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23574269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE%C8%99c%C4%83u%C8%9Bi | Vîșcăuți | Vîșcăuți is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District
Populated places on the Dniester |
6902860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Zewen | Li Zewen | Li Zewen (; born 5 December 1973 in Qujing, Yunnan) is a retired Chinese race walker.
Achievements
References
1973 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games
Chinese male racewalkers
Olympic athletes of China
People from Qujing
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes from Yunnan
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners |
44500346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Baghdad%20International%20Airport | Battle of Baghdad International Airport | The Battle of Baghdad International Airport was a battle fought primarily between US Army truck drivers, Air Defense Artillery, Armor, Military Police, Engineers and miscellaneous logistics personnel and al Sadr's Mahdi Army on Easter Sunday, April 11, 2004, along the Southwest side of the Baghdad International Airport wall commonly referred to as Engineer Village. That section of Baghdad International Airport was home to numerous Engineer units, in particular the 389th Combat Engineers, a chow hall, and a convoy marshaling area.
History
On April 5, 2004, the radical young cleric Muqtada al Sadr called for a jihad against coalition forces and wanted to gain control of Al Kut, An Najaf and Sadr City. This led to widespread fighting throughout the Sunni Triangle. His militia was outmatched by the M1 Abrams tanks of the 1st Cavalry Division, however they knew that the Abrams tanks were dependent on resupply trucks. On Thursday night, April 8, the militia destroyed eight bridges and overpasses around Convoy Support Center Scania thus halting all northbound traffic into the Sunni Triangle.
The coalition forces were forced to survive on the few days of supply they had on hand in Iraq. That same evening, 2LT James L. McCormick's Humvee gun truck, Zebra, of the 1486th Transportation Company, fought off an enemy ambush at the turn into BIAP for about 20 minutes with him and SPC Brandon Lawson was seriously wounded. After medical treatment, both returned to their convoy. The next day, Good Friday and the anniversary of the fall of Baghdad, the Iraqis ambushed every convoy that tried to enter or leave Baghdad International Airport including the ambush of the 724th Transportation Company. The next day all roads were coded black meaning that any convoy expected imminent attack. With no more convoys venturing out, the militia decided to attack the trucks where they parked.
By Easter Sunday, April 11, several hundred trucks parked behind the southwest wall of BIAP defended by the C Battery, 4-5 Air Defense Artillery. By then the 1st Cavalry Division was 48 hours from mission failure and required emergency resupply of fuel and ammunition. A fuel convoy of the 706th Transportation Company ventured out of BIAP and was ambushed. Around lunch the Madhi Militia launched an attack near the south gate at BIAP. The attack began with suppressive fire on the guard tower closest to the gate while three sappers approached the wall just as the Zebra happened to be passing by. 2LT McCormick ordered his driver, CPL Bryan Noble, to drive on the ramp in time to engage the three sappers.
The five crew members then held off the rest of the Iraqi militants at the irrigation ditch 50 meters away for the next five to ten minutes while about a dozen more truck drivers came running to their assistance. For approximately 45 minutes, the enemy concentrated their attack on the section of wall occupied by the Zebra, and a handful of truck drivers fought back against intense small arms fire and repeated volleys of rocket propelled grenades. The M6 Linebacker outside the gate to their left and truck drivers crowded around a Humvee on the dirt ramp a hundred meters to their right provided flanking fire. Military police Soldiers of the 501st Military Police Company 1st Armored Division joined the truck drivers on the other ramp. Intermittent breaks in .50 Caliber M2HB fire mounted on a Humvee on the ramp to the right were halted to allow SGT Bryant, a 1AD 501st MP Sergeant, to fire three consecutive AT-4 rounds into the enemy location. Later four Humvees of F Battery, 202nd Air Defense Artillery returned to the gate and added their flanking fire to the fight. Late in the battle, a HET convoy hauling tanks from the 1st Armored Division arrived at the gate and a colonel climbed up in the guard tower.
He instructed McCormick to back the Zebra off the ramp and bring up SGT Christopher M. Lehman's Humvee gun truck with a Mk 19 grenade launcher because McCormick's M2 Browning .50 caliber machinegun could not hit the enemy mortar position. Finally, CPT Peter Glass’ C Troop, 3-8 Cavalry arrived and replaced the gun trucks on the ramps with his M-1 Abrams tanks which ended the enemy resistance after 45 minutes of fighting.
Aftermath
Thirty minutes after having defeated the enemy attack, the crew of the Zebra fought through three more ambushes to escort convoys with critical ammunition to the Green Zone for the 1st Cavalry Division. All but one of the five crew members was wounded that weekend, but all remained with their gun truck. With other emergency convoys of fuel and ammunition, the 1st Cavalry Division was able to beat back the al Sadr April Uprising.
Twelve Bronze Star Medals and four Army Commendation Medals were awarded to truck drivers for this battle. McCormick was finally awarded the Silver Star Medal in 2014 for his role in this battle and the three convoy ambushes immediately after it. The battle ranks as one of the great feats of heroism of the US Army Transportation Corps.
References
Further reading
Convoy Ambush Case Studies Vol. II, Iraq and Afghanistan Richard E. Killblane, US Army Transportation School, 2015
External links
Video: Attack at BIAP, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noi12Ji8nu8
Video: BIAP Warrior Ethos, https://web.archive.org/web/20141206193701/http://www.yourepeat.com/watch/?v=N-4RQAzIPF0
Video: BIAP 2004 Easter, https://web.archive.org/web/20141201220836/http://www.yourepeat.com/watch/?v=uHiZUSNLpUo
BIAP 2004
BIAP 2004
2000s in Baghdad
BIAP 2004
2004 in Iraq
April 2004 events in Iraq |
23574270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukorady%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Sukorady (Mladá Boleslav District) | Sukorady is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Martinovice is an administrative part of Sukorady.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%99ice | Tuřice | Tuřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Sobětuchy is an administrative part of Tuřice.
Geography
Tuřice is located about northeast of Prague. It lies on the right bank of the Jizera river, which forms the eastern municipal border.
History
The first written mention of Tuřice is from 1194.
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
44500348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raasiku%20FC%20Joker | Raasiku FC Joker | Raasiku FC Joker are a football club based in Raasiku, Estonia, who play in the III liiga.
History
Players
Current squad
''As of 1 April 2018.
References
Football clubs in Estonia
Association football clubs established in 1993
1993 establishments in Estonia
Raasiku Parish |
23574273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujkovice | Ujkovice | Ujkovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Shabazz%20International%20Charter%20School | Betty Shabazz International Charter School | The Betty Shabazz International Charter School is a charter school in Chicago, Illinois serving students in kindergarten through 12th grade.
History
In early 1997 when charter schools were being introduced into the Chicago Public Schools, the founders began their work to establish a free Afrocentric school. Betty Shabazz International Charter School was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Dale, Anthony Daniels-Halisi, Carol D. Lee, Haki R. Madhubuti, and Soyini Walton.
The school began as an elementary school, but began serving high school students in 2005 after Chicago Public Schools approved the school's request to open DuSable Leadership Academy campus inside of DuSable High School. The same year, the school accepted a request from the school district to open the Barbara A. Sizemore Academy campus in the Auburn Gresham community three weeks prior to the start of the academic year.
Campus
The school has three campuses on Chicago's South Side:
Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 7823 S. Ellis Ave., serves students in kindergarten through 8th grade;
DuSable Leadership Academy of Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 4934 S. Wabash Ave., serves students in 9-12th grades; and
Barbara A. Sizemore Academy of Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 6547 S. Stewart Ave., serves students in kindergarten through 8th grades and is named for Barbara Sizemore. This school was formerly the Chicago Public Schools Hermann Raster Elementary School, established in 1910 and named after the famed Chicago editor Hermann Raster.
Curriculum
Betty Shabazz International Charter School teaches a traditional core curriculum as well as a full arts and humanities program. Music, dance and visual arts form the center of the school's interdisciplinary approach to instruction. Through educational programs such as writing, oral tradition, history, art, music, dance, drumming and literature, students can discover and develop their creative gifts or talents.
All the schools have to follow the guidelines of the Illinois State Board of Education and the Chicago Public Schools. Benchmark assessments are conducted regularly to make sure that the teachers are following the necessary guideline for adequate teaching of lesson plans and covering the necessary school subjects. 11% of the school's students test as proficient in reading english.
References
External links
Betty Shabazz International Charter School
1998 establishments in Illinois
Charter schools in Chicago
Educational institutions established in 1998
Public elementary schools in Illinois
Public high schools in Chicago
Public middle schools in Illinois |
23574276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9%20V%C5%A1elisy | Velké Všelisy | Velké Všelisy is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Krušiny, Malé Všelisy and Zamachy are administrative parts of Velké Všelisy.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselice | Veselice | Veselice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahoreni | Zahoreni | Zahoreni is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District |
23574280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina%C5%99ice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinařice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Vinařice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Geography
Vinařice is located about south of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies mostly in the Jičín Uplands, the southern part of the municipal territory extends into the Jizera Table. The highest point is the hill Kněžský at above sea level.
History
The first written mention of Vinařice is in a deed of Agnes of Bohemia from 1227, when it was a property of the Convent of Saint George in Prague. Soon it became property of the lords of Chlum, who held it until 1403, after that it changed owners frequently. The most notable owners of Vinařice were the Waldstein family (1623–1734), who joined it to the Dobrovice estate.
Sights
The main landmark of Vinařice is the Vinařice Castle. It was created by the Renaissance rebuilding of the old fortress, which took place in two phases in the 16th century and around 1630. Later, Baroque modifications were made. Today it is privately owned and used for social purposes and as a hotel.
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinec%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinec (Mladá Boleslav District) | Vinec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlkava | Vlkava | Vlkava is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bor is an administrative part of Vlkava.
Notable people
Šimon Brixi (1693–1735), composer
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy%20%28composer%29 | Fuzzy (composer) | Jens Vilhelm Pedersen, also known as Fuzzy, (23 February 1939 – 13 October 2022) was a Danish composer and musician. A student of Per Nørgård, Karlheinz Stockhausen, György Ligeti, and Jan Bark, he taught music history and theory at the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus until 1978.
His music spanned a wide range of genres from jazz, over film music, to experimental electronic music.
In 1972, he composed the music for the Rainer Werner Fassbinder TV series Eight Hours Don't Make a Day under the pseudonym Jean Gepoint.
Fuzzy died on 13 October 2022, at the age of 83.
References
External links
Fuzzy biography from Naxos
(in Danish) including CV in English
as Fuzzy
as Jens Wilhelm Pedersen
1939 births
2022 deaths
Danish composers
Male composers
Danish jazz musicians
People from Roskilde |
23574288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Method%20of%20Dealing%20with%20the%20Rebellious%20Peoples%20of%20Valdichiana | On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana | On the method of dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana () is a 1503 work by Niccolò Machiavelli.
A short excerpt in English may be found in Allan Gilbert's Machiavelli Volume One.
In 1503, one year after his missions to Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli wrote a short work, Del modo di trattare i sudditi della Val di Chiana ribellati (On the Way to Deal with the Rebel Subjects of the Valdichiana). in this work, he contrasts the errors of Florence with the wisdom of the Ancient Romans. Machiavelli declares that when dealing with rebellious peoples, such as in Valdichiana, the ruler must either placate them or eliminate them.
Machiavelli also witnessed the bloody vengeance taken by Borgia on his mutinous captains at the town of Sinigaglia (December 31, 1502), later writing a famous account. In much of his early writings, Machiavelli argues that “one should not offend a prince and later put faith in him.”
References
Works by Niccolò Machiavelli
1503 books |
23574289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A1tno | Vrátno | Vrátno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1ejany | Všejany | Všejany is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Vanovice is an administrative part of Všejany.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6902870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Love%20Album%20%28Westlife%20album%29 | The Love Album (Westlife album) | The Love Album is the seventh studio album, eighth album under Sony BMG and second, last cover album by Irish boy band Westlife. It was released in the Philippines on 13 November 2006 and in the UK on 20 November 2006 and the songs on the album center in a "love theme". It was also the band's third album to be released as a four-piece. The first and only single released was a cover of the Bette Midler song "The Rose", which debuted at No. 1 in Ireland and the UK. It was the band's 14th No. 1 single. The song was first performed at Miss World 2006.
The album debuted at its peak position at No. 1 on the UK Charts, selling 219,662 copies in the UK that week. It also spent one week at number two and two weeks at number three. One of those number-three weeks have the highest sales for that said peak for a week in the whole year of 2006. It re-entered at number 17 at the Official UK Budget Albums Chart in November 2009. The album also appeared in the list of best album sales of Hong Kong in 2007.
Their cover version of "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You", which is included in the deluxe version of the album, has been viewed 100 million times on YouTube.
Track listing
Credits
Source:
Accordion: Eddie Hesson (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Arranged By [Additional Choir Arrangements]: Lawrence Johnson (tracks: 1, 8)
Arranged By [Strings]: Dave Arch (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Ulf & Henrik Janson (tracks: 1, 3, 8)
Arranged By [Vocals]: Andy Caine,Steve Mac (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Backing Vocals [Additional]: Andy Caine (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Emil Heiling (tracks: 3) Mae McKenna (tracks: 11)
Bass: Steve Pearce (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Thomas Lindberg (tracks: 1, 8)
Choir: Aaron Sokell, Alani Gibbon, Anna Omakina, Ayo Oyerinde, Camilla Beeput, Donna Gardier-Elliot, Ezra Russell, Joy Malcolm, Lanoi Montet, Lawrence Johnson, Lena Palmer, Lorrain Smith, Michael Molton, Sheena White, Stephanie Meade, Subrina Edwards (tracks: 1, 8) The Tuff Session Singers (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Drums: Chris Laws,Ian Thomas (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)Christer Janson (tracks: 8)
Engineer: Bernard Löhr (tracks: 3) Chris Laws,Ren Swan (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Neil Tucker,Quiz & Larossi* (tracks: 1, 8)
Engineer [Assistant]: Daniel Pursey (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Engineer [Mix]: Chris Laws (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Engineer [Strings]: Ian Agate (tracks: 1, 8)
Guitar [Guitars]: Esbjörn Öhrwall (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 8) Fridrik 'Frizzy' Karlsson,Paul Gendler (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Keyboards: Andreas 'Quiz' Romdhane, Josef Larossi (tracks: 1, 4, 8) Per Magnusson (tracks: 3) Steve Mac (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Mastered By: Vlado Meller
Mastered By [Assistant]: Mark Santangelo
Mixed By: Bernard Löhr (track 3) Quiz & Larossi (tracks: 1, 8)
Other [Management]:Louis Walsh
Piano: Dave Arch (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Peter Ljung (tracks: 1, 4, 8)
Arranged By: David Kreuger, Per Magnusson (track 3) Quiz & Larossi (tracks: 1, 8) Steve Mac (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Programmed By: Andreas 'Quiz' Romdhane,Josef Larossi (tracks: 1, 4, 8) David Kreuger (track 3)
Recorded By [Assistant Strings Recording]:Chris Barrett (tracks: 4 to 6, 9 to 11)
Recorded By [Strings]:Geoff Foster (tracks: 5, 6, 11) Paul Walton (tracks: 2, 7) Rupert Coulson (tracks: 4, 9, 10)
Release history
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Supporting tour
References
External links
Official Westlife Website
2006 albums
Westlife albums
Albums produced by Steve Mac
Albums produced by David Kreuger
Albums produced by Per Magnusson
Sony BMG albums |
17334094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation%20poverty | Reservation poverty | Reservations in the United States, known as Indian reservations, are sovereign Native American territories that are managed by a tribal government in cooperation with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, a branch of the Department of the Interior, located in Washington, DC. There are 334 reservations in the United States today. As of 2008, almost a third of Native Americans in the United States live on reservations, totaling approximately 700,000 individuals. About half of all Native Americans living on reservations are concentrated on the ten largest reservations.
Reservations vary drastically in their size, population, political economy, culture and traditions. Despite such variation, all reservations share similar histories of colonization, and face similar contemporary challenges. One of these challenges is poverty. In 2010, the poverty rate on US reservations was 28.4 percent, compared with 22 percent among all Native Americans (on and off reservations). The U.S. poverty rate among all groups is much lower, at 12.7 percent as of 2016. In addition to poverty rates, reservations are hindered by education levels significantly lower than the national average. Poor healthcare services, low employment, substandard housing, and deficient economic infrastructure are also persistent problems.
Background
The official poverty rate on reservations is 28.4 percent, compared with 12.7 nationally. About 36 percent of families with children are below the poverty line on reservations, compared with 9.2 percent of families nationally. These figures are absolute poverty rates as determined by the US Census. In 2010, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $22,113. Some reservations in Washington, California, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Arizona, and New Mexico fare worse, with more than 60 percent of residents living in poverty.
Income levels on some reservations are extremely low. Five of the lowest per capita incomes in the country are found on reservations. Allen, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Reservation, has a low per capita income in the country, at $1,539 per year. The Lummi Nation gives their members zero per capita, even though they have a thriving Casino on their Reservation; the Silver Reef Casino, located 20 minutes from the Canadian Boarder. Overall, the per capita income of American Indians on Reservations is half that of all Americans. The median income on reservations is $14,097, compared to $41,994 nationally.
Poverty rates on the ten largest reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Extreme poverty
The extreme poverty rate of a population is the percentage of families earning less than half of the poverty threshold. For a family of four in 2010, the extreme poverty threshold was approximately $11,000 or less than $3,000 per person. On large reservations, the extreme poverty rate is as much as six times the national rate. On average, the extreme poverty rate on the largest reservations is almost four times the national rate. A breakdown is provided in the following table.
Extreme poverty rates on the ten largest reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Changes over time
Historic data on poverty on reservations is extremely limited because of the tumultuous history of gathering data in these areas. American Indians were not included in census counts until 1840. Reservation-specific data was only produced following 1870.
In the 1970s, poverty on reservations decreased by as much as 20 percent on many reservations. In the 1980s, however, these gains were lost, and rates rose to levels comparable to those in the 2000. Through 2016, though, rates again rose, and rates in 2000 were very close to those in 1969. Explanations for these fluctuations suggest a need for further research, and careful consideration of how data was gathered, to ensure that figures reflect true changes in poverty rates rather than changes in reporting.
Changes in poverty rates on largest reservations
Historical data not available for Uintah and Ouray and Tohono O'odham Reservations.
Figures from Trosper (1996).
Historical factors
Early development
Following the American Revolution, the United States' strategy for native relations was to purchase Native American land by treaties. The United States also sought to assimilate Native Americans. The reservation system was created following the expansion of the United States into tribal lands. White settlers were considered unable to live alongside native peoples, and so various treaties continually limited the lands Native people were "allowed" to inhabit. This effort started under the presidency of Andrew Jackson with the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which created the first reservations. As forced relocation progressed, many tribes lost access to tribal traditional lifeways, which centered around community living and hunting and gathering.
During this violent period, tribes were often forced to move to geographic areas unfamiliar to them, most commonly from Eastern states to Western states. Reservations were created on lands that were deemed worthless to white settlers. Reservations were placed on lands considered resource deficient, unfit for agriculture or cultivation, and which were isolated from urban centers and transportation networks. Mainstream political discourse of this era favored removing tribes from areas populated by or desirable to the white population. During the nineteenth century, many Native American nations resisted forced migration by mounting upheavals which often turned bloody. Known as the American Indian Wars, these battles between American settlers or the United States government and Native Americans culminated in the Massacre at Wounded Knee of 1890, during which US military forces killed more than 150 Lakota men, women, and children.
Dawes Act era
As the white population began moving West, into the land formerly assigned to tribes, government policy underwent a transformation. In 1887, the Dawes Act was passed. The Dawes Act represented a shift in federal policy towards American Indians. This legislation divided tribal lands into individual parcels to be assigned to individual tribal members. The net result was more land available for non-native settlers, and less land held by American Indians. Policies starting with and following the Dawes act attempted to eliminate native lifeways, cultures, and communities. Political leaders asserted that forcing American Indians to hold private property would assimilate them into American culture. To facilitate assimilation, they were given food, housing, and clothing. The explicit aim of these policies were to forcibly eliminate traditional cultures, and "kill the Indian, save the man".
During this era, Native American children were removed from the home and sent to boarding schools, where they were given Western clothes, food, and education. They were allowed little to no communication with families, and siblings were often separated. Boarding school students were prohibited from practicing tribal traditional lifeways and from speaking indigenous languages. In several instances when students were caught maintaining Native culture or language, students were physically abused.
Forced assimilation took away the livelihoods of many Native people, without providing anything in its place. Tribal members were prohibited from making a living through hunting, fishing, and arts. Furthermore, native people who provided educational, religious, medical, and culinary services to their communities were replaced with non-native, government and Church-sponsored individuals. In the early twentieth century, tribes were further hindered by the Indian Reorganization Act, which imposed particular forms of governance and organization for tribal leadership. Traditional systems of social and political organization were replaced by forced constitutional forms and acted as a tool for further assimilation.
Forced assimilation policies explicitly aimed to forcibly strip Native people of their history, identities and their livelihoods. Because the land on which reservations were created tended to be barren, resource deficient land, there was little chance of developing economically viable agricultural enterprises. Prohibition of tribal traditional lifeways combined with the remote locations of the reservations created very few opportunities for economic solvency within reservations and for very few opportunities for economic interaction with white settlements.
Contemporary policy
In the last half-century, the principle guiding federal Native American policy became self-determination. The logic of this principle is to let tribes set their own policies, set their own visions, and determine their own futures. It was largely inspired by American Indian activists since the 1970s. Self-determination recognizes reservations as sovereign nations within US boundaries, meaning they are able to make and enforce their own laws and regulations, are independent from states' laws and regulations, and must abide by most federal laws.
Almost all boarding schools were eliminated and replaced with a combination of federally and locally managed day schools. Assistance programs aimed at forcing cultural change on tribal members were replaced with general assistance programs comparable to those available to the general population. However, by the time these changes occurred, traditional cultures had been severely and violently reduced, local economies had not been developed, families had been broken apart, and the stage for persistent poverty was set. Self-determination represented an important ideological shift in government policy, but did not change conditions of poverty and limited opportunities.
Concentration Effects
The history of the reservation system has resulted in concentrated poverty. Regardless of urbanicity, areas of concentrated poverty tend to have higher crime rates, underperforming schools, poor housing, poor health conditions, limited private services, and few job opportunities. In addition, residents of these areas must contend with a geographic separation from areas of opportunity. Sociologist Gary Sandefur has called reservations the "first underclass areas" because of their concentrated poverty, high unemployment, and low educational attainment levels. Sociologist Loïc Wacquant has described reservations as areas of "socio-spatial seclusion," where residents are corralled and isolated, and that the reservations were created to immobilize native peoples.
Employment
The official unemployment rate on reservations as of the 2000 census was 14 percent, but there is much variation. Reservations nearer urban centers, especially on the East Coast, tend to have employment rates similar to or higher than the national average. On many large, rural reservations, though, a majority of adults are unemployed or out of the workforce. On reservations in California, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Florida, Washington, New Mexico, Nebraska, Montana, and Alaska, reservation unemployment rates are above 25 percent. On some California reservations, the number exceeds 75 percent.
Out of the adult population without jobs, unemployment rates only include those who are both able to work and are actively looking for work. On reservations, a much larger portion is out of the labor force entirely, meaning they either are unable to work or are not actively looking for employment. Because of the severity of the lack of employment opportunities, many residents are not actively seeking work. People tend to hear of job opportunities through informal networks, rather than through conventional postings and applications. As such, an individual might be desiring employment, but not take the proactive steps needed to be defined as "looking for work." Some researchers have suggested that asking reservation residents if they seek job opportunities when they occur would be a more accurate measure of unemployment than asking if they had applied for work recently.
Unemployment Rates on the Ten Largest Reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
There are very few jobs available on the reservation. Schools are the biggest employer, followed by various public service positions with the postal service, commodity and provisions office, and tribal police forces. Troublesomely, the lack of quality educational systems and job opportunities has created a reservation workforce that lacks the training and education demanded by many professions. Because reservation residents have not had the opportunity to receive formal training and credentialing, they are often not eligible for what few jobs are available. Even tribal leadership and administrative positions are occasionally staffed by individuals from off the reservation, or from other reservations, because of required levels of training or experience.
Rural areas tend to lack jobs with promotion opportunities, and rural residents often must migrate to cities for employment and advancement opportunity. However, reservation residents rarely are able to meet the educational and requirements of jobs off the reservation, and in addition, often encounter discrimination from employers who are hesitant to hire reservation natives.
The lack of formally educated, experienced workers and entrepreneurs also opens reservations up to exploitation from outside firms looking to capitalize on the resources of reservation land. Although this land is often incredibly isolated geographically and absent of natural resources or productive potential, some areas do hold potential for development. Such development, though, requires a substantial amount be invested at the onset to build necessary infrastructure. Tribes are at a disadvantage, not having the resources or specialists needed. As such, they contract development out to firms off the reservation, who keep a great majority of the profits.
Although the tribe usually receives a nominal amount of profits, they lose the rights to their land and the potential for truly sovereign development. The rule of native lands by non-natives off the reservation is particularly prevalent on many large reservations in the Midwest and Rocky Mountain regions. Although the land provides opportunity for ranching, few reservation residents possess the capital required to raise cattle. Instead, they lease the land to non-native ranchers for minimal amounts. As the reservation residents do not have alternative ways of making money on the reservation, ranchers can drive the lease rates down to mere dollars a year.
Education
The boarding school system had the doubly negative effect of inadequately educating a generation of reservation youth while simultaneously fostering a resentment of formal education. Through the boarding school era, Westernized education was synonymous with cultural destruction. Even since the abolition of boarding schools, levels of formal educational attainment have remained very low. Overall, just over half of the adults on reservations have a high school diploma. Reservation residents' high school graduation rate is half that of all American Indians in the United States. On the Gila River Reservation in Arizona, which has one of the lowest educational attainment levels in the country, barely one third of adults possess this credential.
On reservations, more individuals have less than a ninth grade education than have a college diploma. More than 10 percent lack any high school education. It is not uncommon on reservations in California and New Mexico to have more than half the population with less than a ninth grade education. In North Dakota, Nevada, California, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming, many reservations have over three quarters of their population without high school degrees. This is compared to 12 percent nationwide.
Banking institutions
There are few commercial banks or lending institutions located on reservations. Reservations are generally seen as very high-risk areas to place financial institutions, because of the lack of potential investors and overall dearth of economic activity. As of 2008, there were only six banks and seven credit unions operated by American Indians on reservations. Without formal financial institutions, many reservation residents are unable to save or invest what income they do have, and do not have access to loans for homes, cars, or businesses.
Due to the lack of commercial establishments, non-cash transactions are common on some reservations. Although a bartering system can function within the reservation community, it inhibits economic interaction with those off the reservation or on other reservations, meaning, non-cash economies serve to further isolate reservation residents from the national or global economy.
Geographic isolation
For employment, education, and financial opportunity, many reservation residents are expected to leave the reservation. However, reservations were placed intentionally far from urban centers, and many of the roads serving these areas are substandard. Many key roads were never designed or built for vehicular traffic. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, only 15% of the nearly 28,000 miles of reservation roads are in acceptable conditions and pass current safety regulations.
Furthermore, almost a quarter of reservation households do not have access to a vehicle. However, barely one percent of reservation residents rely on any kind of public transportation. Although the federal government has made funds available to improve transportation on reservations, local transportation authorities have not taken advantage of these monies. These local authorities often lack the human capital needed to engineer and carry out improvements. The lack of safe roads and adequate transportation further isolates reservation communities and strengthens the neighborhood effects of concentrated poverty.
Problematic behaviors
The rate of violent crime on reservations is more than twice the national average. Although not heavily studied, gang violence is a problem on the Navajo and Pine Ridge Reservations. The extent to such activity on other reservations is a topic for future inquiry, although almost one fourth of a national sample of reservation residents report gang activity in their communities.
The use of drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes on reservations is also higher than national averages. This is especially true among youth, with the rate of youth drug use among reservation populations more than twice that of the general population. The suicide rate among reservation residents is twice that of the general population, suggesting the troubling psychological impact of living in areas of extreme and concentrated poverty. In fact, among youth ages 15–24, suicide is the leading cause of death on reservations.
Government assistance
Types of assistance
Reservation residents are eligible for all federal social assistance programs, including Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and food stamp programs. In addition, Food Distribution on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), often called "commodities," provides in-kind handouts of food. This program is the result of treaties established in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that included provisions that the government would provide food and shelter for tribal members. Each reservation has a commodities office, from which monthly food supplies are given out.
Unfortunately, this food tends to be nonperishable, heavy on simple starches, and nutritionally deficient, thus contributing to high rates of obesity and diabetes on reservations. Public assistance does not effectively reduce poverty on the reservation. Although it may keep many families from being completely unable to survive, it does not build economies, reinstitute cultural institutions, or create a source of pride for reservation residents.
Percent receiving aid
The percent of reservation residents eligible for government aid tends to be much higher than that of the general population. On the ten largest reservations, the percent of residents receiving cash assistance ranges from four to fifteen times the national average. In addition, a higher portion of reservation residents are eligible for Supplemental Security Income. On average, ten percent of the population on the largest reservations are eligible for SSI benefits, compared with eight percent of all Americans. The percentage of reservation residents eligible for social security benefits is comparable to that of the national population.
Problems with existing data
Relatively little current, valid data exists about today's reservations. Annual demographic surveys generally do not have a large enough reservation-based sample to present data. Researchers gathering data on American Indians rarely differentiate between reservation residents and non-reservation residents, even though there are huge differences in lifestyles and often much tension between the groups. Furthermore, the rural nature of many reservations, the lack of available contact information and telephone numbers, protective rules by tribal councils, and a distrust of outsiders present data collection challenges. Lastly, an overwhelming majority of research focuses on the Pine Ridge and Navajo Reservations, suggesting a need for more comparative analyses of conditions on individual reservations.
Government Assistance on the Ten Largest Reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Local reform efforts
The federal government allows tribes some authority in creating their own versions of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) with federal monies. Such programs must abide by federal regulations, such as the 60-month limitation, but may incorporate aspects of culture and tradition into the requirements for aid. Economist Elizabeth Zahrt Geib stressed the potential for tribes to define work for purposes of welfare distribution to include traditional tasks and arts more in line with native lifestyles before the reservation system was created.
The Tanana Chiefs Conference of Alaska and the Lac du Flambeau Bank of Lake Superior Chippewa of Wisconsin have already included hunting and fishing as work activities for purposes of welfare distribution. In addition, locally controlled welfare programs usually mean much easier application processes and increased accessibility to offices, allowing a greater number of eligible individuals to become recipients.
The amount of money made available to tribes is calculated from the amount that individual states made available to reservation residents in years prior. Unfortunately, many states did not educate reservation residents on procedures for applying for aid, meaning that the number of receiving individuals was less than the number of eligible individuals, and limiting the amount currently made available.
Anti-poverty programs
Across the country, individuals and organizations both on and off reservations are fighting to reduce the poverty discussed above. Most efforts have focused on gaming casinos, tribal economic entrepreneurship, and cultural revival.
Environmental protection efforts
Reservations in relatively close proximity to urban areas have become sites for waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs), adding environmental degradation to the landscape of poverty. Living in proximity to high levels of pollution or industrial facilities has been linked to serious short-term and long-term health impacts. In what is perhaps the most negative use of Native American lands, the federal government has used reservations for nuclear testing and nuclear waste disposal. Uranium mining, uranium conversion and enrichment, and nuclear weapons testing have all occurred on reservation lands in the past century. After creating the Nevada Test Site on Western Shoshone lands in Nevada, the federal government tested over one thousand atomic weapons on Western Shoshone land between the 1950-90s. The Western Shoshone people call themselves the "most bombed nation on the planet." Similar activities happened on Paiute Shoshone lands as well.
