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17333366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBUR | KBUR | KBUR (1490 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Burlington, Iowa. The station primarily broadcasts a talk radio format. KBUR is owned by Pritchard Broadcasting Corporation. It was first licensed on September 11, 1941.
Pritchard Broadcasting Corporation (owned by John T. Pritchard) agreed to purchase the station from GAP West (owned by Skip Weller) in late 2007. The station was owned by Clear Channel prior to GAP West.
References
External links
KBUR website
FCC History Cards for KBUR
BUR
Talk radio stations in the United States
Burlington, Iowa
Radio stations established in 2007 |
23573931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%A1%C3%ADn | Dobšín | Dobšín is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Kamenice is an administrative part of Dobšín.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20George%20Wharf | St George Wharf | St George Wharf is a riverside development in Vauxhall, Lambeth, London, England, located on the southern bank of the River Thames beside Vauxhall Bridge. St George Wharf Pier is a calling point for London River Services riverboat RB2 and RB6 services.
The mixed-use development is located between the Vauxhall Cross road junction and the river, and is near Vauxhall station. The River Effra, one of the Thames' many underground tributaries, empties into the river close by. This development should not be confused with the smaller St George's Wharf which is in Shad Thames, London SE1, close to Tower Bridge.
Construction
Construction of St George Wharf was carried out in phases by developers St George, part of Berkeley Group Holdings, with blocks opening between 2001 and 2010. St George Wharf Tower was the final block to be completed, opening in 2012. The development comprises over 1,400 apartments, as well as offices, retail units and restaurants. It was designed by the architecture practice Broadway Malyan.
St George Wharf comprises the following blocks:
Admiral House
Anchor House
Aquarius House
Armada House
Bridge House (18 St George Wharf, SW8 2LP/Q)
Drake House
Ensign House (12 St George Wharf, SW8 2LU)
Flagstaff House
Fountain House
Galleon House
Hamilton House
Hanover House (7 St George Wharf, SW8 2JA)
Hobart House
Jellicoe House
Kestrel House
Kingfisher House
Sentinel Point
The Tower
St George Wharf Tower is a residential skyscraper. It is tall with 49 storeys. It is cited as the tallest residential building in the United Kingdom, however there are 10 apartments within The Shard, which is taller. Two residential towers currently under construction in London, Newfoundland Quay and Landmark Pinnacle will be taller than the Tower when completed in 2020.
Helicopter crash
At 07:57 GMT on 16 January 2013, a helicopter collided with a crane being used in the construction of the St George Wharf Tower. The helicopter crashed in nearby Wandsworth Road, killing the pilot. One person on the ground also died, and a number of others were injured.
Carbuncle Cup
In October 2006, St George Wharf was nominated and made the Building Design shortlist for the inaugural Carbuncle Cup, which was ultimately awarded to Drake Circus Shopping Centre in Plymouth.
References
External links
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21040410
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in London
Buildings and structures under construction in the United Kingdom
Vauxhall |
20468817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Beadsworth | Arthur Beadsworth | Arthur Beadsworth (September 1876 – 9 October 1917) was an English professional football who played in the Football League for Burton United, Manchester United and Leicester Fosse as a forward.
Personal life
Beadsworth briefly served in the Leicestershire Regiment and the King's Royal Rifle Corps of the British Army in the early 1890s, before being discharged for being underage. He married in 1897, had four children and later worked as a shoe hand in Hinckley after his retirement from professional football in 1906. After the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Beadsworth re-enlisted in the Leicestershire Regiment. His battalion was deployed to the Western Front in July 1915 and by March 1916 he had risen to the rank of sergeant. Beadsworth was gassed during the Third Battle of Ypres, and he was transferred to Wimereux, France, where he died of his wounds on 9 October 1917. He was buried in Wimereux Communal Cemetery.
Career statistics
References
External links
MUFCInfo.com profile
1876 births
Footballers from Leicester
English footballers
Association football inside forwards
English Football League players
British Army personnel of World War I
1917 deaths
Royal Leicestershire Regiment soldiers
King's Royal Rifle Corps soldiers
Leicester City F.C. players
Association football outside forwards
Coventry City F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Hinckley United F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Burton United F.C. players
Southern Football League players
British military personnel killed in World War I
Military personnel from Leicester |
6902248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Voz%20da%20P%C3%B3voa | A Voz da Póvoa | A Voz da Póvoa is one of the three main local newspapers of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal.
Its current editor-in-chief is Ferreira de Sousa.
Newspapers published in Portugal
Newspapers established in 1938
Mass media in Póvoa de Varzim
1938 establishments in Portugal |
6902254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20Episcopal%20Church%20%28Tarrytown%2C%20New%20York%29 | Christ Episcopal Church (Tarrytown, New York) | Christ Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 43 South Broadway (US 9) in Tarrytown, New York. Topped by a modest tower, the ivy-covered red brick church was built in 1837 and maintains an active congregation to the present day. The church also includes the San Marcos Mission, a Spanish-language ministry.
It was recognized as a landmark by the New York Department of Education in 1935. In 1987 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places for both its association with early American author Washington Irving, who served as a vestryman, and its distinctive early Gothic Revival architecture. It has undergone several extensive renovations since its construction, and has had two outbuildings added, but maintains its historic character.
Building complex
The church complex includes three buildings: the original church, a rectory built later, and a parish hall on a 17,120 square-foot (514 m²) parcel at the intersection of South Broadway and Elizabeth Street. All date to the 19th century and are considered contributing resources to its status as a Registered Historic Place.
Church
The church itself takes the form of a traditional English parish church, with an engaged tower and transept at the three-quarters point, built of red brick. The front facade is currently covered with a heavy growth of ivy. The tower and turrets at the east front and north transept are castellated. Limestone, sandstone and molded brick are used for the various decorative elements in the facade. An iron fence encloses the small churchyard, and a chapel has been added to the south wing.
The tower forms a vaulted narthex at the main entrance in front. All walls there and within the chancel are white plaster, except around the altar. Its recess features marbleized Corinthian columns and gold paint. The altar itself is made of carved stone, painted a neutral brown, with decorations echoing its surrounding decor and the stained glass window behind it. To its right is a memorial tablet to Maria Phillips, an early member of the church during colonial times.
A similar memorial plaque to Irving is located on the wall next to a baptismal font in the north transept. It is made of Dorchester stone with columns of Aberdeen granite and Caen stone, depicting the symbolic holly of Irving's coat of arms. Displayed in front is Irving's pew, one of the church's original pine furnishings. The opposite wall memorializes Dr. William Creighton, founder and first rector of the parish. The south transept contains St. Mark's Chapel, from a church in Beekmantown consolidated with Christ in 1951.
Rectory
The rectory, built in 1875, is a two-and-a-half-story rectangular building abutting (and later linked to) the church. It has a large pavilion with corbel tables, brick corner pilasters and steeply pitched raking cornice. Entrance is through a single-bay vestibule adjacent to the pavilion. The building also has a small wooden porch.
Parish hall
The one-story-with-basement parish hall dates to 1898. It shows some Tudorbethan features, such as its arched windows, arranged singly in one-over-one sets. The side entrance porch has Tudor archways, and a half-timbered gable with triple window and a transom embellished with a pinnacle and scrolls.
History
The church was started by Nathaniel Holmes, a New York City bookseller and devout Episcopalian who retired to Tarrytown in 1835. He taught a Sunday school in the old schoolhouse on Franklin Street, and soon after taking up residence persuaded Dr. William Creighton, former rector of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in Lower Manhattan, to help him start a church in his new home. It was formally organized on August 8, 1836, with Holmes as senior warden.
Minutes from the vestry meeting two weeks later record a resolution to build a "church of brick, 40' X 55', in the Gothic style". Six weeks later those specifications were amended to say that the church tower should be 40 feet (12 m) high and 14 feet (4 m) square, with a "plain Gothic" window, and the rear of the church square. The conscious choice of a "Gothic" style for the church preceded by several years the debut of the Gothic Revival churches of Richard Upjohn, such as New York's Trinity Church. Alexander Jackson Davis would not publish his Rural Residences, which inspired similarly Gothic board-and-batten churches throughout rural New England, for another year. Christ Church was thus one of the earliest American churches in that style, taking a Picturesque interpretation.
The new church soon purchased the current property and by November of that year the cornerstone had been laid. Local construction firm Hall & Boyce received $5,377 to complete the church. It was opened and the first services held in 1837. Creighton served with distinction as rector not only at Christ but at Zion Church in nearby Greenburgh. He is believed to have persuaded Irving to join the church in 1848; the author's presence at services was a frequent attraction for visitors from out of town. He served as a vestryman until his death in 1859, and also contributed the ivy which grows on the church facade, from cuttings he took at Abbotsford House, the home of Sir Walter Scott. Due to the closure of his Sunnyside estate for many years afterwards, his pew in the church became the primary focus for visitors to Tarrytown looking to pay homage to him.
The early years saw some moderate improvements: a church bell, central heating, the iron fence and sidewalks on the grounds. In 1857 the first major alteration occurred when the church was lengthened and a recess chancel installed. This change, making the spatial separation between clergy and laity more pronounced, reflects the influence of the Cambridge Camden Society and Ecclesiology movement within Anglicanism, which advocated for more authentically medieval architecture in the denominations' churches. This philosophy would inform the design of Christ Church for the remainder of the century.
In 1868, three years after Creighton's death, local architect James Bird and his builder brother Seth were contracted to oversee some more major improvements as an alternative to demolishing the church, which had grown structurally unsound. They put in a new ceiling and sidewalls, added the south wing, removed the organ gallery and moving the organ itself to the new north transept, put in gas lighting and refitted the windows for stained glass. It is believed that the decorative wall painting was added at this time as well.
The last major alteration, in 1896, focused mainly on the interior decoration. The original pine benches were replaced with oak, and the pews arranged so that they had a single center aisle rather than just the two on the sides. All the new furnishing boasted carved wooden elements such as trefoil piercings that enhanced the Gothic feel of the church. They were complemented by the stenciled walls, polychrome tile floor and hanging brass lanterns. While this primarily reflects the ascendancy of Aestheticism in popular design at the time, the lingering Ecclesiological influence shows in the center aisle, which puts the nave and chancel along a single axis.
Later work on the building aimed to restore and preserve it. In 1931 all buildings were clean, revealing some of the brick additions, and the sanctuary restored to its original white in keeping with the then-popular Colonial Revival trend. Finally, in 1985, all the buildings were repainted with tinted mortar to preservation standards.
It was necessary to close the church in 1995 since the bell tower had deteriorated to the point where structural engineers it consulted recommended not using the main entrance. Church members also discovered it was necessary to replace the roof as well, since its three layers were decaying at different rates and the building code does not permit a fourth layer. Services were held in nearby Ackerman Hall until $500,000 could be raised to pay for the restoration and repair.
The church today
Christ Episcopal continues to be active part of the Tarrytown community. In 1993 it started San Marcos Mission, a program for the growing Latin immigrant population. It holds services in Spanish and other programs for that community. The church also provides space for the Tarrytown Nursery School for children ages 2–4. Other church programs include Godly Play, a Montessori-based Sunday school, and an annual chili cookoff.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York
References
External links
Church website
Episcopal church buildings in New York (state)
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Religious organizations established in 1836
Churches completed in 1837
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
U.S. Route 9
Tarrytown, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York
Churches in Westchester County, New York
1836 establishments in New York (state) |
6902258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrifty%20White | Thrifty White | Thrifty White Pharmacy (also known as White Drug and Thrifty Drug) is an American pharmacy chain with operations in six states, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa headquartered in Plymouth, MN. The firm specializes in filling prescriptions, long term care consulting, community outreach, and specialty services. As of September 2016, Thrifty White received full URAC accreditation for its specialty pharmacy.
History
The first White Drug opened in Jamestown, North Dakota, in 1884 by Mr. and Mrs. H.E. White. There were 38 White Drug Stores when it merged with Thrifty Drug in 1985. Thrifty Drug was founded in Brainerd, Minnesota, in 1957 by Douglas Stark, Jack Lindoo, and Edward Olsen. White Drug and Thrifty Drug merged in 1985 to form Thrifty White Drugstores.
White Mart
White Mart was a chain of discount department stores serving mostly the Dakotas and Minnesota. Shortly after merging, the new Thrifty White began closing all White Mart locations, with the final locations closing in the early 1990s.
Thrifty White today
Thrifty White is an employee owned company that operates a total of 96 drugstores under the banners White Drug, Thrifty Drug, and Thrifty White Drug. In addition, there are 82 Independent Retailers that operate their own pharmacies but use Thrifty White tools and contracts. Its locations are typically found inside shopping centers or strip malls. Most Thrifty White stores offer a wide range of items found in the typical retail drugstore including, household items, greeting cards, cosmetics, and a large gift section. A typical Thrifty White also has a full service One Hour Photo Lab.
Most of the Thrifty White drugstores are located in small towns with a population of under 60,000 where they are often the only pharmacy within city limits.
Thrifty White partnered with North Dakota State University to open a concept pharmacy for students to learn and experience the way of a retail pharmacy. Students are able to practice the duties of a pharmacist within an instructional pharmacy setting.
Thrifty White has eight Telepharmacy Stores located in small communities where access to a pharmacist would not be available. First opened in 2003, these stores allow a pharmacist to communicate through an audio/video feed with a trained technician to fill and approve prescriptions. These stores allow for regular services such as MTM and patient counseling.
In 2013, Thrifty White purchased TheOnlineDrugstore, expanding its reach online.
In 2016, Thrifty White became a fully accredited specialty pharmacy through URAC with accreditation lasting until 2019. It has the ability to provide specialty products and services all 50 states. It claims adherence rates of over 93% for specialty patients.
Thrifty White was named the national "Pharmacy Innovator of the Year" for 2016 by Drug Store News. It won a similar award in 2012 by Chain Drug Review. Thrifty White was also names "#1 in Medication Therapy Management" by Mirixa in 2016 and "Most Innovative" by Outcomes in 2016. Thrifty White's Medication Synchronization program has 65,000 patients enrolled and is leading the nation in medication adherence scores.
In April 2021, Thrifty White has teamed up with Upsher-Smith to have a free on-site COVID-19 vaccination clinic that follows the Moderna vaccine's recommended schedule.
External links
Thrifty White Homepage
References
Health care companies based in Minnesota
Economy of Montana
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Pharmacies of the United States
Online pharmacies |
17333398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurocyon | Nurocyon | Nurocyon is an extinct member of the dog family (Canidae) from the Pliocene of Mongolia. Nurocyon chonokhariensis is the only species in the genus. The teeth of Nurocyon show adaptations to an omnivorous diet, comparable to the living raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). The overall structure of the skull and dentition of Nurocyon are intermediate between the living genus Canis (dogs, wolves, and jackals) and the more primitive Eucyon.
References
Canini (tribe)
Prehistoric canines
Pliocene carnivorans
Pliocene mammals of Asia
Prehistoric monotypic mammal genera
Fossil taxa described in 2006
Prehistoric carnivoran genera |
20468820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotango%20en%20vivo | Narcotango en vivo | Narcotango en vivo is a live album by Argentine Carlos Libedinsky.
Track listing
2008 albums
Carlos Libedinsky albums |
6902276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%27s%20School%20of%20the%20Future | Microsoft's School of the Future | Microsoft School of the Future (commonly referred to as the School of the Future) is a public high school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States that serves grades 9 through 12 as part of the Philadelphia School District. The school opened on September 7, 2006.
History
After two and half years of planning, the School District of Philadelphia, Microsoft and The Prisco Group architectural firm designed "School of the Future." The school resides on in West Philadelphia's Fairmount Park and was designed as a template that can be replicated throughout the country and worldwide on a traditional budget. The design had to incorporate the principle of adaptation at any site, making it able to adjust to smaller or bigger student capacity and incorporate different curricula and programs. The design supports continuous, relevant and adaptive learning principles.
Recognitions
LEED Gold Certified
2006 DesignShare Award
2006 Reader's Digest: Best of America – Best High-Tech High
See also
Education
School
Classroom of the future
References
External links
Official website
School district section on HSOF and School of the Future's School Profile
Microsoft - Building the School of the future
Slashdot - "Microsoft's High School Opens in PA"
Microsoft - School of the Future Resource Kit
Schedule a visit to the School of the Future
School of the Future's BetaTech Computer Technology Club
High schools in Philadelphia
Educational institutions established in 2006
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
2006 establishments in Pennsylvania
West Philadelphia |
6902280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misterlee | Misterlee | Misterlee are an alternative rock band from Leicester, England. Centred on the talents of Lee Allatson they have released four albums.
History
Misterlee consisted of Allatson on vocals, drums and effects, augmented by guitarist Jamie Smith and Michael "Curtis" Oxtoby on electric violin and bass guitar. The debut album was released in 2002, called Chiselgibbon (2002) it largely written and performed solo by Allatson,
In 2005, the second album Night of the Killer Longface was released, like the previous one it has largely written and performed by Allatson. Circa that year, Misterlee played in the United States and were looking for American distribution for the second album.
Bootlegger/Misterlee Is Not A Lifestyle Sandwich was released late in 2006.
Oxtoby left in late 2007. In the same year, the band were featured on the compilation record AFUK & I (VOL. 1): UP THE ANTI! on AFUK (Anti-Folk UK) Records, with the track "Dim Lit". Though, their sound is not traditionally anti-folk (in the sense of 'acoustic punk').
The band has played with Hamell on Trial, Sebadoh, Jeffrey Lewis, Johnny Dowd, Simple Kid, and The Mountain Goats, and has also appeared at festivals such as In the City, Secret Garden Party and Summer Sundae.
The band has played anti-folk UK festivals in London.
In June 2009, Allatson announced that Misterlee were working on a new album. It was released in 2010, entitled This Disquiet Dog. The album features Allatson and Smith with a cameo performance by Oxtoby, and was recorded at Smith's Owlhouse Studio in South Leicestershire.
In 2018, This Disquiet Dog was made available as a digital download.
Other projects
Allatson has taught drums since 1991 in Leicester, and at the Dye House Drum Works facility since 2009.
Style
The Londonist described the band as "A world of anti-folk, Beck-like genre teasing played out in an English country garden on full band and ".
Though the vocal delivery is English, American influences can be heard in the music - Leonard's Lair describes them as "a man playing doomed country ballads in an American whisky bar".
Discography
Chiselgibbon (2002)
Night of the Killer Longface (2005)
Bootlegger/Misterlee Is Not A Lifestyle Sandwich (2006)
This Disquiet Dog (2010)
References
External links
Misterlee on MySpace
atomic duster review of Chiselgibbon
atomic duster review of Night of the Killer Longface
BBC Leicester feature
Misterlee at Drowned in Sound
People from Leicester
Musical groups from Leicester
Musicians from Leicestershire |
20468824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity.
Introduction
De Sitter suggested that spacetime curvature might not be due solely to gravity but he did not give any mathematical details of how this could be accomplished. In 1968 Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond showed that the de Sitter group was the most general group compatible with isotropy, homogeneity and boost invariance. Later, Freeman Dyson advocated this as an approach to making the mathematical structure of general relativity more self-evident.
Minkowski's unification of space and time within special relativity replaces the Galilean group of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz group. This is called a unification of space and time because the Lorentz group is simple, while the Galilean group is a semi-direct product of rotations and Galilean boosts. This means that the Lorentz group mixes up space and time such that they cannot be disentangled, while the Galilean group treats time as a parameter with different units of measurement than space.
An analogous thing can be made to happen with the ordinary rotation group in three dimensions. If you imagine a nearly flat world, one in which pancake-like creatures wander around on a pancake flat world, their conventional unit of height might be the micrometre (μm), since that is how high typical structures are in their world, while their unit of distance could be the metre, because that is their body's horizontal extent. Such creatures would describe the basic symmetry of their world as SO(2), being the known rotations in the horizontal (x–y) plane. Later on, they might discover rotations around the x- and y-axes—and in their everyday experience such rotations might always be by an infinitesimal angle, so that these rotations would effectively commute with each other.
The rotations around the horizontal axes would tilt objects by an infinitesimal amount. The tilt in the x–z plane (the "x-tilt") would be one parameter, and the tilt in the y–z plane (the "y-tilt") another. The symmetry group of this pancake world is then SO(2) semidirect product with R2, meaning that a two-dimensional rotation plus two extra parameters, the x-tilt and the y-tilt. The reason it is a semidirect product is that, when you rotate, the x-tilt and the y-tilt rotate into each other, since they form a vector and not two scalars. In this world, the difference in height between two objects at the same x, y would be a rotationally invariant quantity unrelated to length and width. The z-coordinate is effectively separate from x and y.
Eventually, experiments at large angles would convince the creatures that the symmetry of the world is SO(3). Then they would understand that z is really the same as x and y, since they can be mixed up by rotations. The SO(2) semidirect product R2 limit would be understood as the limit that the free parameter μ, the ratio of the height range μm to the length range m, approaches 0. The Lorentz group is analogous—it is a simple group that turns into the Galilean group when the time range is made long compared to the space range, or where velocities may be regarded as infinitesimal, or equivalently, may be regarded as the limit , where relativistic effects become observable "as good as at infinite velocity".
The symmetry group of special relativity is not entirely simple, due to translations. The Lorentz group is the set of the transformations that keep the origin fixed, but translations are not included. The full Poincaré group is the semi-direct product of translations with the Lorentz group. If translations are to be similar to elements of the Lorentz group, then as boosts are non-commutative, translations would also be non-commutative.
In the pancake world, this would manifest if the creatures were living on an enormous sphere rather than on a plane. In this case, when they wander around their sphere, they would eventually come to realize that translations are not entirely separate from rotations, because if they move around on the surface of a sphere, when they come back to where they started, they find that they have been rotated by the holonomy of parallel transport on the sphere. If the universe is the same everywhere (homogeneous) and there are no preferred directions (isotropic), then there are not many options for the symmetry group: they either live on a flat plane, or on a sphere with a constant positive curvature, or on a Lobachevski plane with constant negative curvature. If they are not living on the plane, they can describe positions using dimensionless angles, the same parameters that describe rotations, so that translations and rotations are nominally unified.
In relativity, if translations mix up nontrivially with rotations, but the universe is still homogeneous and isotropic, the only option is that spacetime has a uniform scalar curvature. If the curvature is positive, the analog of the sphere case for the two-dimensional creatures, the spacetime is de Sitter space and its symmetry group is the de Sitter group rather than the Poincaré group.
De Sitter special relativity postulates that the empty space has de Sitter symmetry as a fundamental law of nature. This means that spacetime is slightly curved even in the absence of matter or energy. This residual curvature implies a positive cosmological constant to be determined by observation. Due to the small magnitude of the constant, special relativity with its Poincaré group is indistinguishable from de Sitter space for most practical purposes.
Modern proponents of this idea, such as S. Cacciatori, V. Gorini and A. Kamenshchik, have reinterpreted this theory as physics, not just mathematics. They postulate that the acceleration of the expansion of the universe is not entirely due to vacuum energy, but at least partly due to the kinematics of the de Sitter group, which would replace the Poincaré group.
A modification of this idea allows to change with time, so that inflation may come from the cosmological constant being larger near the Big Bang than nowadays. It can also be viewed as a different approach to the problem of quantum gravity.
High energy
The Poincaré group contracts to the Galilean group for low-velocity kinematics, meaning that when all velocities are small the Poincaré group "morphs" into the Galilean group. (This can be made precise with İnönü and Wigner's concept of group contraction.)
Similarly, the de Sitter group contracts to the Poincaré group for short-distance kinematics, when the magnitudes of all translations considered are very small compared to the de Sitter radius. In quantum mechanics, short distances are probed by high energies, so that for energies above a very small value related to the cosmological constant, the Poincaré group is a good approximation to the de Sitter group.
In de Sitter relativity, the cosmological constant is no longer a free parameter of the same type; it is determined by the de Sitter radius, a fundamental quantity that determines the commutation relation of translation with rotations/boosts. This means that the theory of de Sitter relativity might be able to provide insight on the value of the cosmological constant, perhaps explaining the cosmic coincidence. Unfortunately, the de Sitter radius, which determines the cosmological constant, is an adjustable parameter in de Sitter relativity, so the theory requires a separate condition to determine its value in relation to the measurement scale.
When a cosmological constant is viewed as a kinematic parameter, the definitions of energy and momentum must be changed from those of special relativity. These changes could significantly modify the physics of the early universe if the cosmological constant was greater back then. Some speculate that a high energy experiment could modify the local structure of spacetime from Minkowski space to de Sitter space with a large cosmological constant for a short period of time, and this might eventually be tested in the existing or planned particle collider.
Doubly special relativity
Since the de Sitter group naturally incorporates an invariant length parameter, de Sitter relativity can be interpreted as an example of the so-called doubly special relativity. There is a fundamental difference, though: whereas in all doubly special relativity models the Lorentz symmetry is violated, in de Sitter relativity it remains as a physical symmetry. A drawback of the usual doubly special relativity models is that they are valid only at the energy scales where ordinary special relativity is supposed to break down, giving rise to a patchwork relativity. On the other hand, de Sitter relativity is found to be invariant under a simultaneous re-scaling of mass, energy and momentum, and is consequently valid at all energy scales. A relationship between doubly special relativity, de Sitter space and general relativity is described by Derek Wise. See also MacDowell–Mansouri action.
Newton–Hooke: de Sitter special relativity in the limit v ≪ c
In the limit as , the de Sitter group contracts to the Newton–Hooke group. This has the effect that in the nonrelativistic limit, objects in de Sitter space have an extra "repulsion" from the origin: objects have a tendency to move away from the center with an outward pointing fictitious force proportional to their distance from the origin.
While it looks as though this might pick out a preferred point in space—the center of repulsion, it is more subtly isotropic. Moving to the uniformly accelerated frame of reference of an observer at another point, all accelerations appear to have a repulsion center at the new point.
What this means is that in a spacetime with non-vanishing curvature, gravity is modified from Newtonian gravity. At distances comparable to the radius of the space, objects feel an additional linear repulsion from the center of coordinates.
History of de Sitter invariant special relativity
"de Sitter relativity" is the same as the theory of "projective relativity" of Luigi Fantappiè and Giuseppe Arcidiacono first published in 1954 by Fantappiè and the same as another independent discovery in 1976.
In 1968 Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond published a paper on possible kinematics
In 1972 Freeman Dyson further explored this.
In 1973 Eliano Pessa described how Fantappié–Arcidiacono projective relativity relates to earlier conceptions of projective relativity and to Kaluza Klein theory.
R. Aldrovandi, J.P. Beltrán Almeida and J.G. Pereira have used the terms "de Sitter special relativity" and "de Sitter relativity" starting from their 2007 paper "de Sitter special relativity". This paper was based on previous work on amongst other things: the consequences of a non-vanishing cosmological constant, on doubly special relativity and on the Newton–Hooke group and early work formulating special relativity with a de Sitter space
In 2008 S. Cacciatori, V. Gorini and A. Kamenshchik published a paper about the kinematics of de Sitter relativity.
Papers by other authors include: dSR and the fine structure constant; dSR and dark energy; dSR Hamiltonian Formalism; and De Sitter Thermodynamics from Diamonds's Temperature, Triply special relativity from six dimensions, Deformed General Relativity and Torsion.
Quantum de Sitter special relativity
There are quantized or quantum versions of de Sitter special relativity.
Early work on formulating a quantum theory in a de Sitter space includes:
See also
Noncommutative geometry
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
References
Further reading
Special relativity
General relativity
Physical cosmology
Quantum gravity
Kinematics
Riemannian geometry
Group theory |
6902303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skierniewice%20County | Skierniewice County |
Skierniewice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Skierniewice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county); there are no towns within the county.
The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 37,779.
Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Skierniewice, Skierniewice County is also bordered by Sochaczew County to the north, Żyrardów County to the east, Rawa County and Tomaszów Mazowiecki County to the south, Brzeziny County to the west, and Łowicz County to the north-west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into nine gminas. These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Skierniewice |
6902317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonaise%20%28vodka%29 | Polonaise (vodka) | Polonaise is a Polmos Łańcut vodka made from quality rectified grain spirit and water. According to its producer it has a pleasant and delicate aroma and flavor with notes of the grain it is made from. It contains 40% alcohol by volume.
The vodka is named after the national Polish dance Polonaise.
See also
Distilled beverage
List of vodkas
External links
Polmos Łańcut
An article about the Polonaise vodka
Polish brands
Polish vodkas |
6902319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing%20Johnson | Jing Johnson | Russell Conwell "Jing" Johnson (October 9, 1894 – December 6, 1950) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics. He played in five seasons for the Athletics in three separate stints, –, and –. The first gap was due to Johnson's service in World War I, while the second, seven-year gap was precipitated by a salary dispute with Athletics owner Connie Mack, during which Johnson worked as a research chemist.
Jing was an alumnus of Ursinus College in Pennsylvania, where he later served as athletic director. He died in an automobile accident in Pottstown, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
1894 births
1950 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Athletics players
Lehigh Mountain Hawks baseball coaches
Ursinus Bears athletic directors
Ursinus Bears baseball players
American military personnel of World War I
People from Chester County, Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Ursinus College alumni
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Road incident deaths in Pennsylvania
Baltimore Orioles (IL) players
Allentown Dukes players |
6902337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20Com%C3%A9rcio%20da%20P%C3%B3voa%20de%20Varzim | O Comércio da Póvoa de Varzim | O Comércio da Póvoa de Varzim, founded in 1903, is one of the three main local newspapers of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal. Unlike its rivals, Póvoa Semanário and A Voz da Póvoa, the paper is devoted to national and local news alike.
References
1903 establishments in Portugal
Mass media in Póvoa de Varzim
Newspapers published in Portugal
Portuguese-language newspapers
Publications established in 1903 |
17333539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan | Political positions of Ronald Reagan | Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed.
In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.
Leadership
"Ronald Reagan was convivial, upbeat, courteous, respectful, self-confident, and humble. But he was
also opaque, remote, distant, and inscrutable," says historian Melvyn P. Leffler According to James P. Pfiffner, University Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, Reagan was a larger-than-life character, a formidable politician, and an important president. His complexity produced a "presidency of paradoxes," in which dramatic successes mingled with unfortunate failures. His strengths included broad vision and clear direction. Voters appreciated his optimism, geniality, and gracious nature, which made his ideals seem all that more attractive. He believed that all national problems were simple problems and had faith in simple solutions. That strengthened his resolve but also led to failures when there were deep complications. Paradoxically, his victories depended on his willingness to make pragmatic compromises without forsaking his ideals.
Reagan himself made the major policy decisions and often overruled his top advisers in cases such as the Reykjavík Summit in 1986, and his 1987 speech calling for tearing down the Berlin wall. He was concerned with very broad issues, as well as anecdotal evidence to support his beliefs. He paid very little attention to details and elaborate briefings. When senior officials did not work out, such as Secretary of State Alexander Haig, they were fired. Reagan went through a series of six national security advisers before settling on people he trusted. Indeed, one of them, John Poindexter, was trusted too much. Poindexter and his aide Oliver North engaged in a secret deal with Iran called the Iran–Contra affair that seriously damaged Reagan's reputation. Reagan had rarely travelled abroad and relied on an inner circle of advisers who were not foreign policy experts, including his wife, James Baker, Edwin Meese and Michael Deaver. Haig had the credentials to be Secretary of State, but he was arrogant and unable to get along with the other top aides. He was replaced by George P. Shultz, who proved much more collaborative and has been generally admired by historians. Other key players included William J. Casey, director of the CIA, William P. Clark, national security advisor, and Jeane Kirkpatrick, Ambassador to the United Nations. Casper W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, successfully rebuilt and expanded the military but did not coordinate well with the foreign policy leadership.
Foreign policy
Cold War
Reagan served as President during the last part of the Cold War, an era of escalating ideological disagreements and preparations for war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Reagan in 1982 denounced the enemy as an "evil empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history" and he later predicted that communism would collapse.
He reversed the policy of détente and massively built up the United States military.
He proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a defense project that planned to use ground and space-based missile defense systems to protect the United States from attack. Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible. Reagan was convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with.
Policy toward USSR
Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from the détente observed by his predecessors Nixon, Ford, and Carter. Under the assumption that the Soviet Union was financially unable to match the United States in a renewed arms race, he accelerated increases in defense spending begun during the Carter Administration and strove to make the Cold War economically and rhetorically hot.
