splendid sweep of the interior arches, the spacious auditorium unbroken by a single pillar, and the lofty roof, where sunbeams glinted and shadows came and went.
256_14	Very few changes have been made to St Andrew's Church since its construction was completed in 1905. As the fiftieth anniversary of the congregation approached in the 1914, small changes were made to improve the acoustics, ventilation and natural lighting of the building. These alterations included laying a ruberoid flooring, providing new window openings, and installing electric fans at the northern end of the auditorium. A large stained glass window was installed at the northern end of the auditorium, above the narthex, in 1921 in celebration of another anniversary. Following the formation in 1977 of the Uniting Church in Australia, from the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational religions, St Andrew's Church is now a Uniting Church. More recent changes to the building include the conversion of the session house and ladies' parlour into contemporary office space.
256_15	Although the former Wickham Terrace church was sold for railway redevelopment to commence in 1903, the redevelopment work did not occur for many years. The church was used by the railways for storage until 1929, then rented as a gymnasium until 1942 and then finally occupied by the City Congregational Church until 1960, when the redevelopment for the railway station finally commenced. Description St Andrew's Church is a substantial brick and concrete building, occupying a prominent Brisbane CBD site on the corner of Creek and Ann Streets. The building is constructed in alignment with the footpath and covering most of the property allotment.
256_16	The church is a well-composed building, relying more for its character relying on the intrinsic characteristics of natural materials and the bold massing of simple forms than on ornamentation and decoration, which are often characteristic of ecclesiastical architecture. The architect, Payne, was much influenced by the late Victorian interest in Romanesque architectural styles, and this influence is most obvious at St Andrews' in the repeated use of the semicircular arched opening, vaulted and domed ceilings, sparse use of Celtic and Norman ornamentation and sophisticated face brickwork.
256_17	The building is asymmetrically arranged, with principal facades to both Creek and Ann Streets. It is a loadbearing brick structure with concrete foundation and basement substructure. Concrete detailing is found throughout the building, and includes door and window surrounds, tracery, stairs, roof detailing, internal vaulting and dome and internal corbelling. The building's ecclesiastical function is apparent in the traditional cruciform floor plan, with transepts extending from the north-south running nave, to the east and west, the western transept facing Ann Street. A rectangular wing, housing the early Session House, abuts the northern end of the building, also with principal entrance to Ann Street. The unglazed terracotta tiled roof of the church is gabled over the nave and transepts, with the Session House separately gabled with end to Ann Street. Complementing the forms of the steeply pitched gabled roofs, is a square planned tower at the principal corner of the site, and turned
256_18	through 45°, thus truncating the corner of the building and providing a suitable position for a corner entrance. The tower houses the principal semicircular arched doorway at ground level, accessed via several concrete steps, above which are several elongated rectangular and small circular openings with large semicircular arched openings near the cornice line. A simple concrete parapet, with ribbed detail and four simple corner pinnacles, surmounts the tower and partially conceals the pyramidal roof that has a concrete apex surmounted by a fine wrought iron finial.
256_19	The asymmetrically composed western facade of the building, addressing Ann Street, comprises the gabled ends of the western transept and, at the northern end, an entrance porch abutting the smaller gabled end of the Session House. Between the entrance porch and transept is a recessed wall, forming part of the wall of the nave of the church, which is externally buttressed with two tapered brick projections, extending to the sub floor level. The buttresses extend out from the building to be aligned with the transept face and have semicircular arched openings at their bases, forming a cloister-like external court adjacent to the hall in the basement of the church. The gabled transept end has three semicircular arched window openings, elongated and extending over much of the length of the gabled end. The entrance porch is square planned projection, with a simple roof and housing a semicircular arched doorway providing access to an internal porch leading to the narthex of the church. Above
256_20	the doorway are several concrete bands one of which is pebble dashed, above these are three small circular windows in a horizontal line with concrete surrounds. The gabled end of the session house is visually dominated by a projecting bay window or oriel, at first floor level. Below this at ground floor level is a semicircular arched doorway providing entrance to the session house and a tripartite window arrangement of small equally sized rectangular openings, glazed with stained and coloured glass.