For Native American nations, environmental justice on reservations is more than the enforcement of equitable protection of human health and natural resources, it is also a matter of tribal sovereignty, self determination, and redistribution of power. The field of environmental justice (EJ) focuses on measuring and mitigating patterns of disproportionate exposure to environmental pollutants and health hazards, has been a useful ally for Native nations in the fight against environmental degradation on reservations. Over the past several decades, EJ communities, researchers and activists have used varied methodology to measure the disparate siting and long-term health effects of locally unwanted land uses, waste treatment facilities, and other noxious point sources of pollution in relation to communities of color and other socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Native governments on reservations have used their legal "Treatment as State" status with the Federal government to mount EJ claims with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in several cases to successfully legally push back against pollution and environmental degradation on their lands . However, many Native activists argue that a seat at the table "does not ensure a comparable serving of the environmental protection pie"
Influence of casinos
Indian gaming casinos are often considered a potential solution to reservation poverty. Because reservations are exempt from many federal and state regulations, including those prohibiting gambling, tribes are able to operate commercial casinos on reservations. These casinos can provide jobs on the reservation, attract tourists, and bring in money for tribes to fund education, health, and social service programs. The Ojibwe of Minnesota have built two schools, the Choctaw of Oklahoma have built a new hospital, and the Pueblo of New Mexico have rebuilt their water system, all using casino profits. Other tribes fund child and elder care programs, health services, fire and police protection, and housing development with gambling earnings.
Casinos also provide much-needed job opportunities on reservations. In 1989, average levels of unemployment on reservations was above 30 percent. In the next decade, that rate dropped to 13 percent on reservations with casinos, while remaining stagnant on reservations without casinos.
Casinos' impact on overall economic conditions, however, is limited. Through the 1990s, the number of reservation residents eligible for public assistance programs increased across most reservations. Although the rate of increase was slightly less on reservations that had casinos, the casinos were unable to reverse trends of worsening poverty. There are a number of factors explaining why casinos have done little to change living conditions on many reservations, despite the income they bring in. First, a relatively small number of casinos bring in the majority of casino income. In the 1990s, ten casinos brought in more than half the earned money, and 20 percent of casinos brought in more than 80 percent of earnings.
Those that are most financially successful tend to be small reservations with relatively few inhabitants located near metropolitan areas that do not have as high poverty rates as larger, more rural reservations, which hold a much greater portion of the nations' reservation inhabitants. Many of the reservations facing the most dire poverty also are the most geographically isolated, meaning outside tourists rarely travel to the casinos. Instead, they are visited by reservation residents. Depending on the profit distribution plan of the tribe, this can result in a redistribution of income from many to a few, and a fractionalization of the reservation population between those who spend at casinos and those who earn from them.
When reservation residents spend portions of their sometimes very sparse incomes gambling, casinos can serve to exacerbate rather than relieve conditions of poverty. This is especially true when a casino's income is sent off the reservation, as is frequently the case when tribal governments must rely on outside investors to build casinos. These non-native investors often take substantial portions of the profits for years following construction to repay their initial contributions. Beyond initial investments, some casinos rely on outside management companies for day-to-day operations. Currently, fifteen percent of casino revenues go to such management firms.
Beyond limited economic efficacy, casinos have faced criticism on cultural grounds. Some tribal leaders have raised concerns that gambling goes against cultural beliefs and values, and is not a solid cultural foundation for native economic development. Without culturally sensitive investment in education and job creation, they assert, conditions of poverty will not change.
Economic development
Some have suggested that private enterprise originating on the reservation is the key to poverty alleviation. Once a critical mass of business exists, jobs will be created. By keeping the circulation of money on the reservation, economies will grow. Currently, there are 236,691 businesses in the US owned by American Indians and Alaskan Natives, most located off reservations. Although 1.5 percent of the population identifies as American Indian or Alaskan Native, these businesses represent less than one percent of all businesses in the nation. Native-owned businesses tend to be very small, with only 10 percent of them having any employees, and only 162 having more than 100 employees. However, trends suggest the number of natively owned businesses is growing. The number has risen 18 percent in the past decade, and native-business profits rose nearly 30 percent.
Some Native entrepreneurs have brought economic development to their reservations. Small businesses thrive on reservations throughout the country. For example, the Native American Natural Foods Company of Kyle, South Dakota, on Pine Ridge produces energy bars using buffalo meat and cranberries that are sold in gourmet grocery stores throughout the country. They serve as a model for other reservation-based businesses. An artists' cooperative on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon sells Native artwork and is staffed by young reservation residents, providing the artists with business and the employees with important work experience.
In some areas, reservation residents have developed professional networks to share resources as they develop businesses. For example, four tribes in Oregon created the Oregon Native American Business and Entrepreneurial Network, which offers training to assist tribal members start, fund, and operate business ventures. The organization has assisted more than 10,000 individuals since its founding in 1993. Unfortunately, for every successful business, there are many that are not able to sustain themselves, and many more ideas without the resources needed to implement them.
Alaska Native Corporations
The federal government has taken an active role in fostering business on native lands through the creation of Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs). These corporations, created by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, were created to settle land disputes with Alaska Natives. Rather than creating reservations, the government divided Alaskan lands into corporations, each of which owns a segment of land on which tribal members reside. In addition to owning tribal lands, these corporations have a business relationship with the government, who can contract with them for any number of tasks.
Alaskan corporations have held federal contracts to deal with defense, sexual harassment regulation, and more. Such contracts have not brought substantial money or economic activity to Alaska. Frequently, large, non-natively owned corporations in the continental United States will subcontract with the Alaskan Native Corporations. Due to the circumstances of their creation, contracts with ANCs are free from much of the regulation conventional contractors face, such as requirements for competitive bidding and spending caps. As such, the subcontractors are able to avoid regulation, while only passing on a very small portion of funds to the native shareholders of the Alaskan Native Corporation. In practice, the Alaskan Native Corporation system has done little to reduce poverty among Alaska's natives despite its effort to provide tribes with opportunities for economic activity.
Business challenges on reservations
There are many challenges facing business leaders on reservations. As discussed above, the substandard educational system leaves many aspiring entrepreneurs without necessary skills to fulfill their visions. The concentration of poverty and geographic isolation of many reservations severely limits the human capital from which business owners may draw to develop their business plans. The lack of disposable income of residents, furthermore, leaves reservation businesses with a limited customer base, while the shortcomings of telecommunications technologies can prevent expansion beyond reservation borders. In addition to material challenges facing economic development, some have criticized the ideological view of business ownership and development as solutions to reservation poverty. These critics have stated that conventional capitalist business plans run counter to many Native traditions, which stress community and interdependence rather than individualism and competition.
It is often noted that the reservation system needs change. Some have asserted that the entire system needs to be eliminated, but disagree on what should take its place. Anthropologist Shuichi Nagata has stated that both the reservations and modern American cities clash with traditional Native lifestyles. What is needed, he writes, is something separate from either that combines the cultural richness of reservations with the opportunity of contemporary urban centers.
See also
Modern social statistics of Native Americans
Native Americans and reservation inequality
Alcohol and Native Americans
Methamphetamine and Native Americans
Native American disease and epidemics
Impact of Native American gaming
Administration:
Native American reservation politics
Native American gambling enterprises
Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma
General:
Native American self-determination
Tribal disenrollment
Tribal sovereignty
New World Syndrome
References
Native American topics
Native American health
Poverty in the United States
American Indian reservations |
23574292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20Cream%20Freeze%20%28Let%27s%20Chill%29 | Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill) | "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" is a pop song by American recording artist and actress Miley Cyrus, performing as Hannah Montana – the alter ego of Miley Stewart – a character she played on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana. The song was written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil and produced by Gerrard. It is from the series' third soundtrack, Hannah Montana 3. A karaoke version is available in Disney's Karaoke Series: Hannah Montana 3. It is an instructional dance song with a country pop sound and lyrics referencing ice cream and other frozen treats.
The song garnered negative reviews from critics but enjoyed humble commercial success for Cyrus in several countries, compared to those of her previous efforts as Montana. "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" made its highest peak by charting at number fifty-seven on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. The song also charted in the United Kingdom and the United States. A music video for "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" was released, taken of footage from a concert performance.
Background
"Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" was co-written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil, a duo of longtime songwriters for Montana; Together, they wrote her hit "The Best of Both Worlds" (2006). A karaoke version is available in Disney's Karaoke Series: Hannah Montana 3. "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" has corresponding dance moves designed by Jamal Sims, which are heavily influenced by line dancing. It was first titled "Let's Chill" and leaked into the Internet in November 2008, along with six other songs from the soundtrack. The song first premiered on Radio Disney on May 22, 2009, in order to promote the soundtrack; it was afterward released as a promotional single from Hannah Montana 3 on June 30, 2009, as part of Radio Disney's iTunes Pass, an exclusive campaign launched by the iTunes Store.
Composition
"Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" is a country pop song with a length of three minutes and seven seconds. According to AllMusic, "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" contains dance-pop and teen pop influences in its musical composition. Warren Truitt of About.com also cited dance music as the song's "craze". The song is set in common time and has a moderate dance groove tempo. It is written in the key of F major and it follows the chord progression F–E♭–B♭. Peter Larsen of the Orange County Register believed the song was "more or less literally is about ice cream and other frozen delights", referencing the lines "Do the ice cream freeze, strike a pose / Can you do the milkshake / Shake it, shake it down low".
Reception
Critical reception
The song garnered negative reactions from contemporary critics. Heather Phares of Allmusic said, "'Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill),' [...] sounds extremely similar to the soundtrack's 'Hoedown Throwdown.' That feeling of familiarity extends to the songs that haven't appeared anywhere else." Warren Truitt of About.com agreed and described the song to be "silly" and "as awkwardly goofy" as "Hoedown Throwdown". Peter Larsen of the Orange County Register identified the track to be a "crowd pleaser".
Chart performance
On the week ending July 25, 2009, "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" debuted and peaked at number eighty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100; the following week, it dropped out of the chart. On the week ending 2009, the song debuted and peaked at number fifty seven in the Canadian Hot 100, thus becoming Cyrus' second highest-charting song as Montana in Canada. The song dropped to number one-hundred in the following week and completely fell from the chart the week after. On the week ending August 1, 2009, "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" entered the UK Singles Chart at number ninety-five. It marked Cyrus' first entry in the country as Montana since "The Best Both Worlds", which charted in March 2007. On the week ending August 8, 2009, the song reached its peak on the chart at number ninety.
Live performances
Cyrus, dressed as Montana, premiered "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)", along with eight other songs, at the concert taping for the third season of Hannah Montana, which was set on October 10 in Irvine, California at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre. In the performance, Montana dressed in a black tee shirt with a pink star, pink zebra patterned skirt, pink cowboy boots and a bejeweled vest and performed the corresponding choreography. Six backup dancers, also costumed by Western clothing, later appeared to perform. Peter Larsen of the Orange County Register recalled his two children enjoying the dance and referred to it as "probably one of the most popular of the eight new songs Miley performs tonight." The performance was later released as the song's music video on May 22, 2009, on Disney Channel.
Charts
References
2009 songs
Dance-pop songs
Hannah Montana songs
Songs from television series
Songs written by Matthew Gerrard
Songs written by Robbie Nevil
Walt Disney Records singles
Song recordings produced by Matthew Gerrard |
23574294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%8F%C3%A1r%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Žďár (Mladá Boleslav District) | Žďár is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Břehy, Doubrava, Příhrazy, Skokovy and Žehrov are administrative parts of Žďár.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDer%C4%8Dice | Žerčice | Žerčice a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
17334095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallabi%20Limestone | Wallabi Limestone | Wallabi Limestone is the name given to the dense calcretised, limestone platform that underlies the Wallabi Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, an archipelago off the coast of Western Australia. This platform, which arises abruptly from a flat shelf, is about 40 metres thick, and is of marine biogenic origin, having originated as a coral reef. It reached its maximum size during the Eemian Stage (about 125,000 years ago), when sea levels were higher than at present. The subsequent fall in sea level resulted in the reef becoming emergent in places, thus forming the basement of the group's "central platform" islands, namely West Wallabi Island, East Wallabi Island and North Island.
References
See also
List of types of limestone
Limestone formations
Geologic formations of Australia
Geology of Western Australia
Houtman Abrolhos
Pleistocene Australia |
23574300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidn%C4%9Bves | Židněves | Židněves is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezlogi | Berezlogi | Berezlogi is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Berezlogi and Hîjdieni.
Notable people
Boris Movilă (born 1928), writer
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chot%C4%9Btov | Chotětov | Chotětov is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Hřivno is an administrative part of Chotětov.
References
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
23574307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C3%ADnky | Sovínky | Sovínky is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Geography
Sovínky is located about southwest of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies in the Jizera Table plateau.
History
The first written mention of Sovínky is from 1360.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
23574311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuruzeni | Cucuruzeni | Cucuruzeni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cucuruzeni and Ocnița-Răzeși.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AErze%C8%99ti | Mîrzești | Mîrzești is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Mîrzaci and Mîrzești.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolumnia%20urophylla | Tolumnia urophylla | {{Speciesbox
| image = Tolumnia urophylla (as Oncidium urophyllum) - Edwards vol 28 (NS 5) pl 54 (1842).jpg
| image_caption = Illustration of Tolumnia urophylla
| genus = Tolumnia (plant)
| species = urophylla
| authority = (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Braem
| synonyms =
Oncidium urophyllum Lodd. ex Lindl. (basionym)Oncidium urophyllum f. flavum R.J.Midgett
}}Tolumnia urophylla'' is a species of orchid endemic to the Lesser Antilles.
External links
urophylla
Orchids of the Caribbean
Orchids of Îles des Saintes
Flora of the Leeward Islands
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
44500379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina%20L%C3%B3pez%20Espinosa | Josefina López Espinosa | Patricia Josefina López Espinosa (born 19 March 1958) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. In 2009 she served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.
References
1958 births
Living people
Politicians from the State of Mexico
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for the State of Mexico |
44500383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif%20Durrani | Asif Durrani | Asif Ali Khan Durrani is the current Ambassador of Pakistan to Iran since 2016. Earlier in his career, he served as ambassador to the UAE until 2016.
Background
Durrani holds a Master's degree from the University of Balochistan in Quetta, and a Masters in International Studies and Diplomacy from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He joined the Foreign Service of Pakistan in 1986. He served in various diplomatic postings in New Delhi, Tehran, New York, Kabul and London.
References
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United Arab Emirates
Pashtun people
University of Balochistan alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
23574344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar%20of%20Plagues | Altar of Plagues | Altar of Plagues were an Irish black metal band, founded in Cork by James Kelly. After gaining attention in the metal community with a series of self recorded demos and EPs, the band released their first studio album, White Tomb, in April 2009 on Profound Lore Records. Following a year of gigging and some changes to the lineup, the group announced their signing with Candlelight Records in January 2010. They released their second album Mammal in 2011, with US/Can and ROW editions featuring alternate artworks. The album was followed by subsequent touring, including a European headline tour and festival appearances.
They played the third annual Hopscotch Music Festival in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA which took place 6–8 September 2012.
Their third album, Teethed Glory and Injury was released in 2013 and met largely with critical acclaim. Anthony Fantano of the Needle Drop placed it at #3 on The Needle Drop's "Top-50 Albums of 2013" and later placed it at #56 on the "Top 200 Albums of the 2010s. Terrorizer named it #2 on "Terrorizer 50 Albums Of The Year 2013".
On 15 June 2013, the band announced via Facebook that they were splitting up and that their final live performance would be at the Unsound Festival in Poland in October. However, in January 2015, after having teased it for weeks, Altar of Plagues announced a few shows to take place in early 2015. Subsequently, in late 2015, the band announced it would embark on one last tour across mainland Europe with fellow Irish band Malthusian (with whom Altar of Plagues' drummer Johnny King also plays). Their final performance was at the Damnation Festival 2015.
James Kelly now releases music under the name WIFE while Johnny King drums for the doom metal band Conan.
Band members
Final lineup
James Kelly - guitar, vocals, keyboards, drums
Johnny King - drums
Live musicians
Barry O'Sullivan - guitar
Barry English - drums
Stavros Giannopoulos - guitar
Previous members
Dave Condon - Bass, Vocals
Bryan O'Sullivan - guitar
Jeremiah Spillane - guitar
Discography
Studio albums
White Tomb (2009)
Mammal (2011)
Teethed Glory and Injury (2013)
Demos and EPs
First Plague (2006)
Through the Cracks of the Earth (2007)
Tides (2010)
Split with Year of No Light (2011)
References
External links
Irish black metal musical groups
Irish post-rock groups
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
2006 establishments in Ireland
2013 disestablishments in Ireland
Musical groups from Cork (city)
Musical quartets
Blackgaze musical groups
Profound Lore Records artists |
23574345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morozeni | Morozeni | Morozeni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Breanova and Morozeni.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17334108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors%3A%20The%20Destruction%20of%20the%20Jewish%20Community%20in%20Jedwabne%2C%20Poland | Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland | Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland is a 2000 book by Princeton University historian Jan T. Gross exploring the July 1941 Jedwabne massacre committed against Polish Jews by their non-Jewish neighbors in the village of Jedwabne in Nazi-occupied Poland.
The book was first published in Polish as Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka (lit. Neighbors: The History of Destruction of a Jewish Town). An English translation was published in 2001.
Background
In 1988 Polish filmmaker Agnieszka Arnold went to Jedwabne with a film-crew and produced two documentaries based on interviews with the local villagers. Gdzie mój starszy syn Kain (1999, “Where Is My Older Son Cain”) was inspired by an ongoing debate in the Polish print media. The second one, Sąsiedzi (2001, “Neighbors”), was aired by the Polish TVP II Channel.
Gross has said that watching Arnold's films inspired him to write his book. With her approval, he used her transcriptions of interviews, in addition to other materials, and her second film title for the title of his book. Arnold was unhappy about the effects of the book on the Jedwabne people.
Content and impact
The book describes the perpetration of the massacre by Polish civilians (a fact first noted by Szymon Datner in 1966), refuting a common notion that the perpetrators were the German occupation forces. The debate that ensued in the media prompted the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) to open a forensic investigation, which confirmed parts of Gross's findings. The IPN's report stated that "[depositions] made by witnesses confirm complicity of both Germans and Polish inhabitants of the town," and that "residents of Jedwabne and its environs, of Polish nationality, committed these acts." However, it concluded that Gross's estimate of 1,600 victims "seems highly unlikely," giving a plausible range of 250 to 340 victims. Other historians have suggested anything from 600 to close to 1,000 victims.
At the time of the book's publication, the Nazi plan to exterminate Europe's Jewry was well known, but the fact that ordinary Poles in Jedwabne committed such atrocities less so. The publication resulted in much controversy, and a vigorous debate in Poland and abroad. It has led to further forensic study, and discussions of the history of Polish-Jewish relations. According to Geneviève Zubrzycki, "Neighbors created such a rupture in the national narrative of the war that one could speak of Poland “before” and “after” its publication (…) Neighbors provoked... the questioning of a key story of the nation, shaking its identity to its core."
Neighbors provoked an intensive two-year debate in Poland on Polish-Jewish relations. In response to Neighbors, the Polish Parliament ordered an investigation of the Jedwabne pogrom, the IPN investigation. From May 2000 onward, Jedwabne became a frequent topic of discussion in the Polish media. A list compiled by the Polish daily Rzeczpospolita counted over 130 articles in Polish on the pogrom. The Catholic periodical Wiez published a collection of 34 articles on the Jedwabne pogrom, Thou shalt not kill: Poles on Jedwabne, available in English. In 2003 an extensive collection of articles from the Polish debate, in English translation, was compiled by Joanna Michlic and Professor Antony Polonsky of Brandeis University and published under the title The Neighbors Respond.
Neighbors sparked a controversy in Poland. Some readers refused to accept it as a factual account of the Jedwabne pogrom. While Polish historians praised Gross for drawing attention to a topic that had received insufficient attention for a half-century, Marek Jan Chodakiewicz and Tomasz Strzembosz criticized Neighbors for including accounts they considered uncorroborated, and for editorial decisions they believed Gross had made, such as favoring testimonies that presented the Poles in the worst possible light when there were conflicting accounts.
Neighbors inspired among Poles "a new curiosity in Polish Jewish history," including for the Polish film director and screenwriter Władysław Pasikowski. The book and its related controversy inspired his dramatic film Aftermath (2012 Pokłosie), which he wrote and directed.
Reception
Polish edition
As noted by Joshua D. Zimmerman in his book about contested Polish history, Neighbors inspired a wide-ranging debate in Poland on its release in 2000. While the mainstream Polish press expressed consensus regarding the basic accuracy of Gross's findings, specific details and questions about Gross's methodology were debated by Polish scholars.
According to Jaroslaw Anders, although the book has been criticized in Poland, it has also generated acknowledgment from leading Polish figures such as Józef Cardinal Glemp, who described it as "incontestable", and from Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who asked Poles to "seek forgiveness for what our compatriots have done." Polish News Service is said to have reported that other Polish publications such as Nasz Dziennik, Głos, Mysl Polska, and Niedziela accused the book of being a "part of international campaign aimed at damaging the image of Poland and preparing ground for restitution of Jewish property."
Tomasz Strzembosz criticized the fact that the often contradictory testimonies on which the book was based were extracted from Polish witnesses in pre-trial beatings conducted by the Security Office (UB) in 1949 as well as selection (and exclusion) of specific testimonies.
Stanisław Musiał, who had been a leading figure in advocating a Catholic-Jewish dialogue and Polish-Jewish reconciliation, wrote that Gross' book had shattered the myth that Poles were solely victims who "themselves never wronged anyone."<ref>Joshua D. Zimmerman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uHJyoGiep2gC&pg=PA11&dq=musial+wrote&sig=Y1z7ZVbXN_6-43DZgpKC82EywxE Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath.], Rutgers University Press, 2003.</ref> Agnieszka Magdziak-Miszewska, a former deputy editor-in-chief of the Polish Catholic magazine Znak and Polish consul-general, wrote "I am convinced that Neighbors is a book which had to be written and which is needed. Facing up to the painful truth of Jedwabne is, in my conviction, the most serious test that we Poles have had to confront in the last decade."
According to Joanna B. Michlic, "Gross and his supporters referred to the Polish version of the notion of Judeo-communism (see żydokomuna) as an antisemitic cliché, whereas Gross's opponents, to varying degrees, treated it as an actual historical fact. In the latter group, Judeo-communism served the purpose of rationalizing and explaining the participation of ethnic Poles in killing their Jewish neighbors and, thus, in minimizing the criminal nature of the murder." In the introduction to The Neighbors Respond, Antony Polonsky and Joanna B. Michlic state about the that the harshest critics of Gross, such as Tomasz Strzembosz: "Many of those who have espoused what Andrzejowski describes as a "defensive open" stance in the controversy came to adopt quite extreme positions, as has been the case with Tomasz Strzembosz. They seem to have great difficulty abandoning the self-image of the Poles as heroes and victims and use strongly apologetic arguments."
Gross defended the conclusions he drew from his use of testimonials, and insisted that he differentiated between types of testimony. He pointed out that Neighbors contained "an extensive justification why depositions produced during a trial conducted in Stalinist Poland, extracted by abusive secret police interrogators, are credible in this case."
English editionNeighbors was a 2001 National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist and a 2001 National Book Award Finalist.The National Book Foundation. The National Book Awards Winners & Finalists, Since 1950 The publication of Neighbors was credited with launching a debate about the Polish role in the Holocaust.John Connelly, " Poles and Jews in the Second World War: the Revisions of Jan T. Gross" Contemporary European History. Cambridge: Nov 2002. Vol. 11, Issue 4. Bernard Wasserstein described the book as having "played a productive role in refreshing Polish collective memory of this aspect of World War 2."
Alexander B. Rossino, a research historian at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., wrote: "while Neighbors contributed to an ongoing re-examination of the history of the Holocaust in Poland, Gross' failure to examine German documentary sources fundamentally flawed his depiction of the events. The result was a skewed history that did not investigate SS operations in the region or German interaction with the Polish population."
'
Dariusz Stola writing in Holocaust and Genocide Studies states that the book "deserves careful reading and serious critique" and that "if Neighbors were simply poorly researched and written, as some of Gross's critics charge, it would not have been so influential. However, this does not mean the book is flawless." Stola writes that the available evidence is far from sufficient to confirm exact number of victims and a number of eyewitness accounts raise doubts. The postwar accounts of some Jewish survivors, which were contradicted later; and records from the 1949-53 interrogations and trials of the Polish perpetrators by the communist "Security Office", which were often obtained by use of torture, have limited value and can be open to interpretations. Likewise the context of the crime—the unfolding Nazi Holocaust is missing largely from the publication. Stola questions Gross' assumption about lack of Jewish collaboration with the Soviets and the unorganised, spontaneous, "grassroots" nature of the pogrom.
In other mediaNeighbors and its surrounding controversy inspired Władysław Pasikowski's dramatic 2012 film Aftermath (Pokłosie), which he wrote and directed. Pasikowski said, "The film isn't an adaptation of the book, which is documented and factual, but the film did grow out of it, since it was the source of my knowledge and shame."
Further reading
Antony Polonsky and Joanna Michlic (eds), The Neighbors Respond (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004)
Marek Chodakiewicz, The Massacre in Jedwabne July 10, 1941. Before, During and After (Boulder CO: East European Monographs, 2005)
Israel Bartal, Antony Polonsky, Scott Ury, (eds.) Jews and their Neighbours in Eastern Europe since 1750'' (Oxford: Littman, 2012).
References
2000 non-fiction books
Antisemitism in Poland
History books about the Holocaust
Controversies in Poland
Religious controversies in Poland
Books about Jewish Polish history
Jedwabne pogrom |
20469513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20films%20shot%20in%20Oregon | List of films shot in Oregon | Throughout film history, the U.S. state of Oregon has been a popular shooting location for filmmakers due to its wide range of landscapes, as well as its proximity to California, specifically Hollywood. The first documented commercial film made in Oregon was a short silent film titled The Fisherman's Bride, shot in Astoria by the Selig Polyscope Company, and released in 1909. Another documentary short, Fast Mail, Northern Pacific Railroad, was shot in Portland in 1897.
Since then, numerous major motion pictures have been shot in the state, including F.W. Murnau's City Girl (1930), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Animal House (1978), Stand by Me (1986), Free Willy (1993), and Wild (2014). Portland—Oregon's largest city—has been a major shooting location for filmmakers, and has been featured prominently in the films of Gus Van Sant, namely Mala Noche (1985), Drugstore Cowboy (1989), My Own Private Idaho (1991), and Elephant (2003).
This list of films shot is organized first by region, and then chronologically by year. Some films may appear more than once if they were shot in more than one region.
Northeast
Southeast
Southwest
Northwest
Central
Coastal
Other
According to a list provided by the Oregon Film Council, the following films were shot in Oregon; however, specific locations and cities were not documented.
Notes
References
External links
Oregon Film, a catalogue of films shot in Oregon by the Oregon Governor's Office of Film & Television
The Oregon Film Museum, an online database of films shot in Oregon
Oregon
Films
Films |
6902880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Orange%20station | Port Orange station | Port Orange Florida East Coast Railway Freight Depot is a historic Florida East Coast Railway passenger depot in Port Orange, Florida, United States. It is located at 415C Herbert Street, off U.S. 1. The depot was originally constructed in 1894 as two buildings.
The depot was constructed by the narrow-gauge St. Johns and Halifax Railway, a division of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway.
On December 31, 1885, Henry Flagler purchased the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway. In September 1895, he changed the name to the Florida East Coast Railway.
The initial buildings included a passenger depot, FEC building #245, which was built immediately south of Dunlawton Avenue with the platform facing north. A second building, a freight depot, FEC building #246, was constructed south of the passenger depot. In 1924, the two buildings were joined as a passenger station. Regular passenger service ended in 1932. In February 1938, the building was remodeled to its current appearance. The windows, pedestrian doors and waiting platform were removed.
The building continued to be used as a freight depot until 1964. The depot continued to be a flag stop until the strike on January 23, 1963 and is listed in the last pre-strike time table dated December 12, 1962. In 1966 the depot was purchased and moved 500 feet north. The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 1998. In 2015 the City of Port Orange purchased the depot from long time Port Orange resident and business owner Bryan Berntsen to restore the building.
References
External links
Port Orange F.E.C. Railway Freight Station at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Former Florida East Coast Railway stations
National Register of Historic Places in Volusia County, Florida
Railway freight houses on the National Register of Historic Places
Buildings and structures in Port Orange, Florida
1894 establishments in Florida
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1894
Railway stations closed in 1932
Former railway stations in Florida |
6902886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise%20One | Wise One | Wise One may refer to:
"Wise One", a song by John Coltrane from his 1964 album Crescent
Wise One, a concept in the Wheel of Time |
6902889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Campobasso | List of municipalities of the Province of Campobasso | The following is a list of the 84 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Campobasso, Molise, Italy.
List
See also
List of municipalities of Italy
References
Campobasso |
17334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman%20G.%20Yuncker | Truman G. Yuncker | Truman George Yuncker (March 20, 1891 – January 8, 1964) was a taxonomic botanist best known for his work in the family Piperaceae. Yuncker first taught at Manual High School in Indianapolis, Indiana. After service in World War I, he received his doctorate from the University of Illinois in 1919. Soon after, he became a faculty member at DePauw University and became head of the botany and bacteriology department in 1921 and held that post until retirement in 1956. During his tenure he described 839 new species, 211 new varieties and 25 new formae in the Piperaceae. He wrote the treatment of that family in almost every regional flora published during his lifetime. His early studies were on the genus Cuscuta, in which he described 67 new species and 39 new varieties.
Footnotes
External links
1891 births
1964 deaths
American botanists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
DePauw University faculty |
17334190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia%20macrocheilos | Utricularia macrocheilos | Utricularia macrocheilos is a small annual carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to western tropical Africa, where it is only known from the mountain ranges of Guinea and Sierra Leone. U. macrocheilos grows as a terrestrial plant among wet rocks at medium altitudes. It flowers between August and January. A specimen of U. macrocheilos was originally included in the description of U. prehensilis by François Pellegrin in 1914 and also in John Hutchinson and Nicol Alexander Dalzell's 1931 description of U. micropetala. Peter Taylor recognized these specimens as a different taxon in a 1963 review of African species and treated it as a variety of U. micropetala. After further discussions with other botanists and review of the specimens, he elevated the variety to the species level in 1986 as U. macrocheilos. Compared to U. micropetala, U. macrocheilos has much longer corolla lips and less acute fruiting calyx lobe apices. Taylor notes, however, that the vegetative body of the plants and the seeds appear to be identical.
See also
List of Utricularia species
References
Carnivorous plants of Africa
Flora of Guinea
Flora of Sierra Leone
macrocheilos |
44500400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley%20Gaber | Harley Gaber | Harley Gaber (June 5, 1943 – June 16, 2011) was a visual artist and composer known for his minimalist and spectral approaches to time and sound. With his emphasis on quiet sustained sonorities and textures, Gaber is counted among the early American minimalist composers, and considered to be a forerunner of drone and spectralism. His best known recorded composition, The Winds Rise in the North, has been called by musician Keith Fullerton Whitman "one of the holy grails of minimalism in music in the 20th century."
In 1978, he stopped composing, moved from New York City to San Diego, California, and began creating photo-collages, mixed media collages, paintings, and pen-and-ink works he called graphic music. However, in 1993 he started work on Die Plage (The Plague), an art-historical narrative of Germany from the Weimar Republic to the end of World War II, completing it in 2002. It grew to become a massive work of approximately 4,200 photomontaged canvases measuring .
In the final three years of his life Gaber composed two works: I Saw My Mother Ascending Mt Fuji and In Memoriam 2010. The album of his last work was released two weeks before Gaber committed suicide in June 2011.
Artistic and musical influences
Artistic influences
German Expressionism and Dada are the artistic movements that most influenced him. The particular artists that critics cite as evident in Gaber's work are Otto Dix, George Grosz, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. The photomontage works of John Heartfield and Hannah Höch influenced him greatly, as did their use of photographs to subvert and criticize their subject matter.
Musical influences
Horace Reisburg, Gaber's music teacher at New Trier High School from 1958 to 1961 in Winnetka, Illinois, encouraged him to continue his studies at the Aspen Institute with Darius Milhaud in the summer of 1961. Gaber enrolled that fall in the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, where he studied first with Lajaren Hiller. But the faculty member who influenced Gaber the most was Kenneth Gaburo. The two formed a life-long friendship in which they investigated and challenged each other's basic aesthetic assumptions. In 1963, he moved to Rome to pursue further studies in composition with Aldo Clementi, Franco Evangelisti, Boris Poorena and Giulio Rotoli. On concluding his studies in 1964, he returned to the U.S., settling in New York City. From 1964 to 1966, Gaber studied with William J. Sydeman, who was on the faculty of the Mannes College of Music. Gaber was influenced by the creative ferment among fellow composers in the minimalist music world of New York City, especially Morton Feldman.
