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20468101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothiyahi | Pothiyahi | Pothiyahi is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3927 people living in 627 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6901659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Min%20National%20Type%20Secondary%20School | San Min National Type Secondary School | Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan San Min (Chinese: 三民国民型中学，abbreviated as SMJK San Min or SMSM), which literally translates to San Min National Type Secondary School (or simply San Min Secondary School), is located in Teluk Intan in Perak, Malaysia. It was first established in 1929 and has since survived the many changes and hardships, including the Japanese Occupation, and attained many achievements. It was then classified as a National Type Secondary School after the enforcement of the Malaysian Education Act 1957. It was first located beside Jalan Woo Saik Hong in the town area. In 1998, after receiving a plot of land from a generous Indian donor, the school had then moved to its current location beside Jalan Merbok (formerly Jalan Brewster) off Jalan Sultan Abdullah.
The name
The Name of the school is believed to have originated from Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People (Chinese:三民主义). The Three Principles of the People can also be found in part of the school anthem, "兴民族兮，树民权兮，兴民生责任" (Literal translation: Live nationalism, build democracy, and live social responsibility).
History
Being the only National Type Secondary School in Hilir Perak, the school one of the hundred-odd secondary schools in Malaysia which enlist Chinese and Chinese Literature subject in their standard timetable. Prior to moving to the current location, the school compound was small and was in a deplorable condition. It was only able to provide secondary education up to PMR level. After moving to the current location, it started SPM classes and the school is now one of the biggest school in Teluk Intan with about 2,000 students.
External links
SMJK San Min School Portal
Schools in Perak
Teluk Intan |
17331162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-formed%20ripple | Wave-formed ripple | In sedimentology, wave-formed ripples or wave-formed ripple marks are a feature of sediments (sandstones, limestones, siltstones) and dunes. These ripple marks are often characterised (and thus distinguished from current ripples) by symmetric cross sections and long relatively straight crests, which may commonly bifurcate. Commonly, these crests can be truncated by subsequent flows. Their wavelength (periodicity) depends on the sediment grain size, water depth and water-particle orbits in the waves. On tidal flats the pattern of wave-formed ripples may be complicated, as a product of changing depth and wind and tidal runoff directions. Symmetrical ripples are commonly found in shallow waters. Beaches are a good place to find these ripples.
While wave-formed ripples are traditionally described as symmetrical, asymmetric wave ripples are common in shallow waters along sandy shores. They are produced by bottom oscillations generated by passing breaker waves, which have unequal intensity in opposite directions.
Wave-formed ripples indicate an environment with weak currents where water motion is dominated by wave oscillations.
Although symmetrical ripples are also called bi-directional ripples there is a difference between them. Bi-directional ripples are rarely symmetrical due to the difference in force of the two directions, where as the wave formed or oscillation ripples form from the circular water movement pattern of water molecules. These ripples form parallel to the shore line. They usually display rounded troughs and rounded crests.
Ripples
Ripples are relatively small, elongated ridges that form on bed surfaces perpendicular to current flow. With continuous current flow in one direction, asymmetrical ripples form. Asymmetrical ripples contain a steeper slope downstream. With an alternation in current flow from one direction to the opposite symmetrical ripples form. Symmetrical ripples tend to have the same slope on both sides of the crest.
Formation
Symmetrical ripples form as water molecules oscillate in small circles. A particle of water within a wave does not move with the wave but rather it moves in a small circle between the wave crest and wave trough. This movement of water molecules is the same for all water molecules effected by the wave. The water molecules continue to do this to a depth equal to 1/2 the wavelength. The water molecule traveling in a circular pattern interacts with the sediment on the floor and moves the sediment into symmetrical ripples. These ripples can be either straight crested or sinuous crested ripples.
See also
Sedimentary structures
Bedform
References
Sedimentology |
17331227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty%20of%20Teacher%20Education%2C%20University%20of%20Zagreb | Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Zagreb | The Faculty of Teacher Education at the University of Zagreb is a faculty which focusses on the education of teachers and preschool teachers. Apart from its central location in Zagreb, it has facilities in Petrinja and Čakovec.
The first teacher's school in Zagreb was the Higher Pedagogical School which offered a two-year program from 1919. In the Independent State of Croatia the program was extended to four years, but was shorted to three after the Second World War. It became the Pedagogical Academy in 1960, and upon Croatian independence the academy gradually evolved into the modern faculty.
According to Croatia's Parliamentary Commission for Verification of War and Post-War Crimes the faculty's grounds in Zagreb were the site of a mass grave of approximately 300 prisoners killed by the Yugoslav Partisans in 1945, after the end of the Second World War. After a public education campaign in 2008 by concerned groups, Croatian authorities launched an investigation into the site.
References
External links
Official website
Teachers colleges
Teacher Education |
17331235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Bonet | Roberto Bonet | Roberto Bonet Cáceres (born 17 noviembre 1980 in Asunción) is a Paraguayan football midfielder. He currently plays for Sol de América.
Career
Before signing for Racing Club, Bonet played for Paraguayan sides Sol de América, Libertad, Guaraní, Olimpia, Quilmes and Rangers . While playing in Paraguay he scored 6 goals in 133 games.
He is the brother of Paraguay national team regular Carlos Bonet. Bonet also plays as a right-side defender regularly.
External links
Roberto Bonet at BDFA.com.ar
Roberto Bonet – Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Asunción
Paraguayan footballers
Paraguayan expatriate footballers
Club Sol de América footballers
Club Libertad footballers
Club Guaraní players
Club Olimpia footballers
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Expatriate footballers in Chile
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
Rangers de Talca footballers
Association football wingers
Association football fullbacks |
44498470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doozers | The Doozers | The Doozers is a computer animated television series created by The Jim Henson Company. It is a spin-off of Fraggle Rock.
The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014.
On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018.
Premise
In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt).
Characters
Main
Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) – Spike is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands.
Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) – Molly Bolt Doozer is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt.
Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) – Flex lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands.
Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) – Daisy Wheel Doozer is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt.
Chief's family
Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) – The Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer.
Architect's family
Chief Architect Doozer – the wife of Baker and mother of Molly.
Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) – The father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek.
Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton)
Others
Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects.
Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) –
Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete.
Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair.
Voice cast
David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer and Doozer Doodad
Trek Buccino – Flex Doozer
Tyler Barish - Flex Doozer
Jaxon Mercey - Spike Doozer
Millie Davis – Daisy Wheel Doozer
Jacob Ewaniuk – Spike Doozer
Lisa Norton as Peg Bolt and Pinball Gimbal
Jenna Warren – Molly Bolt Doozer
The voice director is Merle Ann Ridley.
Production
The series was produced by The Jim Henson Company with DHX Media (now WildBrain). The series was presented for sale at television industry conference MIPTV in 2009. A March 2009 press announcement stated that test animation was being made, with the series to comprise 52 eleven-minute episodes (or 26 half-hour broadcast episodes). Production was originally planned for fall of 2009 with release estimated for fall 2010; however production was delayed as the Henson Company continued to seek out broadcasters.
Episodes
Season 1
"Project Radish-A-Pult" – A gust of wind knocks a large branch onto a bridge in Doozer Creek, blocking the path and halting construction of a new wind turbine.
"Pod Squad Boogey" – The Pod Squad is performing in the Starlight Concert, but when they hear other Doozers singing, the group decides they need to do something to stand out.
"Jetpack Away" – When Daisy Wheel's jetpack goes on the fritz, Flex volunteers to fix it. But he makes it so fast that it flies out of her reach and all over Doozer Creek.
"Follow Your Nose" – After a huge order at the bakery is cancelled, Molly's Dad, Baker Timberbolt, is left with 100 extra Smackleberry muffins. The Pod Squad run all over town trying to get rid of the muffins.
"Bubbles" – The Pod Squad invents the Cleanamajigger, the ultimate cleaning machine that's a combination vacuum/floor polisher/bubble sprayer and scrubber.
"Mega Magnet Mover" – Flex is making a clock for his Grandpa's birthday. But as he goes to put the finishing touches on his design, he realizes he's lost his Doodriver.
"Zip It" – Spike is interrupted in the middle of finishing his new zip line outside the Doozerium when the Pod Squad needs to go help out at the Peach Harvest.
"Green Thumbs" – Inspired by Professor Gimbal, the Doozers learn to build a garden that goes up, instead of out, and now there's plenty of room for all the plants.
"Be Leaf It" – The Fall Foliage Festival was a success, but now the Pod Squad needs to figure out what to do with all the spare leaves they've collected.
"Spookypalooza" – It's Spookypalooza! The Pod Squad makes the spookiest pumpkin ever by stacking three pumpkins together.
"An Itch You Can't Scratch" – Professor Gimbal is getting rid of some of his old inventions, but he's bummed that he has to throw them out. That's when the Pod Squad decides to re-purpose them in a whole new way.
"Doozer Derby" – Doozer Creek is hosting the Doozer Derby, a design-your-own Doozer Derby Cart race. The Pod Squad want to enter but they can't settle on one design.
"Dancing Doodad" – There's a big dance tonight in Doozer Creek and every Doozer will be there....every Doozer but Doozer Doodad, that is.
"A Doozer of a Dippleplant" – With the help of Flex's grandpa, the Pod Squad is on track to grow the largest dippleplant in Doozer history!
"Home Tweet Home" – Molly's house has a new tenant....a bird! Working together, the Pod Squad designs the ultimate home for their new friend, but soon realize that maybe a 'Doozer' house isn't what the bird had in mind.
"Doozers Amusers" – The Pod Squad is thrilled when Professor Gimbal introduces them to his new baby nephew, Pinball. There's just one problem – the baby won't laugh or even smile!
"Safe from Sound" – At home, Spike and Daisy Wheel are startled by a horrible screeching sound – and it's coming from inside the house! It's their mom, learning a new instrument called the Doozeedoo!
"A Sticky Situation" – The Pod Squad is busy working away at a new playground in Doozer Creek when Professor Gimbal slips on the bridge and gets stuck in a termite mound fort!
"Gift for Gimbal" – The Pod Squad want to get Professor Gimbal a gift, but what do you give the Doozer that has everything? Playing detective, they follow him around Doozer Creek, collecting clues about what he might like.
"Catch a Ride" – Everyone in the Pod Squad has their own vehicle except Molly. After trying out her friends' rides, the group decide to create a custom vehicle made especially for her.
"Little Feats" – Being the smallest, Daisy Wheel has to make two trips to carry as much as the bigger kids, but she doesn't mind because that mean more time to explore the world around her.
"Flex Art" – There's an art festival in Doozer Creek and every Doozer is busy creating their own masterpiece....everyone except Flex. He's more of an inventor than an artist, and he's totally stumped. With a little help from Doozer Deidra, the town artist, Flex learns that art can be anything and gets busy building his own unique piece de resistance.
"Butterfly Away" – The monarch butterflies are making their annual migration through Doozer Creek when Daisy Wheel notices a single butterfly still lingering in town. The Pod Squad decides to help get the butterfly back to the others without scaring it away.
"The Legend of Doozer Creek" – It's a big Pod Squad sleepover at Molly's house! The gang wants to hear a spooky story! Baker Timber Bolt obliges, reading a classic: The Legend of Doozer Creek. It's how Spookypalooza came to be celebrated in Doozer Creek!
"Mystery Box" – Professor Gimbal gives the Pod Squad a curious present-a Mystery Box with a surprise inside. Now they just have to figure out how to open this strange-looking box!
"Detective Doozers" – Professor Gimbal is tired and frustrated. He can't figure out how to finish his latest invention. To make matters worse, his old inventions are going missing. The Pod Squad volunteer to figure out what happened to the missing items and become ...The Detective Squad! They soon discover Professor Gimbal has been stealing....in his sleep!
"Up, Up and Away"
"Hiccup-a-Majig"
"Cake Walk" – Molly and her Mom and Dad made a huge cake for a contest but the cake carrier is too small. So it's up to The Pod Squad to build a cake carrier that will be easy to carry to the contest.
"The Eggcellent"
"Pod Ball"
"Enter the Ditzies"
"Doozermahoozit"
"Trouble Below"
"Daisy Wheel on Ice" – Daisy Wheel is tired of falling on the ice when she's trying to learn how to skate. So The Pod Squad build Daisy a Doo-Step Skating Dress that will keep her from falling down.
"The Gingerbread House" – The Pod Squad want to build a giant gingerbread house that they can all fit inside. But how can they build it if it keeps falling to pieces?
"Mapping Quest"
"Dune Buddies"
"Big Stars"
"Light Where It's Dark"
"The Pod Squad Pavilion"
"Doozers on Parade"
"Doozers Re-Users"
"It's a Breeze"
"Three's a Team"
"Sky High Doozers"
"A Windy Wonder"
"Short Order Doozers" – After Molly's dad is having a hard time by giving every single Doozer a sandwich, She and The Pod Squad try to figure out a faster way to give everybody their sandwich.
"The Blue Beaker"
"Picture Perfect"
"In a Fog"
"Starry Night"
Season 2
"Dirty Driving Doozers"
"Gift-spiration"
"Key Ingredients"
"Doozers Unplugged"
"Blue Beaker Sneaker"
"Dandelion Dilemma"
"Get Creative"
"Crash Test Doozers"
"Danger in Doozer Creek"
"The Rainbow Connection"
"Cocoon Season"
"If It Falls"
"Stage Plight"
"Oh BeeHive"
"Doosquatch"
"Level Up"
"Holed Up"
"In a Jam"
"Doocathlon"
"Sand Sliders"
References
External links
The Doozers at Muppet Wiki
Fraggle Rock
2014 American television series debuts
2014 Canadian television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
2018 Canadian television series endings
2010s American animated television series
2010s American workplace comedy television series
2010s Canadian animated television series
2010s Canadian workplace comedy television series
American animated television spin-offs
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
American computer-animated television series
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about families
Animated television series about siblings
Canadian animated television spin-offs
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian children's animated fantasy television series
Canadian computer-animated television series
English-language television shows
Fictional construction workers
Hulu children's programming
Hulu original programming
Television series by DHX Media
Television series by The Jim Henson Company
TVOntario original programming |
44498481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Grand%20Prix%20SAR%20La%20Princesse%20Lalla%20Meryem | 2015 Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem | The 2015 Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and part of the WTA International tournaments category of the 2015 WTA Tour. It took place at the Royal Tennis Club de Marrakech in Marrakesh, Morocco, between 26 April and 2 May 2015.
Points and prize money
Point distribution
Prize money
Singles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings as of April 20, 2015
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Rita Atik
Daria Kasatkina
Garbiñe Muguruza
The following players received entry as qualifiers:
María Irigoyen
Teliana Pereira
Laura Siegemund
Alison Van Uytvanck
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
Urszula Radwańska
Withdrawals
Before the tournament
Kiki Bertens → replaced by Lara Arruabarrena
Zarina Diyas → replaced by Tímea Babos
Alexandra Dulgheru → replaced by Donna Vekić
Kirsten Flipkens → replaced by Evgeniya Rodina
Johanna Larsson → replaced by Tatjana Maria
Francesca Schiavone (illness) → replaced by Urszula Radwańska
Peng Shuai → replaced by Marina Erakovic
Doubles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings as of April 20, 2015
Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
Rita Atik / Zaineb El Houari
Ghita Benhadi / Ilze Hattingh
Champions
Singles
Elina Svitolina def. Tímea Babos, 7–5, 7–6(7–3)
Doubles
Tímea Babos / Kristina Mladenovic def. Laura Siegemund / Maryna Zanevska, 6–1, 7–6(7–5)
References
External links
Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem
Morocco Open
2015 in Moroccan tennis |
23573483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADtov | Cítov | Cítov is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Daminěves is an administrative part of Cítov.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Delice | Čečelice | Čečelice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44498512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adria%20Arjona | Adria Arjona | Adria Arjona Torres (born April 25, 1992) is an actress based in the United States. She played Dorothy Gale in the Oz book adaptation Emerald City (2017), Anathema Device in the TV adaptation of Good Omens (2019), and Bix Caleen in Andor (2022). She has had supporting roles in the films Pacific Rim: Uprising (2018), Life of the Party (2018), Triple Frontier (2019), 6 Underground (2019) and Morbius (2022).
Early life
Arjona was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and lived in Mexico City until she was twelve. Her mother, Leslie Torres, is Puerto Rican, and her father, Ricardo Arjona, is a Guatemalan singer-songwriter. When she was a child, her father took her along on his tours, and she traveled often. At age 12, she moved to Miami and lived there until she was 18, when she moved to New York City on her own. There she worked as a waitress and hostess while studying acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.
Career
Arjona's early TV roles include Emily in season two of the anthology television series True Detective (2015) and Dani Silva in two episodes of the television series Person of Interest (in 2014 and 2015). She later starred in Emerald City as Dorothy Gale and played Anathema Device in the mini-series Good Omens.
She appeared as a minor character in the film Triple Frontier, released in March 2019, and later in a starring role in the movie 6 Underground, released in December 2019.
In 2021 she starred in Netflix's Sweet Girl alongside Jason Momoa.
In December 2018, she entered negotiations in the Sony spinoff Morbius to portray the film's female lead Martine Bancroft; her involvement was confirmed at the end of January.
In 2020, she starred in the advertising campaign for Giorgio Armani's fragrance My Way.
In April 2021, Arjona was confirmed as the lead with Andy Garcia in the Warner Bros. remake of Father of the Bride. The latest take is told through the relationships in a sprawling Cuban American family.
In August 2020, Variety confirmed that Arjona had been cast in the Star Wars series Andor on Disney+. She joined previously announced series lead Diego Luna, who reprises his role from the 2016 film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.
Upcoming projects
In October 2021, Arjona was set to star in and executive-produce the drama film Los Frikis, written and directed by Tyler Nilson and Michael Schwartz. She will also star in Pussy Island, the directorial debut of Zoë Kravitz.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Actresses from Mexico City
Actresses from Miami
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from San Juan, Puerto Rico
American people of Guatemalan descent
American people of Spanish descent
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Puerto Rican film actresses
Puerto Rican television actresses
21st-century American actresses |
23573489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%99e%C5%88 | Dobřeň | Dobřeň is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. The village with well preserved examples of folk architecture is protected by law as a village monument reservation.
Administrative parts
Villages and hamlets of Jestřebice, Klučno, Střezivojice and Vlkov are administrative parts of Dobřeň.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20468103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil%20%C4%8Capkovi%C4%8D | Kamil Čapkovič | Kamil Čapkovič (; born 2 June 1986) is a professional Slovak tennis player. He was born in Michalovce, Slovak Republic.
Career
Čapkovič has spent most of his time on the Futures and Challenger circuits, where he has won several Futures titles.
Singles Titles
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Slovak male tennis players
People from Michalovce |
23573490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20ECM%20Prague%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Singles | 2009 ECM Prague Open – Singles | The women's singles of the 2009 ECM Prague Open tournament was played on clay in Prague, Czech Republic.
Vera Zvonareva was the defending champion, but was sidelined due to an ankle injury.
Sybille Bammer won in the final 7-6(4), 6-2 against Francesca Schiavone.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
External links
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
ECM Prague Open - Singles
2009 - Singles |
20468105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda%20Gilad%20%28politician%29 | Yehuda Gilad (politician) | Rabbi Yehuda Gilad (, born 30 August 1955) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Meimad between 2002 and 2003.
Biography
Born in Brazil, Gilad's family immigrated to Israel when he was eight. He was certified as a rabbi, and headed a yeshiva. In the early 1990s he worked as an emissary for the Jewish Agency and Bnei Akiva in London, and was a programme director for Gesher, an organisation dedicated to bridging the gap between secular and religious youths.
For the 1999 elections he was placed 33rd on the One Israel list (an alliance of Labor, Meimad and Gesher), but missed out on a seat when the alliance won only 26 seats. In 2002 he became chairman of the Meimad secretariat, and on 5 June 2002, he entered the Knesset as a replacement for Maxim Levy. He lost his seat in the 2003 elections.
He is now a Rosh Yeshivah at Yeshivat Maale Gilboa and the rabbi of Kibbutz Lavi. He frequently writes articles on topical issues related to Israel and Judaism.
References
External links
1955 births
Israeli educators
Living people
Religious Zionist rosh yeshivas
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Meimad politicians
Israeli Orthodox rabbis
Israeli Jews
One Israel politicians
Brazilian emigrants to Israel
Brazilian Jews
Israeli people of Brazilian-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli politicians
Rabbinic members of the Knesset
Orthodox rabbis
Yeshivat Har Etzion
Israeli politicians
Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis |
20468113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratappur%20Paltuwa | Pratappur Paltuwa | Pratappur Paltuwa is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5153 people living in 525 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempur%20Gunahi | Prempur Gunahi | Prempur Gunahi is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5748.
References
Prempur Gonahi
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6901665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashed | Brainwashed | Brainwashed may refer to:
Brainwashing, to affect a person's mind by using extreme mental pressure or any other mind-affecting process
Music
Albums
Brainwashed (George Harrison album), 2002, or the title song
Brainwashed (While She Sleeps album), 2015, or the title song
Songs
"Brainwashed", a song by The Kinks from their 1969 concept album Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)
"Brainwash", a song by Rick Danko from his 1977 eponymous debut album, Rick Danko
"Brainwashed", a song by Iced Earth from their 1995 album Burnt Offerings
"Brainwash", a song by Simon Curtis from his 2010 debut album 8Bit Heart
"Brainwashed" (Devlin song), from the 2011 album Bud, Sweat and Beers
"Brainwashed" (Tom MacDonald song), a song by Tom MacDonald
Other
Brainwashed (film), originally titled Die Schachnovelle, a chess movie based on Stefan Zweig's novella The Royal Game
Brainwashed (website), a non-profit online music publication that specializes in the review of and news relating to eclectic music
Brainwashed is a 4th season story arc of Pinky and the Brain
Brainwash, a novel by British author John Wainwright, upon which the movies Garde à Vue and Under Suspicion are based |
6901687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivin%27%20%28Pearl%20Harbor%20and%20the%20Explosions%20song%29 | Drivin' (Pearl Harbor and the Explosions song) | "Drivin'" was a moderately successful hit single for San Francisco band Pearl Harbor and the Explosions. It first was released on 415 Records, November 21, 1979. Shortly after, it was re-recorded for the band's self-titled debut LP on Warner Bros, and that version was also released as a single.