Reagan had three motivations. First he agreed with the neoconservatives who argued that the Soviets had pulled ahead in military power and the U.S. had to race to catch up. Stansfield Turner, CIA director under Carter, warned in 1981 that, "in the last several years all of the best studies have shown that the balance of strategic nuclear capabilities has been tipping in favor of the Soviet Union." Second, Reagan believed the decrepit Soviet economy could not handle a high-tech weapons race based on computers; it was imperative to block them from gaining western technology.
Third, was the moral certainty that Communism was evil and doomed to failure. Reagan was the first major world leader to declare that Communism would soon collapse. On March 3, 1983, he was blunt to a religious group: the Soviet Union is "the focus of evil in the modern world" and could not last: "I believe that communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose — last pages even now are being written." His most detailed analysis came on June 8, 1982, to the British Parliament, stunning the Soviets and allies alike. Most experts assumed that the Soviet Union would be around for generations to come, and it was essential to recognize that and work with them. But Reagan ridiculed the USSR as an "evil empire" and argued that it was suffering a deep economic crisis, which he intended to make worse by cutting off western technology. He stated the Soviet Union "runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens."
A year later in 1983 Reagan stunned the world with a totally new idea: the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), labeled "star wars" by the media, after the current movie. Reagan, following the ideas of Edward Teller (who invented the H-Bomb in 1950) called for a defensive missile umbrella over the U.S. that would intercept and destroy in space any hostile missiles. It was an unexpected, new idea, and supporters cheered, as SDI seemed to promise protection from nuclear destruction. To opponents, SDI meant a new arms race and the end of the Mutual Assured Destruction ("MAD") strategy that they believed had so far prevented nuclear war. The Soviets were stunned—they lacked basic computers and were unable to say whether it would work or not. Critics said it would cost a trillion dollars; yes said supporters, and the Soviets will go bankrupt if they try to match it. The SDI was in fact funded but was never operational.
Defense spending
The Reagan administration made dramatic increases in defense spending one of their three main priorities on taking office. The transition to the new professional all-professional force was finalized, and the draft forgotten. A dramatic expansion of salary bases and benefits for both enlisted and officers made career service much more attractive. Under the aggressive leadership of Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, the development of the B-1 bomber was reinstated, and there was funding for a new B-2 bomber, as well as cruise missiles, the MX missile, and a 600 ship Navy. The new weaponry was designed with Soviet targets in mind. In terms of real dollars after taxation, defense spending jump 34 percent between 1981 in 1985. Reagan's two terms, defense spending totaled about 2 trillion dollars, but even so it was a lower percentage of the federal budget or have the GDP, then before 1976.<ref>James T. Patterson, Restless Giant pp 200-203.</ref> There were arms sales to build up allies as well. The most notable came in 1981, a $8.5 billion sale to Saudi Arabia involving aircraft, tanks, and Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS). Israel protested, since the AWACS would undermine its strategic attack capabilities. To mollify Israel and its powerful lobby in Washington, the United States promised to supply it with an additional F-15 squadron, a $600 million loan, and permission to export Israeli-made Kfir fighting aircraft to Latin American armies.Arnon Gutfeld, "The 1981 AWACS Deal: AIPAC and Israel Challenge Reagan" (The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2018) online
In its first term administration looked at arms control measures with deep suspicion. However, after the massive buildup, and the second term it looked at them with favor and achieve major arms reductions with Mikhail Gorbachev.
Nuclear weapons
According to several scholars and Reagan biographers, including, John Lewis Gaddis, Richard Reeves, Lou Cannon and Reagan himself in his autobiography, Reagan earnestly desired the abolition of all nuclear weapons. He proposed to Mikhail Gorbachev that if a missile shield could be built, all nuclear weapons be eliminated and the missile shield technology shared, the world would be much better off. Paul Lettow has argued that Reagan's opposition to nuclear weapons started at the dawn of the nuclear age and in December 1945 he was only prevented from leading an anti-nuclear rally in Hollywood by pressure from the Warner Brothers studio.
Reagan believed the mutually assured destruction policy formulated in the 1950s to be morally wrong. In his autobiography, Reagan wrote:
The Pentagon said at least 150 million American lives would be lost in a nuclear war with the Soviet Union—even if we 'won.' For Americans who survived such a war, I couldn't imagine what life would be like. The planet would be so poisoned the 'survivors' would have no place to live. Even if a nuclear war did not mean the extinction of mankind, it would certainly mean the end of civilization as we knew it. No one could 'win' a nuclear war. Yet as long as nuclear weapons were in existence, there would always be risks they would be used, and once the first nuclear weapon was unleashed, who knew where it would end? My dream, then, became a world free of nuclear weapons. ... For the eight years I was president I never let my dream of a nuclear-free world fade from my mind.
Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987 (and ratified in 1988), which was the first in Cold War history to mandate the destruction of an entire class of nuclear weapons.
Iran-Iraq
Originally neutral in the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 to 1988, the Reagan administration began supporting Iraq because an Iranian victory would not serve the interests of the United States. In 1983, Reagan issued a National Security Decision Directive memo which called for heightened regional military cooperation to defend oil facilities, measures to improve U.S. military capabilities in the Persian Gulf, directed the secretaries of state and defense and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to take appropriate measures to respond to tensions in the area.
Economic policy
Economic plans, taxes and deficit
Reagan believed in policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a laissez-faire philosophy, seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts.Appleby, Joyce (2003), pp. 923–24 Reagan pointed to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success. The policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment, which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages.
Reagan did not believe in raising income taxes. During his presidential tenure, the top federal income tax rates were lowered from 70% to 28%. However, it has also been acknowledged that Reagan did raise taxes on eleven occasions during his presidency in an effort to both preserve his defense agenda and combat the growing national debt and budget deficit.
In order to cover the growing federal budget deficits and the decreased revenue that resulted from the cuts, the U.S. borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $1.1 trillion to $2.7 trillion. Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency.
Free Trade
Reagan was a supporter of free trade. When running for President in 1979, Reagan proposed a "North American accord", in which goods could move freely throughout the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Largely dismissed then, Reagan was serious in his proposal and once in office he signed an agreement with Canada to that effect. His "North American accord" later became the official North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed by President George H. W. Bush and ratified by President Bill Clinton.
Reagan understood free trade as including the use of tariffs to protect American jobs and industry against foreign competition. He imposed a temporary 100% tariff on Japanese electronics as well as other tariffs on a variety of industrial products, which resulted in some free market advocates criticizing his policies as protectionist in practice.
Healthcare
Reagan was opposed to socialized healthcare, universal health care, or publicly funded health care. In 1961, while still a member of the Democratic Party, Reagan voiced his opposition to single-payer healthcare in an 11-minute recording. The idea was beginning to be advocated by the Democratic Party. In it, Reagan stated:
One of the traditional methods of imposing statism or socialism on a people has been by way of medicine. It is very easy to describe a medical program as a humanitarian project ... Under the Truman administration, it was proposed that we have a compulsory health insurance program for all people in the United States, and of course, the American people unhesitatingly rejected this ... In the last decade, 127 million of our citizens, in just ten years, have come under the protection of some owned medical or hospital insurance. The advocates of [socialized healthcare], when you try to oppose it, challenge you on an emotional basis ... What can we do about this? Well you and I can do a great deal. We can write to our [
Congressmen, to our Senators. We can say right now that we want no further encroachment on these individual liberties and freedoms. And at the moment, the key issue is we do not want socialized medicine ... If you don't, this program I promise you will pass just as surely as the sun will come up tomorrow. And behind it will come other federal programs that will invade every area of freedom as well have known it in this country, until one day, as Norman Thomas said, we will awake to find that we have socialism. If you don't do this and if I don't do it, one of these days you and I are going to spend our sunset years telling our children, and our children's children, what it once was like in America when men were free.
Social Security
Reagan was in favor of making Social Security benefits voluntary. According to Reagan biographer Lou Cannon: "I have no doubt that he shared the view that Social Security was a Ponzi scheme. He was intrigued with the idea of a voluntary plan that would have allowed workers to make their own investments. This idea would have undermined the system by depriving Social Security of the contributions of millions of the nation's highest-paid workers".
Although Reagan was for a limited government and against the idea of a welfare state, Reagan continued to fully fund Social Security and Medicare because the elderly were dependent on those programs.
Mounting concerns that rising Social Security benefits were causing a long-term deficit and were growing too fast resulted in a bipartisan compromise in 1983. Brokered by conservative Alan Greenspan and liberal Congressman Claude Pepper, the agreement lowered benefits over the next 75 years and brought the system into balance. Key provisions included a gradual increase over 25 years in the retirement age from 65 to 67, to take account of longer life expectancy. (People could retire younger, but at a reduced rate of benefits.) Millions of people were added to the system, especially employees of state governments and of nonprofit organizations.Paul Charles Light, Artful Work: The Politics of Social Security Reform (1985)
New Deal
Reagan wrote that he was never trying to undo the New Deal as he admired President Franklin D. Roosevelt and voted for him all four times.
Social policy
Environment
Reagan dismissed acid rain and proposals to halt it as burdensome to industry. In the early 1980s, pollution had become an issue in Canada, and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau objected to the pollution originating in U.S. factory smokestacks in the midwest. The Environmental Protection Agency implored Reagan to make a major budget commitment to reduce acid rain, but Reagan rejected the proposal and deemed it as wasteful government spending. He questioned scientific evidence on the causes of acid rain.
Abortion
Reagan was opposed to abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, and threats to the life of the mother. He was quoted as saying: "If there is a question as to whether there is life or death, the doubt should be resolved in favor of life". In 1982, he stated: "Simple morality dictates that unless and until someone can prove the unborn human is not alive, we must give it the benefit of the doubt and assume it is (alive). And, thus, it should be entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness".
As Governor of California, Reagan signed into law the Therapeutic Abortion Act in May 1967 in an effort to reduce the number of "back room abortions" performed in California. It was one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country and allowed for pregnancy terminations if the mother was in physical or mental distress as a result, or if the pregnancy was a product of rape or incest. As a result, approximately one million abortions would be performed and Reagan blamed this on doctors, arguing that they had deliberately misinterpreted the law. Just when the law was signed, Reagan stated that had he been more experienced as Governor, he would not have signed it. Reagan then declared himself to be opposed to abortion rights. During his presidency Reagan never introduced legislation to Congress regarding abortion. However, in a way, he played a role in protecting legalized abortion after he left office. His first judicial appointee for the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O’Connor, led the effort to uphold Roe v. Wade in a 1992 case over restrictive abortion laws in Pennsylvania.
Crime and capital punishment
Reagan was a supporter of capital punishment. As California's Governor, Reagan was beseeched to grant executive clemency to Aaron Mitchell, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of a Sacramento police officer, but he refused. Mitchell was executed the following morning. It was the only execution during his eight years as Governor—he had previously granted executive clemency to one man on death row who had a history of brain damage. He also stayed the execution of convicted murderer Robert Lee Massie in 1967 because he wanted Massie to attend the trial of his alleged accomplice. Massie would be executed over three decades later for a separate murder in 2001.
He approved the construction of three new prisons as President in 1982 as recommended by Attorney General William French Smith.
Drugs
Reagan firmly sought opposition to illegal drugs. He and his wife sought to reduce the use of illegal drugs through the Just Say No Drug Awareness campaign, an organization Nancy Reagan founded as first lady. In a 1986 address to the nation by Ronald and Nancy Reagan, the President said: "[W]hile drug and alcohol abuse cuts across all generations, it's especially damaging to the young people on whom our future depends ... Drugs are menacing our society. They're threatening our values and undercutting our institutions. They're killing our children."
Reagan also reacted to illegal drugs outside Just Say No as the Federal Bureau Investigation added five hundred drug enforcement agents, began record drug crackdowns nationwide, and established thirteen regional anti-drug task forces under Reagan. In the address with the first lady, President Reagan reported on the progress of his administration, saying:Thirty-seven Federal agencies are working together in a vigorous national effort, and by next year our spending for drug law enforcement will have more than tripled from its 1981 levels. We have increased seizures of illegal drugs. Shortages of marijuana are now being reported. Last year alone over 10,000 drug criminals were convicted and nearly $250 million of their assets were seized by the DEA, the Drug Enforcement Administration. And in the most important area, individual use, we see progress. In 4 years the number of high school seniors using marijuana daily has dropped from 1 in 14 to 1 in 20. The U.S. military has cut the use of illegal drugs among its personnel by 67 percent since 1980. These are a measure of our commitment and emerging signs that we can defeat this enemy.
Civil rights
Women
While running for President, Reagan pledged that if given the chance, he would appoint a woman to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1981, he appointed Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice of the Supreme Court. As President, Reagan opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) because he thought that women were already protected by the 14th Amendment, although he had supported the amendment and offered to help women's groups achieve its ratification while serving as Governor of California. Reagan pulled his support for the ERA shortly before announcing his 1976 candidacy for President. The 1976 Republican National Convention renewed the party's support for the amendment, but in 1980 the party qualified its 40-year support for ERA. Despite opposing the ERA, Reagan did not actively work against the amendment, which his daughter Maureen (who advised her father on various issues including women's rights) and most prominent Republicans supported.
Reagan established a "Fifty States Project" and councils and commissions on women designed to find existing statutes at the federal and state levels and eradicate them, the latter through a liaison with the various state governors. Elizabeth Dole, a Republican feminist and former Federal Trade Commissioner and advisor to Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (who would go on to become Reagan's Transportation Secretary) headed up his women's rights project.
Black people
Reagan did not consider himself a racist and dismissed any attacks aimed at him relating to racism as attacks on his personal character and integrity. Biographer Lou Cannon also believes that Reagan wasn't racist, or racially prejudiced. According to him, Reagan had been taught by his parents that racial intolerance was abhorrent and people who knew him were sure that Reagan absorbed his parents' lesson.
Reagan volunteered to take Eureka College's two black football players into his home after they were refused admission at a hotel on one of the team's trips. One of them was William Franklin Burghardt, who Reagan befriended and corresponded regularly until Burghardt's death in 1981. Recalling the incident, Burghardt had stated that "I just don't think he [Reagan] was conscious of race at all".
Reagan was opposed to racial segregation.
Reagan did not support many civil rights bills throughout the years on a federal level. He opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds that specific provisions of the law infringed upon the individual's right to private property and to do business with whomever they chose, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on constitutional grounds, but some have speculated that his position involved "an element of political calculation". In 1965 however, Reagan stated that he favors the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and that "it must be enforced at gunpoint, if necessary". In 1980, Reagan said the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was "humiliating to the South", but in 1982 he signed a bill extending it for 25 years after a grass-roots lobbying and legislative campaign forced him to abandon his plan to ease that law's restrictions. In 1988, he vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, but his veto was overridden by Congress. This was especially notable as it was the first Civil Rights bill to be both vetoed and to be overridden since President Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 followed by Congress overriding the veto and making it law. Reagan had argued that the legislation infringed on states' rights and the rights of churches and small business owners. Reagan's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, as well as his Justice Department, prosecuted fewer civil rights cases per year than they had under his predecessor.
In 1967, Reagan signed the Mulford Act into law which banned the carrying of loaded weapons in public in the state of California. While California was an open carry state, when the Black Panther Party began lawfully open carrying and monitoring law enforcement for police brutality, bipartisan calls for increased gun control came from the California State Legislature. The law was controversial, as it was clearly retaliatory against the Black Panthers, but Reagan defended the law, saying that he saw "no reason why on the street today a citizen should be carrying loaded weapons".
Critics have claimed that Reagan gave his 1980 presidential campaign speech about states' rights in Philadelphia, Mississippi in a calculated attempt to appeal to racist southern voters. This location is near the place where three civil rights workers were killed in 1964. However, others have pointed out that Reagan had given it at the Neshoba County Fair some distance away from where the murders took place. They also said that the vast majority of his speech had nothing to do with "states' rights" and that the fair was a popular campaigning spot. Presidential candidates John Glenn and Michael Dukakis both campaigned there as well years later. While campaigning in Georgia, Reagan mentioned Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an example of someone who used the line-item veto, which Reagan supported. However, Reagan was offended that some accused him of racism.
Reagan initially opposed Fair Housing legislation in California (specifically the Rumford Fair Housing Act), however in 1988 he signed a law expanding the Fair Housing Act of 1968. While signing the expanding of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, he said, among other things, that "[the bill was a] step closer to realizing Martin Luther King's dream", "[the bill was the] most important civil rights legislation in 20 years", and "[the passage of the Civil Rights of 1968 bill] was a major achievement, one that many members of Congress, including a young Congressman named George Bush, had to show enormous courage to vote for". Congressman John Lewis stated that Reagan "dramatized in a very open fashion that he is supportive of efforts to end discrimination in housing" and that Reagan's statements were blatantly meant for political gain as it was an election year. Reagan had previously stated in 1966 that, "If an individual wants to discriminate against Negroes or others in selling or renting his house, he has a right to do so [...] even though such prejudice is morally wrong." Nevertheless, Reagan supported the statute which prohibits racial discrimination on public accommodations and facilities, promised that he would use the "power and prestige" of the governor's office to ensure civil rights for everyone and sought to put an end to "the cancer of racial discrimination".
Reagan engaged in a policy of Constructive engagement with South Africa in spite of apartheid due to the nation being a valuable anti-communist ally. He opposed pressure from Congress and his own party for tougher sanctions until his veto was overridden. South African Archbishop and anti-apartheid activist Desmond Tutu called Reagan's policy as "immoral, evil, and totally un-Christian" as Nazism and lamented that the president's administration was overall "an unmitigated disaster" for black people.
Reagan opposed the Martin Luther King holiday at first, despite noting that King should be honored for freeing the United States from "the burden of racism", however he accepted and signed it after an overwhelming veto-proof majority (338 to 90 in the House of Representatives and 78 to 22 in the Senate) voted in favor of it.
In July 2019, newly unearthed tapes were released of a 1971 phone call between Reagan, then Governor of California, and President Richard Nixon. Angered by African delegates at the United Nations siding against the U.S. in the vote to expel Taiwan from the UN and recognize the People's Republic of China, Reagan stated, "To see those, those monkeys from those African countries - damn them, they're still uncomfortable wearing shoes!" Reagan's son-in-law, Dennis C. Revell, responded that Reagan’s remarks reflected the attitudes of his era, and that some African nations had only recently gained independence from European countries when Reagan spoke with Nixon. Revell also noted that Reagan enjoyed a great relationship with his oldest daughter’s adopted girl from Uganda and also with several African politicians, such as Samora Machel and Yoweri Museveni.
Education
School prayer
Reagan was a supporter of prayer in U.S. schools. On February 25, 1984 in his weekly radio address, he said: "Sometimes I can't help but feel the first amendment is being turned on its head. Because ask yourselves: Can it really be true that the first amendment can permit Nazis and Ku Klux Klansmen to march on public property, advocate the extermination of people of the Jewish faith and the subjugation of blacks, while the same amendment forbids our children from saying a prayer in school?". However, Reagan did not pursue a constitutional amendment requiring school prayer in public schools.
Reagan was particularly opposed to the establishment of the Department of Education, which had occurred under his predecessor, President Jimmy Carter. This view stemmed from his anti-government intervention views. He had pledged to abolish the department, but did not pursue that goal as President.
Energy and oil
As President, Reagan removed controls on oil prices, resulting in lower prices and an oil glut. He did not reduce U.S. dependency on oil by imposing an oil-importing fee because of his opposition to taxation. He trusted the free marketplace. Lower global oil prices had the effect of reducing the income that the Soviet Union could earn from its oil exports.
Footnotes
References and further reading
Bell, Coral. The Reagan Paradox: U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1980s (1989) short overview by Australian scholar excerpt
Brands, H.W. Reagan: The Life (2015), scholarly biography; 810pp
Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27#3 (1997). pp. 451+
; scholarly biography, 953pp
Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989 (2009), strongly pro-Reagan
Johns, Andrew L., ed. A Companion to Ronald Reagan (Wiley-Blackwell, 2015). xiv, 682 pp.; topical essays by scholars emphasizing historiography; contents free at many libraries
Kyvig, David. ed. Reagan and the World (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy.
, autobiography; primary source
Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. Ronald Reagan and the World'' (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders online edition
Ronald Reagan
Reagan, Ronald
Reagan, Ronald
Reagan, Ronald |
6902340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnew%20baronets | Agnew baronets | There have been three Agnew baronetcies.
The first was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. The second and third were created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.
Agnew baronets of Lochnaw, Co. Wigtown (28 July 1629)
Sir Patrick Agnew, 1st Baronet (c. 1578–1661)
Sir Andrew Agnew, 2nd Baronet (died 1671)
Sir Andrew Agnew, 3rd Baronet (died 1702)
Sir James Agnew, 4th Baronet (c. 1660–1735)
Sir Andrew Agnew, 5th Baronet (1687–1771)
Sir Stair Agnew, 6th Baronet (1734–1809)
Sir Andrew Agnew, 7th Baronet (1793–1849)
Sir Andrew Agnew, 8th Baronet (1818–1892)
Sir Andrew Noel Agnew, 9th Baronet (1850–1928)
Sir Fulque Melville Gerald Noel Agnew, 10th Baronet (1900–1975)
Sir Crispin Hamlyn Agnew, 11th Baronet (born 1944)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Mark Douglas Noel Agnew (born 1991)
Agnew baronets of Great Stanhope Street, London (2 September 1895)
Sir William Agnew, 1st Baronet (1825–1910)
Sir George William Agnew, 2nd Baronet (1852–1941)
Sir John Stuart Agnew, 3rd Baronet TD JP DL (16 September 1879 – 27 August 1957). Agnew was the son of Sir George William Agnew, 2nd Baronet and Fanny Bolton, and was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge. He rose to the rank of Major in the Suffolk Yeomanry, fought in the First World War, and was awarded the Territorial Decoration. He was also deputy lieutenant and justice of the peace for West Suffolk. Agnew married Kathleen White, daughter of Isaac William Hewitt White, on 14 April 1910. They had three sons: Sir John Anthony Stuart Agnew, 4th Baronet; Sir George Keith Agnew, 5th Baronet; Stephen William Agnew (1921–2001).
Sir John Anthony Stuart Agnew, 4th Baronet (1914–1993)
Sir George Keith Agnew, 5th Baronet (1918–1994)
Sir John Keith Agnew, 6th Baronet (19 December 1950 – 2011). Agnew was the son of Sir George Keith Agnew, 5th Baronet, and his wife Baroness Anne Merete Louise Schaffalitzky de Muckadell (1924–2005). He was the owner of the Rougham estates in Suffolk, England. Agnew was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, from 1964 to 1969 and then at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. He succeeded in the baronetcy in 1994. The Rougham estates include Rougham Airfield, where Agnew organizes a wide variety of annual fairs, rallies and events, including the Wings, Wheels & Steam Country Fair, the annual Rougham Air Display & Harvest Fair, and the East Anglian Medieval Battle & Fair. A Rougham Music Festival, of which Agnew's brother George Agnew is the Arts Director, is also held on the estate. Sir John Agnew of Rougham should not be confused with his cousin John Stuart Agnew of Rougham, farmer, a parliamentary candidate of the UK Independence Party.
Sir George Anthony Agnew, 7th Baronet (born 18 August 1953). He was educated at Gresham's School and at the University of East Anglia.
The heir presumptive is the present holder's cousin John Stewart Agnew (born 1949)
Agnew, later Agnew-Somerville baronets, of Clendry (1957)
Sir Peter Garnett Agnew, 1st Baronet (1900–1990)
Sir Quentin Charles Agnew-Somerville, 2nd Baronet (8 March 1929 – 2010). Agnew-Somerville was the son of Sir Peter Agnew, 1st Baronet, and Enid Frances Boan. He attended Britannia Royal Naval College and became a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy. Since then, he pursued a career as an insurance consultant. He assumed by Royal Licence in 1950 the additional surname of Somerville, after that of Agnew, and the arms of Somerville quarterly with those of Agnew, in compliance with the will of his uncle (by marriage), James Somerville, 2nd Baron Athlumney; Quentin married 1963 Hon. (Margaret) April Irene Drummond, youngest daughter and co-heiress of John Drummond, 15th Baron Strange, and Violet Margaret Florence Jardine, on 14 December 1963, and had issue, by whom he had two daughters, including the actress Geraldine Somerville, and one son.
Sir (James) Lockett Charles Agnew-Somerville, 3rd Baronet (born 1970)
Notes
References
'AGNEW, Sir John Stuart', Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2007; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007
'AGNEW-SOMERVILLE, Sir Quentin (Charles Somerville)', Who's Who 2008, A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007
1629 establishments in Nova Scotia
1895 establishments in the United Kingdom
Agnew
Agnew |
6902342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi%20Varman | Ravi Varman | S. Ravi Varman (born 9 May 1972) is an Indian cinematographer, filmmaker, producer and writer. He has predominantly worked in films of Indian languages such as Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi. Known for his realistic and poetic framing sense, Ravi Varman began his career in Malayalam films. He has directed a romantic film in Tamil titled Moscowin Kavery and also filmed the music video for the song "Bird Flu" by British Tamil songwriter M.I.A.
Early life
Ravivarman was born in a village of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Career
He started his career by assisting cinematographer Ravi K Chandran. After working in Malayalam films since 1999 for three years, he worked in Bollywood for the film Yeh Dil in 2003. He later worked in the Telugu film Jai and received more offers in Hindi, such as Armaan, Bee Busthar, Ramji Londonwale, and Phir Milenge, His next project is going to be with Maniratnam.
It was not until 2002 when he started to work in Tamil films, with his first one being Susi Ganeshan's Five Star. He continued to work with popular directors as cinematographer in Tamil films, including S. Shankar's Anniyan, Gautham Vasudev Menon's Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu, K. S. Ravikumar's Dasavathaaram and Villu, which was directed by Prabhu Deva. Besides feature films, he has credit of working on more than 500 Television Commercials, Music Albums, Short Films and Documentary. Nonetheless, his flair for literature has led him to embark on writing for an on-line literary magazine 'Yavarum kelir' for Tamiz studio.
Awards and honours
23rd EME France Film Festival Best Cinematographer Award for Santham Malayalam (2000)
Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award for Anniyan (2006)
Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer for Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (2007)
Vikitan Best Cinematography Award (South) for Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (2007)
ITFA Best Cinematographer Award for Dasavathaaram (2009)
Star Guild Awards for Best Cinematography for Barfi! (2012)
Screen Awards for Best cinematography for Barfi! (2012)
TOIFA Awards for Best Cinematography for Barfi! (2012)
IIFA Awards for Best Cinematography for Barfi! (2012)
Zee Cine Awards for Best cinematography for Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2014)
Vijay Award for Best Cinematography for Kaatru Veliyidai (2017)
SIIMA Award for Best Cinematography for Kaatru Veliyidai (2017)
Filmography
As director
Moscowin Kavery (2010)
Treasure Music Video (2011) Also as Cinematographer and Lyricist
As producer
Azhagu (2010)
Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan (2015)
As cinematographer
Films
As guest cinematographer
Music videos
"Bird Flu" by M.I.A. (2007)
"Aarachar" by Thaikkudam Bridge (2016)
Documentaries
Child Environment
Notes
References
External links
Official Website
Living people
Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu
Malayalam film cinematographers
Filmfare Awards South winners
People from Thanjavur district
Tamil film cinematographers
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
21st-century Indian photographers
Film producers from Tamil Nadu
Film directors from Tamil Nadu
Telugu film cinematographers
Tamil film producers
Tamil film directors
1972 births |
20468835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Drug | Block Drug | Block Drug Company was a pharmaceutical company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, that specialized in dental care products. Its most popular products included Polident denture cleanser, Poli-Grip denture adhesive, Dentu-Creme denture toothpaste, Nytol sleeping pill, Tegrin medicated shampoo for psoriasis, Lava hand soaps (acquired from Procter & Gamble), Beano and Phazyme anti-gas products, Balmex diaper rash ointments, and Sensodyne desensitizing toothpaste.
GlaxoSmithKline purchased the company for $1.24 billion in 2001.
History
The company was founded in 1907 by Alexander Block, a Russian immigrant who had a small drugstore on Fulton Street in Brooklyn, New York. He turned the company into a wholesaler in 1915, then became a drug manufacturer in 1925, acquiring a 50 percent interest in Wernet's Dental Manufacturing Company.
Block Drug moved its headquarters to Jersey City, New Jersey in 1938. It later moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1945.
Although Alexander Block built the company largely through acquisitions, he developed the Polident brand internally during the 1930s. In 1948, Block Drug rolled out the Ammi-i-Dent tooth powder, and in the early 1950s, the company developed Nytol. After Alexander Block's death in 1953, his son Leonard N. Block (1911–2005) took over, eventually becoming the company's chairman. The last major new product the company introduced was Tegrin, in 1964.
Timeline
1971 – The company went public, trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol BLOCA and raising $5.2 million in its initial offering. Two years later, another stock sale generated $23 million. Later in the 1970s, Efferdent took over from Polident as the No. 1 brand in its space.
1972 – Block named as its president James Block, who was the grandson of Alexander Block and the nephew of Leonard N. Block. In 1988, James became chairman as his uncle, Leonard N. Block became senior chairman. At the same time, Leonard N. Block's son, Thomas, became the company's president.
1978 – Block Drug entered the feminine hygiene market, with the ultimately unsuccessful Gentle Spring brand.
1982 – The company acquired Phazyme/700 from the Stuart division of ICI, leading to the OTC entrance of Phazyme.
1983 – The company acquired Passaic, New Jersey-based 2000 Flushes toilet bowl cleaner manufacturer Flushco. In 1985, Block Drug acquired the X-14 line of hard surface cleaners from White Laboratories. Block Drug later acquired Gold Bond in 1987.
1990s – Sales began to fall as Block Drug's products began to age and face new competition, and the problem was exacerbated by a lack of new products.
1990 – Block Drug sold Gold Bond to Martin Himmel Inc..
1995 – Block Drug divested its U.S. Reed and Carnrick Pharmaceuticals Division to Schwarz Pharma KermersUrban and also purchased Reckitt and Colman's Carpet Fresh and Rug Fresh cleaning and deodorizing products.
Late 1995 – The company acquired the Lava soap brand from Procter & Gamble.
1996 – Block Drug purchased the Baby's Own line of baby care products, and then acquired Beano antigas tablets in 1997.
1998 – A major restructuring took place but was not successful. As part of that, the company divested Carpet Fresh, Rug Fresh, 2000 Flushes and X-14. Lava was later sold to WD-40 Company the following year.
1999 – The company acquired Salisbury, N.C.-based Stanback Co., manufacturer of Stanback headache powder products.
2000 – Block Drug hired Goldman Sachs as an adviser to evaluate a potential sale.
2001 – At the time of its sale to Glaxo, Block Drug was reported to have $900 million in annual sales, operations in 100 countries and employed 3,000 people.
Secrecy
Although Block Drug was a public company from 1971 until 2001, it operated much like a private, family-run firm, with the Block family holding all voting shares plus 54 percent of the non-voting stock. In addition, the company never held annual meetings or issued proxy statements.
Aftermath
Leonard N. Block died in 2005 at age 93 after suffering for years from Alzheimer's disease.
Block's nephew John P. Roberts was the producer of the Woodstock Festival using money from his Block inheritance.
References
Companies based in Minneapolis
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1907
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 2001
GSK plc
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Retail companies established in 1907
Retail companies disestablished in 2001
1907 establishments in New York (state)
2001 disestablishments in Minnesota
2001 mergers and acquisitions |
23573937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Argentine%20Primera%20Divisi%C3%B3n%20transfers%20%282009%E2%80%9310%20season%29 | List of Argentine Primera División transfers (2009–10 season) | This is a list of football transfers involving teams from the Argentine Primera División for the 2009–10 season.
July–August (winter) transfer window
Argentinos Juniors
In:
Out:
Arsenal de Sarandí
In:
Out:
Atlético Tucumán
In:
Out:
Banfield
In:
Out:
Boca Juniors
In:
Out:
Chacarita Juniors
In:
Out:
Colón de Santa Fe
In:
Out:
Estudiantes de La Plata
In:
Out:
Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
In:
Out:
Godoy Cruz
In:
Out:
Huracán
In:
Out:
Independiente
In:
Out:
Lanús
In:
Out:
Newell's Old Boys
In:
Out:
Racing Club
In:
Out:
River Plate
In:
Out:
Rosario Central
In:
Out:
San Lorenzo
In:
Out:
Tigre
In:
Out:
Vélez Sársfield
In:
Out:
January (Summer) transfer window
Argentinos Juniors
In:
Out:
Arsenal de Sarandí
In:
Out:
Atlético Tucumán
In:
Out:
Banfield
In:
Out:
Boca Juniors
In:
Out:
Chacarita Juniors
In:
Out:
Colón de Santa Fe
In:
Out:
Estudiantes de La Plata
In:
Out:
Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
In:
Out:
Godoy Cruz
In:
Out:
Huracán
In:
Out:
Independiente
In:
Out:
Lanús
In:
Out:
Newell's Old Boys
In:
Out:
Racing Club
In:
Out:
River Plate
In:
Out:
Rosario Central
In:
Out:
San Lorenzo
In:
Out:
Tigre
In:
Out:
Vélez Sársfield
In:
Out:
References
General references
"Clausura '10 – Transferencias" Fútbol Pasión. Retrieved on March 6, 2010.