256_21	The Creek Street facade of the building comprises the gabled southern end of the church that is symmetrically composed. Dominant on the face of the gable is a bowed projection, forming the external wall of the corridor at the rear of the chancel and following its rounded shape. The projecting rounded shape of this feature is reflected in the base and support of the large semicircular arched opening, through which it projects. On the face of the projection are a number of elongated semicircular arched windows, filled with stained and coloured glass panels, and beneath these are a number of decorative brick bands. The bowed base of the arched opening has a series of window openings, like slits, which provide natural lighting to the corridor within. The base of the archway is supported on a concrete corbel. Below this projection, at street level, are three semicircular arched door openings, fitted with collapsible steel gates, with ornamental ironwork in the head of the archway. Flanking
256_22	these openings are two arched openings fitted with four windows glazed with square multi-paned glass panels.
256_23	The principal entrance to the building is via a large semicircular arched doorway that is at the base of the tower, turned to run diagonally to the building. A double timber door from this entrance provides access to a small circular entrance vestibule from where two curved concrete stairs lead to the choir and vestry to the east and to the church auditorium on the western side. The vestibule, which has a concrete ceiling and floor, features lettering around the concrete cornice, "ENTER INTO HIS GATES WITH THANKSGIVING". This arrangement was not intended as the usual entrance for the congregation to the church, which was planned through two doorways from Ann Street providing access to an encaustic tiled porch with a concrete stair leading to the narthex, or outer chamber of the church auditorium. The narthex houses many fine architectural details including three stained glass panels in semicircular arched openings, supplied by FW Ashwin & Co. Three timber doors in the southern wall of
256_24	the narthex provide entry to the auditorium.
256_25	The church interior is in the traditional ecclesiastical cruciform plan, with shallow transepts formed at the southern end and expressed externally by the gabled projections to Ann Street and on the opposite side of the building. The body of the church is entirely open with a raked timber boarded ceiling, clad with ruberoid matting, and arched roof trusses which, like most of the joinery in the building, have been stained to a dark timber colour. The transepts, lower in height than the body of the church have large window openings, some of which have been fitted with stained glass panels. At the rear of the church, on the northern wall are three large tripartite window opening arrangements fitted with stained glass panels, featuring stories from the life of Christ.
256_26	Dominating the interior is a large and fine organ, found, in Presbyterian manner, raised in the chancel of the church and almost filling the entire cavity. A round headed chancel archway separates the apsidal chancel from the body of the church and provides the springing point for a semi-domical ceiling in the chancel area. The silky oak organ case is a fine piece of joinery designed by the architect of the church and featuring carved panels and gold lettering and very well integrated with the other altar furniture, choir seating and other joinery in the building. The chancel area comprises a number of tiers, with elders' and minister's seating on the lowest level, and choir seating, protected by a wrought iron balustrade, above.
256_27	At the rear of the chancel and expressed externally in the bowing projection in the arched opening on the Creek Street gabled section of the building, is a narrow corridor providing access to each side of the choir stalls and also between the principal stairs of the building. The narrowness and low lighting afforded through slits to Creek Street, make this corridor and associated spaces seem catacomb-like. Characteristic of the church auditorium level of St Andrew's Church is the high quality and innovative and unusual design of the internal joinery. The stair joinery, doors, windows and their framing, along with church seating, wainscotting, benches, and other fittings are very well designed pieces, original to this building and contribute to the building's outstanding design.
256_28	Beneath the church auditorium and entered from an open entrance porch off Creek Street access to which is provided through three large semicircular arched doorway openings is the church hall. The interior of the hall is dominated by a double row of large concrete piers, and is flanked on the eastern side by an open courtyard along the Ann Street retaining wall boundary that is braced with a system of buttresses aligned with the internal columns in both auditoria. Housed in a two storeyed section abutting the northern side of the building, the Session House, is the administrative core of the church, with the original session room and ladies' parlour. Though these have been recently renovated to provide some modern office accommodation, many of the early spaces have been retained. Heritage listing St Andrews Uniting Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
256_29	The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. St Andrew's Uniting Church, formerly Presbyterian, is a large centrally located church that demonstrates the growth of Presbyterianism in Queensland, particularly in Brisbane where it was the home of one of the largest congregations for many years. The building, constructed in 1905 following expansion at Brisbane Central Railway Station, illustrates the growth of this area of the city. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. St Andrew's Church is a rare example of the Brisbane work of the renowned and fine architect, George D. Payne and has special associations with him. Though Payne practised in Brisbane for many years after construction of St Andrew's, none other of his buildings are of comparable prominence. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
256_30	The building is an excellent example of the turn of the century development in ecclesiastical architecture that saw the emergence of strong early Christian, Romanesque and Byzantine influences, where previously a Gothic language dominated. The building is one of the earliest ecclesiastical buildings in Brisbane that employs this Romanesque detail and form, influenced by trends in both England where Westminster Cathedral had been erected, and America where the influential architect, HH Richardson was practicing in a style now known as American Romanesque. Other features contributing to the significance of the church are the early church seating, elder's seating and altar furniture and other early details and fittings. The building is good and characteristic example of a Presbyterian Church with an open auditorium, prominent organ and tiered chancel arrangement. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
256_31	St Andrew's Church is a landmark in Brisbane, dominating the Ann and Creek Streets streetscape, employing strong architectural forms, including steeply pitched gables and a tower, on a prominent site. The building has many prominent features of aesthetic and historical importance including the stained glass windows, organ and the internal domed ceiling of the chancel. The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period. St Andrew's is a well-designed building of outstanding architectural merit, it is innovative and well composed with a sophisticated and well-integrated level of original detail. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The building has special associations with the Uniting and Presbyterian Church as a place of worship for about ninety years and as the home of a congregation that was established in the 1860s.