After hearing the 415 single, the band Jane Aire and the Belvederes recorded a cover version of "Drivin'", which was released almost at the same time as Pearl Harbor's own WB version.
Track listing
7" (415 Version)
"Drivin'"
"Release It"
7" (Warner Bros. Version)
"Drivin'"
"The Big One"
References
1980 singles
1979 songs
Song recordings produced by David Kahne
Warner Records singles |
23573492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolany%20nad%20Vltavou | Dolany nad Vltavou | Dolany nad Vltavou (until 2016 Dolany) is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. The historic centre of Debrno within the municipality is well preserved and protected by law as a village monument zone.
Administrative parts
The village of Debrno is an administrative part of Dolany nad Vltavou.
Geography
Dolany nad Vltavou lies about southeast of Mělník and north of Prague.
The municipality is located on the left bank of the Vltava River in the place, where the rocky valley of the Vltava ends and begins a plain typical for the confluence of the rivers Vltava and Elbe. The highest point of the municipality has an elevation of .
References
Villages in Mělník District |
6901696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20McKelvey | Joe McKelvey | Joseph McKelvey (17 June 1898 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish Republican Army officer who was executed during the Irish Civil War. He participated in the anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected to the IRA Army Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the civil war, between pro- and anti-Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff.
Background
McKelvey was born in Stewartstown, County Tyrone, the only son of Patrick McKelvey, a Royal Irish Constabulary constable who later became a sergeant, and Rose O’Neill, a post office employee. During World War I, McKelvey Snr enlisted in the special reserve of the British Army and, in 1917, was posted to the Northumberland Fusiliers. He died in 1919 in Belfast, due to a perforation of his stomach, at the age of 57.
Joe McKelvey had a keen interest in the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Irish language. He studied as an accountant and gained some of the qualifications necessary for this profession, but never fully qualified. He worked for a time at the Income Tax Office on Queen's Square in Belfast and later found work in the city's engineering industry with Mackies on the Springfield road. He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Volunteers, which during 1919 became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
He was a founder member of the O'Donovan Rossa Club, Belfast – established in 1916 on the Falls Road. Each year the club honour him with a juvenile hurling blitz, an invitational competition which is participated in by clubs throughout Ireland.
War of Independence
McKelvey participated in the Irish War of Independence 1919–1921 against the British, in which he commanded the IRA's 1st Battalion, Belfast Brigade. In April 1920, he and other Volunteers burned the tax office in Belfast Customs House and two other Income Tax Offices. In July 1920, during a wave of violence in the wake of the IRA assassination of a northern police inspector (Gerard Smyth) in Cork, McKelvey was expelled from his job by loyalist intimidation. Roughly 7,000 other Catholics and left-wing Protestant political activists also lost their jobs in this manner at the time. Many of these unemployed Catholics were later recruited into the IRA. McKelvey later wrote to the IRA leadership that 75% of his volunteers were unemployed. In July 1920 McKelvey defended catholics during the ‘Belfast pogroms’. On 22 August 1920, McKelvey helped to organise the killing of RIC Detective Oswald Swanzy in Lisburn. The killing itself was carried out by IRA men from Cork, but McKelvey arranged a taxi to carry the assassins to and from the scene and disposed of their weapons. In reprisal for this shooting, 300 Catholic homes in Lisburn were burned out (see The Troubles (1920–1922)). McKelvey was forced to lie low in Dublin for some time after these events.
In March 1921, the IRA was re-organised by GHQ into divisions, and McKelvey was appointed commander of the Third Northern Division, responsible for Belfast and the surrounding area. McKelveys three brigades covered Belfast, County Antrim and north County Down. He was criticized by some of the younger, more radical Volunteers in the IRA Belfast Brigade (led by Roger McCorley), for being reluctant to sanction the killing of police and British Army personnel in Belfast. McKelvey feared (and was proved correct) that such actions would provoke retaliatory attacks on the Catholic and Irish nationalist community by loyalists. Nevertheless, he was unable to control some of his younger volunteers, who formed an "active service unit" on their own initiative and killed policemen and soldiers on a regular basis. When such attacks occurred, loyalists, generally supported by the Ulster Special Constabulary, attacked Catholic areas in reprisal. The IRA was then forced to try to defend Catholic areas, and McKelvey feared that the organisation was being drawn into sectarian conflict as opposed to what he saw as the "real" struggle for Irish independence. In May 1921, McKelvey's command suffered a severe setback when fifty of his best men were sent to County Cavan to train and link up with the IRA units there, only to be surrounded and captured by the British Army on Lappanduff hill on 9 May.
In most of Ireland, hostilities were ended with a truce declared on 11 July 1921. However, in the north and particularly in Belfast, violence intensified over the following year. McKelvey wrote to GHQ at this time that his command was very short of both arms and money. In March 1922, many of his papers, detailing the names and units of the roughly 1,000 IRA members in Belfast, were captured by the B-Specials in a raid on St Mary's Hall in Belfast.
Civil War
McKelvey was alone among the leadership of the Belfast IRA in going against the acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Most of his comrades supported Michael Collins' assurances that, although the Treaty accepted the partition of Northern Ireland from the rest of the country, this was only a temporary concession which would be dealt with later. McKelvey did not accept this. As a result, he left his command as head of the IRA Third Northern Division and joined the Anti-Treaty IRA in Dublin. McKelvey was replaced by Seamus Woods as O/C of the Third Northern Division. Seamus Woods would go on to senior positions within the Free State Army (Assistant Chief of Staff).
McKelvey participated in the Anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected as the IRA Army Chief of Staff of the Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the Irish Civil War, between pro and anti Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff, replacing Liam Lynch.
On 28 June 1922, the new Irish Free State government shelled the Four Courts to assert its authority over the militants defending it. The Republicans in the Four Courts surrendered after two days of fighting and McKelvey was captured. He was held for the following five months in Mountjoy Prison in Dublin, McKelvey was never tried or convicted of any offense.
Execution
On 8 December 1922, Joe McKelvey was executed by firing squad along with three other Anti-Treaty militants, Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows and Richard Barrett. The executions had been ordered in reprisal for the Anti-Treaty IRA's murder of Sean Hales, a Pro-Treaty member of the Third Dáil. McKelvey was a well respected Irish Republican leader and many Pro-Treaty Officers and men took his execution very badly.
On the morning of his execution, he wrote this letter to Mrs Isabella Sullivan (née Letson) of Walmer, Andersonstown, Belfast: Letter written by McKelvey to Mrs Sullivan, 8 December 1922.
See also
Executions during the Irish Civil War,
References
External links
Irish Independent, 17 February 2002, The truth behind the murder of Sean Hales.
1898 births
1922 deaths
People from County Tyrone
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)
People executed by Ireland by firing squad
Executed Irish people
People executed by the Irish Free State |
17331247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen%20Schweizer | Jochen Schweizer | Jochen Schweizer (born 23 June 1957) is a German entrepreneur. He founded the eponymous group of companies that offers, among other things, experience vouchers. Schweizer is a pioneer of extreme sports and bungee jumping in Germany. He has worked as a stuntman in films and advertising, set several world records and appears several times in the Guinness Book of World Records. Schweizer also works as a motivational speaker.
Biography
Education and world records
Schweizer was born in Ettlingen near Karlsruhe, he grew up in Heidelberg. After the Abitur, he traveled through Africa. Working for an international freight forwarding company, he first led shipments for the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit in West Africa and was subsequently appointed Managing Director of the new branch office in Munich. In the 1980s, Schweizer had various engagements as a stuntman. He performed a bungee jump in Willy Bogner's action film "Fire, Ice and Dynamite". In the following years, Schweizer set several world records, including in 1997 for the jump from a helicopter with the longest bungee rope and the highest fall distance of 1,050 meters. The same year, Schweizer ended his career as a stuntman.
Entrepreneurial activities
In 1985, Schweizer founded the event and advertising agency Kajak Sports Productions, headquartered in Munich. This company later became the foundation for the Jochen Schweizer Group. Kajak Sports Productions produced several fun sports and action sports movies, such as "Mad Family", "Over the Edge", "Topolinaden" and "Verdon – Die Schlucht gestern und heute". In 1989 the company opened the first stationary facility in Germany, located in Oberschleißheim. It is the oldest still active jumping facility in Europe. In subsequent years the company expanded its activities to include other activities and adventures, such as the vertical catwalk show.
Schweizer's companies faced a major crisis in 2003 due to a fatal accident at the Florianturm in Dortmund. The company changed its business and focused on selling experiences from then on. In 2004 the company started to sell experience vouchers over the Internet. Later, they opened their own stores in Germany, with experience vouchers also sold through trading partners. Today, the Jochen Schweizer Group offers a total of 1,900 different experiences, employs 500 people and achieves an annual turnover of 70 million euros. The company is the market leader for experience vouchers in Germany.
In addition to his position as general manager of the Jochen Schweizer Group, Schweizer is an investor. Jochen Schweizer Ventures is involved in numerous startups. In 2014 and 2015 Schweizer was part of Die Höhle der Löwen on VOX.
Literary works
In 2010, Schweizer published his biography entitled "Warum Menschen fliegen können müssen" ("Why People Have to Fly"). The book was reviewed positively and appeared in 2014 as an audio book. In 2015 Schweizer published his second book "Der perfekte Moment" ("The Perfect Moment"). It became a bestseller.
References
Further reading
External links
1957 births
German performance artists
German stunt performers
Businesspeople from Heidelberg
Living people
Bungee jumpers |
44498525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyvia%2C%20Larissa | Kalyvia, Larissa | Kalyvia (, ) is an Aromanian (Vlach) village of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Olympos. The 2011 census recorded 467 inhabitants in the village. Kalyvia is a part of the community of Kokkinopilos. Kalyvia is a village in Elassona, in Larissa, in the Central Greece Region of Greece.
Population
According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Kalyvia was 467 people, a decrease of almost 4% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.
History
Kalyvia was founded during the Ottoman rule of Greece by Vlachs from Kokkinopilos. After World War II and the burning of Kokkinopilos Kalyvia was made a permanent settlement in 1950's.
See also
List of settlements in the Larissa regional unit
References
Aromanian settlements in Greece
Populated places in Larissa (regional unit) |
44498549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukhraj%20Bafna | Pukhraj Bafna | Pukhraj Bafna is an Indian pediatrician and adolescent health consultant, known for his contributions towards tribal child and adolescent health. The Government of India honored Bafna in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri.
Biography
Pukhraj Bafna was born on 14 November 1946 at Rajnandgaon, in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. He graduated in medicine (MBBS) in 1969 from Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur and continued his studies there to obtain the medical degrees of DCh (1972) and MD (1973) in pediatrics. He has also obtained a doctoral degree from Jain Vishva Bharati University, Ladnun.
Bafna is credited with a book, Status of Tribal Child Health in India. He has also been writing health column for over 40 years (since 1973) in Sabera Sanket, a Hindi language newspaper. He has also attended several seminars and has chaired many conferences.
Pukhraj Bafna has conducted over 500 child health camps and has supported 149 orphaned children in Bastar whose parents lost their lives due to militancy in the area. He lives in Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh.
Awards and recognitions
Pukhraj Bafna is a recipient of the National C. T. Thakkar Award of the Indian Medical Association in 1978 and the Becon International Award in 1986. He has also received the Mahaveer Mahatma Award from the Times of India group and the Academic Excellence Award from the Indian Academy of Pediatrics, both in 2004. Jain Vishva Bharati University Rajasthan and the Government of Kerala have honored Bafna with citations. In 2011, The Government of India included him in the list of Republic day honours for the award of Padma Shri.
See also
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine
People from Rajnandgaon
Indian paediatricians
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Medical doctors from Chhattisgarh |
44498620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moacyrz%C3%A3o | Moacyrzão | Estádio Cláudio Moacir de Azevedo, also known as Moacyrzão, is a stadium in Macaé. It has a maximum capacity of 16,000 spectators. belonging to Macae Prefecture. It is the home of Macaé Esporte Futebol Clube and Serra Macaense FC.
References
Football venues in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Sports venues in Rio de Janeiro (state) |
20468129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purainawama | Purainawama | Purainawama is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2401 people living in 443 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda%20Gilad | Yehuda Gilad | Yehuda Gilad may refer to:
Yehuda Gilad (musician), American professor of the clarinet
Yehuda Gilad (politician), Israeli rabbi and politician |
20468143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunathpur%2C%20Rautahat | Raghunathpur, Rautahat | Raghunathpur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3484 people living in 673 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17331271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivan%20Bhatena | Vivan Bhatena | Vivan Bhatena (born 28 October 1978) is an Indian model and actor who appears predominantly in Hindi films. His notable films include Dangal (2016), Judwaa 2 (2017) and Raja the Great (2017). Vivan won Mister India World title in 2001. In 2016, he was a contestant on Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7.
Background
Bhatena moved from modelling to acting with his first television role as Tulsi Virani's son-in-law Abhishek in Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi. He later appeared in Maayka, Kumkum - Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan and Pyaar Ka Bandhan. Bhatena, the 2001 "Mr. India" title holder, was also seen on the stage in Sandiip Sikcand's Champagne On The House. He was also seen in Falguni Pathak's video Maine Payal Hain Chankaayi.
Television
Filmography
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
21st-century Indian male actors
Indian male models
Indian male film actors
Indian male television actors
Male actors from Mumbai
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi participants |
17331272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169%20Squadron | 169 Squadron | 169 Squadron or 169th Squadron may refer to:
No. 169 Squadron RAF, a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force
169th Airlift Squadron (United States), a unit of the United States Air Force
HMLA-169 (Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 169), a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron consisting |
23573500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Whitworth%20%28poet%29 | John Whitworth (poet) | John Whitworth (11 December 1945 - 20 April 2019) was a British poet. Born in India in 1945, he began writing poetry at Merton College, Oxford. He went on to win numerous prizes and publish in many highly regarded venues. He published twelve books: ten collections of his own work, an anthology of which he was the editor, and a textbook on writing poetry.
Life
Whitworth was born in India in 1945. He graduated from Merton College, Oxford. His work appeared in Poetry Review, The Times Literary Supplement, London Magazine, The Spectator, Quadrant, New Poetry, The Flea, Chimaera, HyperTexts, Light, Qualm, and Shit Creek Review. He taught a master class at University of Kent. He was a judge for the 9th Poetry on the Lake Competition, 2009.
He read at Lamar University.
He read at the 9th annual Sarah Lawrence College Poetry Festival 2012.
He was married to Doreen Roberts, who taught at the University of Kent; they had two daughters, Ellie and Katie.
Awards
1988 Cholmondeley Award
2004 The Silver Wyvern, Poetry on the Lake
2009 Eleanor Room Poetry Award Lamar University
2011 Literary Review £5000 Poetry Prize
Bibliography
Poetry
Collections
Anthologies
List of poems
Non-fiction
References
External links
About John Whitworth at Poetry Archive
John Whitworth Poems in Qualm
John Whitworth 2011 Poems in Qualm
1945 births
2019 deaths
British poets
British male poets
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Quadrant (magazine) people |
20468144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325%20Huddersfield%20Town%20A.F.C.%20season | 1924–25 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season | The 1924–25 Huddersfield Town season saw Town retain their title for the second consecutive season. Under the guidance of Herbert Chapman, they won the title by 2 clear points from West Bromwich Albion. The mood suddenly changed at the end of the season when Chapman suddenly resigned.
Squad at the start of the season
Review
After winning their first title, Herbert Chapman's team didn't want to give their title back in a hurry, winning their first 4 games and being unbeaten for their 10 league games. Town's defensive line were particularly impressive, only conceding 28 goals during the league season and never conceded more than 2 in any league game. They only conceded 3 goals in their FA Cup game against Bolton Wanderers. They won their 2nd title by 2 points from West Bromwich Albion. However, Town were left bewildered when Herbert Chapman left for Arsenal at the end of the season.
Squad at the end of the season
Results
Division One
FA Cup
Appearances and goals
1924-25
English football clubs 1924–25 season
1925 |
23573506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach%20%28season%2013%29 | Bleach (season 13) | The thirteenth season of the Bleach anime series is based on Tite Kubo's Bleach manga series. It is known as the , is directed by Noriyuki Abe and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu, and Studio Pierrot. The anime original season focuses on an alternative set of events in which the Soul Reaper's swords, zanpakutō, assume human forms and declare war against their wielders, led by a mysterious man named Muramasa, who is a former zanpakutō.
The season aired from July 28, 2009, to April 6, 2010 on TV Tokyo. The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media. The season began airing on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim on November 13, 2011 in the United States, eventually joining the lineup of the newly relaunched Toonami programming block on the same network from May 27 to August 5, 2012. Aniplex released the season in a series of nine DVD volumes, each containing the first four episodes, from May 26, 2010 to January 26, 2011.
The episodes use five pieces of theme music: two opening themes and three closing themes. The first opening theme, by Scandal, and the first ending theme, "Mad Surfer" by Kenichi Asai, are used for episodes 230 to 242. The second opening theme, by Porno Graffitti, and the second ending theme, by SunSet Swish, are used from episode 243 to 255. The third ending theme, by RSP is used for episodes 256 to 265.
Episode list
References
General
Specific
2009 Japanese television seasons
2010 Japanese television seasons
Season 13 |
17331287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutes%20%28surname%29 | Lutes (surname) | Lutes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Della T. Lutes (1867–1942), an American writer, editor, and expert on cooking and housekeeping
Eric Lutes (born 1962), an American actor
Franklin W. Lutes (1840–1915), a United States Army soldier
Jason Lutes (born 1967), an American comics creator
LeRoy Lutes (1890–1980), a decorated American military officer
Nettie Cronise Lutes (1843–1923), the first woman admitted to the bar in Ohio
Rob Lutes (born 1968), a Canadian folk and blues musician
Scott Lutes (born 1962), a Canadian Paralympic sailor |
17331321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Reeves | Martin Reeves | Martin Reeves (born 7 September 1981) is an English former football midfielder who last played for Brackley Town.
References
Since 1888... The Searchable Premiership and Football League Player Database (subscription required)
Sporting-heroes.net
Profile
1981 births
Living people
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Premier League players
Leicester City F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Hucknall Town F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players |
44498696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315%20ISU%20Speed%20Skating%20World%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20World%20Cup%202%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20500%20metres | 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2 – Men's 500 metres | The men's 500 metres races of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 2, arranged in the Taereung International Ice Rink, in Seoul, South Korea, were held on the weekend of 21–23 November 2014.
Race one was won by Pavel Kulizhnikov of Russia, while Mo Tae-bum of South Korea came second, and Ruslan Murashov of Russia came third. Dai Dai Ntab of the Netherlands won Division B of race one, and was thus, under the rules, automatically promoted to Division A for race two.
In race two, the top two were the same as in race one, Kulizhnikov and Mo, while Laurent Dubreuil of Canada took the bronze. Pim Schipper of the Netherlands won Division B of race two.
Race 1
Race one took place on Friday, 21 November, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 12:09, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 16:35.
Division A
Division B
Race 2
Race two took place on Sunday, 23 November, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 10:58, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 13:45.
Division A
Division B
References
Men 00500
2 |
6901697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Farjeon | Harry Farjeon | Harry Farjeon (6 May 1878 – 29 December 1948) was a British composer and an influential teacher of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy of Music for more than 45 years.
Early life and studies
Harry Farjeon was born in Hohokus Township, New Jersey, United States, the eldest son of author Benjamin Farjeon, who was from the East End of London, and Margaret, the daughter of American actor Joseph Jefferson. His parents returned to Britain when he was a baby, and he lived in Hampstead in London for the rest of his life. His younger sister, Eleanor Farjeon (b. 1881), with whom he shared a rich imaginary life, wrote children's books and poetry, including the hymn, Morning Has Broken. His younger brothers were J. Jefferson Farjeon (b. 1883), novelist, and Herbert Farjeon (b. 1887), writer of theatrical revues.
Harry studied music privately with Landon Ronald and John Storer, then in 1895 he entered the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he studied composition with Battison Haynes and Frederick Corder, and piano with Septimus Webbe. There he was a contemporary of Arnold Bax, York Bowen, Adam Carse, Eric Coates, Benjamin Dale and Percy Hilder Miles. An opera, Floretta, to a libretto by his sister, Eleanor, was produced at the Academy in 1899, and two operettas were performed at St George's Hall in 1901 and 1902.
Career in music
Farjeon left the Royal Academy of Music in 1900, but in 1901 he returned to teach composition. Two years later, at the age of 25, he became the Academy's youngest ever professor, having become the family wage-earner after the death of his father. Among his pupils were Mary Chandler, George Lloyd, Christian Darnton, Geraldine Mucha, Phyllis Tate, Daniel Jones and Steve Race. He also taught at the Blackheath Conservatoire.
Harry Farjeon composed music throughout most of his life. His compositions are mostly for piano (many grouped into suites and collections, some also published separately) with the illustrative pieces mostly intended to appeal to amateur home pianists. But he also wrote a piano sonata, chamber music (including four string quartets), full scale orchestral works and many separate songs, song cycles and dramatic works, often setting texts by his sister Eleanor. He also wrote about music for the Daily Telegraph, the Musical Times and other periodicals.
On 3 September 1903 his Piano Concerto in D minor was performed at the Proms. His Hans Andersen suite for small orchestra was played with great success at a Patron's Fund concert of the Royal College of Music in 1905, and also played by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and elsewhere. The song cycle The Lute of Jade, which sets classical Chinese poetry from the popular translations by Launcelot Cranmer-Byng, was premiered in July 1917 by the Welsh mezzo-soprano and composer Morfydd Owen at the Birkenhead National Eisteddfod. His Phantasy Piano Concerto and the St. Dominic Mass were both published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music in 1925 and 1926 respectively, and both were frequently performed.