"Reforzados..." Olé. Retrieved on January 31, 2010.
"El Supermercado" Olé. Retrieved on August 16, 2009.
"La pelota está lista para rodar" El Día. Retrieved on August 18, 2009.
"Apertura '09 – Transferencias" Fútbol Pasión. Retrieved on August 20, 2009.
Specific references
2009-10
Football transfers summer 2009
Football transfers winter 2009–10
Transfers |
17333581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations%20of%20Australian%20rules%20football | Variations of Australian rules football | Variations of Australian rules football are games or activities based on or similar to the game of Australian rules football, in which the player uses common Australian rules football skills. They range in player numbers from 2 (in the case of kick-to-kick) up to the minimum 38 required for a full Australian rules football.
Some are essentially identical to Australian rules football, with only minor rule changes, while others are more distant and arguably not simple variations but distinct games. Others still have adapted to the unavailability of full-sized cricket fields. Other variations include children's games, contests or activities intended to help the player practice or reinforce skills, which may or may not have a competitive aspect.
Most of the variations are played in informal settings, without the presence of umpires and sometimes without strict adherence to official game rules.
Participatory varieties
Auskick
Auskick is a program developed in Australia in the 1980s and promote participation in Australian rules football amongst children, particularly of primary school age and under. It has proven to be popular with both boys and girls. At its peak in the mid-1990s there were around 200,000 Auskick participants annually. The program is now run throughout the world, including several locally branded variations such as: "Kiwi Kick" (AFL New Zealand), "Niukick" (Papua New Guinea), "Footy Wild" (South Africa), "Bula Kick" (Fiji), "Viking Kick" (Denmark) and "Ausball" (United States) among others.
Auskick has its roots in the Little League which began to be played at half time during VFL matches in the 1960s and was revised in 1980 to make it more accessible. Little League was expanded by Ray Allsop into a state development program called Vickick begun in Victoria in 1985. Urged by former player David Parkin in 1995 as a means of keeping the sport viable long term in the Australian Capital Territory it was adopted by the AFL Commission the national governing body for the sport, which began to roll it out nationally from 1998. Numerous professional players are graduates of the Auskick program.
Women's Australian rules football
Women's Australian rules football is a fast-growing variation played by all-female teams that dates back to the 1910s. Since 2010, it has also been governed by the AFL Commission. Its highest levels of competition are the professional AFL Women's club competition in Australia and the Australian Football International Cup (women's division) worldwide representative competition.
The women's game is also a contact sport, however over the course of its history it is sometimes played with modified rules including different player numbers (16 a side + 5 interchange), a smaller ball, and increased tackling restrictions. The women's variation is strongest in Australia (there are strong second level competitions in all Australian states), Ireland, Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand and Japan and is also played at junior level in these and many other countries.
Amateurs
The Amateur version of the game is mostly similar though its main differences are that it strictly forbids player payments and has some rule variations which encourage participation for amateur players. Amateurs is strongest in the heartland states of the sport in Australia: Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia, though there are competitions in most Australian states. The Amateur version is governed by the Australian Amateur Football Council. Notable rule differences include the order-off rule which has been a feature of play since the 1930s, and the use of a shorter distance penalty, the 25-metre penalty, among others, including shorter quarters and increased numbers of interchange players for some grades. The Australian Football International Cup, while being run by the AFL Commission, has for most of its history been aligned with Amateur rules acknowleding the fact that most of the leagues outside of Australia were until recently dominated by amateur players.
Masters Australian Football
Masters Australian Football (also known as "Superules" or derisively as "Superfools") is an amateur social variation for players aged 35 years and over. The sport first commenced officially on 21 September 1980 in Ballarat, Victoria. Masters matches are typically classified by age grades: Supers (35+ years); Masters: (40+ years) and Seniors: (45+ years); Super Seniors (50+) and Super Veterans (55+) and some matches either do or don't allow mixing between these age groups. Masters leagues often also incorporate rules from Amateurs football.
The game varies from open age football particular in modifications aimed at reduce the physical impact of the game on older players and reduce the volunteer burden on officials. Umpires do not bounce the ball and there are often no boundary umpires. There are less interchange restrictions and players are not permitted to raise their knees in aerial contests, or make contact with the knee or boot, which could potentially damage the weaker backs of older players.
Some Masters competitions add bonus points for a long range Super goal (9 points 6 plus 3 behinds).
It is played by over 119 teams throughout Australia and around the world. There is also an Australian National Championships, while internationally, Masters is more often be played in the Nines (9-a-side) format.
Lightning football
Lightning football is a generic term to describe variations of the game played over a shortened length, usually about half of the length of a full match. Lightning football may be played under otherwise unchanged rules, but in recent lightning matches staged by the AFL, experimental rules such as awarding a free kick against the last player to touch the ball before it goes out of bounds have been trialled.
Lightning matches are often used, particularly at junior or amateur level, to play an entire tournament inside a single day or weekend. These tournaments are typically known as "lightning premierships" or "lightning carnivals".
During the COVID-19 pandemic the AFL significantly shortened premiership matches for the 2020 AFL season arguing it needed to for its pandemic fixture scheduling leading to some branding the 16 minute quarter format 'fast food footy'. Some argued the AFL's move was an effort to make the game more appealing to the media and fans. Nevertheless, the move was criticised and the AFL reverted to the full length format for the 2021 AFL season.
Wheelchair
The wheelchair variation of AFL (known as "Wheelchair Aussie Rules" or "Wheelchair AFL") is a parasport designed to play in sports wheelchairs. Kicking is replaced by handballing (a mark is awarded for catching the ball within 3 metres), while handballing is replaced by throwing. Like other varieties tackling is replaced by touching and players are divided into zones. Goals and behinds are used for scoring, however with shorter distances between the posts. There are leagues operating in all states and territories of Australia, with Victorian clubs aligned with AFL clubs, operating since 2018.
Modified field or player numbers
9-a-side
9-a-side Footy is played informally by Aussie Rules clubs but not yet an official sport in its own right. The AFL sanctioned version is known as "AFL 9s".
9-a-side games are sometimes played on half size fields that are typically rectangular with 9 players on the field at any one time, typically consisting of three forwards, three backs and three centre players. Often two games are played at the same time on a single Australian rules or cricket field. At other times, 9-a-side makes use of the full space of the field when a full complement of players is not available. This variety is a more open and running variety of Australian rules.
A minimum of 18 players are required in total, but many teams field unlimited interchange benches.
Rules are the same as Australian rules football. Limited and non-contact versions of 9-a-side football are also played by both men's and women's leagues.
Examples of official tournaments held under these rules include the EU Cup and Bali Nines.
AFLX
Another prominent variation of the game is AFLX. The game is played on soccer-sized pitches and features seven players a side, as well as several other rules designed to speed up the game. Between 2018 and 2019 it was used in an official Australian Football League sanctioned pre-season event.
Samoa Rules
Samoa Rules is a game derived from Australian rules football that has also been played in Samoa. The game is played on rugby fields and each team consists of 15 players per side.
Unlike Australian rules football, player movement is restricted to zones (similarly to Rec Footy). There is a line across the centre that backs and forwards can not cross. Onballers are allowed to go anywhere.
The Vailima Six-Shooters' Championship began in Samoa in 1998 under these rules, becoming known as "Samoa Rules". A number of Samoa Rules players went on to represent Samoa in the Samoan national Australian rules football team, known as the "Bulldogs".
Metro Footy
Metro Footy (or Metro Rules Footy) is a modified version of Australian rules football rules played on gridiron football, rugby or Association football fields, predominantly in the United States of America. The reasons for the development of Metro Footy was partly due to there being few grounds large enough for traditional Australian rules matches, but also to allow competitive football to be played with smaller playing numbers, allowing for better recruitment possibilities.
Teams typically consist of 9-a-side on a field. The teams that play feed into larger 18-a-side Australian rules representative teams that participate in leagues such as the MAAFL or tournaments such as the USAFL National Championships and also provide the opportunity to introduce new American players to the game of Australian rules football.
Several clubs from the United States Australian Football League participate in Metro Footy.
Historical variations
VFA rules (1938–1949)
VFA rules (or "Association rules" or "throw-pass rules") variation of Australian rules football was a distinct set of rules which was played in the Victorian Football Association, and several other smaller competitions which elected to switch to the new rules, between 1938 and 1949. Although there were several other small differences between the VFA's rules and the national rules, the primary distinguishing feature was that throwing the ball from below the shoulders with two hands was a legal form of handpass – known as a throw-pass – under the VFA's rules. The ease of throw-passing compared with traditional handpassing resulted in the VFA's code fostering a faster playing style with fewer stoppages and more run-and-carry than was seen under the traditional rules at the time. The VFA's code operated as a rival to the national code throughout the 1940s, and some innovations of the VFA's code were incorporated into the national code over that time. The VFA reverted to playing under the national rules from the 1950 season, and the throw-pass rules have not been seen since.
Recreational varieties
AFL 9s
AFL 9s is the AFL's official touch Nine-a-side footy variant since 2016 addressing many of the criticisms of the earlier Rec Footy. It varies from Australian Rules Football mainly in that it is played with 9 players on a smaller field with a smaller ball, rewards female players in mixed competition for example with a higher score for goals, the ball must not touch the ground, marking is protected by a drop-zone and only designated forwards can kick goals. It allows running with the ball (limited to one running bounce) and freedom of movement around the field giving athletes more opportunity to have an impact on the game and compensate for lower skill level of other players. AFL 9s offers mixed, as well as all-male and all-female competitions to lower the barriers to entry for participation. As a recreational game AFL 9s has proved popular with both new and established Australian rules players with 24,032 participants in Australia in 2019 at least a third of which are female. Its popularity as a social game with Australian rules players is such that ex-professional players are sometimes seen participating in social competitions.
Force Back
Force Back (also known as Force 'em back, Force Them Back, Forcing Back, Forcey Backs or Forcings Back) is a game played by school students usually in primary, middle or high school, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, at lunch or recess as a codified variant of kick-to-kick. It is played with football (typically oblique spheroid shaped or sometimes round). While not officially an Australian rules football variant it shares a significant skill set with Australian rules football including kicking, aim, distance control, running and catching and is often played with an Australian rules ball. The rules are usually modified by students themselves, depending on what environment they are playing on. While there are no standard rules, the game is increasingly codified and endorsed as a recreational school age game by various sports bodies including the Australian Football League and AFL New Zealand.
Rec Footy
Recreational Football (also known as Rec Footy or Recreational Footy) was a non-contact version sanctioned by the AFL first codified in 2003. Rec Footy was played by 8 a side with players confined to 3 zones wearing bibs to signify their zone, the ball had to move through all 3 zones in order to score and only forwards could score. Tags were used to substitute tackling and players when marking were allocated a drop-zone which opponents could not enter. If the ball hit the ground, it would be a turnover to the opposite team of the player who last touched it. Players could take a maximum of 3 steps before disposing of the ball. Rec Footy was heavily criticised mainly by Australian rules players for appearing similar to netball, too restrictive on movement by enforcing strict zones and field positions, penalising athletes and reducing fitness benefits, lacking the ability for skilled footballers to use skills like bouncing and long kicking and play naturally whilst also penalising newer unskilled players with frequent turnovers. Falling participation rates and a large increase in Australian football female contact participation led to social competitions being restructured and rebranded as AFL 9s in 2011.
Kick-to-Kick
Kick-to-kick is a pastime, a well-known tradition of Australian rules football fans, and a recognised Australian term for kick and catch type games. A common format is for one person in a group to kick to a second group; whoever marks the ball kicks it back to the first group. In its "markers up" form, it is the usual casual version of Australian rules (similar to the relationship between backyard/beach cricket and the established forms of cricket).
Although not a sport in itself, the term is used to describe a social exercise played in parks, fields, streets and back yards, and requires at least two people.
Touch Aussie Rules
Touch Aussie Rules is a non-tackle variation played in London, UK and was organised by Aussie Rules UK.
All skills are used in Touch Aussie Rules, including kicking, marking, handballing and bouncing.
Hybrid codes
International Rules Football
International rules football (; also known as inter rules in Australia and compromise rules in Ireland) is a hybrid code of football, which was first codified in 1967 to facilitate international representative matches between Australian rules football players and Gaelic football players and is played between them worldwide.
Austus
Austus is a sport which was started in Australia during World War II when United States soldiers wanted to play football against the Australians. The game combined features of Australian rules football and American football. The rules of the game were mostly the same as Australian rules football, except that the American-style forward pass was allowed and afforded the same benefits as an Australian rules football kick, meaning that a thrown ball could be marked or used to score goals. The name comes from the first four letters of Australia (AUST) and the initials of the United States (US). The game has rarely, if ever, been played since the war.
Samoan rules
A hybrid of rugby union and Aussie rules.
Universal Football
Universal football was a proposed hybrid sport of Australian rules football and rugby league, as a means of unifying Australia under a single dominant football code. First codified in 1914, the game was originally designed to be played by teams of 15 on rectangular fields with rugby-style goalposts featuring a crossbar. The off-side rules of rugby league applied within in the forward quarter of the ground and did not apply elsewhere. Handpasses, which included throws, could only be made backwards. Rugby scrums were eliminated and replaced with the Australian rules football style ball-up. Players could be tackled anywhere between the knee and the shoulders. The Australian rules style of mark was kept. Tries were worth three points, conversions and goals from marks kicked over the crossbar were worth one point, and goals kicked on the run were worth two points.
There was some progress towards amalgamating the two sports in 1915, but these were halted by the escalation of World War I and the new code was not revived after the war ended. The concept was briefly revisited in 1933 with similar rules, and a private trial match was played at the Sydney Showground, but it did not result in a lasting revival of the concept which has not been seen since.
References
Australian rules football |
23573938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn%20Atkins | Finn Atkins | Finn Rosanna Atkins (born 21 June 1989) is a British film, television and stage actress.
Early life
Atkins was born in Nottingham and grew up in the Clifton area, where she attended Greencroft Primary School, Farnborough School and High Pavement College. She has been a member of the Television Workshop since she was at primary school.
Career
Atkins' breakthrough came early, in Shane Meadows' 2002 film Once Upon a Time in the Midlands, in which she played Marlene, the daughter of Shirley (Shirley Henderson) and Jimmy (Robert Carlyle). Although opinions on the film were divided, everyone seemed to agree about Atkins' contribution. In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw wrote of the film: "there is a cracking turn from Finn Atkins as Shirley's daughter… a bouquet is due." Whilst The Telegraph'''s Sukhdev Sandhu exclaimed: "Finn Atkins is superb as Shirley Henderson's whey-faced daughter."
In January 2009 she appeared as teenage prostitute Marissa in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders. She has since become a regular in Sky1's hit comedy drama 'Starlings' where she plays Charlie Starling; the football mad daughter to Jan & Terry Starling (Lesley Sharp & Brendan Coyle).
Filmography
FilmBale (2009) aka Haybales — Kelly; Elephant Gun Films Limited (director: Alastair Mackay)Eden Lake (2008) — Paige; Celador Films (director: James Watkins)This Is England (2006) — Skinhead Girl; Warp Films (director: Shane Meadows)Once Upon a Time in the Midlands (2002) — Marlene; Midlands Films (director: Shane Meadows)Better or Worse? (2000) — Rachel; Lifesize Pictures (director: Jocelyn Cammack)To Walk Invisible - The Brontë Sisters (2016) Charlotte Brontë (director: Sally Wainwright)
TelevisionTo Walk Invisible (one off drama) … Charlotte Brontë 29 December 2016Starlings … Charlie in all 8 episodes; 13 May - 1 July 2012, Sky OneMoving On … Stacy in "Butterfly Effect" (#1.5); 22 May 2009, BBC OneEastEnders … Marissa in eight episodes; 13–29 January 2009, BBC OneCasualty … Sammy Malone in three episodes:
"The Line of Fire" (#23.9); 1 November 2008, BBC One
"Farmead Menace: Part 2" (#23.2); 14 September 2008, BBC One
"Farmead Menace: Part 1" (#23.1); 13 September 2008, BBC OneDoctors … three episodes:
"The Fires of Midwinter" ... Sophie Wakefield; 7 January 2014, BBC One
"The Hex" … Penny Harvey; 24 April 2008, BBC One
"Iron Man" … Gill Davies; 13 June 2005, BBC OneHolby City … Pheona Allen in "Looking After Number One"(#8.39); 25 July 2006, BBC OneDown to Earth … Kate Cooper in unknown episodes; 2005, BBC OneState of Play … Kelvin Stagg's Girlfriend in one episode (#1.1); 18 May 2003, BBC OneDangerville … Finn in ten episodes; 7 January – 25 March 2003, ITV1Peak Practice … Sarah Lloyd in two episodes:
"Hit and Run" (#10.2); 12 September 2000, ITV1
"For Love of the Child" (#10.1); 5 September 2000, ITV1
TheatreWe Happy Few … Gertrude; Nottingham Arts Centre, 25–28 February 2009 (author: Imogen Stubbs; director: Ian Smith)Who is Jesse Flood … Carlton Junior Television Workshop (director: Alison Rashley)Measure for Measure … Nottingham Galleries of Justice (director: Ian Smith)
Music VideosRichard Hawley ... Tonight The Streets Are Ours (2007)
References
External links
Talent Agency KenMcReddie.com''
1989 births
Living people
British film actresses
British stage actresses
British television actresses
People from Nottingham
Actresses from Nottinghamshire |
23573940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Love%20You%2C%20Beth%20Cooper | I Love You, Beth Cooper | I Love You, Beth Cooper is a comedy novel written by former Simpsons writer Larry Doyle. I Love You, Beth Cooper follows a high school graduate who confesses his love for a cheerleader during his valedictorian speech. The novel was made in a 2009 film of the same name, starring Hayden Panettiere and Paul Rust.
Plot summary
Upon graduation from Buffalo Grove High School, valedictorian Denis Cooverman states to the entire gymnasium that he's had a crush on cheerleader Beth Cooper for six years. During the speech, he singles out several members of the class including the class bully and a pretty but shallow party girl, and tells his movie-quoting best friend Rich to admit that he's gay. Denis' speech upsets everyone except Beth, who thinks it was "sweet", giving Denis the courage to invite her to a party at his house that night. After the speech, it is revealed that Beth in fact has a boyfriend, an off duty army soldier named Kevin who threatens Denis.
After his declaration, Denis' mother and father leave him and Rich alone at the house for their party, which no one attends, as they are social outcasts. Beth shows up in her tiny blue car with her friends Cammy and Treece (the group of three is known as "The Trinity") at Denis' house that evening. Things are awkward and become worse when Kevin shows up with his army buddies, and Denis and Rich are assaulted and Denis' house (the kitchen) is trashed. Beth and the Trinity help Denis and Rich get away.
Beth is meant to be a dream girl, but has glaring imperfections that shatter Denis' fantasy. Throughout the novel the real Beth shows that she is nowhere near the perfect girl that Denis has imagined.
They then travel out to Old Tobacco Road where Denis and Beth drink and converse about their roles in high school and why exactly Denis fell for Beth; he admits it was because she was pretty and he always sat behind her. Cammy, Treece, and Rich try to tip over a cow but fail miserably. The girls then proceed to tell a scary story to get the boys entranced then floor it. They eventually crash into Denis' parents car where his parents were having sex.
The group then heads to Valli Wooly's (the shallow rich party girl) party. Denis, feeling uninvited does not accompany the Trinity into the party but decides to enter in anyway later. After some mishaps involving getting hit on by a fat girl, meeting the ugly girl he once made out with, he is again confronted by Kevin. Kevin and his gang then proceed to beat Denis up in front of the entire party in the most humiliating fashion, pounding him to the beat of the song playing. Beth then crashes Kevin's Humvee into the house itself and the group escapes.
The group heads back to the high school where Beth, Cammy, and Treece show off their cheer leading act. After the act, the girls head to the showers and Rich and Denis follow. Rich immediately proceeds to enter in the showers with the girls but as Denis is taking off his pants, he sees Beth get out the shower. Rich and Denis fight off Kevin for a bit by using their wet towels to thrash them with; this they learned to do after a brutal beating Rich had in freshman year. The group escapes in Beth's original car which Kevin used to drive down to the high school from the party. After escaping, Beth reveals to Denis that she only came to his party because it would be "funny", leaving Denis disappointed. Denis gets a nose bleed and Treece gives him tampons to stick up his nostrils to stop the bleeding. Next, Beth tells Denis his shirt smells and forces him to take it off. Beth takes his shirt and holds it out the window to "air it off"; the shirt then flies out the window. They stop the car and Denis, in his underwear, goes to find his shirt, which he finds in a puddle of mud being eaten by a pair of raccoons. Denis gives up his attempt at retrieval and returns to the car in only his "lucky" (meaning holey) underwear. Beth lends him a poncho.
The gang arrives at Treece's father's cabin where they all share a drink. Beth goes out with Denis for a smoke and to watch the moon. They talk about their futures and the fact that Beth is resigned to the fact that her life after this is not going to get much better but that Denis has so many opportunities available to him. Back at the cabin Cammy and Treece imply that Rich is gay. He continues to deny he is. So they decide to test him. Cammy grabs a condom and they have sex, where it's revealed that he isn't gay but the two girls might be as the sex is mostly Cammy and Treece having sex with Rich just being a bystander. They all share what they plan to do once the summer's over realizing they are going to be in the same dorm with similar majors.
Beth and Denis talk about their plans after summer, and they make out. Beth breaks off before they go too far and Kevin and his gang show up again. After beating up Denis a bit more they are confronted by Rich who has a rifle belonging to Treece's father. However, before they can be driven off the rifle falls apart revealing that it was not functioning. Kevin then forces Denis to row a boat out to the middle of the lake. Denis hits Kevin with an oar knocking him out of the boat and unconscious. Denis, fearing for his college admittance, jumps over and rescues Kevin revealing that he is a champion swimmer. He pulls Kevin to shore and prepares to administer CPR. Kevin however, recovers and subdues him yet again. Before anything more happens, the police arrive. Fighting stereotypes of dumb teenagers Rich, Treece and Cammy had called the police. The police bring the whole group in. Kevin's father forgoes charging Beth with stealing his car if they don't charge Kevin with attempting to kill Denis. They are taken home. Beth is dropped off at an empty house. Beth and Denis share a moment where Denis promises to marry Beth if she isn't fat at their 10-year reunion. On the way home, Rich reveals that he thinks he might be gay. When they get home Denis's parents are there and inform him that he will have to be punished. After his mom goes in, Denis tells his dad it was worth it. His father tells him not to mention that to his mother.
In the conclusion, Denis grew seven inches in the summer and gained 40 pounds. Rich tried being gay and didn't much like being homosexual either and is waiting for the next thing. Treece and Cammy decided they were just good friends and they shouldn't drink so much around each other. Beth and Denis see each other a week before he intends to go off to school.
Film version
A film version of I Love You, Beth Cooper, starring Hayden Panettiere as Beth and Paul Rust as Denis, opened in the summer of 2009 to scathing reviews and quickly flopped. The film was largely faithful to the novel, but made a significant change by making Beth more outwardly responsive at the end to Denis' feelings for her.
References
External links
New York Times review by Mark Sarvas
Vanity Fair Q&A with the author
Entertainment Weekly review
American comedy novels
2007 American novels
American novels adapted into films
HarperCollins books |
23573942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims%20In%20Ecstacy | Victims In Ecstacy | Victims In were an unsigned rock band from Phoenix, Arizona who were active between 1998 and 2001.
History
Formation
Victims In were formed in 1998 in Phoenix, Arizona by Jim Louvau, Jared Bakin and Andy Gerold. Their style of music was, according to themselves, “New School Arena Rock”. They took influence from bands such as Mary's Window, Faith No More, Guns N' Roses and Plastic Princess. To stand out and differentiate themselves from other local bands in the area they often sported dresses and wore make-up onstage.
Discography
Chinese Pornography
April 2000 saw the band release their eagerly awaited debut album, “Chinese Pornography” to positive reviews.
Mark Matson of Sipping Soma worked alongside the band to produce the album. Both “Believe” and “New Taste” featured in the Top 10 (industrial/metal/new wave) on www.Mp3.com
In July 2000 VIE struck a deal with V&R distribution which made “Chinese Pornography” available in Best Buy stores across the United States.
Track listing:
1. New Taste
2. Injected
3. Nothing
4. Ass+Fuck=57
5. Believe
6. Fragile
White Box Therapy
Victims In spent most of 2001 at Sound Vision studios recording what was to be their second album, “White Box Therapy”, with producer/engineer Michael Beck. White Box Therapy was released in March 2002. This album saw Andy Gerold assume the position of drummer with Ken Bergeron taking over guitar duties.
Track listing:
Euphoria
Cold Again
Atmospheric Textures
sdrawkcaB
New Taste
Beautiful
untitled
White Box Therapy (Heroine)
White Box Therapy (Radio Edit)
Tribute albums
Victims In featured on two tribute albums.They appeared on “Mutations: A Tribute to Alice Cooper” where they did a version of “Welcome to My Nightmare” and on “Tribute of the Year: A Tribute to Faith No More” where they covered “Strip Search”.
Non-album tracks
Dresses, dolls & lollipops
Media
November 2001 saw them line up a sponsorship deal with Pepsi, which ran the song "New Taste" on radio ads for the company's energy drink Amp.
Live performances
VIE performed regularly at the Atomic Cafe in Phoenix. They performed at the opening of Phoenix club The Machine and while recording their second album, White Box Therapy, they were invited to play on the Preaching to the Perverted tour along with Pigface, Gravity Kills and Godhead.
VIE have also shared the stage with bands such as Linkin Park, Disturbed, KMFDM, Alien Ant Farm, Sinnistar, Guttermouth, Jack Off Jill, Life of Agony, The Genitorturers, Psychotica, Dope, Drain STH, Vanilla Ice, Pitchshifter, Primer55 and Switchblade Symphony.
On June 24, 2001, their concert was webcast by Hollywoodmusic.com.
Awards
1998 - New Times Showcase Award for “Best Industrial Band”
2000 – New Times Showcase Award for “Most Likely to Make it Big”
2001 – New Times Showcase Award for “Best Hard/Modern Rock”
2001 – New Times Showcase Award for “Most Likely to Make it Big”
2001 – Aim Award for “Best Fashion”
Band members
Jim Louvau– lead vocals
Andy Gerold– guitar, drums
Jim Kaufmann– guitar
Jared Bakin– bass, guitar
Ken Bergeron (credited as Ken Virii on Chinese Pornography) – bass, guitar
Danny Diaz – drums
References
http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2000-03-30/music/driven-to-ecstacy/
http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1998-12-03/music/kind-of-a-drag/
http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2000-03-30/music/driven-to-ecstacy/
http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2002-03-28/music/hello-goodbye/
http://www.mp3.com/artist/victims-in-ecstacy/summary/
http://www.thelyricarchive.com/album/609601/Chinese-Pornography
http://interlyrics.com/artist-lyrics/681171/Victims-in-Ecstacy
http://www.swaptree.com/CD/faith-more-tribute-tribute-year-various-artists/312605/
External links
Victims In
Rock music groups from Arizona
American industrial rock musical groups
Musical groups from Phoenix, Arizona
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups disestablished in 2001 |
17333598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaque%20by%20Popular%20Demand | Blaque by Popular Demand | Blaque By Popular Demand is a ten track compilation album of Blaque's most popular songs. Some of the group's hit singles, ("808", "As If", "Bring It All to Me", and "Can't Get It Back") along with four selected tracks from their self-titled debut album and two remixes were featured on the compilation. Physical copies of the compilation were released to selected marketing stores such as Circuit City and were sold online via Amazon.
Track listing
3 Radio edit
Blaque albums
2007 compilation albums |
20468868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Matanzas%20%28AVP-46%29 | USS Matanzas (AVP-46) | USS Matanzas (AVP-46) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Matanzas was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
A contract with Lake Washington Shipyard for AVP-46's construction was let on 14 April 1942, and she was assigned the name Magothy on 23 August 1942. However, she became one of the final two ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled the contract on 29 April 1943 before construction could begin.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
20468926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Freeman%20%28politician%29 | Joseph Freeman (politician) | Joseph Freeman (29 November 1765 – 8 May 1837) was a seaman, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented the Liverpool Township from 1811 to 1820 and Queens County from 1820 to 1837 in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
He was the son of Joseph Freeman, who came to Nova Scotia from New England. Freeman commanded a number of British vessels during wars with France and Spain, as well as during the War of 1812. As a merchant, he was involved in the fishing trade and trade with the West Indies. Freeman also served as a justice in the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Queen's County.
His son Snow P. Freeman also served in the provincial assembly. His daughter Elizabeth married James Ratchford DeWolf.
References
More, James F The History of Queens County, N.S (1972)
1765 births
1839 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs |
6902349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Storyteller%20Sequence | The Storyteller Sequence | The Storyteller Sequence is a series of one act dramas written for young people by Philip Ridley. The plays, all set in east London, use fairytale stories and theatrical conventions to reveal the traumas of their young protagonists. To date there are five plays in the sequence, although Ridley has intimated there will eventually be seven. The five written to date are Karamazoo, Fairytaleheart, Moonfleece, Sparkleshark and Brokenville; note that although this is not the order in which the plays were written and performed chronologically, it is the order Ridley intends the finished "sequence" to run.
A collection bringing together the five plays produced so far in the sequence was published by Bloomsbury Methuen Drama in late 2015.
Karamazoo (2004)
Karamazoo is a fifteen-minute monologue from an east London teenager called Ace. Two versions of the play exist, for male and female actors respectively. Ace is the most popular boy/girl at school, waiting at a bus stop for a date. Through his/her interaction with the audience, we discover that Ace's recent surge in popularity is the result of a personality "makeover" following the death of a parent; in recounting the fairytale stories told by the dead father/mother, Ace reveals how much the loss still haunts them and realises the vacuousness and selfishness.
The monologue was part of the National Theatre Shell Connections 2004 portfolio, with the first drafts of both the male and female version of the monologue being made available to download for free from the NT Shell Connections website.
Fairytaleheart (1998)
In Fairytaleheart, two 15-year-old youths deal with ruptured families and homelessness by embracing their hopes and fears in a derelict community centre.
Kirsty's mother died two years ago, but she is still grieving whilst watching her father announce his engagement to her 'stepmother' she flees her own birthday party and sits alone in the community centre that was once her mother's 'kingdom', where she then meets Gideon: the complete opposite to popular, pretty, pretentious Kirsty. He's a scruffy boy with 'rat tails' for hair. Together by the catharsis of storytelling they enter the magic world of karamazoo and search for the 'luminous butterfly'. Finally finding it in themselves to see their problems in a new light. The story ends seeming as though they are about to kiss.
Sparkleshark (1997)
Sparkleshark is a play about a teenage boy called Jake. As he is sitting alone, on top of the block of flats he lives in, writing stories, a troubled girl who is polly (she's a carer for her younger brother) who has started in his school, who recently moved into the block of flats comes up to quietly fix a satellite dish. At first he is abusive and defensive but lightens to her when she compliments his work. More people come up to the roof for different reasons. Natasha, the popular girl, goes up to find Polly; Carol, the wannabe, follows Natasha after getting bored. She then calls up Russell, the school Bully and his two friends Buzz and Speed Follow, as well as "emo" Shane, Natasha's ex-Boyfriend. As Russell and his boys go to dangle Jake over the roof they are stopped by the offer to hear a story by Jake, at first a little hesitant to tell one as it was Polly's idea, but eventually he does, and as he does the others start acting it out. It is a fairytale about a Prince (Russell) and his Horses (Buzz and Speed), a Princess (Polly) her father (Jake), a Witch (Tasha) and a Wizard (Shane) and a Frog (Carol) at the end of the story they are attacked by a dragon known as "Sparkleshark" due to its shiny scales, who is played by Finn, Polly's Grunge brother. The story has a happy ending with all being resolved and the play ends with all the group promising to meet up on a regular basis to read and act out stories.