Works
Artistic works
Gaber's visual art work took many forms, including photography, pen and ink, collage, photomontage and drawings. His pen-and-ink drawings of graphic music were first exhibited in a group show in Bern, Switzerland, in 1974. By April 1976, his graphic music work was featured in a solo exhibition at Gallery 219 in Buffalo, New York. In September 1976, the Alternative Center for International Arts, now known as the Alternative Museum, mounted a solo show of his drawings and graphic music.
After moving to San Diego in 1982, Gaber turned to photography as his favored medium. By 1985, his experiments with photomontage led to acquisition of one of his works and its inclusion in an exhibit by the Museum of Photographic Arts in San Diego's Balboa Park, California. In the late 1980s, he experimented with mixed media collage and wood constructions. Both the wood and mixed media works led to exhibits in San Diego, California and Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1990 and 1991.
In 1993, Gaber started work on what would become his magnum opus, Die Plage (The Plague). This work soon became the center of Gaber's efforts, displacing his work in all other media. When he completed it in 2002, it was composed of about 4,200 canvases, each measuring . Gaber used xerography to modify photographs, and then combined them on canvas using photomontage and charcoal. The work is ordered in chronological sequence, starting with Weimar Republic and ending at the conclusion of World War II. When exhibited in its entirety, with canvases arranged in rows five high, the work runs nearly in length.
In 1995, Southwestern College in Chula Vista, California, mounted an exhibit of the first 950 canvases—its first public showing. Art critic Jonathan Saville, writing for the San Diego Reader, wrote:
From September23 to October21, 2000, The Lab in Los Angeles, California exhibited roughly 700 canvases from all sections of the work done to date. Leah Ollman, an art critic for the Los Angeles Times, wrote:
Selected exhibitions and awards
Group Show, Music Notation and Graphic Music, Bern, Switzerland (1974).
Solo Exhibition, Graphics and Graphic Music, Gallery 219, Buffalo, NY (April 1976).
Solo Exhibition, Graphics and Graphic Music, Alternative Center for International Arts, New York City, NY (September 1976).
Solo Exhibition, SX70 Polaroid, Athenaeum Music and Arts Library, San Diego, CA (1983).
Group Show, 42 San Diego Artists, Photo-Collages, La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, CA (1985).
Solo Exhibition, Graphic Music, Graphics, Photo-Collages, SX70 Polaroid and 35MM Photography, Photography Gallery, San Diego, CA (1985).
Group Show, Photo-Collages, Museum of Photographic Arts Permanent Collection Show, San Diego, CA (1985).
Solo Exhibition, Paintings and Mixed-Media Collages, Gwydion Gallery, San Diego, CA (1989).
Solo Exhibition, Paintings, Wood Construction Pieces and Mixed-Media Collages, R.B. Stevenson Gallery, San Diego, CA (1990).
Group Show, Mixed-Media Collages and Paper Cutouts, Hartman & Company Gallery, San Diego, CA (1994).
Die Plage (The Plague) Installation, Southwestern College, San Diego, CA (1995).
Die Plage (The Plague) Anne Frank Installation, Coastal Repertory Theater, to accompany a production of Diary of Anne Frank, Half Moon Bay, CA (1997).
Die Plage (The Plague) Anne Frank Installation, Newport, OR (2000, Grant: Collins Foundation).
Die Plage (The Plague) Installation, The Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA (2000).
Die Plage (The Plague) Exhibit at the Oregon Museum of Jewish History, Portland, OR (2022).
Musical works
Gaber's first recorded composition, Ludus Primus: Two Flutes and Vibraphone, (1966) was followed by Chimyaku: Solo Alto Flute (1968), Kata: Solo Violin for (1969) and Michi: Solo Violin (1969). Composer Eric Richards described Gaber's minimalist music as an effort to "get inside the music." He notated minute directions for the attack, dynamic changes, and other physical characteristics of each and every note, in ways that, while they might have superficially resembled some of the serial music of that time, were really his attempt to get beyond appearances, and slow down the sense of time in the music through a deeper investigation of the sound itself.
His compositions in the 1970s were mainly for strings, and in these works, he strived to suspend time. The Winds Rise in the North: String Quintet (1974), Sovereign of the Centre (1972) and Indra's Net (1974) are considered to be his most significant compositions. These minimalist works reflected Gaber's study of Buddhism."
Harley Gaber resumed composing in 2008, after receiving a commission from William Hellerman of the Downtown Ensemble, resulting in Webern's Gambit, a multi-media work for film and cello. It associated film imagery, including old German footage and recordings, with a cello part derived from pitches in a movement of Anton Webern's Piano Variations. In 2009, Harley Gaber composed I Saw My Mother Ascending Mt. Fuji using GarageBand to assemble and rework existing acoustic sound sources, in a manner similar to his visual photomontage works. It was produced by Philip Blackburn, and released on Innova Recordings. In 2011, Innova Recordings also published In Memoriam 2010, a work commissioned by the Dan J. Epstein Family Foundation in memory of his mother.
Gaber's contributions as a composer were described by Shane Mack, in the obituary which he wrote for the British music publication, The Wire: he and his music shared the same complex personality, uncompromised by marketing concerns or wanting to fit into any scene.... it is the high level of perfectly-realised thoughts in sound, that could only have sprung from his fragile life of outsider-dom, that ensures his stature as one of America's most important artists.
Major performances of his work were produced on May 13, 1977, by the New York Philharmonic Chamber Ensemble, conducted by Pierre Boulez; the Berlin Festival; the Tanglewood Music Festival; the Once Festival at the University of Michigan; the Kitchen in New York City; Evenings for New Music in Buffalo and New York City.
Selected compositions and recordings
Ludus Primus: Two Flutes and Vibraphone (1966), on Gaber/Hellerman/Zonn. New York: New World Records, NWCRL299. Reissue of 1972 LP on Composers Recordings Inc. Score published by Lingua Press.
Chimyaku: Solo Alto Flute (1968) Score published by Lingua Press.
Kata: Solo Violin (1969), On Gaber/Hellerman/Zonn. New York: New World Records, NWCRL299. Reissue of 1972 LP on Composers Recordings Inc. Score published by Lingua Press.
Koku: Solo Flute (1970)
Michi: Solo Violin (1972) Score published by Lingua Press.
Sovereign of the Centre: Four Violins (1972), Berlin: Edition RZ, ed. RZ 4008–9. Reissue with additional notes, of 1976 LP on Titanic Records.
The Winds Rise in the North: String Quintet (1974), Berlin: Edition RZ, ed. RZ 4008–9. Reissue with additional notes, of 1976 LP on Titanic Records. Reissue on CD in 2007 by Edition RZ.
The Realm of Indra's Net (1974), Berlin: Edition RZ, ed. RZ 1022. 2010
I Saw My Mother Ascending Mt. Fuji (2009), St. Paul, MN: Innova Recordings, 231. 2010.
In Memoriam 2010 (2011), Minneapolis: St. Paul, MN: Innova Recordings, 243. 2011.
Legacy
In recognition of his contributions, Gaber was the subject of a symposium at The Tectonics Festival, New York, on May 24, 2014. A panel on Gaber's life and works was moderated by composer Eric Richards, with discussants Paul Paccione, Ned Sublette and Bill Hellerman.
References
External links
Minimalist composers
1943 births
2011 deaths
Experimental composers
American contemporary artists
Artists from California
Suicides in New Mexico
Male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Political artists
2011 suicides |
44500401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling%20Girl | Smiling Girl | The Smiling Girl, thought to be by Johannes Vermeer, was donated by collector Andrew W. Mellon in 1937 to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Now widely considered to be a fake, the painting was claimed by the Vermeer expert Arthur K. Wheelock Jr. in a 1995 study to be by a 20th-century artist and forger, Theo van Wijngaarden, a friend of Han van Meegeren.
References
Painting forgeries
Collections of the National Gallery of Art |
17334193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20San%20Jose%20Stealth%20season | 2005 San Jose Stealth season | The San Jose Stealth are a lacrosse team based in San Jose, California playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2005 season was the 2nd in franchise history.
The Stealth finished 2nd in the West in 2004, but did not fare so well in 2005. They started with a 3-2 record, beating division rivals Calgary, Colorado, and Arizona, but then lost 10 of their last 11 games to finish 4-12 and last place overall.
Regular season
Conference standings
Game log
Reference:
Player stats
Reference:
Runners (Top 10)
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; LB = Loose Balls; PIM = Penalty minutes
Goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals against; Sv% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
Awards
Transactions
Trades
Roster
Reference:
See also
2005 NLL season
References
San Jose
San Jose Stealth |
6902890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Calf%20Island | Little Calf Island | Little Calf Island is a small rocky island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, some 9 miles offshore from downtown Boston, Massachusetts. The island has no vegetation and no history of human occupation. It is used for nesting by gulls and cormorants which can be aggressive during their nesting season. Access by humans is by private boat only, and is discouraged.
References
Boston Harbor islands
Islands of Suffolk County, Massachusetts |
17334206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique%20Bologna | Enrique Bologna | Enrique Alberto Bologna Gómez (born 13 February 1982 in Claypole, Buenos Aires), known as Enrique Bologna, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Banfield.
Career
Bologna began playing for Banfield in 2003, he spent 2008 on loan to Peruvian side Alianza Lima. He returned to Banfield in 2008 and was a non playing member of the squad that won the Apertura 2009 championship.
Honours
Banfield
Argentine Primera División: Apertura 2009
Primera B Nacional: 2013–14
Peñarol
Uruguayan Primera División: 2012–13
River Plate
Recopa Sudamericana: 2016
Copa Argentina: 2015–16
Supercopa Argentina: 2017
Copa Libertadores: 2018
See also
List of goalscoring goalkeepers
Notes
External links
1982 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Italian descent
Club Alianza Lima footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Peñarol players
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Peruvian Primera División players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Peru
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Expatriate footballers in Peru
Expatriate footballers in Uruguay |
6902895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20naturism | Gay naturism | Gay naturism or LGBT naturism (where naturism is generally equated with nudism) concerns a lifestyle of gay people in which nudity, especially in a communal context, is viewed as natural, positive and healthy. While naturist clubs and resorts in the United States date back to the 1930s, gay naturist organizations did not emerge until the early 1980s. Separate from official naturist clubs, gay individuals have long congregated in locally-known gay beaches in many countries, especially in Europe and North America.
Early history
In the early 1980s, a number of unaffiliated local clubs for gay naturists began independently springing up in major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. By that time, many major cities were served by LGBT newspapers that were established during the gay liberation movement of the 1970s. These papers—e.g., L.A. Frontiers, Seattle Gay News and the Houston Voice—were important means of spreading the word about the first wave of gay naturist social clubs. Among the oldest and largest of the clubs that are still extant are Males au Naturel (MAN) in New York, Los Angeles Nude Guys (LANG), San Francisco Kindred Nudists (SKiNS), and the Greater Atlanta Naturist Group (GANG).
The first nationwide organization to promote gay naturism also originated in the early 1980s. In 1980, Lee Baxandall founded The Naturist Society (TNS). In contrast to the more conservative American Sunbathing Association (ASA) (which in 1995 was renamed the American Association for Nude Recreation, or AANR), TNS openly welcomed diverse groups of people and was a loose association of special interest groups (SIGs). According to Baxandall, from its inception TNS received almost daily inquires about a SIG for gay naturists. Baxandall approached Murray Kaufman (d. 2003), an openly gay New Yorker who had been hosting private nude socials for gay men in his home. Kaufman agreed to oversee a gay SIG for TNS, and Gay and Lesbian Naturists (GLN) was formed in 1983. GLN had its first gathering at the Summit Lodge in Rockbridge, Ohio in 1985. About 60 members, all of them men, attended.
Growth in the 1990s
Annual GLN gatherings grew steadily in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1992, the group reorganized, with two key changes: it became an independent entity (no longer a SIG of TNS); and it was renamed Gay Naturists International (GNI). Although GLN had been founded with the intent of attracting both gay men and lesbians, it had been a de facto all-male organization as there had never been any significant lesbian participation in the group. The new GNI became gender specific in its mission. GNI also became an umbrella organization for networking local gay naturist clubs.
In 1994, there was a schism in GNI due to a legal dispute over records and money with respect to the paid employee. Out of this split, the employee in question founded International Men Enjoying Naturism (IMEN). Its goals were similar to those of GNI, including being a registry of local clubs, providing referrals to local groups, helping new local gay naturist groups organize, and holding an annual gathering. He was later terminated in a similar fashion from IMEN over the same issues.
The number of local gay naturist clubs continued to grow in the 1990s, particularly the latter part of the decade. GNI and IMEN provided organizational assistance to new clubs, and the advent of the Internet meant greater publicity opportunities for new and existing clubs. The website Spike's Naked Planet lists over 100 gay naturist clubs in the United States, about half a dozen in Canada and a scattering in other places across the world.
Annual gay naturist gatherings
The 1990s saw the beginning of annual gay naturist gatherings on a large scale. GNI held its first gathering under its new name in 1992. The annual GNI Gathering, held each August in rural eastern Pennsylvania, remains the largest gay naturist gathering, attracting about 800 gay naturists. The second largest gathering, the CMEN Gathering, is sponsored by California Men Enjoying Naturism and is held each September in Malibu, California. First held in 1999, CMEN now draws about 500 attendees. Three other gatherings attract a few hundred attendees each. The IMEN Gathering, held each July in rural eastern Maryland, began in 1995. The East Coast Gathering, sponsored by the Philadelphia Area Naked Guys, is held each May in rural eastern Maryland. The Midwest Male Naturist Gathering” began in 1993 and is held in rural eastern Kansas each June. Key West's Bone Island Bare It All Weekend is held each July and December, attracting between 300 and 500 men.
Gay naturist vacation market
In the United States, Palm Springs, California and Ft. Lauderdale, Florida have emerged as the leading vacation destinations for gay naturists. Both cities have a comparable number—about 25 in each—of small, all-gay resorts and guesthouses that allow either unrestricted nudity or at least poolside nudity. Key West, Florida is recognized as an early leader in the development of clothing-optional all-gay guesthouses. Key West currently has ten clothing-optional guesthouses as well as gay bars with clothing-optional areas. The majority of men-only gay accommodations throughout the world allow some degree of naturism, especially poolside, if there is sufficient privacy. However, there are no gay naturist resorts on the scale of co-ed, family oriented naturist resorts such as Cypress Cove in Florida.
Puglia in Italy has become an extremely popular destination for gay naturists with two popular naturist beaches at Spiaggia D’Ayala, Campomarino di Maruggio and at Torre Guaceto, Brindisi. Both have extensive gay sections. Additionally there are spots up and down Puglia’s coast where nude bathing coincides with predominantly, but not exclusively, gay and gay-friendly locals.
Gay naturism in the United Kingdom
A community website offers social networking for men looking to connect with other men also interested in male naturism together with member organised events, site organised events and an annual NakedFest weekend camping festival, attracting over 400 attendees in 2014.
A number of gay naturist organisations have existed in the United Kingdom. Gymnos offered social get-togethers for members only in and around London, and regular nude swimming (closed down in March 2010) together with Gay London Swimmers (GLS) at a public swimming pool in Camberwell, South London (closed down in 2009). Certain nudist beaches have areas which are informally used by gay men.
Gay naturist publications
The book Naked Places, A Guide for Gay Men to Nude Recreation and Travel was first published in 1997 and is in its fifth edition as of 2006. The now defunct Naked Magazine was published from 1994 - 2001. Additionally, GNI and IMEN produce quarterly magazines—the GNI Informer and Naturist Gay-zette respectively—that are distributed to members only.
References
Lewis, Jim (March/April 2001) "A Brief History of the Gay Naturist Movement" Beach Buzz Vol. 2, No. 2
Gay Naturist Movement
Naturism
Gay culture |
44500403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Safety%2C%20Research%2C%20Demonstration%2C%20and%20Development%20Act%20of%201980 | Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980 | Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. § 9701, established nuclear safety policy for nuclear power plants supplying electric energy and electricity generation within the United States. The Act authorized a five-year demonstration program simulating conditions with light water nuclear reactors for the observation of control monitoring and phases of operation for nuclear reactor cores. The U.S. Department of Energy was authorized by the Act of Congress to conduct the nuclear reactor demonstration study while establishing a reactor engineering simulator facility at a United States national laboratory. The nuclear safety demonstration program was to provide research data regarding reactor design and simplification improvements given thermal power station simulations subjecting nuclear reactors to hypothesized calamity and customary operating conditions.
The H.R. 7865 legislation was passed by the 96th U.S. Congressional session and enacted by the 39th President of the United States Jimmy Carter on December 22, 1980.
Proclamation of the Act
Congressional Objectives
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9701
(a) Congress finds that —
(1) Nuclear energy is one of the two major energy sources available for electric energy production in the United States during the balance of the 20th century.
(2) Continued development of nuclear power is dependent upon maintaining an extremely high level of safety in the operation of nuclear plants, and on public recognition that these facilities do not constitute a significant threat to human health or safety.
(3) It is the responsibility of utilities, as owners and operators of nuclear powerplants, to assure that such plants are designed and operated safely and reliably.
(4) A proper role of the Federal Government in assuring nuclear powerplant safety, in addition to its regulatory function, is the conduct of a research, development, and demonstration program to provide important scientific and technical information which can contribute to sound design and safe operation of these plants.
(b) It is declared to be the policy of the United States and the purpose of this Act to establish a research, development, and demonstration program for developing practical improvements in the generic safety of nuclear power plants during the next five years, beginning in the fiscal year 1981. The objectives of such program shall be —
(1) To reduce the likelihood and severity of potentially serious nuclear power plant accidents
(2) To reduce the likelihood of disrupting the population in the vicinity of nuclear power plants as the result of nuclear power plant accidents. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as preventing the Secretary from undertaking projects or activities, in addition to those specified in this Act, which appropriately further the purpose and objectives set forth in this Act. Nothing in this Act shall authorize the Secretary to assume responsibility for the management, cleanup or repair of any commercial nuclear power plant. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as limiting the authority of the Secretary under any other law.
Definitions
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9702
For the purposes of this Act —
(1) "Secretary" means the Secretary of U.S. Department of Energy
(2) "Government agency" means any department, agency, commission, or independent establishment in the United States federal executive departments, or any corporation, wholly or partly owned by the United States, which is an instrumentality of the United States, or any board, bureau, division, service, office, officer, authority, administration, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Federal Government
(3) "Commission" means the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(4) "Advisory Committee" means the Advisory Committee on reactor safeguards established by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954
Establishment of Research, Development, and Demonstration Program for Improving the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9703
(a) The Secretary shall establish a research, development, and demonstration program to carry out the purpose of this Act. As part of such program, the Secretary shall at a minimum —
(1) Refine further the assessment of risk factors associated with the generic design and operation of nuclear power plants to determine the degree and consequences of propagation of failures of systems, subsystems, and components, including consideration of the interaction between the primary and secondary systems
(2) Develop potentially cost beneficial changes in the generic design and operation of nuclear power plants that can —
(A) Significantly reduce the risks from unintentional release of radioactive material from the various engineered barriers of nuclear power plants
(B) Reduce the radiation exposure to workers during plant operation and maintenance
(3) Develop potentially cost beneficial generic methods and designs that will significantly improve the performance of operators of nuclear power plants under routine, abnormal, and accident conditions
(4) Identify the effect of total or partial automation of generic plant systems on reactor safety, operation, reliability, economics, and operator performance
(5) Conduct further experimental investigations under abnormal operational and postulated accident conditions primarily for light water reactors to determine the consequences of such conditions. These investigations shall include, but not be limited to the following :
(A) Fuel element failure at higher than standard burn-up levels
(B) Fuel cladding interactions
(C) Fuel and cladding interactions with coolant under various temperatures and pressures
(D) Thermohydraulics behavior in the reactor core
(E) Mechanisms to suppress and control the generation of hydrogen gas
(F) Improved instrumentation for monitoring reactor cores
(G) Engineered barrier failure modes
(H) Nuclear fission product release and transport from failed fuel
(6) Provide for the examination and analysis of any nuclear power plant fuel, component, or system which the Secretary deems to offer significant benefit in safety analysis and which is made available to the Secretary for a nominal cost, such as $1: Provided, however. That the Secretary shall accept only the number of samples of such fuel, component, or system necessary to carry out such examination and analysis
(7) Identify the aptitudes, training, and manning levels which are necessary to assure reliable operator performance under normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions.
(b) In carrying out the generic safety research, development, and demonstration program established under this Act, the Secretary —
(1) Shall coordinate with the Commission and, to the extent necessary, enter into a new memorandum of understanding or revise existing memoranda for the purpose of eliminating unnecessary duplication and avoiding programmatic conflict with any reactor safety research program of the Commission, including the Improved Safety Systems Research program
(2) Shall, to the extent practical, coordinate his activities with such other Government agencies, foreign governments, and industry as the Secretary deems appropriate to utilize their expertise, to minimize duplication of effort, and to ensure that information useful for improved concepts applicable to nuclear power plant safety can be applied in a timely manner. The Secretary may enter into agreements and memoranda of understanding to accomplish these ends, but no such agreement shall have the effect of delaying the development and implementation of programs authorized under this Act
(3) Shall utilize, to the extent feasible, underutilized federally owned research reactors and facilities, along with the associated personnel, to maintain existing capabilities and to ensure that the research is generic in nature
(4) Shall make such recommendations as are practical to minimize the complexity of nuclear power plant systems, including secondary systems, and operations
National Reactor Engineering Simulator
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9704
(a) The Secretary, in consultation with the Commission and the Advisory Committee, shall initiate a study of the need for and feasibility of establishing a reactor engineering simulator facility at a national laboratory, for the primary purpose of fostering research in generic design improvements and simplifications through the simulation of the performance of various types of light water reactors under a wide variety of abnormal conditions and postulated accident conditions.
(b) In performing the study, the Secretary shall consider relevant factors including, but not limited to —
(1) The potential advantages that would accrue from the establishment of such a facility
(2) The extent to which such a facility would further the generic safety research and development program established by this Act
(3) The extent to which such a facility can be established by nongovernmental entities
(4) The opportunities for cost sharing by nongovernmental entities in the construction and operation of such a facility
(5) The importance of such a facility in emergencies to limit the extent of any future nuclear power plant excursions
(6) The potential for international cooperation in the establishment and operation of such a facility
(7) The appropriate national laboratory for siting such a facility
(c) The Secretary shall, by January 1, 1982, submit to the Committee on Science and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report characterizing the study and the resulting conclusions and recommendations.
Federal Nuclear Operations Corps
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9705
(a) The Secretary, in cooperation with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, shall initiate a study as to the sufficiency of efforts in the United States to provide specially trained professionals to operate the controls of nuclear power plants and other facilities in the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle. In carrying out the study, the Secretary shall coordinate activities with the ongoing programs of the utility industry and other Federal governmental agencies for obtaining high standards of operator performance.
(b) For the purpose of this Act —
(1) In conducting the study the Secretary shall assess the desirability and feasibility of creating a Federal Corps of such professionals to inspect and supervise such operations
(2) The assessment shall consider the establishment of an academy to train Corps professionals in all aspects of nuclear technology, nuclear operations, nuclear regulatory and related law, and health science
(3) The assessment shall include the appropriate organizational approach for the establishment of a Federal Corps within the executive branch
(c) The Secretary shall complete the study within one year after the date of enactment of this Act and shall submit a report along with the Secretary's recommendations to the Congress.
Reports and Dissemination of Information
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9706
Secretary shall assure that full and complete safety related information resulting from any project or other activity conducted under this Act is made available in a timely manner to appropriate committees of Congress, Federal, State, and local authorities, relevant segments of private industry, the scientific community, and the public.
Comprehensive Program Management Plan
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9707
(a) The Secretary is authorized and directed to prepare a comprehensive program management plan for the conduct of research, development, and demonstration activities under this Act consistent with the provisions of the Program for Improving the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants. In the preparation of such plan, the Secretary shall consult with the Commission and the Advisory Committee and with the heads of such other Government agencies and such public and private organizations as the Secretary deems appropriate.
(b) The Secretary shall transmit the comprehensive program management plan along with any comments by the Commission on the plan to the Committee on Science and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate within twelve months after the date of the enactment of this Act. Revisions to the plan shall be transmitted to such committees whenever deemed appropriate by the Secretary.
(c) Concurrently with the submission of the President's annual budget to the Congress for each year after the year in which the comprehensive plan is initially transmitted under subsection (b), the Secretary shall transmit to the Congress a detailed description of the comprehensive plan as then in effect. The detailed description of the comprehensive plan under this subsection shall include, but need not be limited to, a statement setting forth any change in —
(1) The program strategies and plans, including detailed milestone goals to be achieved during the next fiscal year for all major activities and projects
(2) The economic, environmental, and societal significance which the program may have
(3) The total estimated cost of individual program items
(4) The estimated relative financial contributions of the Federal Government and non-Federal participants in the program.
Such description shall also include a detailed justification of any such changes, a description of the progress made toward achieving the goals of this Act, a statement on the status of interagency cooperation in meeting such goals, and any legislative or other recommendations which the Secretary may have to help attain such goal.
Authorization of Appropriations
42 U.S.C. Chapter 104 § 9708
There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this Act such sums as may be authorized by legislation hereafter enacted.
Project 78-3-b, authorized by section 102 of Public Law 95-238, the fusion materials irradiation test facility, is hereby designated as the "Mike McCormack Fusion Materials Test Facility". Any reference in any law, regulation, map, record, or other document of the United States to the fusion materials irradiation test facility shall be considered a reference to the "Mike McCormack Fusion Materials Test Facility".
Nuclear Energy Safety History
There have been studies that indicate nuclear energy may be one of the safest methods of energy production, resulting in a net decrease in human deaths.
According to an article published by NASA,
See also
Boiling water reactor safety systems
Caesium-137
Chicago Pile-1
Control rod
High-level radioactive waste management
International Nuclear Event Scale
List of civilian nuclear accidents
Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
Nuclear licensing
Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States
Nuclear reactor safety systems
Nuclear safety in the United States
Passive nuclear safety
Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act
Reactor protection system
Three Mile Island accident
References
External links
1980 in American law
96th United States Congress
Nuclear history of the United States
Nuclear energy in the United States
Nuclear safety and security
Nuclear technology in the United States
United States federal energy legislation
Presidency of Jimmy Carter
1980 in the environment |
17334207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton%20Village | Carleton Village | Carleton Village is a neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is centered along Davenport Road, south of St. Clair Avenue West and surrounded on the other three sides by railway lines. The CNR/CPR mainline to the west, the CNR railway lines to the east, and the CPR east–west railway lines to the south.
The at grade crossing of two separate lines is referred to as the Davenport Junction. Metrolinx is working to eliminate this crossing to improve service and safety with a flyover to carry GO Train traffic. The separatio will also create green space for residents.
Character
The neighbourhood is an extremely mixed neighbourhood. The residential area is primarily single-family semi-detached homes, occupying the centre of the neighbourhood area. Along all of the rail lines are light industrial areas. Along St. Clair Avenue West is an area of commercial storefronts and service industries, tied together by the St. Clair Gardens Business Improvement Area. The 512 St. Clair streetcar provides transit access through the neighbourhood.
History
Carlton and Davenport villages
The first European settlement in the area was the village of Carlton, at the intersection of St. Clair Avenue and today's Old Weston Road. Carlton was established in the late 1840s around the carriage and wagon-making shop of William Bull and appears in the 1851 Browne's Map of the Township of York. It was named after governor Guy Carleton. The settlement was not large, consisting of approximately thirty buildings. Carlton railway station was opened in 1857 and Carlton Post Office opened in 1858. By 1865, it was listed as having 150 residents. A new Carlton & Weston Road railway station was built in 1885 on the east side of the CNR tracks. It was renamed West Toronto Station and additions were added in 1902 and 1912. It still stands.
Along Davenport at today's Perth Avenue, the settlement of Davenport developed. When the Northern Railway line was built, a Davenport Station was built. Davenport was also small, having only a population of 120 by 1875. The two villages grew steadily and more building lots were developed, all getting their water from wells. The neighbouring village of West Toronto Junction was incorporated in 1887. Rather than join the junction, villagers proposed forming a new merged village of 'Stanley', after Lord Stanley the Governor General of Canada at the time. The plan failed and Carlton and Davenport were later annexed into West Toronto Junction in 1889.
Connolly Street in the area was first laid out as Carlton Avenue and renamed when West Toronto was annexed by the City of Toronto in 1909 (likely to avoid confusion with Carlton Street).
At the centre of the neighbourhood is Wadsworth Park, named after long-serving Alderman and Controller William J. Wadsworth.
Most development dates from the era of the building of St. Clair Avenue after the annexation by Toronto.
Demographics
Carleton Village falls within the City of Toronto's "Weston-Pelham Park" neighborhood. According to the 2016 Neighborhood Profile, the median family income is $78,988 (5% below the City average of $82,859).
Census tract 0108.00 of the 2006 Canadian census overlaps exactly with Carleton Village. According to that census, the neighbourhood has 6,544 residents. The ten most common language spoken at home, after English, are:
Portuguese - 17.0%
Spanish - 5.7%
Italian - 4.4%
Cantonese - 2.5%
Vietnamese - 2.1%
Punjabi - 2.0%
Unspecified Chinese - 1.7%
Hindi - 0.5%
Korean - 0.5%
Tagalog - 0.4%
Education
Three public school boards operate within Carleton Village, the public secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB), and Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), and the public separate Toronto Catholic District School Board. All three school boards operate a public elementary school within the neighbourhood. They include:
Blessed Pope Paul VI Catholic School (TCDSB)
Carleton Village Junior and Senior Sports Academy (TDSB)
École élémentaire Charles-Sauriol (CSV)
Previously, the TCDSB operated Brother Edmund Rice Catholic Secondary School from 1977 to 2001.
In 2001, the south building of the school at 2054 Davenport Road closed. Some efforts were made by the local community to preserve elements of the old building, and as of 2009, early plans to completely demolish the existing structure and erect a new home for the local police division have been significantly altered. The architecture of the 1913 building will be preserved in the new plan for the station, with a contemporary wing replacing the addition from the 1960s.
References
Notes
External links
Weston-Pellam Park neighbourhood profile
Toronto's BIAs: St. Clair Gardens
Neighbourhoods in Toronto |
44500410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20and%20Darielle%20Linehan%20Concert%20Hall | Earl and Darielle Linehan Concert Hall | The Earl and Darielle Linehan Concert Hall, previously known as the UMBC Concert Hall is the main theater of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County campus in Baltimore, Maryland. The theater is located in the Performing Arts and Humanities Building, the university's home for Ancient Studies, Dance, English, Music, Philosophy, and Theatre departments. The theater is the designated concert hall for the university's symphony orchestra and other ensembles.
Construction began in 2012 and was completed in the fall of 2014. The concert hall provides space for an orchestra, stage, and seating up to 375 individuals.
Awards
Along with the rest of the Performing Arts and Humanities Building, the Concert Hall was issued LEED silver status by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).
In addition, the building was giver the Higher Education Design Award by the American Institute of Architects Baltimore Chapter.
References
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Music venues in Baltimore
Tourist attractions in Baltimore |
6902906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley%20Hospital | Wellesley Hospital | The Wellesley Hospital was a teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada affiliated with the University of Toronto. It was founded by Dr. Herbert Bruce as a private hospital, but became publicly operated in 1942.
History
The Wellesley Hospital was opened as a 50-bed private hospital on 27 August 1912. The original hospital building at 13 Homewood Place had previously been the home of Frederic Thomas Nicholls.
In 1984, the Ross Tilley Regional Burn Centre was opened at the hospital, following extensive fund-raising by local firefighters and others.
The Wellesley Hospital was the primary care centre for HIV/AIDS patients in the Toronto area from 1988 until 2001.
It operated the second busiest emergency room in the downtown core of Toronto,
It merged with the nearby Central Hospital to become the Wellesley Central Hospital.
The Wellesley Division of Wellesley Central Hospital was closed by the Ontario government on the recommendation of the Ontario Health Services Restructuring Commission and the bulk of its programs were transferred between 1998 and 2002 to St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto. Its Arthritis & Autoimmunity Research Centre was transferred to the University Health Network.
Post-closure
After the hospital building was closed, the hospital corporation became the Wellesley Central Health Corporation (later known as the Wellesley Institute), which lists as its objectives "four strategic directions; development of the Wellesley Hospital lands, community based research and grants, capacity building through extensive training workshops and coalition development, and framing the urban health agenda through public policy."