In 1937 Farjeon's close friend, the pianist Eileen Joyce, recorded the Tarantella in A minor in what became one of her most successful gramophone records. It seems likely that he composed it especially for Joyce and gave her the manuscript, as it wasn't published and doesn't appear in any catalogue entries. The Christmas Masque A Room at the Inn (written by Herbert and Eleanor Farjeon with music by Harry Farjeon) was broadcast five times between 1932 and 1945. And on 10 July 1942 his symphonic poem Pannychis (inspired by Eleanor Farjeon's short story of the same name) was played at The Proms, conducted by Basil Cameron. Farjeon regarded the symphonic poem Summer Vision as his best work, but the score was sent to Germany shortly before World War I and was lost.
His eyesight had been bad since childhood, and it grew worse as he became older. His students wrote their compositions on specially printed brown paper. Steve Race has said that writing on this paper cured him of writing long rambling compositions. Farjeon taught at the Academy for 47 years, despite developing Parkinson's disease in later life. He was still teaching thirty students a week when, at the end of the July 1948 term, he fell and broke his hip. He died in Hampstead on 29 December 1948.
Selected works
Orchestral
1903 - Characteristic Variations for orchestra
1905 - Hans Andersen Suite for small orchestra
1907 - Mowgli, symphonic poem
1913 - Summer Vision, symphonic poem (score lost)
1915 - The Ballet of the Trees for orchestra
1929 - Caldicot Suite for orchestra
1942 - Pannychis, symphonic poem
Symphony in D major
Elegy for strings
Air on a Ground Bass for strings
Pantomime, suite for strings
Concertante
1903 - Piano Concerto in D minor
1924-5 - Phantasy Piano Concerto (also version for 2 pianos)
1925? Idyll for oboe and orchestra (fp 7 January 1926, Bournemouth, soloist Leon Goossens)
Chamber
1901 - Two Romances for violin and piano (pub. Boosey)
1906 - Chant d'Ete and Berceuse for violin and piano, Op.14 (pub. Augener)
Suite for violin and piano Op. 20
1911 - Deaux morceaux for viola and piano (pub. Schott)
1915 - Air for violins upon a ground bass for violin and piano, Op.38 (pub. Augener)
1917 - Poem for violins and violas
1925 - Three tone pictures for violin and piano, Op.57
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/2 for flute, cello and piano
1927 - String Quartet No.4 in C major Op.65 (pub. W Paxton)
1928 - Humoresque for cello and piano
1928 Two Italian Sketches for piano duet (Recorded by Christopher Howell and Ermanno de Stefani)
1931 Vignettes Op. 72 for two pianos
Cello Sonata in G minor
Cello Sonata in D
Piano Trio in B minor
Piano Trio in G minor
String Quartet No.1 In G
String Quartet No.2 in B flat
String Quartet No.3
Violin Sonata No.1
Violin Sonata No.2 in F sharp minor
Violin Sonata No.3 in E flat Op.69 (publ. Joseph Williams, 1931)
Opera and Dramatic
1899 - Floretta (text by Eleanor Farjeon)
1900 - The Registry Office, operetta
1902 - A Gentleman of the Road, operetta in 1 act, Op. 6
1932 - A Room at the Inn, Christmas Masque (with Herbert Farjeon and Eleanor Farjeon)
Choral
1923 - St Dominic Mass, Op. 51
1924 - Salvator Mundi (anthem)
1925 - Down-adown-Derry for women's voices, flute and strings
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/1, choral ballad for female voices and piano (words Walter de la Mare) Op.60/1
Lament for women's choir
Piano
1905 - Night Music Op. 11, piano suite, 7 pieces (pub. Augener)
1905 - Swan Song (pub. Augener)
1906 - Miniature Sonata Op. 12 (pub. Augener)
1906 - Pictures from Greece Op. 13, piano suite, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Two Bohemian Sketches, Op. 16
1906 - The Four Winds Op. 18, piano suite, 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
1907 - Musical Sketch Book 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
Tone-Pictures Opp. 19, 23, 29 and 31, piano pieces, four volumes (pub. Augener)
Three Venetian Idylls Op. 20 (pub. Augener). (Recorded by Christopher Howell)
A Summer Suite Op. 21, six pieces (pub. Augener)
3 Moments Musicaux Op. 24 (pub. Augener)
Aquarelles- Five idylls in Water Colour Op. 25 (pub. Ricordi)
1909? - Prelude From The Forest of Andaine Op. 27 (pub. Augener)
1910 - Two Idylls, Op. 28 (pub. Vincent)
From the Three-Cornered Kingdom Op.30, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Four Twilight Pieces Op. 34 (pub. Augener)
1914 - Variations in A Op. 35, theme and 5 variations (pub. Augener)
Lyric Pieces, Op. 40
1918 - Peter Pan Sketches Op. 44, piano suite, 5 pieces (pub. Newman)
1920 - Piano Sonata Op.43 (pub. Edwin Ashdown)
1923 - The Art of Piano Pedalling 2 volumes
1923 - Tunes Without Tales Op. 53, piano suite, 10 pieces
Two Free Fugues, Op 54
1925 - Six Preludes, Op 56
1926 - Contrasts, suite
1930 - Sports, suite
1931 - The Art of Piano Phrasing, Op. 66
1931 - Five Love Poems for Piano Op. 67
1931 - Rhapsody for two pianos Op. 70
193? - Tarantella in A minor (recorded by Eileen Joyce, 1937)
Song Cycles
1900 - Vagrant Songs for baritone and piano, Op. 26 (E.Farjeon)
1906 - Three Toy Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1908 - Child Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1917 - The Lute of Jade
1924 - A Sussex Alphabet, (26 songs)
Peacock Pie (Walter de la Mare)
Further reading
Eleanor Farjeon: A Nursery in the Nineties (Gollancz, 1935)
Annabel Farjeon: Morning has broken: a biography of Eleanor Farjeon (Julia MacRae, 1986)
Harry Farjeon: Musical Words Explained (OUP, 1933)
"The Music of Harry Farjeon: A short survey of his work", in The Musical Mirror VII/6, London, 1927, p. 137
References
External links
Harry Farjeon website
Herbert Farjeon archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
Eileen Joyce plays Tarantella in A minor by Harry Farjeon
Daniel Kasparian plays A Swan Song, 3 December, 2009
Royal Academy of Music: Portrait of Harry Farjeon by William Townsend. Pencil drawing, 1946
1878 births
1948 deaths
British classical composers
British male classical composers
British Jews
20th-century classical composers
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Jewish American classical composers
Harry
People from Bergen County, New Jersey
People from Hampstead
Musicians from London
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
American emigrants to England
American people of English descent
American people of English-Jewish descent
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century British composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians |
17331367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes%20bore%20hole | Hughes bore hole | The Hughes Borehole is an acid mine drainage site located near the southwest central borough of Portage, Pennsylvania in Cambria County. In the 1920s, a hole was drilled in order to remove water from the myriad coal mines in the area. In the 1950s, the bore hole was capped, but in the 1970s, enough pressure was established to blow off the cap. As a result, an estimated volume of water in the range of 800 to 3,500 gallons per minute flows from the bore hole. It is estimated that a daily amount of 8,000 pounds of dissolved metals has flooded a area and pollutes the nearby Little Conemaugh River.
Today, this devastated area has been compared with that of the Yellowstone Mud Pots and resembles an area of eerie beauty. All that remains is bare flooded and yellowish red soil periodically spotted with dead standing trees. It also contains a large amount of green iron eating algae that adds to the color of the area.
Efforts are currently underway in an attempt to mitigate the situation.
References
External links
YouTube video of Hughes Bore Hole (7-22-2007)
Geography of Cambria County, Pennsylvania |
20468153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Hempstead%20%28AVP-43%29 | USS Hempstead (AVP-43) | What would have been the first USS Hempstead (AVP-43) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Hempstead was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
Hempstead became one of the first four ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled its contract with Lake Washington Shipyard for her construction on 22 April 1943.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
20468158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajdevi | Rajdevi | Rajdevi (Nepali: राजदेवी) is a municipality in Rautahat District, a part of Province No. 2 in Nepal. It was formed in 2016 occupying current 9 sections (wards) from previous 9 former VDCs. It occupies an area of 28.21 km2 with a total population of 31,212.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District
Nepal municipalities established in 2017
Municipalities in Madhesh Province |
17331379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung%20Bu-kyung | Jung Bu-kyung | Jung Bu-kyung ( born May 26, 1978 in Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean judoka and professional mixed martial artist.
Judo career
Jung began judo at the age of eleven under the instruction of his father. He won a gold medal at the 1998 World University Judo Championships in Prague. Two years later, he won a silver medal at the -60 kg category of the 2000 Summer Olympics. In the final, he lost to three-time Olympic champion Tadahiro Nomura by ippon only fourteen seconds into the match.
After graduation from Korea National Sport University in 2001, he continued to train with the KRA Judo Team. He moved up in weight to the 66 kg class, and won a gold medal at the 2003 Asian Judo Championships in Jeju. However, Jung failed to qualify for the 2004 Olympic Games by losing to Bang Gui-man in the national qualification match.
Mixed martial arts career
Jung made his MMA debut on 31 December 2007 against Japanese grappler Shinya Aoki at Yarennoka!. Jung was replacing American Top Team's Gesias Calvancanti, who tore a ligament in his left knee while training to fight Aoki. Although Jung lost by unanimous decision, he proved to be a formidable opponent in his mixed martial arts debut.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0-4
| Katsunori Kikuno
| TKO (strikes and stomps)
| DEEP - 40 Impact
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:15
| Tokyo, Japan
| DEEP Lightweight Tournament Semi-finals
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0-3
| Daisuke Nakamura
| KO (punch)
| Dream 3: Lightweight Grand Prix 2008 Second Round
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:19
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0-2
| Mitsuhiro Ishida
| Decision (unanimous)
| Dream 1: Lightweight Grand Prix 2008 First Round
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0-1
| Shinya Aoki
| Decision (unanimous)
| Yarennoka!
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Judoka at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka of South Korea
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Olympic medalists in judo
South Korean male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
South Korean male judoka
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Seoul |
23573519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m%20Gonna%20Get%20Married | I'm Gonna Get Married | "I'm Gonna Get Married" is a 1959 R&B/pop hit written by Harold Logan and Lloyd Price and recorded by Lloyd Price. Lloyd's last known performance of "I'm Gonna Get Married" was on July 8, 1994.
Background
The lyrics are addressed to Lloyd as "Johnny" throughout the song. it's a lyrical battle between the chorus, who keep telling Johnny that he's too young to get married, despite how smart he is, and Johnny, who plans to marry the girl he loves, admitting that he's not smart enough to aid his aching heart. Johnny goes on to tell what happens when he's with his girl, which he cannot help it at all.
Charts
The single was his follow-up to "Personality" and, like that entry, "I'm Gonna Get Married" went to number one on the Billboard R&B chart, where it stayed for three consecutive weeks. The single was the last of his four number ones, as well as his fifth Top 40 single, peaking at number three for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart.
Chart history
References
1959 singles
Lloyd Price songs
Songs written by Lloyd Price
1959 songs |
23573522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath%20School%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sabbath School (disambiguation) | Sabbath School, Saturday pre-service lessons for a congregation of seventh-day Christian denominations
Sunday school, Christian religious school sessions for children held on Sundays, and known by some denominations as Sabbath School.
Hebrew school, Jewish religious school sessions for children, sometimes held on the Sabbath and then known as Sabbath School. |
20468163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pododesmus%20macrochisma | Pododesmus macrochisma | Pododesmus macrochisma, common name the green falsejingle or the Alaska jingle, is a species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Anomiidae, the jingle shells.
This species inhabits the northwest Sea of Japan, and more specifically, the coast of the South Primorye at Hokkaido Island, the northern part of Honshu Island, off the southern and eastern Sakhalin in the Kuril Islands, and in the east of Kamchatka in the Commander and Aleutian Islands. More recently it has been found in the Chukchi Sea near Alaska, potentially due to global warming.
References
Huber, M. (2010). Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world’s marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM.
External links
Anomiidae |
17331423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmisa | Lakshmisa | Lakshmisa (or Lakshmisha, ) was a noted Kannada language writer who lived during the mid-16th or late 17th century. His most important writing, Jaimini Bharata is a version of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The writing focuses on the events following the battle of Indraprastha between the Pandavas and Kauravas, using the Ashvamedha ("horse sacrifice") conducted by Yudhishthira as the topic of the epic narrative. The writing is in the shatpadi metre (hexa-metre, 6 line verse) and was inspired by the Sanskrit original written by sage Jaimini.
Life
The place, time and religious sect that Lakshmisa belonged to has been a subject of controversy among historians. Some historians believe he was a native of Devanur in modern Kadur taluk, Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka state. It is claimed that his family deity was "Lakshmiramana" (a form of Hindu God Vishnu) to whom he dedicated his writing. Devanur was called by multiple names in his writing; Surapura and Girvanapura. Other historians feel Surapura is located in the erstwhile Hyderabad region. Some historians believe that Lakshmisa was an Advaitin or a Smartha Brahmin (believer of monistic philosophy) of the Bhagavata sect because the poet has invoked the names of Hindu God Shiva, his consort Parvati and son Ganapati in the beginning of his writing. However, despite these invocations, he may have been a Srivaishnava (a follower of the Visishtadvaita philosophy preached by 12th century philosopher Ramanujacharya), there being examples of other Srivaishnava poets (who wrote in Kannada) who praised the God Shiva, Parvati and Ganapati in their writings.
There is also controversy about when he wrote Jaimini Bharata. Scholars have assigned him various dates, the earliest being , but more generally mid–16th century, and late 17th century. The 16th century or earlier dating is based on similarities between Virupaksha Pandita's (1584 CE) Chennabasava Purana and Lakshmisa's work, while the 17th century dating is based on the claim that no author, Brahmin or otherwise, has referenced his writing and directly mentioned his name in any literature during the period 15th century through late 17th century. Whereas, authors who do mention Lakshmisa regularly in their writings are from the 18th century.
Magnum opus
The Jaimini Bharata, one of the most well known stories in Kannada literature was written in the tradition of sage Jaimini. It has remained popular through the centuries. In a writing full of similes and metaphors, puns and alliterations, Lakshmisa created a human tale out of an epic, earning him the honorific "Upamalola" ("One who revels in similes and metaphors") and "Nadalola" ("Master of melody"). The writing focusses on the events following the battle when the victorious Pandavas conducted the Ashvamedha Yagna to expiate the sin of fratricide. The writing differs entirely from Kumara Vyasa's rendering of the same epic (called Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari) of c. 1430, both in metre and content. Kumara Vyasa had used the flexible bhamini shatpadi metre and followed the Vyasa tradition whereas Lakshmisa used the vardhaka shatpadi metre which is well suited for figures of speech. The work has been criticised though, for failing to achieve the level of devotion towards Hindu God Krishna that Kumara Vyasa managed in the various stages of his story.
However, Lakshmisa is considered a successful story-teller with an ability to narrate the Upakhyanas ("story within a story"), describe the physical beauty of a woman at length and to hold the reader with his rich Kannada diction and rhetoric. The writing has been considered an asset to the enlightened reader as well as those not so educated. Lakshmisa authored some poems reminiscent of the Haridasa poetry but without the same success.
In 1852, the Wesleyan Mission Press published the Jaimini Bharata with an English translation by Daniel Sanderson, a Wesleyan missionary at the Bangalore Wesleyan Canarese Mission.
Notes
References
External links
Kannada Jaimini Bharata by Lakshmisha Kavi and its English translation
History of Karnataka
Kannada poets
People from Chikkamagaluru district
Kannada people
Indian male poets
Poets from Karnataka
16th-century Indian poets
17th-century Indian poets
17th-century male writers |
17331427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Wilson | Stuart Wilson | Stuart Wilson may refer to:
Stuart Wilson (actor) (born 1946), English actor
Stuart Wilson (footballer) (born 1977), English football midfielder
Stuart Wilson (archaeologist) (born 1979), English archaeologist
Stuart Wilson (Big Brother) (born 1984), contestant in Big Brother UK
Stuart Wilson (golfer) (born 1977), Scottish golfer
Stuart Wilson (sound engineer), Academy Award nominated sound engineer
Stuart Wilson (rower), lightweight rower who has competed for Great Britain and Australia
Stuart Wilson (musician), musician from the Cayman Islands
See also
Stu Wilson (born 1954), former New Zealand rugby union player
Stu Wilson (American football) (1907–1963), American football player
Stewart Wilson (born 1942), Scottish rugby union player
Stewart Murray Wilson (born 1947), New Zealand sexual offender |
44498701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachikapalam | Pachikapalam | Pachikapalam or Pachikapallam is a village and a Subdivisions of India in Chittoor district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.
Geography
Pachikapalam is located at . It has an average elevation of 266 meters (875 feet).
References
Villages in Chittoor district |
17331431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lute (disambiguation) | A lute is a plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back.
Lute or lutes may also refer to:
People
Lute (rapper) (Luther Nicholson, born 1989), American rapper
Luther Lute Barnes (born 1947), former Major League Baseball player
Lutellus Lute Boone (1890– 1982), Major League Baseball player
Luther Lute Jerstad (1936– 1998), American mountaineer and mountain guide
Lute Olson (born 1934), American basketball coach nicknamed "Lute"
Lucius Lute Pease (1869– 1963), American editorial cartoonist and journalist
Douglas Lute (born 1952), retired United States Army lieutenant general
Jane Holl Lute (born 1956), United States government official, Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 through 2013, wife of Douglas Lute
El Lute, nickname of Eleuterio Sánchez (born 1942), Spanish pardoned criminal and writer
Lutes (surname), including a list of people with the name
Places
Lute, Poland, a village
Lutes Mountain, New Brunswick, Canada
Other uses
Lute, in chemical engineering, is another term for a U-bend
Lute (material), a substance used historically in chemistry and alchemy experiments
Lute of Pythagoras, a geometric figure
Lute!, a 2012 rework of Blondel (musical)
Lutes (brand name), a combined estrogen and progestogen medication
Lutes, nickname of Pacific Lutheran University in Parkland, Washington, U.S.
See also
Lutte (disambiguation) |
17331461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%27%20Que%20la%20Pases%20Bien | Pa' Que la Pases Bien | "Pa' Que la Pases Bien" () is a single by American reggaeton artist Arcángel from his first compilation album El Fenomeno, released in February 2008.
When the album was almost completed, some of the tracks from the album were leaked onto the Internet. It was at that point that Arcángel decided to distribute the album free of charge, via download. The single is also available to download for free.
Although the single was distributed for free, the song was able to peak at number 32 on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, because of heavy radio play.
Charts
References
2008 singles
Arcángel (singer) songs
Spanish-language songs
2007 songs
Universal Music Group singles |
23573527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD%20Be%C5%99kovice | Dolní Beřkovice | Dolní Beřkovice () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Podvlčí and Vliněves are administrative parts of Dolní Beřkovice.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20468172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpur%2C%20Rautahat | Rajpur, Rautahat | Rajpur Farhadwa (Nepali: राजपुर) is a municipality in Rautahat District, a part of Madhesh Province in Nepal. It was formed in 2016 occupying current 9 sections (wards) from previous 9 former VDCs. It occupies an area of 31.41 km2 with a total population of 41,136 as of 2011.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District
Nepal municipalities established in 2017
Municipalities in Madhesh Province |
20468183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpur%20Tulsi | Rajpur Tulsi | Rajpur Tulsi is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3097 people living in 541 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17331471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your%20Smiling%20Face | Your Smiling Face | "Your Smiling Face" is a hit single by singer James Taylor. First available on the album JT, and released as the album's sophomore single in September 1977, "Your Smiling Face" peaked at number 11 in Cash Box magazine and at 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 near year's end. It reached number 11 on the RPM Top Singles chart in Canada. On Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart, it reached number 6.
Background
Lines like "Isn't it amazing a man like me can feel this way?" reflect Taylor's surprise at his newfound happiness in his relationship with Carly Simon. Rolling Stone critic Peter Herbst described it as being "unabashedly happy". However, according to Taylor biographer Timothy White, the song was written for Taylor's and Simon's then three-year-old daughter Sally. White described the song as a "pop sonnet". Billboard Magazine described the song as a "strong followup" to "Handy Man" and described the melody as being "upbeat" and "infectious." Taylor described it as a "good, light-hearted pop love song". Cash Box said that "some whimsical vocal gymnastics that add the crucial personal touch." Herbst praises Taylor's vocal for being "a pretty convincing rock singer" on the song.
"Your Smiling Face" was a fixture in Taylor's live shows, but he had to abandon it for a while because he went through a period where he had difficulty reaching the falsetto notes.
Personnel
James Taylor – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Danny Kortchmar – electric guitar
Leland Sklar – bass
Dr. Clarence McDonald – piano
Russell Kunkel – drums
David Campbell – string arrangements, conductor
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Popular culture
The song was used in the 1978 film FM, starring Michael Brandon and Eileen Brennan.
It was parodied in the South Park episode "Fat Camp" as "The Prostitute Song."
On Sesame Street, Taylor sang a parody of the song to Oscar the Grouch titled "Whenever I See your Grouchy Face".
The trailer for Adult Swim show Smiling Friends uses the song.
References
1977 singles
James Taylor songs
Songs written by James Taylor
Song recordings produced by Peter Asher
Columbia Records singles
1977 songs |
20468189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramoli%20Bairiya | Ramoli Bairiya | Ramoli Bairiya is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3724 people living in 705 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44498707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iam%20lucis%20orto%20sidere%2C%20WAB%2018 | Iam lucis orto sidere, WAB 18 | (Now that the daylight fills the sky), WAB 18, is a motet composed by Anton Bruckner in 1868. The work is also known as In S. Angelum custodem (In the custody of the holy angel). Bruckner revised the composition in 1886.
History
Bruckner composed this motet in the summer of 1868 for the ("Guardian angel confraternity") of Wilhering Abbey. Bruckner dedicated it to Adolf Dorfer, the abbot of the abbey. Bruckner set the music on the text written by Robert Riepl, one of the priests working at the abbey. The motet was performed in the same year in the abbey.