Moonfleece (2004)
Moonfleece is the story of Curtis, a young right-wing activist in East London who arranges a meeting in a flat in a derelict tower block where he grew up. Years ago, when he was a child, Curtis lived happily here but, then, tragedy struck and his elder brother died. Now Curtis is seeing his brother’s ghost. With the aid of Gavin and Tommy, fellow members of the right wing political party of which he is a leading figure, Curtis aims to find out why this ghost is haunting him. Things, however, do not go as planned. For a start, there are two squatters now occupying the flat. And one of them has a story to tell. A story that will change Curtis’s life forever.
Moonfleece received a professional world premiere in March–April 2010, opening at Rich Mix on Bethnal Green Road for the 2010 East Festival before touring the UK, produced by London-based independent theatre company Supporting Wall. The production stars Sean Verey (Skins, Dead Man Running) as Curtis and is directed by David Mercatali. The controversial play has been banned in Dudley, but afterwards was performed in Greenwich. Its poster was designed by photographer Adam Levy
Brokenville (2000)
Brokenville has had the longest gestation period of all Ridley's plays. It was first performed as Cavesongs and was part of Ridley's performance art work while he was a student at St Martin's School of Art. It was then done as an afternoon rehearsed reading at the Hampstead Theatre in London (with Jude Law playing one of the parts, fresh from doing Ridley's The Fastest Clock in the Universe) and subsequently presented as a work-in-progress for a short run under the name of Apocalyptica. Ridley continued working on the play, until it became Brokenville, and it subsequently became part of the National Theatre Connections plays for young people and performed at the Olivier Stage of the National Theatre in England in 2003. It was more recently performed in March 2015 by a drama group starring Rachel Price and Georgia Sloan. The background for Brokenville is an unknown disaster, which has left the play's seven characters with little knowledge of who they are or of what has happened. As an old woman and five teenagers begin to act out stories for a mute and frightened child, they begin to discover a little of who they were and what they can be.
References
Plays by Philip Ridley |
6902353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainsaw%20Kittens%20%28album%29 | Chainsaw Kittens (album) | Chainsaw Kittens is the fourth studio album by the American alternative rock band Chainsaw Kittens. It was released in 1996 through Scratchie Records.
Critical reception
Alternative Rock wrote that the "glitter roots still shine through boldly, but the punk intensity has disappeared, along with most of their jangly pop melodies." The Chicago Tribune called it "one of the sleeper pop records of '96" and "arguably the career high point" for the band.
Track listing
"Dorothy's Last Fling" – 3:17
"Heart Catch Thump" – 3:30
"Tongue Trick" – 3:40
"King Monkey Smoke" – 3:51
"Bones in My Teeth" – 2:55
"Waltz Across Debris" – 2:43
"Ballad of Newsman 5" – 3:06
"Mouthful of Glass" – 3:16
"Leash" – 3:19
"Bicycle Head" – 1:22
"All (No Surprise)" – 3:31
"Sounder" – 2:31
"Madhatter's Blues" – 2:40
"Speedway Oklahoma" – 3:34
Personnel
Tyson Meade - vocals, guitar
Trent Bell - guitar
Matthew Johnson - bass
Eric Harmon - drums
References
Chainsaw Kittens albums |
6902420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout%20Mountain%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lookout Mountain (disambiguation) | Lookout Mountain is a mountain ridge on the border of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee.
Lookout Mountain may also refer to:
Events
Battle of Lookout Mountain, a battle fought on that ridge during the American Civil War
Populated places
Lookout Mountain, Alabama, a census-designated place (CDP) in Alabama, U.S.
Lookout Mountain, Georgia, a city in Walker County, Georgia, U.S.
Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, a town in Hamilton County, Tennessee, U.S.
Locales
Lookout Mountain (Alberta), a ski resort in Banff, Alberta also known as Sunshine Village, Canada
Lookout Mountain Preserve, a part of the Phoenix Mountain Preserve, Arizona, U.S.
Lookout Mountain Air Force Station, once a secret film studio operating in Hollywood, California, U.S.
Lookout Mountain Park, a park overlooking Golden, Colorado, U.S.
Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, an incline railway running to the summit of that mountain, Tennessee, U.S.
Summits
Lookout Mountain (Los Angeles County, California), a knob on Mount Baldy, California, U.S.
Lookout Mountain (Riverside County, California), a summit in Riverside County, California, U.S.
Lookout Mountain (Colorado), an eastern foothill of the Front Range in Colorado, U.S.
Lookout Peak (Colorado), a mountain in San Miguel County, Colorado, U.S.
Lookout Mountain (Idaho), a peak in the White Cloud Mountains of Idaho, U.S.
Lookout Mountain (New Jersey), a mountain in Sussex County, New Jersey, U.S.
Lookout Mountain (Oklahoma), a large hill in west Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
Lookout Mountain is the name of the following peaks in Oregon, U.S.
An 8,018-foot (2,444 m) peak in the Strawberry Range of northeastern Oregon;
The second-highest peak – at 6,536 feet (1,992 m) – in the Mount Hood National Forest in north-central Oregon;
The highest summit – at 6,926 ft (2,111 m) – of the Ochoco Mountains in central Oregon.
Lookout Mountain (Washington), a summit in Skagit County, Washington, U.S.
Lookout Summit, a mountain in Benton County, Washington, U.S.
See also
Lookout Mountain, Lookout Sea, 2008 album by American indie rock band Silver Jews |
44499720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%20Balvin%20discography | J Balvin discography | Colombian singer J Balvin has released 5 studio albums, one collaborative album, three mixtapes, three EPs, sixty-nine singles, thirty featured singles, and ten promotional singles. He is one of the best-selling Latin artists, with over 45 million singles and over 4 million album sales (specially based on US sales)
In 2009, Balvin released his single "Ella Me Cautivó", becoming his first song to chart in the United States, which serves as the first single from his debut album Real that was released in 2009 and received a Gold certification. In the beginning of 2012, he released a mixtape that includes some singles and new songs, only released in the US and Mexico.
On April 24, 2012, Balvin released "Yo Te Lo Dije", the first single from his the -upcoming album, the song was number one in Colombia for eight non-consecutive weeks and became his first charting entry on the Top Latin Songs chart, peaking at number 13, and also became a hit in Romania. The second single, "Tranquila", was a top ten hit in four countries and peaked at the top of the charts in Greece. This resulted in the release of a remix featuring Greek-Albanian singer Eleni Foureira. In 2013, he released the third single "Sola" that was number one in Colombia and charted in Bulgaria. On October 15, 2013, he released "6 AM", which features Farruko, ane was later sent to Latin radio and received heavy rotation, becoming his first number one on the Latin Rhythm Songs chart, and peaked at number three at Billboard Latin Songs chart. The song was certified Gold in Mexico and Spain. That October 2013, Balvin released his first studio album La Familia, which peaked at number ten on the Latin Albums chart, topped the Latin Rhythm Albums chart and received seven Platinum and two Gold certifications. In 2014, he released the fifth single "La Venganza". An expanded version of La Familia, subtitled B Sides, was released on September 16, 2014, that spawned the hit single "Ay Vamos", that eventually topped the charts in Colombia, Dominican Republic and the Latin Rhythm Songs chart.
Albums
Studio albums
Reissued albums
Mixtapes
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Notes
Note 1: Uses combined chart entries for "Mi Gente" and "Mi Gente (Remix)"
Other charted songs
Guest appearances
Videography
Footnotes
References
Discographies of Colombian artists
Balvin, J |
17333620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20Smiles | Venus Smiles | "Venus Smiles" is a short story by British author J. G. Ballard. Originally titled "Mobile", it appeared in the June 1957 edition of Science Fantasy (Volume 8, Number 23). It was then rewritten and appeared in the Vermilion Sands (1971) collection under its new name and later The Complete Short Stories of J. G. Ballard (2006).
Like the rest of the Vermilion Sands collection, this story takes place in the fictional desert town of Vermilion Sands, and also features exotic technology.
Plot
"Venus Smiles" concerns the events surrounding a musical sculpture commissioned to be placed in the centre of Vermilion Sands. On the day of the unveiling, the statue causes outrage with the public — as well as being aesthetically unpleasing, the music emitted from the sculpture tends to lean towards middle-eastern style quarter tones and is unpleasing to the ear. Instead of being scrapped, Mr Hamilton, one of the board members who commissioned it, decides to follow the wishes of the woman who sculpted it, and take it back to his home that he shares with his secretary.
At first the narrator, Hamilton, finds the statue looks quite pleasant in his garden, and likes the new melodic classical music it starts to produce. One day, Hamilton and his secretary discover the statue is gently vibrating and moving, and the metal seems to be twisting and turning. As days continue to pass, they find the statue growing increasingly in height and girth, to an extent that is now twice its original size, and the twisting and forming of the new metal is developing at noticeable speed.
After the statue has taken over the garden, the main characters and others begin to strip the metal off, which proves difficult as the rate at which the metal grows is the same as they can dismantle it. Eventually, the sculpture is completely demolished and the metal sold to a scrap yard.
A legal battle then ensues, when the woman who originally sculpted the statue sues the board for damaging her reputation by openly and ungainly destroying one of her works. When the ruling is finally made in her favour, ten months have passed. When the lead characters have left the court building they remark on the fact that it is new and yet to be completed — unplastered walls are visible and metal beams protrude from the building. The story ends when the narrator and supporting characters discover the unusual vibrations coming from the beams, and realise with horror that the statue's old metal has been recycled and distributed around Vermilion Sands in new buildings and motor vehicles. Mr Hamilton remarks to his secretary, "Carol, it's only just the beginning. The whole world will be singing."
References
External links
Short stories by J. G. Ballard
1971 short stories
Works originally published in Science Fantasy (magazine) |
17333631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Sladen%20Memorial%20Trust | Percy Sladen Memorial Trust | The Percy Sladen Memorial Trust is a trust fund administered by the Linnean Society of London for the support of scientific research. It was endowed by Constance Sladen, who was married to the marine biologist Percy Sladen (1849–1900), in his memory.
The Trust has in general been devoted to the support of field work. Major scientific expeditions that have been funded under the Trust include:
the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean (1905)
the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to Melanesia;
the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to West Africa;
the Percy Sladen Trust Expeditions to the Abrolhos Islands (1913,1915);
the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to Lake Titicaca (1937)
Other uses of the fund include a grant to the Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter, towards curation of the Sladen Collection of echinoderms.
References
Linnean Society of London
Wills and trusts in the United Kingdom |
6902462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20Ben%20Bulben | Under Ben Bulben | "Under Ben Bulben" is a poem written by Irish poet W. B. Yeats.
Composition
It is believed to be one of the last poems he wrote, being drafted when he was 73, in August 1938 when his health was already poor (he died in January 1939).
Publication
"Under Ben Bulben" was first published in July 1939, six months after Yeats' death, as the first poem in the collection Last Poems and Two Plays in a limited edition released by his sister. The trade edition Last Poems & Plays, published in 1940, added the content of New Poems and three poems printed in On the Boiler. It also made "Under Ben Bulben" the final poem, a convention followed until the 1980s when it became clear that the original arrangement better reflected the poet's intentions.
References
Ben Bulben is a large flat-topped rock formation in County Sligo, Ireland. It is famous in Irish legend, appearing in The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne, and was the site of a military confrontation during the Irish Civil War.
The phrase "Mareotic Lake", which appears in the second line of the poem, is used in the classical religious work De Vita Contemplativa to refer to Lake Mariout in Egypt which was the location of the Therapeutae, a community of religious hermits.
Phidias, mentioned in part IV of the poem, was one of the most influential sculptors in classical Athens. The Parthenon Frieze was probably sculpted under his direction.
Yeats's gravestone
Yeats is buried in the churchyard of Drumcliffe church in Sligo, which stands at the foot of Ben Bulben. The last three lines of the poem are used as the epitaph on Yeats' gravestone, and they were composed with that intention:Cast a cold eye
On life, on death
Horseman, pass by!
Readings
The poem, read by actor Richard Harris, opens and closes an album of Yeats's poems set to music, entitled Now And In A Time To Be.
Related
The title of Pulitzer Prize-winning author Larry McMurtry's first novel, Horseman, Pass By, is derived from the last three lines of this poem. The same is true about the French writer Michel Déon's book Horseman, Pass By!
References
External links
Under Ben Bulben Summary at eNotes
Poetry by W. B. Yeats |
17333632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance%20%28EP%29 | Defiance (EP) | Defiance is the self-titled debut EP by the American anarcho street punk band Defiance, released on Consensus Reality Records on 1994.
Track listing
A side
Too Close to Being Over – 2:18
Affect Change – 2:29
B side
Fodder – 2:50
Burn – 4:10
Defiance (punk band) albums
1994 EPs |
20468935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkowitz%20v.%20Great%20Minneapolis%20Surplus%20Store%2C%20Inc | Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc | Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc 86 NW 2d 689 (Minn, 1957) is an American contract law case. It concerns the distinction between an offer and an invitation to offer. The case held that a clear, definite, explicit and non-negotiable advertisement constitutes an offer, acceptance of which creates a binding contract. Furthermore, it held that an advertisement which did not clarify the terms of its bargains, such as with fine print, could not then be modified with arbitrary house rules.
Facts
Great Minneapolis Surplus Store published an advertisement that said:
Saturday 9 A.M. Sharp 3 Brand New Fur Coats Worth to $100.00. First Come First Served $1 Each.
On April 13, they published another advertisement in the same newspaper, as follows.
Saturday 9 A.M. 2 Brand New Pastel Mink 3-Skin Scarfs
Selling for $89.50
Out they go Saturday. Each ... $1.00
1 Black Lapin Stole Beautiful, worth $139.50 ... $1.00
First Come First Served
Mr. Lefkowitz was the first person to come on the Saturday after seeing the advertisement. He said he was ready to pay $1. But each time the store owner refused to sell, saying there was a "house rule" that it was for women only. The same advertisement was published the next week, and he arrived again. He was told that he knew the house rules and he would not get the coat.
Judgment
Justice William P. Murphy (judge) held that the advertisement constituted an offer, which could not be withdrawn. He described the facts and gave his decision as follows.
See also
English contract law
References
United States contract case law |
20468954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takami%20Dam | Takami Dam | Takami Dam is a dam in Hokkaidō, Japan. It has an electrical generation output of 200MW.
History
The dam was constructed to control flooding of the Shizunai River and also to generate electricity. It was constructed by Kajima, Aoki Corporation, and Chizaki Kogyo Construction. It was completed in 1983. Power generation commenced in July 1983. A second power generation unit was completed in April 1993.
Characteristics
The dam is approximately 120 metres high and 435 metres long.
The electrical generation output is 200MW. Power is supplied to the Hokkaido Electric Power Company.
References
1983 establishments in Japan
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1983
Shinhidaka, Hokkaido |
23573947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20agility | Dog agility | Dog agility is a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. Dogs run off leash with no food or toys as incentives, and the handler can touch neither dog nor obstacles. The handler's controls are limited to voice, movement, and various body signals, requiring exceptional training of the animal and coordination of the handler.
An agility course consists of a set of standard obstacles laid out by a judge in a design of their own choosing in an area of a specified size. The surface may be of grass, dirt, rubber, or special matting. Depending on the type of competition, the obstacles may be marked with numbers indicating the order in which they must be completed.
Courses are complicated enough that a dog could not complete them correctly without human direction. In competition, the handler must assess the course, decide on handling strategies, and direct the dog through the course, with precision and speed equally important. Many strategies exist to compensate for the inherent difference in human and dog speeds and the strengths and weaknesses of the various dogs and handlers.
Competition basics
As each course is different, handlers are allowed a short walk-through (ranging from 5 to 25 minutes on average) before the competition starts. During this time, all handlers competing in a particular class can walk around the course without their dogs, determining how they can best position themselves and guide their dogs to get the most accurate and rapid path around the numbered obstacles. The handler tends to run a path much different from the dog's path, so the handler can sometimes spend quite a bit of time planning for what is usually a quick run.
The walk-through is critical for success because the course's path takes various turns, even U-turns or 270° turns, can cross back on itself, can use the same obstacle more than once, can have two obstacles so close to each other that the dog and handler must be able to clearly discriminate which to take, and can be arranged so that the handler must work with obstacles between themself and the dog, called layering, or at a great distance from the dog.
Printed maps of the agility course, called course maps, are occasionally made available to the handlers before they run, to help the handlers plan their course strategy. The course map contains icons indicating the position and orientation of all the obstacles, and numbers indicating the order in which the obstacles are to be taken. Course maps were originally drawn by hand, but nowadays courses are created using various computer programs.
Each dog and handler team gets one opportunity together to attempt to complete the course successfully. The dog begins behind a starting line and, when instructed by their handler, proceeds around the course. The handler typically runs near the dog, directing the dog with spoken commands and with body language (the position of arms, shoulders, and feet).
Because speed counts as much as accuracy, especially at higher levels of competition, this all takes place at a full-out run on the dog's part and, in places, on the handler's part as well.
Scoring of runs is based on how many faults are incurred. Penalties can include not only course faults, such as knocking down a bar in a jump, but also time faults, which are the number of seconds over the calculated standard course time, which in turn is determined based on the competition level, the complexity of the course, and other factors.
Agility obstacles
The regulations of different organizations specify somewhat different rules and dimensions for the construction of obstacles. However, the basic form of most obstacles is the same wherever they are used. Obstacles include the following:
Contact obstacles
Contact obstacles are obstacles made of planks and ramps, they require dogs to ascend and descend the obstacle and to place a paw on a "contact zone", an area that is painted a different colour. The height, width and angle of the planks and ramps varies by the organisation running the competition.
A-frame
The A-frame comprises two ramps that meet in the middle forming an A shape, the ramps vary between and in length, and between and in height at the apex.
Dog walk
The dog walk is an elevated plank with ascending and descending ramps at each end, the ramps vary between in length and in height above the ground.
Crossover
The crossover comprises four separate ramps that each ascend at an elevated platform in the middle, the dog must ascend and descend the correct ramps in accordance with the judge's course plan, the ramps are in length and the platform is between in height.
Seesaw
The seesaw, sometimes called the teeter-totter, is a seesaw, that the dogs walks the length of, the seesaw varies between in length and the apex between in height.
Tower
The tower is similar to the crossover except it has a plank, a set of steps to ascend and descend, as well as a slide for the dog to slide down, as with the crossover the must ascend and descend in accordance with the judge's course plan.
Tunnels
The tunnel obstacles involve tunnels of different designs that the dogs run or crawl through.
Open or piped tunnel
The open or piped tunnel is an open flexible tube; they are usually in diameter and between in length.
Closed, collapsed or chute tunnel
The closed, collapsed or chute tunnel is a tube of light fabric with a rigid end for the dog to enter; the entrance is between in diameter and long.
Hoop tunnel
The hoop tunnel is a tunnel constructed from eight PVC hoops approximately in diameter arranged in a frame to form a tunnel approximately long.
Crawl tunnel
The crawl tunnel is a series of low hurdles forming a tunnel long that the dog must crawl under, the hurdles are set between high.
Jumps
Jump (hurdle) Two uprights supporting a horizontal bar over which the dog jumps. The height is adjusted for dogs of different heights. The uprights can be simple stanchions or can have wings of various shapes, sizes, and colors.
Double and triple jump (spread jump) Two uprights supporting two or three horizontal bars spread forward or back from each other. The double can have parallel or ascending horizontal bars; the triple always has ascending bars. The spread between the horizontal bars is sometimes adjusted based on the height of the dog.
Panel jump Instead of horizontal bars, the jump is a solid panel from the ground up to the jump height, constructed of several short panels that can be removed to adjust the height for different dog heights.
Broad jump (long jump) A set of four or five slightly raised platforms that form a broad area over which the dog must jump without setting their feet on any of the platforms. The length of the jump is adjusted for the dog's height.
Tire jump A torus shape that is roughly the size of a tire ( to inside diameter) and suspended in a frame. The dog must jump through the opening of the "tire"; like other jumps, the height is adjusted for dogs of different sizes. The tire is usually wrapped with tape both for visibility and to cover any openings or uneven places in which the dog could catch. Many organizations now allow or require a so-called displaceable or breakaway tire, where the tire comes apart in some way if the dog hits it hard enough.
Other hurdles UKC agility allows a variety of hurdles not found in other agility organizations: bush hurdle, high hurdle, log hurdle, picket fence hurdle, rail fence hurdle, long hurdle, window hurdle, and water hurdle.
Miscellaneous
Table (pause table) An elevated square platform about 3-foot-by-3-foot (1-meter-by-1-meter) square onto which the dog must jump and pause, either sitting or in a down position, for a designated period of time which is counted out by the judge, usually about 5 seconds. The height ranges from about depending on the dog's height and sponsoring organization.
Pause box A variation on the pause table. The pause box is a square marked off on the ground, usually with plastic pipe or construction tape, where the dog must perform the "pause" behavior (in either a sit or a down) just as he would on the elevated table.
Weave polesSimilar to a slalom, this is a series of 5 to 12 upright poles, each about tall and spaced about apart (spacing for AKC was until it was changed in January 2010. The extra three inches was to relieve stress on the dog's back.), through which the dog weaves. The dog must always enter with the first pole to their left, and must not skip poles. Dogs have 5 distinct gait styles when completing the weave pole obstacle. For many dogs, weave poles are one of the most difficult obstacles to master.
Other obstacles UKC agility allows the following obstacles not found in other agility organizations: swing plank, sway bridge, and platform jump. NADAC also uses a hoop obstacle. A Hoopers course consists entirely of hoops, but hoops may be used in other courses as well.
Organization in groups
Although each organization has its own rules, all divide dogs into smaller groups that are close to each other in size and experience for purposes of calculating winners and qualifying scores.
History
The history of dog agility can be traced to a demonstration at the Crufts dog show in the late 1970s in the United Kingdom. Dogs were run around a course designed similar to horse jumping courses during intermission as a way to entertain the audience. It has since spread around the world, with major competitions held worldwide.
Agility as an international sport
Globally, dog agility competitions are regulated and run by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and its member organisations and a number of national kennel clubs and sport federations. Rules of each organisation, titles and selection process of national teams that represent the country at prestigious international events vary slightly. One reason alternatives to FCI organisations started to emerge is that FCI is an international pure-bred dogs federation and most of its members have restrictions for dogs without pedigrees. Such organisation as USDAA, UKI and IFCS and their members have opposed that and created their own international competitions that do not restrict participation for dogs without pedigrees.
International competitions
Fédération Cynologique Internationale Agility World Championships, the oldest and best-known, is held every year. It had been held in Europe every year until 2013, where it is to be hosted by South Africa. The event was held as a European championship until 1995, then a world championship from 1996, and is restricted to registered pedigree dogs only.
The International Mix & Breed Championship in Agility (IMCA), first held in Italy in 2000 as a response to the FCI pedigree-only championships. The competition is held annually with about 18 countries participating, including teams from outside Europe.
The International Federation of Cynological Sports (IFCS), has since 2002 organized a biannual world agility championship open to any breed or mixed-breed dog regardless of pedigree. Since 2013 it has been gaining more and more popularity and has been held every year.
The Cynosport World Games, officially named in 2003, as the consolidated venue for USDAA's three tournament series - Grand Prix of Dog Agility, $10,000 Dog Agility Steeplechase and Dog Agility Masters Three-Dog Team Championship — and exhibitions and competitions in other popular canine sports. USDAA tournaments were opened to invited overseas participants for the first time in 2001, which led to establishment of USDAA affiliates in other countries where qualifying events are now held each year.
The European Open. An informal annual championships since its foundation in 2002, open to all dogs regardless of origins. It rotates around a small number of countries in central Europe, though attracting competitors from all over world, with 25 countries participating in the 2006 event. From 2007, the competition is held under Fédération Cynologique Internationale regulations, but still allowing dogs without pedigrees.
The World Agility Open Championships (WAO) — is an event organized by the UKI committee, that is gaining popularity with accomplished competitors all over the world. In 2019 participants from 39 countries were taking part.
Junior Open Agility World Championships — the biggest international event for handlers under 18 years of age divided into several age groups. Before 2019 it was called European Open Junior Championships. Takes place annually and is considered to be very prestigious among competitors all over the world. Along with European Open Championship is supervised by the FCI committee.
Training
Dogs can begin training for agility at any age, but care is taken when training dogs under a year old so as to not harm their developing joints. Dogs generally start training on simplified, smaller, or lowered (in height) agility equipment and training aids (such as ladders and wobbling boards to train careful footing), but puppies who learn quickly must be finished growing before training on equipment at standard height to prevent injury.
Introducing a new dog to the agility obstacles varies in response. Each individual dog learns at its own pace; confident dogs may charge over equipment with little encouragement, while more timid dogs may take weeks to overcome their hesitations with much encouragement. Both scenarios present their own challenges, as dogs may be overconfident and sloppy to the point where they have a serious accident and teaching the dog self-control becomes one of the goals for the trainer. Timid dogs need extra support to boost their confidence. Given the right encouragement, a timid dog can gain confidence through learning the sport. The size of the dog can also have an effect on training obstacles, particularly with the chute, in which smaller dogs are prone to get trapped and tangled inside. A trainer will take great effort to ensure that the dog is always safe and has a good training experience for agility so that it does not fear the obstacles, and instead performs them willingly and with enthusiasm.
The teeter-totter (or see-saw) and the weave poles are typically the most challenging obstacles to teach to a dog. Many dogs are wary of the see-saw's movement, and the weave poles involve behavior that does not occur naturally to the dog. Contact obstacles in general are challenging to train in a manner that ensures that the dog touches the contact zone without sacrificing speed. Whether for competition or recreation, the most important skill for an agility team to learn is how to work together quickly, efficiently, and safely. Dogs vary greatly in their speed and accuracy of completing a course, as well as in their preferences for obstacles; therefore, the handler must adjust their handling style to suit and support the dog.
Training techniques for each piece of equipment varies. The techniques for training the weave poles include using offset poles that gradually move more in line with each other, poles that tilt outward from the base and gradually become upright, wires or gates around the poles forcing the dog into the desired path, and putting a hand in the dog's collar and guiding the dog through while leading with an incentive. It also includes teaching the dog to run full speed between two poles and gradually increasing the angle of approach and number of poles.
Agility may be trained independently (for instance at home) or with an instructor or club that offers classes. Seasoned handlers and competitors, in particular, may choose to train independently, as structured classes are commonly geared towards novices. Seasoned handlers often instead look to seminars and workshops that teach advanced handling techniques, and then practice on their own.
Common reasons for joining an agility class include:
Access to agility equipment, especially the larger contact obstacles, which can be expensive, difficult to build, and require a lot of space to use.
Seeking the guidance and expertise of more experienced handlers.
Enjoying the social venue that many classes provide.
Training in a more distracting environment, which is helpful in preparation for competition.
In addition to the technical and educational training, physical training must also be done. The dog must be fit enough to run and jump without causing stress or injury to its body. The handler can also benefit from being physically fit, but with some handling styles it is not necessary to keep up with the dog (nor is it possible with very fast dogs). Being able to handle a dog from a distance allows mobility-impaired handlers to participate in the sport on par with mobile handlers. Research has also demonstrated health benefits to handlers engaged in dog agility.
Competition process
Competitions (also called trials or matches or shows) are usually hosted by a specific local club. The club might be devoted solely to dog agility, or it might be primarily a breed club that wants to promote the working abilities of its breed, or it might be a club that hosts many types of dog sports. The club contracts with judges who are licensed by the sanctioning organization and applies to the organization for permission to hold a trial on a specific date or weekend; most trials are two-day weekend events.
Key trial jobs
The club designates a member to be the chairperson or show manager, who is responsible for ensuring that the trial takes place, and another member to be the secretary, who is responsible for providing competitors with the show premium or schedule—a document that describes the specific competition, summarizes the rules, describes the trial site, and includes an entry form—receiving completed entry forms, sending out running orders, producing running-order lists for the day of competition, and compiling the results from the trial to send to the sanctioning organization.
The designated chief ring steward or ring manager is responsible for finding and assigning workers, almost always volunteers, to perform the myriad tasks involved in putting on a trial. For example, if electronic timing is not being used, each class needs a timer, who ensures that the dog's running time is recorded, a scribe, who records the judge's calls as a dog runs the class, and pole setters (or ring stewards), who ensure that jump bars are reset when they are knocked off and change jump heights for dogs of different sizes.
Competition locations
Agility competitions require considerable space. Each ring is usually at least 5,000 square feet (I.e 465 square meters); however, exact dimensions vary according to the organizations. Competitions can have anywhere from one to a dozen rings. The ground must be non-slip and level, usually being either packed dirt, grass, carpeting, or padded matting.
Competitors additionally need space to set up quarters for their dogs and gear. When space permits, competitors often bring pop up canopies or screenroom awning tents for shade. Dogs, when not competing, are usually left to rest in exercise pens, crates, or dog tents familiar and enclosed environments in which they can relax and recover between runs. Handlers also bring reflective cloths to protect their dogs from sun exposure and to calm them down (by covering their crates with the cloths). There also needs to be space for many handlers with dogs on leashes to move freely around the rings without crowding, and space for warming up, exercising, and pottying dogs. Adjacent to the site, parking must be available for all competitors. At weekend or weeklong shows that offer camping, space needs to be provided both for competitors' caravans and tents, and for the small fenced enclosures or gardens that they set up around them.
In heavily populated areas, therefore, it is uncommon to find real estate inexpensive enough to devote entirely to agility, so sites are usually rented for the weekend. Even in more rural areas, agility-only sites are uncommon. Popular locations include large parks, covered horse-riding arenas, and in cold-winter areas, large, empty warehouses in which mats or carpet can be laid.
Course design
Before the trial, each judge designs the courses that they will judge at the competition. The sanctioning organization usually reviews and approves the courses to ensure that they meet the organization's guidelines. Guidelines include such issues as how far apart obstacles must be, how many turns are allowed (or required) on a course, which obstacles and how many of each must appear on the course, and so on. The rules vary by level of competition and by organization.
Building a course and calculating times
Before each class, or the evening before the first class, course builders use course maps provided by the judges to place equipment on the course. The chief course builder is usually an experienced competitor who understands what equipment is legal, how it must be configured, how each must be aligned compared to other obstacles, and can direct several course-building volunteers to efficiently move the equipment into place. To make the job easier, courses are often marked in some way to correspond to a grid: for example, if course maps are printed on a grid of 10-foot-by-10-foot squares, the posts that hold the ring ropes marking the course's four sides are often set 10 feet apart.
When the course builders finish, the judge walks through the course and double-checks that the obstacles are legal, that they are placed where the judge intended, and that there are no unintended hazards on the course (such as potholes, uneven ground, or mud puddles) around which the course must be adjusted. For many classes, the judge then measures the path through the course to determine the optimal running distance of a typical dog. The judge uses that measurement with a speed requirement determined by the rules to calculate the standard course time, which is the time under which dogs must complete the course to avoid time faults. For example, if the course is 150 yards (or meters) long, and the rules state that dogs must run the course at a rate of at least 3 yards (or meters) per second, the standard course time would be 50 seconds. Other organizations, though, leave the decision on course time to the judge's discretion
Running a course and determining results
The judge often holds a briefing for competitors before each class, to review the rules and explain specific requirements for a particular course. For Standard courses for experienced competitors, the judge's briefing is often minimal or dispensed with altogether. For novice handlers in classes with complex rules, the briefings can be much longer.
The competitors then walk the course (as described earlier). When the walk-through ends, the gate steward or caller ensures that dogs enter the ring in the running order previously determined by the trial secretary and manages changes to the running order for handlers who might have conflicts with other rings of competition. As each dog and handler team runs the course, the dog is timed either by a person with a stopwatch or with an electronic timer, and the scribe writes the judge's calls and the dog's final time on a scribe sheet or ticket, which is then taken to the score table for recording.
At the score table, scorekeepers compile the results in a variety of ways. Some organizations require or encourage computerized scorekeeping, while others require certain types of manual score sheets to be filled out. When all the dogs in a given height group, level, and class have run, the score table compares run times, faults, and any other requirements to determine placements (and, for classes that provide qualifying points towards titles, which dogs earned qualifying scores).
Each ring might run several classes during a day of competition, requiring multiple course builds, walk-throughs, and briefings.