Many historical aspects of the hospital, such as awards, photos, cornerstone and antique surgical collections were distributed to Toronto General Hospital, St. Michael's Hospital (and Archives) and a facade and E.R. fixtures and swing doors are included in Wellesley Central Place, the complex that was built at the site in 2007.
References
Notes
Survival Strategies: The Life, Death and Renaissance of a Canadian Teaching Hospital. Edited by David Goyette, Dennis William Magill and Jeff Denis. Foreword by George Smitherman, Ontario Minister of Health and Long Term Care. , May 2006
University of Toronto Department of Anaesthesia
Wellesley Central Health Corporation: Annual Report 2005
External links
Wellesley Hospital's mission statement
Hospitals in Toronto
Defunct hospitals in Canada
Hospitals affiliated with the University of Toronto
Hospitals established in 1942
1942 establishments in Ontario
2003 disestablishments in Ontario
Hospitals disestablished in 2003 |
44500415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD%20parta%20%28film%29 | První parta (film) | První parta is a 1959 Czechoslovak drama film directed by Otakar Vávra.
Cast
Eduard Cupák as Stanislav Pulpán
Gustáv Valach as Adam
Jaroslav Vojta as Suchánek
Rudolf Deyl as Falta
Jaroslav Rozsíval as Martínek
Milan Kindl as Matula
Bohus Záhorský as Anders
Marie Tomášová as Adamová
Vladimír Ráž as Ing. Hansen
Miriam Kantorková as Hansenová
František Vnouček as Director of the mine
References
External links
1959 films
1959 drama films
Czechoslovak drama films
1950s Czech-language films
Films directed by Otakar Vávra
1950s Czech films |
44500419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Guevara | Carlos Rodríguez Guevara | Carlos Rodríguez Guevara (born 19 December 1969) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. In 2009 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato.
References
1969 births
Living people
Politicians from Guanajuato
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Guanajuato |
20469522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%20Day%20Leavitt | Hart Day Leavitt | Hart Day Leavitt (1909–2008) was a longtime English teacher at Phillips Andover Academy, amateur jazz musician, the author of a bestselling book on grammar and writing, and the professor of many notable Andover graduates, including Jack Lemmon, H. G. Bissinger and President George H. W. Bush.
A native of Concord, New Hampshire, where his father, Congregational minister Ashley Day Leavitt, was pastor of a church, Leavitt was born December 29, 1909. Ironically, he attended Andover's archrival, nearby Phillips Exeter Academy, and subsequently graduated from Yale University, his father's alma mater, in 1934. Following his Yale graduation, Leavitt studied at the Bread Loaf school at Middlebury College.
Soon afterwards, Leavitt took a $22-a-week job as a cub reporter on a New Hampshire newspaper. During his time as a reporter, the mother of Leavitt's fiancée suggested that he read And Gladly Teach, a book by Perry Bliss, brother of Phillips Exeter's principal. The book so captivated Leavitt that he immediately presented himself at the office of the Exeter principal, where he asked for a job. But with no graduate degrees, he was rejected.
Leavitt next turned to the competition: Phillips Andover in Andover, Massachusetts, where headmaster Claude M. Fuess was intrigued by the thought of hiring a graduate of his archrival. "I was a bit disappointed not to go back to my old school," Leavitt said years later, "but not for long." Leavitt joined the Massachusetts preparatory school's English department, where he taught for nearly 40 years.
During his time at Andover, Leavitt authored three books about creative writing, including Stop, Look, and Write, which became a bestseller with over a million copies in print. He also indulged his first love, jazz, by playing sax and clarinet in several jazz ensembles. At age 14 Leavitt received a saxophone from his father, and he played through Exeter and Yale, and at one time considered a career as a musician. "At one point," the teacher recalled, "I thought I'd make jazz my profession."
But when Leavitt joined the Andover faculty, jazz was somewhat outré. "Back in the 1940s the school was run by old conservatives, most of whom thought jazz was evil music", Leavitt later told musician and Andover graduate Thomas Chapin, recalling an invitation by some of his students to play with their band. "So I decided to go in and ask the headmaster who hired me if it would be all right to perform with the boys and their band. The boss looked at me disapprovingly. 'Well, Hart if you want to do that kind of thing!''' So I had to refuse."
In his faculty role on the Andover campus, Leavitt wore several hats, including five years coaching the varsity hockey team (1945–50). The team normally played on Rabbit Pond as an ice hockey rink had not yet been built. Following his stint as a coach, Leavitt switched gears, and embracing his love of carpentry and theater, headed up the stage crew at the old George Washington Hall theater. In his one on-stage performance, the English teacher appeared as one of the gangsters in Kiss Me, Kate, crooning "Brush Up Your Shakespeare" in a thick gangster accent.
Leavitt often joked with colleagues about his education at rival Exeter. A handful of other Andover faculty were also Exeter graduates, and the group referred to themselves as "the red cell" among the blue. (Exeter's school colors are maroon and white; Andover's blue and white.) "For this teenager it all began," said Andover alum and fellow teacher of English Thomas Regan, "with the mystery of how an Exonian could develop such lifelong loyalty to Andover."
Former President George H. W. Bush told Time magazine in an interview that he recalled writing several book reviews for Leavitt's English class, including one for Moby Dick. Bush received a grade of 67 in the class. (A grade of 60 was a failing grade).
About his former student Leavitt was circumspect, recalling that "his grades in my course were not very good. He was in my eleventh-grade English class, but my remaining impression is that he just sat in the class and handed in his papers." Leavitt recalled having "very little respect for George's mentality." But, Leavitt allowed, "I have to go back and say that when he was in my class maybe he was an underdeveloped young man like a lot of them."
"He showed no imagination or originality", Leavitt told Time, although he added that Bush was pleasant and had good manners. Leavitt also taught George's brother, Prescott Bush Jr., and noted that the Bush brothers' Senator father was too self-possessed to engage in small talk.
Nearing the end of his Andover career, a former student recalled Leavitt as "on the verge of retirement and still playing regular saxophone gigs with a big band." Following his retirement from Phillips Andover at age 65, Leavitt was appointed to the faculty of Harvard University, where he taught expository writing to freshmen for five years. At the end of his Harvard stint, and again facing retirement, Leavitt got himself appointed to a job teaching English at Tufts University.
Leavitt was married to Carol for 63 years. Among their shared interests were music – she loved classical, and he loved jazz. His wife encouraged Leavitt to take up the clarinet, and he dragged her to smoky jazz clubs to listen to his favorite jazz artists, including Ella Fitzgerald. Together they were instrumental in bringing the Andover Chamber Music Series to the town.
Hart Day Leavitt died October 10, 2008, in North Andover, Massachusetts. A memorial service was held at Kemper Auditorium at Phillips Andover on November 15.
See also
Ashley Day Leavitt
References
Further reading
Stop, Look, and Write, Hart Day Leavitt, Bantam Books, New York, 1967
The Writer's Eye: Effective Writing Through Pictures, Hart Day Leavitt, Bantam Books, New York, 1969
The Looking Glass Book of Stories, Hart Day Leavitt (editor), Random House, New York, 1960
An Eye for People: A Writer's Guide to Character, Hart Day Leavitt, Bantam Books,
Look, Think, and Write: Using Pictures to Stimulate Thinking and Improve Your Writing'', Hart Day Leavitt, David A. Sohn, National Textbook Co., Lincolnwood, Ill., 1985,
External links
Obituary for Hart Day Leavitt, The Boston Globe, Boston, Mass., November 2, 2008
1909 births
2008 deaths
People from Concord, New Hampshire
Leavitt family
Yale University alumni
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
20th-century American educators
Harvard University faculty
Tufts University faculty
People from Southport, Maine
20th-century American male writers |
23574350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%20East%20Dorset%20by-election | 1921 East Dorset by-election | The 1921 East Dorset by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of East Dorset on 16 April 1921.
Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the appointment of the sitting MP for East Dorset, Freddie Guest, to the office of Secretary of State for Air. Under the Parliamentary procedures of the day, he was obliged to resign his seat and fight a by-election.
Candidates
Guest re-contested the seat for the Coalition government of David Lloyd George. As its representative, he was supported by Liberals and Unionists.
He was to be opposed for Labour by the Reverend Fred Hopkins, a Methodist minister and former brickyard worker from the age of just ten years but Hopkins was reported to be very ill at the time for nominations and the local Labour Party decided not to contest the by-election. Hopkins stood for Parliament a number of times for Labour in different constituencies but was never elected.
The result
The election was uncontested and Guest was returned unopposed. At this time the Coalition was experiencing a good run of by-election results and Labour was making little headway in opposing the government.
References
See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
United Kingdom by-election records
East Dorset by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Dorset constituencies
Unopposed ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in English constituencies
East Dorset by-election
20th century in Dorset
East Dorset by-election |
17334214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th%20Estonian%20Rifle%20Corps | 8th Estonian Rifle Corps | The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps (2nd formation) (, ) was a formation in the Red Army, created on 6 November 1942, during World War II.
An 8th Rifle Corps (but not made up of Estonian personnel) had been previously formed, taking part in the Soviet invasion of Poland as part of the 5th Army, and, on the outbreak of war on 22 June 1941, this first formation was part of the 26th Army in the Kiev Special Military District, consisting of the 99th, the 173rd, and the 72nd Mountain Rifle Divisions. The first formation of the 8th Rifle Corps was destroyed in the first three months of the German invasion and is not present on the Soviet order of battle after August 1941.
The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was formed of mobilized ethnic Estonians, who were at first brought in Russia (where many of them died because of poor conditions); the battalions created in Estonia and incorporated former personnel of the Republic of Estonia's army. In the order of battle, the corps appears in the Stavka Reserves by 1 November 1942 and is subordinated to the Kalinin Front by 1 December 1942.
When 2nd formation was formed in 1942, the corps' structure consisted of the 7th and 249th Rifle Divisions stationed in Estonia, reinforced by volunteers from the Estonian Communist Party organisation. In an effort to increase overall formation experience, the battle-hardened 19th Guards Rifle Division later joined the 8th Rifle Corps. As a result, the corps was briefly re-designated as 8th Guards Rifle Corps. Throughout its entire existence, the rifle corps was commanded by Lieutenant General Lembit Pärn.
War service
The corps fought a total 916 days in the war, and at different times it was in service on the Kalinin, the Leningrad and the 2nd Baltic Front. For 344 days, parts of the corps were engaged with German forces, but no significant gains were made. For the next 123 days, the formation was engaging in the Battle of Velikiye Luki where 13,000 of the 27,000 men were killed or wounded. Then, 37 days were spent in the Battle of Narva, and the final 88 days were devoted to the Battle of Courland. During the Battle of Narva in 1944, the artillery of the rifle corps fired on the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian), consisting of Estonians fighting in the Waffen SS. The infantry of the corps was engaged in direct battle with the Estonians on the German side in the battles of Porkuni and Avinurme on 20 and 21 September 1944, where a detachment of the rifle corps murdered a number of wounded prisoners of war. On 22 September elements of the 7th Rifle Division, along with the 45th Estonian Tank Regiment and the 952nd SU Regiment (SU-76s), formed the forward detachment of the corps and entered Tallinn, for which all three units received the name of that city as a battle honor.
The corps appears to have spent the last of its World War II service in the 42nd Army.
Post-war
In total, 4100 settlements were captured by the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps. Of the whole rifle corps, one division, six regiments, and one battalion were decorated with an order. The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was also given the honorific "Tallinn", and on 28 June 1945, the corps was renamed the 41st Guards Estonian Tallinn Rifle Corps. The two component divisions were also honored; the 7th became the 118th Guards Rifle Division and the 249th became the 122nd Guards Rifle Division. In 1946, both divisions were inactivated to provide personnel for other Soviet activities in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic.
According to the 23 June 1945 decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, demobilization of the Red Army started. The first 8th Rifle Corps fighters were demobilized on 16 July 1945. By the end of 1946, 16,550 men were demobilized. Of those, 3,425 (20.7%) started to work in the administrative or legal bodies of the Soviet occupation regime (Communist Party, Komsomol, trade unions etc.).
See also
Estonia in World War II
Citations and references
Cited sources and further reading
Боевой путь Эстонского стрелкового гвардейского корпуса / сост. В. Кюлаотс. — Таллин, 1945. — 251 стр.
И. Курчавов. Эстонская гвардия. — Таллин, 1946.
Эстонский национальный корпус Советской армии в Великой Отечественной войне, 1941—1945. — Таллин, 1949.
Ф. Паульман. Огонь и маневр: Артиллеристы эстонского стрелкового корпуса в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945. / вст. слово: К. Ару. — Таллин: Ээсти Раамат, 1968.
Pokrovsky, Gen. Col., Perecheni No.4: Headquarters of corps included in the structure of the active army during the years of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, Military-Scientific Directorate of General Staff, Moscow, 1954
Галицкий К. Н. Годы суровых испытаний. 1941—1944 (записки командарма) — М.: Наука, 1973.
008
Military history of Estonia during World War II
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic |
17334262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gealtacht%20Mael%20M%C3%B3rdha | Gealtacht Mael Mórdha | Gealtacht Mael Mórdha is the second full-length studio album by Irish celtic doom metal band Mael Mórdha.
Track listing
"Atlas of Sorrow" – 10:37
"Godless Commune of Sodom" – 6:01
"A Window of Madness" – 5:50
"Curse of the Bard" – 4:47
"The Struggle Eternal" – 7:22
"Gealtacht Mael Mórdha" – 5:23
"Minions of Manannan" – 4:32
Personnel
Roibéard Ó Bogail – Vocals, piano, whistle
Gerry Clince – Guitars
Anthony Lindsay – Guitars
Dave Murphy – Bass
Shane Cahill – Drums
External links
Gealtacht Mael Mórdha @ Encyclopaedia Metallum
Gealtacht Mael Mórdha @ metalstorm.ee
2007 albums
Mael Mórdha albums |
17334264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against%20the%20Current | Against the Current | Against the Current may refer to:
Film
Against the Current (film), a 2009 film starring Joseph Fiennes, Elizabeth Reaser and Justin Kirk
Print media
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, 1979 book
Against the Current (journal), the journal of the American socialist group Solidarity
Against the Current: How Albert Schweitzer Inspired a Young Man's Journey, 2014 book about Mark Huntington Higgins
Music
Against the Current (band), a band signed by Fueled By Ramen
Against the Current, also known as Contra La Corriente, a 1997 album by Marc Anthony
Boats Against the Current, a 1977 album by Eric Carmen
See also
Countercurrent (disambiguation) |
17334291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20Lip%20Rayfield%20%28album%29 | Split Lip Rayfield (album) | Split Lip Rayfield is the First studio album by the American Bluegrass band Split Lip Rayfield, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music).
Track listing
All songs written by Kirk Rundstrom except where noted.
"Coffee" – 2:07
"Outlaw" – 2:57
"Long Haul Weekend" (E H Ebner/B Spears/ J Rhodes) – 1:16
"Combine" (Rundstrom/Eaton/Mardis) – 3:02
"Barnburner" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 2:26
"Blue Tick Hound" (Dermer/Rundstrom) – 1:22
"Sunshine" (Rundstrom/Eaton/Mardis) – 2:20
"Pinball Machine" (L L Irving) – 3:09
"Judas" – 1:58
"Cutie Pie" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 2:43
"Flat Black Rag" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 1:57
"Freckle Faced Liza Jane" (Trad.) – 2:11
"No Idea" – 2:11
"San Antone" – 2:43
"Tiger In My Tank" (J T Nesbitt Jr.) – 1:58
Personnel
Kirk Rundstrom - Guitar, Vocals
Jeff Eaton - Gas Tank Bass, Vocals, Kazoo
Eric Mardis - Banjo, Vocals
Additional personnel
Mandolin on "Coffee" and "Blue Tick Hound" by Craig "Big Country" Dermer
Bass Drum on "Pinball" by Colin Mahoney
References
1998 albums
Split Lip Rayfield albums
Bloodshot Records albums |
20469536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh%20branch%20line | Aldeburgh branch line | The Aldeburgh branch line was a railway branch line linking the town of on the East Suffolk line and the seaside resort of . There were intermediate stops at and . Part of the line remains in use for nuclear flask trains servicing Sizewell nuclear power station.
Early history
The line opened as far as Leiston on 1 June 1859 and was extended by four miles to Aldeburgh on 12 April 1860.
The line was proposed by Samuel Morton Peto and supported by local agricultural machine manufacturer Richard Garrett. The Leiston Works Railway operated to link the line to Garrett's Leiston works. Operated initially by the Eastern Counties Railway, it was taken over by the Great Eastern Railway in 1862.
Route
Most trains started their journey at Saxmundham railway station and travelled half a mile northwards along the East Suffolk line to Saxmundham Junction where the Aldeburgh branch diverged eastwards across fields towards Leiston. The line climbs sharply over a ridge of higher ground before falling gently towards the coast. The first station is Leiston ( miles) which, in addition to having goods sidings, also had the branch line to the south serving the Richard Garrett & Sons works. Part of that line is still extant as Leiston Works Railway. 16 chains east of the station was a siding on the north side of the line, to the south of Carr Avenue, east of what is now the Jehovah's Witnesses Hall. It originally served the town gasworks, but was later in service as a coal siding until the 1960s.
There was another industrial siding at Sizewell which was originally provided for cattle traffic from the local marshes, and this location (to the east of Sizewell Sports Club, south of King George's Avenue) is the present day terminus of the line. It is believed this siding was opened in 1860. Thorpeness station ( miles) was a single platform affair, and in latter years its station buildings consisted of three former carriage bodies supported at the back by concrete sleepers.
The three carriages were recorded as:
GER No. 51 into service May 1883 – 5-compartment third class 6-wheeler withdrawn 23 September 1920
GER No. 1480 into service September 1880 – 5-compartment second class 6-wheeler withdrawn 17 July 1914
GER No. 435 into service March 1897 – first class 4-wheeler withdrawn 19 September 1926
There was a siding provided here from 1921 for goods traffic.
The terminus of the line at Aldeburgh consisted of a single platform with an attractive overall roof – quite an unusual feature for the Great Eastern. The station building was a two-storey affair. There was a small goods shed as well as a small engine shed at this location. A hotel (The Railway Hotel) was built at the same time next to the station; it later became The Railway Tavern and exists today as The Railway Inn.
Historical timeline
1859 – Line completed as far as Leiston. Garrett's branch to brickworks and engineering works opened at same time (1 June).
1860 – Line opened Leiston to Aldeburgh
1912 – Leiston East siding opened to serve gasworks
1914 – Thorpeness station opens
1920 – Goods siding at Thorpeness opens
1923 – The London and North Eastern Railway take over operation of services
1929 – Locomotive Sirapite starts operating Garrett's branch previously worked by horse, gravity and cable
1944 – Leiston east siding takes delivery of 1,383 wagon loads in 4 months
1948 – Railways nationalised – branch operated by British Railways (Eastern Region)
1959 – goods traffic withdrawn from Thorpeness and Aldeburgh (November)
1962 – Sirapite is retired and replaced by a battery locomotive
1963 – The Beeching Report recommends closure of the branch but there is significant local opposition
1965 – Overall roof at Aldeburgh demolished (August)
1966 – Passenger services withdrawn (12 September). Operations cease south of Sizewell.
1968 – Garrett's Leiston branch is closed and battery locomotive scrapped.
1972 – Saxmundham Junction signal box demolished and replaced by ground frame.
1975 – Aldeburgh station building demolished and houses built on site
1987–1990 – Operation of construction trains for building of Sizewell B nuclear power station
2004 – Sirapite returns to Leiston's Long Shop Museum
2009 – Sirapite returned to working order at Long Shop Museum in Leiston
Passenger train services
In April 1860 there were 5 trains each way between Aldeburgh and Saxmundham.
In October 1921 there were 8 services each way, two of which were shown as mixed.
In 1922 there were direct services to Aldeburgh from London Liverpool Street Station (journey time 3 hours 33 minutes). These consisted of a carriage(s) dropped off the Lowestoft express services and operated between 1906 and 1939.
In the Winter 1951/52 timetable there were six trains per day each way.
In the September 1964 timetable there were seven trains each way with three through trains to Ipswich one of which continued to Colchester (Mondays to Fridays only). In the opposite direction only one service originated at Ipswich. No Sunday services.
The final 1965/66 timetable showed seven trains each way.
The final passenger train was worked over the branch by British Rail Metro-Cammell diesel multiple units numbers 79066 and 79282. Driver Skeels from Ipswich engine shed was at the controls. The event was filmed.
In September 2011, Suffolk County Council investigated the possibility of running train services between Saxmundham and Leiston Stations using a Parry People Mover light railcar.
In connection with the construction of Sizewell C train operator DRS were in June 2012 considering passenger services to serve the power station. Whether this will mean the re-opening of Leiston station or a new station is unclear.
Freight train services
Initial freight services would have included agricultural produce and coal. Up until 1914 there was a good trade in fish but when Aldeburgh harbour became blocked by shingle banks this traffic ceased.
From the line's opening, Garrett's establishment was responsible for significant freight traffic; that lasted until the 1960s. Indeed, the goods yard there was still open in 1972 when it was recorded as handling military traffic.
During the 1920s a concrete factory existed at Thorpeness and was served by the siding.
Building material for both Sizewell A in the 1960s and Sizewell B power stations between 1987 and 1990 was bought in by rail.
Nuclear trains are the only regular source of traffic on the branch today and these are operated by Direct Rail Services who have a depot at nearby Stowmarket.
On 18 October 2010 the British government announced that Sizewell was one of the eight sites it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. The UK Government confirmed that Sizewell C will go ahead, which will mean the branch to the power station will be upgraded. The line will be upgraded with full signalling, new track, ballast and sleepers, and all traincrew operated level crossings (TMO) upgraded to automatic barrier crossings (ABCL). The new works will also involve building a new branch to the north of the Sizewell complex, with four sidings, and the creation of an ancillary works yard just east of Leiston. During this time, the existing offloading gantry at the end of the current branch will be mothballed, but brought back into use when all construction works are completed.
Locomotives
Locomotives known to have worked the branch include:
GER Class Y14 0-6-0 LNE classification J15
GER Class T26 2-4-0 LNE classification E4 'Intermediates'
GER Class S69 4-6-0 LNE classification B12
GER Class G69 2-4-2T LNE classification F6 'Gobblers'
LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T
These locomotives would have most likely been allocated to Ipswich engine shed and it is possible that other smaller classes of engine from that depot would have worked the line. As mentioned Aldeburgh had a small engine shed which was a sub-shed of Ipswich and used to stable the branch locomotive overnight.
In the diesel era the following locomotive classes worked freight services:
Class 15
Class 20
Class 21
Class 24
Class 31
Class 37
Ipswich shed was one of the first depots to convert to diesel only power and as a result operation of passenger services passed to Diesel Multiple Units based at Norwich. DMU types that are known to have worked the branch include:
British Rail Class 105
Derby Lightweight
British Rail Metro-Cammell
References
External links
Aldeburgh line on 1946 O. S. map
Pictures of branch at local museum website
Sub Brit Aldeburgh station page
1957 Saxmundham to Aldeburgh Railway line with Flanders and Swann, the slow train.
Rail transport in Suffolk
Railway lines in the East of England
Railway lines opened in 1859
Great Eastern Railway
1859 establishments in England
Aldeburgh |
6902922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton%20Motor%20Raceway | Winton Motor Raceway | Winton Motor Raceway is a motor racing track in Winton, near Benalla, Victoria, Australia.
History
The Benalla Auto Club began planning for a permanent racing track around 1958, as a replacement for their existing track at Barjarg. In 1960 it was decided to build the track at Winton Recreation Reserve and the track was completed in twelve months. The circuit hosted its first race meeting on 26 November 1961. The circuit was immediately popular - a March 1965 meeting featuring the Neptune touring car and the Victorian Formula Two championship drew a crowd of approximately 10,000 spectators. The circuit length was extended prior to the 1997 round of the V8 Supercar championship and the upgrade included a new pit complex.
The circuit
In its 60th year the circuit at Winton Motor Raceway has a combination of long fast straights and twisty and tight bends. It is also known as "Australia's Action Track". Dick Johnson once described the circuit being "like running a marathon around your clothes-line".
The original circuit (now called the Winton Club Circuit) is in length and comprises 10 turns. The circuit was lengthened to with the cars turning left prior to the esses and a series of right hand turns added before the extension rejoins the original track at the esses. The long circuit is called the Winton National Circuit.
Layouts
V8 Supercars
The track is currently used as a round in the V8 Supercar series, hosting the Winton Super Sprint. The track is one of the more popular tracks in the series with spectators, especially those who live in the area. Easy access to the track and viewing areas make it very popular. It attracts some of the biggest crowds of any of the permanent race tracks in the series.
Although the circuit held various rounds of national championships such as the Australian Drivers' Championship and the Australian Sports Car Championship, Winton was not awarded a round of the Australian Touring Car Championship until the start of the Group A era in Australia in 1985. The first ATCC race was won by then triple-Bathurst 1000 winner Jim Richards in his JPS Team BMW 635 CSi. That race holds its place in ATCC/V8 Supercar history as not only the first all-Group A race in Australia, but the first ATCC win by BMW and the only race in history in which there were no Holdens on the grid.
Richards holds the record for most ATCC round wins at Winton with four, having won in 1985 and 1986 for BMW, while winning in 1990 and 1991 for Nissan.
Australian Drivers' Championship
Winton has played host to 19 rounds of the Australian Drivers' Championship since 1980.
* The 1989 Australian Drivers' Championship was contested over ten rounds at five race meetings at five different tracks. Although the races were held on the same day both Rohan Onslow and John Briggs are credited with separate round wins.**The 2009 round saw two heats. Tim Macrow and Joey Foster each won a heat while also finished second on the other heat giving the pair equal points (35) on the day.
Australian Sports Car Championship
Winton played host to a round of the Australian Sports Car Championship on 7 occasions between 1978 and 1985.
Australian Sports Sedan / GT Championship
1980, 1981, 1997, 1998 and 2003 were run for Sports Sedans. 1982–1985 were run for GT style cars.
Australian Nations Cup Championship
Australian Superbike Championship
Winton Raceway is one of the most prominent Superbike races on the Australian Superbike Championship racing calendar. Winton Raceway has seen riders such as Mick Doohan, Kevin Magee and Mat Mladin ride regularly at the venue.
Formula X-treme Motorcycle Championship
Drift Attack
Winton Raceway is one of Australia's most popular Drift circuits. It hosts Australia largest drift event Drift Attack. Drift Attack is promoted by the Victorian Drift Club and offers the largest Prize Pool in Australian Drifting and is contested by Australia's 32 best Drifters in the Pro class and 32 Drivers in the street class.
Lap records
As of July 2022, the official race lap records at Winton Motor Raceway are listed as:
National Circuit
Notes
References
External links
Official raceway website
Map and circuit history at RacingCircuits.info
Motorsport venues in Victoria (Australia)
Supercars Championship circuits
Sports venues in Victoria (Australia) |
6902934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambundu | Ambundu | The Ambundu or Mbundu (Mbundu: or , singular: (distinct from the Ovimbundu) are a Bantu people living in Angola's North-West, North of the river Kwanza. The Ambundu speak Kimbundu, and most also speak the official language of the country, Portuguese. They are the second biggest ethnic group in the country and make up 25% of the total population of Angola.
The Ambundu nowadays live in the region stretching to the East from Angola's capital city of Luanda (see map). They are predominant in the Bengo and Malanje provinces and in neighbouring parts of the Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul provinces. The head of the main Ambundu kingdom was called a Ngola, which is the origin of the name of the country Angola.
Precolonial history
The Ambundu are one of the Bantu peoples. They had been arriving in the Angola region from the early Middle Ages on, but the biggest part of the immigration took place between the 13th and 16th century C.E.. Kimbundu is a West-Bantu language, and it is thought that, in the Bantu migrations, the Ambundu have arrived coming from the North rather than from the East.
The Bantu peoples brought agriculture with them. They built permanent villages, and traded with the indigenous Pygmies and Khoi-San populations.
The Ambundu society consisted of local communities until the 14th century. Their society has always been matrilineal. Land was inherited matrilineally, and the descent system was matrilineal as well. Boys used to go and live in the villages of their maternal uncles, so as to preserve a matrilinear core to the village. Theoretically, the lineage was projected onto status, instead of individuals, which gave the system some flexibility. The latter feature is not found with neighbouring matrilineal peoples, like the Ovimbundu to the South, or the Bakongo to the North.
The name Mbundu was first used by the Bakongo, before it was adopted by the Ambundu themselves.
Kongo, which had been in contact with the Portuguese since 1482, held a monopoly on trade with this country. When a Ndongo's leader, or ngola, tried to break this monopoly, this led to war, in which the Bakongo were defeated in 1556. Ndongo was now independent, and directly confronted Portugal's colonialism. It allied itself with Matamba against the country in 1590, but was defeated in 1614. Now, Ndongo itself became a target for the slave trade, and its population fled in large numbers to neighbouring states.
Nzinga Mbandi was a deceased Ndongo ngola'''s sister. Bypassing the reigning ngola, she negotiated a peace treaty with the Portuguese. The treaty gave substantial trade and religious advantages to Portugal, but delivered Mbandi the throne in Ndongo. After five years, she had to flee from Portuguese troops to Matamba. She became queen of Matamba, a kingdom which was traditionally led by women, and turned it into the most powerful state in the region, and a big exporter of slaves. Matamba, and neighboring Kasanje, had monopolies in the slave trade, and started falling apart in the 19th century when this trade lost in importance. The rise of a new trade in ivory, rubber and wax, which avoided the old monopolies, reduced the power of central authority in the Ambundu states in this century.
The Portuguese had defeated Matamba in 1836, and had advanced to Kasanje by the middle of the century. Their actual influence, however, was quite limited due to the lack of people, money, and an efficient military. The Ambundu had opportunities to revolt or negotiate liberties. This changed at the end of the 19th century. European countries forced, out of economic, strategic, and nationalistic considerations, a tighter control over African territories. To protect their interests, the Portuguese sent a number of military expeditions into the areas, which they considered to be their colonies, and brought them under actual control. The last Ambundu tribe to be defeated were the NDembo. It took the Portuguese three years to subdue a NDembo revolt in 1910. In 1917 all of their territory was occupied, and became part of the Portuguese colony of Angola.
Trivia
The American actor Chris Tucker discovered on the PBS television programme African American Lives that his genealogical DNA indicates he has ancestors from the Ambundu ethnic group. Isaiah Washington, another American actor, has a genealogical DNA link to the Ambundu group through his paternal line.
References
Bibliography
David Birmingham Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and Their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese, 1483-1790, Oxford: Clarendon, 1966
Joseph Miller Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu states in Angola, Oxford: Clarendon, 1976
Jan Vansina Kingdoms of Savanna: A History of the Central African States until European Occupation'', Madison, 1966.
Ethnic groups in Angola
Bantu peoples |
44500428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Oaks | Red Oaks | Red Oaks is an American comedy-drama streaming television series created by Joe Gangemi and Gregory Jacobs. The first season was released on Amazon Prime Video on October 9, 2015. On December 18, 2015, Amazon announced that the show would be returning for a second season in 2016. The second season was released on November 11, 2016. On January 30, 2017, Amazon announced that the series was renewed for a third and final season, which was released on October 20, 2017.
Plot
David, a college student, begins working at Red Oaks, a Jewish country club in New Jersey during his summer break in 1985. The show follows David's life, with numerous subplots including his family, friends, and coworkers, and primarily revolves around the club. The show explores themes such as adolescence, relationships, socioeconomic mobility, and the pursuit of happiness in a mostly comedic fashion against the backdrop of the New York–New Jersey area in the 1980s.
Cast
Main
Recurring
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Production
For his role as Nash, Ennis Esmer read with director David Gordon Green in both his regular voice and what The New York Times describes as "an invented accent he calls 'Indo Middle Eastern British'", while trying to get Green to laugh. Esmer used a vocal coach to improve the accent and continued using it while on the set.
Filming
The main filming location is Edgewood Country Club in River Vale, New Jersey. Additional locations include Florence Park in Mamaroneck, New York, Willow Ridge Country Club in Westchester County, New York, and Paris, France.