Riepl's text is an adaptation of the text used by Orlande de Lassus. Bruckner's original manuscript, which was stored in the abbey, is lost. A copy of it is stored in the archive of the Kremsmünster Abbey and two other copies are found in the Austrian National Library. The motet was published in 1868 by the Wilhering Abbey.
In 1886, Bruckner made a new version of the motet for men's choir, which was published in the journal , volume 1, no. 8, p. 240, F. Mamroth, Vienna.
The includes two settings of the 1868 version in volume XXI/24, and the 1886 setting in volume XXI/35.
Music
The first version in Phrygian mode, which Bruckner composed in 1868, is 24-bar long. Two settings are extant: a first with all eight verses of Riepl's text for choir a cappella, and a second with only one verse of a different text for choir and organ. The motet is a simple, modally inspired piece and homophonic throughout.
A new version of the motet in G minor, which Bruckner composed in 1886, is one bar shorter (23-bar long). It uses verses 1, 2, 7 and 8 of Riepl's text and is set for choir a cappella.
Text of the first setting (Robert Riepl)
{|
|
|style="padding-left:2em;"|Now that daylight fills the sky,
Let it, O Guardian Angel,
Banish unclear minds
And bring the nourishing light!
Teach me prudently the correct order
And admonish me to reach it!
Reliably you come from Heaven
And return as a messenger to it.
Bring the offers, pains and tears
To the King's court;
Provide the Giver of talents
With a small gift from the servant!
Foster me, the unfortunate, embracing
With the sweetest consolation!
Prompt me, the dormant,
To the works of salvation!
Blame me, when I hesitate,
Give me the strength, when I fall!
Radiant of the pure light,
Which floods out from God,
I am in search of holiness.
Deliver me from stain,
So that the white lilies of chastity
Be not sullied.
By your powerful right repel
The powers of the Devil to Hell;
Destroy the pleasure of the flesh,
Which arises from pride,
So that, protected by your arms,
I may be victorious.
Break the inflexible obstinacy
Of the merciless heart;
I am oppressed by the burden of sin,
Relieve it by your powerful hand
And spare me the punishment of the guilty
By your prayers.
In storms let hurry the times
The temporal life will assault!
Let me disdain the ephemeral
And always seek the eternal,
So that my noble soul
Would remain in Heaven.
When mortal struggle is imminent,
Assist me, quavering, firmly!
Guide me through the shades of death,
Advocate me in front of the Judge
And on grounds of the acquittal
Might I enjoy the eternal splendour! Amen.
|}
Text of the second setting
{|
|
|style="padding-left:2em;"|Now that the daylight fills the sky,
My holy angel,
By your brightness
Draw the darkness from my soul;
Teach me the right way
And advise me to follow it.
|}
Selected discography
The first recording occurred in 1976:
Mathias Breitschaft, Limburger Domsingknaben, Bruckner: 9 Motets/Palestrina: 8 Motets – LP: Carus FSM 53118 (1st verse of the 1st setting)
1868 version
First setting
A few other recordings, all with deviations from the score:
Balduin Sulzer, Chor des Musikgymnasiums Linz, Musik aus der Stifterstraße – LP: Extempore AD-80.01/2, 1980 (verses 1, 2 & 3)
Robert Jones, Choir of St. Bride's Church, Bruckner: Motets – CD: Naxos 8.550956, 1994 (all 8 verses)
Lionel Sow, Choeur de Filles Caecilia & Maîtrise des Petits Chanteurs de Saint-Christophe de Javel, Johannes Brahms – Anton Bruckner Jardins secrets – CD: Studio SM Collection Blanche D3029, 2004 (verses 1, 2 & 3)
Second setting
Only one recording :
Balduin Sulzer, Mozart Chor Linz, Bruckner – CD: AtemMusik Records ATMU 97001, 1997 (with brass accompaniment)
1886 version
There are two recordings of this version:
Duncan Ferguson, Choir of St. Mary's Cathedral of Edinburgh, Bruckner: Motets – CD: Delphian Records DCD34071, 2010
Matthias Giesen, Schola Floriana, Kirchenmusik im Bruckner-Ort Ansfelden – CD: Weinberg Records SW 010497-2, 2016 (strophes 1 & 2)
References
Sources
Anton Bruckner – Sämtliche Werke, Band XXI: Kleine Kirchenmusikwerke, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Hans Bauernfeind and Leopold Nowak (Editor), Vienna, 1984/2001
Cornelis van Zwol, Anton Bruckner 1824–1896 – Leven en werken, uitg. Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2012.
Crawford Howie, Anton Bruckner – A documentary biography, online revised edition
External links
- 2nd setting
In S. Angelum custodem, WAB 18 Critical discography by Hans Roelofs
Iam lucis, a live performance of the third setting of the motet by Der junge Chor der Liederblüte of Oberweyer (2015), on YouTube
Motets by Anton Bruckner
1868 compositions
1886 compositions
Compositions in G minor |
20468194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladas%20Michelevi%C4%8Dius | Vladas Michelevičius | Vladislovas Michelevičius (8 June 1924 – 12 November 2008) was a Lithuanian bishop for the Catholic Church.
Born in 1924 he was ordained as a priest on 31 October 1948. On 13 November 1986 he was appointed as the Auxiliary Bishop of Kaunas, Titular Bishop of Thapsus, and Auxiliary Bishop of Vilkaviškis. Michelevičius resigned as Bishop of Vilkaviškis on 10 March 1989. He retired in 1999 and died on 12 November 2008.
External links
Catholic-Hierarchy
1924 births
2008 deaths
People from Kaunas District Municipality
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Lithuania
Soviet Catholics |
20468199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur%20Khap | Rampur Khap | Rampur Khap is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3194 people living in 594 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23573529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD%20Zimo%C5%99 | Dolní Zimoř | Dolní Zimoř is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%99%C3%ADnov%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Dřínov (Mělník District) | Dřínov is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20468206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20United%20States%20presidential%20election%20in%20Connecticut | 2008 United States presidential election in Connecticut | The 2008 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Connecticut was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 22.4% margin of victory. Connecticut was one of the six states that had every county—including traditionally Republican Litchfield County—go for Obama, the others being Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Connecticut has not voted for a Republican presidential nominee since 1988 when the state was carried by George H.W. Bush over Michael Dukakis.
As of 2020, this was the most recent presidential election in which the Democratic nominee carried the towns of Barkhamsted, Colebrook, New Hartford, Plymouth, Preston, Scotland, Thompson, Torrington, and Winchester. This is also the only time since 1916 that the town of Warren voted Democratic. , this is the last election in which Litchfield County voted for the Democratic candidate, also making it the last time any presidential candidate has won every single county in the state.
Primaries
2008 Connecticut Democratic presidential primary
2008 Connecticut Republican presidential primary
Campaign
Predictions
There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:
Polling
Barack Obama won every single poll taken in the state, and every one of them by a double-digit margin of victory.
Fundraising
John McCain raised a total of $3,966,985. Barack Obama raised $9,727,617.
Advertising and visits
Obama spent $730,335 while McCain spent nothing on the state. Neither campaign visited the state.
Analysis
Connecticut is a part of New England, an area of the country that has in recent decades become a Democratic stronghold. The state went Republican in most of the elections from 1948 to 1988, the exceptions being the three in the 1960s. However, following Bill Clinton's narrow victory in the state in 1992, it has not been seriously contested by Republicans since. McCain ceded the state to Obama early on, despite the endorsement of the state's incumbent Senator Joe Lieberman, a Democrat-turned-Independent who still caucused with the Democrats but backed McCain for president in 2008.
In 2006, Democrats knocked off two incumbent Republicans and picked up two U.S. House seats in CT-02 and CT-05 (Joe Courtney and Chris Murphy, respectively). Although then-Governor M. Jodi Rell and Lieutenant Governor Michael Fedele were both moderate Republicans, all other statewide offices were held by Democrats. Democrats also enjoyed a supermajority status in both chambers of the Connecticut state legislature.
In 2008, Democrat Jim Himes defeated incumbent Republican Christopher Shays, who was at the time the only Republican member of the U.S. House from New England, for the U.S. House seat in Connecticut's 4th congressional district. This was largely because Obama carried the district with a staggering 60% of the vote—one of his best performances in a Republican-held district. Shays' defeat meant that for the first time in almost 150 years, there were no Republican Representatives from New England. In no other part of the country is a major political party completely shut out. At the state level, Democrats picked up 6 seats in the Connecticut House of Representatives and 1 seat in the Connecticut Senate.
Results
By county
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Litchfield (largest borough: Litchfield)
By congressional district
Barack Obama carried all 5 of Connecticut’s congressional districts.
Electors
Technically the voters of Connecticut cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Connecticut is allocated 7 electors because it has 5 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 7 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all sevenelectoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.
The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.
The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 7 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden:
Shirley Steinmetz
Nicholas Paindiris
Andrea Jackson Brooks
Jim Ezzes
Lorraine McQueen
Deborah McFadden
Ken Delacruz
See also
United States presidential elections in Connecticut
References
Connecticut
2008
2008 Connecticut elections |
6901703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20characterizations | Algorithm characterizations | Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail.
The problem of definition
Over the last 200 years the definition of algorithm has become more complicated and detailed as researchers have tried to pin down the term. Indeed, there may be more than one type of "algorithm". But most agree that algorithm has something to do with defining generalized processes for the creation of "output" integers from other "input" integers – "input parameters" arbitrary and infinite in extent, or limited in extent but still variable—by the manipulation of distinguishable symbols (counting numbers) with finite collections of rules that a person can perform with paper and pencil.
The most common number-manipulation schemes—both in formal mathematics and in routine life—are: (1) the recursive functions calculated by a person with paper and pencil, and (2) the Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine" model, the random-access machine model (RAM), the random-access stored-program machine model (RASP) and its functional equivalent "the computer".
When we are doing "arithmetic" we are really calculating by the use of "recursive functions" in the shorthand algorithms we learned in grade-school, for example, adding and subtracting.
The proofs that every "recursive function" we can calculate by hand we can compute by machine and vice versa—note the usage of the words calculate versus compute—is remarkable. But this equivalence together with the thesis (unproven assertion) that this includes every calculation/computation indicates why so much emphasis has been placed upon the use of Turing-equivalent machines in the definition of specific algorithms, and why the definition of "algorithm" itself often refers back to "the Turing machine". This is discussed in more detail under Stephen Kleene's characterization.
The following are summaries of the more famous characterizations (Kleene, Markov, Knuth) together with those that introduce novel elements—elements that further expand the definition or contribute to a more precise definition.
[
A mathematical problem and its result can be considered as two points in a space, and the solution consists of a sequence of steps or a path linking them. Quality of the solution is a function of the path. There might be more than one attribute defined for the path, e.g. length, complexity of shape, an ease of generalizing, difficulty, and so on.
]
Chomsky hierarchy
There is more consensus on the "characterization" of the notion of "simple algorithm".
All algorithms need to be specified in a formal language, and the "simplicity notion" arises from the simplicity of the language. The Chomsky (1956) hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. It is used for classifying of programming languages and abstract machines.
From the Chomsky hierarchy perspective, if the algorithm can be specified on a simpler language (than unrestricted), it can be characterized by this kind of language, else it is a typical "unrestricted algorithm".
Examples: a "general purpose" macro language, like M4 is unrestricted (Turing complete), but the C preprocessor macro language is not, so any algorithm expressed in C preprocessor is a "simple algorithm".
See also Relationships between complexity classes.
Features of a good algorithm
The following are desirable features of a well-defined algorithm, as discussed in Scheider and Gersting (1995):
Unambiguous Operations: an algorithm must have specific, outlined steps. The steps should be exact enough to precisely specify what to do at each step.
Well-Ordered: The exact order of operations performed in an algorithm should be concretely defined.
Feasibility: All steps of an algorithm should be possible (also known as effectively computable).
Input: an algorithm should be able to accept a well-defined set of inputs.
Output: an algorithm should produce some result as an output, so that its correctness can be reasoned about.
Finiteness: an algorithm should terminate after a finite number of instructions.
Properties of specific algorithms that may be desirable include space and time efficiency, generality (i.e. being able to handle many inputs), or determinism.
1881 John Venn's negative reaction to W. Stanley Jevons's Logical Machine of 1870
In early 1870 W. Stanley Jevons presented a "Logical Machine" (Jevons 1880:200) for analyzing a syllogism or other logical form e.g. an argument reduced to a Boolean equation. By means of what Couturat (1914) called a "sort of logical piano [,] ... the equalities which represent the premises ... are "played" on a keyboard like that of a typewriter. ... When all the premises have been "played", the panel shows only those constituents whose sum is equal to 1, that is, ... its logical whole. This mechanical method has the advantage over VENN's geometrical method..." (Couturat 1914:75).
For his part John Venn, a logician contemporary to Jevons, was less than thrilled, opining that "it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines" (italics added, Venn 1881:120). But of historical use to the developing notion of "algorithm" is his explanation for his negative reaction with respect to a machine that "may subserve a really valuable purpose by enabling us to avoid otherwise inevitable labor":
(1) "There is, first, the statement of our data in accurate logical language",
(2) "Then secondly, we have to throw these statements into a form fit for the engine to work with – in this case the reduction of each proposition to its elementary denials",
(3) "Thirdly, there is the combination or further treatment of our premises after such reduction,"
(4) "Finally, the results have to be interpreted or read off. This last generally gives rise to much opening for skill and sagacity."
He concludes that "I cannot see that any machine can hope to help us except in the third of these steps; so that it seems very doubtful whether any thing of this sort really deserves the name of a logical engine."(Venn 1881:119–121).
1943, 1952 Stephen Kleene's characterization
This section is longer and more detailed than the others because of its importance to the topic: Kleene was the first to propose that all calculations/computations—of every sort, the totality of—can equivalently be (i) calculated by use of five "primitive recursive operators" plus one special operator called the mu-operator, or be (ii) computed by the actions of a Turing machine or an equivalent model.
Furthermore, he opined that either of these would stand as a definition of algorithm.
A reader first confronting the words that follow may well be confused, so a brief explanation is in order. Calculation means done by hand, computation means done by Turing machine (or equivalent). (Sometimes an author slips and interchanges the words). A "function" can be thought of as an "input-output box" into which a person puts natural numbers called "arguments" or "parameters" (but only the counting numbers including 0—the nonnegative integers) and gets out a single nonnegative integer (conventionally called "the answer"). Think of the "function-box" as a little man either calculating by hand using "general recursion" or computing by Turing machine (or an equivalent machine).
"Effectively calculable/computable" is more generic and means "calculable/computable by some procedure, method, technique ... whatever...". "General recursive" was Kleene's way of writing what today is called just "recursion"; however, "primitive recursion"—calculation by use of the five recursive operators—is a lesser form of recursion that lacks access to the sixth, additional, mu-operator that is needed only in rare instances. Thus most of life goes on requiring only the "primitive recursive functions."
1943 "Thesis I", 1952 "Church's Thesis"
In 1943 Kleene proposed what has come to be known as Church's thesis:
"Thesis I. Every effectively calculable function (effectively decidable predicate) is general recursive" (First stated by Kleene in 1943 (reprinted page 274 in Davis, ed. The Undecidable; appears also verbatim in Kleene (1952) p.300)
In a nutshell: to calculate any function the only operations a person needs (technically, formally) are the 6 primitive operators of "general" recursion (nowadays called the operators of the mu recursive functions).
Kleene's first statement of this was under the section title "12. Algorithmic theories". He would later amplify it in his text (1952) as follows:
"Thesis I and its converse provide the exact definition of the notion of a calculation (decision) procedure or algorithm, for the case of a function (predicate) of natural numbers" (p. 301, boldface added for emphasis)
(His use of the word "decision" and "predicate" extends the notion of calculability to the more general manipulation of symbols such as occurs in mathematical "proofs".)
This is not as daunting as it may sound – "general" recursion is just a way of making our everyday arithmetic operations from the five "operators" of the primitive recursive functions together with the additional mu-operator as needed. Indeed, Kleene gives 13 examples of primitive recursive functions and Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey add some more, most of which will be familiar to the reader—e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, exponentiation, the CASE function, concatenation, etc., etc.; for a list see Some common primitive recursive functions.
Why general-recursive functions rather than primitive-recursive functions?
Kleene et al. (cf §55 General recursive functions p. 270 in Kleene 1952) had to add a sixth recursion operator called the minimization-operator (written as μ-operator or mu-operator) because Ackermann (1925) produced a hugely growing function—the Ackermann function—and Rózsa Péter (1935) produced a general method of creating recursive functions using Cantor's diagonal argument, neither of which could be described by the 5 primitive-recursive-function operators. With respect to the Ackermann function:
"...in a certain sense, the length of the computation algorithm of a recursive function which is not also primitive recursive grows faster with the arguments than the value of any primitive recursive function" (Kleene (1935) reprinted p. 246 in The Undecidable, plus footnote 13 with regards to the need for an additional operator, boldface added).
But the need for the mu-operator is a rarity. As indicated above by Kleene's list of common calculations, a person goes about their life happily computing primitive recursive functions without fear of encountering the monster numbers created by Ackermann's function (e.g. super-exponentiation).
1952 "Turing's thesis"
Turing's Thesis hypothesizes the computability of "all computable functions" by the Turing machine model and its equivalents.
To do this in an effective manner, Kleene extended the notion of "computable" by casting the net wider—by allowing into the notion of "functions" both "total functions" and "partial functions". A total function is one that is defined for all natural numbers (positive integers including 0). A partial function is defined for some natural numbers but not all—the specification of "some" has to come "up front". Thus the inclusion of "partial function" extends the notion of function to "less-perfect" functions. Total- and partial-functions may either be calculated by hand or computed by machine.
Examples:
"Functions": include "common subtraction m − n" and "addition m + n"
"Partial function": "Common subtraction" m − n is undefined when only natural numbers (positive integers and zero) are allowed as input – e.g. 6 − 7 is undefined
Total function: "Addition" m + n is defined for all positive integers and zero.
We now observe Kleene's definition of "computable" in a formal sense:
Definition: "A partial function φ is computable, if there is a machine M which computes it" (Kleene (1952) p. 360)
"Definition 2.5. An n-ary function f(x1, ..., xn) is partially computable if there exists a Turing machine Z such that
f(x1, ..., xn) = ΨZ(n)(x1, ..., [xn)
In this case we say that [machine] Z computes f. If, in addition, f(x1, ..., xn) is a total function, then it is called computable" (Davis (1958) p. 10)
Thus we have arrived at Turing's Thesis:
"Every function which would naturally be regarded as computable is computable ... by one of his machines..." (Kleene (1952) p.376)
Although Kleene did not give examples of "computable functions" others have. For example, Davis (1958) gives Turing tables for the Constant, Successor and Identity functions, three of the five operators of the primitive recursive functions:
Computable by Turing machine:
Addition (also is the Constant function if one operand is 0)
Increment (Successor function)
Common subtraction (defined only if x ≥ y). Thus "x − y" is an example of a partially computable function.
Proper subtraction x┴y (as defined above)
The identity function: for each i, a function UZn = ΨZn(x1, ..., xn) exists that plucks xi out of the set of arguments (x1, ..., xn)
Multiplication
Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002) give the following as prose descriptions of Turing machines for:
Doubling: 2p
Parity
Addition
Multiplication
With regards to the counter machine, an abstract machine model equivalent to the Turing machine:
Examples Computable by Abacus machine (cf Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002))
Addition
Multiplication
Exponention: (a flow-chart/block diagram description of the algorithm)
Demonstrations of computability by abacus machine (Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002)) and by counter machine (Minsky 1967):
The six recursive function operators:
Zero function
Successor function
Identity function
Composition function
Primitive recursion (induction)
Minimization
The fact that the abacus/counter-machine models can simulate the recursive functions provides the proof that: If a function is "machine computable" then it is "hand-calculable by partial recursion". Kleene's Theorem XXIX :
"Theorem XXIX: "Every computable partial function φ is partial recursive..." (italics in original, p. 374).
The converse appears as his Theorem XXVIII. Together these form the proof of their equivalence, Kleene's Theorem XXX.
1952 Church–Turing Thesis
With his Theorem XXX Kleene proves the equivalence of the two "Theses"—the Church Thesis and the Turing Thesis. (Kleene can only hypothesize (conjecture) the truth of both thesis – these he has not proven):
THEOREM XXX: The following classes of partial functions ... have the same members: (a) the partial recursive functions, (b) the computable functions ..."(p. 376)
Definition of "partial recursive function": "A partial function φ is partial recursive in [the partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn if there is a system of equations E which defines φ recursively from [partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn" (p. 326)
Thus by Kleene's Theorem XXX: either method of making numbers from input-numbers—recursive functions calculated by hand or computated by Turing-machine or equivalent—results in an "effectively calculable/computable function". If we accept the hypothesis that every calculation/computation can be done by either method equivalently we have accepted both Kleene's Theorem XXX (the equivalence) and the Church–Turing Thesis (the hypothesis of "every").
A note of dissent: "There's more to algorithm..." Blass and Gurevich (2003)
The notion of separating out Church's and Turing's theses from the "Church–Turing thesis" appears not only in Kleene (1952) but in Blass-Gurevich (2003) as well. But while there are agreements, there are disagreements too:
"...we disagree with Kleene that the notion of algorithm is that well understood. In fact the notion of algorithm is richer these days than it was in Turing's days. And there are algorithms, of modern and classical varieties, not covered directly by Turing's analysis, for example, algorithms that interact with their environments, algorithms whose inputs are abstract structures, and geometric or, more generally, non-discrete algorithms" (Blass-Gurevich (2003) p. 8, boldface added)
1954 A. A. Markov Jr.'s characterization
Andrey Markov Jr. (1954) provided the following definition of algorithm:
"1. In mathematics, "algorithm" is commonly understood to be an exact prescription, defining a computational process, leading from various initial data to the desired result...."