Awards and titles
Awards are usually given for placements and for qualifying scores. Such awards are often flat ribbons, rosettes, commemorative plaques, trophies, medals, or pins. Some clubs award high-in-trial awards, calculated in various ways, or other special awards for the trial. Dogs who complete their final qualifying scores to become agility champions are often presented with special awards.
Many Kennel Clubs also award titles to those who manage to qualify enough times in a particular level. Most clubs require three qualifying scores in any level to get the corresponding title, however, other clubs may require more or less.
In the United States in most sanctioning organizations, there are a variety of titles that a dog and handler can earn by accruing sufficient qualifying runs—also called legs—that is, runs that have no more than a certain number of faults (typically none) and are faster than the maximum standard course time (SCT).
For example, under USDAA rules, a dog can earn novice-level titles in Standard, Jumpers, Gamblers, Snooker, and Pairs Relay classes by earning three qualifying runs in each of the classes. The dog can also earn intermediate-level titles and masters-level titles in the same classes. After earning all of the masters-level titles—five qualifying runs in each, with some that must be in the top 15% of dogs competing at each trial—the dog earns its Championship.
Other organizations have similar schemes; in AKC, to earn the Championship, the dog's qualifying runs must be earned two at a time on the same day. In NADAC, the quantity of qualifying runs is much larger; and so on. Most champion titles have "CH" in the title: NATCH (NADAC Agility Trial Champion), ADCH (Agility Dog Champion for USDAA), CATCH (CPE Agility Trial Champion), MACH (Master Agility Champion for AKC), TACH (Teacup Agility Champion), ATCH (ASCA Agility Trial Champion) and so on.
Injuries
Surveys of handlers indicates that between 32% and 41.7% of dogs incur injuries from agility related activities. The most common types of injuries were (in order) strains, sprains and contusions. Locations most commonly injured were shoulders, iliopsoas muscle, digits and lumbar spine/lumbosacral area. Border Collies are more likely to be injured than other breeds. Injury rate is reported to vary by country, with Australia reporting the highest percentage of injuries and the United States reporting the lowest percentage of injuries. Injuries were most commonly perceived as being caused by interactions with bar jumps (contact), A-frames and dog walk obstacles (contact and/or fall). There were no relationship between the use of warm-up and cool-down exercises and injuries.
See also
Cat agility
Championship (dog)
Dock jumping
Rabbit agility
Rat agility
Show jumping
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Agility Association of Canada (AAC)
AKC Rules and Regulations
CPE Rules and Regulations
Dog sports
Dog equipment |
23573952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Arabian%20Gulf%20Cup | 1st Arabian Gulf Cup | The 1st Arabian Gulf Cup () was the first edition of the Arabian Gulf Cup. The first tournament was held in Bahrain. It was won by the Kuwait, who defeated the hosts in the final match to finish first in the round-robin group. The tournament took place between 27 March and 3 April 1970.
Venues
Match officials
Tournament
The four teams in the tournament played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.
All times are local, AST (UTC+3).
Matches
Result
Statistics
Goalscorers
Awards
Player of the Tournament
Khaled Ballan
Top Scorer
Mohammed Al-Masoud (3 goals)
Jawad Khalaf (3 goals)
Goalkeeper of the Tournament
Ahmed Eid Al-Harbi
References
External links
Official Site (Arabic)
RSSSF site
1970
1970
1970 in Asian football
1969–70 in Saudi Arabian football
1969–70 in Bahraini football
1969–70 in Kuwaiti football
1969–70 in Qatari football |
44499750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeni%20Butakov | Yevgeni Butakov | Yevgeni Aleksandrovich Butakov (; born 24 July 1998) is a Russian professional football player. He plays for Murom.
Club career
He made his professional debut for FC Baltika Kaliningrad on 2 November 2014 in a Russian Football National League match against FC Sibir Novosibirsk.
On 26 September 2020, he joined FC Belshina Bobruisk on loan. On 6 April 2021, he re-joined Belshina on a new loan until the end of 2021.
References
External links
Profile by the FNL
1998 births
Living people
People from Usolye-Sibirskoye
Sportspeople from Irkutsk Oblast
Russian footballers
Association football midfielders
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
FC Sokol Saratov players
FC Saturn Ramenskoye players
FC Belshina Bobruisk players
Russian First League players
Russian Second League players
Belarusian Premier League players
Belarusian First League players
Russian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belarus |
44499758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Staples | Justin Staples | Justin Ikeem Staples (born December 10, 1989) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football for the University of Illinois. He has been a member of the Cleveland Browns and Tennessee Titans.
Early years
Staples played high school football at St. Edward High School in Lakewood, Ohio. He was named to the Cleveland Plain Dealer All-State team as a linebacker his senior year, recording 92 tackles, seven sacks, one interception, 11 pass break-ups, six forced fumbles and two recovered fumbles. He was also picked for the Big 33 Football Classic, which at the time featured the best Pennsylvania and Ohio seniors.
College career
Staples played for the Illinois Fighting Illini from 2009 to 2012. He was redshirted in 2008. He played 48 games as a defensive end for the Illini, recording 62 career tackles, 2.5 sacks, three forced fumbles and one fumble recovery. He is also a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity
Professional career
Staples was rated the 79th best defensive end in the 2013 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com.
Cleveland Browns
Staples signed with the Cleveland Browns in April 2013 after going undrafted in the 2013 NFL draft. He was released by the Browns on August 31 and signed to the team's practice squad on September 25, 2013. He signed a futures contract with the Browns on December 30, 2103. He was released by the Browns on September 9, 2014.
Tennessee Titans
Staples was signed to the Tennessee Titans' practice squad on September 16, 2014. He was promoted to the active roster on November 20 and made his NFL debut on November 23, 2014 against the Philadelphia Eagles, recording one tackle. He was released by the Titans on September 6, 2015 and signed to the team's practice squad on September 8, 2015. Staples was promoted to the active roster on October 17, 2015.
On September 2, 2016, Staples was released by the Titans as part of final roster cuts and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 5, 2016.
On September 2, 2017, Staples was released by the Titans.
References
External links
College stats
Living people
1989 births
American football linebackers
American football defensive ends
African-American players of American football
St. Edward High School (Lakewood, Ohio) alumni
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Cleveland Browns players
Tennessee Titans players
Players of American football from Ohio
Sportspeople from Lakewood, Ohio
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people |
44499774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20record%20progression%20track%20cycling%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20flying%20200%20m%20time%20trial | World record progression track cycling – Men's flying 200 m time trial | This is an overview of the progression of the World track cycling record of the men's flying 200 m time trial as recognised by the Union Cycliste Internationale.
Progression
Professionals (1955–1990)
Amateurs (1954–1990)
Open (from 1990)
References
Track cycling world record progressions |
6902463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescata | Frescata | Frescata was a registered trademark of Wendy's restaurants, and was used to refer to its now-discontinued line of cold sandwiches. The products were made in a "deli" style, and designed to compete with Subway and Blimpie's food offerings. The Frescata product did not offer the "watch while it's made" format as other sandwich shops offer. Due to poor sales and long preparation times, the product has been dropped. The sandwiches in the Frescata line included the Frescata Club, Roasted Turkey & Swiss, Black Forest Ham & Swiss and Chunky Chicken Salad Frescata. The original lineup had the Roasted Turkey with Basil Pesto in place of the Chunky Chicken Salad. The Frescata was introduced in April 2006, and disengagement began in December 2007.
Name
According to the St. Petersburg Times, the word "Frescata" does not appear to mean anything in any other language, including Italian, referenced in the name of the Frescata Italiana sandwich. According to the article, the word Frescata was coined to bring to mind the word "fresh".
References
External links
Wendy's.com(No longer including the discontinued Frescata range)
Wendy's foods |
17333634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud%20County%20Veterans%20Memorial | Cloud County Veterans Memorial | The Cloud County Veterans Memorial is a monument located in Concordia, Kansas. The memorial includes an eternal flame that has been burning since the monument was established on November 11, 1968. The memorial is located in the northwest corner of the county courthouse square.
The engraved plaque on the memorial reads:
Image gallery
References
External links
Cloud County Tourism page
Buildings and structures in Cloud County, Kansas
Monuments and memorials in Kansas
Tourist attractions in Cloud County, Kansas |
6902488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Crete | La Crete | La Crete ( ), also spelled La Crête, is a hamlet in northern Alberta, Canada, within Mackenzie County. It is located on Highway 697, approximately southeast of High Level and north of Edmonton.
The hamlet is located in Census Division No. 17 and in the federal riding of Peace River—Westlock.
The name "La Crête" means "the ridge" in French, which is how the earliest settlers described the area they settled.
History
La Crete was first settled in 1914 as La Crête Landing. When the first Mennonites arrived in the 1930s, they settled a short distance southwest of the original settlement on the current site of La Crete. When the first highways were built into the area in the 1960s, the population began to increase as new settlers arrived, and in 1979, La Crete was declared a hamlet.
Geography
The Hamlet of La Crete is west of Highway 697, mostly between Township Road 1060 and Township Road 1062 (109 Avenue). Lake Tourangeau is adjacent to the hamlet to the northwest.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, La Crete had a population of 3,856 living in 1,329 of its 1,397 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 3,396. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The residents of La Crete typically speak English or German.
Attractions
La Crete has walking trails that were paved using donations from local residents. There is a Mennonite Heritage Village sited on "10 acres of land homesteaded by Henry H. Peters in 1950".
Economy
The local economy is centered around agriculture and forestry.
Sports
La Crete holds a hockey tournament every year known as the Challenge Cup, where teams from all over northern Alberta come to challenge each other in hopes of winning the trophy.
The La Crete Public High School's men's and women's basketball teams host an annual basketball tournament, The Northern Exposure Hoop Classic. It has been held every year since 2004, and has grown in stature to include teams from across Alberta. There is a waiting list to get into the Hoop Classic, even though the number of teams invited has increased.
Government
A ward boundary bisects the Hamlet of La Crete, which results in it having representation on Mackenzie County Council by two councillors. Ward 3, which is west of 99 Street, is represented by Peter Braun, while Ward 4, which is east of 99 Street, is represented by David Driedger.
Transportation
During the summer months the La Crete Ferry, also known as the Tompkins Landing Ferry, one of only seven ferries still operating in Alberta, shuttles vehicles across the Peace River on Highway 697 about 70 kilometres southwest of the hamlet. In the winter, an ice bridge is maintained at the same spot. This access connects La Crete to the Mackenzie Highway near Paddle Prairie, offering a considerable time saving when travelling to or from La Crete. During the spring and fall, when the river is unfit for the ferry and the ice too thin to support vehicle traffic, or at other times when the ferry is not operational, travellers must continue north to High Level, then east on Highway 58 before coming back south to reach La Crete. In the summer of 2006 a sandbar formed in the centre of the river, where the ferry normally crossed, forcing it to travel around it. The sandbar has grown to such a size that the ferry does not always run if the water level is too low.
Notable people
High Valley, country music band
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of designated places in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta
References
Hamlets in Alberta
Designated places in Alberta
Mackenzie County
Mennonitism in Canada |
17333640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaubears%20Island | Beaubears Island | Beaubears Island () is an island at the confluence of the Northwest Miramichi and Southwest Miramichi Rivers near Miramichi, New Brunswick. The island is most famous for being the site of an Acadian refugee camp during the French and Indian War. The camp was under the command of leader of the Acadian resistance to the expulsion, Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot.
The island is home to two National Historic Sites:
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site and
Boishébert National Historic Site
The shipbuilding site occupies the eastern end of the island, while the Boishébert site comprises the rest of the island and adjacent Wilson's Point. The Wilson's Point portion is a New Brunswick provincial historic site, owned by the province and, while not national park land, Wilson's Point is part of the designated National Historic Site. With the exception of Wilson's Point, both sites are administered by Parks Canada in collaboration with the Friends of Beaubears Island. The sites retain 200-year-old Eastern White Pines; thus the parks are significant from the perspectives of both human and natural history.
History
Prior to Acadian settlement in the region, the Mi'kmaq people camped on the island.
Boishébert and the Acadians
During the French and Indian War, Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot led the Acadian and Mi`kmaq resistance to the Expulsion of the Acadians. Toward this end, to help Acadians evade capture, Boishébert set up an Acadian refugee camp on the Island. The Camp was named Camp de l' Esperance. The camp lasted between 1756 - 1759.
After Louisbourg fell on 26 July 1758, French officer Boishébert withdrew, with the British in pursuit. Boishebert brought back a large number of Acadians from the region around Port-Toulouse (St. Peter's, Nova Scotia) to the security of his post at Beaubears Island on the Miramichi River.
During the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign and the St. John River Campaign the number of Acadian refugees increased dramatically. The camp had eventually 900 French refugees. Over 200 of the refugees died at the camp. During the war, the camp was protected by a battery of 16 French cannons at French Fort Cove.
During the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign, on September 15, 1758, Brigadier James Murray was at Miramichi and discovered that there were many Acadian refugees at a settlement about ten leagues up the Miramichi River which had fled during the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign. According to Murray, all of the Acadians were starving. They had sent most of their effects on to Canada and expected so to go there themselves.
Beaubears (Boishébert) Island and nearby Wilson's Point (a.k.a. Beaubears Point or the Enclosure) together form Boishébert National Historic Site of Canada.
J. Leonard O'Brien and Shipbuilding
The first shipyard was established by James Fraser and James Thom (1790). For the first half of the eighteenth century, the Fraser shipyard was considered the most important commercial establishment in New Brunswick. The 1850s were regarded as the golden age of Miramichi shipbuilding with yards in operation from Beaubears Island. Harley continued to build ships and in 1866 launched what is believed to be the last vessel constructed at Beaubears, the barque La Plata.
By the end of the 19th century, the island appears to have been deserted. It was acquired by the O'Brien family in 1920 and willed to the government of Canada in 1973 following the death of Joseph Leonard O'Brien, a former lieutenant governor of New Brunswick.
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site of Canada, also known as J. Leonard O'Brien Memorial, is the only known, undisturbed archaeological site associated with the national significance of the 19th century wooden shipbuilding industry in New Brunswick. In accordance with O'Brien's wishes, the island was willed to Parks Canada and remains an integral part of Canadian history as a whole.
Affiliations
The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
List of islands of New Brunswick
References
External links
http://www.beaubearsisland.ca/
Ship Building - National Historic Site
Geography of Northumberland County, New Brunswick
National Historic Sites in New Brunswick
Acadian history
Conflicts in Nova Scotia
River islands of New Brunswick
Tourist attractions in Northumberland County, New Brunswick |
20468959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation%20Open%20Framework%20Architecture | Simulation Open Framework Architecture | Simulation Open Framework Architecture (SOFA) is an open source framework primarily targeted at real-time physical simulation, with an emphasis on medical simulation.
It is mostly intended for the research community to help develop newer algorithms, but can also be used as an efficient prototyping tool or as a physics engine.
Features
Based on an advanced software architecture, SOFA allows users to:
Create complex and evolving simulations by combining new algorithms with existing algorithms
Modify most parameters of the simulation (deformable behavior, surface representation, solver, constraints, collision algorithm, ...) by simply editing a XML file
Build complex models from simpler ones using a scene graph description
Efficiently simulate the dynamics of interacting objects using abstract equation solvers
Reuse and easily compare a variety of available methods
Transparently parallelize complex computations using semantics based on data dependencies
Use new generations of GPUs through the CUDA API to greatly improve computation times
Scene graph
A key aspect of SOFA is the use of a scene graph to organize and process the elements of a simulation while clearly separating the computation tasks from their possibly parallel scheduling. The description of a SOFA simulation can easily be done in an XML file. For even more flexibility, a Python plugin allows scripting simulations using the Python language.
Basically, a SOFA scene-graph is composed with:
Nodes: used to categorise the components and keep the XML file clean (mechanical node, collision node, visual node, ...)
Components: main elements used to build a scene (solver component, forcefield component, rendering component, ...)
Data: everything that components have to deal with (forces, velocities, positions, ratios, ...)
Plugins
To extend its capacities and provide more features, SOFA is bundled with a lot of plugins:
Drivers for VR / haptic / simulation devices (Geomagic®, ARTTrack™, Novint® Falcon™…)
Visualization and simulation of medical images
Python scripting
Parallelization:
Multithreading
GPU computing using the CUDA API
Community
SOFA Day
Organized each year, the SOFA Day is a one-day event dedicated to SOFA. This event is open to everyone interested in SOFA, from beginner to advanced users. It contains an introduction to SOFA, several tutorials (adapted to the audience) and a large time to experience SOFA with the help of the instructors.
SOFA Consortium
Exactly ten years after the first commit in SOFA, Inria founded the SOFA Consortium in December 2015.
The Consortium missions are to:
Represent the identity of SOFA
Organize and develop the community
Distribute and make SOFA more stable
See also
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
Soft body dynamics
Rigid body dynamics
Collision detection
VRPN
References
External links
SOFA website
Computer physics engines
Computational science
Simulation software
Medical simulation
Health software |
20468992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater%20Canal | Sweetwater Canal | Sweetwater Canal can mean:
The Sweet Water Canal in Egypt running eastwards from the Nile near Cairo to the south end of the Suez Canal
A canal near Basra in Iraq |
17333662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern | Stern | The stern is the back or aft-most part of a ship or boat, technically defined as the area built up over the sternpost, extending upwards from the counter rail to the taffrail. The stern lies opposite the bow, the foremost part of a ship. Originally, the term only referred to the aft port section of the ship, but eventually came to refer to the entire back of a vessel. The stern end of a ship is indicated with a white navigation light at night.
Sterns on European and American wooden sailing ships began with two principal forms: the square or transom stern and the elliptical, fantail, or merchant stern, and were developed in that order. The hull sections of a sailing ship located before the stern were composed of a series of U-shaped rib-like frames set in a sloped or "cant" arrangement, with the last frame before the stern being called the fashion timber(s) or fashion piece(s), so called for "fashioning" the after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern.
In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings introduced the concept of the round or circular stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns, and the round stern was quickly superseded by the elliptical stern. The United States began building the first elliptical stern warship in 1820, a decade before the British. became the first sailing ship to sport such a stern. Though a great improvement over the transom stern in terms of its vulnerability to attack when under fire, elliptical sterns still had obvious weaknesses which the next major stern development — the iron-hulled cruiser stern — addressed far better and with significantly different materials.
Types
Transom
In naval architecture, the term transom has two meanings. First, it can be any of the individual beams that run side-to-side or "athwart" the hull at any point abaft the fashion timber; second, it can refer specifically to the flat or slightly curved surface that is the very back panel of a transom stern. In this sense, a transom stern is the product of the use of a series of transoms, and hence the two terms have blended.
The stern of a classical sailing ship housed the captain's quarters and became increasingly large and elaborate between the 15th and 18th centuries, especially in the baroque era, when such wedding-cake-like structures became so heavy that crews sometimes threw the decoration overboard rather than be burdened with its useless weight. Until a new form of stern appeared in the 19th century, the transom stern was a floating house—and required just as many timbers, walls, windows, and frames. The stern frame provided the foundational structure of the transom stern, and was composed of the sternpost, wing transom, and fashion piece.
Abaft the fashion timber, the transom stern was composed of two different kinds of timbers:
Transoms – These timbers extend across the low parts of the hull near the rudder, and are secured (notched and/or bolted) to the sternpost. The transom located at the base of the stern, and the uppermost of the main transoms, was typically called the wing transom; the principal transom below this and level with the lower deck was called the deck transom; between these two were a series of filling transoms. If the stern had transoms above the wing transom, they would no longer be affixed to the sternpost. The first of these might be called a counter transom; next up was the window sill transom; above that, the spar deck transom. The larger the vessel, the more numerous and wider the transoms required to support its stern.
Stern timbers (also called stern frames) – These timbers are mounted vertically in a series; each timber typically rests or "steps" on the wing transom and then stretches out (aft) and upward. Those not reaching all the way to the taffrail are called short stern timbers, while those that do are called long stern timbers. The two outermost of these timbers, located at the corners of the stern, are called the side-counter timbers or outer stern timbers. It is the stern timbers collectively which determine the backward slope of the square stern, called its rake – that is, if the stern timbers end up producing a final transom that falls vertically to the water, this is considered a transom with no rake; if the stern timbers produce a stern with some degree of slope; such a stern is considered a raked stern.
The flat surface of any transom stern may begin either at or above the waterline of the vessel. The geometric line which stretches from the wing transom to the archboard is called the counter; a large vessel may have two such counters, called a lower counter and a second or upper counter. The lower counter stretches from directly above the wing transom to the lower counter rail, and the upper counter from the lower counter rail to the upper counter rail, immediately under the stern's lowest set of windows (which in naval parlance were called "lights").
Elliptical
The visual unpopularity of Seppings's circular stern was soon rectified by Sir William Symonds. In this revised stern, a set of straight post timbers (also called "whiskers", "horn timbers", or "fan tail timbers") stretches from the keel diagonally aft and upward. It rests on the top of the sternpost and runs on either side of the rudder post (thus creating the "helm port" through which the rudder passes) to a point well above the vessel's waterline. Whereas the timbers of the transom stern all heeled on the wing transom, the timbers of the elliptical stern all heel on the whiskers, to which they are affixed at a 45° angle (i.e., "canted") when viewed from overhead and decrease in length as they are installed aft until the curvature is complete. The finished stern has a continuous curved edge around the outside and is raked aft.
Other names for the elliptical stern include a "counter stern", in reference to its very long counter, and a "cutaway stern". The elliptical stern began use during the age of sail, but remained very popular for both merchant and warships well into the nautical age of steam and through the first eight decades of steamship construction (roughly 1840–1920). Despite the design's leaving the rudder exposed and vulnerable in combat situations, many counter-sterned warships survived both World Wars, and stylish high-end vessels sporting them were coming off the ways into the 1950s, including the US-flagged sisters SS Constitution and SS Independence.
Cruiser
As ships of wooden construction gave way to iron and steel, the cruiser stern—another design without transoms and known variously as the canoe stern, parabolic stern, and the double-ended stern—became the next prominent development in ship stern design, particularly in warships of the earlier half of the 20th century. The intent of this re-design was to protect the steering gear by bringing it below the armor deck. The stern now came to a point rather than a flat panel or a gentle curve, and the counter reached from the sternpost all the way to the taffrail in a continuous arch. It was soon discovered that vessels with cruiser sterns experienced less water resistance when under way than those with elliptical sterns, and between World War I and World War II most merchant ship designs soon followed suit.
Others
None of these three main types of stern has vanished from the modern naval architectural repertoire, and all three continue to be utilized in one form or another by different sets of designers and for a broad spectrum of uses. Variations on these basic designs have resulted in an outflow of "new" stern types and names, only some of which are itemized here.
The reverse stern, reverse transom stern, sugar-scoop, or retroussé stern is a kind of transom stern that is raked backwards (common on modern yachts, rare on vessels before the 20th century); the vertical transom stern or plumb stern is raked neither forward nor back, but falls directly from the taffrail down to the wing transom. The rocket ship stern is a term for an extremely angled retroussé stern. A double ended ship with a very narrow square counter formed from the bulwarks or upper deck above the head of the rudder is said to have a pink stern or pinky stern. The torpedo stern or torpedo-boat stern describes a kind of stern with a low rounded shape that is nearly flat at the waterline, but which then slopes upward in a conical fashion towards the deck (practical for small high-speed power boats with very shallow drafts).
A Costanzi stern is a type of stern designed for use on ocean-going vessels. Its hard-chined design is a compromise between the 'spoon-shaped' stern usually found on ocean liners, and the flat transom, often required for fitting azimuth thrusters. The design allows for improved seagoing characteristics. It is the stern design on Queen Mary 2, and was originally proposed for SS Oceanic and Eugenio C, both constructed in the 1960s.
A lute stern is to be found on inshore craft on the Sussex, England, shore. It comprises a watertight transom with the topside planking extended aft to form a non-watertight counter which is boarded across the fashion timbers curving outward aft from the transom.
Some working boats and modern replicas have a similar form of counter, built to be water tight as described in the "transom stern" section above. These are being confused with lute sterns but as a lute is not watertight, a better term is needed. Chappelle in American Small Sailing Craft refers to a Bermudan boat with this form of counter, using the term "square tuck stern" to describe it. The term "tuck" is used in the northwest of England for this area of the hull at the sternpost, and for the bulkhead across the counter if one is fitted.
The fantail stern describes a stern that starts at the water and widens as you go upwards. This is famous on many 19th century tea clippers and the ill-fated RMS Titanic.
A bustle stern refers to any kind of stern (transom, elliptical, etc.) that has a large "bustle" or blister at the waterline below the stern to prevent the stern from "squatting" when getting underway. It only appears in sailboats, never in power-driven craft.
Image gallery
References
Nautical terminology
Shipbuilding
Watercraft components |
6902495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmapriya | Padmapriya | Padmapriya (born Padmalochani; died 16 November 1997) was an Indian actress who worked in Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films.
Her first movie was in Telugu, Adapillala Tandri (1974). In Kannada, she debuted with Bangarada Gudi (1976) and was a popular actress during the late 1970s. She has the distinction of having acted opposite the legendary Dr. Rajkumar in three successive movies in a single year (1978) - Operation Diamond Racket, Thayige Thakka Maga and Shankar Guru. She starred opposite Anant Nag in the comedy Narada Vijaya and the novel-based Baadada Hoo, and both were highly successful. She acted in four to five movies with Dr. Vishnuvardhan, playing glamorous roles. Srinath, Ashok and Lokesh were her other costars in Kannada movies.
She had a successful career in Tamil films as a lead heroine between 1974 and 1981 movies Vazhthungal, Vaira Nenjam, Mohana Punnagai, Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren, Kuppathu Raja, Aayiram Jenmangal, and Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan are some of her notable Tamil films. She acted opposite Sivaji Ganesan in Vaira Nenjam and Mohana Punnagai. She was paired with M. G. Ramachandran in Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan portraying the role of a princess. She acted in nearly 80 movies, mainly in South Indian languages.
Personal life
Padmapriya was regarded as the Hema Malini of the South. Padmapriya was born in Karnataka. In 1983, she married Srinivasan and the couple has a daughter named Vasumathi. Just a year after marriage, the couple filed for divorce, which dragged on for a long time. After filing for divorce, Padmapriya stayed with her parents for 13 years at T. Nagar.
Death
Padmapriya died on 16 November 1997 from heart disease as well as kidney failure. After her death, Vasumathi tried to enter the film industry but failed and is now settled in the United Kingdom.
Partial filmography
Padmapriya was fluent in all four South Indian languages and dubbed in her own voice. Her last movie in Tamil was Thotta Chinungi, where she played a mother's role. Table is in order of languages in which she acted, from the most to the fewest films after her marriage.
Tamil
Kannada
Malayalam
Telugu
References
Indian film actresses
1997 deaths
Year of birth missing
Actresses from Karnataka
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema |
23573955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suheil%20Dawani | Suheil Dawani | Suheil Salman Ibrahim Dawani (born Nablus, West Bank, 1951) is a Palestinian Anglican bishop.
He was the 14th bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem from 15 April 2007, and Archbishop in Jerusalem from the restoration of the post in 2014, until his retirement in 2021. From 2017 to 2019 he was also the President Bishop of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East. He is married and has three daughters.
Ecclesiastical career
Dawani graduated with a B.A. at the Near East School of Theology in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1976. He was ordained an Anglican deacon in 1976 and a priest in 1978. He served for eight years at St. Andrew's parish in Ramallah, and St. Peter's in Bir Zeit, West Bank. He moved with his family to the United States in 1985, to study at Virginia Theological Seminary, where he completed his M.A. and began work on his Doctor of Ministry (D.Min). He was recalled to his diocese in 1987, and became priest at St. John's Episcopal Church in Haifa, Israel. He went to serve once again at the Ramallah and Bir Zeit parishes, from 1992 to 1997.
He was elected Secretary General of the Diocese of Jerusalem in 1997. He became then Canon for the Arabic-speaking congregation at St. George's Cathedral, in Jerusalem. He went to serve for a third time in Ramallah, from 2004 to 2007. He became Coadjutor Bishop on 15 June 2005 and was consecrated on 6 January 2006. He was enthroned as Bishop of Jerusalem on 15 April 2007. The same year he completed his D.Min at Virginia Seminary.
Dawani became Archbishop in Jerusalem in 2014 when synod voted to upgrade the concurrent role of representative of the Anglican Communion in the Holy Land from a bishopric to an archbishopric, as it had been previously from 1957 to 1976.
He was elected Primate of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East on 17 May 2017, for a two and a half year mandate, and served until the autumn of 2019.
He retired in 2021, having reached the compulsory episcopal retirement age of 70.
Views
He was critical of the Global Anglican Future Conference, that took place in Jerusalem, on 22-29 June 2008, stating that he believed that "reconciliation" was the way to solve divisions in the Anglican Communion. He addressed GAFCON III on its opening day, but wasn't a registered delegate of his province.
References
External links
Suheil Dawani Biography
1951 births
Living people
Anglican bishops of Jerusalem
Palestinian Anglicans
21st-century Anglican bishops in the Middle East
21st-century Anglican archbishops
People from Nablus |
23573972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD%20Krup%C3%A1%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Dolní Krupá (Mladá Boleslav District) | Dolní Krupá is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
44499799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20F.%20C.%20Wright | J. F. C. Wright | James Frederick Church Wright (1904–1970) was a Canadian journalist and historian, who won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction at the 1940 Governor General's Awards for Slava Bohu, a historical account of Canada's Doukhobor community.
Born in Wiltshire, England in 1904 to Canadian parents who were travelling there, he was raised in Minnedosa, Manitoba. He held a variety of jobs before joining the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix as a journalist, remaining there for seven years. At the time of his Governor General's Award win, he was working in Ottawa, Ontario as a fireman, but later took a scriptwriting job with the National Film Board. He married Diana Kingsmill in 1944 while living in Ottawa, and the couple later moved back to Saskatoon.
Active in the Saskatchewan chapter of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, the Wrights became co-editors of Union Farmer, the newspaper of the Saskatchewan Farmers' Union, in 1950.
Wright's later books included All Clear, Canada! (1944), Co-operative Farming in Saskatchewan (1949), Saskatchewan's North (1953), Saskatchewan: The History of a Province (1955), Prairie Progress: Consumer Co-operation in Saskatchewan (1956) and The Louise Lucas Story: This Time Tomorrow (1965).
He committed suicide in 1970.
References
1904 births
1970 suicides
Canadian newspaper reporters and correspondents
Canadian newspaper editors
Canadian male journalists
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Governor General's Award-winning non-fiction writers
Suicides in Saskatchewan
Writers from Manitoba
Writers from Saskatoon
20th-century Canadian historians
20th-century Canadian male writers |
20469023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Metomkin%20%28AVP-47%29 | USS Metomkin (AVP-47) | What would have been the first USS Metomkin (AVP-47) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Metomkin was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
AVP-47 was assigned the name Metomkin on 23 August 1942. However, she became one of the final two ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled the contract for her construction on 29 April 1943 before construction could begin.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
20469036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takisato%20Dam | Takisato Dam | The Takisato Dam is a dam on the Sorachi River in west central Hokkaidō, Japan.
References
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1999
1999 establishments in Japan |
44499812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose%20P.%20Laurel%20Residence | Jose P. Laurel Residence | The Jose P. Laurel Residence or Villa Pacencia is a historic house located at 515 Shaw Boulevard in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. The three-story house was built in 1957 and was one of the three houses owned by the President of the Second Republic of the Philippines, José P. Laurel.
In 1965, two historical markers were installed at the house entrance. The first marker was placed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in recognition of the building as the official residence of Jose P. Laurel. The second marker notes of the First Indonesian President Sukarno's stay in the mansion during a Manila Conference on August 5, 1963.
History
Construction
Years after serving his term as president of the second republic from 1943 to 1945, Jose P. Laurel built a three-story house near the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club that occupied 1,000 square meters of the land once overrun with cogon. The house was named Villa Pacencia in honor of his wife, Pacencia Hidalgo y Valencia.
Site of Political Events
The house was the venue of several political events. In 1957, Laurel hosted a luncheon at the mansion in honor of James Langley, a New Hampshire newspaper publisher. Laurel and Langley signed the Laurel-Langley Agreement in 1954, which amended the Bell Trade Act of 1946 and provided for an increase in the duties imposed on U.S. products and a decrease in the duties imposed on Philippine goods.