Critical reception
Red Oaks has received mostly positive reviews. On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a score of 81%, an average rating of 7.8/10, based on 26 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Red Oaks offers an affectionate nod to 1980s sex comedies that – largely thanks to a talented ensemble cast – finds fresh humor in its familiar premise." Metacritic gives the show a score of 70 out of 100, sampled from 21 reviews, signifying "generally favorable reviews".
Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot a B+, and singled out Esmer's performance:
The New York Times enjoyed the pilot:
Newsday liked it as well:
References
External links
2010s American comedy-drama television series
2014 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
Amazon Prime Video original programming
Fiction about body swapping
Fictional clubs
English-language television shows
Television series by Amazon Studios
Television shows filmed in New Jersey
Television shows filmed in New York (state)
Television series set in the 1980s |
6902939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chub%20Sullivan | Chub Sullivan | John Frank "Chub" Sullivan (January 12, 1856 – September 12, 1881) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman who played for three seasons: two with the Cincinnati Reds (1877–1878) and one with the Worcester Worcesters (1880). He was nicknamed "Chub", but was 6 feet tall and weighed a mere 164 pounds. During his career, he was a popular player, sometimes known as a clown for his antics, and an early pioneer of the slide.
Career
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Sullivan, as a 21-year-old rookie in 1877, was the tenth-youngest player to appear in a National League game during that season, replacing Charlie Gould at first base. Joining the team late in the season, he played in only eight games, and batted .250. He stayed on with the Reds for the 1878 season, leading the league in games played, assists by a first baseman, and fielding percentage (.975). A tough hitter to strike out, Chub also finished seventh in at bat to strikeout ratio (27.1 to 1).
Sullivan joined the Worcester minor league club for the 1879 season, and the team did very well in a championship tournament following the season, and decided to apply as a replacement team in the National League, when the Syracuse Stars folded following the 1879 season. The team was accepted, and joined the League for the 1880 season. Sullivan played in 43 games, the last season of his career, batted .259, and is credited with zero RBIs. Sullivan's career totals include 112 games played, 114 hits, 55 runs scored, 24 RBIs, and a batting average of .258.
Post-career
Sullivan became ill before the next season began, and eventually died on September 12 in his hometown of Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 25 of consumption, later known as tuberculosis. His Worcester teammates wore a black crêpe on their jersey sleeves in his memory, for the 1881 season.
References
External links
1856 births
1881 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Cincinnati Reds (1876–1879) players
Worcester Ruby Legs players
Waterbury (minor league baseball) players
Baseball players from Boston
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts |
44500460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Corinthians%201 | 1 Corinthians 1 | 1 Corinthians 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52–55 CE, and sent to the church in Corinth.
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
Codex Vaticanus (AD 325–350)
Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
Codex Alexandrinus (400–440)
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; extant verses 3–31)
Papyrus 14 (6th century; extant verses 25–27)
Papyrus 11 (7th century; extant verses 17–22)
Old Testament references
1 Corinthians 1:19 references Isaiah 29:14
1 Corinthians 1:31 references Jeremiah 9:24
Opening greeting (1:1–3)
Verse 1
Most English translations refer to Sosthenes as "our brother", but the actual text reads , , which literally means "Sosthenes brother". "The salutation with my own hand—Paul's" in 1 Corinthians 16:21 suggests that the majority of the letter may have actually been scribed by someone else, and therefore many interpreters suggest that Sosthenes was the amanuensis of the Epistle.
The address and greeting which open the Epistle conclude with the words "Grace be unto you, and peace".
Thanksgiving for Christ's total sufficiency (1:4–9)
In the section of thanksgiving, Paul usually signals the issues to be dealt later in the letter, but he can always give thanks because God's sufficiency can resolve all problem in the person of his Son, Jesus Christ.
The divisiveness of idolizing Christian teachers (1:10–17a)
The disciples or pupils of a secular teacher must give exclusive loyalty to the teacher, and the Corinthians who were converted and baptized through the ministry of different teachers also perceived themselves in the secular way, that they engaged in quarrels over the merits of those teachers. Paul states this loyalty as idolatrous and wants them to follow the Messiah, not his servants.
Verse 12
"Each of you says": Gill notes that Paul may have gotten the report from "the house of Chloe" regarding the schism among the church members.
"I am of Paul": Paul had been instrumental in the conversion and baptism of some members of the Corinthian church, as he was the first to lay the foundation of a Gospel church in this city.
"I am of Apollos": Apollos came to Corinth after Paul left. As an eloquent man with good knowledge of the Scriptures, he may have attracted many church members with his way of preaching.
"I am of Cephas" (or Simon Peter): Unlike Paul and Apollos, Peter was with Christ from the beginning, witnessing his miracles, hearing his doctrines, and having the apostleship. On these accounts, the church members highly valued him and the converted Jews among them, who still retained a regard to the ceremonies of the law, may have fixed on Peter as their minister.
"I am of Christ": taking Paul's words, some may have declared that they should not "be called by any other name than that of Christ". These people were "for Christ", not of Paul, Apollos, Cephas, or any other ministers of the word, but could still be "blame worthy" when they use Christ's name to deceive men or divide his interest. Some authorities to the contrary have suggested that the Christ of this passage is a copying error and for example the noted Jewish historian Graetz says that that person is really Chrestus of Suetonius in Claudius 25 who provoked a "tumult" in Rome near the 49th year of the Christian era.
Boasting in the Lord and not in the educated elite (1:17b–31)
Orators or public speakers in the first century generally produce carefully crafted speeches to draw the attention or bewitch the hearers, based on the performance only, not the content, but Paul used none of the tricks ("with words of human wisdom", ) when he preach the gospel of Christ. Jesus sent Paul to preach the gospel, with its content "the cross of Christ", not to secure a personal following. Paul asks the Corinthians to reflect on the secular status or class of the messengers of God's wisdom, who are 'the foolish', whom secular society regarded as 'nobodies' as opposed to the 'elite' who in the first century were described as 'wise, influential in political sphere and well-born'.
The power of God
Paul speaks of the power of God in this letter (1 Corinthians 1:18, 25) and in his letter to the Romans (Romans 1:16), mirroring Jesus' debates on the subject of the resurrection with the Sadducees in the gospels, who he says "do not know the scriptures [or] the power of God" (Matthew 22:29; Mark 12:24).
Verse 31
Other texts replace "glories" (KJV: "glorieth") with "boasts". Paul quotes from the Septuagint version of Jeremiah 9:23–24 in the Old Testament, "abbreviating quite freely" from the longer text:
See also
Related Bible parts: Psalm 34, Psalm 44, Isaiah 29, Jeremiah 9, Acts 18, 2 Corinthians 10
References
Sources
External links
King James Bible - Wikisource
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
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17334297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20reservoirs%20by%20volume | List of reservoirs by volume | The classification of a reservoir by volume is not as straightforward as it may seem. As the name implies, water is held in reserve by a reservoir so it can serve a purpose. For example, in Thailand, reservoirs tend to store water from the wet season to prevent flooding, then release it during the dry season for farmers to grow rice. For this type of reservoir, almost the entire volume of the reservoir functions for the purpose it was built. Hydroelectric power generation, on the other hand, requires many dams to build up a large volume before operation can begin. For this type of reservoir only a small portion of the water held behind the dam is useful. Therefore, knowing the purpose for which a reservoir has been constructed, and knowing how much water can be used for that purpose, helps determine how much water is in possible reserve.
Terminology
The following terms are used in connection with the volume of reservoirs:
Nominal Volume or Capacity is the total volume of all water held behind a dam at the maximum level possible.
Initial or Design Volume refers to the possible volume within the reservoir after it first opens. Many rivers are high in silt that over time deposits behind a dam reducing capacity.
Active or Live volume equals the total capacity minus the dead pool volume. This is the volume that can serve some downstream purpose. For example, it is the volume available to make hydroelectric power or provide drinking water to a city.
Dead pool or Minimum volume refers to the amount of water left in a reservoir that cannot be used for the general purpose the reservoir was constructed. At this state, the reservoir is termed fully drawn down. For example, if built to supply water in the dry season, it is the water left behind when no more water can be extracted. Frequently, the effective minimum volume is greater if the water is needed for a purpose behind a dam.
Available capacity may require knowing the reservoir's primary purpose. If it is designed to prevent flooding, it may be the volume of water that can be retained before reaching maximum or top water.
Actual or Current when coupled with another term reflects the fact the level behind the dam is not constant.
Expanded versus artificial lakes
The list below largely ignores many natural lakes that have been augmented with the addition of a relatively minor dam. For example, a small dam, two hydroelectric plants, and locks on the outlet of Lake Superior make it possible to artificially control the lake level. Certainly, the great majority of the lake is natural. However, the control of water that can be held in reserve means a portion of the vast lake functions as a reservoir.
Recognition of lakes like Lake Superior greatly changes the list below. For example, the Francis H. Clergue Generating Station and Saint Marys Falls Hydropower Plant, which are both on the lake's outlet, operate with just 5.9 meters total head. This is short compared to other dams. However, when viewed against the 81,200 km2 area of the lake, even a small range in Lake Superior's water level means its active volume is greater than the largest nominal in the table below.
List
See also
List of reservoirs by surface area
List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
List of largest reservoirs in the United States
References
Lists of buildings and structures
Lists of bodies of water |
23574353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Interracial marriage has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State." Since Loving, several states repealed their defunct bans, the last of which was Alabama in a 2000 referendum. Interracial marriages have been formally protected by federal statute through the Respect for Marriage Act since 2022.
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021.
Historical background
The first "interracial" marriage in what is today the United States was that of the woman today commonly known as Pocahontas, who married tobacco planter John Rolfe in 1614.
The first ever law prohibiting interracial marriage was passed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1691.
The Quaker Zephaniah Kingsley married (outside the U.S.) a black enslaved woman that he bought in Cuba. He also had three black common-law enslaved wives; he manumitted all four. In 1828 he published a Treatise, reprinted three times, on the benefits of intermarriage, which according to Kingsley produced healthier and more beautiful children, and better citizens. In Spanish Florida, where Kingsley lived, he was tolerated until Florida became a U.S. territory, for which reason he eventually moved with his family to Haiti (today the Dominican Republic).
The prospect of black men marrying white women terrified many Americans before the Civil War. Extramarital "interracial" unions were not rare, most commonly white male and black female (see Sally Hemings, Lydia Hamilton Smith, and children of the plantation), and although restricted to the lower classes common-law unions of black male with white female are not unknown.
However, the first legal black-white marriage in the United States was that of African American professor William G. Allen and a white student, Mary King, in 1853. When their plans to marry were announced, Allen narrowly escaped being lynched. Their marriage was secret, and they left the country immediately for England, never to return.
While opposed to slavery, in a speech in Charleston, Illinois in 1858, Abraham Lincoln stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race". By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states. While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor Sammy Davis Jr. faced a backlash for his relationship with a white woman, actress Kim Novak. In 1958, Davis briefly married a black woman, actress and dancer Loray White, to protect himself from mob violence.
In Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem (1948), Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal ranked the social areas where restrictions were imposed on the freedom of Black Americans by Southern White Americans through racial segregation, from the least to the most important: basic public facility access, social equality, jobs, courts and police, politics and marriage. This ranking scheme illustrates the manner in which the barriers against desegregation fell: Of less importance was the segregation in basic public facilities, which was abolished with the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
However, the most tenacious form of legal segregation, the banning of interracial marriage, was not fully lifted until the last anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in a unanimous ruling Loving v. Virginia. The court's landmark decision, which was made on June 12, 1967, has been commemorated and celebrated every year on the Loving Day (June 12) in the United States.
Academic researches
Cultural aspects
The differing ages of individuals, culminating in the generation divides, have traditionally played a large role in how mixed ethnic couples are perceived in American society. Interracial marriages have typically been highlighted through two points of view in the United States: Egalitarianism and cultural conservatism. Egalitarianism's view of interracial marriage is acceptance of the phenomenon, while traditionalists view interracial marriage as taboo and as socially unacceptable. Egalitarian viewpoints typically are held by younger generations, however older generations have an inherent influence on the views of the younger. Gurung & Duong (1999) compiled a study relating to mixed-ethnic relationships ("MER"s) and same-ethnic relationships ("SER"s), concluding that individuals part of "MER"s generally do not view themselves differently from same-ethnic couples. Research led by Barnett, Burma, and Monahan in 1963 and 1971 showed people who marry outside of their race are usually older and are more likely to live in an urban setting.
Social enterprise research conducted on behalf of the Columbia Business School (2005–2007) showed that regional differences within the United States in how interracial relationships are perceived have persisted: Daters of both sexes from south of the Mason–Dixon line were found to have much stronger same-race preferences than northern daters did. The study also observed a clear gender divide in racial preference with regards to marriage: Women of all the races which were studied revealed a strong preference for men of their own race for marriage, with the caveat that East Asian women only discriminated against Black and Hispanic men, and not against White men. A woman's race was found to have no effect on the men's choices.
Socio-economic aspects
Several studies have found that a factor which significantly affects an individual's choices with regards to marriage is socio-economic status ("SES")—the measure of a person's income, education, social class, profession, etc. For example, a study by the Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University confirmed that women show a tendency to marry up in socio-economic status; this reduces the probability of marriage of low SES men.
Research at the universities of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and Texas A&M addressing the topic of socio-economic status, among other factors, showed that none of the socio-economic status variables appeared to be positively related to outmarriage within the Asian American community, and found lower-socioeconomically stable Asians sometimes utilized outmarriage to whites as a means to advance social status.
Marital stability
A 2008 study by Jenifer Bratter and Rosalind King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce. Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s. A 2009 study by Yuanting Zhang and Jennifer Van Hook also found that interracial couples were at increased risk of divorce.
One consistent finding of this research is that gender is significantly related to divorce risk. Interracial marriages involving a White woman have a higher risk of divorce, as compared with interracial marriages involving Asian or Black women.
According to authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Tenzin Dorjee, the increased risk of divorce observed in couples with a White wife may be related to decreased support from family members and friends. They note that White women were viewed as "unqualified" by their non-White in-laws to raise and nurture mixed race children, due to their lack of experience in "navigating American culture as a minority". A 2018 study by Jennifer Bratter and Ellen Whitehead found that white women with mixed race children were less likely to receive family support than were non-white women with mixed race children.
In one study, White women married to Black men were more likely to report incidents of racial discrimination in public, such as inferior restaurant service or police profiling, compared to other interracial pairings. Such prejudicial factors may place these marriages at an increased risk of divorce.
A study published in 2008 reported a lower risk of divorce for inter-ethnic marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. However, another study, published in 2011, found that these intermarriages were at an increased risk of divorce. Gender was found to be related to the probability of divorce, with marriages involving White women and Hispanic men having the highest risk of divorce.
Census Bureau statistics
The number of interracial marriages has steadily continued to increase since the 1967 Supreme Court ruling in Loving v. Virginia, but also continues to represent an absolute minority among the total number of wed couples. According to the United States Census Bureau, the number of interracially married couples has increased from 310,000 in 1970 to 651,000 in 1980, to 964,000 in 1990, to 1,464,000 in 2000 and to 2,340,000 in 2008; accounting for 0.7%, 1.3%, 1.8%, 2.6% and 3.9% of the total number of married couples in those years, respectively.
These statistics do not take into account the mixing of ancestries within the same "race"; e.g. a marriage involving Indian and Japanese ancestries would not be classified as interracial due to the Census regarding both as the same category. Likewise, since Hispanic is not a race but an ethnicity, Hispanic marriages with non-Hispanics are not registered as interracial if both partners are of the same race (i.e. a Black Hispanic marrying a non-Hispanic Black partner).
Based on these figures:
White Americans were statistically the least likely to wed interracially, though in absolute terms they were involved in interracial marriages more than any other racial group due to their demographic majority. 2.1% of married White women and 2.3% of married White men had a non-White spouse. 1.0% of all married White men were married to an Asian American woman, and 1.0% of married White women were married to a man classified as "other".
4.6% of married Black American women and 10.8% of married Black American men had a non-Black spouse. 8.5% of married Black men and 3.9% of married Black women had a White spouse. 0.2% of married Black women were married to Asian American men, representing the least prevalent marital combination.
There is a notable disparity in the rates of exogamy by Asian American males and females. Of all Asian American/White marriages, only 29% involved an Asian American male and a White female. However Indian American males married more non-Indians than females, although Indian Americans displayed the highest rates of endogamy, with very low levels of outmarriage overall. Of all Asian American/Black marriages only 19% involved an Asian American male and a Black female. 17.5% of married Asian American women and 8.2% of married Asian American men had a non-Asian American spouse.
The most common interracial marriage in the United States is an Asian American female married to a White American male, this is followed by a White American female married to a Black American male.
In 2006, 88% of foreign-born White Hispanic males were married to White Hispanic females. In terms of out-marriage, Hispanic males who identified as White had non-Hispanic wives more often than other Hispanic men.
2008 Pew Research Center Report
The table (U.S. Census Bureau's 2008 American Community Survey) shows that among whites who out-married in 2008, there were different patterns by gender in the race of their spouses. More than a quarter of white men (26.9%) married an Asian woman, and about 6.9% married a black woman. In contrast, 20.1% of white women married a black man, while just 9.4% married an Asian man.
A slightly higher proportion of white women than white men married a Hispanic person (51% versus 46%), and a similar share of each
gender married someone in the other group.
The study found that in 2008:
A record 14.6% of all new marriages in the United States in 2008 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.0% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, 9% of whites, 16% of blacks, 26% of Hispanics and 31% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (41%) as compared to White-Asian (15%), White-Black (11%), and Other Combinations (33%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 41.3% of native-born Hispanic men out-married compared to 11.3% of foreign-born Hispanic men; 37.4% of native-born Hispanic women out-married compared to 12.2% of foreign-born Hispanic women; 41.7% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11.7% of foreign-born Asian men; 50.8% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 36.8% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 22% of all black male newlyweds in 2008 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 40% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2008, compared with just 20% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. more than doubled between 1980 (6.7%) and 2008 (14.6%). However, different groups experienced different trends. Rates more than doubled among whites and nearly tripled among blacks. But for both Hispanics and Asians, rates were nearly identical in 2008 and 1980.
These seemingly contradictory trends were driven by the heavy, ongoing Hispanic and Asian immigration wave of the past four decades. For whites and blacks, these immigrants (and, increasingly, their U.S.-born children who are now of marrying age) have enlarged the pool of potential spouses for out-marriage. But for Hispanics and Asians, the ongoing immigration wave has also enlarged the pool of potential partners for in-group marriage.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2008, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 13% in both the South and Northeast and 11% in the Midwest.
Most Americans say they approve of racial or ethnic intermarriage – not just in the abstract, but in their own families. More than six-in-ten say it would be fine with them if a family member told them they were going to marry someone from any of three major race/ethnic groups other than their own.
More than a third of adults (35%) say they have a family member who is married to someone of a different race. Blacks say this at higher rates than do whites; younger adults at higher rates than older adults; and Westerners at higher rates than people living in other regions of the country.
2010 Pew Research Center Report
The study (U.S. Census Bureau's 2010 American Community Survey) found that in 2010:
A record 15.1% of all new marriages in the United States were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.4% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds, 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (43.3%) as compared to White-Asian (14.4%), White-Black (11.9%), and Other Combinations (30.4%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 36.2% of native-born Hispanics (both men and women) out-married compared to 14.2% of foreign-born Hispanics; 32% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11% of foreign-born Asian men; 43% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 34% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 24% of all black male newlyweds in 2010 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 36% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2010, compared with just 17% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. have nearly tripled since 1980 (6.7%) increasing to 14.6% in 2008 and 15.1% in 2010.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2010, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 14% in the South, 13% in the Northeast and 11% in the Midwest.
Interracial marriage by pairing
Asian and White
Marriages between European Americans and Asian Americans are increasingly common for both genders in the United States.
Asian Americans of both genders who are U.S.-raised are much more likely to be married to Whites than their non-U.S.-raised counterparts. A 1998 Washington Post article states 36% of young Asian Pacific American men born in the United States married White women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took White husbands during the year of publication.
The 1960 census showed Asian-White was the most common marriages. White women most common intermarriage pairings with Asian American was with Filipino males (12,000), followed by Indian males (11,200), followed by Japanese males (3,500) and Chinese males (3,500). For White males, the most common was with Japanese females (21,700), Indian females (17,500), followed by Filipina females (4,500) and Chinese females (2,900).
Anti-miscegenation laws discouraging marriages between Whites and non-Whites were affecting Asian immigrants and their spouses from the late 17th to early 20th century. By 1910, 28 states prohibited certain forms of interracial marriage. Eight states including Arizona, California, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas, and Utah extended their prohibitions to include people of Asian descent. The laws of Arizona, California, Mississippi, Texas, and Utah referred to "Mongolians". Asians in California were barred by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying White Americans (a group including Hispanic Americans). Nevada and Oregon referred to "Chinese," while Montana listed both "Chinese" and "Japanese" persons. For example, a Eurasian daughter born to an Indian father and Irish mother in Maryland in 1680 was classified as a "mulato" and sold into slavery, and the Bengali revolutionary Tarak Nath Das's white American wife, Mary K. Das, was stripped of her American citizenship for her marriage to an "alien ineligible for citizenship."
In 1918, there was controversy in Arizona when an Indian farmer married the sixteen-year-old daughter of one of his White tenants. California law did not explicitly bar Filipinos and whites from marrying, a fact brought to wide public attention by the 1933 California Supreme Court case Roldan v. Los Angeles County; however, the legislature quickly moved to amend the laws to prohibit such marriages as well in the aftermath of the case. Virginia in addition implicitly forbade marriage between white and Asians in the 1924 Racial Integrity Act, which banned marriages between whites and people who had "a trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian" except for people with 1/16 or less Native American ancestry.
Research conducted in the late 1970s in Los Angeles County, California, showed Japanese were, on average, more likely to marry outside of their race compared to Chinese and Koreans in the county. In 1979, 41.2% of Chinese marriages had a spouse of a different race. Koreans had a 27.6% rate of interracial marriages, and Japanese had a rate of 60.6%. The research also showed that, among Asians living in the United States, the percentage of women who married outside their race was higher than the percentage of men. Specifically, Korean-American women are involved in a higher percent of interracial marriages than Chinese or Japanese women. The research considered marriages to other Asians outside a person's ethnicity to be interracial marriages, for example, a Korean marrying a Japanese person.
Black and White
In the United States, there has been a historical disparity between Black female and Black male exogamy ratios: according to the United States Census Bureau, there were 354,000 White female/Black male and 196,000 Black female/White male marriages in March 2009, representing a ratio of 181:100. This traditional disparity has seen a rapid decline over the last two decades, contrasted with its peak in 1981 when the ratio was still 371:100. In 2007, 4.6% of all married Blacks in the United States were wed to a White partner, and 0.4% of all Whites were married to a Black partner.The role of gender in interracial divorce dynamics, found in social studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King, was highlighted when examining marital instability among Black/White unions. White wife/Black husband marriages show twice the divorce rate of White wife/White husband couples by the 10th year of marriage, whereas Black wife/White husband marriages are 44% less likely to end in divorce than White wife/White husband couples over the same period.
According to Census Bureau data, in 1985 black men participated in 143,000 interracial marriages (approximately 3% of all married black men in the U.S.).
Historically, mixed-race offspring of black and white people such as mulattos and quadroons were often denominated to whichever race was the minority, an example of the "one-drop rule", as a way to maintain the racial hierarchy. When slavery was legal, most mixed children came from an African American mother and white father. Relations between an African American man and white woman were deeply frowned upon, often due to the frequent portrayal of the men as sexual dangers. (By the 1970s, intermarriages flipped to be more common between a white woman and African American man). Once slavery was abolished, intermarriage was more common among higher educated and more affluent African Americans. There became a balance between racial prestige and socioeconomic prestige in intermarriages. Intermarriage between African Americans and whites was seen as the ultimate objective of integrationism. They believed these intermarriages were the solution to racism and discrimination.
The 1960 and 1970 censuses showed that interracial marriage between black people and white people was least likely to occur in the South and most likely to occur in the West, specifically the West coast. In the 1960 census, 0.8% of black women and 0.6% of black men in the South were married to a white person. Ten years later, 0.5% of black women and 0.5% of black men in the South were married to a white person. By contrast, in the western U.S., 1.6% of black women and 2.1% of black men had white spouses in the 1960 census; the comparable figures in the 1970 census were 1.6% of black women and 4.9% of black men. In the 1980 census, the percentage of black men in the western U.S. in interracial marriages had increased to 16.5%. However, in 2020, births between blacks and whites were much more common in the South than other regions with approximately half occurring there and were least common in the West due to the low black percentage.
Native American and Asian
Filipino Americans have frequently married Native American and Alaskan Native people. In the 17th century, when Filipinos were under Spanish rule, the Spanish colonists ensured a Filipino trade between the Philippines and the Americas. When the Mexicans revolted against the Spanish, the Filipinos first escaped into Mexico, then traveled to Louisiana, where the exclusively male Filipinos married Native American women. In the 1920s, Filipino American communities of workers also grew in Alaska, and Filipino American men married Alaskan Native women. On the west coast, Filipino Americans married Native American women in Bainbridge Island, Washington.
Asian and Black
With African Americans and Asian Americans, the ratios are even further imbalanced, with roughly five times more Asian female/African male marriages than Asian male/African female marriages. However, C.N. Le estimated that among Asian Americans of the 1.5 generation and of the five largest Asian American ethnic groups this ratio narrows to approximately two to one. Even though the disparity between African American and Asian American interracial marriages by gender is high according to the 2000 US Census, the total numbers of Asian American/African American interracial marriages are low, numbering only 0.22% percent for Asian American male marriages and 1.30% percent of Asian female marriages, partially contributed by the recent flux of Asian immigrants.
Historically, Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many Chinese Americans immigrated to the Southern states, particularly Arkansas, to work on plantations. The tenth year of US Census of Louisiana alone had counted 57% of interracial marriages between these Chinese Americans to be with African Americans and 43% to be with European American women. After the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese American men had fewer potential ethnically Chinese wives, so they increasingly married African American women on the West Coast. In Jamaica and other Caribbean nations as well many Chinese males over past generations took up African wives, gradually assimilating or absorbing many Chinese descendants into the African Caribbean community or the overall mixed-race community.
Native American and White
The interracial disparity between genders among Native Americans is low. Women are slightly more likely to "marry out" than men in this group: 61% of American Indian female newlyweds married outside their race, compared with 54% of American Indian male newlyweds.
Historically in Latin America, and to a lesser degree in the United States, Native Americans have married out at a high rate. Many countries in Latin America have large Mestizo populations; in many cases, mestizos are the largest ethnic group in their respective countries.
Native American and Black
In the United States, interracial unions between Native Americans and African Americans have also existed throughout the 16th through early 20th century resulting in some African Americans having Native American heritage.
Throughout American history, there has been frequent mixing between Native Americans and black Africans. When Native Americans invaded the European colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1622, they killed the Europeans but took the African slaves as captives, gradually integrating them. Interracial relationships occurred between African Americans and members of other tribes along coastal states. During the transitional period of Africans becoming the primary race enslaved, Native Americans were sometimes enslaved with them. Africans and Native Americans worked together, some even intermarried and had mixed children. The relationship between Africans and Native-Americans was seen as a threat to Europeans and European-Americans, who actively tried to divide Native-Americans and Africans and put them against each other.
During the 18th Century, some Native American women turned to freed or runaway African men due to a major decline in the male population in Native American villages. At the same time, the early slave population in America was disproportionately male. Records show that some Native American women bought African men as slaves. Unknown to European sellers, the women freed and married the men into their tribe.
Some African men chose Native American women as their partners because their children would be free, as the child's status followed that of the mother. The men could marry into some of the matrilineal tribes and be accepted, as their children were still considered to belong to the mother's people. As European expansion increased in the Southeast, African and Native American marriages became more numerous.
Public opinion
Historically, interracial marriage in the United States was subject to great public opposition (often a taboo), especially among whites. According to opinion polls, by 1986 only one third of Americans approved of interracial marriage in general. In contrast, in 2011, the vast majority of Americans approved of marriages between different races in general, while just 20 years earlier, in 1991, less than half approved.
It was only in 1994 when more than half of Americans approved of such marriages in general. The approval/disapproval rate differs between demographic groups (for example by race, gender, age, and socioeconomic and marital status).
A 2018 YouGov/Economist poll found that 17% of Americans oppose interracial marriage; with 19% of "other" ethnic groups, 18% of blacks, 17% of whites, and 15% of Hispanics opposing.
Attitudes towards interracial marriage can vary depending upon the race of the union and the person judging them.
Relevant fields
Marriage squeeze
A term has arisen to describe the social phenomenon of the so-called "marriage squeeze" for African American females. The "marriage squeeze" refers to the perception that the most "eligible" and "desirable" African American men are marrying non-African American women at a higher rate, leaving African American women who wish to marry African American men with fewer partnering options. According to Newsweek, 43% of African American women between the ages of 30 and 34 have never been married.
Religion and interracial marriage
Historically, many American religions disapproved of interracial marriage. Religious tradition and church attendance are consistent predictors for attitudes towards interracial marriages. Biblical literalists are less likely to support interracial marriage to Asians and Latinos. Whites who attend multiracial congregations or engage in devotional religious practices are more likely to support interracial marriages. Region also moderates the relationship between religion and interracial dating. Children with a religious upbringing in non-Western states, particularly the South, were less likely to have interracially dated than those without religious upbringings. Religious attitudes combined with Christian nationalism increased opposition to intermarriage more than either attribute measured independently.
According to a Baylor University study "people with no religious affiliation were not statistically more likely to be in intermarriages than evangelical or mainline Protestants or people from other religions" with one exception, Catholics. Catholics were twice as likely to be in an interracial marriage than the general population. It is speculated that the reason for this is twofold: the increasing diversity of the Catholic population (which has seen a huge influx of immigrants, Catholicism has sizable to significant number of adherents from many nationalities worldwide) and the fact that Catholics typically base their choice of parish on geography rather than on its ethnic or racial makeup which creates more opportunities for interracial mixing. Jews were also more likely to date interracially than Protestants.
Some religions actively teach against interracial marriages. For example, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints recommends against interracial marriages, but does not prohibit it. On the other hand, the Baháʼí Faith promotes interracial marriage as a prerequisite to achieving world peace.
Even into the twentieth century, marriage between subcultures of Judaism was rare. Eastern European Jews were the most analyzed subgroup due to having the largest presence in the U.S. During 1908–1912, only 2.27% of Jews in New York City were part of an intermarriage. This figure only rose to 3.6% by 1919. Despite enjoying new freedom in America after escaping the oppression of the Old World, some Jews were still hesitant about interfaith marriage. One of the greatest factors that swayed Jews away from intermarriage was a fear of assimilation and loss of identity. Although the beginnings of a melting pot culture appeared to encourage diversity, it was also seen as a threat to the Jewish culture and religion. However, there was also fear of persecution due to racial tensions and frequent discrimination.
Not all Jews were hesitant about assimilating into American culture. Some early Jewish authors such as Mary Antin were strong proponents of abandoning their Jewish heritage and encouraged interfaith marriage. It was suggested as a way to make immigration easier and reflect positively on the Jews in a time of prevailing discrimination. They believed that intermarriage was beneficial to both the Jewish community and America as a whole.
While intermarriage was relatively common among ethnic groups like the German and Italians, the practice of endogamy was still the domineering practice among the newer ethnic groups. It has been found that rates in Jewish intermarriage increase from the initial immigrant wave with each subsequent generation.
Immigrants and interracial marriage
Racial endogamy is significantly stronger among recent immigrants. This result holds for all racial groups, with the strongest endogamy found among immigrants of African descent. Gender differences in interracial marriage change significantly when the non-white partner is an immigrant. For instance, female immigrants of Chinese descent are more likely to marry U.S.-born Caucasians than are their male counterparts.
Interracial marriage versus cohabitation
In the United States, rates of interracial cohabitation are significantly higher than those of marriage. Although only 7% of married African American men have European American wives, 12.5% of cohabitating African American men have European American partners. 25% of married Asian American women have European spouses, but 45% of cohabitating Asian American women are with European American men—higher than the percentage cohabiting with Asian men (less than 43%).
Of cohabiting Asian men, slightly over 37% of Asian men have white female partners and over 10% married to white women. These numbers suggest that the prevalence of intimate interracial contact is around double that of what is represented by marriage data.