"The following three features are characteristic of algorithms and determine their role in mathematics:
"a) the precision of the prescription, leaving no place to arbitrariness, and its universal comprehensibility -- the definiteness of the algorithm;
"b) the possibility of starting out with initial data, which may vary within given limits -- the generality of the algorithm;
"c) the orientation of the algorithm toward obtaining some desired result, which is indeed obtained in the end with proper initial data -- the conclusiveness of the algorithm." (p.1)
He admitted that this definition "does not pretend to mathematical precision" (p. 1). His 1954 monograph was his attempt to define algorithm more accurately; he saw his resulting definition—his "normal" algorithm—as "equivalent to the concept of a recursive function" (p. 3). His definition included four major components (Chapter II.3 pp. 63ff):
"1. Separate elementary steps, each of which will be performed according to one of [the substitution] rules... [rules given at the outset]
"2. ... steps of local nature ... [Thus the algorithm won't change more than a certain number of symbols to the left or right of the observed word/symbol]
"3. Rules for the substitution formulas ... [he called the list of these "the scheme" of the algorithm]
"4. ...a means to distinguish a "concluding substitution" [i.e. a distinguishable "terminal/final" state or states]
In his Introduction Markov observed that "the entire significance for mathematics" of efforts to define algorithm more precisely would be "in connection with the problem of a constructive foundation for mathematics" (p. 2). Ian Stewart (cf Encyclopædia Britannica) shares a similar belief: "...constructive analysis is very much in the same algorithmic spirit as computer science...". For more see constructive mathematics and Intuitionism.
Distinguishability and Locality: Both notions first appeared with Turing (1936–1937) --
"The new observed squares must be immediately recognizable by the computer [sic: a computer was a person in 1936]. I think it reasonable to suppose that they can only be squares whose distance from the closest of the immediately observed squares does not exceed a certain fixed amount. Let us stay that each of the new observed squares is within L squares of one of the previously observed squares." (Turing (1936) p. 136 in Davis ed. Undecidable)
Locality appears prominently in the work of Gurevich and Gandy (1980) (whom Gurevich cites). Gandy's "Fourth Principle for Mechanisms" is "The Principle of Local Causality":
"We now come to the most important of our principles. In Turing's analysis the requirement that the action depend only on a bounded portion of the record was based on a human limitiation. We replace this by a physical limitation which we call the principle of local causation. Its justification lies in the finite velocity of propagation of effects and signals: contemporary physics rejects the possibility of instantaneous action at a distance." (Gandy (1980) p. 135 in J. Barwise et al.)
1936, 1963, 1964 Gödel's characterization
1936: A rather famous quote from Kurt Gödel appears in a "Remark added in proof [of the original German publication] in his paper "On the Length of Proofs" translated by Martin Davis appearing on pp. 82–83 of The Undecidable. A number of authors—Kleene, Gurevich, Gandy etc. -- have quoted the following:
"Thus, the concept of "computable" is in a certain definite sense "absolute," while practically all other familiar metamathematical concepts (e.g. provable, definable, etc.) depend quite essentially on the system with respect to which they are defined." (p. 83)
1963: In a "Note" dated 28 August 1963 added to his famous paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions (1931) Gödel states (in a footnote) his belief that "formal systems" have "the characteristic property that reasoning in them, in principle, can be completely replaced by mechanical devices" (p. 616 in van Heijenoort). ". . . due to "A. M. Turing's work a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general notion of formal system can now be given [and] a completely general version of Theorems VI and XI is now possible." (p. 616). In a 1964 note to another work he expresses the same opinion more strongly and in more detail.
1964: In a Postscriptum, dated 1964, to a paper presented to the Institute for Advanced Study in spring 1934, Gödel amplified his conviction that "formal systems" are those that can be mechanized:
"In consequence of later advances, in particular of the fact that, due to A. M. Turing's work, a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general concept of formal system can now be given . . . Turing's work gives an analysis of the concept of "mechanical procedure" (alias "algorithm" or "computational procedure" or "finite combinatorial procedure"). This concept is shown to be equivalent with that of a "Turing machine".* A formal system can simply be defined to be any mechanical procedure for producing formulas, called provable formulas . . . ." (p. 72 in Martin Davis ed. The Undecidable: "Postscriptum" to "On Undecidable Propositions of Formal Mathematical Systems" appearing on p. 39, loc. cit.)
The * indicates a footnote in which Gödel cites the papers by Alan Turing (1937) and Emil Post (1936) and then goes on to make the following intriguing statement:
"As for previous equivalent definitions of computability, which however, are much less suitable for our purpose, see Alonzo Church, Am. J. Math., vol. 58 (1936) [appearing in The Undecidable pp. 100-102]).
Church's definitions encompass so-called "recursion" and the "lambda calculus" (i.e. the λ-definable functions). His footnote 18 says that he discussed the relationship of "effective calculatibility" and "recursiveness" with Gödel but that he independently questioned "effectively calculability" and "λ-definability":
"We now define the notion . . . of an effectively calculable function of positive integers by identifying it with the notion of a recursive function of positive integers18 (or of a λ-definable function of positive integers.
"It has already been pointed out that, for every function of positive integers which is effectively calculable in the sense just defined, there exists an algorithm for the calculation of its value.
"Conversely it is true . . ." (p. 100, The Undecidable).
It would appear from this, and the following, that far as Gödel was concerned, the Turing machine was sufficient and the lambda calculus was "much less suitable." He goes on to make the point that, with regards to limitations on human reason, the jury is still out:
("Note that the question of whether there exist finite non-mechanical procedures** not equivalent with any algorithm, has nothing whatsoever to do with the adequacy of the definition of "formal system" and of "mechanical procedure.") (p. 72, loc. cit.)
"(For theories and procedures in the more general sense indicated in footnote ** the situation may be different. Note that the results mentioned in the postscript do not establish any bounds for the powers of human reason, but rather for the potentialities of pure formalism in mathematics.) (p. 73 loc. cit.)
Footnote **: "I.e., such as involve the use of abstract terms on the basis of their meaning. See my paper in Dial. 12(1958), p. 280." (this footnote appears on p. 72, loc. cit).
1967 Minsky's characterization
Minsky (1967) baldly asserts that "an algorithm is "an effective procedure" and declines to use the word "algorithm" further in his text; in fact his index makes it clear what he feels about "Algorithm, synonym for Effective procedure"(p. 311):
"We will use the latter term [an effective procedure] in the sequel. The terms are roughly synonymous, but there are a number of shades of meaning used in different contexts, especially for 'algorithm'" (italics in original, p. 105)
Other writers (see Knuth below) use the word "effective procedure". This leads one to wonder: What is Minsky's notion of "an effective procedure"? He starts off with:
"...a set of rules which tell us, from moment to moment, precisely how to behave" (p. 106)
But he recognizes that this is subject to a criticism:
"... the criticism that the interpretation of the rules is left to depend on some person or agent" (p. 106)
His refinement? To "specify, along with the statement of the rules, the details of the mechanism that is to interpret them". To avoid the "cumbersome" process of "having to do this over again for each individual procedure" he hopes to identify a "reasonably uniform family of rule-obeying mechanisms". His "formulation":
"(1) a language in which sets of behavioral rules are to be expressed, and
"(2) a single machine which can interpret statements in the language and thus carry out the steps of each specified process." (italics in original, all quotes this para. p. 107)
In the end, though, he still worries that "there remains a subjective aspect to the matter. Different people may not agree on whether a certain procedure should be called effective" (p. 107)
But Minsky is undeterred. He immediately introduces "Turing's Analysis of Computation Process" (his chapter 5.2). He quotes what he calls "Turing's thesis"
"Any process which could naturally be called an effective procedure can be realized by a Turing machine" (p. 108. (Minsky comments that in a more general form this is called "Church's thesis").
After an analysis of "Turing's Argument" (his chapter 5.3)
he observes that "equivalence of many intuitive formulations" of Turing, Church, Kleene, Post, and Smullyan "...leads us to suppose that there is really here an 'objective' or 'absolute' notion. As Rogers [1959] put it:
"In this sense, the notion of effectively computable function is one of the few 'absolute' concepts produced by modern work in the foundations of mathematics'" (Minsky p. 111 quoting Rogers, Hartley Jr (1959) The present theory of Turing machine computability, J. SIAM 7, 114-130.)
1967 Rogers' characterization
In his 1967 Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability Hartley Rogers' characterizes "algorithm" roughly as "a clerical (i.e., deterministic, bookkeeping) procedure . . . applied to . . . symbolic inputs and which will eventually yield, for each such input, a corresponding symbolic output"(p. 1). He then goes on to describe the notion "in approximate and intuitive terms" as having 10 "features", 5 of which he asserts that "virtually all mathematicians would agree [to]" (p. 2). The remaining 5 he asserts "are less obvious than *1 to *5 and about which we might find less general agreement" (p. 3).
The 5 "obvious" are:
1 An algorithm is a set of instructions of finite size,
2 There is a capable computing agent,
3 "There are facilities for making, storing, and retrieving steps in a computation"
4 Given #1 and #2 the agent computes in "discrete stepwise fashion" without use of continuous methods or analogue devices",
5 The computing agent carries the computation forward "without resort to random methods or devices, e.g. , dice" (in a footnote Rogers wonders if #4 and #5 are really the same)
The remaining 5 that he opens to debate, are:
6 No fixed bound on the size of the inputs,
7 No fixed bound on the size of the set of instructions,
8 No fixed bound on the amount of memory storage available,
9 A fixed finite bound on the capacity or ability of the computing agent (Rogers illustrates with example simple mechanisms similar to a Post–Turing machine or a counter machine),
10 A bound on the length of the computation -- "should we have some idea, 'ahead of time', how long the computationwill take?" (p. 5). Rogers requires "only that a computation terminate after some finite number of steps; we do not insist on an a priori ability to estimate this number." (p. 5).
1968, 1973 Knuth's characterization
Knuth (1968, 1973) has given a list of five properties that are widely accepted as requirements for an algorithm:
Finiteness: "An algorithm must always terminate after a finite number of steps ... a very finite number, a reasonable number"
Definiteness: "Each step of an algorithm must be precisely defined; the actions to be carried out must be rigorously and unambiguously specified for each case"
Input: "...quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins. These inputs are taken from specified sets of objects"
Output: "...quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs"
Effectiveness: "... all of the operations to be performed in the algorithm must be sufficiently basic that they can in principle be done exactly and in a finite length of time by a man using paper and pencil"
Knuth offers as an example the Euclidean algorithm for determining the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers (cf. Knuth Vol. 1 p. 2).
Knuth admits that, while his description of an algorithm may be intuitively clear, it lacks formal rigor, since it is not exactly clear what "precisely defined" means, or "rigorously and unambiguously specified" means, or "sufficiently basic", and so forth. He makes an effort in this direction in his first volume where he defines in detail what he calls the "machine language" for his "mythical MIX...the world's first polyunsaturated computer" (pp. 120ff). Many of the algorithms in his books are written in the MIX language. He also uses tree diagrams, flow diagrams and state diagrams.
"Goodness" of an algorithm, "best" algorithms: Knuth states that "In practice, we not only want algorithms, we want good algorithms...." He suggests that some criteria of an algorithm's goodness are the number of steps to perform the algorithm, its "adaptability to computers, its simplicity and elegance, etc." Given a number of algorithms to perform the same computation, which one is "best"? He calls this sort of inquiry "algorithmic analysis: given an algorithm, to determine its performance characteristcis" (all quotes this paragraph: Knuth Vol. 1 p. 7)
1972 Stone's characterization
Stone (1972) and Knuth (1968, 1973) were professors at Stanford University at the same time so it is not surprising if there are similarities in their definitions (boldface added for emphasis):
"To summarize ... we define an algorithm to be a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations such that each rule is effective and definite and such that the sequence terminates in a finite time." (boldface added, p. 8)
Stone is noteworthy because of his detailed discussion of what constitutes an “effective” rule – his robot, or person-acting-as-robot, must have some information and abilities within them, and if not the information and the ability must be provided in "the algorithm":
"For people to follow the rules of an algorithm, the rules must be formulated so that they can be followed in a robot-like manner, that is, without the need for thought... however, if the instructions [to solve the quadratic equation, his example] are to be obeyed by someone who knows how to perform arithmetic operations but does not know how to extract a square root, then we must also provide a set of rules for extracting a square root in order to satisfy the definition of algorithm" (p. 4-5)
Furthermore, "...not all instructions are acceptable, because they may require the robot to have abilities beyond those that we consider reasonable.” He gives the example of a robot confronted with the question is “Henry VIII a King of England?” and to print 1 if yes and 0 if no, but the robot has not been previously provided with this information. And worse, if the robot is asked if Aristotle was a King of England and the robot only had been provided with five names, it would not know how to answer. Thus:
“an intuitive definition of an acceptable sequence of instructions is one in which each instruction is precisely defined so that the robot is guaranteed to be able to obey it” (p. 6)
After providing us with his definition, Stone introduces the Turing machine model and states that the set of five-tuples that are the machine’s instructions are “an algorithm ... known as a Turing machine program” (p. 9). Immediately thereafter he goes on say that a “computation of a Turing machine is described by stating:
"1. The tape alphabet
"2. The form in which the [input] parameters are presented on the tape
"3. The initial state of the Turing machine
"4. The form in which answers [output] will be represented on the tape when the Turing machine halts
"5. The machine program" (italics added, p. 10)
This precise prescription of what is required for "a computation" is in the spirit of what will follow in the work of Blass and Gurevich.
1995 Soare's characterization
"A computation is a process whereby we proceed from initially given objects, called inputs, according to a fixed set of rules, called a program, procedure, or algorithm, through a series of steps and arrive at the end of these steps with a final result, called the output. The algorithm, as a set of rules proceeding from inputs to output, must be precise and definite with each successive step clearly determined. The concept of computability concerns those objects which may be specified in principle by computations . . ."(italics in original, boldface added p. 3)
2000 Berlinski's characterization
While a student at Princeton in the mid-1960s, David Berlinski was a student of Alonzo Church (cf p. 160). His year-2000 book The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-year Journey from an Idea to the Computer contains the following definition of algorithm:
"In the logician's voice:
"an algorithm is
a finite procedure,
written in a fixed symbolic vocabulary,
governed by precise instructions,
moving in discrete steps, 1, 2, 3, . . .,
whose execution requires no insight, cleverness,
intuition, intelligence, or perspicuity,
and that sooner or later comes to an end." (boldface and italics in the original, p. xviii)
2000, 2002 Gurevich's characterization
A careful reading of Gurevich 2000 leads one to conclude (infer?) that he believes that "an algorithm" is actually "a Turing machine" or "a pointer machine" doing a computation. An "algorithm" is not just the symbol-table that guides the behavior of the machine, nor is it just one instance of a machine doing a computation given a particular set of input parameters, nor is it a suitably programmed machine with the power off; rather an algorithm is the machine actually doing any computation of which it is capable. Gurevich does not come right out and say this, so as worded above this conclusion (inference?) is certainly open to debate:
" . . . every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine . . . a program can be simulated and therefore given a precise meaning by a Turing machine." (p. 1)
" It is often thought that the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm was solved by Church [1936] and Turing [1936]. For example, according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine. Church and Turing did not solve the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm. Instead they gave (different but equivalent) formalizations of the notion of computable function, and there is more to an algorithm than the function it computes. (italics added p. 3)
"Of course, the notions of algorithm and computable function are intimately related: by definition, a computable function is a function computable by an algorithm. . . . (p. 4)
In Blass and Gurevich 2002 the authors invoke a dialog between "Quisani" ("Q") and "Authors" (A), using Yiannis Moshovakis as a foil, where they come right out and flatly state:
"A: To localize the disagreement, let's first mention two points of agreement. First, there are some things that are obviously algorithms by anyone's definition -- Turing machines , sequential-time ASMs [Abstract State Machines], and the like. . . .Second, at the other extreme are specifications that would not be regarded as algorithms under anyone's definition, since they give no indication of how to compute anything . . . The issue is how detailed the information has to be in order to count as an algorithm. . . . Moshovakis allows some things that we would call only declarative specifications, and he would probably use the word "implementation" for things that we call algorithms." (paragraphs joined for ease of readability, 2002:22)
This use of the word "implementation" cuts straight to the heart of the question. Early in the paper, Q states his reading of Moshovakis:
"...[H]e would probably think that your practical work [Gurevich works for Microsoft] forces you to think of implementations more than of algorithms. He is quite willing to identify implementations with machines, but he says that algorithms are something more general. What it boils down to is that you say an algorithm is a machine and Moschovakis says it is not." (2002:3)
But the authors waffle here, saying "[L]et's stick to "algorithm" and "machine", and the reader is left, again, confused. We have to wait until Dershowitz and Gurevich 2007 to get the following footnote comment:
" . . . Nevertheless, if one accepts Moshovakis's point of view, then it is the "implementation" of algorithms that we have set out to characterize."(cf Footnote 9 2007:6)
2003 Blass and Gurevich's characterization
Blass and Gurevich describe their work as evolved from consideration of Turing machines and pointer machines, specifically Kolmogorov-Uspensky machines (KU machines), Schönhage Storage Modification Machines (SMM), and linking automata as defined by Knuth. The work of Gandy and Markov are also described as influential precursors.
Gurevich offers a 'strong' definition of an algorithm (boldface added):
"...Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine....In practice, it would be ridiculous...[Nevertheless,] [c]an one generalize Turing machines so that any algorithm, never mind how abstract, can be modeled by a generalized machine?...But suppose such generalized Turing machines exist. What would their states be?...a first-order structure ... a particular small instruction set suffices in all cases ... computation as an evolution of the state ... could be nondeterministic... can interact with their environment ... [could be] parallel and multi-agent ... [could have] dynamic semantics ... [the two underpinings of their work are:] Turing's thesis ...[and] the notion of (first order) structure of [Tarski 1933]" (Gurevich 2000, p. 1-2)
The above phrase computation as an evolution of the state differs markedly from the definition of Knuth and Stone—the "algorithm" as a Turing machine program. Rather, it corresponds to what Turing called the complete configuration (cf Turing's definition in Undecidable, p. 118) -- and includes both the current instruction (state) and the status of the tape. [cf Kleene (1952) p. 375 where he shows an example of a tape with 6 symbols on it—all other squares are blank—and how to Gödelize its combined table-tape status].
In Algorithm examples we see the evolution of the state first-hand.
1995 – Daniel Dennett: evolution as an algorithmic process
Philosopher Daniel Dennett analyses the importance of evolution as an algorithmic process in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Dennett identifies three key features of an algorithm:
Substrate neutrality: an algorithm relies on its logical structure. Thus, the particular form in which an algorithm is manifested is not important (Dennett's example is long division: it works equally well on paper, on parchment, on a computer screen, or using neon lights or in skywriting). (p. 51)
Underlying mindlessness: no matter how complicated the end-product of the algorithmic process may be, each step in the algorithm is sufficiently simple to be performed by a non-sentient, mechanical device. The algorithm does not require a "brain" to maintain or operate it. "The standard textbook analogy notes that algorithms are recipes of sorts, designed to be followed by novice cooks."(p. 51)
Guaranteed results: If the algorithm is executed correctly, it will always produce the same results. "An algorithm is a foolproof recipe." (p. 51)
It is on the basis of this analysis that Dennett concludes that "According to Darwin, evolution is an algorithmic process". (p. 60).
However, in the previous page he has gone out on a much-further limb. In the context of his chapter titled "Processes as Algorithms", he states:
"But then . . are there any limits at all on what may be considered an algorithmic process? I guess the answer is NO; if you wanted to, you can treat any process at the abstract level as an algorithmic process. . . If what strikes you as puzzling is the uniformity of the [ocean's] sand grains or the strength of the [tempered-steel] blade, an algorithmic explanation is what will satisfy your curiosity -- and it will be the truth. . . .
"No matter how impressive the products of an algorithm, the underlying process always consists of nothing but a set of mindless steps succeeding each other without the help of any intelligent supervision; they are 'automatic' by definition: the workings of an automaton." (p. 59)
It is unclear from the above whether Dennett is stating that the physical world by itself and without observers is intrinsically algorithmic (computational) or whether a symbol-processing observer is what is adding "meaning" to the observations.
2002 John Searle adds a clarifying caveat to Dennett's characterization
Daniel Dennett is a proponent of strong artificial intelligence: the idea that the logical structure of an algorithm is sufficient to explain mind. John Searle, the creator of the Chinese room thought experiment, claims that "syntax [that is, logical structure] is by itself not sufficient for semantic content [that is, meaning]" . In other words, the "meaning" of symbols is relative to the mind that is using them; an algorithm—a logical construct—by itself is insufficient for a mind.
Searle cautions those who claim that algorithmic (computational) processes are intrinsic to nature (for example, cosmologists, physicists, chemists, etc.):
2002: Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey specification of Turing machine calculation
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
An example in Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) (pp. 31–32) demonstrates the precision required in a complete specification of an algorithm, in this case to add two numbers: m+n. It is similar to the Stone requirements above.
(i) They have discussed the role of "number format" in the computation and selected the "tally notation" to represent numbers:
"Certainly computation can be harder in practice with some notations than others... But... it is possible in principle to do in any other notation, simply by translating the data... For purposes of framing a rigorously defined notion of computability, it is convenient to use monadic or tally notation" (p. 25-26)
(ii) At the outset of their example they specify the machine to be used in the computation as a Turing machine. They have previously specified (p. 26) that the Turing-machine will be of the 4-tuple, rather than 5-tuple, variety. For more on this convention see Turing machine.
(iii) Previously the authors have specified that the tape-head's position will be indicated by a subscript to the right of the scanned symbol. For more on this convention see Turing machine. (In the following, boldface is added for emphasis):
"We have not given an official definition of what it is for a numerical function to be computable by a Turing machine, specifying how inputs or arguments are to be represented on the machine, and how outputs or values represented. Our specifications for a k-place function from positive integers to positive integers are as follows:
"(a) [Initial number format:] The arguments m1, ... mk, ... will be represented in monadic [unary] notation by blocks of those numbers of strokes, each block separated from the next by a single blank, on an otherwise blank tape.