On August 5, 1963, the first Indonesian President Sukarno stayed at the mansion during his working visit in the Philippines for the Manila Summit Conference on Maphilindo. A marker with Filipino and Bahasa Indonesia text was installed at the house entrance on March 9, 1965 documenting this historical event.
The mansion became the de facto Nacionalist Party headquarters when José Laurel, Jr. acquired the property after his father's death on November 1959.
Present
The Laurel family sold the property to former Senator and Nacionalista Party President, Manny Villar, and to his wife, Senator Cynthia Villar. Vista Shaw of Vista Land and Lifescapes, Inc., a real estate company owned by Manny Villar, plans on converting the mansion into a museum, housing various memorabilia from José P. Laurel.
See also
Jose P. Laurel Ancestral House (Manila)
References
Houses in Metro Manila
Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila
Buildings and structures in Mandaluyong
José P. Laurel |
17333664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose%20Feria | Jose Feria | Jose Yusay Feria (January 11, 1917 – May 8, 2008) was a Filipino lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1986 to 1987. He was among the first appointees to the Supreme Court of President Corazon Aquino.
Biography
Jose Y. Feria was born in Pasay. His father, Felicisimo R. Feria, would serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court during the 1940s and 1950s.
Jose Y. Feria earned his undergraduate degree in Commerce from the De La Salle College in 1936, and his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Santo Tomas in 1940. He taught law at the Lilian College of Law (1936–1940). He then joined the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas College of Law (1940–1984). He became known for several textbooks he authored on procedural law. He would also lecture at the Instituto de Derecho Processal, Colegio de Abogados in Madrid, Spain. In 1960, he was elected to the municipal council of Makati. He was also a lecturer at the University of the Philippines Law Center.
In 1971, Jose Y. Feria was elected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, representing the First District of Rizal. From 1978 to 1980, he was elected as President of the Philippine Bar Association. In 1979, he was appointed Dean of the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Law, and he served in that capacity until 1985.
Jose Y. Feria was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Aquino in April 1986. He served as an associate justice of the Court until he reached the mandatory retirement age of 70 on January 11, 1987. Upon his retirement, he rejoined private practice.
He authored books on Civil Procedure, Provisional Remedies & Special Civil Action and several articles on Constitutional Law, an Annotation on the Judiciary Reorganization Act, Interim Rules of Court, and the 1985 Rules on Criminal Procedure.
Justice Jose Y. Feria died in Makati on May 8, 2008. He left behind his wife Concepcion and his four children: Maria Martha F. Carcereny, Felicisimo Jose A. Feria, Ma. Lucia F. Reyes-Cuerva, and Jose A. Feria Jr., along with 18 grandchildren and 20 great-grandchildren.
References
Notes
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
University of Santo Tomas alumni
20th-century Filipino judges
People from Pasay
1917 births
2008 deaths
De La Salle University alumni
University of Santo Tomas faculty
University of the Philippines faculty |
17333665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichlu | Kichlu | Kichlu () or Kitchlew is a Kashmiri Pandit last-name and clan, originating in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The Kichlus are both Hindu and Muslim. The Kichlu sub-caste is a part of the larger Malmas gotras is one known as Paldeo Wasgaré, and this gotra embraces families belonging to the following Kráms, or tribal subdivisions: Sopuri-Pandit, Mála, Poot, Mirakhur, Kadlabaju, Kokru, Bangru, Bakáya, Khashu, Kichlu, Misri, Kar, and Mám.
Over time, some Kitchlews have migrated from the Kashmir Valley and have settled in other parts of India, as well as in neighbouring Pakistan.
Notable Kichlus
Ravi Kichlu
Saifuddin Kitchlew
Vijay Kichlu
References
Kashmiri tribes
Indian surnames
Hindu surnames
Kashmiri-language surnames
Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir
Social groups of India |
23573975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD%20Slivno | Dolní Slivno | Dolní Slivno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Slivínko is an administrative part of Dolní Slivno.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD%20Stakory | Dolní Stakory | Dolní Stakory is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
44499839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20You%20Believe%20in%20Magic%3F%20%28book%29 | Do You Believe in Magic? (book) | Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine – called Killing Us Softly: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine in the United Kingdom – is a 2013 book about alternative medicine by Paul Offit, an American expert of infectious diseases and vaccines. It was published in the United States by HarperCollins (255 pages) and in the UK by Fourth Estate (20 June 2013, 336 pages).
Content
The book criticizes alternative medical treatments as ineffective, particularly vitamins and dietary supplements. Among the supplements of which Offit is critical in the book is the use of Vitamin C to treat the common cold, which also leads him to criticize Linus Pauling for promoting vitamin C for this purpose. In the book, Offit also attributes much of alternative medicine's effectiveness to the placebo effect, which is the subject of one of the book's chapters. He also notes that alternative medical treatments can have serious side effects, such as paralysis resulting from chiropractic and viral infections caused by acupuncture. Among the individual doctors Offit criticizes in the book are Joseph Mercola and Rashid Buttar, as well as Andrew Weil and Deepak Chopra. Offit has said that he wrote the book as a result of an experience in which he had surgery on his left knee, and his doctor recommended that Offit take glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Offit then looked for scientific studies on the efficacy of these supplements and found some that indicated they were no more effective than placebo.
Reception
Do You Believe in Magic? was reviewed in the Boston Globe by Suzanne Koven and by Gail Ross in Publishers Weekly. Ross concluded that the book was "a bravely unsentimental and dutifully researched guide for consumers to distinguish between quacks and a cure." Another review appeared in The New Republic, where Jerome Groopman wrote that Offit "writes in a lucid and flowing style, and grounds a wealth of information within forceful and vivid narratives." Victoria Maizes, the director of the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine, criticized the book's claim that St. John's wort is not an effective treatment for depression, citing a 2008 review that found that it was more effective than placebo. Offit responded in an interview with NPR that the point he was trying to make in the book was only that St. John's wort was not effective for severe depression, and that there have been "some studies of value" with respect to treating moderate depression.
In 2013 Offit was presented with the Robert B. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) for Do You Believe in Magic?. "Offit is a literal lifesaver... educates the public about the dangers of alternative medicine, may save many, many more."
References
2013 non-fiction books
Alternative medicine publications
Books by Paul Offit
HarperCollins books |
23573979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domousnice | Domousnice | Domousnice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Skyšice is an administrative part of Domousnice.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6902501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADA | EADA | EADA can refer to:
English amateur dancesport association ltd
Executive Assistant District Attorney
EADA Business School |
6902503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPO%20Boss%20Hogg | CPO Boss Hogg | Vince Edwards (September 9, 1963 – January 12, 2022) professionally known by his stage name CPO Boss Hogg, was an American rapper from Compton, California. He began his career as a founding member of the hip hop group Capital Punishment Organization in 1989 under the moniker Lil' Nation. The group released their only album before splitting up in 1991. Afterwards Edwards continued his career as a solo artist, featuring on several high-profile albums.
Career
In a 2016 interview, Edwards stated George Clinton, Prince, Barry White, Michael Jackson (and The Jackson 5), Chuck D, KRS-One, LL Cool J, MC Ren, Ice Cube, and The D.O.C. as his favorite and influential musicians.
Edwards was discovered by MC Ren, who helped him to make a deal with Capitol Records. Ren also produced C.P.O.'s debut album To Hell and Black and got Eazy and Dre featured in the music video for its lead single "Ballad Of A Menace". Edwards made his guest appearance on the song "Findum. Fuckem, And Flee" from N.W.A's final album. After C.P.O. and N.W.A. had disbanded, Edwards was signed to Death Row Records. He appeared on Above The Rim OST with "Jus So Ya No" and on Murder Was The Case OST with Slip Capone "The Eulogy". Edwards' biggest feature was with Tupac Shakur on the track "Picture Me Rollin" from 'Pac's All Eyez on Me album in 1996. CPO left Death Row for Priority Records and made his guest appearances on Snoop-affiliated Tha Eastsidaz, Bones OST, and The Return of the Regulator.
In 2012, Edwards founded his independent record label Tilted Brimm Entertainment Group, LLC.
Since 2013, CPO Boss Hogg announced that he was working on new material for his sophomore album release titled I, Boss. He dropped his first single off of it, "Your Body Is Hot!", on August 19, 2014.
Personal life and death
Edwards had a daughter named Mikki. In April 2010, Edwards suffered a heart attack. Edwards died on January 12, 2022, at the age of 58.
Discography
To Hell and Black (1990)
References
1963 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
G-funk artists
Musicians from Compton, California
Priority Records artists
Rappers from Los Angeles
Songwriters from California
Gangsta rappers
Death Row Records artists
African-American songwriters |
20469039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20contract%20law | United States contract law | Contract law regulates the obligations established by agreement, whether express or implied, between private parties in the United States. The law of contracts varies from state to state; there is nationwide federal contract law in certain areas, such as contracts entered into pursuant to Federal Reclamation Law.
The law governing transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide through widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. There remains significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.
Formation
A contract is an agreement between two or more parties creating reciprocal obligations enforceable at law. The elements of a contract are mutual consent, offer and acceptance, consideration, and legal purpose.
Agreement
Mutual consent, also known as ratification and meeting of the minds, is typically established through the process of offer and acceptance. However, contracts can also be implied in fact, as discussed below. At common law, the terms of a purported acceptance must be the "mirror image" of the terms of the offer. Any variation thereof constitutes a counteroffer.
An offer is a display of willingness by a promissor to be legally bound by terms they specify, made in a way that would lead a reasonable person in the promisee's position to understand that an acceptance is being sought and, if made, results in an enforceable contract. Ordinarily, an offeror is permitted to revoke their offer at any time prior to a valid acceptance. This is partially due to the maxim that an offeror is the "master of his offer."
In the case of options, the general rule stated above applies even when the offeror promises to hold the offer open for a certain period of time. For example, Alice says to Bob, "I'll sell you my watch for $10, and you can have a week to decide." Alice is free to revoke her offer during the week, as long as Bob has not accepted the offer.
However, if the offeree gives some separate consideration (discussed below) to keep the offer open for a certain period of time, the offeror is not permitted to revoke during that period. For example, Alice offers to sell Bob her watch for $10. Bob gives Alice $1 to keep the offer open for a week. Alice is not permitted to revoke during the week.
A counteroffer is a new offer that varies the terms of the original offer. Therefore, it is simultaneously a rejection of the original offer. For example, Alan says to Betty, "I'll sell you my watch for $10." At this point Betty has the power of acceptance. But Betty responds, "I'll only pay $8." Betty's response is a rejection of Alan's offer but gives Alan a new power of acceptance. It is possible to phrase what appears to be a counteroffer so that it does not destroy the original power of acceptance. For example, Alan says to Betty, "I'll sell you my watch for $10." Betty responds, "I wonder whether you would take $8." Betty retains her original power of acceptance (unless Alan revokes), but she does not give Alan a new power of acceptance, as she is not making an offer of her own. Therefore, she is not making a counteroffer either. As such, mere inquiries are not counteroffers.
An acceptance is an agreement, by express act or implied from conduct, to the terms of an offer, including the prescribed manner of acceptance, so that an enforceable contract is formed.
In what is known as a battle of the forms, when the process of offer and acceptance is not followed, it is still possible to have an enforceable contract, as mentioned above with respect to contracts implied in fact.
Uniform Commercial Code
The Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") dispenses with the mirror image rule in § 2-207. UCC § 2-207(1) provides that a "definite and seasonable expression of acceptance...operates as" an acceptance, even though it varies the terms of the original offer. Such an expression is typically interpreted as an acceptance when it purports to accept and agrees on the following terms of the original offer: subject matter, quantity, and price. However, such an expression is not interpreted as an acceptance if it is "expressly conditional" on the original offeror's assent to the varied terms, discussed below. This language is known as the proviso. When the proviso is not used, the terms of the contract are determined by subsection 2. When the proviso is used, but there is no assent by the original offeror to the offeree's varied terms, yet the parties go ahead and perform (act like they have a contract, hence a contract implied in fact), the terms of the contract are determined by subsection 3. So, the terms of a contract under 2-207 are never determined by a combination of subsections 2 and 3.
UCC § 2-207(2) of the statute tells what to do with additional terms. It does not explicitly address what to do with different terms. A minority of states, led by California, infer that this was a typographical error by the drafters. As such, those states treat different terms in the same manner as additional terms. The majority rule, however, is that different terms do not become part of the contract; rather, both of the conflicting terms—from both parties—are removed from the contract. This is known as the knockout rule. Any "gaps" resulting from the removal of these terms are "filled" by Article 2's "gap-fillers."
A term in a purported acceptance is different if it directly contradicts the subject matter of a term present in the original offer. A term in a purported acceptance is additional if it contemplates a subject matter not present at all in the original offer. As already mentioned, subsection 2 does tell what to do with additional terms. They do not become part of the contract if either party is not a merchant.
A merchant is defined elsewhere in the UCC as a party that regularly "deals in goods of the kind" or otherwise gives an impression of knowledge or skill regarding the subject matter of the transaction. If both parties are merchants then additional terms in a purported acceptance do become part of the contract unless any of three exceptions apply.
The exceptions are (out of order): objection by the original offeror in advance; objection by the original offeror within a reasonable time after notice; and material alteration of the contract. The third exception, whether the additional terms materially alter the contract, is the most difficult to apply. Typically, to show it, the merchant must be subjected to undue hardship and/or surprise as a result of the varied term, as measured by the industry involved. It is well established that disclaimer of warranty, indemnification, and arbitration are all clauses that do constitute material alterations.
UCC § 2-207(3) only applies when the proviso language from subsection 1 is used. When the proviso is used, there is no contract formed at that time unless the original offeror assents to the terms that the party purporting to accept has made "expressly conditional."
For example, a buyer sends a purchase order with its own terms. The seller sends an acknowledgement with additional and/or different terms and uses the proviso. The buyer must accept the seller's additional and/or different terms, or else no contract is formed at that time.
Frequently, however, the buyer in such a situation does not accept the seller's terms, typically through silence, that is, not signing and returning the form to the seller. Subsection 3 is designed to deal with this situation.
When the parties begin to perform the contract, they form a contract implied in fact. The terms of that contract are determined by this subsection. They consist of those terms both forms agree on. Any pertinent term upon the forms do not agree are not part of the contract but instead are supplied by the Code's gap fillers.
Note that whether the parties are merchants is irrelevant for this subsection. However, private parties do not typically send and receive purchase orders or invoices, so in hypotheticals, the parties typically are merchants.
For example, the Brown Company (buyer) sends a purchase order to the Smith Company (seller) for 100 widgets. Brown's terms are silent as to arbitration. Smith sends an acknowledgement, making its acceptance of Brown's offer "expressly conditional" on Brown's assent to Smith's additional term that any dispute arising from the transaction be resolved by arbitration. Brown does not sign and return Smith's form, but Smith goes ahead and fulfills the order. Brown receives the widgets and pays for them. The forms do not agree as to the term of arbitration. Therefore, if a dispute arises, the arbitration clause is not part of the contract. Instead, a UCC gap-filling provision is used. Since the Code does not supply arbitration, Brown is able to avoid Smith's term and bring an action in court.
Examples
Laidlaw v. Organ, 15 U.S. 178 (1817) the seller of tobacco was not entitled to get out of a contract to sell a load at a low price when it transpired that the War of 1812 had ended, and so that prices would rise (because a navy embargo was lifted). Even though the buyer stayed silent about the peace treaty that had just been agreed when he was asked if prices might rise, he was entitled to enforce the contract.
Pando v. Fernandez, 127 Misc.2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1984) it was held that it was not impossible to prove that a boy had agreed with the winner of $2.8m in a lottery that she would share the winnings with him
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447 (7th Cir. 1996) the click of a button accepting a license's terms on software counts as agreement
Specht v. Netscape, 306 F.3d 17 (2d Cir. 2002) simply clicking a download button does not indicate agreement to the terms of a contract if those terms were not conspicuous
Seixas v. Woods 2 Cai. R. 48 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1804) a contract was binding despite making a mistake
Consideration and estoppel
Consideration is something of value given by a promissor to a promisee in exchange for something of value given by a promisee to a promissor. Typical examples of things of value are acts, forbearances, and/or promises to do so. The latter referring to those things that a party has a legal privilege to do in the first place. So, promising to refrain from committing a tort or crime is not a thing of value for purposes of consideration. This is known as the bargain theory of consideration and requires that the promises to exchange the things be reciprocally induced. This is especially important for the discussion of past consideration, below.
Consideration must be sufficient, but courts do not weigh the adequacy of consideration, partially because in a capitalistic society private parties are entitled and expected to determine the value of things for themselves. In other words, the things being exchanged must have some value in the eyes of the law, but the general rule is that courts do not care how much. Love and affection, for example, would not constitute sufficient consideration, but a penny would. However, sufficient consideration that is grossly inadequate may be deemed unconscionable, discussed below.
Moreover, things that ordinarily constitute sufficient consideration may be deemed insufficient when they are being exchanged for fungible things. For example, $1 is ordinarily sufficient consideration, and $100 is ordinarily sufficient consideration. However, if Alan and Betty agree to exchange $1 for $100, it would not be an enforceable contract for lack of consideration. An exception to this exception is when there is special significance to the $1 bill itself, such as if it was the first dollar a person made in business and carries tremendous sentimental value, similar to the peppercorn rule. Fungible things do not have to be money, though. They can be grains stored in a silo, for example. One bushel of grain being exchanged for 100 bushels of the same grain would not be sufficient consideration.
Past acts cannot constitute consideration. For example, an employer lays off an employee but promises to give him a pension in exchange for his long and faithful service to the company. It is impossible for the employee to presently promise to have worked all those years for the pension. He worked for the paychecks that the company promised in the past, not knowing whether a pension lay in the future. He might have hoped to one day receive a pension, but the company did not promise one until his layoff. Note, in this situation, the employee may be able to prevail on a claim of promissory restitution, but there is no contract for lack of consideration.
Promissory estoppel is a separate cause of action to breach of contract, requiring separate elements to be shown. It has the effect that in many contract like situations, the requirement of consideration need not be present.
The elements of promissory estoppel are:
an express or implied promise;
detrimental reliance by the promisee foreseeable to a reasonable person in the promissor's position;
actual detrimental reliance by the promisee (worsening of their position); and
for specific performance (as opposed to reliance damages), injustice can only be avoided by enforcing the promise.
Examples
Angel v. Murray, 322 A.2d 630 (RI 1974) modification of a contract does not require consideration if the change is made in good faith and agreed by both parties.
Hamer v. Sidway, 124 N.Y. 538, 27 N.E. 256 (N.Y. 1891) promising to not behave anti-socially amounted to valid consideration for a contract, in this case payment of money by an uncle to a nephew to not swear, drink, gamble and smoke.
Kirksey v. Kirksey, Ala. Sup. 8 Ala. 131 (1845) an old case holding that it was not sufficient consideration to promise to visit a person, in return for getting a house.
Lingenfelder v. Wainwright Brewing Co., 15 S.W. 844 (1891) promising not to sue did not amount to valid consideration
McMichael v. Price, 58 P.2d 549 (OK 1936) mutuality of obligation, and an illusory promise. It was not illusory to promise to buy all sand from one supplier, even though there was no contractual obligation to buy any sand at all. This meant there was sufficient mutuality of obligation.
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 222 N.Y. 88, 118 N.E. 214 (1917) it was sufficient consideration to promise to represent someone's interests.
Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 221 N.W.2d 609 (IA 1974) charitable subscriptions can be enforced without consideration or detrimental reliance.
Formality
Ordinarily, contracts do not have to be in writing to be enforceable. However, certain types of contracts do have to be reduced to writing to be enforceable, to prevent frauds and perjuries, hence the name statute of frauds, which also makes it not a misnomer (fraud need not be present to implicate the statute of frauds).
Typically the following types of contracts implicate the statute of frauds:
Land, including leases over a year and easements
Suretyships (promises to answer for the debts, defaults, or miscarriages of another)
Consideration of marriage (not to actually get married but to give a dowry, for example)
Goods over a certain amount of money (usually $500, as in the UCC)
Contracts that cannot be performed within one year
For example, a two-year employment contract naturally cannot be performed within one year.
In many states lifetime contracts are not considered to fall within the Statute of Frauds reasoning that life can end at any time, certainly within one year from the time of execution. In other states, notably Illinois, contracts requiring performance for a lifetime are covered by the Statute.
The statute of frauds requires the signature of the party against whom enforcement is sought (the party to be sued for failure to perform). For example, Bob contracts with the Smith Company for two years of employment. The employer would need to sign the writing.
Moreover, the writing for purposes of satisfying the statute of frauds does not need to be the actual contract. It might be a letter, memorializing and formalizing an oral arrangement already made over the phone. Therefore, the signed writing does not need to contain all of the terms that the parties agreed to. At common law, only the essential terms were required in the signed writing. Under the UCC, the only term that must be present in the writing is the quantity. The writing also does not need to be one document, but if there are multiple documents, they must all obviously refer to the same transaction, and they all must be signed. The signature itself does not need to be a full name. Any mark made with the intent to authenticate the writing is satisfactory, such as initials or even such as an X by an illiterate party.
A contract that may otherwise be unenforceable under the statute of frauds may become enforceable under the doctrine of part performance. If the party seeking enforcement of the contract has partially or fulfilled its duties under the contract without objection from the other party, the performing party may be able to use its performance to hold the other party to the terms of the contract.
No writing is required when:
Goods have been received and accepted;
Payment has been made and accepted;
Goods are specially manufactured (there is no market for them); or
under the UCC, the party against whom enforcement is being sought admits a certain quantity of goods.
The last exception applies up to the quantity admitted, which may include the entire contract. This reversed the rule at common law that permitted a defendant to testify that he indeed contracted with the plaintiff but refuses to perform because it is not in writing.
Privity
Under the principle of privity, a person may not reap the benefits or be required to suffer the burdens of a contract to which they were not a party.
Breach of contract
Performance
Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent, 230 N.Y. 239 (1921) a builder who used the wrong kind of piping in construction of a building was entitled to payment, as he had substantially performed the work, but subject to a deduction for the difference in value of the wrong piping.
Damages
The primary remedy for breach of contract is expectation damages, or "benefit of the bargain." At law, this is monetary compensation. At equity, it can be specific performance or an injunction, among other things. For example, Dan and Pam have an enforceable contract for the sale of Dan's watch. The price they agreed to was $10. The actual value of the watch is $15. Pam would be able to successfully pursue a claim for $5. She might elect this route if she did not want to keep the watch but sell it to a third party for a profit. Alternatively, Pam could successfully pursue a claim whereby the court would order Dan to sell the watch for the original price. She might elect this route if she actually wanted the watch for herself.
The remedy for quasi-contracts (contracts implied in law) is quantum meruit, the reasonable or "fair market" value of goods or services rendered. The remedy for promissory estoppel is reliance damages.
Examples
Hawkins v. McGee, 84 N.H. 114, 146 A. 641 (N.H. 1929) the plaintiff's hand was injured by electrical wiring, and the doctor promised surgery to give him a 100% good hand. The operation failed, and the plaintiff won damages to the value of what he expected to get, compared to what he had. However, he received no extra compensation for pain and suffering.
United States Naval Institute v. Charter Communications, Inc., 936 F.2d 692 (Second Cir. 1991) punitive damages and efficient breach, The Hunt for Red October
Snepp v. United States 444 U.S. 507 (1980) restitution damages
Specific performance
Specific performance occurs when a court orders a party to perform a specific act. In the context of a contract, specific performance requires that a party in breach fulfill its duties under the contract.
Arbitration
Parties are permitted to agree to arbitrate disputes arising from their contracts. Under the Federal Arbitration Act (which has been interpreted to cover all contracts arising under federal or state law), arbitration clauses are generally enforceable unless the party resisting arbitration can show unconscionability, fraud or something else that undermines the entire contract.
Quasi-contract
The terms quasi-contract and contract implied in law are synonymous. There are two types of quasi-contract. One is an action in restitution. The other is unjust enrichment. Note, therefore, that it is improper to say that quasi-contract, implied in law contract, and unjust enrichment are all synonymous, because unjust enrichment is only one type of the broader category of quasi-contracts (contracts implied in law).
Contracts implied in law differ from contracts implied in fact in that contracts implied in law are not true contracts. Contracts implied in fact are ones that the parties involved presumably intended. In contracts implied in law, one party may have been completely unwilling to participate, as shown below, especially for an action in restitution. There has been no mutual assent, in other words, but public policy essentially requires a remedy.
Unjust Enrichment
The elements of this cause of action are:
conferral of a benefit on another;
the other's knowledge of the benefit;
the other's acceptance or retention of the benefit;
circumstances requiring the other to pay the fair value for the benefit to avoid inequity.
Britton v. Turner, 6 N.H. 481 (1834) an employee who left work on a farm after nine months, but had contracted to be paid $120 at the end of one year, was entitled to receive some payment ($95) even though the contract was not completed.
Restitution
The full name of this cause of action is "restitution for actions required to preserve another's life or health." It is available when a party supplies goods or services to someone else, even though the recipient is unaware or does not consent. Unawareness and non-consent can both be due to unconsciousness, but the latter also includes incapacity, which in turn refers to mental incompetence and/or infancy (minority).
The elements of this cause of action are:
the supplier acts "unofficiously", that is, isn't interfering in the affairs of the recipient for no reason;
the supplier acts with the intent to charge money for doing so;
the goods or services are necessary to prevent the recipient from suffering serious bodily injury or pain;
the recipient is unable to consent;
the supplier has no reason to know that the recipient would not consent if they could; and,
if the recipient is "extremely" mentally incompetent or young and objects, the non-consent is immaterial.
Construction
Uniform Commercial Code §2-301
Restatement §201(1)
Uniform Commercial Code §2-313(1)(b)
Frigaliment Importing Company v BNS International Sales Corp, 190 FSupp 116 (SDNY 1960) Friendly J
Express terms
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, on warranties
Restatement §213, parol evidence rule: a written agreement that is completely integrated discharges prior oral agreements in its scope.
Mitchill v Lath 247 NY 377 (1928)
Masterson v Sine 68 Cal 2d 222 (1968) Traynor J
Restatement §203, trade usage non-excluded by parol evidence rules
Columbia Nitrogen Corp v Royster Co, 451 F 2d 3 (4th 1971) 31,000 tons of phosphate a year for $50 a ton. The buyer could rely on custom of adjusting prices in the fertilizer industry despite the contract's express price, when the market fell.
Southern Concrete Services v Mableton Contractors, Inc, 407 F Supp 581 (ND Ga 1975)
Implied terms
Restatement §223, courts can supply a missing term by resorting to trade usage or course of dealing "which is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding"
UCC §1-205 and 2-208
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 118 NE 214 (1917) Cardozo J, promise to use reasonable efforts to generate license revenues properly implied. "The law has outgrown its primitive stage of formalism when the precise word was the sovereign talisman, and every slip was fatal.... A promise may be lacking, and yet the whole writing may be 'instinct with and obligation,' imperfectly expressed...." UCC 2-306(2)
Bloor v Falstaff Brewing Corp 601 F2d 609 (2nd 1979) Friendly J, breach of best efforts covenant
Uniform Commercial Code §315
Kellogg Bridge Company v. Hamilton, 110 U.S. 108 (1884) there was an implied warranty of fitness for the Kellog Co to build a bridge for a railway company.
Kirke La Shelle Company v. The Paul Armstrong Company et al, 263 NY 79 (1933) "In every contract there is an implied covenant that neither party shall do anything, which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party, to receive the fruits of the contract, which means that in every contract there exists an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing."
Unconscionable terms
Interpretation
Uniform Commercial Code §2-302, 2-314, 2-316, 2-719
Moscatiello v Pittsburgh Contractors Equipment Co
Pierce v Catalina Yachts, Inc
Restatement (Second) of Contracts §211
Darner Motor Sales v Universal Underwriters
Gordinier v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co
Farm Bureau Mutual insurance Co v Sandbulte
Max True Plastering Co v United States Fidelty & Guaranty Co
Substance
Restatement (Second) of Contracts §208
Post v Jones
Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F2d 445 (DC 1965) procedural unconscionability
Pittsley v Houser
People v Two Wheel Corp
Maxwell v Fidelity Financial Services, Inc
Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp., 93 Utah 414 (1937) a contract clause limiting the time for allowing complaints about the delivery of a shipment of ketchup was unconscionable
Buchwald v. Paramount, Cal. App. LEXIS 634 (1990) Paramount's contract stipulating it would only pay for work if a $288m film earned a net profit was unconscionable.
Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc., 622 F.Supp.2d 396 (2009)
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 161 A2d 69 (1960)
Consumer protection
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Truth in Lending Act
Fair Credit Billing Act
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Federal Trade Commission
U.S. Department of Justice
Cancelling the contract
Mistake
Unilateral mistakes
Donovan v. RRL Corp., 109 Cal.Rptr.2d 807 (2001).
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§153-154
Speckel v Perkins
Mutual mistakes, shared assumptions
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§151-152 and 154
Sherwood v. Walker 66 Mich 568, 33 NW 919 (1887)
Nester v Michigan Land & Iron Co
Griffith v Brymer
Wood v Boynton
Firestone & Parson, Inc v Union League of Philadelphia
Everett v Estate of Sumstad
Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly, 331 N.W.2d 203 (1982) it transpired an illegal septic system had contaminated the ground.
Beachcomber Coins, Inc v Boskett
Uniform Commercial Code §§2-312 to 2-315
Transcription mistakes
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§155
Chimart Associates v Paul
Duress and undue influence
Duress
Misrepresentation
United States v. Spearin, 248 U.S. 132 (1918) superior knowledge of US government
Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States (160 Ct. Cl. 437, 312 F.2d 774 (1963) the superior knowledge doctrine gives the US government a duty of disclosure
Laidlaw v. Organ 15 U.S. 178 (1817), on caveat emptor
Obde v. Schlemeyer 56 Wash 2d 449, 353 P2d 672 (Supreme Court of Washington, 1960) termite infested house not revealed to buyers. Even though no questions asked, seller still liable for failure to disclose.
Smith v. Bolles, 132 U.S. 125 (1889) damages for misrepresentation of share sale did not entitle the buyer to get money as if the representation were true
Illegality
ProCD v. Zeidenberg, copyrights
SCO v. DaimlerChrysler, license agreements
Stoddard v. Martin 1 R.I. 1 (1828) a contract to bet on the outcome of a Senate election was void, because it was contrary to public policy to gamble.
See also
Restatement (Second) of Contracts 1962-1979
Uniform Commercial Code
Uniform Commercial Code adoption
English contract law
United States tort law
Civil Procedure in the United States
Contract theory
References
Further reading
Texts
I Ayres and RE Speidel, Studies in Contract Law (2008)
SJ Burton and MA Eisenberg, Contract Law: Selected Source Materials Annotated (2011)
MA Chirelstein, Concepts and Case Analysis in the Law of Contracts (6th edn 2010)
EA Farnsworth, Contracts (2008)
LL Fuller, MA Eisenberg and MP Gergen Basic Contract Law (9th edn 2013)
CL Knapp, NM Crystal and HG Prince, Problems in Contract Law: Cases and Materials (7th edn Aspen 2012)
Books
OW Holmes, The Common Law (1890) chs 7-9
G Gilmore, The Death of Contract (1974)
Articles
MR Cohen, 'The Basis of Contract' (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553
LL Fuller and WR Perdue, 'The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages' (1936) 46 Yale Law Journal 52-96
Goldberg, 'Institutional Change and the Quasi-Invisible Hand' (1974) 17 JLE 461
R Hale, 'Force and the State: A Comparison of "Political" and "Economic" Compulsion' (1935) 35 Columbia LR 149
MJ Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130(6) University of Pennsylvania LR 1423
D. Kennedy, 'Distributive and Paternalist Motives in Contract and Tort Law, with special reference to compulsory terms and unequal bargaining power' (1982) 41(4) Maryland Law Review 563
F Kessler, 'Contracts of Adhesion – Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract' (1943) 43(5) Columbia Law Review 629
R Pound, 'Liberty of Contract' (1909) 18 Yale LJ 454
Contract theory
Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, on forum selection clauses
The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Company, forum selection clauses
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, on the Constitution's Contract Clause
Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Inc., on the validity of union shop contracts
Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter, 567 U.S. ___ (2012) the US government's obligation to honor contracts with Native Americans.