See also
Same-sex marriage in the United States
Hispanic and Latino Americans#Intermarriage
Multiracial American
Race (United States Census)
References
Further reading |
6902960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%20Bingjie | Jin Bingjie | Jin Bingjie (金 冰洁 - Jīn Bīngjié; born 1 April 1971 in Liaoning) is a retired Chinese race walker.
She won the bronze medal in the 5000 m walk at the 1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics then took third a year later in the 10 km race at the 1987 IAAF World Race Walking Cup. She came seventh in the latter event at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and was the silver medallist in at the 1990 Asian Games.
In 1990 she set an Asian record and world junior record of 20:37.7 minutes for the 5000 km track walk. This stood as the best Asian mark over twenty years, finally being beaten by Liu Hong.
Achievements
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Chinese female racewalkers
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes from Liaoning
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games |
6902962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlage | Schlage | Schlage (pronounced ) is an American lock manufacturer founded in 1920 by Walter Schlage. Schlage was headquartered in San Francisco from its inception until it relocated to Colorado Springs, Colorado in 1997. Schlage also produces high-security key and cylinder lines Primus, Everest, and Everest Primus XP. Schlage is one of the most popular brands of consumer and commercial locks in the United States.
History
The Schlage Manufacturing Company was founded by inventor Walter Schlage (d. 1946) in 1920 with the help of three businessmen who each contributed $10 to become equal partners. Walter Schlage had already secured several patents dating back to 1909, when he patented a doorknob that would also complete an electrical circuit so that, for instance, the lights would turn on when the door was opened. However, Schlage's key invention was the bored cylindrical lock, which evolved through several iterations, including a 1917 filing for a mortise mechanism which locked when the knob was tilted; two filings in 1920 (in April for a lock requiring one hole and a surface rabbet rather than a complex mortise pocket and October for a mortise with the lock mechanism activated by a button coaxial to the knob). This series would ultimately culminate in , filed in 1923, which was sold commercially as the Schlage "A" series lock. Schlage would later make a 1925 filing for a push button cylindrical lock fusing the two 1920 patents with the 1923 patent.
Schlage's first shop was at 229 Minna Street, and he moved to 461 Bush Street, where many of his key patents were developed. The first factory (in 1923) was at 49 Shotwell Street. Because the bored cylindrical lock had a decided ease of installation advantage over the contemporary mortise lock, demand for the Schlage-designed lock rose and the company would purchase land in Visitacion Valley in 1925, which would eventually become the company's Bayshore factory and administration complex. Eight buildings were eventually erected at the Bayshore complex, the first two of which (the Old Office and Plant 1) were dedicated in a ceremony on June 25, 1926 attended by dignitaries including Mayor James "Sunny Jim" Rolph.
Charles Kendrick took over as Chief Executive after making a sizable investment in the company, and served as Chief through his retirement in 1969. During World War II, Schlage Lock manufactured shell casings and bomb rail fuses. After the war, the company supplied lock hardware to the Pan Am Building (1964) and the Bank of America Headquarters (1969) skyscrapers. The company was also busy post-war acquiring smaller hardware manufacturers, including the California Lock Company, Peabody Company, LCN Closers, the Von Duprin Factory, and the General Lock Company (Pontiac, Michigan). In 1974, the year the company was acquired by Ingersoll Rand, Schlage employed 1,600 and was the largest manufacturer in San Francisco. Schlage had just completed a move from the Old Office building to a three-story New Office located nearby, at the corner of Bayshore and Leland. Schlage remained an Ingersoll Rand subsidiary for nearly 40 years, until Schlage and other security hardware companies were spun off as part of Allegion, formed in December 2013.
After 73 years of operation, the Schlage Lock Co. Bayshore factory was closed in 1999. To settle an environmental lawsuit, the Bayshore factory site was transferred to Universal Paragon Corporation (UPC) from Ingersoll Rand in 2008. UPC owned an adjacent parcel on which it had intended to develop housing, but the groundwater had been contaminated by the Schlage Lock factory, and UPC filed suit seeking to make Ingersoll Rand responsible for cleanup. In May 2009, demolition began on the Schlage Bayshore site; though the original 1926 Spanish Colonial "Old Office", designed by local architect William Peyton Day will remain, the rest of the site is planned to become affordable, green housing.
Keyway types
Like many lock manufacturers, Schlage uses milled complex keyway shapes to mechanically prevent some non-OEM keys from entering or operating a lock. New keyway designs may be protected for a limited time by patent protection, which expires after a set number of years.
There is no law against duplicating the reverse, numbered or quad-key blanks, which are not patented and are not protected against third-party manufacturing.
As of 2008, Primus keys are no longer protected by patents; therefore, anyone is free to duplicate them. The Everest patents expired in 2014.
Primus/Primus XP
In addition to six cuts for standard locking mechanism, there are five side finger pins to operate the secondary sidebar lock. Primus keys will operate non-Primus locks within the same system. Primus blanks and keyways are slightly thinner to prevent the entry of non-Primus keys; however, even if a standard key is altered to allow entry, it will not operate Primus locks. This design was protected until 2007 under . The current generation Primus, called the Primus XP, is a slight modification to the original design and is protected until 2024 under . Schlage did not invent, nor do they hold the patents on, Primus or Primus XP. The design is licensed to Schlage by Bo Widen of Torshälla, Sweden, the inventor and patent holder.
Everest
This design features a patented under groove in the keyway design, and was legally protected against cloning by utility patents until 2014. Relevant patents are: (December 2, 2016) and . Just like the classic series, Everest Primus keys can operate Everest non-Primus locks, but not the other way around. Everest Primus XP is an extension to Primus Everest and the XP design is protected until 2024 under . Schlage also offers an Everest 29 SL Cylinder, the only seven pin lock they make, along with their Everest 29 Family/Primus (6 pins). Schlage did not invent, nor do they hold the patents on, the Everest keys, which were designed and patented by Bo Widen and licensed to Schlage.
Obverse
There are seven different keyways: C, CE, E, EF, F, FG, and G. There is also a special P keyway designed to accept any of the seven sectional keys and a special L key blank (35-101 L) designed to be accepted into all seven keyways. OEM L section blanks are made of stainless steel.
The older type, the common residential keyway, is known as 35-100C, which is a five-pin, C section.
Reverse (restricted)
This variation was a horizontal mirror image of obverse keyways, no longer offered in new key system, and not available with a Primus option.
Numbered or Paracentric (restricted)
This is a large family of keyways expressed as four numbers. Except for zeros, digits in the keyway designation cannot repeat; i.e. 3578, 1358 and 1200 are valid, but 1244 and 3300 are not. Primus cannot be implemented on this series. The digit 9 is not used. Each digit represents the presence of a notch in the keyway and a corresponding protrusion along the blade of the key. The odd digits 1, 3, 5, and 7 extend along the left side of the keyway as observed from the lock face from bottom to top. The even digits are likewise, on the right side. Generally, keyways are identified by four non-zero digits in ascending order. In a large master key system, keys with fewer than four protrusions can be used to enter more than one keyway. For example, key blank 1460 will fit lock cylinder 1246, 1346, 1467, etc.
Quad (restricted)
Expressed in four characters, such as WSTP, VTQP, etc. This is a very large family, available in Primus.
Key copying
At the 2013 DEF CON conference, MIT students David Lawrence and Eric Van Albert released a piece of code that allows anyone to create a 3D-printable software model of any Primus key. With just a flatbed scanner and their software tool, they were able to produce precise models that they uploaded to the 3D-printing services Shapeways and , who mailed them working copies of the keys in materials ranging from nylon to titanium.
Nexia Home Intelligence
Nexia Home Intelligence is a home automation system that was launched by Schlage and Ingersoll Rand that allows users to remotely control and monitor home automation devices. A wireless network is created within the home and connects the wireless door lock to the internet. Using a smart-phone or a web-enabled computer, users can monitor and send commands to the Schlage Bridge, which communicates with Z-Wave enabled wireless locks, thermostats, lights, cameras, and other components within the home.
There is a monthly fee associated with the Nexia Home Intelligence service.
Nexia Home Intelligence is no longer maintained by Schlage. It remained with Ingersoll Rand during the IR-Allegion spin-off process. Ingersoll Rand solely maintains the Nexia platform.
One of its key features is "depth control" which senses if someone else is using your assigned PIN: it then enhances its security by proceeding to lock out that same PIN number. All Schlage products that were designed for the Nexia platform work with major smart home platforms. All security features such as "depth control" work under certain conditions such as "HomeKit".
References
External links
Schlage Lock Company: Detailed Company History on Answers.com
History of Schlage
Nexia Home Intelligence: Official Site
Lock manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in San Francisco
American companies established in 1920
Manufacturing companies established in 1920
1920 establishments in California |
6902966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%20Johnson | Mat Johnson | Mat Johnson (born August 19, 1970 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American fiction writer who works in both prose and the comics format. In 2007, he was named the first USA James Baldwin Fellow by United States Artists.
Life and career
Johnson was born and raised in the Germantown and Mount Airy communities in Philadelphia.
His mother is African-American and his father is Irish Catholic. He attended Greene Street Friends School, West Chester University, University of Wales, Swansea, and ultimately received his B.A. from Earlham College. In 1993 he was awarded a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. Johnson received his M.F.A. from Columbia University School of the Arts in 1999.
Johnson has taught at Rutgers University, Columbia University, Bard College, and The Callaloo Journal Writers Retreat. He was a faculty member at the University of Houston Creative Writing Program. He is currently a professor at the University of Oregon's Creative Writing Program.
Johnson's first novel, Drop (2000), was a coming-of-age novel about a self-hating Philadelphian who thinks he has found his escape when he takes a job at a Brixton-based advertising agency in London, UK. The work was a Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers selection; Interview magazine named Johnson as a "Writer on the Verge"; and Drop was listed among "Best Novels of the Year" by Progressive Magazine.
In 2003, Johnson published Hunting in Harlem (2003), a satire about gentrification in Harlem and an exploration of belief versus fanaticism. Hunting in Harlem won the Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Legacy Award for Novel of the Year.
Johnson made his first move into the comics form with the publication of the five-issue limited series Hellblazer Special: Papa Midnite (Vertigo 2005), where he took an existing character of the Hellblazer franchise and created an origin story that strove to offer depth and dignity to a character who was arguably a racial stereotype of the noble savage. The work was set in 18th-century Manhattan, and was based on the research that Johnson was conducting for his first historical work, The Great Negro Plot.
The Great Negro Plot is a creative nonfiction that recounts the New York Slave Insurrection of 1741 and the resultant trial and hysteria.
In February 2008, Vertigo Comics published Johnson's graphic novel Incognegro, a noir mystery that deals with the issue of passing and the lynching past of the American South. The work is illustrated by British artist Warren Pleece with cover artwork by Stephen John Phillips.
From 2006–2007, Johnson wrote the blog Niggerati Manor, which discussed African-American literature and culture.
Awards
Johnson was named a 2007 USA James Baldwin Fellow and awarded a $50,000 grant by United States Artists, a public charity that supports and promotes the work of American artists. On September 21, 2011, Johnson was awarded the Dos Passos Prize for Literature for his body of work focused on American themes and the human experience.
Works
Novels
Drop (Bloomsbury USA, 2000)
Hunting in Harlem (Bloomsbury USA, 2003)
Pym (Random/Spiegel & Grau, 2011)
Loving Day (Spiegel & Grau, 2015)
Invisible Things (One World, 2022)
Nonfiction
The Great Negro Plot (Bloomsbury USA, 2007)
Comics
Hellblazer Special: Papa Midnite (Vertigo, 5-issue limited series, 2005; tpb, 2006, )
Incognegro (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2008, hardcover, )
Dark Rain: A New Orleans Story (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2010, 160 pages, )
Right State (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2012, 144 pages, )
Anthologies
Gumbo: Anthology of African American Literature (Harlem Moon, 2002)
Not Guilty: Twelve Black Men Speak Out on Law, Justice, and Life (Amistad Press, 2002)
Mixed: An Anthology of Short Fiction on the Multiracial Experience (W. W. Norton, 2006)
Black Cool: One Thousand Streams of Blackness (Soft Skull Press, February 2012)
References
External links
Literary Criticism of Hunting in Harlem
Profile of Mat Johnson
"'Great Negro Plot' Tells of Manhattan on the Edge", News and Notes, National Public Radio, February 7, 2007. (Links to RealPlayer or Windows Media Audio)
"Rumors of a Slave Revolt", Leonard Lopate Show, WNYC, February 28, 2007. (Links to MP3 audio)
Mat Johnson's United States Artist Page
James Baldwin Foundation Fellows 2007
United States Artists Arts Advocacy Organization.
1970 births
Earlham College alumni
Alumni of Swansea University
Living people
African-American academics
African-American comics creators
American comics creators
African-American novelists
American graphic novelists
20th-century American novelists
American people of Irish descent
Novelists from Texas
Bard College faculty
Watson Fellows
University of Houston faculty
21st-century American novelists
Writers from Philadelphia
American male novelists
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American writers
African-American male writers |
6902982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana%20Talysheva | Tatyana Talysheva | Tatyana Talysheva () (born 15 October 1937) is a Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the Long Jump.
Talysheva trained at Dynamo in Moscow. She competed for USSR in the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City, Mexico in the Long Jump where she won the bronze medal.
External links
Sports Reference
1937 births
Russian female long jumpers
Soviet female long jumpers
Dynamo sports society athletes
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
Living people
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field) |
44500469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake%20Annen | Blake Annen | Blake David Annen (born May 28, 1991) is an American football coach and former tight end. He played college football at the University of Cincinnati and attended Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington, Ohio. He has been a member of the Philadelphia Eagles, Chicago Bears, New Orleans Saints, Green Bay Packers and Buffalo Bills.
Early years
Annen played high school football for the Upper Arlington High School Golden Bears in Upper Arlington, Ohio. He helped the Golden Bears win the Ohio Capital Conference Central Division Championship in 2008. He recorded 30 receptions for 800 yards and 12 touchdowns in his high school career. He was named the top tight end in the state by OhioVarsity.com.
College career
Annen played for the Cincinnati Bearcats from 2009 to 2013. He was redshirted in 2009.
Professional career
Annen ran his 40-yard dash time at 4.41 seconds at Cincinnati's 2014 Pro Day in addition to posting 25 reps on the bench press, which ultimately made him a priority UDFA.
Philadelphia Eagles
Annen signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on May 10, 2014 after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL draft. He was released by the Eagles on August 23, 2014.
Chicago Bears
Annen was signed to the Chicago Bears' practice squad on September 18, 2014. He was promoted to the active roster on November 8, 2014. He made his NFL debut on November 23, 2014 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Annen was released by the Bears on September 2, 2015.
New Orleans Saints
On September 7, 2015, the New Orleans Saints signed Annen to their practice squad. On September 15, 2015, he was released by the Saints.
Green Bay Packers
On September 30, 2015, the Green Bay Packers signed Annen to their practice squad. On October 16, 2015, he was released by the Packers.
Buffalo Bills
On December 15, 2015, the Buffalo Bills signed Annen to their practice squad. He was waived/injured by the Bills on September 2, 2016 and was placed on injured reserve after clearing waivers.
On June 13, 2017, Annen was waived by the Bills.
Post-playing career
In 2018, Annen was hired as the head football coach at Carmel High School. As assistant coaches, he hired former Bears Johnny Knox and Nathan Vasher; the three had worked together at EFT Football Academy in Highland Park, Illinois. In Annen's first year, the Corsairs improved from their 1–8 record in 2017 to 4–5. Another ex-Bear in Jason McKie became running backs coach in 2019. Annen resigned in October to return to his family in Ohio.
References
External links
NFL Draft Scout
College stats
Living people
1991 births
Players of American football from Ohio
People from Upper Arlington, Ohio
American football tight ends
Cincinnati Bearcats football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Chicago Bears players
New Orleans Saints players
Green Bay Packers players
Buffalo Bills players |
6902990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsias%20Mac%20Aonghusa | Proinsias Mac Aonghusa | Proinsias Mac Aonghusa (; 23 June 1933 – 28 September 2003) was an Irish journalist, writer, TV presenter and campaigner. Born into an Irish-speaking household, Mac Aonghusa became one of the most noted Irish language broadcasters and journalists of the 20th century, appearing as the presenter of Irish-language programming for RTÉ, UTV and BBC and as a journalist for newspapers both domestic and international. Influenced by family friends Peadar O'Donnell and Máirtín Ó Cadhain as well as his own parents growing up, Mac Aonghusa pursued Irish republican and socialist politics as an adult and was heavily involved in the Labour Party during the 1960s, at one point serving as its vice-chairman. However, Mac Aonghusa's engagement in factionalism and infighting saw him expelled in 1967. Following the Arms Crisis of 1970, Mac Aonghusa became an ardent supporter of Charles Haughey, a relationship which later proved highly beneficial to Mac Aonghusa when Haughey gained control over Fianna Fáil in the 1980s and appointed Mac Aonghusa to a number of state-run positions. A prolific writer throughout his life, Mac Aonghusa continued to publish books up until his death.
Biography
Early life
Born in Salthill, Galway, County Galway in 1933, Mac Aonghusa was the son of Criostóir Mac Aonghusa, a writer and Irish language activist, and Mairéad Ní Lupain (De Lappe), a nurse and native Irish speaker. The eldest of four siblings, Mac Aonghusa grew up speaking Irish as his first language and allegedly did not learn English until the age of eleven. The Mac Aonghusa parents were left-wing Irish republicans who supported Fianna Fáil (his father at one time was a Fianna Fáil councillor) and associated with the like-minded Máirtín Ó Cadhain and Peadar O’Donnell.
Mac Aonghusa's parents split when he was ten years of age; his mother took his siblings away to Dublin while Mac Aonghusa and his father remained in Rosmuc, a remote village apart of the Galway Gaeltacht. As a teenager was educated at Coláiste Iognáid (also known as St. Ignatius College), a bilingual school in Galway City.
Broadcasting and journalism career
Upon leaving school, Mac Aonghusa first worked as an actor at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, performing in Irish language productions. In 1952 Mac Aonghusa became involved in Radio Éireann, first as an actor but later as a reader of short stories before advancing to becoming a newsreader, presenter and interviewer. As Mac Aonghusa advanced his career, he would work for RTÉ, UTV and BBC television from the 1960s. In 1962, Mac Aonghusa began presenting "An Fear agus An Sceal" (The Man & his Story) on RTÉ television, an Irish language show which saw Mac Aonghusa interviewing a different guest of note about their life each episode. That same year Mac Aonghusa would win a Jacob's Award for An Fear agus an Sceal, which he continued to host until 1964.
As well as attracting awards, An Fear agus an Sceal also brought controversy; two interviews, one with Máirtín Ó Cadhain, one with Con Lehane, both criticised the measures practised by the Fianna Fáil government during World War II to suppress and imprison Irish republicans. In response, the Fianna Fáil government intervened with RTÉ and those episodes were not aired. This was not to be Mac Aonghusa only run-in with the Fianna Fáil government; after Mac Aonghusa recorded a programme in which he questioned the effectiveness of Ireland's civil defence measures in the face of nuclear war, then Minister for Defence Kevin Boland had the episode suppressed. Mac Aonghusa once again ran afoul of the Fianna Fáil government when after he criticised the party in his anonymous weekly political gossip column in the Sunday Independent, then Minister of Agriculture Neil Blaney saw to it that the column was dropped. Mac Aonghusa was not deterred and returned anonymously as "Gulliver" in the Sunday Press and a gossip column on the back page of The Hibernia Magazine.
The latter half of Mac Aonghusa's 1960s/70s broadcasting career was primarily associated with the Irish language current events show Féach, which he both presented and edited. Mac Aonghusa resigned from Féach in 1972 following a bitter dispute with the broadcaster and commentator Eoghan Harris.
Political activism and career
Influenced by O'Donnell and Ó Cadhain in his youth, Mac Aonghusa also pursued left-wing republican politics as an adult. In 1958 Mac Aonghusa became, alongside David Thornley, Noel Browne, Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, and Desmond Ryan, a member of the "1913 Club", a group which sought to ideologically reconcile Irish nationalism and socialism.
In 1959 Mac Aonghusa wrote a series of six articles for the Irish Times in which he vehemently opposed the Fianna Fáil government's proposal to abolish single transferable vote in Ireland in favour of First past the post voting. Mac Aonghusa contended that First-past-the-post voting gave too much influence to party bosses, while proportional representation gave even small minorities representation, preventing them from feeling excluded by the state such as nationalists in Northern Ireland. In the referendum held on the matter on 17 June 1959, voters rejected first past the vote by a margin of 2%. Fianna Fáil would attempt to repeal proportional representation again in the late 60s, at which point Mac Aonghusa once again threw himself into the fight, leading a group called "Citizens for PR". In the referendum of 1968, voters rejected the first past the post system by over 20%. Mac Aonghusa would later recall that his defence of proportional representation was his greatest achievement in politics.
Member of the Labour party
In the 1960s both Mac Aonghusa and his wife joined the Sean Connolly branch of the Labour Party in Dublin. The branch had established a reputation as a haven for intellectuals who wanted a branch to themselves away from the many other Labour branches dominated by trade unionists. The branch came to advocate for expressly socialist policies (something previously avoided by the Labour party in conservative Ireland) combined with on-the-ground grass-roots campaigning. Through the Sean Connolly Branch, both Mac Aonghusa and his wife began to develop significant influence over the leader of the Labour party Brendan Corish.
In the 1965 Irish general election, Mac Aonghusa stood on behalf of the Labour party in the Louth constituency, but was not elected. In 1966 Mac Aonghusa published a book of speeches by Corish, the speeches themselves mostly having been ghostwritten by his wife Catherine. The introduction of the book proclaimed that Corish had developed a "brand of democratic republican socialism … broadened by experience and built firmly on Irish‐Ireland roots" and had rid the party of "do‐nothing backwoodsmen", thereby becoming the "first plausible and respected Labour leader in Ireland". It was at this same time that Mac Aonghusa was elevated to Vice-Chairman of the party. As vice-chair, Mac Aonghusa tried to convict Corish to stand in the 1966 Irish presidential election. When he failed to do so, he supported Fine Gael's Tom O'Higgins (considered to be on the left of that party) in his bid for the presidency. O'Higgins came within 0.5% of beating the incumbent, an ageing Éamon de Valera.
It was around this same time that Mac Aonghusa became active in the Wolfe Tone Society; a republican organisation linked almost directly to Sinn Féin. Mac Aonghusa suggested that republicans with "progressive views" should join the Labour party. In 1966, alongside Máirtín Ó Cadhain and other Gaeilgeoirí, Mac Aonghusa counter-protested and disrupted the Language Freedom Movement, an organisation seeking the abolition of compulsory Irish in the education system. For this, Mac Aonghusa and his allies were criticised as acting illiberally, while Mac Aonghusa maintained that those who opposed the Irish language were "slaves" unworthy of tolerance.
Support of Labour Youth League and expulsion
Mac Aonghusa's open disdain for the conservative and trade union wings of the Labour, as well as his open embrace of republican sensibilities and tendency to make pronouncements on Labour policy without first consulting the party's structures, brought him many internal enemies. An attempt was made to censure Mac Aonghusa for backing breakaway trade unions, but he was able to survive this. In 1966 Mac Aonghusa encouraged the formation of the Young Labour League, an unofficial youth wing of the party led by Brian Og O'Higgins, son of former Sinn Féin president Brian O'Higgins. Mirroring Mac Aonghusa's own position, the Youth League were Corish loyalists that open rebelled against the views of Labour's conservative deputy leader James Tully. When the youth league began publishing their own weekly newsletter, Labour's administrative council condemned it after discovering material which was "violently" critical of Tully and other Labour conservatives. An ensuing investigation into the newsletter led to Mac Aonghusa admitting that he had financed it and written some of the content, but not the anti-Tully material. After Mac Aonghusa refused to co-operate with further investigations into the matter, he was expelled on 12 January 1967 for "activities injurious" to the party. In the aftermath, Mac Aonghusa portrayed himself a left-wing martyr purged by a right-wing "Star chamber", a tactic that garnered him sympathy. Nevertheless, his expulsion was confirmed at the October 1967 party conference, despite one last appeal. His wife Catherine left the party alongside him.
Return to journalism, writing
In the aftermath of his expulsion from Labour, Mac Aonghusa expressed an interest in the social democratic wing of Fine Gael, which had been developing under Declan Costello since the mid-1960s. However, he did not join the party and instead ran as an independent candidate in the 1969 general election in Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown. When he was not elected there he began to refocus on the revival of the Irish language and with nationalist politics rather than being elected himself.
Upon the onset of the Troubles, Mac Aonghusa was initially supportive of Official Sinn Féin, however by 1972 he came to resent them and, through the Ned Stapleton Cumann, their secret influence over RTÉ. During the Arms Crisis in 1970, Mac Aonghusa supported Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, who stood accused of arranging to supply weapons to the Provisional IRA, in the pages of the New Statesman and other left‐wing journals. In this time period, Mac Aonghusa warned editors not to reprint his material in the Republic of Ireland as there was a de facto ban on him, and indeed, official attempts were made to block the transmission of his telexed reports.
Despite his earlier famed stark criticism of Fianna Fáil, Mac Aonghusa's defence of Haughey led to a friendship between the two men which resulted in Mac Aonghusa becoming one of his loudest defenders throughout the rest of Haughey's career. Mac Aonghusa's columns in the Sunday World and Irish language paper Anois were accused of descending into self-parody in their stringent defences of Haughey.
During the 1970s, Mac Aonghusa wrote a number of books covering significant figures in Irish republicanism; in order, he released books on James Connolly, Patrick Pearse, Wolfe Tone and Éamon de Valera. In his work on De Valera, Mac Aonghusa emphasised what he perceived as the more radical aspects of the Fianna Fáil founder. During 1974 and 1975, Mac Aonghusa worked as a United Nations Special Representative to the Southern Africa region with Seán MacBride, where they involved themselves in the South African Border War, and during which time Mac Aonghusa became involved in setting up a radio station in Namibia, linked to the SWAPO nationalist party.
In the 1980s, Haughey twice appointed Mac Aonghusa to the Arts Council as well as naming him president of Bord na Gaeilge (1989 to 1993). This was an issue as Mac Aonghusa was already president of Conradh na Gaeilge; being head of the main Irish language lobbying body as well as the state body responsible for the Irish language had an obvious conflict of interest. In 1991, following the announcement by Haughey that the government was to fund the creation of an Irish-language television station (launched in 1996 as Teilifís na Gaeilge), an elated Mac Aonghusa suggested that Haughey would be "remembered among the families of the Gael as long as the Gaelic nation shall survive".
In 1992 there were calls for Mac Aonghusa to step down from Bord na Gaeilge after he pronounced that "every respectable nationalist" in West Belfast should vote for Sinn Féin Gerry Adams over the SDLP candidate Joe Hendron in the 1992 UK general election as Mac Aonghusa considered a defeat for Adams "a victory for British imperialism". Nevertheless, Mac Aonghusa simultaneously advised voters in South Down to vote for the SDLP's Eddie McGrady over Sinn Féin. Mac Aonghusa railed against his detractors at the Conradh na Gaeilge árdfheis that year, declaring that "The mind of the slave, of the slíomadóir, of the hireling and the vagabond is still fairly dominant in Ireland".
As of 1995, Mac Aonghusa continued to label himself a socialist. In the forward to the book he wrote about James Connolly he released that year, Mac Aonghusa declared that
However, with the recent collapse of the Soviet Union in mind, Mac Aonghusa declared that the Stalinist regimes of Eastern Europe had not been socialist, and argued that the social democracies of Scandinavia (the Nordic model), were what James Connolly had envisioned as the desired socialist society. In the same text, Mac Aonghusa accused the Irish education system as well as Ireland's media of obfuscating Connolly's views on socialism and nationalism.
Mac Aonghusa battled through ill health in his final years but remained able to continue writing a number of books. His last publication, Súil Tharam in 2001, came just two years before his death in 2003.
Personal life
In 1955 Mac Aonghusa married Catherine Ellis, a member of the Church of Ireland from Belfast; for her married name, Catherine choose to use "McGuinness", the English language equivalent of Mac Aonghusa. Catherine McGuinness would go on to become a Supreme Court Judge over the course of her legal career. Together they would have three children together.
Bibliography
Súil Tharam (An Clóchomhar, 2001)
Oireachtas na Gaeilge 1897-1997 (Conradh na Gaeilge, 1997)
Daithí Ó hUaithne: Cuimhní Cairde (An Clóchomhar 1994)(edited with Tomás de Bhaldraithe)
Ar Son na Gaeilge – Conradh na Gaeilge 1893-1993 (Conradh na Gaeilge, 1993)
Ros Muc agus Cogadh na Saoirse (Conradh na Gaeilge, 1992)
Ón gCrannóg (An Clóchomhar, 1991)
Gaillimh agus Aistí Eile (An Clóchomhar, 1983)
Éamon de Valera – Na Blianta Réabhlóideacha (An Clóchomhar, 1982)
Aeriris (An Clóchomhar, 1976)
What Connolly Said (1995)
The Best of Tone (1976)
The Best of Pearse (1972)
The Best of Connolly (1967) (edited with Liam Ó Réagáin)
Corish Speaks (1967) (a collection of speeches by Brendan Corish, edited and introduced by Proinsias Mac Aonghusa
Proportional Representation in Ireland (1959).
References
1933 births
2003 deaths
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Irish language activists
Irish republicans
Irish socialists
Irish writers
Irish-language writers
Jacob's Award winners
Labour Party (Ireland) politicians
People from County Galway
RTÉ Radio 1 presenters
RTÉ television presenters
UTV (TV channel) |
44500472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial%20Gate%20VoIP%20Softswitch | Dial Gate VoIP Softswitch | Dial-Gate VoIP Softswitch is a SIP-based IP-PBX software for businesses, first released in 2006 by Canadian VoIP PBX solution provider Dialexia. The software serves as a web-based softswitch and billing server for VoIP and PSTN networks. On June 3, 2014, the Dialexia development team announced in a client newsletter that support for Dial-Gate Softswitch versions 3.9 and earlier would cease effective September 1, 2014. The company advised customers to migrate to a currently-supported operating system in order to receive future security updates & technical support.
Software overview
The Dial-Gate billing platform provides users with advanced real-time monitoring, pre-/post-paid billing, rate/route table management, and CDR report generation. It is integrated with Microsoft Exchange Server to provide voicemail unification, instant messaging and VideoOverIP. On November 19, 2014, Dialexia issued a press release announcing the integration of WebRTC capabilities to Dial Gate Softswitch PBX.
References
External links
2006 software
VoIP software |
6902996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iten | Iten | Iten is a town in Elgeyo-Marakwet County in the Republic of Kenya. Iten serves as the capital and is the largest town in the county. The town is located along the road between Eldoret and Kabarnet at the junction of the road heading to Kapsowar. Elgeyo escarpment and Kerio River are located east of Iten. The town has a population of 42,312.
It forms a common local authority (Iten/Tambach town council) with Tambach, a small town in the vicinity. Iten was the headquarters of the former Elgeyo-Marakwet District since 1966, when it replaced Tambach.
The name of the town is a corruption of Hill Ten, a local rock formation named by Joseph Thomson in 1883. The hill is located 800 meters outside the village, on the road toward Kessup. It can be best viewed from the Iten Viewpoint.
Naming
The name is a local corruption of Hill Ten, a local rock formation that was named by Joseph Thompson in 1883.
He inscribed the words Hill Ten on a rock while exploring the Kerio Valley to mark the number of hills he had conquered.
The hill is located about 800 metres outside the main town, on the road toward Kessup.
Running community
St. Patrick's High School is located in Iten. The school has, over the last 30 years, produced world-class long distance athletes. Alumni include Ibrahim Hussein, winner of three Boston Marathons and one New York City Marathon; Peter Rono, a 1988 Olympic gold medalist at 1,500 meters; Wilson Boit Kipketer, a 1997 world champion and 2000 Olympic silver medalist in the 3,000-meter steeplechase; Matthew Birir, 1992 Olympic gold medalist at the 3,000-meter steeplechase; and David Rudisha, 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medalist and world record holder at 800m. The coach of these athletes, Brother Colm O'Connell of Ireland, came to Iten in 1976 expecting to stay just three months. He has lived in Iten ever since.