Example: 3+2, 111B11
"(b) [Initial head location, initial state:] Initially, the machine will be scanning the leftmost 1 on the tape, and will be in its initial state, state 1.
Example: 3+2, 11111B11
"(c) [Successful computation -- number format at Halt:] If the function to be computed assigns a value n to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine will eventually halt on a tape containing a block of strokes, and otherwise blank...
Example: 3+2, 11111
"(d) [Successful computation -- head location at Halt:] In this case [c] the machine will halt scanning the left-most 1 on the tape...
Example: 3+2, 1n1111
"(e) [Unsuccessful computation -- failure to Halt or Halt with non-standard number format:] If the function that is to be computed assigns no value to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine either will never halt, or will halt in some nonstandard configuration..."(ibid)
Example: Bn11111 or B11n111 or B11111n
This specification is incomplete: it requires the location of where the instructions are to be placed and their format in the machine--
(iv) in the finite state machine's TABLE or, in the case of a Universal Turing machine on the tape, and
(v) the Table of instructions in a specified format
This later point is important. Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey give a demonstration (p. 36) that the predictability of the entries in the table allow one to "shrink" the table by putting the entries in sequence and omitting the input state and the symbol. Indeed, the example Turing machine computation required only the 4 columns as shown in the table below (but note: these were presented to the machine in rows):
2006: Sipser's assertion and his three levels of description
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
Sipser begins by defining '"algorithm" as follows:
"Informally speaking, an algorithm is a collection of simple instructions for carrying out some task. Commonplace in everyday life, algorithms sometimes are called procedures or recipes (italics in original, p. 154)
"...our real focus from now on is on algorithms. That is, the Turing machine merely serves as a precise model for the definition of algorithm .... we need only to be comfortable enough with Turing machines to believe that they capture all algorithms" ( p. 156)
Does Sipser mean that "algorithm" is just "instructions" for a Turing machine, or is the combination of "instructions + a (specific variety of) Turing machine"? For example, he defines the two standard variants (multi-tape and non-deterministic) of his particular variant (not the same as Turing's original) and goes on, in his Problems (pages 160-161), to describe four more variants (write-once, doubly infinite tape (i.e. left- and right-infinite), left reset, and "stay put instead of left). In addition, he imposes some constraints. First, the input must be encoded as a string (p. 157) and says of numeric encodings in the context of complexity theory:
"But note that unary notation for encoding numbers (as in the number 17 encoded by the unary number 11111111111111111) isn't reasonable because it is exponentially larger than truly reasonable encodings, such as base k notation for any k ≥ 2." (p. 259)
Van Emde Boas comments on a similar problem with respect to the random-access machine (RAM) abstract model of computation sometimes used in place of the Turing machine when doing "analysis of algorithms":
"The absence or presence of multiplicative and parallel bit manipulation operations is of relevance for the correct understanding of some results in the analysis of algorithms.
". . . [T]here hardly exists such as a thing as an "innocent" extension of the standard RAM model in the uniform time measures; either one only has additive arithmetic or one might as well include all reasonable multiplicative and/or bitwise Boolean instructions on small operands." (Van Emde Boas, 1990:26)
With regard to a "description language" for algorithms Sipser finishes the job that Stone and Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey started (boldface added). He offers us three levels of description of Turing machine algorithms (p. 157):
High-level description: "wherein we use ... prose to describe an algorithm, ignoring the implementation details. At this level we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head."
Implementation description: "in which we use ... prose to describe the way that the Turing machine moves its head and the way that it stores data on its tape. At this level we do not give details of states or transition function."
Formal description: "... the lowest, most detailed, level of description... that spells out in full the Turing machine's states, transition function, and so on."
2011: Yanofsky
In Yanofsky (2011) an algorithm is defined to be the set of programs that implement that algorithm: the set of all programs is partitioned into equivalence classes. Although the set of programs does not form a category, the set of algorithms form a category with extra structure. The conditions that describe when two programs are equivalent turn out to be coherence relations which give the extra structure to the category of algorithms.
Notes
References
David Berlinski (2000), The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer, Harcourt, Inc., San Diego, (pbk.)
George Boolos, John P. Burgess, Richard Jeffrey (2002), Computability and Logic: Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (pbk).
Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich (2003), Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions, Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science 81, 2003. Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references.
Burgin, M. Super-recursive algorithms, Monographs in computer science, Springer, 2005.
. A source of important definitions and some Turing machine-based algorithms for a few recursive functions.
Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of Gödel, Alonzo Church, Turing, Rosser, Kleene, and Emil Post are included.
Robin Gandy, Church's Thesis and principles for Mechanisms, in J. Barwise, H. J. Keisler and K. Kunen, eds., The Kleene Symposium, North-Holland Publishing Company 1980) pp. 123–148. Gandy's famous "4 principles of [computational] mechanisms" includes "Principle IV -- The Principle of Local Causality".
Yuri Gurevich, Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources.
Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p. 274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the Church Thesis).
Excellent — accessible, readable — reference source for mathematical "foundations".
The first of Knuth's famous series of three texts.
Lewis, H.R. and Papadimitriou, C.H. Elements of the Theory of Computation, Prentice-Hall, Uppre Saddle River, N.J., 1998
A. A. Markov (1954) Theory of algorithms. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p. 28 cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.]
Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm — an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 Computability, Effective Procedues and Algorithms. Infinite machines.
Hartley Rogers, Jr, (1967), Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, MIT Press (1987), Cambridge MA, (pbk.)
Robert Soare, (1995 to appear in Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, August 19–25, 1995, Florence Italy), Computability and Recursion), on the web at ??.
Michael Sipser, (2006), Introduction to the Theory of Computation: Second Edition, Thompson Course Technology div. of Thompson Learning, Inc. Boston, MA. .
Ian Stewart, Algorithm, Encyclopædia Britannica 2006.
Cf in particular the first chapter titled: Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an algorithm" (p. 4).
Peter van Emde Boas (1990), "Machine Models and Simulations" pp 3–66, appearing in Jan van Leeuwen (1990), Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms & Complexity, The MIT Press/Elsevier, 1990, (Volume A)
Computability theory
Models of computation
Formal methods
Algorithms |
23573534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%C3%AD%20Po%C4%8Daply | Horní Počaply | Horní Počaply is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Křivenice is an administrative part of Horní Počaply.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20468210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangapur%2C%20Rautahat | Rangapur, Rautahat | Rangapur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 8141 people living in 1487 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6901706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YoungArts | YoungArts | YoungArts (previously National YoungArts Foundation and National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, or NFAA) is an American charity established in 1981 by Lin and Ted Arison to help nurture emerging high-school artists. The foundation is based in Miami, Florida. Alumni of the program include Timothée Chalamet, Jessica Darrow, Kerry Washington, Matt Bomer, Billy Porter, Anna Gunn, Andrew Rannells, Kimiko Glenn, Ben Levi Ross, Sam Lipsyte, Chris Young, Neal Dodson, Viola Davis, Nicki Minaj, Doug Aitken, and Max Schneider.
In 1981, Ted Arison gave $5 million to launch the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts.
YoungArts nominates up to 60 candidates for consideration as U.S. Presidential Scholars in the Arts following participation in YoungArts week.
YoungArts disciplines
The YoungArts application consists of ten disciplines across the visual, literary, design and performing arts:
Classical Music – composition and instrumental
Dance – ballet, choreography, hip hop, jazz, modern, tap, and world dance forms
Design Arts - architecture, interior, product, graphic, fashion and theater design
Film – narrative, documentary, experimental, and animation
Jazz – composers and instrumentalists
Photography
Theater – musical, classical and contemporary spoken theater
Visual Arts
Voice – classical, jazz, popular and singer/songwriter
Writing – creative non-fiction, novel, play or script, poetry, short story, spoken word
Other programs and activities
Several documentaries have been produced highlighting this unique program and its award recipients. Most notably, Rehearsing a Dream, produced by the Simon and Goodman Picture Company, was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. A documentary television series entitled YoungArts MasterClass, in which program alumni are teamed with famous mentors, is in its second season on HBO. YoungArts has developed a study guide, based on the HBO series, for high school teachers with Teachers College, Columbia University.
Alumni opportunities
Every YoungArts winner becomes a part of the YoungArts alumni community, an artistic family of more than 20,000 alumni. YoungArts makes open calls to alumni to provide opportunities and inclusion in its programming and events.
Budget
YoungArts has an endowment of $42 million. Its $6 million annual budget is expected to increase as much as 40 percent as its operating expenses grow.
References
External links
YoungArts website
Presidential Scholars Program
Arts foundations based in the United States
Educational foundations in the United States
Scholarships in the United States |
17331490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain%20Saudan | Sylvain Saudan | Sylvain Saudan (born 23 September 1936 in Lausanne, Switzerland) is an extreme skier, dubbed "skier of the impossible." He is noted for skiing down large and steep mountains, including those in the Himalayas. In 2007 he survived a helicopter crash in Kashmir.
He is considered to be the father of extreme skiing and that has given him the name "skier of the impossible". He has the most difficult 18 descents to his credit. In mountains people are usually known for first ascent of high and difficult peaks but he is famous for first descents (see French Wikipedia). In 1969 he skied Monte Rosa, and Mount Hood in 1971. In 1970 he skied the W flank of the Eiger. He has climbed then skied back down the SW face of Denali (Mount McKinley), Alaska, the highest mountain in North America, in 1972; Mont Blanc in 1968, the highest mountain in the Alps; Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa; Nun peak in the Himalayas in 1976; and a number of other peaks in Nepal and the Karakoram. On his 50th birthday he skied down Japan's Mount Fuji, without snow, on scree. Saudan's crowning achievement came in 1982 when, at age 46, he skied down Pakistan's -high Gasherbrum I, or Hidden Peak, in the Himalayas. It was, and possibly still is, the longest 50-degree ski descent ever accomplished and likely the first full descent of an '8,000 meter' mountain.
In order to safely ski these mountains he developed a new technique to "jump turn" on very steep inclines. Normal jump turns would have accelerated the skier and thrown him too far down the mountain so, using long ski poles, Saudan turned by planting a ski pole downhill and, keeping his weight on both skis and leaning back on his heels, he lifted the ski tips up and swivelled them in an arc into the turn. These turns, rhythmically swivelling the skis in arcs left and right, he christened the windscreen wiper turns.
He is an accomplished guide for heliskiing, one of the first European guides, along with Hans Gmoser, to exploit the Bugaboos in British Columbia in the 1970s, with waist deep powder snow (often 150,000 vertical feet per week or more). He later developed his own line of skis suited for powder skiing. These were relatively short and wide metal skis, designed to be quick turning in powder snow, as well as to be easily loaded outside the helicopters.
His extreme exploits involved considerable preparations, studying the mountain, the snow, and the terrain over an extended period of time.
Saudan is now a motivational speaker for corporate executives, using his films to demonstrate the leap in courage it takes to conquer new peaks and new challenges.
Quotes
I don't live for the mountain. I couldn't live without her. I live with her. (in Dreyfus, p. 31).
When you ski down a corridor, you're really edging death with each move that is not perfectly controlled. There's really only one way out: don't fall down. (in Dreyfus, p. 270).
References
External links
SKI magazine - The father of extreme skiing - Jan-2009 - p. 86. Subscription required.
Swiss male alpine skiers
Extreme skiers
1936 births
Living people |
17331514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Yorkshire%20County%20Council | North Yorkshire County Council | North Yorkshire County Council (NYCC) is the county council governing the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire; an area composing most of North Yorkshire in England. The council currently consists of 90 councillors. The council is currently controlled by the Conservative Party. The headquarters of the council is county hall in Northallerton.
In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the non-metropolitan county will be reorganised into a unitary authority. The county council will be abolished and its functions transferred to a new authority, North Yorkshire Council.
History
The council was formed in 1974 when North Riding County Council was abolished. The council occupies County Hall at Northallerton. As a County Council, it is a "top-tier" system that has the responsibility for social care, education and roads. Until 31 March 2023 other functions are the responsibility of seven district councils.
Governance
Until May 2022 the Council was composed of 72 councillors. Elections were held every four years, except in 2021. The 2017 election returned an increased Conservative majority, with the Conservative Party holding 55 seats. Independent candidates saw an increase to 10 seats, with the Liberal Democrats and Labour seeing large reductions in their seat counts. UKIP and the Liberal Party both lost their representation on the council, with the Liberal Party incumbent in Pickering losing by just 2 votes.
Across the 2017–2022 period of governance, the Conservative Party saw a net loss of 4 seats, and their governing majority was 30 by 2022.
The number of councillors was increased to 90 in 2022, and the last election was held in May 2022. The 2022 election returned a much reduced Conservative majority, with the Conservative Party holding 47 seats. Independent candidates saw an increase to 13 seats and the Liberal Democrats and Labour increased their seats to 12 each. The Greens won representation with 5 seats and the Liberal Party regained its representation on the council with 1 seat.
Executive
North Yorkshire County Council's executive is composed of nine Conservative councillors and the Conservative Leader of the council. The Executive makes most decisions, except for decisions about the budget and major policy framework, which are made by the full council.
Districts
Until 31 March 2023 the seven district councils in North Yorkshire council area are:
Selby
Borough of Harrogate
Craven
Richmondshire
Hambleton
Ryedale
Borough of Scarborough
These district councils are responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.
The functions of the district councils will be transferred to the new North Yorkshire Council on 1 April 2023.
Political control
Political control of the non-metropolitan county has been held by the following groups:
The last elections to the county council took place on 5 May 2022. On 17 March 2022 the government legislated to increase the number of councillors from 72 to 90 and to reorganise the electoral divisions. The councillors elected will serve until May 2027, one year as county councillors for the existing North Yorkshire County Council and another four years as councillors for the new unitary North Yorkshire Council when it begins in April 2023.
References
External links
North Yorkshire County Council
Heraldry website explaining the Coat of Arms
County councils of England
1974 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in North Yorkshire
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
44498769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya%20Sagar%20Pandya | Vidya Sagar Pandya | Vidya Sagar Pandya was an Indian banker and politician.
Personal life
He was born at Multan in 1876. His father was Pandit Basant Ram, an auditor. His ancestors included Accountants, Dealers and Bankers financing Governments and the aristocracy. He was educated at Hindu College, Vizagapatam, Christian College, Lahore and Government College, Lahore.
Career
He began working at his father's firm 'Basant Ram and Sons'.
In 1903 he joined the Peoples' Bank of India at Karachi as a Manager. In 1905 he became Manager of the Banks Head Office at Lahore. In 1907 he joined the Indian Bank, Madras as Secretary. He was one of the founders of the Southern India Chamber of Commerce, Madras.
In 1930 he became a member of the Central Legislative Assembly, nominated by Madras Indian Commerce.
References
Politicians from Lahore
1876 births
Year of death missing |
44498778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20UCLA%20Bruins%20football%20team | 1951 UCLA Bruins football team | The 1951 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) during the 1951 college football season.
Schedule
Game summaries
USC
For the first time, the Bruins defeated the Trojans in consecutive seasons. UCLA won the previous season's game 39–0. Scoring for the Bruins were Don Stalwick, Ike Jones, and Donn Moomaw. Late in the fourth quarter, Jim Sears scored for USC to avoid another shutout.
References
UCLA
UCLA Bruins football seasons
UCLA Bruins football
UCLA Bruins football |
23573536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99%C3%ADn | Hořín | Hořín () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
The village of Hořín is protected by a flood wall, due to a high amount of flooded buildings in European floods in 2002.
Administrative parts
Villages of Brozánky, Vrbno and Zelčín are administrative parts of Hořín.
Sights
There is the burial vault of the Lobkowicz family.
Notable people
Jan August Vitásek (1770–1839), composer
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila%20Cockrel | Sheila Cockrel | Sheila M. Cockrel née Sheila Murphy (born November 3, 1947) is an American politician and consultant. She was a member of the Detroit City Council from 1994 to 2009. The widow of Kenneth Cockrel, Sr. and stepmother of Kenneth Cockrel, Jr., she "had [a] fractious relationship with" Monica Conyers, whose resignation she called "an appropriate decision". When Dave Bing proposed a water rate hike, she was among those who voted in favor.
2009 activities
In 2009, Cockrel joined the adjunct faculty of Wayne State University's Irvin D. Reid Honors College. She taught two seminars and joined the Board of Visitors. She became the founder, CEO and president of Crossroads Consulting Group, a firm that assists companies in helping local governments.
Testimony
In 2008, Cockrel testified to a grand jury regarding John Clark, former chief-of-staff to Kenneth Cockrel, Jr., allegedly taking bribes from Synagro Technologies, which won a $47-million sludge disposal contract with the city. She was one of five members of the council who voted in favor of this deal despite protests from residents.
Education
Cockrel has a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy and a Master of Arts in urban planning from Wayne State University.
Personal life
Cockrel is a Detroit native whose parents, Louis and Justine Murphy, founded the Catholic Worker Movement there. They oversaw the operations of the St. Martha House of Hospitality, a home for men and a soup kitchen for the needy. She married Ken, Sr. in 1978 and they had a daughter, Katherine, in 1985. In 1988, Ken died.
Archival collection
Some of Cockrel and her husband's work is preserved in the Ken and Sheila Cockrel Papers, at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit.
References
Detroit City Council members
Living people
1947 births
Women city councillors in Michigan
Wayne State University alumni
21st-century American women |
23573542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%C3%ADn | Hostín | Hostín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%C3%ADn%20u%20Vojkovic | Hostín u Vojkovic | Hostín u Vojkovic is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
17331524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%20County%20Council | Norfolk County Council | Norfolk County Council is the top-tier local government authority for Norfolk, England. Its headquarters are based in the city of Norwich.
Below it there are 7 second-tier local government district councils: Breckland District, Broadland District, Great Yarmouth Borough, North Norfolk District, Norwich City, King's Lynn and West Norfolk Borough, and South Norfolk District.
History
In 1902, the council consisted solely of landowners.
Chairmen of the council prior to 1974
1889-1902 Robert Gurdon, 1st Baron Cranworth
1902-1912 Sir William Browne-ffolkes
1912-1920 John Holmes
1920-1925 Ailwyn Fellowes, 1st Baron Ailwyn
1925-1941 Russell Colman
1941-1950 Sir Henry Upcher
1950-1966 Sir Bartle Edwards
1966-1969 Douglas Sanderson
1969-1974 John Hayden : From this point onwards the role of Chairman became ceremonial with the council being run by a Leader.
The council, as currently constituted, was established in 1974 following the implementation of the Local Government Act 1972, which replaced the two previous county authorities (the County Borough of Norwich and the County of Norfolk) with a single top tier authority for the whole of Norfolk.
Politics
Norfolk County Council is currently (since May 2016) run by a Conservative Administration.
Norfolk County Council has traditionally been known as a Conservative stronghold, being run by them from its formation until 1993.
For the period 1993 until 2001 no one party had overall control.
The Conservatives won a majority in the 2001 local elections and held the authority until 2013.
The countryside is almost all Conservative territory, with few areas being strong for the Liberal Democrats. The urban areas of Norfolk have always been more mixed in their loyalties, however, and seats in Norwich, Great Yarmouth, and King's Lynn are often held by the Labour Party. From 2009 to 2013 the Greens held the greatest number of Norfolk County Council electoral divisions within the city of Norwich.
Following the county elections of May 2013, Norfolk County Council was under no overall control, Norfolk County Council's ruling administration was made up of an alliance of non-Conservative councillors (14 UKIP, 15 Labour, 10 Liberal Democrat, 4 Green and 1 independent) with a Labour leader until May 2016. The alliance collapsed in May 2016 when the Green Party withdrew its support resulting in the Council electing a Conservative Leader, and that in turn lead to a minority Conservative administration running the council until May 2017.
In the Local Elections of May 2017 the Conservatives won an overall majority of the seats and were able to form a majority administration. The results were Conservative 55, Labour 17, Liberal Democrats 11 with both UKIP and the Green Party losing all their seats on the council.
In the Local Elections of May 2021 the Conservatives increased their number of seats to 58 and remained in control of the Council.
In April 2014 a project to establish an incinerator at King's Lynn was scrapped by the Labour lead alliance under George Nobbs when the members of the council voted by 48 to 30 to end the authority's contract with the firm Cory Wheelabrator after a heated debate at County Hall in Norwich on 7 April. That decision was directly followed by a cabinet meeting, in which the administration voted unanimously to axe the scheme. This decision meant the council had to pay compensation to the company of several million pounds.
In May 2018 just one week after being re-elected Leader of the council for a further year Cllr. Cliff Jordan resigned from his position and his seat on the council due to ill health. The following month at an Extraordinary Meeting of the Council Cllr. Andrew Proctor was elected Leader.
Election results
Economy and business
The council spends an average of £56.5 million a month with suppliers.
Education
See also List of schools in Norfolk
The council is in charge of all Nursery, Primary and Secondary state schools throughout Norfolk which are not academies, but not Tertiary education. There are three nursery schools, 359 primary schools, 35 secondary schools, one all-through school, one free school, one short stay school and 11 special schools.
The council provides a school finder for parents to find children a school. The primary school curriculum is set by the government, and recorded on Directgov. The secondary (high) school curriculum is set by the government, and recorded on Directgov. There are compulsory subjects which are needed to be followed in Norfolk and England.
In Year 9 (sometimes Year 8), children are required to pick their GCSE options for the forecoming year. In England, a student must take at least two optional choices.
In February 2013, Ofsted inspectors judged that vulnerable children in the county were at risk. Shortly afterwards, the regulator expressed concern about the county's educational provision. Three years later, in August 2016, Ofsted found that Norfolk County Council had still failed to address the regulator's earlier judgements (in February and August 2013, respectively) that the council's arrangements for the protection of children and for services for looked after children were 'inadequate'. In 2017 after further inspection the rating was raised to 'requires improvement' after considerable progress in the department.
Health and Social Care
The council is responsible for coordinating and managing the Adult Social Care of the population of Norfolk. This work was overseen by the Adult Social Care Committee based at County Hall. However, in May 2019 the committee was abolished and its responsibilities transferred to the Cabinet Member for Adult Social Care, Public Health and Prevention.