256_32	The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. St Andrew's Church is a rare example of the Brisbane work of the renowned and fine architect, George D. Payne and has special associations with him. Though Payne practised in Brisbane for many years after construction of St Andrew's, none other of his buildings are of comparable prominence. References Attribution External links Uniting churches in Brisbane Presbyterian Church of Australia 1905 establishments in Australia Churches completed in 1905 Queensland Heritage Register Ann Street, Brisbane Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register Creek Street, Brisbane
257_0	Palantir Technologies is a public American software company that specializes in big data analytics. Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, it was founded by Peter Thiel, Nathan Gettings, Joe Lonsdale, Stephen Cohen, and Alex Karp in 2003. The company's name is derived from The Lord of the Rings where the magical palantíri were "seeing-stones," described as indestructible balls of crystal used for communication and to see events in other parts of the world.
257_1	The company is known for three projects in particular: Palantir Gotham, Palantir Apollo, and Palantir Foundry. Palantir Gotham is used by counter-terrorism analysts at offices in the United States Intelligence Community (USIC) and United States Department of Defense. In the past, Gotham was used by fraud investigators at the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board, a former US federal agency which operated from 2009 to 2015. Gotham was also used by cyber analysts at Information Warfare Monitor, a Canadian public-private venture which operated from 2003 to 2012. Palantir Apollo is the operating system for continuous delivery and deployment across all environments. Their SaaS is one of five offerings authorized for Mission Critical National Security Systems (IL5) by the U.S. Department of Defense. Palantir Foundry is used by corporate clients such as Morgan Stanley, Merck KGaA, Airbus, Wejo, Lilium, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV.
257_2	Palantir's original clients were federal agencies of the USIC. It has since expanded its customer base to serve state and local governments, as well as private companies in the financial and healthcare industries. History 2003–2008: Founding and early years Though usually listed as having been founded in 2004, SEC filings state Palantir's official incorporation to be in May 2003 by Peter Thiel (co-founder of PayPal), who named the start-up after the "seeing stone" in Tolkien's legendarium. Thiel saw Palantir as a "mission-oriented company" which could apply software similar to PayPal's fraud recognition systems to "reduce terrorism while preserving civil liberties." In 2004, Thiel bankrolled the creation of a prototype by PayPal engineer Nathan Gettings and Stanford University students Joe Lonsdale and Stephen Cohen. That same year, Thiel hired Alex Karp, a former colleague of his from Stanford Law School, as chief executive officer.
257_3	Headquartered in Palo Alto, California, the company initially struggled to find investors. According to Karp, Sequoia Capital chairman Michael Moritz doodled through an entire meeting, and a Kleiner Perkins executive lectured the founders about the inevitable failure of their company. The only early investments were $2 million from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's venture capital arm In-Q-Tel, and $30 million from Thiel himself and his venture capital firm, Founders Fund. Palantir developed its technology by computer scientists and analysts from intelligence agencies over three years, through pilots facilitated by In-Q-Tel. The company stated computers alone using artificial intelligence could not defeat an adaptive adversary. Instead, Palantir proposed using human analysts to explore data from many sources, called intelligence augmentation.
257_4	2009: GhostNet and the Shadow Network In 2009 and 2010 respectively, Information Warfare Monitor used Palantir software to uncover the GhostNet and the Shadow Network. The GhostNet was a China-based cyber espionage network targeting 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including the Dalai Lama’s office, a NATO computer and various national embassies. The Shadow Network was also a China-based espionage operation that hacked into the Indian security and defense apparatus. Cyber spies stole documents related to Indian security and NATO troop activity in Afghanistan.