Many athletes, including Rudisha, and world champions Edna Kiplagat, Florence Kiplagat, Lornah Kiplagat, Linet Masai, and Mary Keitany, have made homes in Iten. O'Connell is credited in starting the influx of female athletes to Iten in the early 1990s when he trained and hosted World Champion Sally Barsosio, Rose Cheruiyot, and world junior champion Lydia Cheromei (all of whom lived in O'Connell's back garden houses).
Each Christmas Eve, the town plays host to the largest women's-only race in Kenya, The Shoe4Africa 5km. It was in the 2006 edition of this race that world champion Mary Keitany began her athletics career.
The town hosts the high altitude training centre, HATC, founded in 1999 by Lornah Kiplagat and Pieter Langerhorst. Other landmarks include the Kerio View Hotel founded in 1995 by Jean Paul Fourier. In 2012, the World Record holder in marathon (second fastest at that time) Wilson Kipsang, opened the Keeluu Resort: a lodging, conference and dining center.
The book More Fire by Toby Tanser, 2008, was written in and based on Iten, as was Tanser's earlier book Train Hard, Win easy. The Kenyan Way. 1997. Iten is also a featured location in Adharanand Finn's 2012 book Running With The Kenyans.
Notable people
Paul Kipkemoi Chelimo – Olympic track & field athlete, born in Iten, lives in the USA.
Mary Keitany – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Iten.
Edna Kiplagat – Olympic track & field athlete, trained in Iten, lives in Colorado.
Florence Kiplagat – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Iten.
Lornah Kiplagat – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Holland, Nairobi, and Iten.
David Rudisha – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Eldoret, trained in Iten.
Asbel Kiprop – Olympic track & field athlete, trained in Iten, lives in Eldoret.
Wilson Kipsang – Olympic track & field athlete, lives and trains in Iten.
Joyce Chepkurui – Olympic track & field athlete, trained in Iten.
Sally Barsosio – Olympic track & field athlete. Years 1993 to 1997, trained in Iten.
Brother Colm O'Connell – World renowned coach. Lives in Iten.
Stephen Cherono – World record holder track & field athlete, trained in Iten, lives in Eldoret.
Lydia Cheromei – World champion track & field athlete. Years 1992 to 2010.
Jake Robertson - New Zealand national marathon record holder. At 17 he moved to Iten, Kenya with his twin brother and fellow professional runner Zane Robertson.
Zane Robertson - Olympic track & field athlete, twin brother of New Zealand national marathon record holder Jake Robertson.
Agnes Tirop - Olympic world record holder killed in Iten in 2021.
Notable places
St. Patrick's High School – A boys-only national secondary school which has fostered many notable athletes.
View Point – A private park that sits at the edge of the Elgeyo escarpment and has views of both Thompson's Hill number ten and the Gregory Rift
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070318110920/http://www.geocities.com/hatc99/where.htm
http://www.lornah.com/
Elgeyo-Marakwet County
Populated places in Rift Valley Province
County capitals in Kenya |
23574359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | The 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Bourg St.-Maurice, France under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 11th edition. The mixed C2 team event returned for the third and final time after not being held at the previous championships. East Germany did not win any medals for the first time since 1951.
Note
Only two teams completed the course in the women's K1 team event.
Medal summary
Men's
Canoe
Kayak
Mixed
Canoe
Women's
Kayak
Medals table
References
External links
International Canoe Federation
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1969
ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by France
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1969 |
23574368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelivan | Pelivan | Pelivan is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cișmea and Pelivan.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatti | Gatti | Gatti is an Italian name. Notable people with the surname include:
Alessandra Mirka Gatti, Italian Eurobeat singer
Annibale Gatti, Italian 19th-century fresco painter
Armand Gatti (1924–2017), French playwright
Arturo Gatti, Italian-Canadian professional boxer
Attilio Gatti, Italian explorer of Africa
Bernardino Gatti, Italian painter of the Renaissance
Bruno Gatti (* 1941), Swiss footballer
Carlo Gatti, Swiss entrepreneur in the Victorian era
Carmine Biagio Gatti (born 1988), Italian professional football player
Claudio Gatti, Italian investigative journalist based in New York City
Daniele Gatti, Italian conductor
Darío Javier Franco Gatti (born 1969), Argentine football manager and a former international footballer
Eduardo Gatti (born 1949), Chilean singer-songwriter
Elena Gatti Caporaso (1918–1999), Italian socialist politician and feminist
Emilio Gatti (1922–2016), Italian engineer and professor of nuclear electronics at the Politecnico of Milan
Enrico Gatti (born 1955), Italian violinist, known for playing Baroque music
Enrique Gatti, German musician of the English and German indie rock band Art Brut
Fabio Gatti, Italian footballer
Fabrizio Gatti (born 1966), Italian investigative journalist and author
Fortunato Gatti (early 17th century) was an Italian painter active near Parma and Modena
Franco Gatti (born 1942), the founder of the Italian group Ricchi e Poveri
Gabriele Gatti, Sammarinese politician
Gabriella Gatti (1908–2003), Italian operatic soprano
Gervasio Gatti (c. 1550–c. 1631), Italian late-Renaissance, active in Parma, Piacenza, and Cremona
Giacomo Gatti (died 1817), Italian painter of the late-Baroque, active mainly in his native Mantua
Girolamo Gatti (1682–1726), Italian painter, active mainly in Bologna.
Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Italian opera manager
Guido Carlo Gatti (born 1938), Italian former basketball player
Héctor Gustavo Gatti (born 1972), former Argentine footballer
Hugo Gatti, former Argentine professional football goalkeeper
Isabelle Laure Gatti de Gamond (1839–1905), Belgian educationalist, feminist, and politician
Jennifer Gatti, American television actress
Joe Gatti (born 1967), Canadian former middleweight boxer
John Maria Emilio Gatti, Sir (1872–1929), Anglo-Swiss theatre manager, restaurateur and businessman
Lou Gatti (1915-1977), Australian rules footballer
Lucas Cassius Gatti (born 1978), retired Argentine football midfielder
Luigi Gatti (composer) (1740–1817), Venetian classical composer
Luigi Gatti (businessman) (1875–1912), restaurateur
Luigi Gatti (weightlifter), Italian weightlifter
Luigi Gatti (politician) (1913–1945), Italian politician
Luigi Gatti (nuncio) (born 1946), Vatican diplomat
Marcello Gatti (1924–2013), Italian cinematographer
María Ester Gatti de Islas (1918–2010), Uruguayan teacher and human rights activist
Natalia Gatti (born 1982), Argentine female football forward
Mauro Gatti (born 1937), a retired Italian professional football player and coach
Nando Gatti (1927-date of death unknown), former South African international lawn bowler
Oliviero Gatti (1579–1648), Italian painter and engraver
Pierluigi Gatti (born 1938), Italian athlete
Rafael Savério Gatti (born 1984), Brazilian football goalkeeper
Riccardo Gatti (born 1997), Italian football player
Federico Gatti (born 1998), Italian football player
Roberto Gatti (born 1954), retired Italian football defender and later manager
Roberto Cazzolla Gatti (born 1984), Italian environmental and evolutionary biologist
Saturnino Gatti (1463–1518), Italian painter and sculptor
Simon Gatti, Canadian footballer
Stanlee Gatti (born 1955), American event designer
Theobaldo di Gatti (c.1650-1727), Florentine composer and musician
Italian-language surnames |
44500483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil%20Ahmed%20Khan | Jamil Ahmed Khan | Jamil Ahmed Khan was the Ambassador of Pakistan to the United Arab Emirates from November 2010 to June 2013. Previously, he was the Pakistan Ambassador to Libya from April 2009 to November 2010. A former captain in the Pakistan Army, Khan holds a Bachelors in Economics and Political Science from the Government College University, Lahore; a Masters in History from the University of the Punjab, Lahore; a postgraduate diploma in diplomacy from the Institut International d’Administration Publique, Paris; and a Bachelors in International Relations from the University of London. As a diplomat, he has also held positions in the United Nations and as the Head of Country in East Timor, Yemen, Somalia and Botswana.
References
Ambassadors of Pakistan to Libya
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United Arab Emirates
Pakistan Army officers
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Alumni of the University of London
University of the Punjab alumni |
44500485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyricaFest | LyricaFest | LyricaFest is an annual chamber music festival held in Lincoln, Massachusetts. This festival is part of Lyrica Boston Inc., a 501 (c)(3) not-for profit educational and performance corporation. Lyricafest was founded in 2000 by violinist/violist Laura Bossert and cellist Terry King. Every year 35 participants from conservatories and colleges throughout the United States and abroad, come together for a two-week workshop. The faculty includes Laura Bossert, Terry King and violinist/violist Paula Majerfeld. Lyricafest was featured in a documentary in 2009, The Sound of Character, produced by HawkFinn Production.
Guest artists
LyricaFest welcomes guest artists every year to give chamber coachings and masterclasses, previous guest artists have been Roger Tapping, William Preucil, Natasha Brofsky, Joseph Kalichstein, Lawrence Dutton, Pamela Frank, Laura Goldberg, Martin Perry.
Notable alumni
Neave Piano Trio, Hausmann Quartet, Alturas Duo, A Far Cry, Vox 4 String Quartet, Ashley Vandiver, Andrew Eng, Russell Wilson, Min-Jeong Koh, Jeremy Harmen, and John Richards.
References
External links
Classical music festivals in the United States |
17334301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20photography | Social photography | Social photography is a subcategory of photography focusing upon the technology, interaction and activities of individuals who take photographs. Digital cameras, photo sharing websites and the Internet have enabled new tools and methods of social networking while consumer trends such as flashpacking and adventure travel have led to a worldwide increase in socially connected photographers.
The proliferation of easy-to-use open source blogging methods, inexpensively-priced equipment and content management system applications has led to an increase in photography for social change and amateur photojournalism.
Some extensions of social photography include geotagging and online mapping, while online social networking destinations like Facebook have led to an increase in the popularity of technology employing the real-time transfer of images. Where Facebook allows for users to instantly upload a picture from their mobile phone to their profile, there have recently been a number of services sprouting up that allows users to create real time photo streams.
A wireless digital camera enables photographers to connect to cellular networks or other hotspots to share photos, print wirelessly and save photos directly to an image hosting website. Geographic areas serviced by outdoor WiFi networks permit extended applications for geocaching which can include the use of Global Positioning Systems and smartphones.
Some news networks and online broadcasters encourage viewers to send in photographs of live, breaking and current events, enabling citizen journalists and amateur photographers to participate in the news gathering process.
See also
Photojournalism
Social networking
Gallery Project
Travel journal
Image sharing
External links
Photographers and Photography Meetups
References
Photography by genre
Technology in society |
44500497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenterie%20Pagotto | Carpenterie Pagotto | Carpenterie Pagotto Srl (), also sometimes called Pagotto Carpenterie, is an Italian aircraft manufacturer based in Pianzano. The company was founded by designer Enio Pagotto and specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros and ultralight trikes.
Pagotto established his company initially to produce trikes and built his reputation on them, he then expanded into autogyro design.
Aircraft
References
External links
Aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Autogyros
Ultralight trikes
Homebuilt aircraft |
17334339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre%20Dame-Siena%20College%20of%20Polomolok | Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok | Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a private, Catholic, non-stock basic and higher education institution run by the Congregation of the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It was founded by the (Siena Sisters) in 1957 and was named Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok at the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete basic education and selected college education programs as follows:
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS)
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT)
Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) major in Content Areas
Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) major in Business Management
Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship (BSE)
Bachelor in Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE)
ND-SCP is administered by the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena.
Presidents
2004-2005 ----- Sr. Lina G. Tuyac, OP, Ph.D.
2005-2008 ----- Sr. Anna Marie Gatmaytan, O.P., Ph.D.
2008-2011 ----- Sr. Mercedes R. Lalisan, O.P., Ph.D.
2011-2014 ----- Sr. Lina G. Tuyac, O.P., Ph.D.
2014-2019 ----- Sr. Gina M. Galang, O.P., Ph.D.
2019–present - Sr. Pinlyn B. Dahili, OP., Ph.D.
See also
Siena College of Quezon City
Siena College of Taytay, Rizal
External links
ND-SCP web site
High schools in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in South Cotabato
Notre Dame Educational Association |
17334342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore%20Herpin | Théodore Herpin | Théodore-Joseph-Dieudonné Herpin (27 August 1799 – 17 July 1865) was a French and Swiss neurologist who was a native of Lyon. He studied medicine at the Universities of Paris and Geneva, and spent most of his medical career at Geneva.
Herpin is remembered for his extensive contributions made in the study of epilepsy. He examined hundreds of epileptic patients, and noticed that all epileptic episodes, whether they be complete or incomplete, started the same way, and surmised that they originated in the same location in the brain. Herpin's primary focus of epileptic research was to instruct other physicians to be able to recognize and treat the condition in its early stages. His pioneer research predated John Hughlings Jackson's (1835-1911) similar findings of the disorder.
Herpin is also credited for his comprehensive description of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
Written works
Du pronostic et du traitement curatif de l’épilepsie (1852).
Des accès incomplets d’épilepsie, (published posthumously in 1867).
References
European Neurology Théodore Herpin: Neglected Contributions in the Understanding of Epilepsy
1799 births
1865 deaths
University of Paris alumni
University of Geneva alumni
French neurologists
Swiss neurologists
Physicians from Lyon |
44500505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20I%20Love%20I%20Love | When I Love I Love | "When I Love I Love" is a song written by Harry Warren and Mack Gordon and recorded by Carmen Miranda for the film Week-End in Havana in 1941.
References
External links
When I Love I Love on iTunes Music
1941 songs
Samba songs
Songs with lyrics by Mack Gordon
Songs with music by Harry Warren
Carmen Miranda songs |
44500510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20%28gesture%29 | O (gesture) | The "O" is a gesture used predominantly at the University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene, Oregon, United States, and especially at events in which the school's athletic teams, the Oregon Ducks, are taking part. The gesture is used to show support for the team or university, and is formed by an individual matching up the fingertips of each hand after making the letter "C" with both hands. First used by University of Oregon band directors as a cue to indicate the song to be played, it gained its current meaning after a photograph of quarterback Joey Harrington appeared on the front page of The Oregonian making the "O" sign with his hands.
Origin
The gesture was first used by University of Oregon band directors, who relied on visual cues to direct the ensemble due to crowd noise. Steven Paul, who served as band director from 1983 to 1989, used the sign to prompt musicians to begin performing the fight song "Mighty Oregon". It was one of several gestures used by Paul and subsequent band directors, including Todd Zimbelman, who served as the band director from 1999 to 2005. It became popularized after a photograph of quarterback Joey Harrington making the "O" appeared on the front page of The Oregonian one day following the Civil War game in 2001. Harrington had made the gesture at the band, hoping to hear the fight song one more time. In 2014, Harrington recalled:
The moment was photographed by Bruce Ely, photographer at The Oregonian, and Thomas Boyd, who worked for the Eugene Register-Guard at the time. Ely recalled, "I remember calling editors and telling them it would be a cool picture for the front page. It took off from there. I think Tom and I are the only two people that happened to be in position."
Harrington displayed the gesture again at the Fiesta Bowl.
Adoption
Fans continued displaying the "O" at sporting events following the 2001 game. Nike gloves and other merchandise have been produced showing the symbol. According to John Canzano, sports writer for The Oregonian, the gesture has become "a universal non-verbal rally cry for the university".
The Winter 2014 edition of the Oregon Quarterly includes a photograph of Lady Gaga "throwing the O" with a UO alumna.
Controversy
As Oregon players began to use the gesture on the field after a good play, Fox Sports rules analyst Mike Pereira, a former NFL and college football official, indicated that he thought the use of the sign bordered on unsportsmanlike conduct, which could lead to a 15-yard penalty. Pereira later clarified his comments, indicating that the sign should be allowed, as long as it was not "prolonged" or "directed at an opponent."
Teachers in an American Sign Language class at Oregon have cautioned that, since the gesture often ends up being improperly formed, it ends up having more of the spade-like shape of the sign for "vagina" rather than the letter "O". Former Ducks player LaMichael James, who took the class, avoided making the sign for fear of being misinterpreted.
See also
Big "O", a hillside letter representing the University of Oregon, located at Skinner Butte in Eugene, Oregon
References
2001 establishments in Oregon
Hand gestures
Oregon Ducks
University of Oregon |
44500540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena%20Macedo%20Dom%C3%ADnguez | Magdalena Macedo Domínguez | María Magdalena Macedo Domínguez (born 25 May 1955) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. In 2009 she served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.
References
1955 births
Living people
Politicians from the State of Mexico
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for the State of Mexico |
44500543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Kreiner | Philip Kreiner | Philip Kreiner (born 1950 in Timmins, Ontario) is a Canadian writer, whose short story collection People Like Us in a Place Like This was a nominee for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction at the 1983 Governor General's Awards.
He published two further novels, Heartlands and Contact Prints, in the 1980s. All three works were drawn from Kreiner's own experience as a teacher who had worked in Cree communities in far Northern Ontario and in Jamaica.
Works
People Like Us in a Place Like This (1983, )
Heartlands (1984, )
Contact Prints (1987, )
References
1950 births
Living people
Canadian male novelists
20th-century Canadian novelists
Canadian male short story writers
Writers from Timmins
20th-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers |
44500545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Powers%20Laird | Warren Powers Laird | Warren Powers Laird, FAIA (August 8, 1861 – February 18, 1948) was an American architect from Minnesota. He was Dean of the School of Fine Arts of the University of Pennsylvania from 1920 to his retirement in 1932.
Biography
Laird was born in Winona, Minnesota, on August 8, 1861. He attended public schools in Winona, followed by study at the Winona Normal School. From 1885 to 1887, Laird took an architecture course at Cornell University. He then practiced for six years in architectural offices in Minnesota, Boston, and New York City, then studied in Paris. Near the end of his Cornell coursework, he was named an instructor of architecture. In January 1891, he was named a Professor of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania.
In 1911, Laird was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Pennsylvania. He was elevated to Dean of the School of Fine Arts there in 1920. He retired in 1932 and was named professor emeritus. Laird frequently consulted for state and municipal governments. He was on the national advisory council of Lingnan University in Canton, China, and was a trustee there for seventeen years. He served on the architectural jury of the art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
Laird married Clara Elizabeth Tuller on November 15, 1893. They had two children: Mary Hall and Helen Powers, the latter not surviving to adulthood. Laird served a term as president of the Fine Arts League of Philadelphia and served the American Institute of Architects on its Committee of Education. He died at his home in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, on February 18, 1948.
Works
Winona Free Public Library (1899), Winona, Minnesota
Stock Pavilion (1908) (with Paul Philippe Cret), Madison, Wisconsin
Winona Masonic Temple (1909), Winona
Lathrop Hall (1910) (with Cret), Madison
Agricultural Chemistry Building (1912) (with Cret), Madison
References
1861 births
1948 deaths
Architects from Minnesota
Architects from Pennsylvania
Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning alumni
Cornell University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
People from Winona, Minnesota
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects |
17334365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anataboshi | Anataboshi | is the sixth opening theme song from the Japanese anime Kirarin Revolution. The song was released on April 30, 2008 and is performed by MilkyWay, a Japanese project group consisting of Morning Musume member Koharu Kusumi, Hello Pro Egg member Sayaka Kitahara, and Hello Pro Egg member You Kikkawa as their characters, Kirari Tsukishima, Noel Yukino, and Kobeni Hanasaki. The song was released as MilkyWay's first single.
Background and release
"Anataboshi" is the sixth opening theme song to Kirarin Revolution and is performed by Koharu Kusumi from Morning Musume, Sayaka Kitahara, and You Kikkawa from Hello Pro Egg, who play the characters Kirari Tsukishima, Noel Yukino, and Kobeni Hanasaki. The song was released as MilkyWay's debut single.
The single was released on April 30, 2008 under the Zetima label. "Sansan Gogo", the tenth ending theme song to Kirarin Revolution, was included as a B-side and is also performed by MilkyWay.
A video single, referred as a "Single V", was released on May 8, 2008.
Music video
The music video was directed by Hideo Kawatani and produced by Tetsushi Suehiro. The Starlight Headset and Starlight Tambourine featured in the music video were produced as toys by Takara Tomy. The Starlight Headset Mini and Starlight Tambourine Mini were also produced for toddler-sized children.
Reception
The CD single debuted at #3 in the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart and charted for 12 weeks. The video single charted at #22 on the Oricon Weekly DVD Charts.
Track listing
Single
DVD single
Charts
Single
DVD single
References
External links
Anataboshi (Japanese) entry on the Up-Front Works official website
2008 singles
2008 songs
Anime songs
Children's television theme songs
Hello! Project songs
Kirarin Revolution
Animated series theme songs
Zetima Records singles |
20469544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20India%20Dance | Dance India Dance | Dance India Dance (also called by the acronym DID; tagline: Dance Ka Asli ID D.I.D.) is an Indian Hindi-language dance competition reality television series that airs on Zee TV, created and produced by Essel Vision Productions. It premiered on 30 January 2009. Here the judges are called Masters and Mithun Chakraborty was called Grand Master (until season 6). Season 7 premiered with a different concept.
The show features a format where dancers from a variety of styles enter open auditions held in Indian metropolitan cities to showcase their unique style and talents and, if allowed to move forward, are then put through mega-audition rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles. At the end of mega audition, the top 18 dancers are chosen as finalists who move on to compete in the competition's main phase where they will perform solo, duet and group dance numbers in a variety of styles in competition for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which, combined with the input of a panel of judges, determine which dancers will advance to the next stage from week to week.
The show features a variety of Indian cultural and international dance styles ranging across a broad spectrum of classical, Contemporary, Bollywood, Hip-hop, Jazz, Kalaripayattu, Salsa, and Musical theatre styles, among others, with many sub-genres within these categories represented. Competitors attempt to master these styles in an attempt to survive successive weeks of elimination and win a cash prize and often other awards, as well as the title of India's Best Dancer - CJ. The show is choreographed by Indian choreographers, such as Mudassar Khan, Marzi Pestonji, Tanuj Jaggi and Mini Pradhan. The show has won several television awards for Most Popular Dance Reality Show.
Format
Selection process
The selection process can be further broken down into two distinct stages: the Open Auditions and the second phase referred to as the Mega Auditions.
The Open Auditions take place in 5–6 major Indian cities and are typically open to anyone aged 15–30 at the time of their audition. The cities in which auditions are held vary from season to season but some, such as New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata have featured in almost every season. During this stage, dancers perform a brief routine (typically individually) before three masters. The masters will then make an on-the-spot decision as to whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability. If the dancer impressed the masters with his/her dancing abilities, masters will award a Hat called Taqdeer Ki Topi (Hat of Destiny), moving them instantly one step forward in the competition.
The second stage of the selection process, the Mega Auditions, is a several-day-long process in which the 100 hopefuls are tested for overall well-rounded dance, stamina, and their ability to perform under pressure. The dancers are put through a battery of rounds which test their ability to pick up various dance styles (typically some of the more well-represented genres that will later be prominent in the competition phase, such as Hip hop, Bollywood, Jazz, Bharat Natyam, Kathak, Mohiniyattam, Odissi and Contemporary). At the end of this process, only the top 36 competitors will be chosen. The top 36 are then again asked to give solo performances, after which 18 are chosen in the final auditions. Then, those top 18 get divided into 3 teams which are named according to the 3 masters of the show such as, Mudassar Ki Mandali, Marzi Ke Mastane and Mini Ke Masterblasters. Each team containing 6 dancers then competes in the show, learning new skills throughout the journey.
Judges
Grand Master Mithun Chakraborty has been being the head judge of the series. When any contestant performs an extraordinary performance, Grand Master gives him/her a salute. It's called Grand Salute and it is the highest respect for any contestant here. Every season, 3 Indian choreographers (who are called Coaches) choreograph the contestants and judge them too with Grand Master. The first three seasons were judged by 3 regular judges Master Geeta Kapoor, Master Terence Lewis & Master Remo D'Souza with Grand Master. Then the judges were changed season by season from season 4. When any contestant performs a perfect act, the judges give him/her a special speech which is as respect for the contestant.
List of the judges:
Adaptations
Dance Bangla Dance (Zee Bangla)
Dance Karnataka Dance (Zee Kannada)
Dance Kerala Dance (Zee Keralam)
Dance Maharashtra Dance (Zee Marathi)
Dance Odisha Dance (Zee Sarthak)
Dance Tamizha Dance (Zee Tamil)
Dance Punjab Dance (Zee Punjabi)
Dance India Dance Telugu (Zee Telugu)
Seasons
Season 1
First season was started on 30 January 2009. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 30 May 2009 and winner was Salman Yusuff Khan.
Masters:
Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay.
Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli.
Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang.
Top 18 Contestants:
Remo Ke Rangeelay:
Salman Yusuff Khan
Prince R. Gupta
Khushboo Purohit
Mangesh Mondal
Bhavana Purohit
Rakhee Sharma
Terence Ki Toli:
Alisha Singh
Jai Kumar Nair
Mayuresh Wadkar
Vrushali Chavan
Kiran Sutavne
Shubho Das
Geeta Ki Gang:
Siddhesh Pai
Sunita Gogoi
Paulson
Mandakini Jena
Nonie Sachdeva
Jigar Ghatge
Finalists:
Salman Yusuff Khan (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was the winner.
Alisha Singh (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up.
Siddhesh Pai (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 2nd runner-up.
Jai Kumar Nair (from Terence Ki Toli) was 3rd runner-up.
Season 2
Second season was started on 18 December 2009. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 23 April 2010 and winner was Shakti Mohan.
Masters:
Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay.
Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli.
Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang.
Top 21 Contestants:
Remo Ke Rangeelay:
Punit Pathak
Bhavna Khanduja
Nikkitasha Marwaha
Shashank Dogra
Meenu Panchal
Naresh Mondal
Terence Ki Toli:
Shakti Mohan
Kunwar Amar
Kruti Mahesh
Parvez Rehmani
Vandana
Ameet
Jack Gill (Wildcard)
Geeta Ki Gang:
Dharmesh Yelande
Binny Sharma
Amrita Mitra (wildcard)
Kishore Aman
Tina Pradkar
Altaf
Shruti
Finalists:
Shakti Mohan (from Terence Ki Toli) was the winner.
Dharmesh Yelande (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 1st runner-up.
Punit Pathak (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 2nd runner-up.
Binny Sharma (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 3rd runner-up.
Season 3
Third season was started on 24 December 2011. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 21 April 2012 and winner was Rajasmita Kar.
Masters:
Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay.
Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli.
Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang.
Top 18 Contestants:
Remo Ke Rangeelay:
Sanam Johar
Mohena Singh
Vaibhav Ghuge
Lipsa Acharya
Hardik Raval
Manju Sharma
Terence Ki Toli:
Pradeep Gurung
Raghav Juyal (wildcard)
Neerav Balvecha (wildcard)
Sneha Gupta
Piyali Saha
Varoon Kumar
Sneha Kapoor
Chotu Lohar
Geeta Ki Gang:
Rajasmita Kar
Abheek Banerjee
Paul Marshal
Urvashi Gandhi
Riddhika Singh
Shafeer
Finalists:
Rajasmita Kar (from Geeta Ki Gang) was the winner.
Pradeep Gurung (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up.
Raghav Juyal (from Terence Ki Toli) was 2nd runner-up.
Sanam Johar (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 3rd runner-up.
Mohena Singh (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 4th runner-up.
Season 4
Fourth season was started on 26 October 2013. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Ishita Sharma. The grand finale was aired on 22 February 2014 and winner was Shyam Yadav from Mudassar ki Mandli.
Masters:
Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Shruti Merchant, her team was named Shruti Ke Shandar.
Feroz Khan, his team was named Feroz Ki Fauj.
Karan Dhar, his team was named Karan Ke Kekde.
Top 11 Contestants:
Mudassar Ki Mandali:
Shyam Yadav
Swarali Karulkar
Dhiraj Bakshi
Shruti Ke Shandar:
Manan Sachdeva
Sumedh Mudgalkar
Shrishti Jain
Suniketa Bore
Feroz Ki Fauj:
Biki Das
Arundhati Garnaik
Ashutosh Pawar
Sapna Suryawanshi
Finalists:
Shyam Yadav (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was the winner.
Manan Sachdeva (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 1st runner-up.
Biki Das (from Firoz Ki Fauj) was 2nd runner-up.
Sumedh Mudgalkar (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 3rd runner-up.
Season 5
Fifth season was started on 27 June 2015. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali. The grand finale was aired on 10 October 2015 and winner was Proneeta Swargiary.
Masters:
Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Punit Pathak, his team was named Punit Ke Panthers.
Gaiti Siddiqui, her team was named Gaiti Ke Gangsters.
Top 11 Contestants:
Mudassar Ki Mandali:
Kaushik Mandal
Saddam Hussain Sheikh
Anuradha Iyengar
Vicky Alhat
Punit Ke Panthers:
Proneeta Swargiary
Ashish Vashistha
Sally Sheikh
Pankaj Thapa
Gaiti Ke Gangsters:
Nirmal Tamang
Sahil Adanaya
Anila Rajan
Finalists:
Proneeta Swargiary (from Punit Ke Panthers) was the winner.
Nirmal Tamang (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 1st runner-up.
Sahil Adanaya (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 2nd runner-up.
Kaushik Mandal (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was 3rd runner-up.
Ashish Vashistha (from Punit Ke Panthers) was 4th runner-up.
Season 6
Sixth season is being aired from 4 November 2017. This season is being hosted by Amruta Khanvilkar and Sahil Khattar.
Masters:
Mudassar Khan, his team is named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Marzi Pestonji, his team is named Marzi Ke Mastane.
Mini Pradhan, her team is named Mini Ke Masterblasters.
Top Contestants:
Mudassar Ki Mandali:
Shivam Wankhede
Paramdeep Singh
Alphons Chetty
Daphisha Kharbani
Ria Chatterjee
Deepak
Marzi Ke Mastane:
Sachin Sharma
Kalpita Kachroo
Punyakar Upadhyay
Shweta Warrier
Shweta Sharda
Rahul Burman
Mini Ke Masterblasters:
Sanket Gaonkar
Piyush Gurbhele
Nainika Anasuru
Sujan Marpa
Deepak Hulsure (Wildcard Entry)
Sonal Vichare
Mitesh Roy
Sarang Roy
Top 5 Finalists:
Sanket Gaonkar
Piyush Gurbhele
Nainika Anasuru (Wildcard Entry)
Sachin Sharma
Shivam Wankhede
Sanket Gaonkar (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the winner
Sachin Sharma (from Marzi Ke Mastane) is the first runner up
Piyush Gurbhele (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the second runner up
Nainika Anasuru (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the third runner up
Shivam Wankhede (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) is fourth runner up
Season 7
Season 7 - "Battle Of The Champions" being aired from 22 June 2019. This season is being hosted by Karan Wahi.
Judges
Bosco Martis
Kareena Kapoor Khan
Raftaar
Zones Coaches
Paul Marshal (West Ke Singhams)
Pranshu & Kuldeep (Lyrical) (2nd Runner-Up)Akshay Pal (Popping) (4th Runner-Up)Saakshi & Shambhavi (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 11 August 2019)Akash & Suraj (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 18 August 2018)Kings Squad (Hip-Hop) (Eliminated on 1 September 2019)Mansi Dhruv (Bollywood) (Eliminated on 22 September 2019)
Palden Lama Mawroh/Nirmal Tamang (East Ke Tigers)
Mukul Gain (Contemporary) (3rd Runner-Up)Nrutya Naivedya (Odissi) (Eliminated on 7 July 2019)Pop & Flex (Popping) (Eliminated on 14 July 2019)M.D. Hasan (B-Boying) (Eliminated on 28 July 2019)Richika Sinha (Contemporary) (Eliminated on 8 September 2019)
Bhawna Khanduja (North Ke Nawabs)
Unreal Crew (Tuttmation - Tutting and Animation) (winner)Malka Praveen (Hip-Hop and Freestyle) (Eliminated on 21 July 2019)Hardik Rawat (Contemporary and Hip-Hop) (withdrew Due to Injury on 28 July 2019) N-House Crew (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 22 September 2019)
Sneha Kapoor (South Ke Thalaiwa)
I Am Hip-Hop (Hip-Hop) (runner-up)Ramya & Bhaskar (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 7 July 2019)Loyala Dream Team (Hip-Hop and Urban Choreography) (Eliminated on 14 July 2019)Anil & Tejas (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 21 July 2019)The Soul Queens (Bollywood and Hip-Hop) (Eliminated on 25 August 2019)
Li'l Masters
li'l Master season 1
The first season of DID L'il Masters was judged by Farah Khan and Sandip Soparrkar. It was hosted by Manish Paul.