Since 2012 the Health and Wellbeing Board for Norfolk and Waveney has been responsible for Public Health in the county. The board has been chaired by Cllr. Bill Borrett since 2017, it comprises representatives from most NHS bodies such as the five Clinical Commissioning Groups and the three Norfolk Acute Hospitals as well as Norfolk and Waveney's County and District Councils.
See Healthcare in Norfolk for the details of the different NHS bodies charged with delivering health in the county.
Transportation
Norfolk County Council is responsible for maintaining Norfolk's road networks and bus routes. They often go into schools and promote road safety to students.
Conservation
Norfolk County Council offered grant aid for landscape conservation, submitted to the Director of Planning and Transportation.
Many historic buildings in the county are protected by the Norfolk Historic Buildings Trust, established in 1977, which is under the guidance of the county council. Between 1995 and 2000, the Trust played a major role in restoring the Denver Mill site, at a cost of over £1 million.
Notable members
Steffan Aquarone
Walter Keppel, 9th Earl of Albemarle
Jack Boddy
Michael Carttiss
Judith Chaplin
Richard Toby Coke
Sir Thomas Cook
Sidney Dye
George Edwards
John Garrett
Paul Hawkins
Dave Rowntree
William Benjamin Taylor
John Wodehouse, 2nd Earl of Kimberley
Albert Hilton, Baron Hilton of Upton
Lilias Rider Haggard
References
External links
County councils of England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in Norfolk
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
20468216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bisset%20%28artist%29 | James Bisset (artist) | James Bisset (ca. 1762 – 17 August 1832) was a Scottish-born artist, manufacturer, writer, collector, art dealer and poet, who spent most of his life in and around Birmingham, England.
Bisset was born in Perth, the son of a merchant who invested the Baltic flax trade but had fallen upon hard times. He was educated at Perth Academy until 1776 when he moved at the age of 13 to Birmingham, where his brother had established himself as a merchant. At the age of 15 Bisset obtained an apprenticeship with a Birmingham japanner, and by 1785 was listed in a local trade directory as a painter of miniatures. His invention of a method of painting on the inside of convex glasses enabled him to develop a successful business making ornamental goods and marry the daughter of a local landowner, and the early years of the nineteenth century saw him diversifying into medal-production and art dealing.
In 1789, he was instrumental in establishing one of Birmingham's first committees to provide watchmen (a form of early policing), in the St. Paul's district.
In 1808 Bisset moved to a large house in New Street where he established a museum and picture gallery – Birmingham's first – that displayed everything from paintings and medals to stuffed wildlife and "works of savage nations". In 1813 he sold two paintings by Canaletto and moved to nearby Leamington Spa, where his museum was re-established by his wife Dolly.
Bisset was a notable figure in Birmingham's cultural and commercial life, a prominent member of the Birmingham Book Club and a composer of much published verse. His most notable work is his 1800 Poetic survey round Birmingham, with a brief description of the different curiosities and manufactures of the place, accompanied with a magnificent directory, with the names and professions, &c. superbly engraved in emblematic plates – a directory of Birmingham trades at the time of the town's revolutionary industrial expansion, written in heroic verse and intended as a "grand tour" of the "works of genius" of a "seat of the arts".
References
1762 births
1832 deaths
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Writers from Perth, Scotland
British medallists
Portrait miniaturists
Artist authors
Museum founders
People educated at Perth Academy |
20468222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhuwa | Sakhuwa | Sakhuwa is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2821 people living in 505 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhuwa%20Dhamaura | Sakhuwa Dhamaura | Sakhuawa Dhamaura is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6478 people living in 1266 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6901745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Stember | Jeff Stember | Jeffrey Alan Stember (born March 2, 1958) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
Biography
The right-hander was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, is Jewish, and attended Westfield High School. He was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 26th round of the 1976 amateur draft, and appeared in one game for the Giants in 1980.
Stember's only outing was a start against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome on August 5, 1980. He pitched the first three innings and gave up three runs, but only one earned run. In the top of the fourth, trailing 3-1, the Giants loaded the bases with one out and the pitcher's spot due up. Manager Dave Bristol decided to pinch-hit for Stember, and it worked out as the Giants scored four runs in the inning and ended up with a 9-3 win. Stember, however, had to take his 0-0 record and 3.00 earned run average back to Triple-A Phoenix, and never again pitched in a big league game.
References
External links
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New Jersey
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey
1958 births
Living people
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
21st-century American Jews |
17331526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi%20N%C3%A9v%C3%A9 | Garibaldi Névé | The Garibaldi Névé is a snowfield in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located on the north and east sides of Mount Garibaldi in New Westminster Land District. The névé along with its outlet glaciers have a combined area of about .
Glaciers
The following glaciers are part of the Garibaldi Névé:
Garibaldi Glacier
North Pitt Glacier
South Pitt Glacier
Lava Glacier
Sentinel Glacier
Warren Glacier
Bishop Glacier
Phoenix Glacier
Pike Glacier
Accessibility
Mamquam Road, north of downtown Squamish, provides access to Mount Garibaldi from Highway 99. This easterly paved road traverses the Squamish Golf and Country Club and then heads north through Quest University. Mamquam Road then extends northeast and becomes Garibaldi Park Road. At the end of Garibaldi Park Road is the Diamond Head parking lot, which lies from Highway 99 at an elevation of . The Diamond Head hiking trail commences from the parking lot to the Elfin Lakes where Opal Cone, Columnar Peak, The Gargoyles and Mamquam Icefield can be viewed. A hiking trail extending from the Elfin Lakes leads down to Ring Creek then climbs Opal Cone where Mamquam Lake and the Garibaldi Névé can be viewed from its summit. The route to the Garibaldi Névé is marked by cairns.
See also
List of glaciers in Canada
References
Glaciers of the Pacific Ranges
Garibaldi Ranges
Sea-to-Sky Corridor
Ice fields of British Columbia
Névés |
20468239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy%20Husyev | Serhiy Husyev | Serhiy Yevhenovych Husyev (; ; born 1 July 1967 in Odessa) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer. He was the Ukrainian top goalscorer in the second championship of 1992–93.
External links
1967 births
Living people
Soviet footballers
Ukrainian footballers
Ukraine international footballers
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
SKA Odessa players
CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol players
Trabzonspor footballers
Altay S.K. footballers
Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C. players
FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Liga Leumit players
Ukrainian Premier League top scorers
Expatriate footballers in Israel
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Association football forwards
K. D. Ushinsky South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University alumni
Footballers from Odesa |
23573546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlum%C3%ADn | Chlumín | Chlumín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Gallery
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choru%C5%A1ice | Chorušice | Chorušice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Choroušky, Velký Újezd and Zahájí are administrative parts of Chorušice.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap%20Hands%21%20Here%20Comes%20Rosie%21 | Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie! | Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie! is a 1960 studio album by Rosemary Clooney, arranged by Bob Thompson and released by RCA Victor. The album earned Clooney a 1961 Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Vocal Performance (Album), but she lost to Ella Fitzgerald for Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife.
Track listing
"Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie!"/"Everything's Coming up Rosie" (Ballard MacDonald, Joseph Meyer, Billy Rose)/(Stephen Sondheim, Jule Styne) – 2:20
"Give Me the Simple Life" (Rube Bloom, Harry Ruby) – 2:33
"Bye Bye Blackbird" (Mort Dixon, Ray Henderson) – 2:43
"Aren't You Glad You're You?" (Johnny Burke, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 2:17
"You Got" (Bernard) – 2:44
"Too Marvelous for Words" (Johnny Mercer, Richard Whiting) – 2:10
"Something's Gotta Give" (Mercer) – 2:20
"Hooray for Love" (Harold Arlen, Leo Robin) – 2:26
"Mean to Me" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) – 3:36
"Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 2:14
"It Could Happen to You" (Burke, Van Heusen) – 2:30
"Makin' Whoopee" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 3:16
Personnel
Performance
Rosemary Clooney – vocal
Bob Thompson – arranger, conductor
References
1960 albums
Rosemary Clooney albums
Albums arranged by Bob Thompson (musician)
RCA Victor albums
Albums conducted by Bob Thompson (musician) |
23573553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvat%C4%9Bruby | Chvatěruby | Chvatěruby is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
6901750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20and%20administrators%20of%20Seychelles | List of colonial governors and administrators of Seychelles | This is a list of colonial governors of Seychelles, an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles was first colonized by the French in 1770, and captured by the British in 1810, who governed it under the subordination to Mauritius until 1903, when it became a separate crown colony. Seychelles achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 29 June 1976.
List of governors
Italics indicate de facto continuation of office
For continuation after independence, see: List of presidents of Seychelles
See also
Seychelles
Politics of Seychelles
List of presidents of Seychelles
Vice-President of Seychelles
Prime Minister of Seychelles
Lists of office-holders
References
External links
World Statesmen – Seychelles
Governor
Governors
Seychelles
Seychelles
European colonisation in Africa |
17331542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hilton | John Hilton | John Hilton and Jack Hilton may refer to:
John Hilton
John Buxton Hilton (1921–1986), British crime writer
John Hilton (American football) (1942–2017), American football tight end
John Hilton the elder (1565–1609), British composer
John Hilton the younger (c. 1599–1657), British composer, son of the above
John Hilton (industrial relations) (1880–1943), British professor of industrial relations
John Hilton (manufacturer) (c. 1791–1866), Canadian businessperson
John Hilton (surgeon) (1805–1878), British surgeon
John Hilton (table tennis) (born 1947), retired British table tennis player
John Hilton (cricketer, born 1792) (1792–?), English cricketer
John Hilton (cricketer, born 1838) (1838–1910), English cricketer.
John T. Hilton (1801–1864), African-American abolitionist and businessman
John Hilton Grace (1873–1958), British mathematician
John Hilton (soccer) (born 2001), American soccer player
Jack Hilton
Jack Hilton (1921–1998), rugby league footballer of the 1940s and 1950s for Great Britain, England, and Wigan
Jack Hilton (author) (19001983), British novelist, essayist, and travel writer
Jack Hilton (footballer) (born 1925), English footballer who made appearances in the English Football League with Wrexham
See also
Jack Hylton (1892–1965), British band leader and impresario
John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton (1699–1746), English politician |
17331552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Name%20Is%20America | My Name Is America | My Name Is America is a series of historical novels published by Scholastic Press. Each book is written in the form of a journal of a fictional young man's life during an important event or time period in American history. The series was discontinued in 2004.
Books
The Journal of William Thomas Emerson: A Revolutionary War Patriot, Boston, Massachusetts, 1774 by Barry Denenberg (September 1998)
The Journal of James Edmond Pease: A Civil War Union Soldier, Virginia, 1863 by Jim Murphy (September 1998)
The Journal of Joshua Loper: A Black Cowboy, The Chisholm Trail, 1871 by Walter Dean Myers (April 1999)
The Journal of Scott Pendleton Collins: A World War II Soldier, Normandy, France, 1944 by Walter Dean Myers (June 1999)
The Journal of Sean Sullivan: A Transcontinental Railroad Worker, Nebraska and Points West, 1867 by William Durbin (September 1999)
The Journal of Ben Uchida: Citizen 13559, Mirror Lake Internment Camp, California, 1942 by Barry Denenberg (September 1999)
The Journal of Wong Ming-Chung: A Chinese Miner, California, 1852 by Laurence Yep (April 2000)
The Journal of Jasper Jonathan Pierce: A Pilgrim boy, Plymouth, 1620 by Ann Rinaldi (July 2000)
The Journal of Augustus Pelletier: Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804 by Kathryn Lasky (September 2000)
The Journal of Otto Peltonen: A Finnish Immigrant, Hibbing, Minnesota, 1905 by William Durbin (September 2000)
The Journal of Biddy Owens: The Negro Leagues, Birmingham, Alabama, 1948 by Walter Dean Myers (April 2001)
The Journal of Jesse Smoke: A Cherokee Boy, The Trail of Tears, 1838 by Joseph Bruchac (June 2001)
The Journal of Douglas Allen Deeds: The Donner Party Expedition, 1846 by Rodman Philbrick (November 2001)
The Journal of C.J. Jackson: A Dust Bowl Migrant, Oklahoma to California, 1935 by William Durbin (April 2002)
The Journal of Patrick Seamus Flaherty: United States Marine Corps, Khe Sanh, Vietnam, 1968 by Ellen Emerson White (June 2002)
The Journal of Jedediah Barstow: An Emigrant on the Oregon Trail, Overland, 1845 by Ellen Levine (September 2002)
The Journal of Finn Reardon: A Newsie, New York City, 1899 by Susan Campbell Bartoletti (May 2003)
The Journal of Rufus Rowe: A Witness to the Battle of Fredericksburg, Bowling Green, Virginia, 1862 by Sid Hite (October 2003)
The Journal of Brian Doyle: A Greenhorn on an Alaskan Whaling Ship, The Florence, 1874 by Jim Murphy (April 2004)
2012 reissue
The series was reissued since March 2012.
We Were Heroes: The Journal of Scott Pendleton Collins, a World War II Soldier, Normandy, France, 1944 by Walter Dean Myers (March 2012)
Into No Man's Land: The Journal of Patrick Seamus Flaherty, United States Marine Corps, Khe Sanh, Vietnam, 1968 by Ellen Emerson White (June 2012)
On Enemy Soil: The Journal of James Edmond Pease, a Civil War Union Soldier, Virginia, 1863 by Jim Murphy (September 2012)
A True Patriot: The Journal of William Thomas Emerson, a Revolutionary War Patriot, Boston, Massachusetts, 1774 by Barry Denenberg (December 2012)
Down to the Last Out: The Journal of Biddy Owens, the Negro Leagues, Birmingham, Alabama, 1948 by Walter Dean Myers (January 2013)
Until the Last Spike: The Journal of Sean Sullivan, a Transcontinental Railroad Worker, Nebraska and Points West, 1867 by William Durbin (September 2013)
Staking a Claim: The Journal of Wong Ming-Chung, a Chinese Miner, California, 1852 by Laurence Yep (November 2013)
On This Long Journey: The Journal of Jesse Smoke, a Cherokee Boy, The Trail of Tears, 1838 by Joseph Bruchac (January 2014)
Blazing West: The Journal of Augustus Pelletier, Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804 by Kathryn Lasky (February 2014)
Stay Alive: The Journal of Douglas Allen Deeds, The Donner Party Expedition, 1846 by Rodman Philbrick (December 2021)
See also
Dear America
My America
The Royal Diaries
External links
publisher website
Series of children's books
Young adult novel series
Children's historical novels
American historical novels
American children's novels
Fictional diaries |
20468242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20Rose%20Bowl | 1964 Rose Bowl | The 1964 Rose Bowl was the 50th Rose Bowl Game, played on January 1, 1964. It featured the Illinois Fighting Illini and the Washington Huskies.
Illinois was led by co-captains Dick Butkus and George Donnelly, Jim Grabowski, Lynn Stewart, and Archie Sutton on their way to a victory over the Huskies, led by Junior Coffey.
The game was scoreless until the second quarter; Washington scored first, following an Illinois fumble at its own 27-yard line. Backup quarterback, Bill Siler, kept it for three yards, then passed it to Joe Mancuso for 18 yards to the Illini 6. Siler then faked a pass and pitched to halfback Dave Kopay, who scored behind the block of halfback Ron Medved, with 8:26 left in the first half. The Illini got on the scoreboard with Jim Plankenhorn's field goal in the waning seconds of the second quarter and Washington led
In the third quarter, after George Donnelly's first interception of the game, Illinois took control as Jim Warren scored a touchdown for the Illini on a two-yard run.
In the fourth quarter, with Illinois up by a score of 10-7, Washington was driving downfield, trying to score a go-ahead and possible game-winning touchdown, but George Donnelly intercepted the ball on the 4-yard line and ran it back to the 15. Illinois capitalized on that momentum and moved the ball 85 yards, with Jim Grabowski scoring his second touchdown of the game to put Illinois ahead 17-7.
Sophomore Grabowski rushed for 125 yards and was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Butkus played both ways in this contest, both at center and linebacker. He recovered a fumble, and had an interception (in addition to leading a defense that held Washington to only 59 yards rushing and 71 yards passing for the game).
Aftermath
The opposing running backs were both drafted by the Green Bay Packers, Coffey in 1965 and Grabowski in 1966.
References
Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl Game
Illinois Fighting Illini football bowl games
Washington Huskies football bowl games
Rose Bowl
January 1964 sports events in the United States |
17331599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau%20clan | Lau clan | Lau (also spelled Lav) is one of the seven Mohyal Brahmin clans of Punjab.
Origin and history
Early history
In Mohyals' recorded history, however, there is no mention of the Lau clan until around 1000 CE. According to Mohyals' own historians and their folklore, the clan came into prominence by establishing a dheri (fiefdom) at Bajwada near modern-day Kangra in Himachal Pradesh on the border with Hoshiarpur, Punjab. In the Middle Ages Bajwada was an important town, as reflected by the prominence of its mention in Mughal records. Various Mohyal ballads, especially the Vishav Rai Niti, extol the feats and fierce swordsmanship of the early rulers of Bajwada especially Vishav Rai and Ballal Sen, and consist of verses that also glorify the damages inflicted by their armies on the Ghaznavid sultans, when the latter were on their way to or returning from raids of other Indian cities.
Many names of the Lau clan in Mohyal folklore and records closely match names from the Sena dynasty of Bengal, like Ballal Sen and Lau Sen. That, and the coinciding of the Lau clan's appearance in Punjab with the period when the Senas held territories North of Delhi, has led some historians to assert that the Laus descended from among the Senas and are named after Lau Sen, consistent with the known phenomenon of a new clan or caste name coming into being with a notable ancestor. The name Lau Sen is famous in Bengali folklore as well, and consistent with Mohyal tradition the Senas were also of Brahmin lineage but in a Kshatriya role.
India's most decorated Army General, Zorawar Chand Bakshi was from the Lau clan.
References
Surnames
Mohyal clans
Indian surnames
Punjabi-language surnames
Punjabi tribes
Hindu surnames |
20468243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanpur | Samanpur | Samanpur was a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal.
Just before 2017 Nepalese local elections, it was merged with other 5 Village development committees Gamhariya, Sangrampur, Bahuwa Madanpur, Dharampur and Bariyarpur to form Gadhimai Municipality.
At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 5352 people living in 982 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23573554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20ornata | Stelis ornata | Stelis ornata is a species of orchid found from Mexico through Guatemala and El Salvador as a miniature epiphyte at elevations of 1500 to 2500 meters above sea level. The plant is characterized by erect ramicauls enveloped by two basal sheaths and carrying a single apical, erect, coriaceous leaf where it blooms on an apical, single successive flowered, 2 inch [4 to 5 cm] long, fractiflex inflorescence that holds the successive opening, single flowers amid or just above the leaves occurring at any time of the year. In cultivation it prefers cool temperatures, shade, and high humidity as well as mounting on tree fern, and good air movement.
References
External links
ornata
Epiphytic orchids
Orchids of El Salvador
Orchids of Guatemala
Orchids of Mexico |
20468247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNLV%20%28AM%29 | KNLV (AM) | KNLV (1060 AM, branded as "Greatest Hits 93.9 & 1060") is a radio station licensed to serve Ord, Nebraska, broadcasting an oldies music format featuring the top-40 hits from the 1960s through 1990s. The Mighty 1060 also features farm reports, local news, weather and local high school sports play-by-play broadcasts. It operates on AM frequency 1060 kHz and is under ownership of MWB Broadcasting II.
An FM translator for KNLV is known as Greatest Hits 93.9 FM.
Previous logo
References
External links
NLV
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1965 |
23573559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevin%C4%9Bves | Jeviněves | Jeviněves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadl%C3%ADn | Kadlín | Kadlín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Ledce is an administrative part of Kadlín.
Etymology
The name was probably derived from tkáti, tkadlec, i.e. "to weave, weaver". It was probably originally a weavers' settlement.
Geography
Kadlín is located about northeast of Mělník and west of Mladá Boleslav. The highest point of the municipality is Hradiště hill with an elevation of .
History
The first written mention of Kadlín is from 1346. Among the notable owners of the village were Hynek Berka of Dubá, Augustinian monastery in Bělá pod Bezdězem, or Rudolf II. In 1445, the territory of the village was divided, and until 1849 the two parts were administered separately and had different owners.
Sights
The landmark of Kadlín is the Church of Saint James the Great. It was first mentioned in 1384.
The local municipal museum focuses on rural themes and includes an exhibition with rural technology, blacksmith's work, a collection of hoes and local field crops.
On Hradiště hill there is an observation tower. It was built in 2006 in the shape of a watchtower and its height is .
References
External links
Villages in Mělník District |
20468249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.%20G%C3%B6ppinger%20SV | 1. Göppinger SV | 1. Göppinger SV is a German association football club from the city of Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg.
History
The team was established on 13 October 1905 as 1. Göppingener Fußballverein and lays claim to being the oldest football club in the city. On 24 April 1920, soon after World War I the club merged with Athletiksportverein 1895 Göppingen and took on its current identity. The origins of predecessor side ASV go back to 11 August 1895 formation of 1. Athletik Klub Göppingen. This club merged with Kraftsportverein Fortuna Göppingen in 1901 to become Athleten-Klub Foruna Göppingen. They adopted the name Athletiksportverein Göppingen early in 1907, and in 1911 merged with Sportclub Göppingen.
SV first came to notice in 1934 when they became part of the Gauliga Württemberg, one of 16 top-flight divisions created in the reorganization of German football under the Third Reich a year earlier. The club only spent the 1934–35 and 1936–37 seasons in first division play, being sent down on both occasions after 10th-place finishes. They returned to the Gauliga in 1943, captured the division title, and then went out in the opening round of the national playoffs to KSG Saarbrücken (3–5). The following season was that last before World War II interrupted play across the country.