Law of obligations, tort, unjust enrichment and trusts
Freedom of contract and regulation
Autonomy
Bargaining power and inequality of bargaining power
Will theory, promise
"Promise" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Arthur Linton Corbin
Adverse selection, moral hazard, information asymmetry
Complete contract and default rule
Agency cost, principal and agent problem
External links
Uniform Commercial Code |
44499850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Nigger%20in%20the%20Woodpile | A Nigger in the Woodpile | A Nigger in the Woodpile is a 1904 American silent film, with a runtime of four minutes. The title is derived from the idiom nigger in the woodpile, meaning something is wrong or "off". A copy is in the Black films section of the Library of Congress. The video can also be found on YouTube.
Synopsis
A deacon, played by a white actor in blackface, is constantly stealing firewood from a white farmer. The farmer, with the help of a companion, places a stick of dynamite in one of the blocks, hoping to rid himself of the thievery in this way. When the deacon returns with an older man (also an actor in blackface) to steal wood he is fooled into taking the dynamite with him, hidden in one of the blocks he stole. He goes home where his wife (again played by a male actor in blackface) is cooking. He places three blocks in the fireplace, the last of which contains the dynamite. Shortly after, it explodes, but no one is killed. The farmer and his friend enter and haul off the old man.
The film was shot in a studio in New York City.
Analysis
Writing about the film's racist content, in Migrating to the Movies: Cinema and Black Urban Modernity, author Jacqueline Najuma Stewart states that the blackfaced actors are "wearing costumes signifying their traditional racial "types": Mammy in apron and bandanna; an uppity "colored deacon," striking Zip Coon figure in top hat and tails: and his partner in crime, a harmless, shabbily dressed, white-haired Uncle Remus. The film depicts African Americans as habitual thieves,... And the film's "punitive" ending (a commonplace in early film comedies) functions to bring about narrative closure at the expense of the black transgressors."
See also
List of American films of 1904
References
External links
1904 films
1904 short films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
1904 comedy films
Blackface minstrel shows and films
American comedy short films
Silent American comedy films
1900s American films |
44499862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFr%20Karam | Jaïr Karam | Jaïr Karam is a French professional football player and manager. From 2013 to 2018 he coached the French Guiana national football team. Since July 2018 he has been coach of Stade Poitevin.
References
External links
Profile at Soccerway.com
Profile at Soccerpunter.com
Living people
French Guianan footballers
French Guiana international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
French Guianan football managers
French football managers
French Guiana national football team managers
Place of birth missing (living people)
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup managers
1976 births |
20469044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Leroux | Chris Leroux | Christopher Adam Leroux (born April 14, 1984) is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher and television personality. He played for the Florida Marlins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Yankees in Major League Baseball (MLB) and for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Leroux also competed for the Canadian national baseball team in international competitions.
Career
Amateur career
Leroux attended St. Joseph Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario. The Tampa Bay Devil Rays selected Leroux in the ninth round in the 2002 MLB draft, but he did not sign. He attended Winthrop University, where he played college baseball for the Winthrop Eagles baseball team. He also played collegiate summer baseball for the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod League in 2004.
Professional career
Minor leagues
The Florida Marlins selected Leroux in the seventh round of the 2005 MLB draft, and he signed. In 2006, Leroux was assigned to the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the Class A South Atlantic League, where he made three starts before being injured. After a rehab assignment with the Gulf Coast Marlins of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League, he was assigned to the Jamestown Jammers of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League. In 11 total starts, he went 0-4 with a 6.06 earned run average (ERA), striking out 22 in innings pitched. Leroux played 2007 with Greensboro, where in 46 appearances, he went 2-3 with a 4.14 ERA, striking out 76 in innings.
Leroux played 2008 with the Jupiter Hammerheads of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, where in 57 games, he went 6-7 with a 3.65 ERA and one save, striking out 78 in 74 innings. Leroux began 2009 with the Jacksonville Suns of the Class AA Southern League, where he played until he was promoted to the major leagues by the Marlins. He had a few stints with Florida, but spent most of his time in Jacksonville, where in 46 games, he went 5-3 with a 2.70 ERA and two saves, striking out 55 in 60 innings.
Florida Marlins
On May 23, 2009, Leroux was recalled by the Marlins. He made his MLB debut three days later against the Philadelphia Phillies. He was optioned the next day when Brett Carroll was recalled. He rejoined the Marlins when Matt Lindstrom went on the disabled list. In his third appearance, he recorded his first MLB strikeout, which was of Cristian Guzmán. In 5 games with the Marlins, he had a 10.80 ERA with two strikeouts in innings
Leroux opened 2010 with the New Orleans Zephyrs of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League (PCL), but was recalled on April 14. Leroux was placed on the 15-day disabled list on May 19 with a right elbow strain. He missed 26 games, and was subsequently assigned to New Orleans. He was recalled on September 3 when the rosters expanded.
Pittsburgh Pirates
Leroux was claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 13, 2010. In 23 games with both teams, he went 0-1 with a 6.75 ERA with 22 strikeouts in innings.
Leroux began 2011 with the Indianapolis Indians of the Class AAA International League, but after a poor start, he was demoted to the Altoona Curve of the Class AA Eastern League. After a 5-game stint with Altoona, he returned to Indianapolis. On July 3, Leroux was recalled to Pittsburgh, replacing Brad Lincoln. He was optioned to Indianapolis on July 22, but was recalled 5 days later, only to be placed on the disabled list with a left calf strain 2 days after that. He was activated from the disabled list on August 22, and remained on the roster for the rest of the season. In 23 games with the Pirates, he went 1–1 with a 2.88 ERA.
Prior to the 2012 season, Leroux was placed on the 60-day DL with a right pectoral strain. He rejoined the club as a September call-up after rehab and an assignment to the AAA Indianapolis Indians. In 10 games with the Pirates, he had a 5.56 ERA with 12 strikeouts in 11.2 innings.
Leroux made the 2013 Opening Day roster with the Pirates, but was designated for assignment on April 12 after pitching in 2 games. He elected free agency on April 17, 2013.
Tokyo Yakult Swallows
On April 23, 2013, Leroux signed with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball.
New York Yankees
On January 27, 2014, Leroux signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. The deal included an invitation to major league spring training. Leroux began the season with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the International League. He made his Yankee debut on April 29, 2014. He was designated for assignment on May 3, 2014. He was called back up by the Yankees on July 23, 2014, but was designated for assignment two days later. He was called back up a third time on August 11, 2014 and again designated for assignment two days later. After the 2014 season, he became a free agent. After pitching two innings, he earned a 22.50 ERA, a loss, and didn't earn a win.
Later career
Leroux signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers on January 26, 2015. He began the season with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the PCL. On May 18, 2015, he was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for cash considerations. He spent the rest of the season with the Reading Fightin Phils of the Eastern League and the Lehigh Valley IronPigs of the International League.
On April 3, 2016, Leroux was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations, and assigned to the Buffalo Bisons of the International League. He was released on August 28.
After playing for the Canadian national team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic, Leroux retired from baseball.
International career
He was selected to the Canada national baseball team at the 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2013 World Baseball Classic, 2015 Pan American Games, 2015 WBSC Premier12, 2017 World Baseball Classic, 2019 Pan American Games Qualifier, 2019 Pan American Games and 2019 WBSC Premier12.
Pitching style
Leroux throws three pitches: a four-seam fastball and two-seam fastball in the low-to-mid 90s, and a slider in the low-to-mid 80s. He also used to throw a changeup to left-handed hitters, but he dropped it after the 2011 season to simplify his pitching approach.
Personal life
In 2017, Leroux was cast as the Bachelor on The Bachelor Canada.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
Bachelor Nation contestants
Baseball people from Quebec
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Bradenton Marauders players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Japan
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canadian people of French descent
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Falmouth Commodores players
Florida Marlins players
Greensboro Grasshoppers players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Suns players
Jamestown Jammers players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Yankees players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Tokyo Yakult Swallows players
Toros del Este players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Winthrop Eagles baseball players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2015 WBSC Premier12 players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
2019 WBSC Premier12 players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games |
23573981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubravi%C4%8Dka | Doubravička | Doubravička is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6902506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Highway%2087 | North Carolina Highway 87 | North Carolina Highway 87 (NC 87) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. NC 87 begins in the Atlantic coastal town of Southport and crosses into Virginia at the Virginia state line five miles (8 km) north of Eden in Rockingham County. At in length, NC 87 is the second longest state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina with only North Carolina Highway 24 (NC 24) being longer. Labeled as a north–south route, NC 87 travels along a relatively straight southeast–northwest path, connecting Cape Fear region with the Piedmont. It is also the main north-south route connecting the cities of Fayetteville, Sanford, Burlington and Reidsville.
Route description
NC 87 is a four-lane, divided highway with at-grade crossings between Elizabethtown and Sanford with the exception of Fayetteville, where NC 87 is a freeway. Other sections that are four-lane, divided highways include concurrencies with US 17 and US 74/US 76 in Brunswick County.
In Sanford, it intersects US 421, on which users can travel east to Lillington, or northwest to Greensboro, and Winston-Salem. North of Sanford, NC 87 runs concurrent with US 15/US 501 to Pittsboro. It then continues towards Graham as a two-lane highway. It returns to four-lanes in southern Graham, returning to two-lane in downtown Graham. The route makes a left turn one block north of the Alamance County Courthouse, where it follows a two-lane road before making a right turn onto a four-lane street. The highway remains four-lane through downtown Burlington, returning to mostly two lanes for the remainder of its route in North Carolina, save for Reidsville, where it intersects US 29, and runs on four-lane commercial corridor Freeway Drive.
History
North Carolina Highway 303
North Carolina Highway 303 (NC 303) was a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Established as an original state highway, NC 303 was routed from NC 30, in Pollocksville, west through Trenton, before ending at NC 10/NC 11, in Kinston. In 1925, all of NC 303 was renumbered as part of NC 12. In 1930, NC 303 was resurrected as a new primary routing from NC 130 (now NC 211), near Southport, to NC 30 (became US 17 in late 1934), near Winnabow. On October 23, 1952, NC 303 was renumbered as an extension of NC 87.
Major intersections
Special routes
Elizabethtown business loop
North Carolina Highway 87 Business (NC 87 Bus.), was established in 1997, when mainline NC 87 was moved south to bypass downtown Elizabethtown. NC 87 Business follows the original alignment along Broad Street.
Fayetteville alternate route 1
North Carolina Highway 87 Alternate (NC 87A), was established between 1940-44 as a new primary routing. It ran from US 15A/NC 87 (Hay Street) north along Robeson Street and then west along Fort Bragg Boulevard, recombining with mainline NC 87 on Fort Bragg Road. Sometime between 1945–49, it switched with mainline NC 87.
Fayetteville alternate route 2
North Carolina Highway 87 Alternate (NC 87A), was established between 1945–49, the second NC 87A in Fayetteville followed the original NC 87 alignment along Hay Street, Morganton Road, and Fort Bragg Road. The route was decommissioned between 1955-57.
Sanford bypass
North Carolina Highway 87 Bypass (NC 87 By-pass) was established in 2013 as a new primary route along existing sections of the Sanford Bypass (formally SR 9000), from NC 87 to US 1/US 15/US 501. The request to establish a bypass was pushed by the Sanford City Council and Lee County. Typically, the old alignment would become a business loop, but instead the NC 87 mainline remained unchanged. The bypass is built as a freeway; which shares designation with US 421.
References
External links
NCRoads.com: N.C. 87
NCRoads.com: N.C. 87-A
NCRoads.com: N.C. 87 Bus
087
Transportation in Brunswick County, North Carolina
Transportation in Columbus County, North Carolina
Transportation in Bladen County, North Carolina
Transportation in Cumberland County, North Carolina
Transportation in Harnett County, North Carolina
Transportation in Lee County, North Carolina
Transportation in Chatham County, North Carolina
Transportation in Alamance County, North Carolina
Transportation in Caswell County, North Carolina
Transportation in Rockingham County, North Carolina |
23573985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horky%20nad%20Jizerou | Horky nad Jizerou | Horky nad Jizerou is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%C3%AD%20Bukovina | Horní Bukovina | Horní Bukovina is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Dolní Bukovina is an administrative part of Horní Bukovina.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
44499864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique%20R%C3%A9nia | Dominique Rénia | Dominique Rénia is a French professional football manager. In 2012, he coached the Saint Martin national football team.
References
External links
Saint Martin - Caribbean Football
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Saint Martinois football managers
French football managers
Saint Martin national football team managers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
44499866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Bernabela | Ferdinand Bernabela | Ferdinand Bernabela is a Bonaire professional football manager. From 2014 to 2015 he coached the Bonaire national football team.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
Profile at Soccerpunter.com
Bonaire - Caribbean Football
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Bonaire football managers
Bonaire national football team managers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
20469075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobetsu%20Dam | Tobetsu Dam | Tobetsu Dam is a dam currently under construction in Hokkaidō, Japan. It started in 1980 and is scheduled for opening in 2012.
Dams in Hokkaido |
20469076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Issue%20%28EP%29 | Hot Issue (EP) | Hot Issue is the second Korean-language extended play (EP) by South Korean boy band Big Bang. It was released under YG Entertainment on November 22, 2007, and spawned the single "Last Farewell".
Composition
The group's leader, the then 20-year-old G-Dragon produced and wrote the lyrics for all tracks on Hot Issue. "Last Farewell" is a blend of trance hip-hop beats and pop melodies. The song also features rapping by G-Dragon and T.O.P and melodic vocals from Taeyang, Daesung, and Seungri. "Crazy Dog" features synthesizers and a sampling from the Seo Taiji and Boys song "In My Fantasy."
Reception
Hot Issue marked Big Bang's first EP after Always and further established the group's popularity in South Korea, with the single "Last Farewell" topping online charts for 8 consecutive weeks. Due to the song's digital success, it won the Song of the Month award at Cyworld Digital Music Awards. The extended play sold over a 120,000 copies in South Korea.
Track listing
Sample credits
"But I Love U" contains a sample of "Rhu of Redd Holt Unlimited" by Paula
"Crazy Dog" contains a sample of "You, In the Fantasy" (Hangul: 환상 속의 그대; rr: Huansang Sogae Goodae) by Seo Taiji & Boys
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
References
External links
Big Bang Official Site
Big Bang (South Korean band) EPs
2007 EPs
YG Entertainment EPs
Korean-language EPs
Albums produced by G-Dragon |
44499867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Primrose%20%28surgeon%29 | Gilbert Primrose (surgeon) | Gilbert Primrose (c.1535 -18 April 1616) was a Scottish surgeon who became Surgeon to King James VI of Scots and moved with the court to London as Serjeant-Surgeon to King James VI and I on the Union of the Crowns. He was Deacon of the Incorporation of Surgeons and Barbers of Edinburgh on three occasions.
Early life and education
Gilbert Primrose was born c.1540, at Culross, Fife, Scotland. He was the son of Duncan Primrose and Helen Smyth, whose niece, Euphan Primrose, married Sir George Bruce, from whom the Earls of Rosebery are descended. On 6 June 1558 he was admitted to the Incorporation of Surgeons and Barbers of Edinburgh as apprentice to Robert Henrysoun, one of the founder members of the Incorporation.
Career
In 1558 Scotland was threatened by an invasion from "", the Edinburgh craft guilds were required to list those men who could be mustered in the event of an attack and Primrose was included. In September 1575 Regent Morton sent him to Coldingham to mend the broken leg of the messenger Ninian Cockburn.
In March 1580 Primrose was one of a number of Edinburgh surgeons who examined and treated Robert Aslowane, the victim of an assault by James Douglas of Parkhead and his accomplices. When the surgeons declared that Aslowane was likely to recover, the burgh council released Parkhead and his followers.
In September 1584 he was imprisoned in Dumbarton Castle. He was allowed bail or caution for future loyalty at £1,000 Scots, guaranteed by the textile merchant Robert Jousie and the apothecary Alexander Barclay.
Primrose went on to become Surgeon to King James VI. In June 1592 the Earl of Angus was injured falling from his horse and sent for Primrose. On 10 February 1594 he was appointed to attend Anne of Denmark at Stirling Castle, when she gave birth to Prince Henry, with the physicians Martin Schöner and Gilbert Moncreiff, Alexander Barclay, and the midwife.
He was a friend of Dr Peter Lowe, the co-founder of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, who dedicated the first edition (1597) of his surgical textbook The Whole course of Chirurgerie (which was renamed Discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie for the 2nd and 3rd editions) to Gilbert Primrose.
Pimrose was elected Deacon of the Incorporation of Surgeons and Barbers on no fewer than three occasions. Whilst he was Deacon in 1581 the Surgeons became first in the order of precedence of the 14 crafts of the City of Edinburgh.
When he was elected Deacon for the third time in 1602 his status was such that he was able to impose considerable discipline on the Incorporation. Under his leadership all members of the Incorporation swore that they would uphold all aspects of the Seal of Cause (the Charter of the Incorporation) and any violations were punished. Primrose was also responsible for passing new Laws which sought to maintain even higher standards within the craft. Admission and examination fees were established and each member of the Incorporation was required to pay a subscription. The Incorporation thrived under his leadership.
On 30 April 1597 his mother Helen Smith, over 80 years old and blind, was assaulted and robbed in her house at Culross.
As principal surgeon to King James VI he accompanied the Court to London on the Union of the Crowns in 1603. He became Serjeant-Surgeon or chief surgeon to the King, now James VI and I and Queen Anne.
First name on Fellows’ Roll
Whilst the names of the earliest members of the Incorporation appear in the Edinburgh Burgh records, the assignation of a roll number for Members and Fellows starts from 1581 when the Deacon of the Incorporation was Gilbert Primrose. His name is first in the Roll of Fellows which has continued in an uninterrupted sequence ever since.
Primrose’s mortar
Surgeons’ Hall Museum has a treasured relic of Gilbert Primrose. It is labelled "a replica of the mortar used by Gilbert Primrose, an ancestor of the Earl of Rosebery and a Deacon of the Chirurgeon-Barbers in 1581". This mortar was presented to the College by Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, a descendant of Gilbert Primrose in December 1909. The original is held in the National Museums of Scotland.
Family
His brother Archibald Primrose became 1st Laird of Burnbrae. Other brothers included David Primrose, Henry Primrose, Duncan Primrose and Peter Primrose.
He married Alison Graham. Their cildren included:
Gilbert Primrose (c. 1580–1641) who became a Calvinist pastor.
Marion Primrose (1566-1637), who married Alexander Clark of Balbirnie.
David Primrose.
Robert Primrose.
Death
Gilbert Primrose died in Westminster, London on 18 April 1616 and was buried in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh where his monument still stands. His grave carries a Latin inscription translated as:To Gilbert Primrose, Chief Surgeon to James and Anne, King and Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland. His heirs erected this monument. He lived happily 80 years. To the end of his life he was Chief Surgeon to the King, and died, adorned with testimonials of public sorrow from Prince and people, in the year of our Lord 1616 on the 8th of April.
Great Gilbert Primrose shut his mortal eyes
Full fraught with honours as with length of days
My will and life to Christ I still resign'd
Hence neither life nor death did bitter find
References
Scottish surgeons
1616 deaths
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Presidents of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Year of birth uncertain
People from Culross
Gilbert
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard |
20469104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasseur%20family | Brasseur family | The Brasseur family is a family in Luxembourg that was prominent in politics and industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The head of the household was Alexis Brasseur, who had thirteen children by two wives. This second generation included Dominique Brasseur, a liberal Mayor of Luxembourg City and Pierre Brasseur, who was a prominent mining magnate in southern Luxembourg.
Pierre married the daughter of former minister François-Xavier Wurth-Paquet, and had five children, including Xavier Brasseur, a Socialist member of the Chamber of Deputies. Xavier married Jeane de Saint-Hubert, sister of Aline Mayrisch de Saint-Hubert - wife of Arbed President Émile Mayrisch.
Dominique married Constance Brasseur, his half-niece by Alexis's son Jean-Baptiste, and they had six children, including Robert Brasseur, who was a notable Liberal League deputy, and the playwright and composer Alexis Brasseur. The cousins Xavier and Robert became political rivals, representing different factions. Furthermore, Jeanne divorced Xavier in 1910, and married Robert in 1914, two years after her ex-husband had died.
Family tree
Below is a partial family tree, showing some of the most prominent family members. People have the surname Brasseur unless stated otherwise.
Footnotes
References |
20469126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokachi%20Dam | Tokachi Dam | Tokachi Dam is a dam in Hokkaidō, Japan.
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1984 |
44499880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatimaan%20Express | Gatimaan Express | The 12049 / 12050 Gatimaan Express is India's first semi-high speed train that runs between Delhi and Jhansi. It takes 265 minutes (around 4.5 hours) to cover the journey from Hazrat Nizamuddin to Virangana Lakshmibai Junction railway stations with an average speed of .
The top operating speed of the Gatimaan Express is up to 160 km/h between Tughlakabad railway station to Bilochpura , which makes it the fastest regularly scheduled train service in India. Trial runs of other trains have been faster, and if the rail infrastructure on Vande Bharat Express routes were to be improved, it could also go as fast as the Gatiman Express.
History
In October 2014, the railways applied for safety certificate from Commission of Railway Safety to start the service. In June 2015, the train was officially announced. The train was launched on 5 April 2016 and completed its maiden journey between Nizamuddin and Agra Cantt within 100 minutes. But due to low occupancy, Indian Railways first extended this train from Agra to Gwalior on 19 February 2018 and then to Virangana Lakshmibai junction on 1 April 2018.
Loco link
The Gatimaan Express is regularly hauled by a WAP 5 electric locomotive from the Ghaziabad Loco Shed. WAP-5 locomotives 30007, 30140, 35020, 35008, 35007 & 30120 from the Ghaziabad (GZB) Electric locomotive Shed are used to haul this train in both directions. These locomotives are equipped with TPWS (Train Protection and Warning System).
Coach Composition
The 12050/12049 Gatimaan Express currently has 8 AC Chair Car and 2 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Light Blue indicates AC Chair Car and the coaches in Pink indicate AC Executive Chair Cars
Schedule
The schedule of this 12050/12049 Hazrat Nizamuddin - Jhansi Jn Gatimaan Express is given below:-
Speed
The maximum permissible speed is 160 kmph but not for the whole journey. The maximum permissible speed is 120 kmph between H. Nizamuddin and Tughlakabad. Railway is trying to increase the maximum permissible speed of H. Nizamuddin - Tughlakabad route up to 130 kmph from 120 kmph and for this reason, maximum permissible speed of this train will be increased to 130 kmph between H. Nizamuddin and Tughlakabad. The maximum permissible speed is 160 kmph between Tughlakabad and Agra Cant and speed of this part makes it the train having highest speed in the country, the maximum permissible speed is 130 kmph between Agra Cant and Virangna Lakshmibai. Railway is planning to increase its speed to 160 kmph beyond Agra Cant.
See also
References
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh
Rail transport in Delhi
Railway services introduced in 2016
Transport in Delhi
Named passenger trains of India |
20469142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20the%20Line%20%28Oscar%20Peterson%20album%29 | Walking the Line (Oscar Peterson album) | Walking the Line is an album by Canadian jazz pianist and composer Oscar Peterson, released in 1970. Recorded at: MPS Tonstudio Villingen.
Critical reception
AllMusic critic Ken Dryden stated in his review: "Oscar Peterson's series of recordings for Hans Georg Brunner-Schwer during the 1960s and early '70s are one of many high points in his long career... His mastery of the ballad form is heard in his sensitive interpretation of "Once Upon a Summertime,"...
Track listing
"I Love You" (Cole Porter) – 5:14
"Rock of Ages" (Jack Fascinato, Tennessee Ernie Ford) – 5:32
"Once Upon a Summertime" (Eddie Barclay, Michel Legrand, Eddy Marnay, Johnny Mercer) – 5:19
"Just Friends" (John Klenner, Sam M. Lewis) – 3:58
"Teach Me Tonight" (Sammy Cahn, Gene DePaul) – 5:07
"The Windmills of Your Mind" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Michel Legrand) – 5:04
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 6:37
"All of You" (Porter) – 5:01
Personnel
Performance
Oscar Peterson – piano
George Mraz – double bass
Ray Price – drums
References
1970 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
MPS Records albums |
44499889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard%20Vinken | Gerhard Vinken | Gerhard Vinken (born 15 April 1961 in Hannover) is a German art historian and a professor at the University of Bamberg.
Life
Gerhard Vinken studied Art History, Philosophy, and History in Freiburg, Paris and Berlin. He received his doctorate from the Free University of Berlin in 1995 with a dissertation on French Romanesque architecture. In 2008 he completed his habilitation in Art History at the University of Bern, Switzerland. From 1992 to 1994 he served as division head (Gebietsreferent) at the Brandenburg State Architectural Conservation Authority, then moved on to independent work on heritage conservation research projects until 2002. During this period he was also active as an author and journalist as well as a lecturer at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University in Berlin.
From 2003 to 2006 he was Acting Professor of Art History and Architectural Theory at RWTH Aachen University, then from 2009 to 2012 LOEWE Professor of Interdisciplinary Urban Studies in the Department of Architecture at Darmstadt Technical University. In 2012 he was awarded the Chair in Architectural Conservation / Heritage Sciences at the University of Bamberg, where he directs the Master's Program in Architectural and Heritage Conservation.
His research interests include the theory and history of architectural conservation, architectural and urban history and theory, and spatial theory.
Selected writings
Books
Denkmal – Werte – Bewertung. (ed., together with Birgit Franz), Veröffentlichung des Arbeitskreises Theorie und Lehre der Denkmalpflege e.V., Vol. 23, Holzminden 2014.
Zone Heimat. Altstadt im modernen Städtebau. Munich/Berlin 2010.
Dehio-Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler: Brandenburg. Munich/Berlin 2000, (ed. by Gerhard Vinken et al.; 2nd ed. 2012, revised by Barbara Rimpel).
Baustruktur und Heiligenkult. Romanische Sakralarchitektur in der Auvergne. Worms 1997.
Essays
Unstillbarer Hunger nach Echtem. Frankfurts neue Altstadt zwischen Rekonstruktion und Themenarchitektur. In: Forum Stadt. Zeitschrift für Stadtgeschichte, Stadtsoziologie, Denkmalpflege und Stadtentwicklung, 40, 2/2013, pp. 119–136.
Reproducing the City? Heritage and Eigenlogik. In: Urban Research & Practice, 5,3, 2012, pp. 325–334.
Freistellen – Rahmen – Zonieren. Räume und Raumtheorie in der Denkmalpflege. In: Suzana Alpsancar, Petra Gehring, Marc Rölli (eds.): Raumprobleme – Philosophische Perspektiven." Munich 2011, pp. 161–180.
Ort und Bahn. Die Räume der modernen Stadt bei Le Corbusier und Rudolf Schwarz. In: Cornelia Jöchner (ed.): Räume der Stadt. Von der Antike bis heute. Berlin 2008, pp. 147–164.
Stadt – Denkmal – Bild. Wider die homogenen Bilder der Heimat. In: Hans-Rudolf Meier (ed.): Dresden. StadtBild und Denkmalpflege. Konstruktion und Rezeption von Bildern der Stadt. Berlin 2008, pp. 162–175.
Ad memoriam patris Benedicti. The Cult of Death and the Art of Memory: The Romanesque Abbey Church of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire. In: Anselm Haverkamp (ed.): Memory Inc. New York 1996, pp. 15–18.
External links
Literature by and about Gerhard Vinken in the catalogue of the German National Library
Website of the Chair for Architectural Conservation / Heritage Sciences at Bamberg University
Gerhard Vinken's page at the Centre for Mediaeval Studies (ZEMAS) at Bamberg University
Living people
1961 births
21st-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers |
17333702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Lau | Henry Lau | Henry Lau (; ; born October 11, 1989), often mononymously referred to as Henry, is a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor based in South Korea and China. He debuted in 2008 as a member of Super Junior-M and launched his solo career in 2013 with Trap. His original soundtrack "It's You" released in 2017 became the most streamed Korean OST on Spotify for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, Henry left SM Entertainment following the expiration of his contract, and subsequently joined Monster Entertainment Group.
Henry made his Hollywood debut in 2019 with the film A Dog's Journey produced by Amblin Entertainment. In 2020, he starred in the action-fantasy movie Double World. The film was released on Netflix and the Chinese streaming service iQIYI, becoming the first movie produced in Mainland China to have a simultaneous global release.
Henry is also known for his television work in the programs Real Man and I Live Alone, for which he received the Best Newcomer Award (2014) and Excellence Male Award (2017) respectively at the MBC Entertainment Awards.
Early life
Henry Lau was born on October 11, 1989, in Toronto, Ontario. His father is from Hong Kong with Teochew ancestry and his mother is from Pingtung, Taiwan. He was raised in the neighbourhood of Willowdale located in the district of North York. His father works in real estate while his mother was a stay-at-home mom. He has a younger sister, Whitney (born in 1993), and an older brother, Clinton (born in 1988), who also serves as the CEO of his current label, Monster Entertainment Group. He attended Zion Heights Junior High School, then North Toronto Collegiate Institute for grade 9 and A.Y. Jackson Secondary School for the rest of his high school years. In his last year of high school, Henry was chosen at the 2006 SM Entertainment Global Audition in Toronto; he was one of two out of three thousand applicants who were recruited. He was accepted by the University of Toronto for both music education and violin performance programs, but chose not to attend after accepting SM's offer.
Henry started learning how to play the piano from his mother at the age of four, and began taking violin lessons at the age of five. His teacher was Arkady Yanivker, a soloist and former violinist of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He later learned to play the electric violin in 2005. He received the Canadian Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM) Regional Gold Medal for Level 10 in violin, and has also achieved Level 10 in piano. In high school, he learned a hip hop dance style called boogaloo popping. He was heads of both the after-school violin club and popping club, where he came up with the idea of simultaneously doing both after the two clubs had conflicting meeting times.
He never expected to become a singer and did not know anything about K-pop before his friends suggested him to audition for SM. For his audition, Henry performed a Vivaldi piece on the violin while incorporating popping during the piece's fast passages, as well as a cappella singing; he received an offer from the company the following week. At the time, he applied for colleges for classical music, but ultimately decided to go "down the K-pop road", as he explains, "I'll be dancing and singing, but that doesn't mean I won't be able to play the violin anymore or piano. I decided that I had to go down this road because that was the only way I could do pretty much everything." He initially declined the offer because his father wanted him to go to university. After his mother was impressed during a visit to the company in South Korea, she convinced his father for him to accept the offer.
Henry is able to speak four languages. Aside from speaking native English, he is fluent in Mandarin and Korean and can speak conversational Cantonese.
Career
2007–2012: Career beginnings and Super Junior-M
Henry appeared as a violinist in South Korean group Super Junior's music video for "Don't Don" in September 2007. The song features a violin part, which is performed by Henry. In October 2007, SM Entertainment announced that he would debut as a member of a Super Junior China sub-group, Super Junior-M, the following year. The announcement caused controversy among Super Junior fans due to rumours that SM wanted to add Henry as the fourteenth member of Super Junior, which led fans to form an "Only 13" campaign. Henry described the situation as "if Backstreet Boys wanted a new Boy," and the backlash led to him "being on the sidelines for years." Super Junior-M debuted by releasing a promotional single "U", a Mandarin remake of Super Junior's 2006 best-selling Korean single on April 8, 2008. They also debuted in China on the same day at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards. Their debut album, Me was released on April 23, 2008. Together with the Super Junior-M members, Henry made a cameo appearance in the CCTV2 drama Stage of Youth in 2009.
A year and a half after debut, Super Junior-M made their sophomore release with the mini-album, Super Girl, on September 23, 2009. The mini-album won many awards and even earned the group a nomination for 'Best Vocal Group' at the 21st Golden Melody Awards, the Chinese equivalent of the Grammy Awards. He featured on the track "Love Me" () from label-mate Zhang Liyin's first single album, Moving On, which was released on October 29, 2009. He performed on Super Junior's second Asian tour, Super Show 2, as part of Super Junior-M, and also performed a self-composed English solo song, "Sick of Love", which remains unreleased.
In 2010, he took a brief hiatus to study music composition at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, where he learned to sing and produce music. At Berklee, he became friends with fellow student Gen Neo, and convinced him to go to Korea to work with him.
He composed a song with Super Junior's leader Leeteuk called "All My Heart" (; Revised Romanization: Jinsim) for Super Junior's fourth repackaged album, Bonamana, released on June 28, 2010. He was featured on Jonghyun and Jinho's duet titled "Don't Lie" from SM the Ballad's first album Miss You, released on November 29, 2010. Henry joined Super Junior on the Super Show 3 Tour.