The four skippers were Jai (DID 1), Vrushali and Mayuresh (DID 1), Amrutha (DID 2), and Dharmesh (DID 2). Their teams were:
Dharmesh ke Dhinchak: Jeetumoni Kalita, Vaishnavi Patil, Ruturaj Mahalim, Khyati Patel
Jai ke Jhatang-Fatang: Vatsal Vithlani, Papiya Sarkar, Atul Banmoria, Divyam Viajyvergia
Vrushali aur Mayuresh ke Dhum-Dhadake: Manoj Rathod, Hansika Singh, Avneet Kaur, Neel Shah
Amritha ke Aflatoon: Anurag Sarmah, Khushabu Kargutkar, Shubham Maheshwari, Shivani Baranwal
Top 4 Finalists
Jeetumoni Kalita (winner)
Atul Banmoria (1st Runner Up)
Vaishnavi Patil (2nd Runner Up)
Manoj Rathod (3rd Runner Up)
li'l Master season 2
DID L'il Masters 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor and Marzi Pestonji. It was hosted by Jay Bhanushali.
The four skippers were Prince (DID 1), Raghav (DID 3), Kruti (DID 2), Neerav (DID 3)
Prince ke Paltan: Faisal, Shalini, Deep, Shreya
Raghav ke Rockstars: Saummya, Rohan, Yash, Susanket
Kruti ke Kracters: Om, Uday, Rimsha, Jnana
Neerav ke Ninjas: Shreya, Tanay (WC), Jeet (WC), Rishi, Shivam
Top Finalists
Faisal Khan (winner)
Om Chetry (1st Runner Up)
Rohan Parkale (2nd Runner Up)
Saumya Rai (3rd Runner Up)
li'l Master season 3
The third season began broadcasting on 1 March 2014. Geeta Kapoor, Ahmad Khan, and Mudassar Khan were judges, along with Sanam Johar (did3), Raghav Crockroaz Juyal(did3),(Lil M2)/ Omkar Shinde, Rahul Shetty and Paul Marshal Cardoz(did3) and Swarali Karulkar(did1), as skippers. The teams were Raghav/Omkar ke Rockstar, Sanam ke Superheroes, Rahul and Paul ke Rapchik Punters and Swarali ke Sparklers. Teriya Magar from Nepal was declared the winner, and Anushka Chetry became the 1st runner-up. Sadhwin Shetty was the 2nd runner-up. Hardik Ruparel was declared the 3rd runner-up
li'l Master season 4
DID Li'l Masters returned with its 4th season after 4 years. It began broadcasting on 3 March 2018. Marzi Pestonji, Chitrangnda Singh and Siddharth Anand are the judges along with Vaishnavi Patil (li'l M1),(JDJ5),(JDJ6),(JDJ7),(JDJ8),(JDJ9),(DC1),(DD3) Jitumoni Kalita (li'l M1), Tanay Malhara (Li'l M2),(D+2,) and Bir Radha Sherpa (li'l M2),(D+3),(DC1) as the skippers. The teams are Vaishnavi Ke Veer, Jitumoni ke Janbaaz, Tanay ke Tigers and Bir ke Baahubali. Jiya Thakur from Vaishnavi ke Veer wins the title. Urva Bhavsar from Jitumoni ke Janbaaz is the first runner up followed by Tamman Gamnu from Bir ke Baahubali. The season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Vighnesh Pande.
li'l Master season 5
DID Li'l Masters returned with its 5th season. It began broadcasting on 12 March 2022 with Remo D'Souza, Sonali Bendre and Mouni Roy as the judges with Jay Bhanushali as the host. The skippers for the season are Paul Marshal (DID3),(DID7),(Li'l M2),(SD1),(SD2),(SD3),(SD4),(IBD1),(IBD2), Vartika Jha (DD1),(D+4),(IBD1), (SD4), (IBD2) and Vaibhav Ghuge (DID3),(SD1),(SD2),(SD3),(SD4),(IBD1),(IBD2)
Contestant Status
Guest
Jackie Shroff,
Shahid Kapoor,
Aruna Irani,
Tiger Shroff,
Akshay Kumar,
Kartik Aryan,
Ranveer Singh,
Geeta Kapoor,
Terence Lewis,
Dharmesh Sir,
Salman Yusuff khan,
Shilpa Shetty,
Bosco Martis,
Varun Dhawan,
Anil Kapoor,
Kiara Advani,
Maneish Paul,
Ajay Devgn
Rakul Preet Singh
Bharti Singh for finale episode
Dancing with the stars
Dipali with adheshry,
Rupesh,
Sumya with sadia,
Rupesh bane,
Rohan,
Sanket,
Pankaj thapa,
Rutuja,
Shayam yadav,
Sadwi
Dance India Dance L'il Masters North America Edition
Auditions were conducted in April 2014 with over 10,000 contestants auditioning from all across the US, Canada and Europe. Out of them 10 contestants were chosen and were flown to Mumbai, India to compete in the finals. The winner was Akhil and the second winner was Avantika Vandanapu.
Doubles
The shows consisted of 12 finalist couples. The Grand Finale was scheduled for filming 7 April 2011 at the Andheri Sports Complex for broadcast on 9 April 2011. Amit and Falon were voted the winners of the season.
Super Moms
Super Moms Season 1
The first season started on 1 June 2013, where, Mithu Chowdhury from Kolkata was declared the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms 2013 Season, and Cecille Rodrigues from Goa was the 1st runner-up, and Shraddha Shah Raj from Surat was the 2nd runner-up. Skiper raguv (DID3), (Lil M1), (Li'l M2), skiper jay (DID1),
Farah khan and master marzi judge
Super Moms Season 2
The second season started on 28 March 2015.
Harpreet Khatri who hails from Mumbai was announced the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms Season 2 in 2015. Season 2 was anchored by popular TV actor Karan Wahi. Skiper sanam johar (DID3), skiper sidesh (DID2),skiper mayuresh (DID1). Season 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Govinda, and Terence Lewis.
Super Moms Season 3
Season 3 will be judged by Remo D'Souza, Bhagyashree & Urmila Matondkar and hosted by Jay Bhanushali.It started on 2 July 2022. This season was won Varsha Bumra and her choreographer Vartika Jha.
Special shows
Dance Ke Superstars
Dance Ke Superstars featured contestants from the first two seasons to compete against each other. The show was judged by choreographers Remo D'Souza and Shiamak Davar, and featured a guest judge every week. Team Jalwa, the Season 2 DID contestants, won the series.
Dance Ke Superkids
Dance ke Superkids- Battle of the Baaps! featured contestants from the first two seasons of DID L'iL Masters. It was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Farah Khan and Marzi Pestonji and hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Shreya Acharya. Team Yahoo, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 2, was led by Captain Raghav Juyal and choreographers: Kruti Mahesh and Prince Gupta. They won the competition with Faisal Khan, Soumya Rai, Rohan Parkale, Om Chetri, Jeet Das, Shalini Moitra and Tanay Malhara dancing their way to victory. Team Wakao, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 1, was led by Captain Dharmesh Yelande and choreographers: Mayuresh Vadkar and Vrushali Chavan; with dancing contestants: Jeetumoni Kalita, Vatsal Vithlani, Ruturaj Mahalim, Vaishnavi Patil, Atul Banmoria, Anurag Sarmah and Khyati Patel. The team fell just short of victory but thoroughly celebrated their time on the show all the same.
Dance Ka Tashan
DID Dance Ka Tashan featured contestants from Dance India Dance Super Moms competing against contestants from Dance India Dance L'il Masters 2. The show aired in November 2013 and was judged by choreographer Ahmed Khan and Geeta Kapoor and hosted by TV actor Rithvik Dhanjani and India's Best Dramebaaz, Nihar. The show was won by Team Todu, the DID L'il Masters Season 2 contestants, Faisal, Soumya, Rohan, Om, Shalini, Deep, Tanay, Jeet and Shreya.
Notes
References
External links
ZEE TV Official Channel
Dance India Dance Streaming on ZEE5
Dance India Dance
2009 Indian television series debuts
Zee TV original programming
Frames Production series
Indian reality television series |
44500562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous%20Number | Dangerous Number | Dangerous Number is a 1937 American comedy film directed by Richard Thorpe and written by Carey Wilson. The film stars Robert Young, Ann Sothern, Reginald Owen, and Cora Witherspoon, and features Dean Jagger. The film was released on January 22, 1937, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Plot
A clothing manufacturer, Hank (Robert Young) returns from a year in Japan, learning about a new formula for synthetic silk, to discover that his girlfriend Eleanor (Ann Sothern) is engaged to marry another man. Hank persuades her to jilt the new man at the altar.
After he and Eleanor get married, Hank comes to dislike the show-business friends of his wife and mother-in-law Gypsy (Cora Witherspoon) who pop up at all hours. And a man named Dillman (Dean Jagger) turns up who claims that Eleanor is actually his legal wife, not Hank's.
Hank is distracted by Vera (Maria Shelton), a friend of Eleanor's, but in the end pretends to be a cab driver and steers his taxi into a lake, with passenger Eleanor wearing a silk dress Hank gave her that disintegrates in the water.
Cast
Production
The role of "Eleanor" was originally slated to be played by Myrna Loy. In August 1936, it was reported that Madge Evans was taking the role, but it eventually went to Ann Sothern, who was on loan from RKO.
References
External links
1937 films
1930s English-language films
American comedy films
1937 comedy films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films directed by Richard Thorpe
American black-and-white films
1930s American films |
44500576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20and%20Bones%20%28Lyriel%20album%29 | Skin and Bones (Lyriel album) | Skin and Bones is the fifth studio album by the German band Lyriel. Containing a mix of folk rock, gothic metal and symphonic metal, it was recorded without former band member Steffen Feldmann and published in September 2014.
Style
Skin and Bones has been described as more powerful and harder than the band's previous releases. The musical genres include folk rock and celtic rock as well as gothic and symphonic metal. Swedish vocalist Christian Älvestam contributed harsh vocals as a guest singer on the track "Black and white".
Reception
According to the Sonic Seducer, Lyriel had managed to combine the emotional aspects of the various tracks on Skin and Bones with a pressing sound, which was harder than their earlier albums. The reviewer noted singer Jessica Thierjung's skills and concluded that the album had been produced well. Also the Rock Hard magazine stated that Lyriel had now learned from past criticism that their sound was lacking harder components. At the same time though the reviewer remarked that the band had not yet gotten rid of kitschy and "arbitrary" songs.
Track listing
Personnel
The production personnel for Skin and Bones include the following:
Lyriel
Jessica Thierjung – vocals
Tim Sonnenstuhl – guitars
Joon Laukamp – violin
Oliver Thierjung – bass, backing vocals
Marcus Fidorra – drums
Linda Laukamp – cello, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Christian Älvestam – vocals on "Black and white"
Hiko – cover art, layout
Thomas Plec Johansson – mixing
Robert Schuller – acoustic guitar
Sebastian Sonntag – backing vocals
Alexander Wenk – backing vocals
Martin Ahman – keyboards and fx
References
2014 albums
Lyriel albums
AFM Records albums |
44500585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente%20Mart%C3%ADnez | Vicente Martínez | Vicente Martínez may refer to:
Vicente Martínez (footballer) (1895–1963), Spanish footballer
Vicente Martínez (wrestler) (born 1946), Mexican wrestler
Vicente Martínez-Pujalte (born 1956), Spanish politician
Vicente Martinez Ybor (1818–1896), Spanish cigar manufacturer in Cuba and Florida |
44500588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20lace | Princess lace | Princess lace is a tape lace. It is made of straight machine-made lace tapes also called princess lace. The lacemaker bends and folds these into the shape of flowers and leaves, and sews them into position.
History
Princess lace was introduced at the end of the 19th century in Belgium. The most famous cities for princess lace were Aalst, Ninove, Geraardsbergen, Dendermonde and Liedekerke. It is reputed to be called Princess lace because the Belgium Royal Family used it.
Princess lace was mostly a home industry. In 1993, there were still 15 lace merchants who asked lacemakers to make princess lace.
References
Tape lace |
44500589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamb%C3%BA%2C%20Bamb%C3%BA | Bambú, Bambú | Bambú, Bambú is a song written by Patrick Teixeira and Donga and recorded by Carmen Miranda in 1939 for the film Down Argentine Way.
References
External links
Gravações americanas de Carmen Miranda
Samba songs
1939 songs
Carmen Miranda songs
Portuguese-language songs
Brazilian songs |
20469560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incontinence%20%28philosophy%29 | Incontinence (philosophy) | Incontinence ("a want of continence or self-restraint") is often used by philosophers to translate the Greek term Akrasia (ἀκρασία). Used to refer to a lacking in moderation or self-control, especially related to sexual desire, incontinence may also be called wantonness.
Aristotle
Aristotle devoted book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics to the discussion of continence and incontinence, having previously linked the latter both to prodigality in its effects, and to those dominated by irrational feeling in its failure to obey knowledge of the good: a case of knowing virtue, but not having habituated it to control passion.
Aristotle considered one could be incontinent with respect to money or temper or glory, but that its core relation was to bodily enjoyment. Its causes could be weakness of will, or an impetuous refusal to think. At the same time, he did not consider it a vice, because it is not so much a product of moral choice, but instead, a failure to act on one's better knowledge.
Later developments
For Augustine, incontinence was not so much a problem of knowledge (knowing but not acting) but of the will: he considered it a matter of everyday experience that men incontinently choose lesser over greater goods.
In the structural division of Dante's Inferno, incontinence is the sin punished in the second through fifth circles. The mutual incontinence of lust was for Dante the lightest of the deadly sins, even if its lack of self-control would open the road to deeper layers of Hell.
Akrasia appeared later as a character in Spenser's The Faerie Queene, representing the incontinence of lust, followed in the next canto by a study of that of anger; and as late as Jane Austen the sensibility of such figures as Marianne Dashwood would be treated as a form of (spiritual) incontinence.
With the triumph of Romanticism, however, the incontinent choice of feeling over reason became increasingly valorised in Western culture. Blake wrote that "those who restrain desire, do so because theirs is weak enough to be restrained". Encouraged by Rousseau, there was a rise of what Arnold J. Toynbee would describe as "an abandon (ακρατεια)...a state of mind in which antinomianism is accepted – consciously or unconsciously, in theory or in practice – as a substitute for creativeness".
A peak of such acrasia was perhaps reached in the 1960s cult of letting it all hang out – of breakdown, acting out and emotional self-indulgence and drama. Partly in reaction, the proponents of emotional intelligence would look back to Aristotle in the search for impulse control and delayed gratification – to his dictum that "a person is called continent or incontinent according as his reason is or is not in control".
See also
Akrasia
Seven deadly sins
References
Further reading
Dahl, N.O. 1984. Practical Reason, Aristotle, and the Weakness of Will. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Wedin, M. 1988. Mind and Imagination in Aristotle. New Haven: Yale University Press.
External links
Aristotle: Ethics and the Virtues (Weakness of the Will)
Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII
Concepts in ethics
Philosophy of love |
44500595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscitum%20Ovinium | Plebiscitum Ovinium | The Plebiscitum Ovinium (often called the Lex Ovinia) was an initiative by the Plebeian Council that transferred the power to revise the list of members of the Roman Senate (the lectio senatus) from consuls to censors.
Date
Since Appius Claudius Caecus is said to have changed the membership of the senate during his censorship in 312 BCE, the law must have been passed by then, but not much earlier because the censors of 319 removed a man from his tribe, but not from the Senate.
Reaction
The patricians did not recognize the validity of the Plebiscitum Ovinium, but nevertheless did not attempt to prevent the lectio senatus being carried out by the censors rather than the consuls.
See also
Conflict of the Orders
Ovinia gens
References
Roman law
Initiatives |
23574374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology.
Personal life
Guglielmo Gulotta was born in Milan on 11 July 1939. His family can be traced back to Sicily and Naples, and his pride in his roots is warmly expressed by his high spirit and vibrant character, which broadens his personality.
Gulotta lives between Milan and Turin, and travels around all Italy.
Academic life
After his Upper Honour Degree in Law cum laude at the University of Milan in 1964, Gulotta continued his practice in law, and in 1966 he passed the exam to be on the Board of Lawyers of the Milan Tribunal.
His curiosity for human behaviour and interpersonal relationships continued to grow and in 1968 he was awarded a scholarship, which lasted until 1970, to follow a research programme at the Institute of Criminal Law in the University of Milan. Since the beginning of his life as a researcher he has believed that the science of psychology could shed some light on the complexity of mental dimensions and human relationships of the different actors in the court.
He started to study psychology avidly and in 1969 obtained his specialisation in Psychology at the University of Turin, where he subsequently returned as a Full Professor in 1995.
He always remembers a film that he went to watch at the cinema, when it was first released in 1962, which apparently changed his life and his way of thinking for ever: Freud: The Secret Passion, also known as Freud. The film was a drama based on the life of the Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.
Gulotta started then to see the possible and amazing use of psychology within the legal and criminal law scenarios. His career as a criminal barrister and as an academic started to take off.
He believes that the law and psychology are two overlapping disciplines; they both study human behaviour. The first to control it; the second to explain it.
In 1974 he became a collaborator, in a four-year research contract, with Prof. Pietro Nuvolone at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan. In 1978 he worked at the Institute of Psychology alongside professor Marcello Cesa-Bianchi, director of the Juridical Psychology Section at the Department of Medicine (University of Milan). From 1982 to 1984 he was the President of AGAM (Association of Young Lawyers in Milan).
In 1982 he obtained a researcher post at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan, where is stayed until 1986, the year in which his interest and specialisation in psychology took him to Sardinia. At the University of Cagliari he was appointed as a full Professor in Social Psychology.
He enjoyed his academic life in Cagliari and his interest in joining law and psychology even closer developed greatly. In 1995 he was granted a post as a Full Professor in Juridical Psychology, at the University of Turin.
The cathedra of Juridical Psychology granted to him was the first in Italy. His high commitment and work in the field was starting to pay off, not only within his practice as a barrister, but also as an academic. In 2000 he directed a group of research about serial homicides and murder without a probable cause.
He retired as university professor in 2009.
Among his many students should be mentioned professor Cristina Cabras, doctor Roberta Bruzzone, doctor Alessandra Bramante, doctor Angelo Zappalà and doctor Fabrizio Russo.
Scientific and professional life
The most crucial insight within his scientific legacy is that human behaviour can be assessed and judged, as it happens every day in the Court, only by contextualising human actions and choices within the psychosocial reality of the defendant, the witnesses, the public prosecutor, the jury, and the Judge, and by recognising the psychological influences upon them.
This was a remarkable insight by a person who was first trained in law and who first practiced in a field in which psychology was seen as something akin to astrology, and remote from the certainty and clear cut attitude required in Court.
In one of his edited books Treatise of Juridical Psychology [Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria], 1987, inspired by the novels and plays of Luigi Pirandello and in line with the work of Erving Goffman, he described the Court as a theatre. He identified the different figures operating there, both on the stage and in the backstage, with actors reciting their own roles within their specific status.
In this forensic theatre, the drama of life is unfolded daily, and every day the case presented to the Judge exists only by virtue of how the evidence was gathered and collated; how the public accuser perceives and understands the dynamics of personal and social responsibilities involved; how the lawyer or the barrister introduces and argues the defense; how the defendant furnishes information about their behaviour and their possible involvement, or not, in the case; how the alleged victim reports the experience; how the witnesses contribute to the understanding of the case; how the experts provide clarity.
Many of these dimensions imply that what we deal with in the Court is not actually anymore the factual historical reality of events, but has something to do with the [procedural reality], which is how events are reconstructed via a process affected by personal memory, perception, and understanding of what was and is going on.
Inspired by the work of scientists such as Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and of the Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, Gulotta believes that reality is a social construction, and that human beings are directly responsible for this natural fabrication of life and interpersonal relationships. Gulotta has also devoted some attention to victimology, paying a specific tribute to family violence.
Guglielmo Gulotta calls his interdisciplinary approach the psychology of everyday life in which he thinks it is essential to include forensic psychology as well. 'How' and 'why' people respect the law, as well as 'how' and 'why' people break the law, can depend on the extent to which individuals are supported by or alienated from their own individual and social conditions, and also on the opportunities that society gives them to develop (or not) who they are and can be. His prolific publication track record is an example of how he can move easily from one subject to another. For those interested in the list of his publications, the website of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation lists them in detail: see link publications
Protocols and guidelines
Guglielmo Gulotta is actively involved in applying theory to practice and in the course of his long professional career he has been the creator and the promoter of many published protocols and documents.
The Noto Charter [Carta di Noto], created and developed with Luisella DeCataldo and other professionals in 1996, was then revised on July 7 2002, on June 12 2011 and again on October 14 2017, in its fourth edition. It is a document which contains guidelines for the examination of a minor in cases of sexual abuse.
The Venice Protocol [Protocollo di Venezia] was crafted and produced on September 21–23 2007, with a group of professionals from different scientific disciplines such as law, psychology, criminology, child neuropsychology, and psychiatry. The document intends to be a guideline and a methodological tool to assist professionals in those cases in which a forensic diagnosis of an alleged sexual collective abuse of a minor is required.
Both documents have been shaped: with faithful reference to the jurisprudence and legislative developments in law; with wide recognition of the specialised international literature; with humble respect of the evidence-based findings offered by the progress of scientific research in this area.
The Forensic Psychology Guidelines have been published as a book entitled Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati (Innocence and guilt in the dock) in 2018, with the famous Italian Publisher Giuffrè. This work is the highest expression of the combination of forensic activity and psychology in its various expressions, such as cognitive, social, neuroscience, communication and interpersonal relationships. It is a commentary on the Guidelines drawn up by a group of scholars, academics and professionals in the legal and psychosocial sciences who have drafted them with the intention of limiting the numerous judicial errors - both in the sense of the acquittal of a guilty person and the conviction of an innocent person - that afflict the criminal justice system and, as a consequence, our society. The book provides a description of the entire criminal process, from the investigation to the trial, and all criminal matters are examined to counter the errors, to reduce preconceptions and biases that can pollute the forensic action, with the aim of achieving an informed and critical cognitive vigilance.
Guglielmo Gulotta is, along other colleagues, the developer of the Patavino Memorandum, which is concerned with the application of neuroscience to legal capacities. This memorandum is a compendium about the most recent neuroscientific techniques used in the forensic field in Italy; it is, therefore an indispensable tool for professionals: forensic experts, technical consultants, magistrates, judges, and lawyers.
The commission of a crime is a human phenomenon which is profoundly complex and affected by many factors and variables, not always controllable. It must be understood and defined according to the interactionist language. The concepts of "mind", "consciousness" and "awareness" are parts of a much larger context of the interaction between cognitive functioning, individual psychological and psychophysiological responses, social, environmental and cultural influences. It is in the light of this perspective that the Memorandum speaks of individual responsibility as a derivative of the so-called "social brain", whose structure and function are represented by human interaction. The Patavino Memorandum was inspired by the Brain Waves Module 4: Neuroscience and the law (2011), and suggests that, in the current state of the art, neuroscience is not able to be the keystone of judicial diagnoses on its own. Neuroscience constitutes rather a contribution which, however authoritative and fascinating, is likely to continuously require interaction with and contribution from other sciences, in particular, empirical-social sciences.
Family violence
International studies have underlined a preoccupying rise in family dysfunction, abuse and violence, and yet these domestic troubles remain, in most cases, secrets or, at best, unknown to the extent that the shifting manifestation of deviance stays underestimated.
At the Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants, in 1985, Gulotta, in his personal communication entitled "Victims within the family" offered the following discerning words on family victimology:
"The fact that the family has the delicate function of first adapting the individual to society and also serv[ing] as a refuge from the stresses of social life outside its confines, means that victimization within the family represents a phenomenon of special gravity, calling for particular intervention […] (Gulotta, 1985, p. 13)”.
Family victimology has been the stepping stone for his work on child abuse.
No doubt children have been often and for lengthy periods, silent victims of maltreatment, neglect, physical, psychological and sexual violence.
The family setting is at times the most privileged environment for this type of crime to take place. It makes it easier to get access to children, to groom them and viciously entangle him/her in a promiscuous relationship. Family settings, once they permit the abuse dynamic to take place, can easily sustain it because of the claim to family privacy that allows the clearance of all external interferences.
Family is supposed to provide a child with a climate of protection, love and care.
Who can then be allowed to unveil the truth behind this paradisiacal scenario?
Real experiences and scientific evidence are extensively gathering data to reveal, unfortunately, that family members, and not least parents, can, at times, be responsible for such heinous acts.
In all this drama, which clusters together political, scientific, and professional forces, there exists another form of silent victimology, the one that focuses on false positives, that is the cases in which children of any age, and even adults, become convinced or are made to believe that they have experienced some form of sexual abuse either at present or in their past.
The reality of false positives was born within the realm of public hysteria in which the urgency to protect children has been made so extreme that everything, every gesture or word that an adult performs, is considered abuse unless otherwise proved. In all this paraphernalia, Gulotta is convinced that the result of all this is that more victims are made and more suffering emerges.
Gulotta considers that for a child to believe and to grow up with the credence that he/she has been abused by either their mother or father, or by one of their relatives, or by their school teacher or neighbour, when in fact it has not actually occurred, can perhaps be as emotionally damaging and traumatic as a real endured abuse.
Cross examinations studies
In 2018 Guglielmo Gulotta published the new edition of his book (edited in 2012) on the cross-examination, what he calls a "scientific art". This volume identifies two hundred rules for cross-examination. The origin of these rules derives from the Code of Criminal Procedure, from the professional experience of Guglielmo Gulotta and other professionals in court, from an extensive Italian and Anglo-American literature on the subject of cross-examination, and from practices and customs that make up what could be defined as "procedural etiquette". On the one hand, Guglielmo Gulotta defines this activity as a scientific art because it involves a certain talent composed of critical sense, flexibility, and creativity. On the other hand, this definition suggests that the compass of implied behaviours is of a scientific nature. There is a dual reference to the science of law and to psycho-social sciences that study human conduct, and in particular psychology and psycho-socio-linguistics. The volume is organized by charts associated with the 200 rules, and that helps to explain, justify, encourage and criticize behaviours that are suggested or discouraged within the forensic setting and in the court.
Other areas of scientific interest
Guglielmo Gulotta has been using "everyday life" as a laboratory to explore empirically many of the concepts of social psychology and of the psychology of communication. His versatile mind has allowed Guglielmo Gulotta to develop in Italy the psychology of tourism. Because of his achievement he is now the President of ARIPT - Associazione Ricerche Interdisciplinari Psicologia del Turismo – (The Association of the Interdisciplinary Research of the Psychology of Tourism).
How to communicate is particularly important in the academic and legal career of any professional. Gugliemo Gulotta has made his interest for communication a topic of his research attention. This scientific interest has led to different scientific publications. One of the most important ones is Sapersi esprimere, published with another colleague, and by the publisher Giuffrè in 2009. This works is related to the know-how of how to express oneself, combined with the analysis of two dimensions of communication and human behaviour: lying and falsehood, and sincerity and honesty. An assumption addressed in the book is that if communication between humans could be carried out telepathically, there might be less interference, than what happens with expressing ourselves in words and gestures, and with all our behaviour. Guglielmo Gulotta and Luisella De Cataldo (the co-author) have taken on the task of addressing the complex topic of communication using the results of the most up-to-date psychological research available. The conclusions are encouraging: communication competence, both in the private and professional context, can be learned and improved.
Psychotherapy and hypnosis are two other areas of interests for Guglielmo Gulotta, which highlights his versatile professional and vibrant personality, which conveys curiosity, creativity and an interest to integrate ideas and areas of knowledge.
Recent achievements
Justice, and this is the great value, which has inspired the professional and scientific work of Gulotta, can be achieved only when a scientific-evidence methodology is appropriately used to explore, address and resolve the complexity of sex abuse allegations.
Within his long track record of studies done in forensic psychology, with the aim of addressing the matter of false negative allegations of child abuse, two important documents should be remembered and be associated with his name: the above mentioned Noto Charter and Venice Protocol.
One of Gulotta's books, Juridical psychology and psychological law is a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of how these two main domains (law and psychology) are intertwined in the real world. The book collects some of the work Gulotta has shared with his collaborators. It moves from a similar point of view Gulotta's Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology, recently published in a new edition with multimedia content.
He has been involved in hundreds of conferences and symposiums, in numerous radio and TV programmes and his competence has been widely appreciated.
A recent achievement of Gulotta is the creation of a Foundation under his name, Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation (see link). The aims are the promotion, realisation, and dissemination of studies, scientific research, and professional training in forensic and social psychology, and strategic communication. The scope is to help experienced professionals to update and enrich their competence, or to develop in new generation of professionals, those skills – the social and forensic psychology know how – which have become so indispensable and fundamental within the social and forensic fields where they are called upon to perform.
The rationale of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation is to make a contribution to the development of professionals who show fairness in the words they proffer, justice in their decisions, honesty in their actions, and sensitivity in their handling of cases.
The gratitude of all his students and colleagues goes out to him not just for what he has been able to teach, but for making them appreciate that what is also important in science is to have the courage to make one's own choice, and to address it with a sense of personal and professional responsibility.
A recent book (Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria) which was published in 2018 with two other colleagues (Eugenio Calvi and Elena Leardini) is a new edition of the commentary on the Code of Ethics for Psychologists, in which each article of the Code of Ethics is analysed with ordinary decisions and case law, and contextualised with how they are applied to the professional practice of psychologists.
Major works
Gulotta G. (1976). Commedie e drammi nel matrimonio [Comedy and drama in marriage]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1984). Famiglia e violenza [Family and violence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1985). Victims within the family. Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants.
Gulotta G. (1987). Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria [Treatise of Juridical Psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1995). La psicologia della vita quotidiana [The psychology of everyday life]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1997). L'intelligenza sociale [Social Intelligence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2002) (Ed.). Elementi di psicologia giuridica e di diritto psicologico [Juridical psychology and psychological law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2008) (Ed.). La vita quotidiana come laboratorio di psicologia sociale [The daily life as a laboratory of social psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Bianchi A., Gulotta G., & Sartori G. (2009), Manuale di neuroscienze forensi [Manual of Forensic Neuroscience], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. e Cutica I. (2009), Guida alla perizia in tema di abuso sessuale e alla sua critica [A guide for the evaluation of sexual abuse and its critic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., & Tuosto E.M. (2017), Il volto nell'investigazione e nel processo. Nuova fisiognomica forense [New Forensic physiognomic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Le 200 regole della cross-examination. Un’arte scientifica [The 200 rules of cross-examination]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati [Innocence and guilt in the dock]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., Calvi E., & Leardini E. (2018). Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria [The new Code of Ethics for psychologists. Commented article by article with ordinary decisions and case law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2020). Compendio di psicologia giuridico-forense, criminale e investigativa [Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology. Update in 2020 with multimedia references]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Notes
References
Brown J. & E. Campbell (in press) (Eds.). Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
De Cataldo L. (1997). Abuso sessuale di minore e processo penale: ruoli e responsabilità. Padua: Cedam.
De Cataldo L. (1988). Psicologia della testimonianza e prova testimoniale. Milan: Giuffrè.
De Leo G. (1995). Oggetto, competenze e funzioni della psicologia giuridica. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 17–30). Milano: Led.
Quadrio A. & De Leo G. (1995) (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica. Milan: Led.
Di Blasio P. (1995). Interazioni tra psicologia e giustizia nelle problematiche del maltrattamento ai minori. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 425–441). Milano: Led.
Fornari U. (2004, 3rd ed.). Trattato di psichiatria forense. Turin: UTET.
Mazzoni G. (2003). Si può credere a un testimone?. Bologna: Il Mulino Contemporanea.
Ost J., Foster S., Costall A., & Bull R. (2005). False reports of childhood events in appropriate interviews. Memory, 13, 700–710.
Partlett D.F. & Nurcombe B. (1998). Recovered memories of child sexual abuse and liability: Society, science, and the law in a comparative setting. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4(4), 1253–1306.
Poole D.A. & Lindsay S.D. (2002). Reducing child witnesses' false reports of misinformation from parents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 81, 117–140.
People in health professions from Turin
1939 births
Living people
University of Turin faculty
University of Cagliari faculty
Italian psychologists
Jurists from Turin
20th-century Italian lawyers
21st-century Italian lawyers |
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