After the war, Göppingen took up play in the Landesliga Württemberg (II), but was sent down in 1948 after just three seasons. It was not until 1968 that they returned to third tier competition in the Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg. They finished second and the next year took the division title, which led to their participation in the national amateur championship playoffs. SV moved on to the semifinals where they were eliminated 1–0, 2–1 by SC Jülich 1910.
In league play, a successful promotion playoff advanced SV to the Regionalliga Süd (II) where they found themselves overmatched. They returned to the Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg (III) which later (1980) became the Amateuroberliga Baden-Württemberg (III). They enjoyed a string of strong finishes through the late 70s before slipping away to lower tier local play in the mid-80s. It was during this period that they made appearances in the opening rounds of the German Cup tournament (1975, 1980, 1984). SV played first in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (III) until 1985, then in the Verbandsliga Württemberg (IV) until 1991 and then descended through the Landesliga Württemberg (V) to the Bezirksliga (VI) in 1994. Since 2007, SV have played in the Landesliga Württemberg (VI), from where they earned promotion back to the Verbandsliga in 2009. In 2013–14 and 2014–15 the club finished runners-up in the league and thereby earned the right to compete in the promotion round to the Oberliga. In 2014 it missed out to FC Germania Friedrichstal and, in 2015, to 1. CfR Pforzheim, thereby remaining in the Verbandsliga. Finishing runners-up in the league for a third consecutive time in 2015–16 the club took part in the promotion round once more, this time defeating TSG Weinheim on aggregate and moving up to the Oberliga, ending a 31-year absence for the club.
Honours
Gauliga Württemberg (I)
Champions: 1944
Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg (III)
Champions: 1970
Verbandsliga Württemberg
Runners-up: 2014, 2015, 2016
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.
References
External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1895
1895 establishments in Germany |
23573563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanina%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Kanina (Mělník District) | Kanina is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Kanina is from 1207.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
6901759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20of%20Eric | Stone of Eric | The Stone of Eric, listed as DR 1 in the Rundata catalog, is a memorial runestone that was found in Northern Germany. This area was part of Denmark during the Viking Age.
Description
The Stone of Eric is one of the Hedeby stones. It was found in 1796 at Danevirke and moved to a park in Schleswig. Like the Skarthi Rune stone, DR 3, it is believed to have been raised in about 995 C.E. Its inscription describes an attack from the Swedish king Eric the Victorious on Hedeby, who took advantage of the fact that Sweyn Forkbeard was campaigning in England.
The inscription refers to King Sweyn's hemþægi or heimþegi (pl. heimþegar), meaning "home-receiver" (i.e., one who is given a house by another). A total of six runestones in Denmark refer to a person with this title, the others being DR 3 in Haddeby, the now-lost DR 154 in Torup, DR 155 in Sjørind, and DR 296 and DR 297 in Hällestad. The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between heimþegar and the Old Norse term húskarl (literally, "house man"), or housecarl. Like housecarls, heimþegar are in the service of a king or lord, of whom they receive gifts (here, homes) for their service. Some, like Johannes Brøndsted, have interpreted heimþegi as being nothing more than a local Danish variant of húskarl.
The runic text also describes Erik as being a styrimann, a title often translated as "captain" and which describes a person who was responsible for navigation and watchkeeping on a ship. This term is also used in inscriptions on Sö 161 in Råby, U 1011 in Örby, U 1016 in Fjuckby, and U Fv1976;104 at the Uppsala Cathedral. Thorulf describes the relationship between himself and Erik using the term félag, which refers to a joint financial venture between partners. Several other runestones mention that the deceased using some form of félag include Sö 292 in Bröta, Vg 112 in Ås, Vg 122 in Abrahamstorp, the now-lost Vg 146 in Slöta, Vg 182 in Skattegården, U 391 in Villa Karlsro, the now-lost U 954 in Söderby, DR 66 and DR 68 in Århus, DR 125 in Dalbyover, DR 127 in Hobro, DR 262 in Fosie, DR 270 in Skivarp, DR 279 in Sjörup, DR 316 in Norra Nöbbelöv, DR 318 in Håstad, DR 321 in Västra Karaby, DR 329 and DR 330 in Gårdstånga, DR 339 in Stora Köpinge, and X UaFv1914;47 in Berezanj, Ukraina.
Erik at the end of the text is described as being drængʀ harþa goþan meaning "a very good valiant man." A drengr in Denmark was a term mainly associated with members of a warrior group. It has been suggested that drengr along with thegn was first used as a title associated with men from Denmark and Sweden in service to Danish kings, but, from its context in inscriptions, over time became more generalized and was used by groups such as merchants or the crew of a ship. Other runestones describing the deceased using the words harþa goþan dræng in some order include DR 68 in Århus, DR 77 in Hjermind, DR 127 in Hobro, DR 268 in Östra Vemmenhög, DR 276 in Örsjö, DR 288 and DR 289 in Bjäresjö, Sm 48 in Torp, Vg 61 in Härlingstorp, Vg 90 in Torestorp, Vg 112 in Ås, Vg 114 in Börjesgården, the now-lost Vg 126 in Larvs, Vg 130 in Skånum, Vg 153 and Vg 154 in Fölene, Vg 157 in Storegården, Vg 162 in Bengtsgården, Vg 179 in Lillegården, Vg 181 in Frugården, Vg 184 in Smula (using a plural form), the now-lost Ög 60 in Järmstastenen, Ög 104 in Gillberga, and possibly on U 610 in Granhammar.
The stone is known locally as the Eriksten.
Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
A × þurlfr| × |risþi × stin × þonsi × ¶ × himþigi × suins × eftiʀ × ¶ erik × filaga × sin × ias × uarþ
B : tauþr × þo × trekiaʀ ¶ satu × um × haiþa×bu ¶ × i=a=n : h=a=n : u=a=s : s=t=u=r=i:m=a=t=r : t=r=e=g=ʀ × ¶ × harþa : kuþr ×
See also
List of runestones
Sædinge Runestone
Sigtrygg Runestones
References
Other sources
Nordisk familjebok
External links
Photograph of side A of stone
Photograph of side B of stone
10th-century inscriptions
1796 archaeological discoveries
Runestones in memory of Viking warriors
Runestones in Germany |
6901786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang%20Band | Mustang Band | The Cal Poly Mustang Band, also known as The Pride of the Pacific, is the official marching band of California Polytechnic State University in the city of San Luis Obispo, California. Although the band is not a competitive marching band they serve as a school spirit organization. The band functions in two different forms throughout the year. In the fall the band marches as The Mustang Marching Band and during Cal Poly's winter quarter they function as a pep band. The band attends many athletic events during the year to encourage the school's athletic teams and audience support/involvement. The marching band is well-known around campus as an exciting and spirited group that brings pep, passion, and tradition to every performance. The marching band is conducted by three directors: Christopher J. Woodruff (Director of Bands), Nicholas P. Waldron (Associate Director), and Len Kawamoto (Assistant Director).
History
Timeline
1916: Marching band established.
1916: First band director was D.W. Scholosser.
1921: First women join the band.
1936: Harold P. "Davy" Davidson used white ducks and FFA jackets as uniforms
1936: Broke tradition of Sousa marches for football; half time shows began to emphasize popular music
1958: Began concert Band tours
1960: First women join band since 1921 and first women's band uniforms purchased
1961: First Dixieland Band, First Band Day, Lettergirls formed
1966: First indoor concert of the Marching Band (Band-O-Rama)
1978: Brass Band formed. Marching Band played their first professional basketball game for the L.A. Lakers at The Forum.
1983: Performed in the Fetes de Geneve Music Festival in Geneva, Switzerland.
1994: Band suspended.
1995: "Stadium" band reinstated; plays in the stands only
1996: Full Marching Band reinstated, now known as the Mustang Band
1998: Len Kawamoto is appointed as the assistant director of the Mustang Band
2006: Christopher Woodruff is appointed as director of the Mustang Band and associate director of bands
2010: New director of bands Andrew McMahan appointed
2014: First Performance at the San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade
2015-2016: Cal Poly band program celebrates 100th anniversary
2018: Christopher Woodruff is appointed as Cal Poly director of bands
2019: Nicholas P. Waldron is appointed as director of the Mustang Band and associate director of bands
Directors
D.W. Schlosser (1916-1919)
H.M. Whitlock (1919-1925)
Merritt "Pop" Smith (1926-1936)
Harold P. "Davy" Davidson (1936-1956)
Clarence Coughran (1956-1959)
George Beatie (1959-1963)
J. Marty Baum (1963-1966)
William V. Johnson (1966-1992) Under Johnson's direction, the band gained prominence performing in the first indoor Marching Band concert, Band-O-Rama. In 1970, the band performed at professional football games, only to later perform for the L.A. Lakers in 1978. This year also represents the addition of the Brass Band, complementing the already polished, more traditional sections. Johnson is currently the coordinator of instrumental music, also conducting the university Wind Orchestra and Wind Ensemble. Between 1993 and 1995, Johnson served as the President of the World Association for Symphonic Bands and Ensembles (WASBE). Preceding his presidency, he was the secretary from 1987 to 1991. Johnson was instrumental in the formation WASBE as the Executive Director for the International Conference for Conductors, Composers and Publishers, held in Manchester—an event resulting in the formation of WASBE. Unsurprisingly, Johnson served as the Conference Chairman for the 9th WASBE Conference held in San Luis Obispo, California, July 5–11, 1999. Currently he is the Chairperson of the WASBE Foundation. Johnson received his Bachelor's Degree in music from Indiana University School of Music studying the euphonium with the late William Bell, a former tuba virtuoso of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. He is a life member of Kappa Kappa Psi national band fraternity and is the Sponsor of Cal Poly's Iota Pi Chapter.
Alyson McLamore (1992-1995)
David Rackley (1995-2005) A native of Modesto, California, Rackley received his bachelor of music and master of arts degrees in theory and composition from San Francisco State University, studying conducting with Lazlo Varga and composition with Luigi Zaninnelli, Roger Nixon, Peter Sacco, Carl Sitton, and Pulitzer Prize winning composer Wayne Peterson. Upon completion of his studies, Rackley entered the United States Air Force Bands and Music Program rising to commander and conductor of Air Force Bands. A published and award winning composer, Rackley has scored video and film productions for the Library of Congress, the A&E Channel, CNN, NBC, CBS, ABC, and the Discovery Channel. His production music credits include Days of Our Lives, America's Most Wanted, Cheers, Nurses, Picket Fences, L.A. Law, All My Children, General Hospital, Home Improvement, Quantum Leap, and Seinfeld. He has received six Telly Awards, two Onmi Awards, a CINE Golden Eagle Award, the Gold Apple Award from the National Education Media Network, a Gold CINDY from the International Association of Audio-Visual Communicators, and a Bronze Award from the WorldFest-Charleston International Film and Video Competition.
William V. Johnson (2005-2010)
Andrew McMahan (2010–2017)
Christopher J. Woodruff (2006 – 2019)
Nicholas P. Waldron (August 2019 – present)
Marching band season
During football season, the Mustang Band typically fields around 200 members. In 2013, the band became the largest it has ever been with approximately 215 members. The marching season starts off each year with an annual band camp where each member learns the techniques of marching, such as the traditional High-Step for the Pre-Game run-on and the glide step used during regular marching. The rest of the band's marching season relies on Tuesday and Thursday rehearsals from 3:10-5:30 pm and some extra weekend rehearsals to perfect their shows.
Pre-game performance
The Mustang Band plays at every home football game and attends at least one away game per year. Popular travel places are Davis, Sacramento, and San Diego. Before each football game, the march down to Alex G. Spanos Stadium becomes a show in itself. The band marches to Cal Poly's own traditional drum cadences, such as Baja Blasted, Tick Tock, Musty Mambo, and George, which is by far the most popular. Each section also has its own moves as they progress down to the field. In 2010 a new tradition was established to warm up outside the University Union before stepping off for the stadium. On the way to the stadium, the band will occasionally make a stop at FanFest (in previous years, it was the president's house) where they perform a few numbers for fellow students. The band then proceeds to the BBQ/Tailgate party, where they perform a few more songs before they make their way down to the field for the pre-game performance. The Pre-Game Show begins with a high-step run-on, continues with the Cal Poly Fanfare, "Yea Poly," the "Alma Mater," and at the end of each performance the band plays the Star-Spangled Banner while the ROTC brings the flags to the field. At the conclusion of the national anthem, the band marches to the north end zone, forms a tunnel extending from the inflated tunnel, and plays the fight song while the team runs onto the field. This performance is usually the same for each game the marching band attends.
During the game
During the game the band plays in the stands, drawing from a working library of about 120 tunes (and about 1000 more in the archives). For every touchdown, the band plays the Cal Poly fight song, "Ride High, You Mustangs." For every point after or field goal made, they play "Yea Poly," an old fight song revived in 2007. (Prior to 2007, "Mustang Sally" was played to celebrate field goals.) The band also plays during timeouts and even during play when Cal Poly is on defense (to distract the rival offense).
Halftime show
The Halftime Show is the highlight of the marching band performances. The show changes for almost every game and requires a significant amount of work and practice in order to complete in time. Each halftime show consists of at least three pieces which include drill elements written by the drill design committee. At some point during the season, the band gets to perform a special drill—when the band dances uniformly to the drum cadence.
Post-game performance
At the conclusion of the game, the band scatters on to the football field where they play the fight song and the alma mater while the football team sings along. The band remains stationary and plays select songs as the audience and team leave the stadium.
Other performances
The Mustang Band performs in three parades during the year: the SLO Christmas parade, the San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade, and Cal Poly's Open House Parade. The Christmas Parades takes place in Downtown San Luis Obispo while the Open House Parade takes place at the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo campus.
The Mustang Band also performs at the Cal Poly Music Department's annual Fall Concert entitled Bandfest. Here they join the Cal Poly Wind Orchestra and Wind Ensemble and play selections from previous performances in the marching season.
Pep band season
From the end of Cal Poly's fall quarter and throughout winter quarter, the marching band transforms into a pep band. During this time of the year, the band is strictly a stadium band and plays during both the women's and men's home basketball games and the women's home volleyball games. The band plays popular tunes, the fight song, alma mater, and the national anthem. The band also changes from traditional marching band uniforms to yellow and green pep band shirts, jeans, and tennis shoes.
On a volunteer basis, the pep band also performs at certain events throughout the year such as Cal Poly's Open House and Cal Poly's Week of Welcome (WOW). By playing at the Open House and WOW events, the band is able to show themselves to all prospective students, which also makes these events an excellent time for recruitment.
The pep band also attends the volleyball and basketball tournaments. Every March they travel with the basketball teams to Anaheim to perform as a thirty-member ensemble at the Big West Tournament.
Sections
The Marching Band consists of various sections, broken down by instrument. Each section has a section leader who becomes each particular section's representative. The sections are as follows:
Flutes: Members include flutes and piccolos
Clarinets: Previously known as CPCP (Cal Poly Clarinet Power)
Saxophones: Includes Alto and Tenor saxophones, collectively known as "Sax Luv"
French Horns: Known as MFH, or Marching French Horns
Trumpets: Known as the "Chops"
Baritones: Includes bellfront marching Baritones and Euphoniums, collectively known as the "Broitones"
Trombones: A collection of slide trombone players
Tubas: Known as HMS, or Heavy Metal Section
Drumline
Colorguard
Songs
Fight Songs
Ride High, You Mustangs
Listen
Ride High, You Mustangs,
Kick the frost out, burn the breeze
Ride High, You Mustangs
Those bow wows we'll knock to their knees
Hi! Ki! Yi!
Ride High, You Mustangs
Chin the moon and do it right
Ride High and cut a rusty
Fight! Fight! Fight!
– Harold P. Davidson
Yea Poly
Listen
On Pacific shores, 'neath Bishop Peak
Along the serene San Luis Creek
Lies our alma mater, grand as can be!
Many a foe will stalk her ground
But we, mighty Mustangs, won't be found
But valiantly marching to victory!
Strike up the band for all to hear!
For our alma mater, sing and cheer!
Ride high and she'll never fail!
Banners of green and gold will raise
And so will the echoes of her praise
For Cal Poly will prevail!
YEA POLY!
– Music by Harold P. Davidson, Lyrics by Joshua B. Parker (CSC 2009)
– Adopted as a Cal Poly song on May 19, 2009
Alma mater
All Hail Green and Gold
Listen
All Hail, Green and Gold,
May your praises e'er be told
Of friendship, and of courage
And stalwart ones of old!
All Hail, Green and Gold,
In your name we shall prevail,
So to California Polytechnic,
Hail! Hail! Hail!
– Harold P. Davidson
Service organizations
Kappa Kappa Psi (ΚΚΨ) – ιπ Chapter
Some members of the Mustang Band participate in Iota Pi, Cal Poly's chapter of the national honorary band fraternity Kappa Kappa Psi. Iota Pi continually finds ways to serve the Mustang Band as well as many of the other Cal Poly music ensembles by creating many social events in which band members may participate.
References
External links
Official Mustang Band homepage
Cal Poly Mustang Band Alumni
Kappa Kappa Psi, Iota Pi
The Official Band Book
Mustang Band
California Polytechnic State University
Musical groups established in 1916
1916 establishments in California |
17331607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire%20County%20Council | Lincolnshire County Council | Lincolnshire County Council is the county council that governs the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire in England, less those parts governed by the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. The number of councillors was reduced from 77 to 70 at the 2017 local election.
The council was created in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It succeeded the Holland, Kesteven and Lindsey County Councils, and the Lincoln County Borough Council.
Responsibilities
The council is responsible for public services such as education, transport, highways, heritage, social care, libraries, trading standards, and waste management.
Premises
The council has its main offices and meeting place at County Offices on Newlands in Lincoln. The building was built in 1926–1932 as the headquarters for the former Lindsey County Council, one of Lincolnshire County Council's predecessors.
Chief executives
Chief executives have included:
1973–1979: David Drury Macklin
1983–1995: Robert John Dudley Proctor
1995–1998: Jill Helen Barrow, who was the first woman chief executive of a county council in England.
1999–2004: David Bowles
2005-2018: Tony McArdle
2018: Richard Wills (Interim Head of Paid Service)
2018: Keith Ireland
2018–present: Debbie Barnes
Borough, City, and District councils
The county council is the upper-tier of local government, below which are seven councils with responsibility for local services such as housing, planning applications, licensing, council tax collection and rubbish collection. The districts of Lincolnshire are:
Boston Borough
City of Lincoln
East Lindsey
North Kesteven
South Holland
South Kesteven
West Lindsey
References
County councils of England
1974 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in Lincolnshire
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
17331626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simpson%20%28police%20official%29 | John Simpson (police official) | John Richard Simpson (February 13, 1932 – February 10, 2017) was the first U.S. Interpol President (1984–1988) and was the sixteenth Director of the United States Secret Service (1981–1992).
Born in 1932, Simpson served in the United States Army, graduated from Loyola College in Montreal before attending Portia Law School.
Simpson joined the Secret Service in 1962 during his time at Portia Law (graduating in 1964 and was elected as his Law School President) and became Special Agent with the Presidential Protective Division in 1978.
After retiring as Director in 1992, Simpson became a commissioner in the United States Parole Commission for 2 terms.
References
1932 births
United States Secret Service agents
2017 deaths
Interpol officials
Directors of the United States Secret Service
American lawyers
New England Law Boston alumni |
44498838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20football%20rivalry | Iran–Iraq football rivalry | The Iran and Iraq national football teams are sporting rivals since 1962.
According to The Malay Mail, "Emotions are always high when Iran and Iraq meet on the football pitch".
The most recent match between the two teams was in World Cup qualifier on 27 January 2022 hosted in Iran, where Iran won the game by 0–1.
Origins
The rivalry is not such a football-inspired ill-feeling between the two, but more of geography, religion and history.
Iran and Iraq are neighbouring countries, sharing a long history. In contemporary era, especially during the reign of Saddam Hussein, the two countries had bad relations and fought the Iran–Iraq War for 8 years.
In 2001, for the first time in decades, an Iran-Iraq match was not held at a neutral venue.
In recent years, Iranian intervention in Iraq has taken a grip among Iraqis as Iran has funded and supported numerous militants inside Iraq and interfered politically. This led to the heated 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers the second phase where a large number of Iraqi protestors were seen celebrating victory over Iran in a 2–1 match.
Major tournament matches
1972 AFC Asian Cup
1976 AFC Asian Cup
1994 FIFA World Cup qualification
1996 AFC Asian Cup
2000 AFC Asian Cup
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
2011 AFC Asian Cup
2015 AFC Asian Cup
2019 AFC Asian Cup
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
Matches
Source:
Statistics
Overall
Top scorers
See also
Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry
Iraq–Saudi Arabia football rivalry
References
International association football rivalries
Iran national football team rivalries
Iraq national football team
Iran–Iraq relations
1962 establishments in Asia
Politics and sports |
17331649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libral%20standard | Libral standard | The libral standard compares the weight of coins to the bronze as, which originally weighed one Roman pound, but decreased over time to 1/2 pound (the semi-libral standard). It is often used in discussions of ancient cast coinage of central Italy, especially Etruscan coins and Roman Republican coinage. The adjective libral is related to libra, the Ancient Roman unit of weight, and is not related to the word liberal.
The libral standard began with the era of the so-called aes grave (heavy bronze) cast coinage of Rome, from circa 280 BC, where one as weighed one Roman pound (libra), or twelve Roman ounces (unciae). This changed when the weight of the aes grave was decreased to approximately 10 unciae (the "light libral standard") circa 265-217 BC, remaining at that level until about 217 BC. It then suddenly fell to 6 unciae (the "semi-libral standard") around the start of the second Punic war in about 217 BC, before finally falling still further until about 141 BC.
The libral/semi-libral standards were followed by the triental standards and the sextantal standard.
Many Greek city states (colonies) were founded on the Italian peninsula and Sicily during this time period; these are collectively referred to as Magna Graecia. The coinage of those city-states is more closely related to the rest of the ancient Greek world (which included many colonies along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts), and generally has no relationship to the Etruscan/Roman units.
Notes
References
Crawford, Michael H. (1974). Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press, 2 Volumes.
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