Henry's solo song "Off My Mind" () was included in Super Junior-M's second EP Perfection which was released on February 25, 2011. The lyrics to the song were written with Geo Neo while studying at Berklee. He worked with Leeteuk again on a song called "Andante" (; Revised Romanization: Andante) for Super Junior's fifth repackaged album, A-CHa, released on September 19, 2011. He toured with Super Junior as a member of Super Junior-M for their fourth tour, Super Show 4. Together with fellow Super Junior-M member Zhou Mi, he performed "Santa U Are the One" on SM Town's eighth winter album, 2011 SMTown Winter – The Warmest Gift, released on December 13, 2011.
In March 2012, he featured on BoA's single "One Dream" alongside Key which served as the opening song for SBS's audition program K-pop Star. The single was included in BoA's seventh Korean studio album, Only One, released on July 22, 2012. He became a member of the project group Younique Unit with Eunhyuk, Taemin, Kai, Luhan, and Hyoyeon, for a collaboration between SM Entertainment and Hyundai. Their single "Maxstep" was released on October 31, 2012. The same year, Henry was cast as the lead in his film debut, Final Recipe, alongside Malaysian actress Michelle Yeoh. The film tells the story of young aspiring chef Mark, played by Henry, who participates in an international cooking contest to save his grandfather's restaurant from going out of business. In preparation for the role, Henry studied under chef and practised cooking 3–4 hours a day for several months.
2013–2014: Debut as a soloist and variety shows
Super Junior-M's second studio album, Break Down, was released on January 7, 2013, along with the title track. The album includes two songs, "Go" and "It's You", that were produced by Henry's production team, NoizeBank. NoizeBank is a music production team comprising Henry and his Berklee classmates Gen Neo, Neil Nallas, and Isaac Han. On February 6, he was confirmed to be a contestant in MasterChef Korea Celebrity, the celebrity version of MasterChef Korea.
On May 30, 2013, it was announced that Henry would make his solo debut. He was SM Entertainment's first male solo artist in 13 years since Kangta. His first solo extended play, Trap was released on June 7, 2013. The title track featured Super Junior's Kyuhyun and Shinee's Taemin. The Chinese version of the Trap EP was released on August 14. Follow-up promotions for the second single, "1-4-3 (I Love You)", which featured label-mate Amber of f(x), commenced on August 23.
In February 2014, Henry joined the cast of the Korean military-variety show Real Man with fellow celebrities Chun Jung-myung, Park Gun-hyung, K.Will. He quickly became the break-out star and variety favourite because of his natural optimism and eagerness to learn Korean culture, despite being Canadian-born and completely unfamiliar with the Korean military. In addition, his appearance in Star King along with his appearance in Real Man propelled his rising popularity. This led to more variety show and CF work, such as being chosen as the first guest in JTBC's Crime Scene, and solo endorsements with KFC Korea and Sprite Korea.
After almost seven months of production, his second EP, Fantastic was released on July 14, 2014. Henry made his Japanese debut with the single album Fantastic on October 8, which included Japanese versions of the songs "Fantastic" and "Trap". In December, he appeared in tvN's classical music variety show Always Cantare.
2015–2017: Television work and single releases
In January 2015, Henry made his Korean acting debut in Mnet's music drama . He released two songs, "The Way#Lies" and "Love +" for the drama's original soundtrack, the latter being a duet with co-star Yoo Sung-eun. Henry teased his upcoming album in February 2015 but the project was delayed for an unknown reason. In March 2015, it was confirmed that Henry had joined We Got Married and was partnered with Yewon. In June, he appeared in the second season of Always Cantare. In November, he played a supporting role in the drama Oh My Venus acting alongside So Ji-sub and Sung Hoon.
Throughout 2016, Henry became more active in China appearing in a slew of reality shows including Sisters Over Flowers 2 and , the latter of which he hosted with He Jiong. Henry co-composed the lead single of Se7en's I Am Seven, titled "Give It To Me", which was released on October 13, 2016. Next, he collaborated with Sistar's Soyou on the song "Runnin'" which was released on October 14 through SM Station. On October 26, 2016, Henry and Mark released "I Want To Enter Your Heart" for the OST of Sweet Stranger and Me; the track was written and composed by Henry.
Henry appeared on the Chinese reality show Back to Field, which aired in January 2017, as one of the three fixed cast members alongside He Jiong and Huang Lei. The same month, he guested on the popular South-Korean reality show I Live Alone which shows the single lifestyles of celebrities. His appearance led to an increase in the show's ratings and he attracted attention for using live loops to reinterpret "Uptown Funk". Subsequently, Henry became a fixed cast member. During his appearance on the show, he composed a brief passage of a song which was then informally titled as "What should I do?". The song continued to garner attention through his appearance on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook for its beautiful melody and its eccentric "revolutionary" lyrics. The finished track, titled "Girlfriend" (; Revised Romanization: Geuriwoyo) was officially released on March 18, 2017, and peaked at number one on multiple South Korean daily digital charts and number three on the Gaon Download Chart. The track is a soulful R&B piece that incorporates the sound of strings and piano. The lyrics expresses the heartfelt sadness and longing for a past lover, which correlates with the Korean title of the song "그리워요" (lit. Missing you).
On April 29, 2017, he released the single "Real Love" (; Revised Romanization: Sarang jom hago sipeo) and its acoustic version on May 10. On June 23, he released the single "I'm Good" featuring rapper Nafla. In July 2017, Henry joined the Naver TV variety show Snowball Project, a collaboration between artists from SM Entertainment and Mystic Entertainment. He co-produced the song "Lemonade Love" with Yoon Jong Shin, which was released by Mark and Parc Jae Jung. He also rearranged Yoon Jong Shin's 1996 song, "Rebirth", for Red Velvet and released the collaboration single "U&I" with Sunny on the show. On August 30, he released "That One". In October, he released "It's You", which he co-composed for the original soundtrack of the drama While You Were Sleeping (2017). The song became the most streamed Korean OST on Spotify for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019. In December, he appeared on the fourth season of the Chinese reality show Perhaps Love.
2018–present: Independent label, acting roles, and Journey
In January 2018, it was announced that Henry will arrange and perform a new version of the 1986 song "Daughter's Love" () for the soundtrack of the film The Monkey King 3. In February, he released the soulful R&B single "Monster" in three languages - English, Chinese, Korean. On April 30, 2018, it was announced that Henry had completed his contract with SM Entertainment and had decided to leave the agency. He then set up his own studio in China. Henry joined second season of the busking variety show Begin Again, which aired in May 2018. He returned for the second season of Chinese variety show Back to Field, which aired from April to June 2018.
The same year, he was cast in the lead role in the Chinese film adaptation of the popular video game, Zhengtu. The film, under its English title Double World, was released globally on Netflix in July 2020. In August 2018, Henry was cast as Trent in A Dog's Journey, which was released in May 2019 and marks his American film debut. He was suggested to the filmmakers by Alibaba Pictures, which co-produced the film. On October 27, Henry held his first fan-meeting at Sangmyung Art Center in Seoul. In November 2018, Henry announced that he had joined Monster Entertainment Group, an agency based in South Korea that he founded with his brother, Clinton, to help build his brand globally. Later that month, he briefly signed with AXIS, a music label founded by former YG creative director SINXITY. In December, Henry became a judge on the Chinese reality show for bel canto and classical singers Super-Vocal; the show earned high ratings. On December 26, 2018, South-Korean band g.o.d announced they would be releasing a special 20th anniversary album titled Then & Now, which will feature a remake of the group's 2001 song "Road," rearranged by MeloMance's Jung Dong-hwan and sung by Henry, IU, Urban Zakapa's Jo Hyun Ah, and Yang Da-il.
He returned as part of the cast of Begin Again for its third season, which was broadcast in July 2019. On May 9, 2019, he released "Untitled Love Song" (; Revised Romanization: Jemok eomneun Love Song), his first release under his new label Monster. He previously teased the song in April during an appearance in Idol Room. In August, he released the R&B ballad "I LUV U" which he performed live for the first time in Amalfi, Italy during the filming of Begin Again. He released the single "Don't Forget" (; Revised Romanization: Hangangui bam) in October which was co-written by and features indie duo Rocoberry. He released the Chinese version of his single "I LUV U" titled "But, I Love You" () in December. He also appeared as a judge on the Chinese reality shows and Miss Voice in the last quarter of the year.
In February 2020, Henry released the single "Thinking of You" and its accompanying music video in collaboration with Atelier Cologne. The same month, he featured alongside AlunaGeorge on the electropop track "Nice Things" produced by Far East Movement. In May, he was announced to participate in the fourth season of Begin Again (the first season to be held in Korea due to the pandemic), which aired from June to September. In August, he was selected by Forbes Korea as a '2020 Korea Power YouTuber' for spreading "positive influence" through his YouTube series 'Henry Together' where he collaborates with young musical prodigies. On September 17, 2020, Henry featured in "Take Over", the official song of the 2020 League of Legends World Championship, alongside Jeremy McKinnon and MAX. In October, he was confirmed to play the male lead in the second season of the American series Dramaworld, which was released on Lifetime in April 2021.
On November 18, 2020, Henry released his third EP, Journey, alongside its lead single "Radio". The album peaked at number one on the Gaon Album Chart. SeoulBeats described the album as "captivating" in their review and noted that it "[gives] nods to his complicated musical past", being a multi-instrumentalist and idol turned singer-songwriter. The writer notes Henry's "penchant for interesting instrument choices, loop , and electronic mixing" that makes Journey "[stand] out from most other solo releases as of late".
Henry was awarded the '2020 Art Patron of the Year' in December by the Arts Council Korea in recognition of his furtherance of arts through his original YouTube series 'Henry Together' and his role as the ambassador of Orchestra of Dream.
In August 2021, he joined the fourth season of Street Dance of China as one of the four team captains alongside Wang Yibo, Lay Zhang, and Han Geng. The same month, he released the collaboration song "Home" with Roy Wang, a track he co-composed for Wang's album Summer Time.
Musicianship
Henry is a multi-instrumentalist and plays the violin, piano, drums, and guitar. He is known for his performance style which often involves the use of multiple instruments and loop pedals during live performances. He has been nicknamed "one-man band" by Chinese netizens after a viral performance at the Zhejiang TV Autumn Festival in 2019, during which he performed using live looping and played drum pads, a glass bottle, kick drum, marimba, piano, and electric violin while singing.
Other ventures
In May 2018, Henry opened Xiao Zhan, a Taiwanese cuisine restaurant in Sinsa-dong, Gangnam. He has since opened a second branch in Secho-dong. In October 2021, Henry's artwork was featured at the START Art Fair held at London's Saatchi Gallery as part of a special exhibit recognising K-pop's global influence.
Ambassadorships
Since 2019, he has been a Goodwill Ambassador for the nonprofit organizations International Vaccine Institute and Save the Children charity. In May 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism named Henry as the promotional ambassador for El Sistema Korea, also known as Orchestra of Dream, which supports the musical education of children and young people including those who are underprivileged. Henry performed with members of the orchestra at their 10th Anniversary Concert in November 2020. In June 2021, Henry was appointed ambassador for Seoul Metropolitan Government's 2021 Instrument Donation and Sharing Campaign which aims to distribute used musical instruments to institutions and individuals in need.
Discography
Extended plays
Trap (2013)
Fantastic (2014)
Journey (2020)
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Ambassadorship
PR ambassador in preventing school violence (2022)
References
External links
Henry Lau at Monster Entertainment Group
1989 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
Berklee College of Music alumni
Canadian contemporary R&B singers
Canadian expatriates in China
Canadian expatriates in South Korea
Canadian male dancers
Canadian male drummers
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male pianists
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
Canadian multi-instrumentalists
Canadian musicians of Chinese descent
Canadian musicians of Hong Kong descent
Canadian musicians of Taiwanese descent
Canadian pop singers
Canadian record producers
Korean-language singers of Canada
K-pop singers
Mandopop singers
Musicians from Toronto
People from Willowdale, Toronto
Super Junior-M members |
23573989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%C3%AD%20Slivno | Horní Slivno | Horní Slivno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrdlo%C5%99ezy%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Hrdlořezy (Mladá Boleslav District) | Hrdlořezy is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Geography
Hrdlořezy is located about northwest of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies in the Jizera Table. The municipality is situated on the right bank of the Jizera River.
History
The first written mention of Hrdlořezy is from 1406. It was a typical agricultural village.
Sights
The landmark of Hrdlořezy is the Chapel of Saint John of Nepomuk in the centre of the village.
Gallery
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hru%C5%A1ov%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Hrušov (Mladá Boleslav District) | Hrušov is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6902510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20Lookout | Point Lookout | Point Lookout may refer to:
Places
Point Lookout (Colorado), a mountain in Mesa Verde National Park
Point Lookout (New South Wales), a mountain in New South Wales
Point Lookout, Maryland
Point Lookout State Park, Maryland, site of an American Civil War prisoner of war camp
Point Lookout, Missouri
Point Lookout, New York
Point Lookout, Virginia
Point Lookout, Pleasants County, West Virginia
Point Lookout, Queensland, the headland and village in Australia
Point Lookout Archaeological Site, Gloucester County, Virginia
Point Lookout Cemetery in the Louisiana State Penitentiary (also known as "Angola")
Point Lookout Sandstone
Lighthouses
Point Lookout Light, Australia
Point Lookout Light, Maryland, US
See also
Point Lookout, Australia (disambiguation)
Point (disambiguation)
Lookout (disambiguation) |
6902511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Three%20Gates | The Three Gates | The Three Gates (Les trois portes : The Time Runaways #01) is a novel by Philippe Ebly published in France in 1977.
Looking for a shelter in a stormy night, two young trekkers, Thierry and Didier stop by a cosy inn which was supposed to be unfriendly. Thierry lies unashamedly to the owner, pretending that they have booked a room. The con works, much to the surprise of Didier.
The morning after, back on the road, the two boys realized that they are no more on the map, and that the milestones have vanished. There are no more traces of civilization, but that's only at the twilight that they meet Xhenn, a very small guy.
Xhenn told them that they have arrived in the land of Ganeom. They will never come back to their home, unless somebody escorts them to one of the three gates that can bring them back to the land of the men.
1977 French novels
French science fiction novels
Belgian science fiction novels |
20469204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigor%20Brown | Vigor Brown | John Vigor Brown (18 June 1854 – 2 September 1942), known as Vigor Brown, was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for Napier, in the North Island. He was Mayor of Napier for a total of 18 years. He was a well-known figure in his adopted city, a successful businessman, and involved in many clubs and organisations.
Early life
Brown was born in London in 1854. For his parents, Jessie Gilmour and John Brown, it was their third boy and last child. Both parents had Scottish ancestry. His father worked for a bank, and was later a commercial traveller. The family briefly lived in France before emigrating to Victoria, Australia. John Vigor Brown, his brothers and their mother arrived in Melbourne on 22 January 1862 on the Water Nymph. It is assumed that his father was already there. They made their home in South Yarra. He was educated at Melbourne Church of England Grammar School. James Drysdale Brown was an elder brother.
Professional career
Brown learned the trade of a wholesale merchant (clothing) at the firm Sargood, King and Sargood in Melbourne. He came to Wellington in 1875. For two years, he worked for the Wellington firm of A. P. Stewart and Company as a travelling sales person. His next employment brought him to Napier, where he remained for the rest of his life. He became branch manager for Archibald Clark and Sons, an importing company. He resigned from that position in May 1898 and took on the management of Neal and Close, where he was managing director at a later point. He formed his own company, J. Vigor Brown and Co. He was further managing director of White Swan Brewery, and Hawke's Bay Soap and Tannery. He was a director of the Napier Gas Company. He was the local agent for the United and Phoenix Fire Insurance Companies.
Local body politics
He was voted onto both the Napier Harbour Board and the Napier Borough Council in 1898. He was chairman of the Harbour Board from February 1904 until April 1911. He was a member of the Chamber of Commerce.
He was elected Mayor of Napier in April 1907. He was mayor for three periods: 1907–1917, 1919–1921 and 1927–1933. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake fell into Brown's last period, and temporary governance arrangement included a Napier Citizens' Control Committee, followed by a two-man Government Commission. J. S. Barton and L. B. Campbell were farewelled by the mayor in May 1933, when their term ended and the municipal affairs once again rested with the borough council. The resulting mayoral election was contested by the incumbent and C O Morse, the chairman of the Earthquake Relief Committee. The election caused great interest, and Morse and Brown received 4110 and 1808 votes, respectively. At the time, mayoral elections were held every two years, but the 1931 election had been skipped due to the earthquake. While mayor Brown was involved in the new Hawke's Bay Rugby League and helped them secure access to McLean Park in 1911.
Member of Parliament
The Napier electorate had been held since the 1899 election by Alfred Fraser. Fraser stood again in the 1908 election, but although he was with the Liberal Party, Brown also contested the electorate as a Liberal. Brown won the contest with a majority of 1035 votes (3803 votes to 2768).
In the 1911 election, Brown was challenged by Henry Hill. Both men were supporters of the current Liberal government. Brown and Hill received 3858 and 2825 votes, respectively.
Brown successfully contested the for the Liberal Party, but the party's leader, Joseph Ward, failed to win re-election in the electorate. When Thomas Wilford became leader later in 1920, Brown objected and transferred his allegiance to the Reform Party.
Brown served in the New Zealand House of Representatives for fourteen years from 1908 to 1922. He contested the as the official candidate for the Reform Party and of the four candidates, he came last. The reasons for this were due to a split in the Reform vote. Prime Minister William Massey had given Brown the official party endorsement, despite the local Reform committee having already chosen John Mason as their candidate. Neither was victorious and the seat was won by Labour's Lew McIlvride.
In , Brown failed to receive Reform nomination with new party organizer Albert Davy ensuring it went to Mason. He later stood unsuccessfully as an independent in .
Family
Brown married Caroline Balaclava Cook, daughter of the late John Cook of Auckland, on 27 November 1880 at St John's Church in Napier. They had four daughters and two sons before Caroline died from peritonitis on 6 September 1891 at the young age of 36. He remarried on 19 September 1894 to Violet McConechie Bogle. There were no further children from this second marriage.
In 1910, Brown had a 31' launch built for the family, named Water Nymph after the ship used for his emigration to Victoria during his childhood.
His second wife predeceased him on 23 February 1924. Brown died on 2 September 1942 in Napier, where he had lived since 1877. After his death, his family took on the surname Vigor-Brown.
Notes
References
1854 births
1942 deaths
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Mayors of Napier, New Zealand
New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
New Zealand rugby league administrators
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1931 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1922 New Zealand general election
University of Canterbury alumni
Napier City Councillors
Reform Party (New Zealand) MPs
English emigrants to New Zealand |
23573995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hus%C3%AD%20Lhota | Husí Lhota | Husí Lhota is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charvatce | Charvatce | Charvatce is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Notable people
Vladimir Pavlecka (1901–1908), Czech-American aircraft designer
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocn%C4%9Bjovice | Chocnějovice | Chocnějovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of about 400.
Administrative parts
Villages and hamlets of Buda, Buřínsko 1.díl, Buřínsko 2.díl, Drahotice, Ouč, Rostkov and Sovenice are administrative parts of Chocnějovice.
Notable people
Miloslav Rechcigl Sr. (1904–1973), politician
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
17333731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selineae | Selineae | Selineae is the Angelica or Arracacia clade or tribe of the family Apiaceae. It includes the following genera:
References
Asterid tribes
Apioideae |
44499899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuge%20Sugar%20Industries%20Limited | Mayuge Sugar Industries Limited | Mayuge Sugar Industries Limited (MSIL) is a sugar manufacturer in Uganda, the third-largest economy in the East African Community.
Location
Mayuge Sugar Industries Limited is located on the Musita–Mayuge–Lumino–Majanji–Busia Road, in Mayuge District in the Eastern Region of Uganda, about northwest of the town of Mayuge, the location of the district headquarters. This is about south of Iganga, the nearest large town. The main factory of the company is located approximately , by road, east of Jinja, the largest city in the largest city in the sub-region. The coordinates of the company headquarters and factory are 0°30'21.0"N, 33°24'55.0"E (Latitude:0.505824; Longitude:33.415278).
Overview
The company is a medium-sized sugar manufacturer, established in 2005, with production capacity of 60,000 metric tonnes annually. The sugar factory also owns and operates Mayuge Thermal Power Station, a 1.6 megawatt co-generation electric facility, with expandable capacity to 22 MW. MSIL is one of the newer sugar producers in the country that contributed to the projected national output of 450,000 metric tonnes expected in 2004.
Ownership
MSIL is a wholly owned subsidiary of Maheswaris & Patels Group of Companies (M&P Group), an industrial conglomerate, whose interests include sugar manufacturing, electricity generation, steel manufacturing, metal fabrication and construction.
Memberships
Mayuge Sugar Industries Limited is not a member of Uganda Sugar Manufacturers Association (USMA), an industry group of leading sugar manufacturers in the county. The company is a member of Uganda Manufacturers Association (UMA), an industry group.
See also
Economy of Uganda
List of sugar manufacturers in Uganda
References
External links
Official website
Companies established in 2005
Mayuge District
Eastern Region, Uganda
Sugar companies of Uganda
Agriculture in Uganda
Agriculture companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in Uganda |
44499918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20record%20progression%20track%20cycling%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20flying%20500%20m%20time%20trial | World record progression track cycling – Men's flying 500 m time trial | This is an overview of the progression of the world track cycling record of the men's 500 m flying start as recognised by the Union Cycliste Internationale.
Progression
Professionals (1955–1992)
Amateurs (1954–1990)
Open (from 1988)
References
Track cycling world record progressions |
6902515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigtrygg%20Runestones | Sigtrygg Runestones | The two Sigtrygg Runestones, designated as DR 2 and DR 4 in the Rundata catalog, are two of the Hedeby stones that were found in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, which during the Viking Age was part of Denmark. The runestones were raised after the Danish king Sigtrygg Gnupasson by his mother Ásfriðr. Together with the account of Adam of Bremen, the two inscriptions constitute evidence for the House of Olaf on the Danish throne.
The stones are dated as being carved after 934 C.E. as the historian Widukind of Corvey recorded that King Gnupa, who is mentioned in both inscriptions, was forced to pay a tribute to the German king in that year.
DR 2
DR 2 was found at Haddeby in Schleswig-Holstein in 1797. At one time, scholars considered the word and rune selection on this runestone, when compared with the inscription on DR 4, along with other inscriptions as evidence of Swedish influence in Denmark during the 10th century. For example, although both DR 2 and DR 4 use the Younger Futhark, DR 2 uses "short twig" style runes for the n- and a-runes. However, in recent years this has been downplayed after it was shown that part of the evidence was actually due to a misdating of another runestone and the possible misspellings of some words in the inscriptions.
Inscription
Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
A osfriþr : karþi : kum bl ' þaun oft : siktriku :
B sun (:) (s)in : oui : knubu
Transcription into Old Norse
A Asfriþr gærþi kumbl þøn æft Sigtryg,
B sun sin ok Gnupu.
Translation in English
A Ásfriðr made the memorial after Sigtrygg
B her son together with Gnupa
DR 4
DR 4 was discovered in 1887 on the ramparts of Gottorf Castle. Prior to the recognition of the historical significance of runestones, they were often used as construction materials for roads, walls, and buildings.
Inscription
Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
A osfriþr ÷ karþi kubl ÷ þausi ÷ tutiʀ ÷ uþinkaurs ÷ oft ÷ siktriuk ÷ kunuk ÷
B ÷ sun ÷ sin ÷ ÷ auk ÷ knubu ÷
C kurmʀ (÷) raist (÷) run(a)(ʀ) (÷)
Transcription into Old Norse
A Asfriþr gærþi kumbl þøsi, dottiR Oþinkors, æft Sigtryg kunung,
B sun sin ok Gnupu.
C Gormʀ rest runaʀ.
Translation in English
A Ásfriðr made the memorial, the daughter of Odinkar, after King Sigtrygg,
B her son together with Gnupa.
C Gorm made the runes.
See also
List of runestones
Sædinge Runestone
Stone of Eric
References
External links
Photograph of DR 2
10th-century inscriptions
1797 archaeological discoveries
1887 archaeological discoveries
Runestones in memory of Viking warriors
Runestones in Germany |
17333739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosynopolis | Mosynopolis | Mosynopolis (), of which only ruins now remain in Greek Thrace, was a city in the Roman province of Rhodope, which was known until the 9th century as Maximianopolis (Μαξιμιανούπολις) or, to distinguish it from other cities of the same name, as Maximianopolis in Rhodope.
History
The city of Maximianopolis appears in written sources from the 4th century on. Its fortifications were renewed by Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and it was later a base for operations by Emperor Basil II in his wars against the Bulgarians.
In the 11th century, the city was the center of a district (bandon) in the theme of Boleron, and Anna Komnene reports in her Alexiad that there were many Manichaeans living in Mosynopolis in the late 11th/early 12th centuries. The town was captured in 1185 by the Normans, while the monk Ephrem says that the city was captured in 1190 by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Battle of Messinopolis, in which the Bulgarians defeated Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat, took place nearby in 1207, and was speedily followed by the destruction of Mosynopolis by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria.
The fate of the town thereafter is somewhat obscure: it re-appears in 1317 as part of the theme of "Boleron and Mosynopolis", and its bishopric was still active, but the historian Catherine Asdracha, in her 1972 survey of the Rhodope area in the late Middle Ages, suggests that it never recovered from Kaloyan's sack and remained in ruins, proposing that it is to be identified with the town of Mesene, which the emperor and historian John VI Kantakouzenos reported as "destroyed many years ago".
The town at some point had other names including Porsula or Porsulae, Corsulae, Impara and Pyrsoalis,
Ecclesiastical history
Bishops of Maximianopolis in Rhodope were present at the 5th and 6th-century ecumenical councils of Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), and Constantinople II (553) and in another council of 459.
From the 7th to the 9th centuries, the see is referred to as archiepiscopal, giving it autocephalous status.
In all these instances, the see appears under the name Maximianopolis, but in 879 it is under the name Mosynopolis that it is represented by a bishop called Paul at the Fourth Council of Constantinople. From the following century to the 12th, it appears with reduced status as a suffragan of Trajanopolis in Rhodope.
In the 13th century it became a Latin bishopric.
The see is mentioned under the name Mosynopolis also in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of Leo the Wise, about 900; in that for 940; in that for 1170 under the name of Misinoupolis.
After the destruction of the city, the Patriarchate of Constantinople in August 1347 authorized the Metropolitan of Trajanopolis to exercise jurisdiction in what had been the see of Maximianopolis or Mosynopolis.
Titular see
The bishopric is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees both as an archiepiscopal see under the name Maximianopolis in Rhodope and as a suffragan diocese of Mosynopolis subject to Trajanopolis in Rhodope.
The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as the Latin Catholic titular archbishopric Massimianopolis in Rhodope.
It is vacant, having had a single incumbent of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank :
Adam Hefter (5 December 1939 – 9 January 1970), previously Bishop of Gurk (Austria) (26 December 1914 – 4 May 1939) and Titular Bishop of Marciana (4 May 1939 – 5 December 1939)
Photographs
See also
Maximianopolis (disambiguation)
References
Source and External links
GigaCatholic, with titular incumbent biography link
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Rhodope (regional unit)
Geography of medieval Thrace
Maximianopolis in Rhodope
Byzantine sites in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace |
20469207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20Hut | Bow Hut | The Bow Hut is an alpine hut located at an elevation of on the eastern edge of the Wapta Icefield in Banff National Park. It is the largest, best equipped, and most accessible of the four alpine huts on the Wapta Icefield, and serves as the base for a wide variety of ski tours and mountaineering ascents to half a dozen peaks on the Wapta. It is the easiest and safest starting point for the Wapta traverse; and Balfour Hut, the next hut on the traverse, can easily be reached from it in a day. It can also serve as an intermediate stop in a longer traverse which starts at the less easily accessible Peyto Hut. The hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.
The hut sleeps 30 and is equipped with propane powered lamps and stovetop, and a wood stove for heating. There are two indoor drum toilets.
History
The original Bow Hut was built in 1968 by a group led by Peter Fuhrmann, who later became president of the Alpine Club of Canada from 1984 to 1988, and was funded by Peter and Catharine Whyte. The construction was done mostly by members of the Alpine Club and the Calgary Ski Club. The location of the hut, near Bow Glacier, was chosen to assist ski tourers and mountaineers entering the Wapta Icefield via Bow Lake. The old hut saw severe overuse, with up to 7,000 people a year using a building that only slept 14 people at a time. By the 1980s it was in a state of serious disrepair and surrounded by contamination from the outhouses, causing many people to refer to it as Bow Ghetto. In 1989 a new hut was built under the direction of Mike Mortimer, Chairman of the Huts Committee of the Alpine Club of Canada and later President from 1994 to 2001. Money for the facility was primarily provided by the Calgary and Edmonton Sections of the Alpine Club. The new facility is much larger than the previous one, with much better cooking, and waste disposal facilities; and with sleeping areas separated from the rest of the hut to accommodate a number of different groups at a time.
Location
Bow Hut is located near the headwaters of the Bow River, about northwest of Lake Louise, Alberta along the Icefields Parkway in Banff National Park. The hut is situated above Bow Lake on the east edge of the Wapta Icefield, at an altitude of . It is about 1 kilometre northeast of Saint Nicholas Peak.
Access
Reaching the hut requires approximately 3 to 6 hours of hiking or skiing from the Icefields Parkway. The hut can also be reached by approximately 3 to 5 hours of glacier travel from the Balfour Hut, or 4 to 6 hours of glacier travel from the Peyto Hut.
Summer
The summer trail to Bow Hut leaves from the main parking lot on the highway at Bow Lake. It goes past Num-Ti-Jah Lodge and follows the north shore of the lake around to the main creek that feeds the lake. The trail ascends to the right of the canyon just upstream from the lake. At a junction it goes to the left, and crosses the creek, passing over a boulder lodged in the top of the canyon. The trail stays on the east side of the creek for a few kilometres until it opens out into moraine terrain near the treeline. A number of trails marked by cairns lead to the massive headwall below the hut, where hikers must cross the creek and can follow any of a number of trails up the steep slope to the hut. The trip requires 3 to 6 hours.
Winter
The winter route is a little different from the summer trail, and involves exposure to complex avalanche terrain. Skiers can cross the frozen lake, if the ice is thick enough, and at the far side can stay to the left of the creek, following a good trail that skirts the canyon. After about the route drops down onto the creek bed and follows it through a gorge. After the gorge becomes too difficult to negotiate, skiers must ascend the bank to the left at one of the easier points, and then angle up through the trees, parallel to the canyon. When the route reaches an open basin, it is possible to see the hut high up on the headwall to the right. From that point, skiers should aim for the right-hand corner of the headwall, staying left initially to avoid the worst of the moraine. Toward the end of the valley, a number of possible routes lead up through the headwall to the hut, which is a few hundred metres from the top of the headwall. The trip normally takes 3 to 5 hours.
Nearby
Wapta Icefield
Saint Nicholas Peak
Bow Glacier
Bow Lake
Bow River
R.J. Ritchie Hut, (Balfour Hut)
Peter and Catharine Whyte Hut, (Peyto Hut)
References
Mountain huts in Canada
1968 establishments in Alberta
Buildings and structures completed in 1968
Buildings and structures in Banff National Park |
20469221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20Severity%20Index | Emergency Severity Index | The Emergency Severity Index (ESI) is a five-level emergency department triage algorithm, initially developed in 1999. It was previously maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), but is currently maintained by the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA).
Algorithm
ESI triage is based on the acuity of patients' health care problems and the number of resources their care is anticipated to require. This differs from standardized triage algorithms used in several other countries, such as the Australasian Triage Scale, which attempt to divide patients based on the time they may safely wait.
The concept of a "resource" in ESI means types of complex interventions or diagnostic tools, above and beyond physical examination. Examples of resources include X-ray, blood tests, sutures, and intravenous or intramuscular medications. Oral medications and prescriptions are specifically not considered resources by the ESI algorithm.
The ESI levels are numbered one through five, with level one indicating the greatest urgency. However, levels 3, 4, and 5 have are determined not by urgency, but by the number of resources expected to be used as determined by an experienced nurse. The levels are as follows:
References
Diagnostic emergency medicine
Triage |
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