257_5	2010–2012: Expansion In April 2010, Palantir announced a partnership with Thomson Reuters to sell the Palantir Metropolis product as "QA Studio" (a quantitative analysis tool). On June 18, 2010, Vice President Joe Biden and Office of Management and Budget Director Peter Orszag held a press conference at the White House announcing the success of fighting fraud in the stimulus by the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (RATB). Biden credited the success to the software, Palantir, being deployed by the federal government. He announced that the capability will be deployed at other government agencies, starting with Medicare and Medicaid. Estimates were $250 million in revenues in 2011. 2013–2016: Additional funding
257_6	A document leaked to TechCrunch revealed that Palantir's clients as of 2013 included at least twelve groups within the U.S. government, including the CIA, the DHS, the NSA, the FBI, the CDC, the Marine Corps, the Air Force, the Special Operations Command, the United States Military Academy, the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Organization and Allies, the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. However, at the time, the United States Army continued to use its own data analysis tool. Also, according to TechCrunch, the U.S. spy agencies such as the CIA and FBI were linked for the first time with Palantir software, as their databases had previously been "siloed."
257_7	In September 2013, Palantir disclosed over $196 million in funding according to a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filing. It was estimated that the company would likely close almost $1 billion in contracts in 2014. CEO Alex Karp announced in 2013 that the company would not be pursuing an IPO, as going public would make "running a company like ours very difficult." In December 2013, the company began a round of financing, raising around $450 million from private funders. This raised the company's value to $9 billion, according to Forbes, with the magazine further explaining that the valuation made Palantir "among Silicon Valley’s most valuable private technology companies."
257_8	In December 2014, Forbes reported that Palantir was looking to raise $400 million in an additional round of financing, after the company filed paperwork with the Securities and Exchange Commission the month before. The report was based on research by VC Experts. If completed, Forbes stated Palantir's funding could reach a total of $1.2 billion. As of December 2014, the company continued to have diverse private funders, Ken Langone and Stanley Druckenmiller, In-Q-Tel of the CIA, Tiger Global Management, and Founders Fund, which is a venture Firm operated by Peter Thiel, the chairman of Palantir. As of December 2014, Thiel was Palantir's largest shareholder.
257_9	The company was valued at $15 billion in November 2014. In June 2015, Buzzfeed reported the company was raising up to $500 million in new capital at a valuation of $20 billion. By December 2015, it had raised a further $880 million, while the company was still valued at $20 billion. In February 2016, Palantir bought Kimono Labs, a startup which makes it easy to collect information from public facing websites. In August 2016, Palantir acquired data visualization startup Silk. 2020 Palantir is one of four large technology firms to start working with the NHS on supporting COVID-19 efforts through the provision of software from Palantir Foundry and by April 2020 several countries have used Palantir technology to track and contain the contagion. Palantir also developed Tiberius, a software for vaccine allocation used in the United States. In December 2020, Palantir was awarded a $44.4 million contract by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, boosting its shares by about 21%.
257_10	Valuation The company was valued at $9 billion in early 2014, with Forbes stating that the valuation made Palantir "among Silicon Valley's most valuable private technology companies". As of December 2014, Thiel was Palantir's largest shareholder. In January 2015, the company was valued at $15 billion after an undisclosed round of funding with $50 million in November 2014. This valuation rose to $20 billion in late 2015 as the company closed an $880 million round of funding. Palantir has never reported a profit. In 2018, Morgan Stanley valued the company at $6 billion. Karp, Palantir's chief executive officer, announced in 2013 that the company would not pursue an IPO, as going public would make "running a company like ours very difficult". However, on October 18, 2018, the Wall Street Journal reported that Palantir was considering an IPO in the first half of 2019 following a $41 billion valuation. In July 2020, it was revealed the company had filed for an IPO.
257_11	It ultimately went public on the New York Stock Exchange through a direct public offering on September 30, 2020 under the ticker symbol "PLTR". Investments The company has invested over $400 million into nearly two dozen SPAC targets according to investment bank RBC Capital Markets, while bringing alongside those companies as customers. Products Palantir Gotham Palantir Gotham is Palantir's government offering. It is an evolution of Palantir's longstanding work in the United States Intelligence Community. More recently, Palantir Gotham has been used as a predictive policing system, which has elicited some controversy.
257_12	Palantir Metropolis

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